NOMINATING PARTY: The United States of America

FILE NAME: USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open 

Field 

BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE TITLE OF NOMINATION: 

Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, 

And Rose in Open Fields (Submitted in 2010 for 2012 Use Season) 

CROP NAME (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED): Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose

Open Field

QUANTITY OF METHYL BROMIDE NOMINATED: 

TABLE 1: QUANTITY OF METHYL BROMIDE NOMINATED

Year NOMINATION AMOUNT

2012 1,591 kg 

NOMINATING PARTY CONTACT DETAILS:

Contact Person: John Thompson 

Title: Division Director 

Address: Office of Environmental Policy 

 U.S. Department of State 

 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 2658 

 Washington, D.C. 20520 

 U.S.A. 

Telephone: (202) 647-9799 

Fax: (202) 647-5947 

E-mail: thompsonje2@state.gov

Following the requirements of Decision IX/6 paragraph (a)(1) The United States of America has determined that the 

specific use detailed in this Critical Use Nomination is critical because the lack of availability of methyl bromide for 

this use would result in a significant market disruption. ■ Yes  No 

 

Signature Name Date 

Title: 

(Details on this page are requested under Decision Ex. I/4(7), for posting on the Ozone Secretariat website under 

Decision Ex. I/4(8).) 

In assessing nominations submitted in this format, TEAP and MBTOC will also refer to the original nomination on 

which the Party’s first-year exemption was approved, as well as any supplementary information provided by the 

Party in relation to that original nomination. As this earlier information is retained by MBTOC, a Party need not 

re-submit that earlier information. 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 1 of 12 
CONTACT OR EXPERT(S) FOR FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS: 

Contact/Expert Person: Jack Housenger 

Title: Director 

Address: Biological and Economic Analysis Division 

 Office of Pesticide Programs 

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Mailcode 7503P 

 Washington, D.C. 20460 

 U.S.A. 

Telephone: (703) 308-8200 

Fax: (703) 308-7042 

E-mail: Housenger.Jack@epa.gov

 

LIST OF DOCUMENTS SENT TO THE OZONE SECRETARIAT IN OFFICIAL NOMINATION PACKAGE: 

1. PAPER DOCUMENTS: 

Title of paper documents and appendices 

No. of pages Date sent to 

Ozone 

Secretariat 

USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open 

Field 

12 

2. ELECTRONIC COPIES OF ALL PAPER DOCUMENTS: 

*Title of each electronic file (for naming convention see notes above) 

No. of 

kilobytes 

Date sent to 

Ozone 

Secretariat 

USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open 

Field 

* Identical to paper documents 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 2 of 12 
METHYL BROMIDE CRITICAL USE RENOMINATION FOR 

PREPLANT SOIL USE (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT) 

NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE

1. SUMMARY OF THE NEED FOR METHYL BROMIDE AS A CRITICAL USE 

Nursery producers provide pest-free stock plants that are used for the establishment of orchards 

and gardens. Nurseries in this sector provide plants to commercial growers of rose bushes, and 

such diverse fruit crops as apricots, peaches, prunes, nectarines, cherries, plums, apples, pears, 

Asian pears, and ornamental pears. Nut trees produced by these nurseries include almonds, 

walnuts, pistachios, pecans, and chestnuts. Approximately 95% of the trees are fruit and nut 

varieties sold to commercial producers; the other 5% are ornamental types used for landscaping. 

Deciduous trees are primarily produced in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California. 

Nurseries provide pest-free stock plants in order to meet state-mandated certification 

requirements for plant material (CDFA, 2009; Hanson et al., 2009). Compliance with federal 

regulations for movement of plant material may also be required (USDA-APHIS, 2007; USDAAPHIS, 2004). To achieve pest-free status, nurseries have relied on methyl bromide to provide 

effective fumigation on soils in diverse locations with various soil types and moisture conditions. 

In some situations the use of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) can provide an effective alternative to 

methyl bromide for nematode control to enable nurseries to attain certification for stock. 

However, use of 1,3-D is restricted by township cap regulations and, for optimal efficacy, 

requires a soil type and moisture level that is compatible with the chemical activity (e.g., Hanson 

et al., 2008; Hanson et al., 2007). Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting than 

township caps. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% (especially common in 

clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) may not use 1,3-D to reduce nematode populations. 

Currently, where pathogens and nematodes are key pests, as in most nurseries, methyl bromide is 

critical. 

Deciduous tree nurseries range in size from 15 to over 600 hectares in field beds. A typical 

operation ranges between 80 and 120 hectares. The climate and soil is ideal for fruit and nut tree 

nurseries (as well as for fruit and nut production). While some nurseries concentrate on specific 

tree crops, most nurseries grow and sell a variety of different trees. Nursery stock is grown on a 

cropping system that includes crop rotation or cover cropping between tree production cycles; 

therefore, not all of the nursery area is in tree production in a given year. The tree production 

cycle can be anywhere from a single year to several years depending on the type of tree crop 

being produced. Nursery production of trees takes from one to four years in the ground 

depending on the type being produced. In order to prepare the ground for planting, the fields are 

disked, deep ripped, leveled, and then fumigated to meet certification standards set by the 

California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, 2009). Methyl bromide is applied by 

shank and treated area is usually covered with a tarp. The fumigation is carried out around 

August and September, and planting begins in October, and may continue through January. 

Nursery roses are grown in open field plots. Production includes 1-year and 2-year rose bushes, 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 3 of 12 
rose trees, climbing roses, miniature roses, rose ground cover, rose shrubs, and heirloom roses. 

A typical crop rotation for a two-year rose crop includes one year fallow, followed by one or two 

years of rotational crops, and then a two-year rose crop. The two-year rose crop cycle begins 

with land preparation (removing the cover crop, deep cultivation, and fumigation with methyl 

bromide), followed by planting the rootstock and T-bud grafting. In late winter of the first year, 

the rootstock tops are removed. The rose crop matures by the second autumn and is then 

harvested. This cycle varies depending on the type of rose crop being produced (e.g., two-year 

roses, one-year minis and patio trees, or 18-month mini bushes). 

Where soil conditions and regulations allow, 1, 3-D may be used as an alternative to methyl 

bromide, but it appears to have a relatively limited use due to regulatory restrictions and soil 

moisture requirements (Hanson et al., 2007). 

The USG has reviewed all factors affecting transition rates in this sector. Based on this 

assessment the transition rate has been greatly increased for most portions of this sector. For the 

area covered in this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included in this 

document is technically valid. The USG has nominated amounts of methyl bromide based only 

on those sub-sectors that cannot transition away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate. 

2. SUMMARIZE WHY KEY ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT FEASIBLE 

Methyl bromide and 1,3-D are the only soil treatments cited in regulations for open field nursery 

stock in California (CDFA, 2009). However, these regulations specify that 1,3-D is only 

acceptable in certain soil types with specified soil moisture at less than 12% (e.g., McKenry, 

2000; Schneider et al., 2004; CDFA, 2009). Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more 

limiting than township cap restrictions. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% 

(especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) do not receive certification of 

nursery stock. In these situations methyl bromide is critical. 

The requested amount of methyl bromide in the U.S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3-

D would not meet the certification requirements or would be limited by township caps. Under 

California regulations, nursery crops must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease 

symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate 

Shipments (CDFA, 2009). If an approved fumigation is not used in the nursery, a nematode 

sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an 

area are destroyed resulting in a complete loss. Methyl bromide meets the certification 

guidelines. Under certain soil conditions 1,3-D may also meet guidelines for nematode 

infestations. Control of pathogens and weeds, which are also important pests of nurseries and 

part of the pest-free certification requirements, requires rigorous multi-year testing of 

alternatives. This nomination is for the critical use of methyl bromide where alternatives cannot 

be used or are not effective. 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 4 of 12 
3. IS THE USE COVERED BY A CERTIFICATION STANDARD?

Nurseries in this sector are covered by certification requirements as described in state (e.g., 

CDFA, 2009) and federal (e.g., USDA-APHIS, 2007; USDA-APHIS, 2004) regulations. For 

example, “Section 3640, CCR, makes it mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be 

commercially clean with respect to economically important nematodes” (CDFA, 2009). The 

regulations specify methyl bromide/chloropicrin and 1,3-D/chloropicrin as acceptable fumigants 

for control of nematodes. Specific requirements for soil texture and soil moisture (less than 12% 

at 1 meter) may limit the use of 1,3-D in some nurseries. In addition, pests other than nematodes 

may require additional pest control measures. 

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially injurious pests and disease 

symptoms”, then a total loss is likely because the nursery stock: 1) would not qualify for a 

CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments, 2) would likely not be 

marketable since resale for planting is severely restricted by the CDFA, and 3) should be 

destroyed to prevent further infestation. 

CALIFORNIA (CDFA, 2009)

California regulations (e.g., CDFA, 2009—NIPM #3) for nursery standards (reg. 3060.2-a) 

include: 

“All nursery stock shall be kept ‘commercially’ clean with respect to established pests of 

general distribution. Commercially clean shall mean that pests are under effective control, 

are present only to a light degree, and that only a few of the plants in any lot or block of 

nursery stock or on the premises show any infestation or infection, and of these none show 

more than a few individuals of any insect, animal or weed pests, or more than a few 

individual infestations of any plant disease.” 

4. IF PART OF THE CROP AREA IS TREATED WITH METHYL BROMIDE, 

INDICATE THE REASON WHY METHYL BROMIDE IS NOT USED IN THE OTHER 

AREA, AND IDENTIFY WHAT ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES ARE USED TO 

CONTROL THE TARGET PATHOGENS AND WEEDS WITHOUT METHYL 

BROMIDE THERE. 

Methyl bromide is used on nursery soils where effective pest management and regulatory 

constrains preclude the use of 1,3-D. Regulatory restrictions on 1,3-D, can limit the use for a 

portion of nurseries of this sector. For example, depending on the season, the deciduous fruit 

and nut tree growers may use 1,3-D as an alternative on approximately 35% of nursery land. 

These areas are able to achieve less than 12% moisture (up to 1.5 m) on light soils. Sites on 

which 1,3-D is used are not included in the nomination. 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 5 of 12 
5. WOULD IT BE FEASIBLE TO EXPAND THE USE OF THESE METHODS TO 

COVER AT LEAST PART OF THE CROP THAT HAS REQUESTED USE OF 

METHYL BROMIDE? WHAT CHANGES WOULD BE NECESSARY TO ENABLE 

THIS? 

According to the requesting consortium and researchers (e.g., Hanson et al., 2009) advances 

using alternatives are being made. Some deciduous tree nurseries use a double application of 

1,3-D where moisture of less than 12% can be achieved on light soils, although weeding costs 

may be higher. This is allowed by California certification regulations, except where township 

restrictions apply or where plantback restrictions prevent the planting of a rotational crop. 

The USG has reviewed all factors affecting transition rates in this sector. Based on this 

assessment the transition rate has been greatly increased for most portions of this sector. For the 

area covered in this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included in this 

document is technically valid. The USG has nominated amounts of methyl bromide based only 

on those sub-sectors that cannot transition away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate. 

6. SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH 

Reasons for the critical need for methyl bromide include: 1) 1,3-D is not an approved treatment 

for fine-textured soils; 2) greater inputs are required for soil preparation and moisture 

management; 3) township caps and buffer zone requirements; 4) weed management efficacy; and 

5) air quality standards related to volatile organic compounds. 

Research is continuing in order to identify and develop an alternative methodology for nurseries 

(Hanson et al., 2009; Hanson et al., 2007). The only treatment other than methyl bromide 

sanctioned for field-grown stock is 1,3-D (CDFA, 2009; Hanson et al., 2008). Until methods 

have been identified that can ensure that nursery stock will receive certification with comparable 

efforts and costs to methyl bromide, methyl bromide is considered critical for this sector. 

Research is continuing to identify alternatives that will be effective and acceptable for 

certification. Methyl bromide has historically provided nurseries with an effective means of 

managing weeds. Few effective herbicides are available to nursery managers in California 

(Shrestha et al., 2008). Without methyl bromide California nurseries require alternatives that 

will allow certification of stock and not significantly increase costs due to hand-weeding. 

Shrestha et al. (2008) found that: 

 The alternative fumigants (iodomethane:chloropicrin, 1,3-D, 1,3-D:chloropicrin (61:35) 

with HDPE or VIF), and drip 1,3-D/chloropicrin (InLine) generally provided similar 

weed control to soils treated with methyl bromide:chloropicrin (98:2) 

 There were differences in weed species and weed densities at four locations; however, the 

efficacy of alternatives, with regard to weed seed germination and weed control, were 

generally comparable to methyl bromide treatments 

 Alternative fumigants and methyl bromide, in general, resulted in similar hand-weeding 

efforts 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 6 of 12 
USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 7 of 12 

 In general, there did not appear to be a difference between VIF or HDPE film in weed 

control or hand-weeding time 

Fumigant trials previously reported (Hanson et al., 2007) in rose nurseries have continued to 

identify possible alternatives (Hanson et al., 2008). Recent results of rose nursery trials at two 

locations indicated that 1,3-D (373 kg/ha) used with standard or VIF films resulted in similar 

Pythium, Fusarium, and citrus nematode control compared to methyl bromide:chloropicrin (392 

kg/ha of 98:2) used with standard HDPE film. Total weed populations in plots fumigated with 

alternatives were similar to plots treated with methyl bromide. 

7. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVES 

This study calculated net revenue as gross revenue minus operating costs. This is a good 

measure of the direct losses of income that may be suffered by the users. Net revenue does not 

represent net income to the users. Net income, which indicates profitability of an operation for 

an enterprise, is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income is 

smaller than the net revenue measured in this study, often substantially so. We did not include 

fixed costs because they are difficult to measure and verify. 

The economic analysis of the nursery stock application compared data on yields, crop prices, 

revenues and costs using methyl bromide and using alternative pest control regimens in order to 

estimate the loss of methyl bromide availability. The alternative identified as technically feasible 

- in cases of low pest infestation1

 – was 1,3-D/chloropicrin. 

The economic factors that drive the feasibility analysis for nursery stock production uses of 

methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses, referring to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) 

increased production costs, which may be due to the higher-cost of using an alternative, 

additional pest control requirements, and/or resulting shifts in other production or harvesting 

practices (3) quality losses, which generally affect the quantity and price received for the goods, 

and (4) missed market windows due to plant back time restrictions, which also affect the quantity 

and price received for the goods. 

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets for pre-plant sectors to determine the likely 

economic impact if methyl bromide were unavailable. Various measures were used to quantify 

the impacts, including the following: 

(1) Loss per Hectare. For crops, this measure is closely tied to income. It is relatively easy to 

measure, but may be difficult to interpret in isolation. 

(2) Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide. This measure indicates the value of methyl 

bromide to crop production. 

 

1

 The USG does not request methyl bromide for use in areas of low to moderate pest pressure. 

Only cases where key pests are present at moderate to high levels require methyl bromide for 

pest pressure. 
(3) Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue. This measure has the advantage that gross 

revenues are usually easy to measure, at least over some unit, e.g., a hectare of land or a storage 

operation. However, high value commodities or crops may provide high revenues, but may also 

entail high costs. Losses of even a small percentage of gross revenues could have important 

impacts on the profitability of the activity. 

(4) Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue. We define net cash revenues as gross 

revenues minus operating costs. This is a good indicator of the direct losses of income that may 

be suffered by the owners or operators of an enterprise. However, operating costs can often be 

difficult to measure and verify. 

(5) Operating Profit Margin. We define operating profit margin to be net operating revenue 

divided by gross revenue per hectare. This measure would provide the best indication of the 

total impact of the loss of methyl bromide to an enterprise. Again, operating costs may be 

difficult to measure and fixed costs even more difficult, therefore fixed costs were not included 

in the analysis. 

These measures represent different ways to assess the economic feasibility of methyl bromide 

alternatives for methyl bromide users, who are nursery stock producers in this case. Because 

producers (suppliers) represent an integral part of any definition of a market, we interpret the 

threshold of significant market disruption to be met if there is a significant impact on commodity 

suppliers using methyl bromide. The economic measures provide the basis for making that 

determination. 

Certification requirements. The U.S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3-D would not 

meet the regulatory requirements or would be limited by township caps. Under California 

regulations, nursery crops must be “free of especially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in 

order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments 

(CDFA, 2009). If an approved fumigation is not used in the nursery, a nematode sampling 

procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an area should 

be destroyed resulting in a complete loss. Methyl bromide meets the certification guidelines. 

Also, in certain soil conditions, 1,3-D meets certification guidelines; California township caps 

may limit the use of 1,3-D. 

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially injurious pests and disease 

symptoms”, then a total loss is likely because the nursery stock: 

 Would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate 

Shipments, 

 Would probably not be marketable, since resale for planting is severely restricted by the 

CDFA. 

 Should be destroyed to prevent further infestation. 

Yield loss. It is likely that yield losses would also occur where soil conditions are not ideal, but 

little data are available. The yield loss could be 100% if the nursery stock cannot be certified as 

pest-free. 

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 8 of 12 
Reduced pesticide use. An effective fumigation results in a growth response that allows an 

initial growth spurt. This growth response helps maintain a healthy plant, which is able to better 

handle the stress induced by pathogens and pests. A healthier plant consequently requires a 

fewer number of pesticide sprays during the season. 

Beyond the nursery. Healthier plants and trees provide benefits beyond the nursery in terms of 

higher yields of fruit and nuts and reduced infestations. One hectare of nursery stock provides 

these benefits to many hectares producing fruits and nuts. 

California Rose Growers 

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely alternative to methyl bromide for use in California 

rose production in locations where 1,3-D use restrictions do not apply. 1,3-D appears to have 

similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternative, thus, growers may prefer to use 1,3-

D. However, township restrictions and certification restrictions requiring specific soil conditions 

hinder growers from using 1,3-D. 

TABLE 2. CALIFORNIA ROSE GROWERS: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES

CALIFORNIA ROSE GROWERS METHYL BROMIDE 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE 

+ CHLOROPICRIN

PRODUCTION LOSS (%) 0% 0% 

 PRODUCTION PER HECTARE (CWT) 38,112 38,112 

* PRICE PER UNIT (US$) $ 2 $2 

= GROSS REVENUE PER HECTARE (US$) $87,182 $ 87,182 

- OPERATING COSTS PER HECTARE (US$)* $72,511 $ 71,973 

= NET REVENUE PER HECTARE (US$) $ 14,671 $ 15,209 

1. LOSS PER HECTARE (US$) $ - $ (537) 

2. LOSS PER KILOGRAM OF METHYL BROMIDE (US$) $ - $ (2) 

3. LOSS AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS REVENUE (%) 0% -1% 

4. LOSS AS A PERCENTAGE OF NET OPERATING REVENUE 

(%) 0% -4% 

5. OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN (%) 17% 17% 

*The measures must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not include fixed costs and net revenue equals 

gross revenue minus operating costs. 

California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Growers 

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely alternative to methyl bromide for use in California 

Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Trees where 1,3-D use restrictions do not apply. 1,3-D appears 

to have similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternative, thus, growers may prefer to 

use 1,3-D. However, township restrictions and certification restrictions requiring specific soil 

conditions hinder growers from using 1,3-D. 

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USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 10 of 12 

TABLE 3. CALIFORNIA DECIDUOUS FRUIT AND NUT NURSERY TREE GROWERS: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF 

METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES

CALIFORNIA DECIDUOUS FRUIT AND NUT 

NURSERY TREE GROWERS METHYL BROMIDE 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE + CHLOROPICRIN

PRODUCTION LOSS (%) 0% 0% 

 PRODUCTION PER HECTARE (BOX 25LBS) 45,898 45,898 

* PRICE PER UNIT (US$) $ 5 $5 

= GROSS REVENUE PER HECTARE (US$) $ 228,801 $ 228,801 

- OPERATING COSTS PER HECTARE (US$)* $ 97,490 $ 96,214 

= NET REVENUE PER HECTARE (US$) $ 131,311 $ 132,587 

1. LOSS PER HECTARE (US$) $ - $ (1,276) 

2. LOSS PER KILOGRAM OF METHYL BROMIDE (US$) $ - $ (4) 

3. LOSS AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS REVENUE (%) 0% -1% 

4. LOSS AS A PERCENTAGE OF NET OPERATING REVENUE 

(%) 0% -1% 

5. OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN (%) 57% 58% 

*The measures must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not include fixed costs and net revenue equals 

gross revenue minus operating costs. 

8. RESULTANT CHANGES TO REQUESTED EXEMPTION QUANTITIES 

TABLE 4. NOMINATION AMOUNT: 

 California Rose 

Growers 

California Assoc 

of Nursery and 

Garden Centers 

 Sector Total / 

Average 

Quantity Requested for 2011: Amount (kgs) 7,000 955 7,955 

Quantity Recommended by 

MBTOC/TEAP for 2011 : Amount (kgs) 7,000 955 7,955 

Amount (kgs) 7,000 955 7,955 

Area (ha) 35 5 40 

Rate 200 191 199 

Transition from 2011 

Baseline Adjusted Value

Percentage 

(%) -80% -80% -80%

Amount (kgs) 1,400 191 1,591 

Area (ha) 1 7

Rate 200 191 199 

Quantity Required for 

2012 Nomination:

SECTOR

NURSERY STOCK

Quantity Approved by Parties 

for 2011:

8
CITATIONS

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). 2009. 

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html; Regulation for nursery and seed 

inspection (NIPM #3), 

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/nipm_3_regs_nsy_sees_insp.pdf; Approved 

treatment and handling procedures to ensure against nematode pest infestation of nursery 

stock (NIPM #7), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7.pdf 

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Qin, R., and Wang, D. 2009. Perennial crop nursery sector 

progress—Pacific area-wide program for MB alternatives. Annual International Research 

Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2009). 

http://www.mbao.org/2009/Proceedings/032HansonBMBAO2009PAWSummarytext.pdf

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Wang, D., and Qin, R. 2008. Pest control with California 

approved nursery stock certification 1,3-D treatments. Annual International Research 

Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2008). 

http://www.mbao.org/2008/Proceedings/025HansonBMBAO2008PAWprojectsummary.pdf

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., McKenry, M., Gerik, J., Wang, D., Klonsky, K., Cox, D., Correiar, B., 

and Yates, S. 2007. Efficacy and 1,3-D emissions with approved nursery stock certification 

treatments applied with two shank designs. Annual International Research Conference on 

Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2007). 

http://www.mbao.org/2007/Proceedings/013HansonBMBAO2007PAWproject.pdf

McKenry, M. V. 2000. Evaluation of alternatives to methyl bromide for soil fumigation at 

commercial fruit and nut tree nurseries. Contractor for California Association of 

Nurseryman. Prepared for California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 

http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pestmgt/grants/98-99/finlrpts/98-0281.pdf

Schneider, S., T. Trout, J. Gerik, and H. Ajwa. 2004. Perennial crop nurseries—performance of 

methyl bromide alternatives in the field. Annual International Research Conference on 

Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (2004). 

http://www.mbao.org/2004/Proceedings04/029%20SchneiderS%20Nursery%20paper%20M

BAO%202004.pdf

Shrestha, A., Browne, G. T., Lampinen, B. D., Schneider, S. M., Simon, L. and Trout, T. J. 

2008. Perennial crop nurseries treated with methyl bromide and alternative fumigants: 

effects on weed seed viability, weed densities, and time required for hand weeding. Weed 

Technology 22:267-274. 

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 

2007. Official regulatory protocol for wholesale and production nurseries containing plants 

infected with Phytophthora ramorum. 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/downloads/pdf_files/CNPv8.

0-7-20-07.pdf

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USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 12 of 12 

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 

2004. Sudden Oak Death. Amended order restricting movement of nursery stock from 

California nurseries, April, 2004. 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/sod/content/printable_version/SOD_Order

_4-22-04.pdf