IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

Kofi Gyekye, :

 Plaintiff, :

 v. : Case No. 2:11-cv-353

Lisa Gilliam, et al., : JUDGE GREGORY L. FROST

 Magistrate Judge Kemp

 Defendants. :

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

This matter is before the Court to consider the motion for

summary judgment filed by defendants Lisa Gilliam, Shawn Vassar

(identified in the complaint as John Doe Vessrah), Jondrea

Parrish, Lisa Gilliam, Tyrone McConnell (identified in the

complaint as John Doe, Unit Manager, Adams Unit) and Virginia

Workman. For the following reasons, the Court will recommend

that the motion for summary judgment be granted.

I. Background

Plaintiff Kofi Gyekye, a state prisoner, filed his complaint

against the defendants under 42 U.S.C. §1983 asserting that on

August 31, 2010, while he was an inmate at the Madison

Correctional Institution, he was verbally abused and subjected to

an excessive use of force in violation of his Eighth Amendment

rights. As discussed below, Mr. Gyekye has not filed a formal

response to the motion for summary judgment. As a result, the

following facts, construed in the light most favorable to Mr.

Gyekye for purposes of defendants’ motion, are taken from his

complaint. According to Mr. Gyekye, while he was attempting to

pick up his medication from the prison infirmary, Corrections

Officer John Doe Fullrod (identified in defendants’ summary

judgment exhibits as Timothy Follrod) began calling him

“houseboy.” Mr. Gyekye states that when he objected to Officer

Fullrod’s comments, the officer “began using unnecessary force on

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Petitioner and slammed him against the wall, continued the racial

slurs, handcuffed the Petitioner and wrote a conduct report which

resulted in Petitioner being placed in segregation.” 

Additionally, Mr. Gyekye contends Officer Fullrod’s actions were

in retaliation for Mr. Gyekye’s having filed two informal

complaints against Officer Fullrod through the institutional

grievance system. Mr. Gyekye further states that “Petitioner has

been removed from his job due to the actions of defendants. C.O.

John Doe Verssah also.”

Mr. Gyekye’s complaint also contains allegations relating to

a separate incident involving Ms. Gilliam. According to Mr.

Gyekye, when he requested an extra footlocker for the storage of

his legal materials, Ms. Gilliam swore at him and denied his

request. He also contends that she threw away his legal

materials necessary for the appeal of the denial his habeas

corpus petition to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. Mr.

Gyekye argues that Ms. Gilliam’s conduct violated his First

Amendment right of access to the courts. 

The complaint contains no allegations directed to Ms.

Parrish, Mr. McConnell, or Ms. Workman. Further, although the

primary basis for his Eighth Amendment claim relates to the

conduct of Officer Follrod, Mr. Gyekye has not completed service

on this alleged defendant. Rather, according to the Court’s

docket, the summons issued to “John Doe Fullrod” was returned

unexecuted on June 16, 2011. Consequently, all claims against

“John Doe Fullrod” will be dismissed without prejudice for

failure to timely effect service.

II. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is not a substitute for a trial when

facts material to the Court's ultimate resolution of the case

are in dispute. It may be rendered only when appropriate

evidentiary materials, as described in Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c),

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demonstrate the absence of a material factual dispute and the

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Poller v. Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Inc., 368 U.S. 464

(1962). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating

that no material facts are in dispute, and the evidence

submitted must be viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144

(1970). Additionally, the Court must draw all reasonable

inferences from that evidence in favor of the nonmoving

party. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654 (1962).

The nonmoving party does have the burden, however, after

completion of sufficient discovery, to submit evidence in

support of any material element of a claim or defense on

which that party would bear the burden of proof at trial,

even if the moving party has not submitted evidence to negate

the existence of that material fact. See Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242 (1986). Of course, since "a party seeking

summary judgment ... bears the initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and

identifying those portions of [the record] which it believes

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact," 

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, the responding party is only required

to respond to those issues clearly identified by the moving party

as being subject to the motion. It is with these standards in

mind that the instant motion must be decided.

III. Analysis

In the motion for summary judgment, defendants assert

initially that Mr. Gyekye did not properly exhaust his

administrative remedies with respect to some of the defendants

and did not exhaust them at all with respect to others. With

respect to the merits of Mr. Gyekye’s claims, they argue that he

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does not allege, nor can he demonstrate, the personal involvement

of Ms. Workman, Mr. McConnell, or Ms. Parrish in any

constitutional violation. Further, with respect to Officer

Vassar, defendants argue that Mr. Gyekye has failed to

demonstrate that any force used on him was of sufficient

malicious or sadistic purpose as to violate the Eighth Amendment. 

Finally, with respect to Mr. Gyekye’s claim against Ms. Gilliam,

defendants contend that, as a matter of law, he cannot succeed on

his access to the courts claim because he cannot demonstrate that

he sustained any actual injury to his ability to pursue the

appeal of his habeas case.

In support of their position, defendants have submitted

several exhibits including a declaration from Linda Coval, Deputy

Chief Inspector for Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and

Correction and custodian of inmate appeals and grievances. 

Attached to Ms. Coval’s declaration are copies of the informal

complaints, formal grievances and appeals related to Mr. Gyekye’s

claims in this case. With respect to Mr. Gyekye’s Eighth

Amendment claim, defendants have submitted a declaration from Mr.

Vassar, copies of documents relating to the use of force report

and review, and Mr. Gyekye’s medical records relating to the

alleged excessive use of force. With respect to Mr. Gyekye’s

access to the courts claim, they have submitted a declaration

from Ms. Gilliam and a copy of the ODRC regulations relating to

inmates’ adequate access to courts, attorneys, and legal research

materials.

Mr. Gyekye has not filed a formal response to the motion for

summary judgment. Rather, in his opposition to the defendants’

motion for leave to file their summary judgment motion instanter,

Mr. Gyekye argues that he properly exhausted his administrative

remedies. On the other hand, he contends that to the extent he

may not have properly exhausted, his failure to do so was a

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result of his difficulties with the English language since having

moved to the United States from Ghana. Further, he states,

without any elaboration, that the defendants’ own exhibits

demonstrate that genuine issues of material fact relating to his

claims exist.

 In reply, defendants reiterate that Mr. Gyekye did not

exhaust his administrative remedies. According to them, he did

not file any grievances against Ms. Workman, Mr. McConnell, or

Ms. Parrish. Further, they argue that with respect to Ms.

Gilliam, Mr. Gyekye initiated the grievance process outside the

mandatory 14-day deadline. As for Mr. Vassar, they contend that

Mr. Gyekye failed to name him in his original grievance relating

to the alleged events of August 31, 2010. Defendants assert that

Mr. Gyekye’s alleged difficulties with the English language, to

the extent he has such difficulties, do not excuse his failure to

comply with administrative exhaustion requirements. With respect

to the merits of Mr. Gyekye’s claims, defendants contend that he

has provided no evidence in support and has provided nothing at

all beyond broad statements that genuine issues of material fact

exist. 

Mr. Gyekye, without requesting leave of court, filed a

response to the defendants’ reply. In this filing, Mr. Gyekye

appears to be arguing that he did not have to follow the

grievance procedure with respect to Ms. Workman, Mr. McConnell,

or Ms. Parrish because they were the individuals in charge of

handling his grievances. He claims that there was “inappropriate

Supervision” in violation of ODRC policy and again asserts that

defendants, and more specifically Ms. Workman, threatened him

with harassment and then in fact retaliated against him for his

use of the grievance process. He has submitted a copy of the

first page of a letter dated September 28, 2010, which he

received from the Correctional Institution Committee and which he

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contends indicates that he did follow the grievance procedure

properly. 

The defendants have filed a motion to strike Mr. Gyekye’s

response to their reply. The defendants contend that Mr.

Gyekye’s filing must be stricken because he did not seek leave of

court and he has not demonstrated good cause for its filing. 

Further, they contend that the filing does not respond to their

reply but for the first time raises allegations of retaliation

specifically against Ms. Workman.

A. Exhaustion

Turning first to the exhaustion issue, defendants contend

that they are entitled to summary judgment because Mr. Gyekye

failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as required by 42

U.S.C. §1997e(a). Mr. Gyekye contends that he has properly

exhausted or, alternatively, that his failure to exhaust should

be excused. 

Generally speaking, "[t]he requirement to exhaust

administrative remedies in mandatory and ‘applies to all

prisoners seeking redress for prison circumstances or

occurrences.'" Carr v. Lavender, 2011 WL 5834967, *1 (S.D. Ohio

November 21, 2011)(Frost, J.) quoting Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S.

516, 520 (2002). However, §1997(e) allows a court to dismiss a

claim on the merits despite a prisoner's failure to exhaust his

administrative remedies. 42 U.S.C. §1997e(c)(2). As explained

by the court in Bowen v. Cady, 2010 WL 148843 at *3 fn. 2 (E.D.

Mich. Jan. 13, 2010),

Although this provision directly addresses a claim for

relief that fails to state a claim on its face, it is

equally applicable where the case has already

progressed to the summary judgment stage. This

provision is akin to the habeas corpus rule which

permits a court to dismiss unexhausted claims on the

merits. Much like the habeas exhaustion requirement,

the PLRA exhaustion requirement is designed to promote

administrative and judicial efficiency, and to show

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respect for the states by allowing the states the first

opportunity to correct constitutional errors. See,

e.g., Brown v. Toombs, 139 F.3d 1102, 1103-04 (6th

Cir.1998) (per curiam); Sanders v. Elyea, No. 96 C

4559, 1998 WL 67615, at *5 (N.D.Ill. Feb.10, 1998).

And, as the habeas courts have noted, exhaustion of

meritless constitutional claims does not promote these

interests. See Granberry v. Greer, 481 U.S. 129, 135,

107 S.Ct. 1671, 95 L.Ed.2d 119 (1987); Prather v. Rees,

822 F.2d 1418, 1422 (6th Cir.1987). Section §

1997e(c)(2) recognizes this fact, and is equally

applicable notwithstanding the fact that this case is

now before the Court on a motion for summary judgment.

Accordingly, because as discussed below plaintiff's

claims are without merit, the Court should grant

summary judgment on the merits rather than require

further exhaustion. Cf. Bastek v. Federal Crop Ins.

Corp., 975 F.Supp. 534, 536 (S.D.N.Y.1997) ("However,

when one of the purposes is not furthered, exhaustion

is normally not required."), aff'd, 145 F.2d 90 (2d

Cir.1998), petition for cert. filed, No. 98-320 (Aug.

20, 1998); Unger v. U.S. West, Inc., 889 F.Supp. 419,

424 (D.Colo.1995) ("If these purposes would not be

furthered, then administrative exhaustion is

fruitless."); Coles Express v. New England Teamsters &

Trucking Indus. Pension Fund, 702 F.Supp. 355, 361

(D.Me.1988) ("Exhaustion of administrative remedies is

not compelled where the policies it was intended to

further are not implicated, as where there is no need

for the superior expertise of an administrative body,

where judicial economy would not be promoted and where

the statutory scheme created by Congress would not be

ignored.").

Similarly, other courts have found that the issue of

exhaustion is not required to be considered when the claims

clearly fail on their merits. Thomas v. Brockbank, 195 Fed.Appx.

804 (10th Cir. 2006); Carr v. Tousley, 2009 WL 1514661, *16 (D.

Idaho May 27, 2009) ("the court is not aware of any authority

binding on this court which straightjackets the court into

deciding the exhaustion question before the merits of the summary

judgment motions"). See also Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 101

(2006)(the PLRA exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional and

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district courts "may dismiss plainly meritless claims without

first addressing what may be a much more complex question,

namely, whether the prisoner did in fact properly exhaust

available administrative remedies."). Because, as set forth

below, Mr. Gyekye's claims fail on their merits, the Court will

not address the issue of exhaustion.

B. Defendants Workman, McConnell, and Parrish

Defendants have moved for summary judgment in favor of Ms.

Workman, Mr. McConnell, and Ms. Parrish on grounds that while Mr.

Gyekye has named them as defendants, in the body of his complaint

he does not allege any specific conduct taken by them. A review

of the complaint indicates that defendants are correct in their

assertion. Further, the only mention of any conduct by these

defendants is in Mr. Gyekye’s response to the reply which

defendants have moved to strike. This response states in

relevant part,

Defendant Parrish is or was the Institutional Inspector

who Plaintiff filed his Grievance with, and Defendant

McConnell was his Unit Manager inwhich Plaintiff was

require to file his Informal with and as for Defendant

Workman, she was the person who was over Plaintiff’s

Unit Manager and was the person who made Threats of

retaliation if he continue to exercise his right to use

the Inmate Grievance Procedure and is the very person

that Plaintiff reported her threat to the Warden

himself. and that would have been Warden Johnson of

Madison Correctional, and in turn Warden Johnson OK

Plaintiff’s transfer to London Correctional because of

the Threats made by Defendant Workman.” 

This statement, however, does not shed any significant light on

any claims against Ms. Parrish or Mr. McConnell. Rather, Mr.

Gyekye appears to be suggesting that he was not required to

pursue any grievance against these individuals before filing his

complaint because these were the individuals with whom he was

required to file his grievances. He states in passing that they

“had the opportunity to correct the problem but chose not to do

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so,” but this is insufficient to support any claim under §1983. 

It is well-established that §1983 liability may not be imposed

against these defendants because “there is no inherent

constitutional right to an effective prison grievance procedure.” 

Keenan v. Marker, 23 Fed.Appx. 405, 407 (6th Cir. 2001) citing

Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 467 (1983). 

Further, the Court notes that Mr. Gyekye also makes passing

reference to inappropriate supervision in violation of ODRC

policy 5120-9-04. To the extent that Mr. Gyekye may be

suggesting that Ms. Parrish or Mr. McConnell have some liability

arising from their supervisory capacity, any such claim cannot

succeed. Section 1983 liability cannot be imposed under a theory

of respondeat superior. Rather, proof of personal involvement is

required for a supervisor to incur personal liability. Monell v.

Department of Social Services of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658,

98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); Taylor v. Michigan Dept. of

Corrections, 69 F.3d 76, 80-81 (6th Cir. 1995). “At a minimum, a

§1983 plaintiff must show that a supervisory official at least

implicitly authorized, approved or knowingly acquiesced in the

unconstitutional conduct of the offending subordinate.” Bellamy

v. Bradley, 729 F.2d 416, 421 (6th Cir. 1984). For these

reasons, the Court will recommend that the motion for summary

judgment be granted as to Ms. Parrish and Mr. McConnell.

With respect to Ms. Workman, in his response Mr. Gyekye

appears to be clarifying that he is asserting a First Amendment

retaliation claim against her for the exercise of his right to

use the inmate grievance procedure - as a result of both alleged

threats she made and his transfer to another institution. For

the reasons more fully set forth below, the Court will recommend

that the defendants’ motion for summary judgment be granted as to

Ms. Workman. Accordingly, the Court will recommend that

defendants’ motion to strike be denied as moot. 

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C. Eighth Amendment

Mr. Gyekye’s Eighth Amendment claim of excessive use of

force appears to be directed only to the actions of Officers

Vassar and Follrod. The standard used to analyze excessive force

claims under the Eighth Amendment requires the Court to determine

whether the officers acted in a good faith effort to maintain or

restore discipline, or whether they acted maliciously and

sadistically to cause harm. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 8

(1992); see also Wilkins v. Gaddy, ––– U.S. ––––, ––––, 130 S.Ct.

1175, 1178, 175 L.Ed.2d 995 (2010). That is not to suggest that

every angry touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause

of action. Prison officials may often be required to use

physical contact to insure prison security. Id. at 9. The

physical contact will rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment

violation only if the contact represents an “unnecessary and

wanton infliction of pain.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103,

97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). In determining whether the

use of force was wanton and unnecessary, the extent of injury

suffered by an inmate is one factor that may be considered, along

with other factors including “the need for application of force,

the relationship between that need and the amount of force used,

the threat ‘reasonably perceived by the responsible officials,’

and ‘any efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful

response.’” Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7 quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475

U.S. 312, 321 (1986). Generally, if the force applied is grossly

disproportionate to the offense committed by the prisoner, a

plaintiff states a cause of action for use of excessive force.

Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 345 (1981).

Here, there is no dispute that force was used against Mr.

Gyekye. In their motion for summary judgment, the defendants

argue that this force was not excessive under an Eighth Amendment

analysis because it was applied in “a good-faith effort to

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maintain or restore discipline” and Mr. Gyekye has not provided

any evidence to the contrary. Further, the defendants contend

that, under the standard established by the Supreme Court in

Wilkins v. Gaddy, supra, although Mr. Gyekye does not have to

demonstrate a severe injury, he does have to demonstrate some

injury in order to succeed with his §1983 claim. They frame this

argument in terms of standing and argue that, because Mr.

Gyekye’s medical records do not demonstrate any injury arising

from the use of force incident, he is without standing to pursue

a §1983 claim.

As noted above, Mr. Gyekye did not respond to defendants’

arguments on the excessive use of force claim. However, the

Court may not grant the defendants’ motion solely on this ground. 

Miller v. Shore Financial Services, Inc., 141 Fed. Appx. 417, 419

(6th Cir. 2005); Stough v. Mayville Cmty. Sch., 138 F.3d 612, 614

(6th Cir. 1998); Carver v. Bunch, 946 F.2d 451 (6th Cir. 1991). 

Rather, the defendants bear the burden of demonstrating the

absence of a genuine issue of material fact. The defendants have

met that burden here.

In support of their position, defendants have submitted the

declaration of Shawn Vassar, the use of force committee reports

including Mr. Gyekye’s statement of the incident, an incident

report from a nurse present in the infirmary at the time of the

incident, and Mr. Gyekye’s use of force medical exam report. 

According to Officer Vassar’s declaration, when he entered the

infirmary, he heard Officer Follrod and Mr. Gyekye shouting at

each other. Officer Follrod was directing Mr. Gyekye to leave

and Mr. Gyekye was refusing and appeared to be prepared to offer

physical resistance. Mr. Vassar witnessed Officer Follrod grab

Mr. Gyekye, spin him around, grab him by his shirt and jacket,

and place him against the wall to handcuff him. Mr. Vassar

assisted in placing Mr. Gyekye in handcuffs and escorted him to

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segregation. According to Mr. Vassar, this use of force was

routine under the circumstances of a prisoner demonstrating

resistance and the amount of force used was minimal. 

Defendants’ additional documentation relating to this issue

is consistent with Officer Vassar’s description of the events. 

The incident report completed by the nurse states that Mr. Gyekye

was resisting the officers. Further, Mr. Gyekye’s own statement

of the incident indicates that he did not leave the infirmary as

instructed by Officer Follrod. Additionally, the medical exam

report completed immediately following the use of force states

that Mr. Gyekye had no marks or signs of trauma and did not

require medical treatment. 

Moreover, the allegations of the complaint support the

defendants’ version of the events. In his complaint, Mr. Gyekye

admits that he “voiced his opinion and disapproval” to Officer

Follrod. Further, although he makes a conclusory statement that

Officer Follrod “slammed him against the wall,” Mr. Gyekye

provides no detail. As noted above the medical reports do not

suggest any injuries consistent with being “slammed” against a

wall and Mr. Gyekye does not provide any evidence of, or even

allege, any resulting injury. For all of these reasons, the

Court will recommend that the defendants’ motion for summary

judgment be granted on this issue.

The Court notes that Mr. Gyekye also may be suggesting in

his complaint that the alleged use of racial slurs in connection

with the use of force incident violated his Eighth Amendment

rights. To the extent that the complaint may be read in this

way, the Court will recommend summary judgment on this issue as

well. The use of racial slurs, “although unprofessional and

reprehensible, does not rise to the level of constitutional

magnitude.” Jones Bey v. Johnson, 248 Fed.Appx. 675, 677 (6th

Cir. 2007) quoting Corsetti v. Tessmer, 41 Fed.Appx. 753, 755-56

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(6th Cir. 2002).

D. First Amendment claims 

Defendants argue that they are entitled to summary judgment

on Mr. Gyekye’s First Amendment access to the courts claim

against Ms. Gilliam because Mr. Gyeke has not demonstrated that

her actions impacted his ability to pursue an appeal of the

denial of his habeas claim. As with his Eighth Amendment claim,

Mr. Gyekye has not responded to this argument. As required,

however, the Court will consider whether the defendants have met

their burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact relating to this claim. 

There is no doubt that prisoners have a fundamental right of

access to the courts under the First Amendment. Bounds v. Smith,

430 U.S. 817, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977); Pilgrim v.

Littlefield, 92 F.3d 413, 416 (6th Cir.1996). To succeed on a

claim for denial of access to the courts, Mr. Gyekye must

demonstrate he suffered actual injury as a result of Ms.

Gilliam’s actions. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351, 116 S.Ct.

2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996). The injury requirement is not

satisfied by just any type of frustrated legal claim. Id. A

prison official may be held liable for the deprivation of this

First Amendment right only to the extent his or her actions

prevented a prisoner from pursuing or caused the rejection of a

specific non-frivolous criminal defense, direct appeal, habeas

corpus application, or civil rights action. Id.; Hadix v.

Johnson, 182 F.3d 400, 405 (6th Cir.1999). Impairment of any

other litigation activity is not a violation of the right to

access the courts. Id. at 355.

Mr. Gyekye has provided no evidence that he was unable to

pursue the appeal of the denial of his habeas claim as a result

of Ms. Gilliam’s actions. Nor, according to the Court’s docket

in his habeas case, could he. Mr. Gyekye’s habeas claim was

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dismissed by this Court on September 8, 2010. See Order Adopting

Report and Recommendation (#21), Gyekye v. Warden Lebanon

Correctional Institution, Case No. 1:09-cv-753 (Dlott, J.). 

Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1), Mr. Gyekye’s

notice of appeal was due within 30 days. Under Appellate Rule

4(a)(5), a district court may, in its discretion, extend the time

for filing a notice of appeal if the appellant moves no later

than thirty days after the expiration of the time prescribed by

Rule 4(a) and the party shows either excusable neglect or good

cause. Fed.R.App.P. 4(a)(5)(A). Here, Mr. Gyekye contends that

he was unable to pursue his appeal because of Ms. Gilliam’s

alleged destruction of his legal materials on November 5 or

November 8, 2010. However, the alleged destruction of his legal

materials after the conclusion of the 30-day time period for

filing an appeal certainly cannot establish excusable neglect or

good cause for failing to file an appeal within the required

time-frame. At the same time, assuming that the destruction of

his legal materials after the expiration of the 30-day period

could constitute grounds for an extension under Appellate Rule 4,

Mr. Gyekye has provided no evidence that he sought to file such a

request at any point between November 5 and November 8, 2010. A

motion for an extension of time filed between these dates easily

would have fallen within the 30-day time frame under the terms of

the prisoner mailbox rule set forth in Rule 3(d) of the Rules

Governing Section 2254 Cases. Under these circumstances, Mr.

Gyekye has failed to demonstrate that he was prevented from

pursuing an appeal in his habeas case as a result of Ms.

Gilliam’s actions. Consequently, the Court will recommend that

the motion for summary judgment be granted as to this claim. 

Mr. Gyekye also alleges in his complaint, without much

detail, that “defendants” retaliated against him for filing

grievances and complaints. It is unclear which defendants this

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claim is directed to although there is some indication that it is

directed to Officer Follrod who has not been served with a copy

of the complaint. However, as discussed above, Mr. Gyekye stated

in his response that Ms. Workman engaged in retaliatory behavior

as a result of his use of the grievance process. To the extent

that Mr. Gyekye is directing this claim to defendants in addition

to Officer Follrod, including Ms. Workman, the Sixth Circuit has

held that an inmate has a First Amendment right to file an

institutional grievance against prison officials on his own

behalf. Herron v. Harrison, 203 F.3d 410, 415 (6th Cir. 2000);

Noble v. Schmitt, 87 F.3d 157, 162 (6th Cir. 1996). To state a

First Amendment retaliation claim, a prisoner must establish that

(1) he was engaged in protected conduct, (2) an adverse action

was taken against him that would deter a person of ordinary

firmness from engaging in that conduct, and (3) the adverse

action was motivated, at least in part, by the protected conduct.

Thaddeus–X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394 (6th Cir. 1999). Even

the threat of an adverse action might satisfy this test if the

threat is capable of deterring a person of ordinary firmness from

engaging in the protected conduct. See Pasley v. Conerly, 345

Fed. Appx. 981, 985-986 (6th Cir.2009). However, the First

Amendment right to file grievances is protected under the first

prong of Thaddeus-X only if the grievances are not frivolous. 

Herron, at 415. 

At most, Mr. Gyekye has asserted that he filed grievances

and complaints. He has provided little to no specificity

regarding the nature of the grievances he filed. On one hand, he

appears to be arguing that the use of force incident was in

retaliation for grievances he filed prior to that incident. On

the other hand, he seems to indicate at least, in attempting to

clarify his claims against Ms. Workman, Ms. Parrish, and Mr.

McConnell, that other grievances may be at issue. Because other

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grounds exist for dismissal of this claim, however, the Court

will assume that the grievances at issue were non-frivolous and

that Mr. Gyekye has met the first prong of the Thaddeus-X test. 

See Walker v. Michigan Dept. of Corrections, 128 Fed.Appx. 441

(6th Cir. 2005). 

Regardless, he has not shown that any adverse action was

taken that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from

engaging in further grievance filing. Similarly, he has not

shown that any of the defendants' conduct was motivated by his

grievance filings. He only states that he “is of the belief and

contends that [defendants’] conduct was done in retaliation for

exercising his protected right to engage in First Amendment

access to court protected conduct of filing informal complaints

against staff members.” However, conclusory allegations of

retaliatory motive “unsupported by material facts will not be

sufficient to state ... a claim under §1983.” Gutierrez v.

Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1538-39 (6th Cir.1987); Harbin-Rey v.

Rutter, 420 F.3d 571 (6th Cir. 2005). That is, the “‘relevant

showing ... must be more than the prisoner’s personal belief that

he is the victim of retaliation.’” Smith v. Yarrow, 78 Fed.Appx.

529, 540 (6th Cir. 2003) quoting Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d

299, 310 (5th Cir. 1997). Moreover, as noted above, Mr. Gyekye

asserts that he challenged Officer Follrod before any force was

used to handcuff him, thereby undermining his claim that any use

of force applied by Officer Vassar or Officer Follrod was

designed as retaliation for filing grievances. Moreover, any use

of force clearly did not deter Mr. Gyekye from exercising his

right to file another grievance because he filed grievances after

the use of force incident including grievances relating to the

use of force incident. 

Similarly, Mr. Gyekye has provided no evidence that he was

prevented from filing grievances as a result of Ms. Workman’s

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actions or threats of retaliation. Mr. Gyekye suggests in his

response that Ms. Workman had him transferred to another

institution in retaliation for his use of the inmate grievance

procedure. However, he does not relate this transfer to any

particular grievance. Further, he does not provide any evidence

of temporal proximity sufficient to show a retaliatory motive. 

See Skinner v. Bolden, 89 Fed.Appx. 579, 579-580 (6th Cir. 2004). 

Moreover, the Sixth Circuit has “repeatedly held that transfer

from one prison to another prison ‘cannot rise to the level of an

‘adverse action’ because it would not deter a person of ordinary

firmness from the exercise of his First Amendment rights.’” Smith

v. Yarrow, 78 Fed.Appx. 529 (6th Cir. 2003) quoting Mandela v.

Campbell, 181 F.3d 102 (Table), 1999 WL 357825, at *3 (6th Cir.

May 26, 1999). While the Sixth Circuit has distinguished Smith

and recognized that the transfer of a prisoner may rise to the

level of unconstitutional retaliation where there are foreseeable

consequences to the transfer that would inhibit the prisoners’

ability to access the courts, see Hix v. Tennesse Dept. of

Corrections, 196 Fed.Appx. 350 (6th Cir. 2006), Mr. Gyekye has

presented no such evidence here. Consequently, the Court will

recommend that defendants’ motion for summary judgment be granted

on this claim.

Further, the Court notes that Mr. Gyekye asserts in his

complaint that he was removed from his job “due to the actions of

defendants.” To the extent that Mr. Gyekye is attempting to

raise any constitutional issue regarding the loss of his job, he

cannot succeed. An inmate’s expectation of keeping a certain

prison job does not amount to a property or liberty interest

entitled to protection under the due process clause. Jewell v.

Leroux, 20 Fed.Appx. 375, 377 (6th Cir. 2001). Consequently, the

Court will recommend that summary judgment be granted on this

issue.

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IV. Recommended Disposition

For the reasons set forth above, it is recommended that the

motion for summary judgment (#30) be granted and that this case

be dismissed with prejudice as to all claims against defendants

Gilliam, Vassar, Parrish, McConnell, and Workman. It is further

recommended that plaintiff’s claims against defendant “John Doe

Fullrod” be dismissed without prejudice for failure to timely

effect service. Finally, it is recommended that the motion to

strike (#33) be denied as moot. 

V. Procedure on Objections

 If any party objects to this Report and Recommendation, that

party may, within fourteen days of the date of this Report, file

and serve on all parties written objections to those specific

proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made,

together with supporting authority for the objection(s). A judge

of this Court shall make a de novo determination of those

portions of the report or specified proposed findings or

recommendations to which objection is made. Upon proper

objections, a judge of this Court may accept, reject, or modify,

in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made herein,

may receive further evidence or may recommit this matter to the

magistrate judge with instructions. 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1).

 The parties are specifically advised that failure to object

to the Report and Recommendation will result in a waiver of the

right to have the district judge review the Report and

Recommendation de novo, and also operates as a waiver of the

right to appeal the decision of the District Court adopting the

Report and Recommendation. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140

(1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981).

 /s/ Terence P. Kemp 

 United States Magistrate Judge

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