IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA No. 302 A1 4 Filed 8 June 2018
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v. JUAN CARLOS RODRIGUEZ

Appeal as of right pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A

- 27(a) from a judgment imposing a sentence of death entered by Judge R. Stuart Albright on 21 March 2014 in Superior Court, Forsyth County, upon a jury verdict finding defendant guilty of first

- degree murder. Heard in the Supreme Court on 10 October 2016. Following t he initial o ral argument, this case was reargued on 9 October 2017.

Josh H. Stein , Attorney General, by Mary Carla Babb and Kimberly N. Callahan , Assistant Attorneys General, for the State

. Glenn Gerding, Appellate Defender, by Barbara S. Blackman , John F. Carella , and Kathryn L. VandenBerg, Assistant Appellate Defenders, for defendant

appellant.

ERVIN, Justice.
Defendant Juan Carlos Rodrig uez was convicted of the first

- degree murder of his estran ged wife, Maria Magdelana Rodrig uez, and sentenced t o death. After careful consideration of defendant’s challenges to his convictions and s entence in light of the record and the applicable law, we find no error in the proceedings leading toS TATE V
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- defendant’s conviction and the jury’s rejectio n of his intellectua l disability defense. 1 On the other hand, we conclude that the trial court erred by failing, acting ex mero
motu , to submit the statutory mitigating circumstance enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

2000(f)(6) (“[t]he capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired”) to the jury at defe ndant’s capital sentencing hearing. As a result, we vacate defendant’s death sentence and remand this case to the Superior Court, Forsyth County, for a new capital sentencing hearing. I. Factual Background A. Substantive Facts 1. State’s Evidence Defendant and Ms. Rodriguez became emotionally involved with each other in late 1992 . The couple married when Ms. Rodriguez was thirteen years old and defendant was sixteen or seventeen years ol d and had their first child when Ms. Rodriguez was fourteen y ears old. Unfortunately, defendant became physically and emotionally abusive towards Ms. Rodriguez following their marriage. This pattern of domestic violence co ntinued after the couple came to the United States. On 11 October 2010, Ms. Rodriguez entered a domestic violence shelter with her three children because she could “no longer live with [her] husband” and did not

1 Although the statutory provisions in effect at the time of defendant’s trial spoke in terms of “mental retardation,” this opinion will use the currently applicable nomenclature of “intellectual disability” in lieu of the earlier statutory expression.S TATE V
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- “have anywhere else to go

. ” At the time that she entered the shelter, Ms. Rodriguez noted on an intake form that defendant had threatened to kill her, controlled most of her daily activities, and was violently jealous of her. Although Ms. Rodriguez left the shelter on 19 October 2010 , she returned on 29 Oct ober to retrieve certain med ica tions that she had left at that location

. During the 29 October visit to the domestic violence shelter , Ms. Rodriguez seemed “happy” and “optimistic” and to ld shelter personnel that , while she was “doing well ” and while Mr. Rodriguez “ha[d] no t tried to m ove back in,” “she [wa] s strugglin g to find employment” and “need[ed] assistance with food.” On the other hand, Ms. Rodriguez told her friend, Merlyn Rodrig uez, on 17 November 2010 , t hat she was afraid of defendant; that he had “told her that if they didn ’t get b ack together, he would kill her ” ; and that “he could get rid of her and just throw her in the river.” On 18 November 2010, d efendant came to the couple’s former apartment, which was located at 1828 Trellis Lane in Winston

- Salem and in which Ms. Rodriguez and the children had resided following the couple’s separation , and asked Ms. Rodriguez to speak with him privately in the master bedroom. After a few minutes, the Rodriguez children , who were listening to music in the living room, heard Ms. Rod riguez cry for help

. Santos Estela Rodrig uez, one of the couple’s children, attempted to open the door to the master bedroo m but found that it was locked. 2 After

2 De fendant’s son, Juan Carlos Rodriquez, gave an account of the events that occurred at the 1828 Trellis Lane apartment that closely resembled that provided by Santos Estela Rodriquez

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- failing to gain access to the master bedroom by using a knife, Santos Estela Rodriguez told defendant that she was going to call the police. Shortly thereafter, d efendant emerged from the master bedroom with blood on his knuckles, feet, and clothes

. As soon as Santos Estela Rodriguez entered the master bedroom and “saw her mother on the floor” “breathing really hard,” defendant stated that Ms. Rodriguez had hurt herself on the furniture and that he was taking Ms. Rodriguez to the hospital. After hoisting Ms. Rodriguez over his shoulder, defendant carried her to his vehicle

. Several hours later, defendant returned to 1828 Trellis Lane without Ms. Rodriguez. Upon arriving at the apartment, defendant asked the children and the son of a neigh bor to help him clean the blood stained carpeting in the master bedroom. Although Santos Estela Rodriguez c alled all of the nearby hospi tals, she was never able to locate her mother. On the following morning , 19 November 2010 , defendant took the children to the home of his boss, Henry Ramirez, who lived in Eden. During the trip to Eden, Santos Estela Rodrigue z observed the presence of blood in defendant’s vehicle. A subsequent examination of defendant’s vehicle by investigating officers revealed the presence of vomitus on the rear floorboard on the d river’s side and blood on the interior of the rear driver’s side door jamb, the back portion of the re ar seat , a tan shirt located upon the upper portion of the rear seat, the rear floor mat on the driver’s side, and the spare tire cover in the trunk. At the time that investigating officers searched the apartment a t 1828 Trellis Lane, they noticed that the premises were in disarray and that cleaning productsS TATE V
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- could be found throughout the residence. “[A] large pool of blood or a large stain of what appeared to be blood [could be seen] on [the] carpet.” According to another investigating officer, the carpet in the master bedroom “was discolored a pinkish color” and “frayed as though it had been scrubbed.” Additional blood spatter patterns could be observed in the master bedroom as well

. At about 11:30 p.m. on 18 Nov ember 2010, Merlyn Rodriguez ’s sister, Zoila Rodriguez , began receiving messages from Ms. Rodriguez ’s phone. The messages received from Ms. Rodriguez ’s phone stated that:

Soyla, I went with my secret boyfriend to Spain. Car los does not know. If he calls, tell him the truth and take care of the children. I met him three months ago. Cut the phone off because it doesn’t work in the airport. Good

- bye. I will call you from Spain. . . . I don’t have a charge anymore. Good

- bye. Cut the telephone off . Later, I will fix it . I will call you from there. Although Ms. Rodriguez knew how to spell Zoila Rodriguez’s name, defen dant later spelled Zoila ’s name as “Soyla” while conversing with investigating officers. On 19 November 2010 , Merlyn Rodriguez atte mpted to telephone Ms. Rodriguez on several occasion s . However, each of Merlyn Rodriguez ’s call s went unanswered

. After ascertaining that Ms. Rodriguez was not in her apartment , Merlyn Rodriguez called d efendant, who initially told Merlyn Rodriguez that he did not know wher e Ms. Rodriguez was before stating that Ms. Rodriguez had “[s]tepped out of the house t hat night” and “never came back” and finally telling MerlynS TATE V
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- Rodriguez that Ms. Rodriguez had “had an accident that nig ht” and “was at the hospital.” Following her conversation with defendant, Merlyn Rodriguez called the police. Officer L.N. Williams of the Winston

- Salem Police Department responded to Merlyn Rodriguez’s missing person report , entered Ms. Rodriguez’s apartment , and determined that she w as not there

. At that point, Officer Williams obtained defendant’s phone number from Merlyn Rodriguez and called defendant for the purpose of inquiring into Ms. Rodriguez’s whereabouts. Defendant told Officer Williams that Ms. Rodriguez had gone for a wa lk and did not return. After ascertaining that Ms. Rodriguez was not at work or at a local shelter and that the Rodriguez children were not in school, investigating officers began treating this
matter as a hi gh

- risk missing person’s case. D efendant spent the night of 19 November 2010 with his pastor , David Agueda , in Martinsville, Virginia. On the following morning , while leading Saturday services, Pastor Agueda learned that investigating officers were looking for defendant and Ms. Rodriguez. Upon obtain ing this information, Pastor Agueda advised defen dant to turn himself in. At approximately 7 :00 p.m. on 19 November 2010, Lieutenant Steven Tollie of the Winston

- Salem Police Department reclassified the case as a homicide and assigned it to Detective Stanley Nieves. After investigating officers located defendant on 21 November 2010, he was taken to Eden to be interviewed by Detective Nieves

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- In re sponse to Detective Nieves’ s request that he describe the events that had occurred on 18 November 2010 at the 1828 Trellis Lane apartment , defendant stated that Ms. Rodriguez had told him that she was a lesbian and no longer wanted to be with him , that Ms. Rodriguez had hit her head against the dresser while lunging at him, and that Ms. Rodriguez had called for help after falling to the floor

. At that point, defendant assisted Ms. Rodriguez in her efforts to get up, carried her to his car , and began to dri v e her to the hospit al. As he did so, Ms. Rodriguez told defendant to stop, left the vehicle, and walked out of defendant’s sight. Although Detective Nieves repeatedly accuse d defendant of having killed Ms. Rodriguez and having knowledge of the location at which Ms. Rodriguez ’s body could be found, defendant repeatedly denied Detective Nieve s ’s accusations

. On the afternoon of 12 December 2010, which was a “very cold, damp” day featuring light snow and misty rain, investigating officers rece ived a report that a decapitated body had been discovered in an area near 5020 Williamsburg Road in Winston

- Salem that was “overgrown with small bushy pines” about “40 to 50 feet to the west of the asphalt area.” F ingerprint informat ion obtained from the body established that it was that of Ms. Rodriguez. On 29 May 2013, a human skull, later determined to be that of Ms. Rodriguez through the use of DNA analysis, was found in a wooded area near Belews Lake in rural Forsyth County. According to P atrick Lant z, M.D., who autopsied the body, Ms. Rodriguez was in the early stages of decomposition at the time that her body was discovered. Dr.S TATE V
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- Lantz observed “maggot activity around the incision on the skin,” incision marks around her clavicle, and a number of bruises all over her body characteristic of defensive wounds.” Dr. Lantz opined that “the cause of death was manual strangulation,” that Ms. R odriguez had been decapitated after her death, and that, while there was “not exactly” “a scientific way to determine a postmortem interval,” he believed, based upon information that h e had received from investigati n g officers concerning the date upon whic h Ms. Rodriguez had last been seen alive and the observations that he had made during the autopsy and at the location at which the body had been discov ered, that Ms. Rodriguez had died on 18 November 2010 and that the postmortem interval “was consistent wi th her being out there for three and a half weeks, or 24 days.” 2. Defendant’s Evidence Although she acknowledged that a forensic pathologist would be better qualified than she was to make such a determination, Dr. Ann Ross, a forensic anthropologi st, conc luded that Ms. Rodriguez ’s abdominal area showed no signs of
gr eening, which appears early in the putrefaction process

. In addition, Dr. Ross believed that the crime scene and auto psy photographs sug gested that Ms. Rodriguez

“ was still in the fresh state ” of decomp osition at the time that her body was fo u nd given the absence of significant marbling or maggot masses

. According to Dr. Ross,

“ the remains of the decedent were in a fresh st ate” and had “ not been out in the environmental con ditions before Dece mber 1 .” Similarly, Thomas L. B ennett, M.D.,S TATE V
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- a forensic pathologist, was of the opinion that “the most probable time frame” “is that [Ms.] Rodriguez was dead between three and seven days or so prior to her body being found on December 1 2th.” B. Intellectual Disability 1. Defendant’s Life History Defendant was born on 11 November 1974 in the Usulutan Department of El Salvador. Defendant and his family left the Usulutan Department “somewhere between 1979 and 1982” “because of the guerillas, who we re the leftist fighters in the civil war in El Salvador.” Defendant’s family ultimately settled in Anchila, a location that was believed to be safe, when defendant was a child. However, the guerillas “began to occupy the area across the river from Anchil a” after the Rodriguez family arrived at that location

. The Rodriguez home in Anchila was a “one

- room hut[ ] with dirt floors. The walls were made out of sticks and mud.” A lthough the roof was made out of “grass or tin,” “ther e[ was] no solid wall” or “s ecurity to speak of.” “[D]uring the rainy season, the floods would flood through the house,” exposing t he family “to all kinds of bacteria, viruses, decaying animals, [and] human waste” from a nearby outhouse. While in Anchila, defendant “didn’t have acce ss to medical care,” did not “attend school of any kind,” and experienced “[c]hronic hunger [as] a way of life.” Upon reaching the age of nine, defendant was sent to live with an aunt in San Salvador, which was considered to be safer and to have less figh ting than Anchila.S TATE V
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- While in San Salvador, defendant began to receive medical care and entered the first grade. After successfully completing the first grade while failing the second grade , defendant returned to Anchila to help his family and repeat the s econd grade when he was eleven or twelve years old. At the time that defendant returned to Anchila, “the civil war was very much raging around the family. ” Defendant heard “shooting at night and [remembered] the family being on the floor in terror.” “It was not uncommon for [the family] to see dead bodies along the way when they were walking to school” and to “hear bomb[s] blasting[ ] and shooting.” When defendant was sixteen years old, his older brother, Jose Fermin, was killed by guerillas after joinin g the army. Defendant was responsible for retrieving his brother’s body and bringing it to the family home. While he was still sixteen and in the seventh grade, de fendant dropped out of school. After Jose Fermin’s death and defendant’s marriage to Ms. Ro driguez , defendant relocated to the United States. Upon arriving in this country, defendant was granted asylum on the grounds that he had been “threatened by the guerillas” and was “[l]iving in constant fear” and received authorization to work. Although defendant’s son, Fermin, remained in El Salvador with defendant’s father, Ms. Rodriguez joined defendant in the United States, where the couple had three more children, Santos Estel a, Juan Carlos, Jr., and Jonatha n.S TATE V
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- 2. Expert Testimony a. Defendant’s Ev idence Dr. Selena Sermeno , an expert in the field of clinical psychology who specializes in issues invol ving El Salvadoran young people , testified that the “protective and risk factors” present in a chi ld’s life, coupled with “the presence of chronic violence and trauma and adversity” and “[f]actors such as poverty, malnutrition, poor health, falls, exposure to trauma, any form of traumatic event, [and] the presence of fea r, ” affect the child’s intellectual capabilities. Acco rding to Dr. Sermeno , the civil war that occurred in El Salvador during defendant’s adolescence had a significant negative effect up on his cognitive development. Among other things, Dr. Sermeno observed that defendant’s memory and communication skills wer e impaired, which is “a very classic symptom in children who are traumatized to that degree.” D efendant struggled “to recall information in any kind of chronological sequential or linear format,” was confused by numerical concepts, and answered questions in a very literal manner. In addition, defendant’s exposure
to dangerous pesticides and contaminated water cause d him to suffer from frequent illnesses , for which he never received proper medical care. Dr. Sermeno believed that the existence of these ad ve rse environmental conditions had a significant effect upon defendant’s intellectual development as well

. According to Dr. Sermeno, defendant suffered from p ost

- traumat ic stress d isorder and a mild intellectual disability. In supp ort of the second of these twoS TATE V
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- diagnoses , Dr. Sermeno pointed to the fact that defendant scored 61 on the third edition of the Wechsler Adult Intell igence Scale (WAIS

- III)

. In Dr. Sermeno’s view, defendant had particular difficulties with functional acade mic le arning and communication skills , with these deficiencies having manifested themselves before defendant reached the age of eighteen

. In addition, Dr. Sermeno’s in tellectual disability diagnosis also rested upon defendant’s exposure to extreme poverty , severe malnu trition, constant violence , pestici des, education al obstacles, and inadequate health care. Finally , Dr. Sermeno believed that defendant’s post

- traumatic stress d isorder made it difficult f or him to express strong emotions through verbal

co mm unication and body language. Moira Artigues, M.D., a gener al and forensic psych iatrist , te stified that she had e valuated defendant’s “developmental history and the impact that that may hav e had on him, as well as

. . . his affect and demeanor, hi s face and his manner, and to f o r m opinions about that as well.” Dr. Artig ues analyzes whether a person has an intellectual disability by examining th at person’s “ background information, in terms of poverty, malnutrition, deprivation, education resources, and medical resources,” “[b]ecause lack in any of those can affect intellectual development in children.” According to Dr. Artigues, severe trauma, like that associated with “growing up in a civil war, very poor, and malnourished, causes the brain to wire in a way that’s not optimal, and it can certainly affect your IQ as a result of the faulty wiring.” A s a child in El Salvador, defe ndant lacked access to medical care, experienced nutritionalS TATE V
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- deprivation, and had no educational stimulation until he reached t he age of ten, all of which can affect an individual’s brain development and contribute to the development of a low intelligence quotient

. Moreover, the experience of growing up during a civil war can result in accumulated trauma over time which can , in t urn, lead to the development of post

- traumatic stress disorder. In Dr. Artig ues’ s view, a child’s attempt s to cope “ with this chronic trauma and extreme stress” can affect the child’s brain development and intelligence quotient

. In Dr. Artigues’ s opinion, defendant was mildly intellectually disabled. In support of this assertion , Dr. Artigues considered the fact that defendant had to make six different attempts to pass his driver’s license test after reaching the United States

. In addition, Dr. Artiques noted that , whi le interviewing defendant, he failed
to grasp abstract concepts and had difficulty relaying information in chronological order, bot h of which conditions , in Dr. Artig ues’ s opinion, reflect the existence of an intellectual disability. Dr. Ar tigues testified that defendant learned how to be a brick mason by being shown measurements marked permanently on a yardstick rather than by utilizing mathematics, with this type of learning limitation being typical o f
persons suffering from a mild intellectual disability. According to Dr. Artigues , intellectually disabled individuals have the ability to drive motor vehicles , work, marry, and have children. Dr. Artigues believed that defendant’s intellectual disability manifested itself befor e he turne d eighteen years of age in light of defendant’s school records, intelligence quotient test scores, the results achievedS TATE V
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- during defendant’s psychological evaluations, and defendant’s exposure to malnutrition, severe trauma, and poverty. In Dr. Ar tigues ’ s view, defendant was significantly deficient in functional academics and communication skills. Finally, Dr. Ar tigues determined that defendant suffered from post

- traumatic stress disorder given that he had been exposed to significant trauma during his life, reported having had intrusive thoughts about the traumatic events that he had experienced, and experienced certain specific triggering events

. D r. Antonio Puente, a clinical neuropsychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Nort h Carolina at Wilmington, conducted a neuropsychological evaluation of defendant. Dr. Puente testified that the fact that defendant had a full scale score of 61 on the Central American , Spanish language version of the WAIS

- III placed defendant in the bott om one percentile of the population. In addition, Dr. Puente administered the Beta Test, Third Edition; the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Second Edition; and the Bateria Test , Third Edition , to defendant

. According to Dr. Puente , the Beta test was developed to measure the intellectu al abi lities of individuals who lack a formal education . Defendant had a score of 65 on the Beta Test, a result that placed him in the bottom one percent of the population

. Similarly, Dr. Puente testified that defendant’s full

- scale score of 53 on the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence placed him in the bottom percentile. Although the Bateria test does not produce an intelligence quotient score, it does generate a n intellectual abilities numb er. Def endant’s intellectual abilitiesS TATE V
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- score placed him in the second percentile from the bottom . Acc ording to Dr. Puente , mild intellectual disability involves an intelligence quotient of between 50 and 70. Another sign of mild intellectual disability, in Dr. P uente ’s view, is the presence of only some of the skills that allow an individual to func tion in society . Dr. Puente undertook this portion of his analysis by examining defendant’s school records, driving tests, and the opinions of knowledgeable person s c oncerning defendant’s function al capabilities

. In addition, Dr. Puente administered sixteen additional neuropsychological tests to defendant , three of which were used to assess the reliability of defendant’s responses and the adequacy of defendant’s effor t s during the testing process

. According to Dr. Puente , defendant’s test results did not reflect malingering and accurately demonstrated the extent of defendant’s abi lities

. As a result , Dr. Puente testified that defendant has significant sub

- average int ellectual functioning ; has deficient cognitive, social, and practical skills ; and is significantly impaired in the areas of functional academics and communication skills, with all of these diagnostic criteria having manifested themselves before defendant attained the age of eighteen

. b. State’s Evidence Stephen Kramer, M.D., a forensic neuropsychiatrist and p rofessor of psychiatry at Wake Forest Baptist Me dical Center, testified o n behalf of the State that the El Salvadoran school system, which is much less rigorous than the United States school system, grades students on a scale from one to ten , with five being theS TATE V
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- l owest passing score

. According to Dr. Kramer , most of defendant’s grades were in the six to seven range, a set of results that is inconsistent with the presence of mild intellectual disability. In addition, Dr. Kramer noted tha t defendant could perform
t he chores expected of similarly aged children, another fact that suggests that defendant did not suffer from mild intellectual disa bility. In a similar vein , Dr. Kramer noted that defendant had been able to find employment in the United States that paid more than the minimum wage and that he had been known to “motivate” his co

- workers , with these facts also being inconsistent with a contention that defendant suffer s from a mild intellectual disability . A ccording to Dr. Kramer, other activities in which defendant engaged, including the payment of taxes, the maintenance of his immigration status, and his ability to obtain a driver’s license, “show[ed that defendant had] a level of adaptive functioning beyond that [expected] for the deficits requisite for a diagnosi s of” intellectual disability. Dr. Kramer testified that Detective Nieves had described defendant’s Spanish

as grammatical ly correct and that defendant had used an appropriate volume when speaking with the detective. Dr. Kramer noted that defendant had received a number of visitors since the date of his incarceration , a fact that tends to suggest that defendant has a social netwo rk and demonstrates his adaptive abilities . Dr . Kramer considered d efendant ’s request for a Spanish

- to

- English dictionary, a Bible, and a Spanish textbook while in p retrial detention to indicate that defendant ha s the apparent ability to read and de s ire d to engage in that activity , with those attributesS TATE V
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- further tending to show that defendant ha s adaptive capabilities

. On the other hand, Dr. Kramer, like Dr. Artigues, believed that defendant ha s difficulty understanding abstract concepts like confiden tiality or privacy. Acc ording to Dr. Kramer , Dr. Puente mischaracterized the results of defendant’s Dot Counting Test , an instrument used to detect malingering, because defendant “did worse the second time he did the test and was way over the threshold for su specting not giving full effort.” Dr. Kramer noted that def endant was “overtly cooperative, ” had a normal mood range, spoke Spanish in a clear and distinct manner while exhibiting a regu lar rate and rhythm, and had no difficulty with the comprehension portion of the exam. In addition, while defenda nt could not identify the year, month, day of the week, or se ason, he was able to perform complex commands without difficulty. The fact that defendant could not name the months of the year was “astonishing” to Dr. Kramer given his belief that even a person with mi ld intellectual disability should be able to perform that task. Dr. Kramer administered a variety of tests for the purpose of assess ing defendant’s mathemati cal abilities , visual and verbal memory, neurological functioning, and motor skills

. According to Dr. Kramer, defendant’s math skills were “horrible” and included “very bizarre” responses. While completing a “literal

canc ellation test,” which required de fendant to find all of the A s on a page while subject to certain time constraints, defendant missed some A s and worked very slowly, with the physical restraints to which defendant was subject and visual deficitsS TATE V
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- which defendant experienced accounting for t his aspect of his performance. Dr. Krame r determined that defendant has a score of less than one on the National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale Test, which indicated , according to Dr. Kramer, that the severity of defendant’s reaction to stress w as, at most, mild

. Even

so , Dr. Kramer diagnosed defendant as suffering from dysthymic d isorder, which is a form of chronic depression, and post

- traumatic stress d isorder. Dr. Kramer questioned whether defendant exhibited symptoms of significant sub

- a verage intellectual functioning. A lthough the fact that defendant had lived in severe poverty and suffered from malnutrition might adversely affect his intelligence quotient scores, those factors do not appear to have actually impaired his intellectual

ca pacity. In addition , Dr. Kramer testified that defendant’s “school grades were not consistent with [those of] someone with mild intellectual disability.” According to Dr. Kramer , def

endant ’s only adaptive functioning deficiency involved functional academ ics. As a result , for all of these reasons, Dr. Kramer disagreed with Dr. Puente’s diagnosis that defendant suffered from an intellectual disability

. c. Defendant’s Rebuttal Evidence Dr. John Olley , a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a psychologist at the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities , testified that , since a person with an intelligence qu otient of between 55 and 70 can appropriately be diagnosed as mildly intellectually disabled and since defendant had a score of 61 on the WAIS

- III , his intelligence quotient falls within the mildlyS TATE V
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- intellectually disabled range

. In Dr. Olley ’s view , approximately one

- third of mildly intellectually disabled perso ns are able to obtain a driver’s license or learner’s permit. Dr. Olley asserted that “ a person’s accomplishments ” cannot “ rule out” the existence of an intellectual disability given that such a “ diagnosis is based on identifying deficits, not identifying streng ths , ” and revo lves arou nd “ a pattern of lifelong limitations.” In addition, Dr. Olley stated that the American Association of Intellectual and Development Disabilities (AAIDD) , which was formerly known as the American As sociation of Mental Retardat ion, believe s that socioeconomic factors , such as malnutrition, poverty, and lack of access to early childhood education , are “causative or at least high

- risk factors in the diagnosis of” intellectual disabilities. Ac cording to Dr. Olley , the AAIDD attrib ute s intellectual disabilities to biological, beha vioral, social, and educational factors, with the biological factor being present in only the more severe cases of inte llectual disabilities and with the other factors contributing to less severe cases

. In Dr. Olley ’s view, poverty can contribute to a diagnos is of intellectual disability. 3. Capital Sentencing a. State’s Evidence According to Lieutenant Tollie, the Rodriguez children had initially been placed in foster care before going to live with Ms. Rodriguez ’ s father, who resides in Boston. Friends Anna and Merlyn Rodriguez described Ms. Rodriguez as a veryS TATE V
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- loving and caring mother who took good care of her children and had been excited to begin a new job at McDonald’s. b. Defendant’s Evidence Defe ndant had not been cited for any discip linary infractions during the period of time in which he was held in pretrial confinement. Defe ndant’s father, Manuel Romero , who was handicapped, love s his son very much and need s his financial support. Similarly, defendant’s sister, Ana Julia Romero , testified that she love s her brother very much, that defendant denied having done anything to Ms. Rodriguez , and that Ms. Rodriguez was a very nice person who loved defendant and had been a good wife. Juan Carlos Rodr iguez and Estela Santos Rodriguez expressed the desire to continue to have a relationship with their father, stated that they loved and missed him, and described Ms. Rodriguez as a loving mother. B. Procedural History On 2 July 2012, the Forsyth County gra nd jury returned a bill of indictment charging defendant with assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury and first

- degree ki dnapping

. On 16 July 2012, the Forsyth County grand jury returned superseding indictments charging defendant with first

- degree murder , assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, and first

- degree kidnapping

. The charges against defendant came on for trial before the trial court and a jury at the 3 February 2014 criminal session of the S uperior Court, Fors yth County.S TATE V
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- On 10 March 2014, the jury returned verdicts finding defendant guilty of first

degree murder on the basis of malice, premeditation, and deliberation and the felony murder rule using first

- degree kidnapping as the predicate felony , assault with a deadly weapon infli cting serious injury, and first

- degree kidnapping. After accepting the jury’s verdict, the trial court convened a separate proceeding for the purpose of determining whether defendant is intellectually disabled as that term is currentl y

us ed in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2005

. On 14 March 2014, the jury returned a verdict finding that defendant was not exempt from the imposition of the death pe nalty based upon intellectual disability

- related grounds . On 17 March 2014, defendant unsuccessfully

mov ed to set aside the jury verdict with respect to the intellectual disability issue. On the same day, the sentencing phase o f defendant’s trial commenced. On 21 March 2014, the jury returned a verdict determining that defendant had killed Ms. Rodriguez whi le engaged in the commission of a first

- degree kidnapping

. The jury did not find as mitigating circumstance s that defendant lacked a significant history of prior criminal cond uct, N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(1) , or that defendant had murdered Ms. Rodriguez while under the influence of a mental or emotional disturbance, id

. § 15A

- 2000(f)(2). In addition , the jury rejected all proposed nonstatutory mitigating circumstances and found that no other mitigating circumstances existed , id . 15A

- 2000(f)(9) . Finally, the jury found that the aggravating circumstance was sufficiently substantial to call for the imposition of the death penalty . Based upon the jury’s verdict s , the trial court arrested judgment withS TATE V
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- respect to defendant’s fir st

- degree kidnapping convictio n and entered judgments

s entencing defendant to death based upon his first

- degree murder conviction and to a concurrent term of twenty

- five to thirty

- nine months imprisonment based upon his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious inj ury. Defendant noted an appeal to this Court from the trial court’s judgments

. 3 II. Legal Analysis A. Jury Selection In his initial challenge to the trial court’s judgments, defendant contends that th e trial court deprived him of his state and federal con stitutional right to a trial by a fair and impartial jury by prohibiting his trial counsel from questioning prospective jurors concerning their ability to follow the applicable law prohibiting the imposition of the death penalty upon an intellectu ally disabled pe rson . More s pecifically, defendant contends that “[i]t was cr itically important that each juror be free of any bias regarding the exemption of [intellectually disabled] offenders from capital punishment that would prevent that juror from decidi ng the question of [intellectual disability] based on the clinical evidence in accordance with § 15A

- 2005,” which provides that “no defendant who is [ intellectual ly disabled] shall be sentenced to death. ” N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2005 (2014). According to defendan t, the jurors empaneled

3 The record does not reflect th at defendant filed a motion to bypass the Court of Appeals with respect to the trial court’s judgment in the case in which defendant was convicted of and sentenced for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. W e grant a motion to bypass the Court of Appeals in that case on our own motion.S TATE V
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- to hear and decide this case “were not made aware until the sentencing phase that they would need to make a determination of [intellectual disability] that could take th e death penalty off the table” or questioned concerning their a bility to follow the law governing the extent to which an intellectual ly disabled person is eligible for the imposition of the death penalty in violation of defendant’s Sixth Amendment right “to ascertain whether the juror has any bias, opinion, or prejudice that would affect or control the fair determination by him of the issues to be tried,” quoting Conners v. United States , 158 U.S. 408, 413, 15 S. Ct. 951, 953 , 39 L. Ed. 1033, 1035 (1895) , and citing Morgan v. Illinois , 504 U.S. 719, 727, 112 S. Ct. 2222 , 2228

- 29, 119 L. Ed. 2d 494, 502 (1992)

. The State contends, on the other hand, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion during the jury selection process by susta ining the State ’s obj ection to defendant’s attempts to question prospectiv e jurors concerning intellectual disability issue s . Contrary to defendant’s assertions, the trial court simply prohibi ted defendant from prefacing the question s that he sought to pose to p rospecti ve jurors concerning intellectual disability issues with general legal statements

. In addition , the State contends that defendant was able to elicit the information that he sought to obtain by posing these questions based upon prospective jurors’ answers to other questions that the trial court allowed defendant to pursue and statements that the trial court allowed defendant’s trial counsel to make

. Finally, the State no tes that the trial court properly instructed the jury concerning the effect of a finding ofS TATE V
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- intellectual disability up on the jury’s ability to make a binding recommendation that defendant be sentenced to death at an appropriate point in the proceedings

. During the jury selection process, defendant’s trial counsel told the trial c ourt that defendant’s “intent was to ask these jurors can they follow the law wi th regard to mental retardation ” and that, in order to make an adequate inquiry into this subject, he would be required “ to tell them a little bit about what the law is

. ” In

r esponse, the trial judge stated that defendant would be allowed to inquire into jurors’ ability to follow the applicable law and stated:

THE COURT: Just don’t give editorial comments. I certainly understand you’re going to be entitled

— you can preface it as, “There may be a defense or evidence of alleged mental retardation in this case. Will you be able to fairly consider it in this case?” Is that

— does that not get you what you want?

. . . [DEFEN SE COUNSEL]: It does. What I would like to say is that North Carolina does not allow . . . . for a defendant to get the death penalty if they’re mentally retarded; does anybody on the panel have any issues with that law.

. . . . THE COURT: Does the State object to that line of questioning? [PROSECUTOR]: Yes, Your Honor. We object to him prefacing it with what the state of the law is until the jury is instructed. . . . Because we would contend it’s going to be in dispute.

. . . .S TATE V
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- THE COURT: When we get to the jury instructions, I’ll give them the la w that applies to this particular case. You’re going to be entitled to ask questions about any

– [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And mental retardation is not a mitigating circumstance that decides, yes or no, death penalty. That’s the weighing part of it. I don’t want the jury confused that this is just another mitigating circumstance. It’s the law that they have to first decide before they even get to that [procedure.] THE COURT: I’m not inclined

–

. . . . THE COURT:

— to allow the defendant just to state general propositions of the law. You’re absolutely going to be entitled to ask jurors questions, as we’ve already discussed, with regard to any alleged mental retardation evidence. . . .

. . . . THE COURT:

. . . You can ask them if they can follow th e law that the Court will give you with regard to mental retardation and the effect it may have as to any decision s in the case. “Can you follow the law fairly and impartially that the Judge will give you with regard to the law on mental retardation?”

. . . But I’ve told everybody that neither attorney should question the jurors about the law except to ask whether they will follow the law as given to you by the Court. After the prospective jurors returned to the courtroom at the conclusion of this collo quy between the trial court and counsel for the parties, defendant’s trial counsel stated, without objection, that “[m]ental retardation is a defense to the death penalty”S TATE V
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- and that “ [m]ental retardation is defined, among o ther things, as having a low IQ” and, along with the prosecutor, asked prospective jurors numerous questions related
to intellectual disability issues

. “T he primary goal of the jury selection process is to ensure selection of a jury comprised only of persons who will render a fair and impartial verdict.” State v. Locklear , 331 N.C. 239, 247, 415 S .E.2d 726, 731 (1992) (citation omitted) . “Pursuant to N.C. G.S. § 15A

- 1214(c), counsel may question prospective jurors concerning their fitness or competency to serve as jurors to determine whether there is a basis to challenge for cause or whether to exercise a peremptory challenge.” State v. Fullwood , 343 N.C. 725, 732, 472 S.E.2d 883, 88 6

- 87 (1996) (citing N.C.G.S. § 15A

1214(c) (1988) , cert. denied , 520 U.S. 1122, 117 S. Ct. 1260, 137 L. Ed. 2d 339 (1997) ). As part of the jury selection process, the trial court must allow counsel an opportunity “to inquire in to the ability of the prospective jurors to follow the law, ” with “ questions designed to measure prospective jurors’ abil ity to follow the law [being] within the [proper] context of voir dire .” State v. Wiley , 355 N.C. 592, 617, 565 S.E.2d 22, 40 (2002), cert. denied , 537 U.S. 1117, 123 S. Ct. 882, 154 L. Ed. 2d 795 (2003). On the other hand, “[t]he trial judge has broad discretion to regulate jury voir dire .” Fullwood , 343 N.C. at 732, 472 S.E.2d at 887 (citing State v. Lee , 335 N.C. 244, 268, 439 S.E.2 d 547, 559, cert. denied , 513 U.S. 891, 115 S. Ct. 239, 130 L. E d

. 2d 162 (1994)); see also State v. Locklear , 349 N.C. 118, 142, 505 S.E.2d 277, 291 (1998) (explaining that “the extent and manner of the inquiry [allowed to counsel] restsS TATE V
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- within the trial cou rt’s discretion ”) , cert. denied , 526 U.S. 1075, 119 S. Ct. 1475, 143 L. Ed. 2d 559 (1999) . “In order for a defendant to show reversible error in the trial court’s regulation of jury selection, a defendant must show that the court abused its discretion and that he was prejudiced thereby.” Lee , 335 N.C. at 268, 4 39 S.E.2d at
559 (citations omitted) . As a result , “the trial court’s exercise of discretion in preventing a defendant from purs u ing a relevant line of questioning” must “render[ ] the trial fun damentally unfair” i n order for the defendant to be entitled to obtain relief on appeal to this Court

. Fullwood , 343 N.C. at 732

- 33, 472 S.E.2d at 887 (citing, inter alia , Morgan , 504 U.S. at 730 n. 5, 112 S. Ct. at 2230 n. 5, 119 L. Ed. 2d at 503
n.5 ). Alt hough the trial court did inform defendant’s trial counsel that they should limit their questioning of prospective jurors with respect to intellectual disability issues to inquiring whether the members of the jury “ can follow the law as given to you b y the Court,” defendant was allowed, without any objection from the State , to explain to two different jury panels at a time when all of the prospective jurors were present that “[m]ental retardation is a defense to the death penalty.” In addition, defendant’s trial counsel asked prospective jurors about their prior experiences with intellectually disabled individuals, the extent of their familiarity with intelligence testing and adaptive skills functioning issues, their willingness to c onsider expert mental health testimony, and their willingness to follow the applicable law as embodied in the trial court’s instructions. When considered in conjunction with theS TATE V
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- fact that defen dant’s trial counsel was allowed to tell the prospective juror s that “[m]ental retardation is a defense to the death penalty ” and the common sense understanding of a “defense” as something that precludes a finding of guilt or the imposition of a particular punishment, the questions that defendant’s trial counsel

were allowed to pose to prospective jurors concerning their ability to follow the l aw with respect to the intellectual disability issue sufficed to permit defendant’s trial counsel to determine whether specific jurors could fairly consider and follow the trial court’s instructions concerning the issue of whether defendant should be exempted from the imposition of the death penalty on the basis of any intellectual disabilities from which he suffered. On the other hand, the specific question that defendant sough t permission to pose to prospective jurors would have done little more than elicit the prospective jurors’ opinions concerning the validity of the undisputed legal principle barring the imposition of the death penalty upon intellectually disabled individua ls. A s a result, we do not believe that the limitations that the trial court placed upon the ability of defendant’s trial counsel to question prospective jur or s concerning intellectual disability issues constituted an abuse of discretion or “render [ e d] th e trial fundamentally unfair. ” Fullwood , 343 N.C . at 732

- 33, 472 S.E.2d
at 887.S TATE V
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- B. Guilt

- Innocence Proceeding Issues 1. Sufficiency of the Evidence Second ly, defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the first

- degree murder charge that had been lodged against him because the Sta te failed to present sufficient evidence to establish his identity as the
pe rpetrator of Ms. Rodriguez ’s murder

. In support of this contention, d efendant
asserts that , when a State’s case is w holly dependent upon circumstantial evidence , reviewing courts examine the record evidence for “ proof of motive, opportunity, capability, and identity” in order “to show that a particular person committed a particular crime,” quoting State v. Bell , 65 N.C App. 234, 238, 309 S.E.2d 464, 467 (1983) , aff’d , 311 N.C. 299, 316 S.E.2d 72 (1984)

. Although defendant acknowledges that the record contains sufficient evidence to permit a rational juror to find that he had the capability and motive to commit first

- deg ree murder, he contends that the State failed to elicit sufficient evidence to establish the necessary opportunity and identity. More specifically, defendant points to the expert testimony contained in the record suggesting that Ms. Rodriguez died much la ter than 18 November 2010 and argues that “the State lacked any eyewitness testimony or physical evidence establishing where and when the homicide occurred,” with such evidence being “critical to establishing opportunity,” citing State v. Scott , 296 N.C. 5 19, 522, 251 S.E.2d 414, 416

- 17 (1979). In response, the State contends that the evidence mor e than sufficed to establish that defendant murdered Ms. Rodriguez , with defendant’sS TATE V
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- argument resting upon an interpretation of the evidence that is favorable to himself rather than to the State

. “In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court need determine only whether there i s substantial evidence of each essential element of the crime and that the defendant is the perpetrator.” State v. Call , 349 N.C. 382, 417, 508 S.E.2d 496, 518 (1998) (citation omitted) . “Substantial evidence is that amount of relevant evidence necessary to persuade a rational juror to accept a conclusion. ” State v. Mann , 355 N.C. 294, 301, 560 S.E.2d 776, 781 (citation omitted) , cert. denied , 537 U.S. 1005, 123 S. Ct. 495, 154 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2002). “As to whether substantial evidence exists, the question for the trial court is not one of weight, but of the sufficiency of the evidence.” Id . at 301, 560 S.E.2d at 781.

The evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the State; the State is entitled to every reasonable intendment and every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom; contradictions and discrepancies are for the jury to resolve and do not warrant dismissal; a nd all of the evidence actually admitted, whether competent or incompetent, which is favorable to the State is to be considered by the court in ruling on the motion. State v. Powell , 299 N.C. 95, 99, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980) (citations omitted) . On the other hand, in the event that the evidence merely raises “a suspicion or conjecture as to either the commission of the offense or the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator, the motion to dismiss must be allowed.” State v. Malloy , 309 N.C. 176,
179 , 305 S.E.2d 718, 720 (1983) (citations omitted) . “Circumstantial evidence mayS TATE V
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- withstand a motion to dismiss and support a conviction even when the evidence does not rule out every hypothesis of innocence.” State v. Stone , 323 N.C. 447, 4 52, 373 S.E.2d 4 30, 433 (1988). First

- degree murder “is the unlawful killing of another human being with malice and with premeditation and deliberation.” State v. Bonney , 329 N.C. 61, 77, 405 S.E.2d 145, 154 (1991). “Premeditation and deliberation ‘are not ordinarily

su bject to proof by direct evidence, but must generally be proved . . . by circumstantial evidence.’ ” State v. Taylor , 337 N.C. 597, 607, 447 S.E.2d 360, 367 (1994) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Williams , 308 N.C. 47, 68

- 69, 301 S.E.2d 335, 34 9, cert. denied , 464 U.S. 865, 104 S. Ct. 202, 78 L. Ed. 2d 177 (1983)). 4 “Circumstances tending to prove that the killing was premeditated and deliberate include, but are not limited to:

(1) want of provocation o n the part of the deceased; (2) the conduct and statements of the defendant before and after the killing; (3) threats and declarations of the defendant before and during the course of the occurrence giving rise to the death of the decease d ; (4) ill

- will or previous difficulty between the parties; (5) the dealing of lethal blows after the deceased has been felled and rendered helpless; and (6) evidence that the killing was done in a brutal manner. Id

. at 607, 447 S.E.2d at 367 (quoting Williams , 308 N.C. at 69, 301 S.E.2d at 349); see also State v. Trull , 349 N.C. 428, 448, 509 S.E.2d 178 , 192 (1998) (concluding that

4 In February 2010, a three

- judge panel of the N orth C arolina Innocence Commission unanimously ruled that Taylor had been wrongly convicted in 1993.S TATE V
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- the defendant’s actions in destroying evidence and attempting to cover up his involvement in the murder “permit the inference that defendant act ed with premeditation and deliberation”) , cert. denied , 528 U.S. 835, 120 S. Ct. 95 , 145 L. E d

. 2d 80 (1999) ; State v. Scott , 343 N.C. 313, 341, 471 S.E.2d 605, 622 (1996) (concluding that evidence tending to show , among other things , that the “[d]efendant lied to everyone about [the decedent’s] whereabouts and did not call the police or emergency medical personnel” “was sufficient to show premeditation and deliberation”); State v. Richardson , 328 N.C. 505, 513, 402 S.E.2d 401, 406 (1991) (concluding that e vidence that the defendant strangled the victim sufficed to show premeditation and deliberation)

. The evidence elicited by the State at trial tended to show that defendant had a history of abusing Ms. Rodriguez , that defendant had threate ne d to kill Ms. Ro driguez and to dispose of her body, that defendant violently attacked Ms. Rodriguez on 18 November 2010 , that defendant was the last person to see Ms. Rodriguez alive, that defendant had been seen in the general area in which Ms. Rodriguez ’s body had been discovered, that defendant had attempted to clean up the location at which he assaulted Ms. Rodriguez , that defendant sent text messages from Ms. Rodriguez ’s phone to Merlyn Rodriguez in an attempt to establish that Ms. Rodriguez had voluntarily left the area, that Ms. Rodriguez’s clothing and blood were found in defendant’s vehicle, that defendant made conflicting statements concerning the circumstances surrounding Ms. Rodrig uez’s disappearance to various people, andS TATE V
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- that the autopsy performed upo n Ms. Ro driguez ’s body indicated , consistent ly with other evidence tending to show that blood was emanating from Ms. Rodriguez ’s nose as Mr. Rodriguez carried her away, that Ms. Rodriguez had as pirated blood prior to her death . Aside from the fact that the evide nce contai ns ample support for the State’s contention that defendant caused Ms. Rodriguez ’s death, “[t] hese facts permit the inference that defendant acted with premeditation and de liberation. ” Trull , 349 N.C. at 448, 509 S.E.2d at 192. As a result, the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss the first

- degree murder charge for insufficiency of the evidence. 2. Admission of Evidence Concerning Dr. Kramer’s Former Employment Thirdly, defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the State to elicit , over objection, evidence that one of defendant’s trial counsel had previously hired Dr. Kramer to testif y on behalf of another client. In defendant’s view, “[t]he State improperly vouched for Dr. Kramer’s credibility by eliciting testimony that Dr. Kramer had been hired by Robert Campbell, one of Mr. Rodriguez’s attorneys, to testify on behalf of a criminal defense client in another case and in highlighting the prior employment in its closing argument,” with this error ha ving been particularly prejudicial given that the State’s opposition to defendant’s claim to be exempt from the imposition of the death penalty on intellectual disability grounds rested solely upon the credibility of Dr. Kramer’s opinion that defendant was not intellectually disabled

. In response to defendant’s asse rtion , the State contends that the challengedS TATE V
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- testimony was relevant to the issue of Dr. Kramer’s lack of bias and that the trial court did no t err by allowing its admission. When conducting a c ross - examination, a prosecutor may not “inject into questions ‘his own knowledge, beliefs, and personal opinions not supported by the evidence.’ ” State v. Sanderson , 336 N

. C. 1, 14, 442 S.E.2d 33, 41 (1994) (quoting State v. Britt , 288 N.C. 699, 711, 220 S.E.2d 283, 291 (1975)); see also State v. Phillips , 240 N.C. 516, 527, 82 S.E.2d 762, 770 (1954) ( opining tha t prosecuting attorneys cannot “ place before the jury by argument, insinuating questions, or other means, incompetent and prejudicial matters not legally admissible in evidence ”). A prosecutor does not improperly vouch for the credibility of a S tate’s witness, or otherwise “inject” “his own knowledge, beliefs, and perso nal opinions” into questioning, Sanderson , 3 36 N.C. at 14, 442 S.E.2d at 41 , by merely explaining why the jury should find a S tate’s witness to be credible

. State v. Bunning , 338 N.C. 483,
488

- 89, 450 S.E.2d 462, 464 (1994). “A witness may be [questioned concerning] any matter relevant to any issue in the case, including credibilit y.” State v. Lewis , 365 N.C. 488, 494, 724 S.E.2d 492, 497 (2012) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 8C

- 1, Rule 611(b) (2011 ) ). “We have long held that evidence of bias is logically relevant to a witness’ credibility

. . . .” Id

. at 494, 724 S.E.2d 497 ; see also State v. Atkins , 349 N.C. 62, 83, 505 S.E.2d 97, 110 (1998) (concluding that “the State appropriately attempted to illustrate a potential source of witness bias, as revealed by the expert witness’s own curriculum vitae ”) , cert. denied , 526 U.S. 1147, 119 S. Ct. 2025, 143 L. Ed. 2d 1036S TATE V
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- (199 9 ) . If the record at trial “reveals significant discrepancies between the diagnosis made by defendant’s . .

. expert and the diagnosis reached by the State’s expert,” “it [ is ] entirely proper to elic it testimony indicative of potential witness bias.” Atkins , 349 N.C. at 83, 505 S .E.2d at 111. A prosecutor’s decision to elicit evidence tending to show a lack of bias on the part of a State’s witness does not constitute impermissible prosecutorial vouc hing. See Bunning , 338 N.C. at 489, 450 S.E.2d at
464 (concluding that “statements by the prosecuting attorney were more in the nature of giving reason why the jury should believe the State’s evidence than that the prosecuting attorney was vouching for th e credibility of the State’s witne sses or for his own credibility ”)

. As we have already noted, Dr. Kramer testified that he disagree d with Dr. Puente’s determination that defendant suffer s from a mild intellectual disability. In view of the “ significant discrepancies between the diagnosis made by defendant’s .

. . expert and the diagnosis reached by the State’s expert,” “it [ is ] entirely proper to elicit testimony indicative of potential witness bias,” or the lack thereof. Atkins , 349 N.C.
at 83, 505 S.E.2d at 111. The prosecutor’s decision to elicit evidence to the effect that Dr. Kramer had previously performed work for one of defendant’s trial counsel did not “inject” the prosecutor’s person al opinions into defendant’s intellectual capabil ities . On the contrary , the evidence elicited in response to the relevant prosecutorial questions tended to show a lack of bias on the part of Dr. Kramer by demonstrating that he had previously worked on behalf of both the State and criminalS TATE V
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- defendants. Although the trial court might have been better advised to have exercised its discretionary authority pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 8C

- 1, Rule 403, to limit the scope of the prosecutor’s inquiry to whether Dr. Kramer had previously worked for counsel representing criminal defendants in general rather than specifically identifying one of defendant’s trial counsel as an attorney to whom Dr. Kramer had provided expert assistance, we are unable to say, given the record before us in this case, that the challenged testi mony constituted impermissible prosecutorial vouching for Dr. Kramer’s cred ibility or that the trial court erred by refusing to preclude the admission of the challenged testimony

. C. Intellectual Disability Proceeding Next , defendant contend s that he demon strated that he suffer s from an intellectual disability by a preponderance of the evidence and that the trial court erred by denying his motion to set aside the jury’s verdict in the State’s favor with respect to this issue

. As defendant notes, he was req uired to prove that he had “significantly subaverage g eneral intellectual functioning” and “ significant limitations in adaptive functioning” that “ was manifested before the age of 18,” quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2005(a)(2), by a preponderance of the evidence i n order to be found to be exempt from the imposition of the death penalty upon intellectual disability grounds , citing id . § 15A

- 2005(f). Defendant claims to have satisfied his burden of proof with respect to this issue given that three of his intelligenc e quotient scores were below 70, that three separate expert witnesses testified that he hadS TATE V
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- significant limitations in at least two of the s tatutorily enumerated areas of adaptive functioning, and that each of defendant’s expert s testified that defendant’s mild intellectual disability manifested itself before he reached the age of eighteen

. According to defendant , the State’ s expert did little more than challenge the evidence tending to show that defendant exhibited subaverage intellectual functioning as “questionable” and agreed that defendant had an adaptive deficit in the area of functional academics

. In response, the State contends that a reviewing court should not disturb a jury determination with respect to the issue of intellectual disability in the event that there is any competent evidence re asonably tending to support it and that the record provided ample support for the jury’s determination that defendant had failed to establish that he should be exempt from the imposition of the death penalty on intellectual disability grounds. A trial court’s ruling with respect to a motion to set aside a jury verdict “will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” State v. Batts , 303 N.C. 155, 162 , 277 S.E.2d 385, 389 (1981) ( citations omitted) (upholding the denial of a motion to set aside a verdict after finding that “[t]here was sufficient evidence to warrant submission of the case to the jury and to support its verdict”). According to well

- established North Carolina law, “ [t]he credibility of the witnesses, the weight of the testimony, and conflicts in the evidence are matters for the jury to consider and pass upon,” State v. Alford , 329 N.C. 755, 761, 407 S.E.2d 519, 524 (1991) (citations omitted) , with the reviewing court lacking any responsibility for “ pass [ing] on theS TATE V
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- credibility of witnesses or to weigh [ing] the testimony,” State v. Hanes , 268 N.C 335, 339, 150 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1966). Defendant’s assertion that we should conduct a de novo review of the trial court’s decision to refrain from setting aside the jury’s verdict with respect to the intellectual disability issue amounts to a request that we reweigh the evidence and make our own factual findings on appeal, a task for which an appellate court like this one is not well suited. Although defendant did present sufficient evidence to support a determination that he should be deemed exempt from the imposition of the death penalty on intellectual disability grounds, the State presented expert testimony from D r. Kramer tending to support a contrary determination. The relative credibility of the testimony offered by the various expert witnesses concerning the nature and extent of defen dant’s intellectual limitations was a matter for the jury rather than for this Court, particularly given that the burden of proof with respect to the intellectual disability issue rested upon defendant. In light of the fact that the record reveals the exi stence of a conflict in the evidence concerning the extent to which defendant was intellectually disabled for purposes of N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2005, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to set aside the jury’s verdict i n the State’s favor with respect to that issue

. 5

5 In his supplemental brief, defendant contend s that he is entitled to relief from the trial court’s intellectual disability determination on the basis of the United States Supreme Court ’s decision in Moore v. Texas , ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1039, 197 L. Ed. 2d 416 (2017). In support of this contention, defendant reiterates his ar gument , which we have already rejected, that this Court is required to undertake a de novo review of the merits of theS TATE V
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- D. Capital Sentencing Proceeding Finally , defendant assert s that the trial court erred at defendant’s capital sentencing proceeding by failing to instruct the jury with respect to the statutory mitigating fa ctor enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) , which addresses the extent to which defendant’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the law was impaired. According to defendant, the trial court must instruct th e jury concerning whether a particular mitigating circumstance exists in the event that the record contains sufficient evidence to establish the existence of that mitigating circumstance , citing State v. Hurst , 360 N.C. 181, 197, 624 S.E.2d 309, 322, cert. denied , 549 U.S. 875, 127 S. Ct. 186, 166 L. Ed. 2d 131 (2006)

. According to defendant, the record contained ample evidence tending to show that that defendant’s “ capacity .

. . to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired,” qu oting N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6), with the jury being entitled to find the existence of the statutor y mitigating circumstance enumerated in N .C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)( 6) “ even if a

intellectual disability issue and contends that a portion of the evidence that the State elicited and the arguments that the State advanc ed during the intellectual disability proceeding conflict with the logic that the United States Supreme Court utilized in Moore . However, given defendant ’s failure to bring a challenge to the admission of the challenged evidence or the making of the chall enged arguments forward for our consideration and defendant’s failure to contend that the trial court’s intellectual disability instructions conflicted with Moore in any way, we are not persuaded that defendant’s Moore

- based arguments are properly before u s or that Moore has any bearing on the intellectual disability issue th at defendant has actually raised , which is whether the tria l court abused its discretion by refusing to set the jury’s verdict with respect to the int ellectual disability issue aside

.S TATE V
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- defendant has capacity to know right fr om wrong, to know that the act he committed was wrong, and to the know the nature and quality of the act,” quoting State v. Johnson , 298 N.C. 47, 68, 257 S.E.2d 597, 613 (1979)

. More specifically, defendant contends that the record contains substantial ev idence tending to show that defendant is intellectually disable d and suffer s from post

- traumatic stress disorder or another mental condition and that defendant killed Ms. Rodriguez in the course of

a marital crisis characterized by emotional turmoil. Defe ndant asserts that “[t]he combination of subnormal intelligence, psychological disorders, and/or a breakdown in a relationship has often been held to support submission of both the (f)(2) and the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstances,” citing , inter al ia , State v. Fullwood , 329 N.C. 233, 404 S.E.2d 842 (1991) (concluding that the record contained substantial evidence tending to show the existence of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance given that an expert psychologist had testified that defenda nt had limited verbal ab ilities and suffered from low self

- esteem ); State v. Huff , 325 N.C. 1, 381 S.E.2d 635 (1989), vacated , 497 U.S. 1021, 110 S. Ct. 3266, 111 L. Ed. 2d 777 (1990), on remand , 328 N.C. 532, 402 S.E.2d 577 (1991) (concluding that the record contained sufficient evidence to support the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance given that the defendant exhibited symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia and delusional thinking); State v. Stokes , 308 N.C. 634, 304 S.E.2d 18 4 (198 3) (holding that the record contained sufficient evidence to support the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumsta nce given the presence of evidence tending to showS TATE V
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- 41

- that the defendant had an intelligence quotient of 63, poor reading ski lls, an antisocial disorder, and a history of mental health problems ). In seeking to persuade us to reach a different result , the S tate argues that this Court has noted that the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance

has only been found to be support ed i n cases where there was evidence, expert or la y , of some mental disorder, disease, or defect, or voluntary intoxication by alcohol or narcotic drugs, to the degree that it affected the defendant’s ability to understand and control his actions. State v. Ke mmerlin , 356 N.C. 446, 479, 481, 573 S.E.2d 870, 893, 894 (2002) (concluding th e trial court did not err by failing to submit the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance even though a defense mental health expert diagnosed defendant with borderline person ality disorder a nd major depressive disorder on the grounds that the expert also testified that these conditions “did not prevent defendant from appreciating the criminality of her conduct and controlling her conduct as required by law”). Moreover , the St ate asserts that this Court has concluded that a defendant’s conduct in the time leading up to and following the murder “may demonstrate that he was aware that his acts were criminal.” State v. Polke , 361 N.C. 65, 72, 638 S.E.2d 189, 194 (2006) , cert. denied , 552 U.S. 836, 128 S. Ct. 70, 169 L. Ed. 2d 55 (2007)

. Although the record did contain evidence tending to show that defendant ha s subaverage intellect ual functioning, suffer s from post

- traumatic stress d isorder and chronic depression, and was in t he midst of a marital crisis, the State argues that the record was devoid of any evidence that the se conditions impaired hisS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 42

- capacity “to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law ,” quoting N.C.G.S. § 15 A

- 2000(f)(6) , at the time that he murdered Ms. Rodriguez

. On the contrary, according to the State, the evidence concerning defendant’s con duct before and after the murder of Ms. Rodriguez demonstrate d defendant’s awareness that “his acts were criminal,” q uoting Polke , 361 N.C. at 72, 638 S.E.2d at 194. Finally, the State contends that any error that the trial court might have committed by failing to instruct the jury concerning the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance was harmless given that “any such error did not prevent any juror from considering and giving weight t o the mitigating evidence , ” quoting State v. Ward , 338 N.C. 64, 113, 449 S.E.2d 709, 736

- 37 (1994) , cert. denied , 514 U.S. 1134, 115 S. Ct. 2014, 131 L. Ed. 2d 1013 (1995)

. According to N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(b), a trial judge is required t o instruct the jury to consider any aggravating or mitigating circumstances which have adequate evidentiary support . N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(b) (2017) . For that reason , “a trial court has no discretion in de termining whether to submit a mitigating circumstance when ‘substantial evidence’ in support of the circumstance has been presented.” State v. Watts , 35 7 N.C. 366, 377, 584 S.E.2d 740, 748 (2003 ) (quoting State v. Fletcher , 354 N.C. 455, 477, 555 S.E.2d 5 34, 547 (2001) , cert. denied , 537 U.S. 846, 123 S. Ct. 184, 154 L. Ed. 2d 73 (2002) ) , cert. denied , 541 U.S. 944, 124 S. Ct. 1673, 158 L. Ed. 2d 370 (2004) ; see also State v. Williams , 350 N.C. 1, 10

- 11, 510 S.E.2d 6 26, 633 ( explaining that “the trial cour t has no discretion” and that “the statutory mitigatingS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 43

- circumstance must be submitted to the jury, without regard to the wishes of the State or the defendant,” if the “evidence will support a rational jury finding” concerning the existence of the mitigati ng circumstance ) (quoting State v. Smith , 347 N.C. 453, 469,496 S.E.2d 357, 366, cert. denied , 525 U.S. 845, 119 S. Ct. 113, 142 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1998)), cert. denied , 528 U.S. 880, 120 S. Ct. 193, 145 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1999)

. “The test for determining if the e vi dence is ‘substantial evidence’ ” to support an instruction for a statutory mitigating circumstance, “is ‘whether a juror could reasonably find that the circumstance exists based on the evidence.’ ” Watts , 357 N.C. at 377, 584 S.E.2d at 748 (quoting Kemmerlin , 356 N.C. at 478, 573 S.E.2d at 892 (internal quotation marks omitted)). As a result, “[e] ven if the defendant does not request the submission of the [statutory] mitigator or objects to its submission, the trial court must submit the circumstanc e when it is s upported by sufficient evidence, ” State v. Cummings , 361 N.C. 438, 471, 648 S.E.2d 788, 808 (2007) (citations omitted) , cert. denied , 552 U.S. 1319, 128 S. Ct. 1888, 170 L. Ed. 2d. 760 (2008) , with “a ny reasonable doubt regarding the submissi on of a statutory or requested mitigating factor [to ] be res olved in favor of the defendant, ” State v. Phillips , 365 N.C. 103, 146, 711 S.E.2d 122, 152 (2011 ) (quoting State v. Brown , 315 N.C. 40, 62, 337 S.E.2d 808, 825 (1985) , cert. denied , 476 U.S. 1164 , 106 S. Ct. 2293, 90 L. Ed. 2d 733 (1986), overruled on other grounds by State v. Vandiver , 321 N.C. 570, 364 S.E.2d 373 (1988) ) , cert. denied , 565 U.S. 1204, 132 S. Ct. 1541, 182 L. Ed. 2d 176 (2012)

. In other words, the actual fact

finding decision mus t, under the procedures outlined in North Carolina’s capitalS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 44

- sentencing statues, be made by the jury rather than the trial or a reviewing court. “[F]ailure to submit a statutory mitigating circumstance that is supported by sufficient evidence is prejudici al error unless the State can demonstrate that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hurst , 360 N.C. at 194 , 624 S.E.2d at 3 20 (citation omitted)

. N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) creates a statutory mitigating circumstance applicable to situations in which “[t]he capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired.” N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) (201 7) . The (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance

may exist even if a defendant has capacity to know right from wrong, to know that the act he committed was wrong, and to know the nature and quality o f that act. It would exist even under these circumstanc es if the defendant’s capacity to appreciate (to fully comprehend or be fully sensible of) the criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct was impaired (lessened or diminished), or if defendant’s capacity to follow the law and refrain from engaging in the il legal conduct was likewise impaired (lessened or diminished)

. Johnson , 298 N.C at 375 , 259 S.E.2d at 764 . Evidence , “ expert or lay , of some mental disorder, disease, or defect

. . . to the degree that it affected the defendant’s ability to under stand and control his actions” supports submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance

. Kemmerlin , 356 N.C. at 479 , 573 S.E.2d at 893 (quoting State v. Syriani , 333 N.C. 350, 395 , 428 S.E.2d 118, 142

- 43 , cert. denied , 510 U.S. 948,S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 45

- 114 S. Ct. 392, 126 L. Ed. 2d 341 (1993) )

. Even “[i]f the jury determines that the defendant does not have an intellectual disability as de fined by [N.C.G.S. § 15A

2005 ], the jury may consider any evidence of intellectual disability presented during the sentencing hearing when determining aggravating or mitigating factors and the defendant’s sentence.” N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2005(g) (2017) , see also Bobby v. Bies , 556 U.S. 825, 829 , 129 S. Ct. 2145 , 2149, 173 L. Ed. 2d 1173, 1178

- 79 (2009) ( explaining that “mental retardation for purpose s of Atkins [ v. Virginia ] , and mental retardation as one mitigator to be weighed against aggra vators, are discrete issues ”). In Fullwood , this Cou rt found that the record contained “substantial evidence to support [the (f)(6)] statutory mitigating c ircumstance,” including expert testimony tending to show that the defendant’s intelligence was between “low normal” and “retarded,” that the defendant “suffered from very low feelings of self

- esteem and ‘inadequate personality, ’ ” that the defendant’s “abi lity to understand and be understood through words was severely limited,” and that the defendant was suffering from emotional anguish at the time that he committed the murder at issue in that case . 329 N.C. at 237 , 404 S.E.2d at 84 4

. Among other things, the expert witness upon whose testimony we relied in concluding that the record supported the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance in Fullwood stated that “the stress from [the defendant’s] poor relationship with his lover and child a ffected the defendant’s limited intellectual resources to the extent that the defendant’s judgment was very poor at the moment of the crime.” Id

. at 237, 404 S.E.2d at 844.S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 46

- Similarly, we have also stated that the record contained sufficient evidence to support the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance to the jury in light of the existence of evidence concerning the defendant’s “impoverished skills,” “chronic substance abuse,” “poor impulse control,” and “dimin ished c apacity” resulting in the defendant’s “failure to understand the consequences of his actions.” State v. Hooks , 353 N.C. 629, 641

- 42 , 548 S.E.2d 501, 510 (2001) , cert. denied , 534 U.S. 1155, 122 S. Ct. 1126 , 151 L. Ed. 2d 1018 (2002)

. The issue of wh ether the trial court should submit the (f)(6) statutory mitigating cir cumstance to the jury doe s not hinge upon the presence or absence of evidence tending to show that the defendant “ was under the influence of a mental or emotional disorder or disturbanc e” “at the time of the killing

. ” State v. Geddie , 345 N.C. 73, 102

- 03 , 478 S.E.2d 146, 161 (1996) (ellipses in original) (finding that “[t] he use of the word ‘disturbance’ i n the (f)(2) circumstance shows the General Assembly intended something more . . . than mental impairment which is found in [ the (f)(6)] mitigating circumstance ’ ” ) , cert. denied , 522 U.S. 825, 118 S. Ct. 86, 139 L. Ed. 2d 43 (1997) (quoting State v. Spruill , 320 N.C. 688, 696, 360 S.E.2d 667, 671 (1987), cert. denied , 486 U.S. 1061, 1 08 S. Ct. 2833 , 100 L. Ed. 2d 934 (1988))

. For example , in State v. Stokes , this Court held that evidence tending to show that the defendant had a lengthy history of “mental problems,” was “mildly retarded,” and suffered from an

“ antisocial disorder , ” 308 N.C. at 655, 304 S.E.2d at 19 7 , sufficed to support a jury determination “that defendant’s capacity to fully comprehend the wrongfulness of hisS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 47

- con duct was impaired or diminished” so as to require the trial court to “submit[ ] the mitigating circumstance set forth in G .S. 15A

- 2000(f)(6) to the sentencing jury,” id

. at 656, 304 S.E.2d at 197, even though the record also contained evidence tending to show that the defendant “was capable of distinguishing right from wrong at the time of the offenses were comm itted,” id . at 654 , 304 S.E.2d at 19 7

. The record before us in this case contains ample s upport for the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mit igating circumstance. As an initial matter , we note that the record contains considerable evidence tending to show that defendant suf fered from an intellectual disability, with the relevant evidence including expert testimony that defendant had an avera ge intelligence quotient score of 61, that thi s intelligence quotient score placed defendant in the lowest two per cent of the population, that defendant’s intellectual disability initially manifested itself before defendant reached the age of eighteen, and that defendant’s intelligence level will rema in constant throughout his life . In addition, the record contains ample evidence that defendant suffer s from multiple deficiencies in adaptive functioning and that defendant’s exposure to e xtreme poverty, severe malnutrition, constant violence, and harmfu l pesticides, coupled with his lack of formal education and access to meaningful health

care , ma k e it more likely that defendant suffer s from an intellectual disability

. As Dr. Puente noted, a defendant’s diminished intellectual capabilities impair his or her reasoning capabilities. Second ly , the expert testimony contained in the present record contains near

- unanimous support for the proposition that defendant suffersS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 48

- from an emotional disorder, such as dysthymic disorder (chronic depression) or post

trau matic stress disorder , and that defendant killed Ms. Rodriguez during a time of marital turmoil. As this Court indicated in State v. Greene , 329 N.C. 771, 777, 408 S.E.2d 185, 188 (1991), “an abnormally susceptible defendant” can be motivated “to commit murder” by emotional turmoil despite the fact that “a person of normal mental and emotional stability would likely have resolved [the situation] without such disastrous results.” T he evidence of defendant’s mental limitations and disturbed and overwrought thinking supports a rational inference that defendant’s ability to fully comprehend the wrongfulness of his conduct and to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was adversely affected at the time that he murdered Ms. Rodriguez

. Th us , the evidence contained in the record developed in this case , like the evidence that this Court considered in cases such as Stokes and Fullwood , more than suffices to permit a rational juror to conclude that defendant’s capacity to appreciate the crimin ality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law at the time that he murdered Ms. Rodgriquez was impaired, so that the trial court erred by failing to submit the (f)(6) statutory mitig ating circumstance to the jury. The State ’ s contention that the actions in which defendant engaged following the murder of Ms. Rodri g uez establish defendant’s awareness th at his actions were wrongful rests upon a misapprehension of the nature and effect of the relevant statutory mitigating circumst ance and the standard tha t the trial court should utilizeS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 49

- in determining whether a particular mitigating circumstance should be submitted to the jury

. In essence, the State’s argument assumes that any recognition of the wrongfulness of his conduct on defe ndant’s part suffices to preclude the necessity for the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance. Aside from the fact that this aspect of the State’s argument might be understood to require us to make a factual, rather than a sufficiency of the evidence, determination, a rationa l juror is entitled , as this Court recognized in Johnson , to find the existence of the (f)(6)
statu tory mitigating circumstance even if the defendant knew “ right from wrong, ” understood “the nature and quality of [ the ] act, ” and “appreciate[ d ] . . . the criminality ” of the act at the time of the commission of the murder for which he or she is being sentenced. 298 N.C. at 375 , 259 S.E.2d at 764

. Although intellectually disabled and emotionally disturbed and overwro ught individuals “frequently know the diffe rence between right and wrong,” “ they have diminished capacities to understand and process information, to communicate, to abstract from mistakes, and learn from experience, to engage in logical reasoning, to cont rol impulses, and to und erstand the reactions of others ” “[b]ecause of their impairments.” Atkins v. Virginia , 536 U.S. 304, 318 , 122 S. Ct. 2242 , 225 0 , 153 L. Ed. 2d 335, 348 (2002)

. As a result , even though the record in this case certainly contains evidence tending to suggest that, at some level, defendant understood the criminality of his conduct and attempted to under take actions that were intended to avoid the consequences of his wrongful con duct , that fact does not obviate the necessity for the submission of theS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 50

- (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance given that the relevant legal test does not treat any recognition of wrongful conduct on the part of a defendant as sufficient to support the non - submission of the statutory mitigating circumstance in question

. The State’s suggestion that defendant’s failure to present explicit evidence that the mental and emotional conditions from which he suffered existed and affected his conduct at the time t hat he murdered Ms. Rodriguez is equally misplaced. As an initial matter, we note that, while such evidence is necessary to support a finding that the statutory mitigating circumstance enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(2) exists, the same is not true w ith respect to the sta tutory mitigating circumstance

enume rated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f) (6). See Geddie , 345 N.C. at 102 , 478 S.E.2d at
161. Aside from the fact that Dr. Puente testified that defendant’s intellectual limitations adversely affected his j udgment at the time that he murdered Ms. Rodriguez , the evidence tending to show that defendant’s intellectual disability had manifested itself before the time that defendant turned eighteen and the evidence tending to show that defendant’s post

- traumatic stress disorder had its origins in the impoverished and violent circumstances surrounding his childhood provide ample support for an inference that the conditions that tend to suggest the appropr iateness of submitting the (f)(6 ) statutory mitigating circum stance existed and affected defendant’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law at the tim e that he killed his estranged wife

. As a result, given that “any reasonable doubt regarding th e submission of a statutoryS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 51

- or requested mitigating factor [must] be resol ved in favor of the defendant,” Phillips , 365 N.C. at 146, 711 S.E.2d at 152 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Brown , 315 N.C. at 62, 337 S.E.2d at 825) , and given that this Court has never required that the record contain explicit expert or lay testimony c ouched in the language set out in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) as a precondition for the submission of the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance to the jury , we conclude that the tria l court erred by failing to submit the (f)(6) statutory mitigating circumstance to the jury at defendant’s capital sentencing hearing

. Finally, we are unable to hold that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury

concern ing the statutory mitigating circumstance enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

2000( f)(6) was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt . The State’s argument to the contrary notwithstanding, this Court has held that an erroneous failure to submit a statutory mitigating circumstance to the jury at a capital sentencing hearing is not cured by the submission of other statutory and non

- statutory m itigat ing circumstances given that “[e]ach mitigating circumstance is a discrete circumstance” with “its own meaning and effect

. ” Greene , 329 N.C. at 776, 408 S.E.2d at 187. For that reason , the submission of other statutory and non

- statutory mitigating circumstances and the catch

- all mitigating circumstance enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(9) did not provide the jury with an a dequate opportunity to consider the extensive evidence tending to show that defendant’s “capacity . . . to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law wasS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 52

- impaired.” In addition, given the nature and ext ent of the evidence contained in the present record concerning defendant’s intellectual limitations , mental health diagnoses, and emotional turmoil, we are unable to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that no juror would have found the existence of the (f)(6) st atutory mitigating circumstance and given it substantial weight in the jury’s ultimate decision had the (f))(6) statutory mitigating circumstance been submitted to the jury at defendant’ s capital sentencing hearing. As a result, defendant is entitled to a new capital sentencing hearing. 6 III . Conclusion Thus, for the reasons set out above, we hold that the guilt

- innocence and intellectual disability proceedings conducted before the trial court were free from error and that the outcomes reached in those proceedings should remain undisturbed. We further conclude, however, that the trial court committed prejudicial error by failing to submit the statutory mitigating circumstance enumerated in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) to the jury at defendant’s capital sentencing hearing. As a result, defendant’s death sentence is vacated and this case is remanded to the Superior Court, Forsyth County for a new capital sentencing hearing.

6 In view of our decision that defendant is entitled to a new capital sentencing hearing, we need not address defendant’s remaining challenges to his death sentence.S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ Opinion of the Court

- 53

- NO ERROR IN GUILT

- INNOCENCE PROCEEDING; DEATH S ENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED FOR NEW CAPITAL SENTENCING PROCEEDING.S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 1

- Chief Justice MARTIN dissenting. Defendant beat and abducted his wife, Maria Rodriguez, before strangling her to death. After defendant strangled Maria, he decapitated her and hid her head and the rest of her body in two separate places

. Maria’s skull was not found for two and a half ye ars. A Forsyth County jury unanimously sentenced defendant to death for this premeditated and deliberate murder. Rather than respecting the jury’s carefully considered sentencing verdict, the majority tries mightily to apply the facts of this case to th e statutory mitigating circumstance found in N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6). In doing so, the majority overlooks the complete lack of evidence linking defendant’s purported intellectual impairment, mental disorders, and marital strife to his homicidal conduct. The majority also ignores the evidence showing that defendant’s actions were carefully premeditated and that he took many steps to conceal his identity as the perpetrator, evidence that would clearly prevent any reasonable juror from finding the existenc e of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance. For those reasons, the majority’s holding is un support ed by the relevant sentencing statute and is inconsistent with the vast majority of our decisions interpreting it. I therefore respectfully dissent. During the sentencing phase of a capital case, the trial court must submit a statutory mitigating circumstance to the jury if the defendant has presentedS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 2

- “substantial evidence” of that circumstance. State v. Watts , 357 N.C. 366, 377, 584 S.E.2d 740, 748 (2003) (quo ting State v. Fletcher , 354 N.C. 455, 477, 555 S.E.2d 534, 547 (2001), cert. denied , 537 U.S. 846, 123 S. Ct. 184 (2002)) , cert. denied , 541 U.S. 944, 124 S. Ct. 1673 (2004). Evidence of a statutory mitigating circumstance is “substantial” only if “a juro r could reasonably find that the circumstance exists based on the evidence .” Id. (quoting State v. Kemmerlin , 356 N.C. 446, 478, 573 S.E.2d 870, 892 (2002))

. The burden of producing substantial evidence to support the submission of a mitigating circumstance rests with the defendant. Id

. The (f)(6) mitigating circumstance states: “ The capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired .” N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) (2017). It therefore “embraces two types of disability, one diminishing a person’s ability to appreciate the criminal nature of his conduct, and the other diminis hing a person’s ability to control himself.” State v. Price , 331 N.C. 620, 630

- 31, 418 S.E.2d 169, 175 (1992), judgment vacated on other grounds , 506 U.S. 1043 , 113 S. Ct. 955 (1993). But in both of these instances, a defendant must produce evidence that his capacity “to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired .” N.C.G.S. § 15A

- 2000(f)(6) (emphasis added)

. In other words, the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance does not encompass every instan ce in which a defendant presents evidence of an intellectual impairment or mental disorder. See State v. Syriani , 333 N.C. 350, 395, 428 S.E.2d 118, 142

- 43 (“[The (f)(6) mitigating]S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 3

- circumstance has only been found to be supported in cases where there was evidence, expert or lay, of some menta l disorder, disease, or defect,

. . . to the degree that it affected the defendant’s ability to understand and control his actions

. ” (emphasis added)), cert. denied , 510 U.S. 948, 114 S. Ct. 392 (1993). Instead, a de fendant’s intellectual impairment or mental dis order must have actually impaired his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law

— and the burden is on the defendant to produce evidence establish ing this link. Even assuming for the sake of argument that defendant did, in fact, have an intellectual impairment, as well as two mental disorders (namely, posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic depression ) , and that he was experiencing marital problems with Maria at the time of the murder, the mere presence of those conditions, without more, does not require submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance. See id. D espite th e clear requirement to do so, defendant did not present any evidence demonstrating a link between those conditions, on the one hand, and his ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law , on the other. To support its conclusion that the trial court should have submitted the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance, the majority conspicuously forgoes any substantive analysis of how or to what extent defendant’s purported intellectual impairment, men tal disorders, or marital strife affected his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to theS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 4

- requirements of the law. And this is for good reason: the record contains no evidence that would support an analysis linki ng defendant’s purported conditions to his homicidal conduct. At trial, Judge Albright recognized the evidentiary inadequacy of defendant’s request for submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance, noting that defendant had failed to present “any tes timony to support” that instruction. Despite Judge A lbright’s astute handling of this issue, the majority tries to justify its holding by pointing to the testimony of Dr. Antonio Puente , one of defendant’s expert witnesses, who testified that defendant ha d a very poor ability to “reason and think.” But this testimony, without more, does not show that defendant’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was impaired . Nor does this testimony, without more, suggest that defendant had an impaired ability to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. Poor reasoning skills do not necessarily impair one’s ability to control his actions or to know what the law requires. Requiring the submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance in every instance in which a defendant ha s poor reasoning skills , moreover, would likely mean that the mitigating circumstance would need to be submitted in ev ery case in which the defendant has an intellectual impairment

— an approach that this Court has clearly re jected and that would be inconsistent with the limits that the statutory text of subsection (f)(6) itself imposes. Notably, the only testimony directly relating to defendant’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct t o theS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 5

- requirements of law weighs in favor of the trial court’s decision not to submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury. Dr. Selena Sermeño, another one of defendant’s experts, testified that defendant generally seemed to be able to discern r ight from
wrong. This was evident, Dr. Sermeño testified, by defendant’s refusal to accept a gun that a soldier offered to him during the El Salvadorian civil war, when defendant was eleven years old. This testimony likely would not, by itself, be enough to foreclose submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury, s ee State v. Johnson , 298 N.C. 47, 68, 257 S.E.2d 597, 613 (1979), at least when a defendant shows a causal nexus between his intellectual impairment and his ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. But here, as the trial court recognized, defendant did not present evidence linking his purported intellectual impairment to his homicidal conduct

. Defendant similarly fa iled to present any evidence that linked his alleged posttraumatic stress disorder to his homicidal conduct. Two of defendant’s own experts

— Dr. Sermeño and Dr. Moira Artigues

— testified that defendant’s posttraumatic stress disorder did not manifest itself through irr itability or violent outbursts. Rather, it manifested itself through defendant’s impaired ability to express strong emotions verbally or through body language, as well as p oor sleep, flashbacks, difficulty with smells and sudden noises , and difficulty with memories. None of these symptoms have anything to do with defendant’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.S TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 6

- And the record is similarly devoid of any explanation as to how defendant’s ongoing marital problems or purported chronic depression impaired his ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law

. Because evidence of any of these links was lacking, a jur y would have had to go beyond the evidence presented and speculate in order to conclu de that the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance may have applied here. And when the evidence is such that a jury would have to base its finding of a mitigating circumstance “ s olely upon speculation and conjecture, not upon substantial evidence, ” submission of the instruction to the jury is “ unreasonable as a matter of law.” State v. Anderson , 350 N.C. 152, 183, 513 S.E.2d 296, 315 (quoting State v. Daniels , 337 N.C. 243, 273, 446 S.E.2d 298, 316

- 17 (1994), cert. denied , 513 U.S. 1135, 115 S. Ct. 953 (1995)), cert. denied , 528 U.S. 973, 120 S. Ct. 417 (1999). Even assuming for the sake of argument that defendant had produced evidence linking his purported intellectual impairment , mental disorders, and marital problems to his homicidal conduct, the record contains ample evidence that would rebut any reasonable inference that defendant had an impaired ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to th e requirements of the law. As noted earlier, a statutory mitigating circumstance must be submitted only if a juror could reasonably find its existence based on the evidence. Watts , 357 N.C. at 377, 584 S.E.2d at 748 (quoting Kemmerlin , 356 N.C. at 478, 5 73 S.E.2d at 892). TheS TATE V
. R ODRIGUEZ
Martin , C.J., dissenting

- 7

- majority correctly recites this standard but then misapplies it. Although the majority’s analysis seems to suggest otherwise, nowhere in our precedents have we required our trial courts to view all evidence pertaining to the submis sion of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance in the light most favorable to the defendant, resolving ambiguities and inconsistencies in his favor. And we have never, until today, directed our trial courts to ignore the presence of overwhelming evidence that refutes any suggestion that a defendant had an impaired capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. In fact, our precedents clearly show the opposite. We have repeatedly recognized that a trial court may, in its determination of whether to submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance, consider evidence rebutting a defendant’s argument that the instruction should be submitted to the jury. For instance, we have held that a trial court properly did not submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance when a defendant’s academic performance and operation of a gambling business while in prison were inconsistent with his argument that he had an impaired ability to

“ understand and control his actions .” State v. Braxton , 352 N.C

. 158, 215, 531 S.E.2d 428, 461 (2000), cert. denied , 531 U.S. 1130 , 121 S. Ct. 890 (2001) ; see also State v. Strickland , 346 N.C. 443, 464, 488 S.E.2d 194, 206 (1997) (“There was no evidence that consumption of this alcohol so imp aired defendant as to

. . . affect[ ] his ability to control his actions. In fact, there was direct evidence to the contrary.”), cert. denied , 522 U.S. 1078 , 118 S. Ct. 858 (1998).S TATE V
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- In a line of recent cases, this Court has placed particular emphasis on wh ether a defendant’s acts “ demonstrate that [ he ] was aware that his acts were criminal,” therefore negating any suggestion that the defendant’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was impaired. See State v. Polke , 361 N.C. 65, 72, 638 S.E .2d 189, 194 (2006), cert. denied , 552 U.S. 836, 128 S. Ct. 70 (2007). For instance, we have held that the trial court properly declined to submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury when the evidence showed that the defendant lured the victim to the scene of the murder, disposed of the murder weapon, and had false identification when he was apprehended. State v. Gainey , 355 N.C. 73, 104, 558 S.E.2d 463, 483, cert. denied , 537 U.S. 896, 123 S. Ct. 182 (2002) . Based on this evidence, the Court reasoned that the defendant “fully underst[ood] that his acts were criminal.” Id. at 104, 558 S.E.2d at 483. In another case, this Court held that the trial court properly did not submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance when a “defendant’s initial lies to police about his involvement in the murder and his washing and disposal of the murder weapon

. . . tend[ed] to show that [the] defendant fully appreciated the criminality of his conduct

. ” State v. Badgett , 361 N.C . 234, 258, 644 S.E.2d 206, 220 (citin g State v. Golphin , 352 N.C. 364, 476, 533 S.E.2d 168, 240 (2000), cert. denied , 532 U.S. 931, 121 S. Ct. 1380 (2001)), cert. denied , 552 U.S. 997, 128 S. Ct. 502 (2007). Here, defendant’s conduct surrounding the murder of Maria demonstrates that he had a full grasp of the gravity and criminality of his actions . And this sameS TATE V
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- evidence showing a careful, deliberate course of action indicates that defendant’s mental faculties were not impaired during the course of the murder. While the majority recognizes the brutal nature of this murder, it utterly fails to recognize the legal significance of all of the preemptive steps that defendant took to conceal his identity as the perpetrator. Defendant’s actions when he came to Maria’s apartment shortly before th e murder provide ample evidence of defendant’s meticulous attempts to conceal his crime. When defendant started arguing with Maria inside her bedroom and Maria called for help, the children found that the bedroom door was closed and locked. He also told the children not to call the police and took Maria’s cell phone away so that they could not call for help after he assaulted their mother. After ending the argument with Maria by incapacitating her , defendant transported Maria from the apartment to his ca r by carrying her over his shoulder , all the while covering her face with her work uniform so that the children could not see the condition of their mother’s face. At that time, defendant told the children that Maria had hurt herself on some furniture and that he was going to take her to the hospital . He told a concerned neighbor a similar story and added that the children were not allowed to visit Maria. Defendant, moreover, took a number of additional steps to avoid being identified as the perpetrator. For instance, defendant returned to Maria’s apartment and attempted to clean up a pool of Maria’s blood that had soaked into the carpet . HeS TATE V
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- lied to their children, to his friend , and to investigating officers about what had happened during his encounter with Maria in the bedroom

. Soon a fter the murder, when defendant was with the children, one of them attempted to check the trunk of defendant’s car to see if Maria was there. When that child saw Maria’s wo rk uniform in defendant’s trunk, d efendant quickly ran over and closed the trunk to try to prevent his children from investigating further. Defendant told his children that Maria’s uniform was there beca use the doctor had given it to him. T he evidence also suggests that defendant sent three text messages from Maria’s cell phone trying to convince one of Maria’s friends that she had run away with a new boyfriend to Spain. Most notably, however, d efendan t severed Maria’s head from her body after the murder and hid Maria’s remains in two se parate, heavily wooded areas. Maria’s skull was not found for another two and a half years after the rest of her body was discovered

. The a uthorities never recovered M aria’s phone, the clothing that she wore on the night of t he murder, or the object used to remove her head , suggesting that defendant carefully hid them in his effort to thwart a future prosecution. Defendant’s actions before, during, and after the murder indicate careful deliberation and an attempt to evade punishment , rebutting any reasonable inference that defendant had an impaired capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct

. And these same actions

— especially those leading up to the murder

— be ar no resemblance to the frenzied, hectic behavior expected of a person with an impaired capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. Nor are theyS TATE V
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- consistent with a “child

- like thought process [ ] ” or a “limited ability to think and

reas on beyond the immediat e moment,” as defendant argues. And despite what the majority suggests, defendant’s actions demonstrate far, far more than a mere “recognition of the wrongfulness of his conduct.” Rather than acknowledging the legal significance o f defendant’s acts surrounding the murder and the lack of evidence linking defendant’s purported mental conditions to his homicidal conduct, the majority instead focuses its analysis on two cases that are inconsistent with the language of the (f)(6) mitiga ting circumstance, and which, as a result, have become outliers in our jurisprudence. Specifically, the majority rests the crux of its argument on State v. Stokes , 308 N.C. 634, 304 S.E.2d 184 (1983), and State v. Fullwood , 329 N.C. 233 , 404 S.E.2d 842 (1 991) , which, according to the majority, dispel any requirement that a defendant present evidence of a nexus between a defendant’s mental condition and the defendant’s homicidal conduct. To begin with, it is worth noting that Stokes and Fullwood are incon sistent with cases that were decided before they were. In State v. Goodman , 298 N.C. 1, 257 S.E.2d 569 (1979) , this Court held that if a defendant was intoxicated at the time of the murder, but not to a degree that his capacity to appreciate the criminali ty of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was impaired, the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance should not be submitted to the jury. Id. at 32

- 33, 257 S.E.2d
at 589 . This Court reaffirmed that principle in a similar case decided three yearsS TATE V
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- later, State v. Williams , 305 N.C. 656, 292 S.E.2d 243 , cert. denied , 459 U.S. 1056, 103 S. Ct. 474 (1982) . In Williams , this Court held that evidence showing that the defendant drank alcohol on the night of a murder, without evidence s how ing “ that [the defendant’s] capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct was impaired by [that] alcohol ,” was insufficient to support submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance. Id. at 687, 292 S.E.2d at 262. These cases show that a defendant must present evidence of a link to require submission of the (f)(6) factor to a jury and therefore show that Stokes and Fullwood have been outliers in our jurisprudence ever since they were decided. More recent cases, moreover, have implicitly overruled S tokes and Fullwood (or, alternatively, have confirmed that they were wrongly decided under preexisting caselaw when they were handed down). In State v. Hill , 347 N.C. 275, 493 S.E.2d 264 (1997), cert. denied , 523 U.S. 1142, 118 S. Ct. 1850 (1998) , we considered a case in which the defendant exhibited personality traits of “emotional and social alienation,” “mild depression,” “poor impulse control ,” and “subaverage intelligence. ” Id. at 30 1

- 0 2 , 493 S.E.2d at 279. But we held that the trial court was correct not to submit the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury because “the testimony did not establish that [the] defendant’s personality characteristics affected his ability to understand and control his actions .” Id. at 302, 493 S.E.2d at 280 (emphases added)

. Similarly, i n State v. Gainey , expert testimony established that the defendant suffered from “moderately severe to severe mixed personality disorder

. . . , withS TATE V
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- paranoid and schizoid features which tended to make him restless and impul sive. ” 355 N.C. at 103

- 04, 558 S.E.2d at 483

. But, consistent with our holding in Hill , we held that this testimony, standing alone, did not amount to evidence that the defendant’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his cond uct to the requirements of the law was impaired. See id. The list goes on. In State v. Kemmerlin , the defendant presented evidence that she had “borderline personality disorder” and “major depressive disorder.” 356 N.C. at 480, 573 S.E.2d at 893. T he defendant was additionally concerned that her stepson was going to sexually abuse her daughter, and, because of the defendant’s own experiences suffering sexual abuse, she was “exquisitely and overly attuned to sexual issues .” Id. at 479, 573 S.E.2d at 893. But this evidence was insufficient to support submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury because the defendant’s suffering, according to her own expert witness, “was not to the level of impairing her ability to appreciate the wrong fulness” of her conduct. Id. at 481, 573 S.E.2d at 893. To highlight the distinction between this case and cases in which the trial court properly instructed the jury on the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance, we need to look no further than the majority’s own citations. In State v. Hooks , 353 N.C. 629, 548 S.E.2d 501 (2001), cert. denied , 534 U.S. 1155, 122 S. Ct. 1126 (2002), the defendant suffered from chronic substance abuse and underdeveloped skills for “emotional expression, social connection, and adu lt functioning.” Id. at 640, 548 S.E.2d at 509. Although it was not squarely reviewing the propriety of the trial court’s submission of the (f)(6)S TATE V
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- mitigating circumstance, 1 this Court emphasized the testimony of the defendant’s expert witness: “[The defendant’s] substance dependence and the impoverished skills for adult functioning combined such that his ability to think through his behavior , to consider the consequences of his actions , to reasonably plan or to understand and appreciate the connection between his actions and consequent events would have been impaired at the time of the offense .” Id. (emphases added). In other words, as this Court recognized, the evidence i ndicated much more than the mere presence of a mental impairment; rather, expert testimony directly established a nexus between the defendant’s impairments and how they manifested themselves, and therefore, a jury could find that the defendant was not able to fully appreciate the criminality of his conduct. See id. As this Court has repeatedly recognized, then , evidence that a defendant merely has an intellectual impairment or mental disorder is not enough to require the trial court to submit the (f)(6) mi tigating circumstance to the jury

. Instead, the defendant has the burden of linking his intellectual impairment or mental disorder
to his homicidal conduct. If a defendant does not produce evidence of this link, the

1 The discussion of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance in Hooks was dictum; the Court discu ssed the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance, which the trial court did submit to the jury, only to contrast the trial court’s decision not to submit a different mitigating circumstance. Id. at 639

- 41, 548 S.E.2d at 508

- 09. Even though the Court’s discussion of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance was brief and not directly relevant to its holding, however, it is still helpful to show how the defendant in that case presented evidence linking his mental conditions to his homicidal c onduct

— which therefore justified the trial court’s submission of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance to the jury.S TATE V
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- jury will not be able to infer the pre sence of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance

. When it cannot, the trial court should not submit that instruction to it. In sum, t he language of the (f)(6) mitigating circumstance and the weight of this Court’s case law interpreting that statutory provisio n require a causal nexus between a defendant’s mental condition and his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law

. Here, defendant presented no evidence of any such link. And by selectivel y relying on Stokes and Fullwood

— which are clear outliers in our jurisprudence

— the majority is dictating a change in law that has been relatively well settled for decades. See Payne v. Tennessee , 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 2609 (1991) (noting tha t the “consistent development of legal principles

. . . contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process”). In any event, defendant’s conduct surrounding the murder dispels any doubt that defendant freely chose not to conform his conduct to the law and fully appreciated the criminality of his conduct. I therefore respectfully dissent. Justice NEWBY joins in this dissenting opinion.