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<body><div class="header"><p class="header"><i>Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America</i></p>
</div>
<p> SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1</p>
<p><b>Importation of Fresh Pepper – <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L., <i>Capsicum baccatum</i> L., <i>Capsicum chinense</i> Jacq.,<i> Capsicum frutescens</i> L., and<i> Capsicum pubescens</i> Ruiz & Pav. – Fruit with Stems from Central America into the United States
</b></p>
<p><b>A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Analysis</b></p>
<p><b>April 27, 2009
</b></p>
<p><b>Rev. 001</b></p>
<p><b>Agency Contact
</b></p>
<p>Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
</p>
<p>Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
</p>
<p>United States Department of Agriculture 
</p>
<p>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</p>
<p>Plant Protection and Quarantine
</p>
<p>1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 300
</p>
<p>Raleigh, NC 27606 
</p>
<h1>Executive Summary
</h1>
<p>In this document we present an analysis of the risks associated with the importation of fresh pepper fruit with stems, specifically the domesticated species <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L., <i>C. baccatum</i> L., <i>C. chinense</i> Jacq,<i> C. frutescens</i> L., and<i> C. pubescens</i> Ruiz & Pav., from the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. We updated a 2004 assessment, added Panama as an exporting country, and added a description of mitigation options. In a search of available sources of information, we identified 12 quarantine pests that were likely to follow the pathway: eight arthropods, one bacterium and one fungus, and two viruses.</p>
<p>We estimated Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements of pest biology and ecology: climate/host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact, resulting in the calculation of a risk value. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction by considering both the quantity of the commodity to be imported annually and the potential for pest introduction and establishment, resulting in the calculation of a second risk value. We summed the two values to estimate an overall Pest Risk Potential, which is an estimation of risk in the absence of mitigation. We list quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway and their Pest Risk Potentials in the following table.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Type</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Taxonomy</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pest risk potential</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Arthropods</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens </i>(Loew)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Tephritidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata </i>Wiedemann</p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Tephritidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i> (Champion)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Coleoptera: Curculionidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> (Blanchard)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Agromyzidae<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis </i>(Guenée)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lepidoptera: Crambidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i> Morrison</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i> (Maskell)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i> Karny</p>
</td>	<td><p>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Fungi</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> Speg.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Urediniomycetes: Uredinales</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Viruses</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle virus </i>(APMoV)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Comoviridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>(ToSLCV)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Geminiviridae</p>
</td>	<td><p>High</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Bacteria</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>race 3 biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al<i>.</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Burkholderiales</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Low</i>a</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Rated High using the guidelines but functionally Low risk; see below</p>
<p>Adherance to the guidelines required that <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> race 3, biovar 2 (Smith) (R3B2) Yabuuchi (Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae) be analyzed. However, in June of 2005, APHIS evaluated the risk Korean pepper fruits pose for introducing R3B2. The analysis concluded: </p>
<p>“... that there is evidence as well as expert judgement to support the low likelihood of R3B2 entering the United States via the importation of fresh pepper fruit for consumption. Even when infected geraniums entered the U.S. in large quantities in 2003, and then came into contact with susceptible crops, there was no evidence that R3B2 was established as a consequence. Furthermore, given the large volumes of tomatoes already imported into the United States from R3B2 countries without establishment of this pathogen, it seems unlikely that fruit for consumption is an effective pathway for introduction of R3B2.” </p>
<p>Because the pathogen behaves the same on peppers as it does on tomatoes, we applied the same justification to conclude that no extra mitigations need to be applied to this pathogen beyond those that are standard industry practice. 
</p>
<p>The remaining quarantine pests pose high phytosanitary risks to American agriculture. Port-of-entry inspections, as a sole mitigation measure, are insufficient to safeguard U.S. agriculture from the listed pests; additional phytosanitary measures are necessary to reduce risks to acceptable levels. Risk mitigation options for the quarantine pests of concern are provided. The detailed examination and selection of appropriate measures to mitigate risk are part of the risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed within this risk assessment document.
</p>
<p><b>Table of Contents
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>ii</b><a href="_Toc228588638"><b>Executive Summary
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>1</b><a href="_Toc228588639"><b>1. Introduction
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>2</b><a href="_Toc228588640"><b>2. Risk Assessment
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">2<a href="_Toc228588641">2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2<a href="_Toc228588642">2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Peppers,<i> Capsicum </i>spp.
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">3<a href="_Toc228588643">2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions.
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">6<a href="_Toc228588644">2.4. Pest Categorization—Identification of Pests
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">53<a href="_Toc228588645">2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">54<a href="_Toc228588646">2.6. Consequences of Introduction
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">68<a href="_Toc228588647">2.7. Likelihood of Introduction
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">72<a href="_Toc228588648">2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>73</b><a href="_Toc228588649"><b>3. Risk Mitigation
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">73<a href="_Toc228588650">3.1. Risk Management Strategy for Quarantine Pests.
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">73<a href="_Toc228588651">3.2. Risk Mitigation Options for Peppers from Central America
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">80<a href="_Toc228588652">3.3. Research Options
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">81<a href="_Toc228588653">3.4. Oversight
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">82<a href="_Toc228588654">3.5. Conclusion
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>84</b><a href="_Toc228588655"><b>4. Author and Reviewers
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>84</b><a href="_Toc228588656"><b>5. Acknowledgement
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>84</b><a href="_Toc228588657"><b>6. References
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>103</b><a href="_Toc228588658"><b>7. Appendices
</b></a><b>
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">103<a href="_Toc228588659">Appendix A. Pests intercepted on species of <i>Capsicum </i>from 1984 to 2007
</a>
</p>
<p class="tOC_2">148<a href="_Toc228588660">Appendix B. Pests present in this risk analysis that were not in the 2004 risk assessment
</a>
</p>
<p><b>

</b></p>
<h1>1. Introduction
</h1>
<p>In 2004, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared a commodity risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh pepper fruit with stems (<i>Capsicum</i> spp., specifically the domesticated species <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L., <i>C. baccatum</i> L., <i>C. chinense</i> Jacq,<i> C. frutescens</i> L., and<i> C. pubescens</i> Ruiz & Pav.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua into the United States. The present document is an updating of the above document, and includes Panama as exporting country. This document considered the risk associated for several species of <i>Capsicum</i>—<i>C. annuum</i>, <i>C. frutescens</i>, <i>C. baccatum</i>, and <i>C. chinense</i>—due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status (Walsh and Hoot, 2001) and because wild populations of <i>C. annuum</i> integrate with that of <i>C. frutescens</i> and <i>C. chinense</i> (Eshbaugh, 1993). Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of common name usage among all domesticated <i>Capsicum</i> species (Bosland, 1996), we also included the other two cultivated species, <i>C. pubescens</i> and <i>C. baccatum</i>.
</p>
<p>International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The IPPC guidelines describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management) (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2 and #11). This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. The methodology and rating criteria for Stages 1 and 2 are explained in the <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02</i> (PPQ, 2000). We also discuss the available risk management options, based on known mitigation measures for quarantine pests. Risk management is considered elsewhere. </p>
<p>This is a qualitative risk assessment, where<i> </i>estimates of risk are expressed by the terms “high”, “medium” or “low”, rather than probabilities or frequencies. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk analysis are consistent with the guidelines provided by NAPPO and the IPPC. The use of biological and phytosanitary terms conforms to ISPM No. 5: Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2007).
</p>
<p>Peppers,<i> Capsicum</i>, belong to the family Solanaceae. <i>Capsicum</i> includes 25 species, five of which have been domesticated. The most economically important and most widely cultivated species is <i>C. annuum</i> L. The center of genetic diversity of this species is in Mexico; a secondary center is in Mesoamerica. The other four domesticated species are <i>C. baccatum</i> L. and <i>C. pubescens</i> Ruiz & Pav., from the Peruvian Andes, <i>C. chinense</i> Jacq. in the Amazon Basin, and <i>C. frutescens</i> L. in Central America. The other 20 species are used sparingly by humans but are a great reservoir of genes for resistance of diseases and pests (Pernezny et al., 2003).</p>
<p>Two of the domesticated species, <i>C</i>.<i> annuum </i>and <i>C</i>.<i> frutescens</i>, are grown on every continent; the three remaining species, <i>C</i>.<i> baccatum</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> pubescens</i> and <i>C</i>.<i> chinense</i>, are rarely found outside of South America (CABI, 2007). Peppers are an important economic crop in many parts of the world (Pernezny et al., 2003), and world production of fresh pepper fruit was estimated at 24 million metric tons in 2005 (FAO, 2006), with Asia producing about 18 million metric tons of this total. United States and Mexico are principal producers in the Americas (CABI, 2007). Peppers are harvested with their stems intact to prevent bacterial infection (Schooley, 2003). Stems were considered as a potential pathway for the introduction of exotic pests in this document.</p>
<h1>2. Risk Assessment
</h1>
<p class="footer">We begin the pest risk assessment with identification of the initiating event, a weediness screening, and a discussion of the decision history. We then identified the pests reported as attacking peppers in any part of the world, listed those that are present in the relevant countries including Panama, and then analyzed the quarantine pests that are likely to follow the pathway. We assess the Consequences of Introduction of the pests with five Risk Elements, and the Likelihood of Introduction with six Sub-Elements. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values estimate the Pest Risk Potential.
</p>
<h2>2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
</h2>
<p>This commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk analysis was conducted as an updating of the previous pest risk assessment for peppers from certain Central American countries, in order to include Panama as exporting country and in response to a request by the Ministry of Agricultural Development of Panama (MIDA, 2006). Importation of fresh pepper, <i>Capsicum</i> spp., fruits with stems from Panama and the others Central American countries mentioned, presents a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests in the United States. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319 Part 56 (7 CFR § 319, 2007) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.
</p>
<h2>2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Peppers, Capsicum spp.</h2>
<p>The potential of the commodity to become a weed after it enters the United States was examined in this step, and a weed pest-initiated risk assessment was not conducted because the analysis did not indicate that the commodity had significant weed potential (Table 1).
</p>
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Assessment of the Weed Potential of <i>Capsicum</i> or Pepper species (Solanaceae).
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p>Scientific names, Synonyms, and Common names (NGRP, 2008; NRCS, 2008):
</p>
<p><i>Capsicum annuum</i> L. (Syn.: <i>C. cordiforme</i> Mill) Bell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines
</p>
<p><i>C. baccatum </i>L. Aji; Yellow Aji; Aji limon; Aji mono; Aji norteno; Locoto</p>
<p><i>C. chinense</i> Jacq. Bonnet pepper; Datil pepper; Habanero pepper; Piripiri pepper; Squash pepper; Yellow squash pepper; Rocotillo
</p>
<p><i>C. frutescens</i> L. (Syn.: <i>C. fastigiatum</i> Blume; <i>C. annuum</i> L. var. <i>frutescens</i> (L.) Kuntze; <i>C. minimum</i>) Bird pepper; Cayenne pepper; Chili pepper; Tabasco pepper; Aji; Chile
</p>
<p><i>C. pubescens</i> Ruiz. & Pav. (Syn.: <i>Brachistus lanceaefolius</i> Miers; <i>C. guatemalense</i> Bitter; <i>C. lanceaefolium</i> (Miers) Kuntze; <i>C. violaceum</i> Kunth.) Apple chile; Rocoto; Lacoto; Chile caballo</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 1:</b> Distribution in the USA</p>
<p><i>C. annuum</i> is widely cultivated throughout the world and the United States (CABI, 2007; NRCS, 2008). 
</p>
<p><i>C. baccatum</i> is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993), but is not officially grown in the United States. It likely occurs in private gardens. 
</p>
<p><i>C. chinense</i> is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and Votava, 2000; NGRP, 2008). It is not known to be in the United States. </p>
<p><i>C. frutescens</i> is distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008).
</p>
<p><i>C. pubescens</i> is native to South America (Bosland and Votava, 2000). It is probably grown in private gardens in the United States.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 2: </b>Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>C. annuum</i><u></u></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. baccatum, C. frutescens</i><u></u></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. chinense, C. pubescens</i><u></u></p>
</td>	<td><p>References</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1977; Holm et al., 1997; ISSG, 2008; PPQ, 2006; Reed, 1977; Skinner et al., 2008; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2007</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>Swearingen, 2008</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 3: </b>Summary and Conclusions:</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Although <i>C. annuum</i>, <i>C. baccatum</i>, and <i>C. frutescens</i>, have been listed as a weed and a naturalized species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002; Swearingen, 2008), they do not appear to be particularly invasive in either natural or agricultural systems (PERAL, 2005b; PERAL, 2004a; PERAL, 2004c). For <i>C. chinense</i>, and <i>C. pubescens</i>, we found no evidence in the literature of invasive behavior by these species, and they are not likely to become a problematic species in the United States (PERAL, 2004b; PERAL, 2004d).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Proceed with the pest risk assessment.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions.
</h2>
<h3>2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments
</h3>
<p>2005 Importation of Fresh Paprika Pepper Fruit (<i>Capsicum annuum </i>L. var. <i>annuum</i>) from the Republic of Korea into the continental United States</p>
<p>2004 Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L., <i>C. frutescens</i> L., <i>C. baccatum</i> L., <i>C. pubescens</i> Ruiz & Pav., and <i>C. chinense</i> Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States
</p>
<p>2000 Importation of Pepper (<i>Capsicum </i>spp.) Fruit from New Zealand into the United States
</p>
<p>1997 Importation of Pepper Fruits, <i>Capsicum </i>spp., from Spain into the United States</p>
<p>1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, <i>Capsicum annuum</i> from Chile into the continental United States.
</p>
<h3>2.3.2.  Decision History
</h3>
<p>The United States has taken several decisions about entry of peppers from Central American countries over the years (Table 2).</p>
<h3>2.3.2. Current Status of Importations
</h3>
<p>Currently fresh pepper fruit appears authorized into the United States in the Fresh and Vegetable Manual under the broader category “Pepper”. </p>
<p>Conditions governing the entry of peppers from Central American countries such as: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, are described in § 319.56–2oo. (7 CFR § 319, 2007). Peppers are imported from these countries only under conditions established in a systems approach which include free areas of Mediterranean fruit fly, <i>Ceratitis capitata</i>, inspection by the NPPO of the exporting country certificating that the commodity is free of quarantine pests, product packed in insect-proof cartons or containers or covered with insect-proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin at the packinghouse, export certification, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates by the NPPO of the exporting country. For <i>Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. chinense, </i>and <i>C. pubescens </i>from areas in which Medfly is considered to exist they must be grown in approved production sites and pest-exclusionary greenhouses must be used. Peppers of <i>Capsicum pubescens</i> from areas in which <i>Anastrepha ludens</i>, mexican fruit fly or Mexfly, is known to exist must be grown in approved production sites and pest-exclusionary greenhouses must be used. Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Mexfly and Medfly within and around the production site.The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of traps, and any medfly and/or mexfly captures. The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest-exclusionary packinghouse. During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may accept peppers only from registered approved production sites. The exporting country’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates. We summarized conditions governing the entry of peppers from countries other than those in Central America countries below (Table 3). Countries with no treatments, restrictions, or notes are as follows: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Barthelemy, and Trinidad and Tobago.</p>
<p><b>Table 2. </b>Decision history on requests to import peppers from Central America
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Year</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Country</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Decision</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Reason / Conditions</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1996</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>No approved treatment against medfly</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1992</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize</p>
</td>	<td><p>Approved</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit only, from Medfly free district</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1988</p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lack of acceptable treatment for <i>C. capitata</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1984</p>
</td>	<td><p>Panama</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lack of acceptable treatment for <i>C. capitata</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1984</p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lack of acceptable treatment for <i>C. capitata</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1971</p>
</td>	<td><p>Nicaragua</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lack of acceptable treatment for <i>C. capitata</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1971</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Deny entry</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lack of acceptable treatment for <i>C. capitata</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1936</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>Approved</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Current status of peppers importations from countries with permit of entry into the United States</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Country</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Treatments, restrictions, notes</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Australia</p>
</td>	<td><p>Tasmania only</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Belgium </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Belize </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Rocoto pepper or chamburoto (<i>C. pubescens</i>) is prohibited</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chile </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. All provinces except Arica (Region 1). <i>C. annuum</i> only, with phytosanitary certificate.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. annum, C. baccatum, C. chinense</i>, and <i>C. frutescens</i>. Consignments must meet other conditions, including phytosanitary certificate.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP (National Agricultural Release Program). Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Ghana</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Commercial consignments only. T105-a-2: precleared and irradiated, with phytosanitary certificate. Currently no preclearance program exists in Ghana. The pathogen <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> R3B2  is not likely to become established, therefore mitigation of the R3B2 in peppers (<i>Capsicum </i>spp.) or tomatoes for consumption from countries where R3B2 occurs is not currently required by APHIS.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Guatemala</p>
</td>	<td><p>Department of Peten only. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hawaii</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Capsicum</i> spp. T105-a-1: irradiated at an approved facility</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Arrava Valley. Several conditions, including phytosanitary certificate</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>T104-a-2, or precleared.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Mexico, all areas </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit.<i> C. pubescens</i> is prohibited. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pepper color determines quarantine action.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>New Zealand</p>
</td>	<td><p>Requires phytosanitary certificate.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nicaragua</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Poland </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Republic of Korea </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Includes Cheju Island. Only commercially grown <i>C. annuum</i> var. <i>annuum</i>. Must have phytosanitary certificate and other conditions. <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> R3B2 is not likely to become established; therefore APHIS does not currently require mitigation of the R3B2 in peppers (<i>Capsicum </i>spp.) or tomatoes for consumption from countries with R3B2.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit. Almeria and Alicante Provinces only, Dec 1 through Apr 30. Several conditions, including phytosanitary certificate.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>2.3.3. Pest Interceptions
</h3>
<p>Pest species intercepted between 1985 and 2008 on <i>C. annuum</i>, <i>C. baccatum</i>, <i>C. chinense, C. frutescens</i>, <i>C. pubescens</i>, and<i> Capsicum </i>sp. entering the United States are listed in Appendix 1. Over that time, 839 different species of pests were intercepted 20,689 times from different countries (PestID, 2008). Most of these interceptions (11,285) were of species in five families, two species of <i>Anthonomus</i> and <i>Cryptophlebia</i> genus, and species of Ceratitini tribe. 
</p>
<h2>2.4. Pest Categorization—Identification of Pests
</h2>
<p>Below we list the pests associated with peppers (in any country) that occur in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama on any host (Table 4). In this list we identify 1) the pest’s scientific name, 2) the presence of pests in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and/or Panama relative to their presence in the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generally affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on pepper fruit with stems. Each pest report has the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association.
</p>
<p>Many organisms are not sources of phytosanitary risk on peppers from Central America countries because they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5).
</p>
<p>The abbreviation N/A (Not Applicable) is used for non-quarantine pests under the heading Plant Part(s) Association. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine pests. 
</p>
<p>Pest risk analyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a phytosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quality of the specimen or the limits of current taxonomic identification. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHIS may take action at the port of entry and we may reevaluate their risk.
</p>
<p><b>Table 4.</b> Pests reported on the peppers <i>Capsicum annuum</i>, <i>C. baccatum</i>, <i>C. chinense</i>,<i> C. frutescens</i>, <i>C. pubescens</i>, and <i>Capsicum </i>sp., and reported as present in the pertinent countries.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest Scientific Name</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Geographic Distribution
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b><i>Capsicum </i>spp. host 
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quaran-tine pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Plant part association
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Follow pathway</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARTHROPODS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARACHNIDA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Eriophyidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aculops lycopersici </i>(Tryon)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (Arevalo, 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002), A, F (Armine and Stansy, 1994) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tarsonemidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytonemus pallidus</i> (Banks)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Polyphagotarsonemus latus</i> Banks<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002), A, F (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tetranychidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus cinnabarinus</i> (Boisduval)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), EL (Berry, 1959), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus ludeni</i> Zacher<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, HO, NI, US (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus marianae</i> McGregor<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Bolland et al., 1998), HO, NI (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus neocaledonicus</i> André<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, US (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, PN (Bolland et al., 1998) HO (SENASA, 2003), US (Bolland et al., 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tenuipalpidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus californicus </i>(Banks)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Vasquez and Amante, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus obovatus</i> Donnadieu<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Childers et al., 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Childers et al., 2003) S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus phoenicis </i>(Geijskes)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007) EL (Berry, 1959), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Childers et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>INSECTA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Anobiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lasioderma serricorne</i> Fabricius
<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, US<b> </b>(CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Padwal et al., 1987), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Bostrichidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhyzopertha dominica</i> (Fabricius)4<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Bruchidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Callosobruchus maculatus </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (CABI, 2007), US (Arnett, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerotoma atrofaciata </i>Jacoby<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (Arevalo, 2003), GU, NI (Maes, 2004), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerotoma ruficornis </i>(Olivier)
Syn.: <i>Andrector ruficornis</i> (Olivier)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, NI (Maes, 2008), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Heyer et al., 1990), I, L, S, Sh
 (Coto and Saunders, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica balteata </i>Leconte<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003; Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica porracea </i>Harold<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (McGuire and Crandall, 1967)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Eben and Gámez, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, R, S (Arevalo, 2003, CABI, 2007; UAQ, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica speciosa</i> Germar<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, R (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica undecimpunctata </i>Mannerheim<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Antonious and Byers, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Disonycha eximia </i>Harold
Syn.: <i>D. laevigata</i> (Jacoby)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN (Virkki et al., 1991) CR, PN NI, (Maes, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epitrix cucumeris </i>(Harris)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO (SENASA, 2003), NI (Maes and Tellez, 1988), US (Arnett Jr. et al., 2002; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epitrix </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R (CABI, 2007; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glyptoscelis chontalensis </i>Jacoby<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata </i>Say</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Webb et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Webb et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Typophorus nigritus </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Arnett Jr. et al., 2002), US (Arnett Jr. et al., 2002; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Curculionidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthonomus eugenii</i> Cano<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaprepes abbreviatus</i> (Linnaeus)
<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (FL, MS CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]
</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R (OIRSA, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i> (Champion)
Syn.: <i>Euxenus ornatipennis </i>(Hustache)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, HO (Blackwelder, 1945; McGuire and Crandall, 1967; O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (McGuire and Crandall, 1967)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S
 (Capinera, 2008c; Davis, 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Geraeus</i> sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003), US (Arnett, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Jimenez et al., 1993)
 </p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyrdenus muriceus </i>Germar<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), NI (Maes and Tellez, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Maes and Tellez, 1988), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R (Maes and Tellez, 1988; Novo et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitophilus zeamais </i>Motschulsky<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Elateridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolus mellilus </i>(Say)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (Arevalo, 2003), US (Ingerson et al., 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolus nigromaculatus </i>Drapiez<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, NI, PN (Johnson, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R, Sd 
 (Ingerson et al., 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conoderus rodriguezi </i>Candeze<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, NI, GU, PN (Johnson, 1999), HO (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R, Se, Sd
 (Invasive.org, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Meloidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epicauta carmelita </i>(Haag)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Maes, 2008), HO (SENASA, 2003), NI, PN (Blackwelder, 1945)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, L
 (Arnett, 2000; Ratcliffe et al., 2008; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Typhaea stercorea </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrodactylus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, R (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllophaga menetriesii </i>(Blanchard)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (King, 1984), EL (Arevalo, 2003), NI (Maes and Tellez, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Abarca and Quesada, 1997; Arevalo, 2003; King, 1984)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllophaga</i> sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, R (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Scolytidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips calligraphus </i>(Germar)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips lecontei </i>Swaine<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S22 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius)</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Silvanidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tribolium castaneum</i> Herbst<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US<b> </b>(CABI, 2007)<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Agromyzidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> (Blanchard)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007), US
 (CA, CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Saninet, 2002; Steck, 2004a), F (He et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007), L (Saninet, 2002; Spencer, 1983)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza sativae</i> Blanchard<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Spencer, 1983), CR, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007), L (Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza trifolii</i> Burgess<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Spencer, 1983), CR, GU (CABI, 2007), HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera:Cecidomyiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clinodiplosis capsici </i>Gagné<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Gagne et al., 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Gagne et al., 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, L, S (Gagne et al., 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Lonchaeidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neosilba certa </i>(Walker)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F (McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982; White and Elson-Harris, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neosilba pendula</i> (Bezzi)
Syn.: <i>N. glaberrima</i> (Wiedemann); <i>Silba pendula</i> (Bezzi)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), EL<b> </b>(Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003), F (Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F
 (Arevalo, 2003; Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No29</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neosilba </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F
 (Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971; McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No29</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Muscidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Atherigona orientalis</i> Schiner<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Tephritidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens </i>(Loew)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, NI (CABI, 2007), PN (Norrbom, 2004), US (TX, APHIS, 2006; CA, Norrbom, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>P (Steck, 2004b) 
</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Steck, 2004b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata </i>Wiedemann<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007; Thomas et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, B, F (Thomas et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (CABI, 2007; Thomas et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus woglumi </i>Ashby<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), US<b> </b>(FL, TX, (Mound and Hasley, 1978)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus dispersus</i> Russell<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), US (FL, Mound and Hasley, 1978)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (CABI, 2007; Mound and Hasley, 1978; Russell, 1965)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L
 (Russell, 1965)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus trachoides</i> (Back)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN (CABI, 1991), NI (Maes, 2008), US (FL Hodges and Evans, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Mound and Hasley, 1978), S (CABI, 2007; Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bemisia tabaci</i> (Gennadius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003; CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bemisia tabaci </i>Gennadius (Biotype B)
Syn.: <i>B. argentifolii</i> Bellows & Perring
<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007), CAm, US (McAuslane, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Jovicich et al., 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> Westwood<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trialeurodes</i> sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aphididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acyrthosiphon pisum </i>(Harris)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F
 (Blackman and Eastop, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis craccivora</i> Koch<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002) S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis fabae </i>Scopoli<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, PN (Jensen et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis gossypii</i> Glover<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), EL (Arevalo, 2003), CR GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Blackman and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis nerii </i>Boyer De Fonscolombe<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Jensen et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis spiraecola</i> Patch<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aulacorthum solani</i> Kaltenbach<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Blackman and Eastop, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrosiphum euphorbiae </i>(Thomas)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Blackman and Eastop, 2000; SENASA, 2003) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myzus persicae</i> Sulzer
Syn.: <i>Aphis persicae</i> Sulzer</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), EL (Arevalo, 2003), CR, EL, HO, GU, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Blackman and Eastop, 2000) A (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhopalosiphum maidis </i>(Fitch)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, HO, NI (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Kagezi et al., 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Kagezi et al., 1999), A, F (Ong et al., 1978)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Toxoptera citricida </i>(Kirkaldy)
Syn.: <i>T. citricidus</i> Kirkaldy<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), US (FL CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F
 (Ong et al., 1978)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (CABI, 2007; Ong et al., 1978)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Coccidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes rubens </i>Maskell<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, US (FL Dekle, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Dekle, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus hesperidum</i> Linnaeus<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN (Ben-Dov et al., 2008) CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis </i>(Green)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, HO, GU, PN, US (FL Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parasaissetia nigra</i> (Nietner)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria psidii</i> Maskell<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria urbicola</i> Cockerell<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008), US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia coffeae</i> (Walker)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia neglecta </i>Delotto<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN, US (US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Coreidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anasa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Arnett, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Diaspididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus destructor</i> Signoret<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia lataniae </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Williams and Watson, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lepidosaphes tokionis </i>(Kuwana)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN (Watson, 2005), US (CAm
, MS Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis aspidistrae </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis strachani</i> (Cooley)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), NI (Maes, 2004), US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), A, F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis </i>(Green)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), PN (Watson, 2005), US (Fl Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Williams and Watson, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Watson, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli </i>(Cooley)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaulacaspis pentagona</i> (Targioni-tozzetti)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, PN, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Unaspis citri</i> (Comstock)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, HO, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (EPPO, 2007), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Membracidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Antianthe expansa</i> (Germar)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003), NI (Maes, 2008), US (Arnett, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Miridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Creontiades </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, Sh (Malipatil and Cassis, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Halticus bractatus</i> (Say)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, NI (Maes, 2004), CAm, US (Capinera, 2008a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Capinera, 2008a;Maes, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lygus lineolaris </i>(Palisot De Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Dixon and Fasulo, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Ortheziidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Insignorthezia insignis </i>(Browne)
Syn.:<i> Orthezia insignis</i> Browne<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthezia pseudinsignis</i> Morrison<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Rung et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, S (Rung et al., 2007)<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>No 
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Praelongorthezia praelonga </i>Kozar
Syn.: <i>Orthezia praelonga</i> Douglas<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Pentatomidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acrosternum marginatum</i> (Palisot de Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Schaefer and PNnizzi, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euschistus bifibulus </i>(Palisot De Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), GU, HO, PN (McGuire and Crandall, 1967)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, S, Se, (Gomez and Mizell, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nezara viridula</i> (Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU NI (CABI, 2007), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Piezodorus guildinii</i> (Westwood)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus brevipes</i> (Cockerell)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, NI, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus grassii </i>(Leonardi)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN, HO (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), US (Miller and Miller, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i>Beardsley<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (FL Miller, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, S, R (Kessing and Mau, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ferrisia virgata</i> (Cockerell)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Blanco et al., 2003), S (Hill, 1987) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Geococcus coffeae</i> Green<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (FL Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Ben-Dov, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Ben-Dov, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paracoccus marginatus</i> Williams and Granara de Willink<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (FL, MT CABI, 2007; Walker et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (Walker et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
 </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus madeirensis Green</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i> Morrison<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Williams and Granara, 1992), NI, PN (Williams and Cox, 1984) US (FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ben-Dov et al., 2008), F (Williams and Cox, 1984; CABI, 2007), S (Williams and Granara, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (PestID, 2008); L, S (Fletcher, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus solenopsis</i> Tinsley<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus citri </i>(Risso)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO (Williams and Granara, 1992), EL (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (MAF Biosecurity, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No </p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i> (Maskell)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Williams and Granara, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ben-Dov, 1994; Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, R, S (Ooi et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus elisae </i>Borchsenius<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, PN (CABI, 2007), NI (Williams and Granara, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi</i> Gimpel and Miller<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus longispinus</i> Targioni Tozzetti<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (Ben-Dov, 1994; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ben-Dov, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus viburni </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN, US (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saccharicoccus sacchari </i>(Cockerell)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007; Ben-Dov et al., 2008), US (Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Tingidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corythucha gossypii</i> (Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (Schaefer and PNnizzi, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Maes, 2008), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Arctiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Estigmene acraea</i> Drury<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyroderces rileyi</i> (Walsingham)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, NI (Maes, 2008), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Maes, 2008; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Crambidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Herpetogramma bipunctalis </i>(Fabricius)
Syn.: <i>Psara bipunctalis </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003), NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maruca vitrata </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, PN (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis </i>(Guenée)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), PN (PestID, 2008),</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Keiferia lycopersicella</i> Walsingham<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Zhang, 1994), NI (Maes, 2008), US (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phthorimaea operculella</i> (Zeller)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), GU, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitotroga cerealella </i>(Olivier)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, HO, NI (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (Seenappa et al., 1979)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Symmetrischema capsica</i> (Bradley and Povolny)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, US (Bennett, 1995)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bennett, 1995; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tmolus echion </i>(Linnaeus)
Syn.: <i>Ministrymon echion </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Zhang, 1994), US (Opler et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007), S (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis ipsilon</i> (Hufnagel)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), S (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis malefida </i>Guenée
Syn.: <i>Rhizagrotis malefida </i>(Guenée)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis repleta</i> Walker
Syn.: <i>Feltia repleta </i>Walker</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (Kimball, 1953; Poole and Gentili, 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, R, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
,</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysodeixis includens </i>(Walker)<i>
</i>Syn.: <i>Pseudoplusia includens</i> (Walker)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Feltia subterranea </i>(Fabricius)<i>
</i>Syn.: <i>Agrotis subterranea</i> (Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007; Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa zea</i> (Boddie)
Syn.: <i>Chloridea obsoleta </i>Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothis virescens </i>(Fabricius)
Syn.: <i>Chloridea virescens</i> (Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Saninet, 2002), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mythimna unipuncta</i> Haworth
Syn.: <i>Pseudaletia unipuncta</i> (Haworth)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007), S (Cook et al., 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Peridroma saucia</i> (Hübner)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera albula </i>(Walker)
Syn.:<i> S. sunia </i>Guenée<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, HO, NI, US (Teixeira et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera dolichos </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, NI, CR, PN (Maes, 2008), US (Heppner and Habeck, 1976)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera eridania</i> Stoll<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Capinera, 2008b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), F (Robinson et al., 2007), S (Capinera, 2008b; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera exigua</i> (Hübner)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), EL, GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera frugiperda </i>J.E. Smith
Syn.:<i> Laphygma frugiperda </i>Guenée<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (Maes, 2008; Pashley, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera latifascia</i> (Walker)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera ornithogalli</i> (Guenée)
Syn.:<i> Prodenia ornithogalli</i> Guenée<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Capinera, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), F (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, S, Sh (Ellis, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trichoplusia ni</i> (Hübner)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ithomia celemia</i> (Hewitson)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L
 (DeVries, 1989)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pteronymia notilla </i>Butler and Druce<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L64 (DeVries, 1989)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Pieridae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascia monuste </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (McGuire and Crandall, 1967; Robinson et al., 2007), US (Opler et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptophobia aripa </i>(Boisduval)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Santiago et al., 2006), US (TX Opler et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (McGuire and Crandall, 1967)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>L
 (Ramírez et al., 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Psychidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oiketicus kirbyi</i> Guilding<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007; Mexzón et al., 2003; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Mexzón et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Pyralidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ancylostomia stercorea </i>(Zeller)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cadra cautella</i> Walker<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corcyra cephalonica </i>(Stainton)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008), HO, US (CABI, 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Elasmopalpus lignosellus</i> (Zeller)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ephestia elutella</i> Hübner<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008), US (Arnett, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ephestia kuehniella</i> Zeller<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Walker, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Etiella zinckenella</i> (Treitschke)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lineodes integra </i>(Zeller)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008), US (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pilemia periusalis </i>(Walker)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), PN (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Martorell, 1976)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plodia interpunctella</i> (Hübner)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Sphingidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Manduca sexta</i> (Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU (Maes, 2008), HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Maes, 2008), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Tineidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opogona sacchari</i> Bojer<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (EPPO/CABI, 1997), US (FL, HI CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (CABI, 2007; EPPO/CABI, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Tortricidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lorita scarificata </i>(Meyrick)
Syn.: <i>L. abornana </i>Busck<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Zhang, 1994), US (Pogue, 1988; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Pogue, 1988)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platynota rostrana</i> Walker<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, HO, NI, PN (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Robinson et al., 2007), S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera: Acrididae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orphulella punctata </i>(Degeer)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Rowell, 1998), GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2004)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Bulacio et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera: Gryllidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gryllus assimilis</i> (Fabricius)
Syn.: <i>Acheta assimilis </i>Fabricius<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, NI, PN (Maes, 2004), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Narváez, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa</i> Linnaeus<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (Arevalo, 2003), US<b> </b>(CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neocurtilla hexadactyla </i>(Perty)
Syn.: <i>Gryllotalpa hexadactyla</i> Perty<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), US (Walker and Moore, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Saninet, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips orchidii </i>(Moulton)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S
 (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips signipennis </i>(Bagnall)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, PN (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (FL Howard and McCoy, 1992)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> (Pergande)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S(CABI, 2007), S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella insularis </i>(Franklin)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI, PN, US (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), S (Maes, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i> Karny<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (EPPO, 2001, US (FL, HI CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (EPPO, 2001; Pernezny et al., 2003), A, S (CABI, 2007), F (Salas, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips tabaci </i>Lindeman<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), EL, GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Deligeorgidis, 2002; Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>PLANT PATHOGENS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>BACTERIA</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clavibacter michiganensis </i>subsp<i>. michiganensis </i>Smith and Davis, <i>et. al</i>.
(Actinomycetales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN, US (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Young and Fletcher, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erwinia carotovora </i>subsp. a<i>troseptica</i> (van Hall) Dye.
Syn.: <i>E. carotovora</i> (Jones) Holl. Berg.
(Enterobacteriales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erwinia carotovora </i>subsp. <i>carotovora</i> (Jones) Bergey et al.
(Enterobacteriales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erwinia chrysanthemi </i>(Burkh.) Young et al.
(Enterobacteriales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erwinia chrysanthemi </i>pv.<i> paradisiaca </i>(Victoria & Barros) Dickey & Victoria
(Enterobacteriales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, HO, PN (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S
 (Bradbury, 1986), S (Young and Fletcher, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudomonas cichorii </i>(Swingle) Stapp
(Pseudomonadales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007), S (Bradbury, 1986)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudomonas syringae </i>pv<i>. syringae </i>van Hall
(Pseudomonadales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL (CABI, 2007), GU, HO, PN (Bradbury, 1986), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> (Smith) Yabuuchi
Syn.: <i>Pseudomonas solanacearum</i> (Smith) Smith; <i>Xanthomonas solanacearum</i> (Smith) Dowson
(Burkholderiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F (Young and Fletcher, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al.<i>
</i>(Burkholderiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>race 3 biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.<i>
</i>(Burkholderiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR
 (CABI, 2007), GU (Sanchez Perez et al., 2008), US
 (Ambuzs, 2003; NAPPO, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ambuzs, 2003; Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R, S (Invasive.org, 2008; Martin et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizobium radiobacter </i>(Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al.
Syn.: <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens </i>(Smith & Townsend) Conn
(Rhizobiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Wellman, 1977), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xanthomonas vesicatoria </i>(Doidge) Dowson
(Xanthomonadales)
Syn.: <i>X. campestris</i> pv. <i>vesicatoria</i> (Doidge) Dye</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007), F (McGuire and Crandall, 1967) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>FUNGI
</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria alternata </i>(Fr.:Fr.) Keissl.
Syn.: <i>A. tenuis</i> Nees
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), GU, HO, PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria brassicae</i> (Berk.) Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) EL (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria solani</i> Sorauer
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria </i>sp.
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria tenuissima </i>(Nees & T. Nees: Fr.) Wiltshire
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apiospora montagnei </i>Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Kirk, 1991a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascochyta gossypii</i> Woron.
(Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P (Holliday, 1980)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Link: Fr.
(Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspergillus niger Tiegh.
</i>(Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008), A, F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspergillus </i>sp.
(Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Athelia rolfsii </i>(Curzi) Tu & Kimbr.<i>
</i>Syn.:<i> Corticium rolfsii </i>Curzi; <i>Pellicularia rolfsii (</i>Curzi) E. West.;<i> Sclerotium rolfsii </i>Sacc.
(Basidiomycetes: Polyporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003; CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botryosphaeria rhodina</i> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx
Syn.: <i>Botryodiplodia theobromae</i> Pat.; <i>Diplodia natalensis</i> Pole-Evans.; <i>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</i> (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl.; 
(Ascomycetes: Dothideales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Farr et al., 2008, CR, EL, HO, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botryotinia fuckeliana </i>(de Bary) Whetzel
Syn.: <i>Botrytis cinerea </i>Pers.<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora apii</i> Fresen.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora capsici </i>Heald & F.A. Wolf.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, B, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora </i>sp.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetomium bostrychodes</i> Zopf
(Ascomycetes: Sordariales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Minter, 2006), US (Farr et al., 2008; Minter, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Choanephora cucurbitarum</i> (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt.
(Zygomycetes: Mucorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium cladosporioides </i>(Fresen.) G.A. De Vries.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (Farr et al., 2008)
</p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium cucumerinum </i>Ellis & Arthur
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN (CABI, 2007), PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium herbarum</i> (Pers.: Fr.) Link
Syn.: <i>Davidiella tassiana</i> (De Not.) Crous & U. Braun
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, NI, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium oxysporum </i>Berk. & M.A. Curtis<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochliobolus geniculatus </i>R. R. Nelson
Syn.: <i>Curvularia geniculata</i> (Tracy & Earle) Boedijn
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochliobolus lunatus </i>R.R. Nelson & Haasis
Syn.: <i>Curvularia lunata </i>(Wakker) Boedijn<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (CABI, 2007), CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008), F, S (CABI, 2007; S (Young and Fletcher, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum capsici</i> (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum coccodes </i>(Wallr.) S. Hughes
(Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Farr et al., 2008, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Young and Fletcher, 1997), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum dematium</i> (Pers.: Fr.) Grove
(Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008; Young and Fletcher, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum nigrum</i> Ellis & Halst.
(Sordariomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Oduro, 2000), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum truncatum</i> (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore.
(Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, NI, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008), GU, HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corynespora cassiicola</i> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Weir
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Didymella lycopersici </i>Kleb.
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erysiphe betae </i>(Vaňha) Weltzien
Syn.: <i>E. polygoni </i>auct. p.p. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, GU, US (CABI, 2007), PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erysiphe cichoracearum </i>DC. <i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Alfieri et al., 1994), A, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fulvia fulva</i> (Cooke) Cif.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007), CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008), </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> (Desm.) Sacc.
Syn.:<i> F. pallidoroseum </i>(Cooke) Sacc.<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes, Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, US (Farr et al., 2008), HO, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium moniliforme </i>J. Sheld.
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, US (Farr et al., 2008, CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>Schlechtendahl
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002),A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>f. sp.<i> lycopersici </i>(Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>f.sp.<i> radicis-lycopersici </i>Jarvis & Shoemaker
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>f.sp.<i> vasinfectum </i>(G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN (Wellman, 1977), EL, GU, NI, US (CABI, 2007), EL, NI, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium </i>spp.<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, R (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><i>Galactomyces geotrichum</i> (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch
Syn.: <i>Geotrichum candidum </i>Link
(Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gibberella fujikuroi </i>(Sawada) Ito.<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gibberella intricans </i>Wollenw. 
Syn.: <i>Fusarium equiseti</i> (Corda) Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN (Farr et al., 2008), HO (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gibberella zeae</i> (Schwein. : Fr.) Petch
Syn.: <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Schwabe.
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gloeosporium piperatum </i>Ellis & Everh.
(Leotiomycetes: Helotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glomerella acutata</i> Guerber & J.C. Correll 2001 
Syn.: <i>Colletotrichum acutatum</i> Simmonds ex Simmonds
(Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), F, S (Young and Fletcher, 1997), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glomerella cingulata</i> (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk
Syn.: <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN (CABI, 2007), CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Young and Fletcher, 1997), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glomerella lindemuthiana</i> Shear 
Syn.: <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i> (Sacc. & Magn.) Scribn.
(Ascomycetes, Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Oduro, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Haematonectria haematococca</i> (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman
Syn.: <i>Fusarium solani </i>(Wollenw.) Gerlach; <i>Nectria haematococca </i>Berk. & Broome
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, NI, PN (Farr et al., 2008), HO, US (CABI, 2007),</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypocrea rufa</i> (Pers. : Fr.) Fr.

Syn.: <i>Trichoderma viride
</i>(Ascomycetes, Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptoxyphium fumago</i> (Woron.) R.C. Srivast.
Syn.: <i>Caldariomyces fumago</i> Woron.
(Ascomycetes: Capnodiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leveillula taurica </i>(Lév.) G. Arnaud
(Ascomycetes: Erysiphales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), HO, NI (CABI, 2007), PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Oduro, 2000), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrophomina phaseolina </i>(Tassi) Goid
Syn.: <i>Macrophoma phaseoli</i> Maubl.
(Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, HO (CABI, 2007), NI, PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, F (Farr et al., 2008), S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Moniliophthora perniciosa (</i>Stahel) Aime & Phillips- Mora
Syn.: <i>Crinipellis perniciosa</i> (Stahel) Singer
(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN
 (Williams, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycena citricolor </i>(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc.
(Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007), US (FL CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F
 (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycovellosiella fulva </i>(Cooke)
(Dothideomycetes: Capnodiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, NI, PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F
 (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nematospora coryli </i>Peglion.
(Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI 2007), US (CABI 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nigrospora oryzae</i> (Berk. & Broome) Petch.
(Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nigrospora sphaerica<b> </b></i>(Sacc.) E.W. Mason
(Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Kirk, 1991b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oidium </i>sp.<i>
</i>(Leotiomycetes)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), GU (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L
 (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Passalora diffusa </i>(Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun & Crous<i>
</i>Syn.: <i>Cercospora diffusa </i>Ellis & Everh.<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phaeoramularia capsicicola </i>(Vassiljevsky) Deighton
Syn.: <i>Cercospora unamunoi</i> Castell. Ellis. Chupp; <i>Passalora capsicicola </i>(Vassiljevsky) U. Braun & F.O. Freire.
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003), PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pellicularia koleroga</i> Cooke.
(Agaricomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Penicillium decumbens </i>Thom.
(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Penicillium oxalicum </i>Currie & Thom
(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Penicillium</i> spp.
(Ascomycetes: Eurotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, PN (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Periconia byssoides </i>Pers. 
Syn.: <i>P. pycnospora</i> Fresen.
(Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)
</p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Peronospora hyoscyami </i>f.sp.<i> tabacina </i>(D.B. Adam) Skalicky
Syn.: <i>Peronospora tabacina </i>D.B. Adam
(Oomycetes: Peronosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis palmarum</i> (Cooke) Steyaert
(Ascomycetes: Xylariales)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, HO, PN (Mordue and Holliday, 1971), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Mordue and Holliday, 1971)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis </i>sp.
(Ascomycetes: Xylariales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Calderón and Díaz, 2002) L (Mordue and Holliday, 1971)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma destructiva </i>Plowr.
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma exigua </i>Desm.
Syn.: <i>Ascochyta phaseolorum</i> Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i> </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, PN, NI, US (Farr et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977),
</p>
<p>A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis vexans </i>(Sacc. & Syd.) Harter
(Ascomycetes: Diaporthales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora cactorum </i>(Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora capsici </i>Leonian
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora citrophthora </i>(R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, PN, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora drechsleri </i>Tucker.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora infestans </i>(Mont.) de Bary<i>
</i>(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora nicotianae </i>Breda de Haan.
Syn.: <i>P. nicotianae var. nicotianae </i>Breda de Haan.; <i>P. parasitica </i>Dastur.; <i>P. terrestris</i> Sherb.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales) <i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora palmivora </i>(E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudocercospora atromarginalis </i>(Atk.) Deighton
(Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> Speg.
Syn.: <i>Aecidium capsici</i> Kern & Whetzel; <i>A. solaninum</i> Speg.; <i>A. pampeanum</i> Speg.; <i>Dicaeoma pampeana</i> (Speg.) Kuntz.; <i>Endophyllum pampeanum</i> (Speg.) J.C. Lindquest; <i>Puccinia araucana</i> Dietel & Neger; <i>P. capsici</i> Mayor; <i>P. capsicicola</i> Kern & Thurston; <i>P. gonzalezii</i> Mayor; <i>P. paulensis</i> Rangel; <i>P. solanina</i> Speg.
(Urediniomycetes: Uredinales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008), GU (Hernández and Hennen, 2003; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F, S (Farr et al., 2008; Hernández and Hennen, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, S (Figueiredo et al., 1987), L, S (Figueiredo, 2000)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pythium aphanidermatum </i>(Edson) Fitzp.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, PN, (Farr et al., 2008), US (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pythium debaryanum </i>R. Hesse
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), CR, GU, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pythium</i> sp.<i>
</i>(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pythium vexans </i>de Bary.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (CABI, 2007), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizopus stolonifer </i>(Ehrenb.) Lind
(Zygomycetes: Mucorales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhytidhysteron rufulum</i> (Spreng.: Fr.) Speg.
Syn.: <i>Tryblidiella rufula </i>(Spreng.: Fr.) Sacc<b>.</b>
(Ascomycetes: Patellariales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL (Wellman, 1977), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rosellinia bunodes </i>(Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
(Ascomycetes: Xylariales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Farr et al., 2008; Wellman, 1977)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum </i>(Lib.) de Bary
(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Septoria lycopersici </i>Speg.<i>
</i>Syn.: <i>S. lycopersici</i> var. <i>lycopersici </i>Speg.
(Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, NI, PN, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spongospora subterranea</i> f. sp. <i>subterranea</i> Tomlinson
(Plasmodiophoromycetes: Plasmodiophorales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium botryosum </i>Wallr
(Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales)<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium lycopersici</i> (Enjoji) W. Yamam. 
Syn.: <i>S. floridanum </i>Hannon & G.F. Weber<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes, Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008), F (McGuire and Crandall, 1967)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium solani </i>G.F. Weber<i>
</i>(Ascomycetes, Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thanatephorus cucumeris </i>(A.B. Frank) Donk<i> 
</i>Syn.: <i>Rhizoctonia solani </i>J.G. Kühn. 
(Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003; CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002;), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thielaviopsis basicola </i>(Berk. & Broome) Ferraris
Syn.: <i>Chalara elegans</i> Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.
(Ascomycetes: Microascales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ulocladium consortiale</i> (Thüm.) E.G. Simmons
(Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (David, 1995), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Verticillium albo-atrum</i> Reinke & Berthier
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, GU, NI, US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Verticillium dahliae </i>Kleb.
(Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (CABI, 2007), US (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, F (Farr et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>NEMATODES</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphelenchoides besseyi </i>Christie<i>
</i>(Aphelenchoididae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, PN (CABI, 2007), HO (Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Hockland and Eng, 1997)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphelenchus</i> sp.<b>
</b>(Aphelenchidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Velasquez et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Belonolaimus longicaudatus</i> Rau
(Belonolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Criconemella</i> spp.
(Criconematinae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes </p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007; Pinochet et al., 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ditylenchus dipsaci</i> (Kühn) Filipjev
(Anguinidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Globodera rostochiensis</i> (Wollenweber) Behrens
Syn.: <i>Heterodera rostochiensis </i>Wollenweber
(Heteroderidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR
, PN (CABI, 2007), US
 (NY Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ferris et al., 2007), S (Atwal, 1976)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Atwal, 1976)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus dihystera</i> (Cobb) Sher
(Hoplolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO (Handoo et al., 2008), PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus multicinctus</i> (Cobb) Golden
(Hoplolaimidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Qamar et al., 1985)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus</i> (Steiner) Golden
(Hoplolaimidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus</i> spp.
(Hoplolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Pinochet et al., 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hemicycliophora</i> sp.
(Criconematinae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hoplolaimus seinhorsti</i> Luc
(Hoplolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A<b> </b>(CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Longidorus</i> sp.
(Longidoridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007),</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> (Neal) Chitwood
(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, PN, US (Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, C, F<b> </b>(Ferris et al., 2007), F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne exigua</i> Goeldi
(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, GU, HO, NI (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne hapla</i> Chitwood
(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, PN, (CABI, 2007), GU (Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, B, C, F, S (Ferris et al., 2007), S (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (Kofoid & White)<b>
</b>(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007), CR, EL, GU, HO, US (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002), A, B, F, C (Ferris et al., 2007), A, F, S (Handoo et al., 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> (Treub) Chitwood
(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007), A, B, C, F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne </i>sp.
(Meloidogynidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Pinochet et al., 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paratrichodorus minor</i> (Colbran) Siddiqi
(Trichodoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paratrichodorus </i>sp.
(Trichodoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus brachyurus</i> (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven
(Pratylenchidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU, HO, (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus coffeae</i> (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Steckhoven
(Pratylenchidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>(Qamar et al., 1985)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus penetrans</i> (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven
(Pratylenchidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Arevalo, 2003), A, F (CABI, 2007; Ferris et al., 2007) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus</i> sp.
(Pratylenchidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002) </p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Pinochet et al., 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus zeae</i> Graham
(Pratylenchidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, PN (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Radopholus similis </i>(Cobb) Thorne
(Pratylenchidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (CABI, 2007), US (FL, HI, LA, TX CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rotylenchulus reniformis</i> Linford & Oliveira
(Hoplolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HO, PN, (CABI, 2007), GU (Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scutellonema bradys</i> (Steiner & Le Hew) Andrássy
(Hoplolaimidae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (CABI 2007), US (AR, FL, LA CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>[Yes]11</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trichodorus</i> sp.
(Trichodoridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Fernández et al., 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R (Pinochet et al., 1987)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tylenchorhynchus annulatus</i> (Cassidy) Golden
(Dolichodoridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tylenchorhynchus claytoni</i> Steiner
(Dolichodoridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>F (Ferris et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tylenchus</i> sp.<b>
</b>(Tylenchindae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (SENASA, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>R
 (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xiphinema americanum</i> Cobb.
(Xiphinematidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, PN (Handoo et al., 2008), HO (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Handoo et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>VIRUSES</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle comovirus </i>(APMoV)
(Comoviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, NI (CABI, 2007), HO (Valverde et al., 1995), HO, NI (EPPO, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (CABI, 2007), F (EPPO, 2007; Valverde et al., 1995), S (Pernezny et al., 2003) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>L (Valverde et al., 1995), W (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Beet curly top hybrigeminivirus 
</i>Syn.: <i>Beet curly top virus</i> (BCTV)
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (CABI, 2007), S (Brunt et al., 1996; Pernezny et al., 2003) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cucumber mosaic</i> <i>cucumovirus </i>(CMV)
(Bromoviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), EL, HO, US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Impatiens necrotic</i> <i>spot tospovirus </i>(INSV)
(Bunyaviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Brunt et al., 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pepper golden mosaic</i> <i>begomovirus </i>(PepGMV)
Syn.: <i>Pepper Texas</i> <i>bigeminivirus; Texas pepper virus </i>(TPV); <i>Serrano golden mosaic virus </i>(SGMV)
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR
, HO (CABI, 2007), GU (Maxwell, 2001), NI (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005), US (AR, TX, CABI, 2007; AR, Brunt et al., 1996; Büchen-Osmond, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; Brunt et al., 1996), A, F (CABI, 2007; Polston and Anderson, 1997), S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus </i>PHYVV
Syn.: <i>Pepper huasteco virus</i> PHV
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm (Maxwell, 2001), US (Polston and Anderson, 1997; Torres-PNcheco et al., 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Büchen-Osmond, 2008; Jones, 2003),S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pepper mild mottle</i> <i>tobamovirus </i>[PMMoV (PMMV)]
(Unassigned virus family)</p>
</td>	<td><p>HO (SENASA, 2003) PN (Herrera-Vásquez et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Brunt et al., 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Herrera-Vásquez et al., 2008), A, B, C, F, P (Brunt et al., 1996)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pepper mottle potyvirus </i>(PepMoV)
(Potyviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>EL, US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Brunt et al., 1996), A, S (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Potato leafroll luteovirus
</i>Syn.: <i>Potato leafroll virus </i>(PLRV)
(Luteoviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Potato</i> Y<i> potyvirus
</i>Syn.: <i>Potato virus </i>Y (PVY)
(Potyviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, EL, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S (CABI, 2007), F (Latorre, 2003), S (Brunt et al., 1996; Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Potato X</i> <i>potexvirus</i> (PVX)
(Flexiviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tobacco </i>etc<i>h</i> <i>potyvirus </i>(TEV)
(Potyviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CAm, US (Brunt et al., 1996), EL, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007), S (Pernezny et al., 2003) </p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tobacco leaf curl<b> </b>bigeminivirus </i>(TLCV)
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PN, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus </i>(TMGMV)<i>
</i>(Unassigned virus family)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PN (Herrera-Vásquez et al., 2008), US (Wetter, 1984)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Brunt et al., 1996; Herrera-Vásquez et al., 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus
</i>Syn.: <i>Tobacco mosaic virus </i>(TMV)
(Unassigned virus family) </p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Calderón and Díaz, 2002; CABI, 2007), S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus </i>ToLCSinV 
Syn.: <i>Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus </i>STLCV
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GU (Maxwell, 2001), NI (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005), US
 (TX, Idris and Brown, 1998)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Idris and Brown, 1998), A, F (Jones, 2003), S (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>(ToSLCV)
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>GU, HO, NI (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>S (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>W (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato spotted wilt</i> <i>tospovirus </i>(TSWV)
(Bunyaviridae)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (CABI, 2007), US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A (Brunt et al., 1996), A, S (CABI, 2007), S (Pernezny et al., 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus </i>(TYLCV)
(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, US (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F (EPPO, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato yellow mosaic virus </i>(TYV)
</p>
</td>	<td><p>EL
 (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>A
 (Arevalo, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>W
 (ICTVdB Management, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
</h2>
<p>We analyzed quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial shipments of <i>Capsicum </i>spp. fruit (Table 5), in detail [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We excluded many of the organisms from further analysis because they did not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest, or they were unlikely to follow the pathway. For example, pests were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; they were associated with the commodity, but were not reasonably to expected to remain with the commodity during processing; or they were intercepted as biological contaminants during inspection at ports-of-entry but would not be expected to be present with every shipment. 
</p>
<p>We did not further analyze some other plant pests because organisms identified only to the genus or less detailed taxonomic level are typically not analyzed further, even though some individual species in those taxa are potential pests that do not occur in the United States. The lack of identification at the specific level does not rule out the possibility that either a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. Often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus name (IPPC, 2007). The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. 
</p>
<p>Pests for <i>Capsicum</i> spp. that are likely to follow the pathway, but reported only at the genus or less detailed taxonomic level, that already occur in the United States are included in Table 4, but not further analyzed in this risk assessment, included the arthropods <i>Agrotis </i>sp., <i>Diabrotica</i> sp., <i>Heliothis </i>sp., <i>Spodoptera </i>sp., and <i>Trialeurodes</i> sp., and the fungi <i>Aspergillus </i>sp., <i>Fusarium </i>spp., <i>Penicillium</i> spp., and <i>Pestalotiopsis </i>sp. The analyses of <i>Liriomyza huidobrensis </i>and <i>Anastrepha ludens </i>reasonably account for <i>Liriomyza </i>sp. and <i>Anastrepha </i>sp. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus level are intercepted on peppers from Central America in the future, species specific determination may follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and we may need to reevaluate their risk.</p>
<p>Finally, <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> is a vector of <i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus</i>, and <i>Diabrotica balteata</i> is a vector of <i>Andean potato mottle comovirus</i>. Because neither pest was likely to follow the pathway (not shown), however, we retained their non-quarantine status in the pest list.</p>
<p><b>Table 5. </b>Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Type</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Scientific name of pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Taxonomy</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Arthropods</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Tephritidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Tephritidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i> </p>
</td>	<td><p>Coleoptera: Curculionidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> </p>
</td>	<td><p>Diptera: Agromyzidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Lepidoptera: Crambidae<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i> </p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i> </p>
</td>	<td><p>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Bacteria</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>race 3 biovar 2 <b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>(Burkholderiales)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Fungi</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>(Urediniomycetes: Uredinales)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Viruses</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle virus </i>(APMoV)<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>(Comoviridae)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>(ToSLCV)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>(Geminiviridae)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.6. Consequences of Introduction
</h2>
<p>In this section we assessed the potential consequences of introduction and likelihood of introduction. We determined these ratings using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We estimated pest risk potential by summing the consequences of introduction and likelihood of introduction risk values. 
</p>
<p class="list_Number_2">For each risk element assdociated with the Consequences of Introduction, we assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2), or High (3) (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating by summing the risk element values, and summarized the ratings below (Table 6). In the following tables we describe the basis for each rating.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Anastrepha ludens</i> (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction</b><i> 
</i></p>
<p>The Mexican fruit fly, or Mexfly, is indigenous to Mexico and much of Central America; it is widely distributed from Panama to Mexico (Thomas, 2003; Weems et al., 2004). It has spread also into the cultivated citrus sections of the west coast of Mexico and northward toward Arizona, California, and Texas, resulting in continual detection, survey, and eradication campaigns in these areas (Weems et al., 2004). This fruit fly<i> </i>could become established in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7-11 (PERAL, 2007), where some of its potential hosts occur.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range</b></p>
<p><i>Anastrepha ludens </i>attacks numerous hosts in multiple plant families. Its preferred hosts include: <i>Annona</i> <i>cherimola</i> (Annonaceae), <i>Citrus </i>spp. (Rutaceae), <i>Mangifera indica </i>(Anacardiaceae) and <i>Prunus persica </i>(Rosaceae). Other hosts include <i>Anacardium occidentale </i>(Anacardiaceae), <i>Annona </i>(Annonaceae), <i>Carica papaya </i>(Caricaceae), <i>Casimiroa edulis </i>(Rutaceae), <i>Coffea arabica </i>(Rubiaceae), <i>Cydonia oblonga </i>(Rosaceae), <i>Diospyros kaki </i>(Ebenaceae), <i>Feijoa sellowiana </i>(Myrtaceae), <i>Inga </i>(Fabaceae), <i>Malus domestica </i>(Rosaceae), <i>Mammea americana </i>(Clusiaceae), <i>Passiflora edulis </i>(Passifloraceae), <i>Persea americana </i>(Lauraceae), <i>Pouteria sapota </i>(Sapotaceae), <i>Psidium </i>(Myrtaceae), <i>Punica granatum </i>(Punicaceae), <i>Pyrus communis </i>(Rosaceae), <i>Sargentia greggii </i>(Rutaceae), <i>Spondias purpurea </i>(Anacardiaceae) and <i>Syzygium jambos </i>(Myrtaceae) (CABI, 2007; White and Elson-Harris, 1992).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential</b></p>
<p>Mature Mexfly females<i> </i>can deposit up to 155 eggs during its life (Thomas, 2003). In its native habitat Mexfly normally completes two generations per year, although it can complete up to three (Thomas, 2003). Larval development is faster with higher temperatures, and in general shorter fruit maturation periods mean more rapid larval development (Weems et al., 2004). Adults can fly up to 135 km, and international trade is another important means of dispersal, because the larvae can be transported over long distances in infested fruit (CABI, 2007).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact</b></p>
<p>Mexfly destroys about 25 percent of the citrus, mango and guava crops each year in Mexico (Steck, 2004b). The newly hatched larvae eat and burrow into the pulp of the fruit. Many larvae may be found in a single fruit. When fully grown, the larvae emerge to pupate through conspicuous exit holes, usually after the fruit has fallen to the ground (Weems et al., 2004). In addition, Mexfly lowers crop values by requiring controls, and widespread establishment in the United States would cause the loss of foreign and domestic markets. Researchers estimated that Mexfly establishment in the United States would cost about $928 million (Erickson et al., 2000 in Sequeira et al., 2001). Mexfly<i> </i>is an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (CABI/EPPO, 1997a; EPPO, 2007), and the United States enacted Federal Quarantine Number 64 to prevent shipment of certain fruits from infested areas of Texas to other parts of the country (Weems et al., 2004). Both these facts indicate that markets could be lost as a result of establishment.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact</b><i> 
</i></p>
<p>Mexfly<i> </i>is extremely polyphagous and could potentially attack plants listed as Threatened or Endangered (e.g., <i>Cucurbita okeechobeensis </i>ssp.<i> okeechobeensis,</i> <i>Prunus geniculata</i>) (USFWS, 2008). Its introduction into the United States would undoubtedly initiate chemical or biological control programs.<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Andean potato mottle virus </i>(APMoV)<i> </i>(Comoviridae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p>Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) occurs in the South and Central American countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay (Avila et al., 1984; CABI, 2007; Fribourg et al., 1977; García et al., 1999; Valverde et al., 1995). In Brazil and Colombia it has restricted distribution (CABI, 2007; García et al., 1999). APMoV could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-12 (PERAL, 2007). One or more of its potential hosts lives within this range (NRCS, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>The host range of APMoV is restricted to the Solanaceae family including: <i>Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens</i> (CABI, 2007; Pernezny et al., 2003), <i>Lycopersicon chilense, Nicandra physaloides</i> (Valverde and Fulton, 1996), <i>Nicotiana bigelovii</i> (Fribourg et al., 1977), <i>N. clevelandii</i> (Valverde and Fulton, 1996), <i>Solanum melongena</i>, and <i>S. tuberosum</i> (CABI, 2007; García et al., 1999; Pernezny et al., 2003).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>This virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation and by contact between plants in experimental conditions but not through seed (Brunt et al., 1996). APMoV is vectored by the polyphageous beetles, <i>Diabrotica balteata</i> Leconte and <i>D. viridula</i> Fabricius (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), found in Central America, Caribbean, Mexico and southern states of the United States (Valverde et al., 1995; Valverde and Fulton, 1996). Other species of <i>Diabrotica</i> are also suspected to be vectors (Valverde and Fulton, 1996). <i>Diabrotica </i>sp. are very unlikely to arrive with the commodity, since adults are capable of flight and feed externally on fruit (CABI, 2007; Eben and Gámez, 2007; EPPO, 2005; UAQ, 2008) and are likely to be removed by minimal processing of the commodity. Thus, populations already present within the United States would have to move the virus into the environment. </p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>We found no specific information on economic losses in solanaceous crops caused by APMoV infections. APMoV is highly virulent, and is a concern for potato seed production regions (Avila et al., 1984). Its presence in the United States may cause foreign and domestic markets to be lost.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>APMoV could attack plants in the Solanaceae family listed as Threatened or Endangered, including <i>Goetzea elegans</i> (Puerto Rico); <i>Nothocestrum breviflorum</i> and <i>N. peltatum</i> (Hawaii); <i>Solanum drymophilum</i> (Puerto Rico), and <i>S. incompletum</i> and <i>S. sandwicense</i> (Hawaii) (USFWS, 2008). Control programs would undoubtedly be initiated if it were to be introduced into new areas of the United States, because it is a major pathogen of several economic crops.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Ceratitis capitata</i> (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate - Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i>, or Medfly, is widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America, and Hawaii (CABI, 2007; PPQ, 1993; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Repeated eradication programs in California, Florida, and Texas have prevented it from becoming established (APHIS, 2002; CDFA, 2008). We estimate Medfly could establish in Zones 8-11 in the United States (PERAL, 2007), and its hosts occur in these zones (NRCS, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Medfly is highly polyphagous (White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Hosts include the following plant species: <i>Acca sellowiana</i>, <i>Anacardium occidentale</i>,<i> Annona </i>spp., <i>Averrhoa carambola</i>, <i>Banksia prionote</i>,<i> Calophyllum </i>spp., <i>Capsicum </i>spp., <i>Carica papaya</i>,<i> Carissa edulis</i>, <i>Casimiroa </i>spp., <i>Chrysophyllum cainito</i>, <i>Chrysophyllum oliviforme</i>, <i>Citrus </i>spp., <i>Coffea </i>spp., <i>Cyphomandra betacea</i>, <i>Diospyros</i> spp.,<i> Dovyalis caffra</i>, <i>Eriobotrya japonica</i>, <i>Eugenia </i>spp., <i>Ficus carica</i>,<i> Fortunella japonica</i>, <i>Garcinia livingstonei</i>, <i>Juglans</i> spp.,<i> Litchi chinensis</i>, <i>Lycium </i>spp.,<i> Lycopersicon esculentum</i>, <i>Malpighia glabra</i>, <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Mangifera indica</i>,<i> Manilkara zapota</i>,<i> Mespilus germanica</i>, <i>Morus</i> spp.,<i> Muntingia calabura</i>,<i> Opuntia </i>spp.,<i> Persea americana</i>,<i> Phoenix dactylifera</i>,<i> Physalis peruviana</i>, <i>Pouteria </i>spp.,<i> Prunus</i> spp.,<i> Psidium </i>spp.,<i> Punica granatum</i>,<i> Pyrus communis</i>,<i> Rubus</i> spp.,<i> Santalum album</i>, <i>Solanum incanum</i>, <i>Solanum nigrum</i>, <i>Spondias </i>spp.,<i> Syzygium </i>spp.,<i> Terminalia catappa</i>,<i> Thevetia peruviana</i>,<i> </i>and<i> Vitis </i>spp. (CABI, 2007; Liquido et al., 1990; Thomas et al., 2008; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). <b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>Females may deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many as 800 eggs in lifetime (Weems, 1981). Populations from different areas worldwide are sexually compatible (CABI, 2007). Natural movement is an important means of spread for Medfly, since adults can fly 20 miles (Christenson and Foote, 1960; Steiner et al., 1962). In addition, transportation of infested fruit is a major means of dispersal into uninfested areas (CABI/EPPO, 1997b). </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, Medfly is the highest-ranked economically important fruit fly (CABI, 2007; Weems, 1981)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact</b></p>
<p>Potential hosts of Medfly may be threatened or endangered plant species in the United States. These endangered species include <i>Opuntia treleasei </i>in California, <i>Prunus geniculata</i> in Florida, and <i>Solanum drymophilium</i>,<i> S. incompletum</i>, and <i>S. sandwicense </i>in Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2008). In addition, Medfly establishment would undoubtedly initiate chemical or biological control programs (Vo and Miller, 1993).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i> (Champion) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i>, a weevil, is present in Central American countries such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico (O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982; Saunders et al., 1998). Based on this distribution, we estimate it could establish in the United States in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9 to 11 (PERAL, 2007). Hosts of this pest are present in these zones in the United States (NRCS, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>This weevil has been reported on solanaceous plants such as <i>Capsicum</i> sp.,<i> Solanum</i> <i>lycopersicum, </i>and <i>S.</i> <i>tuberosum</i> (Saunders et al., 1998). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>No information was available on reproductive and dispersal potentials of <i>F. ovatipennis</i>, so we used information from congeners<i>.</i> For <i>F. apicalis</i> the egg stage averages 4.5 days, the larvae stage 18.5 days, and pupal stage 7 days; the female lifecycle is 23-28 days (Giraldo, 1993). Therefore, species of <i>Faustinus</i> could have several generations per year. Species such as <i>F. cubae</i> disperse short distances under their own power (Benavent, 2004). Additionally, members of the genus can be transported over long distances via anthropogenic activities, as evidenced by 60 interceptions of <i>Faustinus </i>sp. on <i>Capsicum</i> fruit (PestID, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>This weevil attacks crops such as chilies, potatoes and tomatoes (Saunders et al., 1998). It can damage the buds, leaves and stems and sometimes causes plant death (Saunders et al., 1998). Its establishment in the United States is likely to cause the loss of foreign and domestic markets, since it is limited to the Americas, and would be considered a quarantine pest by most governments.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i> could attack Solanaceae listed as Threatened or Endangered, including <i>Solanum drymophilum</i>, <i>S. incompletum</i>, and <i>S. sandwicense</i> (USFWS, 2008). The establishment of this pest could lead to the implementation of chemical and biological control programs.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis </i>Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate - Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i>, or pea leafminer, is a pest in tropical to warm temperate regions, and it has been found up to 3000 m (9,842,52 ft.) above sea level. The pest can survive a freeze of -18.7°C (-65.66°F), and its behavior gives it a greater climatic range for survival (CABI, 2007). Pea leafminer could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7-11 (PERAL, 2007), and hosts occur in those zones.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Pea leafminer<i> </i>is polyphagous. Fifteen families of plants have been recorded as hosts, without a clear preference for any particular family. Primary hosts affected by this pest include: <i>Allium cepa. A. sativum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Apium graveolens, Aster </i>sp.<i>, Beta vulgaris, Calendula </i>sp.<i>, Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium quinoa, Chrysanthemum </i>x <i>morifolium, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Datura </i>sp.<i>, Galinsoga </i>sp.<i>, Gerbera </i>sp.<i>, Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus </i>sp.<i>, Linum </i>sp.<i>, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus </i>sp.<i>, Petunia </i>sp.<i>, Phaseolus vulgaris, P. vulgaris var. humilis, Pisum sativum, P. sativum var. arvense, Solanum melongena, S. tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Tagetes </i>sp.<i>, Tropaeolum majus, Valerianella locust, Verbena </i>sp.<i>, Vicia faba, Viola </i>sp.<i>, </i>and <i>Zinnia elegans</i> (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2007; Steck, 2004a).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p><i>L. huidobrensis</i> has multiple generations per year. Depending on temperature, the egg stage takes 2.9 to 6 days, the larval stage 6 to 13 d, and the pupal stage 7.4 to 21.1 d. The longevity is 3.5 to 32.6 d for females, and 2.1 to 15.1 d for males depending on temperature and food availability (Braun and Shepard, 1997). Adult emergence ranges from 36 to 74 percent, depending greatly on the host plant (Steck, 2004a). In Peru the mean number of eggs laid per female is 117 in winter, and 161 in spring (CABI, 2007). Pea leafminer is likely to be carried in fruit, leaves, and stems in trade or transport (CABI, 2007), as demonstrated by 55 interceptions of pupae and adults of<i> Liriomyza</i> spp. on fresh <i>Capsicum</i> fruit (PestID, 2008). It disperses long distances on plant material, cut flowers, and soil, as well as on improperly cleaned equipment and containers (Tømmerås et al., 2002).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Liriomyza </i>leafminers affect crops by destroying young seedlings, reducing crop yields, reducing the aesthetic value of ornamental plants, and causing some plant species to be quarantined (Parrella, 1982). Adult stings and larval mining of leaves reduce photosynthetic capacity and provide an entrance for disease organisms (Mou and Ryder, 2003). Severely infested leaves may fall, exposing plant stems to wind action (CABI, 2007). In young plants and seedlings, mining may cause considerable delay in plant development, leading to plant loss. Pea leafminer<i> </i>is a quarantine pest in many areas of the world (CABI, 2007), and has spread to other continents where established populations are growing and more difficult to control. This is at least partly due to a shift in the susceptibility of this pest to insecticides (Steck, 2004a). </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact</b></p>
<p>Some host genera of <i>L. huidobrensis</i> that are listed as endangered and threatened in the United States include <i>Allium</i>,<i> Amaranthus</i>,<i> Cucurbita</i>, <i>Eryngium</i>, <i>Phlox</i>,<i> Primula</i>,<i> Senecio</i>,<i> Taraxacum</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Verbena </i>(USFWS, 2008). These plants may be potential hosts, although no specific data are reported in the literature. New control programs might be initiated if it is introduced.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis </i>(Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate - Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i><b>, </b>or eggplant stem borer,<b> </b>is the most important pest in several tomato growing regions in South America and the Caribbean. It occurs in the Antilles, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela (CABI, 2007; Revelo, 2003). The climatic conditions in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 are likely to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect in the United States (PERAL, 2007). Some of its hosts are found within these zones (NRCS, 2008). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range 
</b></p>
<p>This fruit borer attacks only plants in the Solanaceae family (CABI, 2007; Marcano, 2005). Hosts include: <i>Solanum lycopersicum </i>L. (Syn.: <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>), <i>S</i>.<i> hirtum</i>, <i>S</i>.<i> melongena</i>, <i>S</i>.<i> quitoense</i>, and <i>S</i>.<i> betaceum</i> (Syn.: <i>Cyphomandra betacea</i>) and <i>Capsicum annuum</i> (CABI, 2007; Castaño, 1996; Marcano, 2005). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>In the laboratory, the total time for development of the insect was 110 d at 14oC, 51 d at 20oC, and 27 d at 32oC (Marcano, 1991a), so multiple generations per year are possible. The number of eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato. In Venezuela, eggplant stem borer was detected in 1934 with populations which increased every year (Marcano, 1991a), and in 1961, it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and is now the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). We found no studies on dispersal capacity, but the major means of dispersal to previous uninfested areas is through the movement of living larvae in commercial trade. </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>This pest is the major economic pest in tomato-growing regions in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003; Franco et al., 2002; Marcano, 1991b). Control programs in affected areas increase production costs (Franco et al., 2002). The larva penetrates the fruit, making it unmarketable and causing fruit fall (Castaño, 1996). During rainy seasons the population damages up to 40 percent of the fruits and reduces yield (Marcano, 2005). Eggplant stem borer would likely cause the loss of international markets if it established in the United States. </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked by eggplant stem borer (CABI, 2007; Castaño, 1996), only one (<i>Solanum</i>) is congeneric with plant species listed by the USFWS as either threatened, endangered or candidates for listing. <i>Solanum drymophilium</i>,<i> S. incompletum</i> and <i>S. sandwicense </i>are Threatened and Endangered species in Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2008). The introduction of this pest in the United States would stimulate the use of biological measures to detect and control the pest, including releasing of <i>Trichogramma</i> species (Marcano, 2005).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Phenacoccus parvus </i>Morrison (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i>, or lantana mealybug, occurs in Africa (Congo, Gabon and Senegal), Australia, Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama), North America (Florida and Mexico) and South America (Argentina, Chile, Guyana, Paraguay and Uruguay) (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; Williams and Granara, 1992). Based on the distribution of this pest and the interaction of hosts in the United States, we estimate that lantana melybug could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (PERAL, 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Lantana mealybug is extremely polyphagous, attacking the following plant families: Actinidiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, and Verbenaceae (Ben-Dov et al., 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>Fecundity and generation times vary with host, but lantana mealybug, which is facultatively parthenogenetic, can produce an average of 337 crawlers when reared on tomato plants (Marohasy, 1997). Generation times are 25-33 days under laboratory conditions. Consequently, we think lantana mealybug has a high biotic potential. Although mealybugs have limited powers of natural dispersal, lantana mealybug can be transported over long distances in shipments of infested commodities, as evidenced by 20 interceptions on <i>Capsicum</i> fruit, and 42 total interceptions (PestID, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>Lantana mealybug has wrongly been labeled as a pest because it attacks several crops, such as eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena </i>L.), potato (<i>S. tuberosum </i>L.), soybean<i> </i>[<i>Glycine</i> <i>max</i> (L.) Merr.], and tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum </i>Miller) (Marohasy, 1997). Despite this, it has never caused economic damage to any plant (Marohasy, 1997). This mealybug developed large populations on and damaged the weed, <i>Lantana camara,</i> in Australia, to the extent that it was considered a biological control agent. </p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>Lantana mealybug attacks 25 plant families. The families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the United States are as follows: Amaranthaceae (<i>Amaranthus brownii</i>,<i> A. pumilus</i>), Asclepiadaceae (A<i>sclepias meadii</i>,<i> A. welshii</i>), Asteraceae (<i>Helianthus paradoxus</i>, <i>H. schweinitzii</i>, <i>Vernonia proctorii</i>), Euphorbiaceae (<i>Euphorbia haeleeleana</i>, <i>E. telephioides</i>), Liliaceae (<i>Allium munzii</i>), Poaceae (<i>Panicum niihauense</i>), Solanaceae (<i>Solanum drymophilum</i>, <i>S. incompletum</i>, <i>S. sandwicense</i>) (USFWS, 2008). The establishment of this pest could lead to the implementation of chemical and biological control programs.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Planococcus minor </i>(Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) <i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Planococcus minor</i>, or passionvine mealybug, is distributed in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (Ben-Dov, 1994; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Granara and Claps, 2003; Williams and Granara, 1992; Williams and Watson, 1988). It occurs in south Asia (Bangladesh, the British Indian Ocean Territories, Burma, India, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand), Australia and islands of the South Pacific (American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa), Africa (Madagascar, Rodriques Island, Seychelles), tropical areas of the New World (Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Galapagos Islands, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay), and tropical areas of Mexico (Ben-Dov, 1994; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007). Consequently, we estimate this species could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (PERAL, 2007). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (NRCS, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Passionvine mealybug has been reported on more than 250 host plants in nearly 80 families (Ben-Dov, 1994; Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Granara and Claps, 2003; Williams and Granara, 1992; Williams and Watson, 1988). It shows some preference for avocado (<i>Persea americana</i>), beans (<i>Phaseolus </i>spp., <i>P. vulgaris</i>, <i>P.</i> <i>lunatus</i>), cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>), cantaloupe (<i>Cucumis melo</i>), citrus (<i>Citrus </i>spp.), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>), cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>), grapes (<i>Vitis </i>spp.), potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>), tomato (<i>S. lycopersicum</i>), rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), and soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>). These species are widely cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008; Venette and Davis, 2004). </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>Passionvine mealybug completes 10 generations in a year and fecundity ranges from 200 to over 400 eggs per female, depending on the host plant (Martinez and Suris, 1998; Sahoo et al., 1999). The insect is transported long distances in fruit shipments (Sugimoto, 1994), and was likely introduced to the Neotropics by trade (Cox, 1989). </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>Passionvine mealybug<i> </i>is a common pest of many economic plants throughout its range, particularly cocoa (Ben-Dov, 1994). It<i> </i>is a phloem feeder, and may reduce yields and plant or fruit quality, or cause stunting, discoloration, and defoliation. Secondary damage is caused by sooty mold growth on honeydew produced by the mealybug. Important plant viruses may also be vectored by passionvine mealybug (Venette and Davis, 2004). It is a quarantine pest that could cause the loss of foreign or domestic markets (MAF Biosecurity, 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>Passionvine mealybug<i> </i>may harm Federal Threatened and Endangered plants species in the continental United States, particularly congeners of current hosts: <i>Amaranthus pumilus </i>(DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, RI, SC, VA), <i>Cucurbita okeechobeensis </i>ssp<i>. okeechobeensis </i>(FL),<i> Euphorbia telephioides </i>(FL), <i>Helianthus paradoxus </i>(NM, TX), <i>H. schweinitzii</i> (NC, SC), <i>Manihot walkerae </i>(TX), <i>Rhus michauxii</i> (GA, NC, SC, VA), and <i>Verbena californica</i> (CAm) (USFWS, 2008). Control strategies include chemical and biological control (CABI, 2007; Cunningham and Harden, 1999; Paul and Ghosh, 2004; Shukla and Tandon, 1984; Williams and Watson, 1988). Consequently, its introduction into the United States would stimulate chemical and biological control programs.<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> Speg. (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> occurs in South America in the following countries: Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba y Salta), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). In Central America it is reported in Costa Rica (Farr et al., 2008; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), Guatemala, and Mexico (Farr et al., 2008; Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Based on its distribution, <i>P. pampeana</i> could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 7-11 (PERAL, 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Rust fungi are generally host-specific, often causing disease on certain genera or even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004). <i>Puccinia pampeana</i> infects genera in the Solanaceae family, including <i>Acnistus arborescens</i>, <i>A. breviflorus</i>, <i>A. parviflorus</i>, <i>Capsicum annuum</i>, <i>C. baccatum</i>, <i>C. ciliatum</i>, <i>C. frutescens</i>, <i>C. microcarpum</i>, <i>C. pendulum</i>, <i>Cestrum </i>sp., <i>Dunalia breviflora</i>, <i>D. lycioides</i>, <i>Salpichroa diffusa</i>, <i>S. origanifolia</i>, <i>S. rhomboidea</i>, <i>Solanum cyrtopodium</i>, <i>S. lycioides</i>, and <i>S. valdiviense</i> (Farr et al., 2008; Hernández and Hennen, 2003). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> is autoecious and microcyclic (Ono, 2002). Aecia/aeciospores and uredinia/urediniospores are not seen (Figueiredo, 2000; Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The fungus has a dimorphic telial state, producing <i>Endophyllum</i>-type and <i>Puccinia</i>-type teliospores, both of which germinate to produce basidiospores (Figueiredo, 2000; Ono, 2002). With no dormancy, under appropriate conditions the spores germinate and produce basidiospores and repeat the infective process for several generations. Thus, the disease can rapidly disseminate in field conditions. Later, after infection, the <i>Puccinia</i>-like pedicelate teliospores develop. They have dormancy and tolerate high summer temperatures in subtropical areas. They over-summer and germinate after rain, producing basidiospores which infect the host plants in the autumn when mild temperatures predominate (Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000). Hence multiple generations can occur in a year. </p>
<p>We found no specific information about spore dispersal for this species. Rust fungi spread from plant to plant mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rain, and animals may play a role. Some spores (uredospores) are transported over long distances by strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004). An example is the early-sown wheat in Canada and the Dakotas became infected by urediospores of <i>Puccinia graminis tritici </i>blown from Mexico and Texas in early spring, a distance of at least 2000 miles (~3200 km) (Staples, 2000).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> occurs on many members of the Solanaceae and causes an economically important disease of <i>Capsicum</i> in Central and South America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The disease causes curling and distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Related <i>Puccinia</i> species significantly reduce yield and product quality, and require control through removal of alternate hosts, host resistance, and/or chemical control (Agrios, 2004; Staples, 2000). The presence of <i>P. pampeana</i> in the United States may result in loss of foreign and domestic markets.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> could attack plants in the <i>Solanum</i> genus listed as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2008), such as <i>S. drymophilum</i> (Puerto Rico); and <i>S. incompletum</i> and <i>S. sandwicense</i> (Hawaii). Control programs would undoubtedly be initiated if it were introduced into new areas of the United States, because it affects an economically important crop (<i>Capsicum</i> sp.).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(Smith) Yabuuchi Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk Ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p><i>R. solanacearum </i>R3B2 is widely distributed in Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe, Africa, and South America (CABI, 2007; NSF, 2008). Commercially cultivated hosts of the bacterium are grown in more than six plant hardiness zones of the United States (NRCS, 2008). Climatic conditions and host range are suitable for the survival and establishment of this pest in Zones 7-11 in the United States (PERAL, 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p><i>R. solanacearum </i>R3B2 has a wide range of natural hosts, and include both crops and weeds (Janse et al., 2004). Hosts belong to several plant families: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Capparadidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Labiatae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (Janse et al., 2004). The Solanaceous agricultural hosts of <i>R. solanacearum </i>R3B2 are: <i>Capsicum annuum</i>, <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>, <i>S. tuberosum</i>, <i>S. melongena</i>, <i>S. phureja</i>, <i>S. betaceum </i>and <i>S. quitoense </i>(Janse et al., 2004; Massachusetts.org, 2008). Other Solanaceous weed hosts reported in the literature are<b> </b><i>Datura stramonium, Physalis </i>sp.,<i> P. angulatum, Solanum carolinense</i>,<i> S. cinereum</i>, <i>S. dulcamara</i>, and <i>S. nigrum</i>. Non-solanaceous host plants include<b> </b><i>Bidens pinnata</i>,<i> Brassica rapa</i>, <i>Chenopodium </i>spp.,<i> Melampodium perfoliatum</i>,<i> Momordica charantia</i>,<i> Pelargonium </i>sp., <i>P. zonale</i>, <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, <i>Portulaca oleracea</i>, <i>Salvia reflexa</i>, and <i>Urtica dioica</i> (Janse et al., 2004; Massachusetts.org, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2 spreads through contaminated soil, irrigation water, equipment or personnel, infected potato tubers, transplanting or propagating infected plants, by cutting infected plant material then cutting healthy plant material without disinfecting cutting tools, plant-to-plant through soil, and on infected weed hosts (CSREES, 2008; Floyd, 2008). <i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2 does not easily spread from plant to plant contact, by water splashing, nor is it spread aerially (Floyd, 2008). Entry into plants is by way of injured roots, stem wounds or through stomata. Sound sanitation practices reduce transmission of this pathogen (CSREES, 2008). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 
</b></p>
<p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(R3-B2) is a serious pathogen that causes brown rot or bacterial wilt of potato. Bacterial wilt of potato has affected at least 3.7 million acres of potatoes in more than 80 countries (DEFRA, 2003). Annual global damage estimates exceed $950 million (DEFRA, 2003). The pathogen is adapted to cooler temperatures and would be damaging to potato production regions of the United States (Floyd, 2008). In February 2003, <i>R. solanacearum</i> (R3-B2) was detected in the United States in geraniums imported from Kenya; later that year the pathogen was also found in geraniums from Guatemala and Costa Rica. The resulting response cost growers and regulators $10 million and involved the destruction of around 5 million plants (CSREES, 2008; Swanson et al., 2005). The bacterium is an A2 quarantine pest for Europe and a quarantine pest for Canada (EPPO, 2007). Losses are aggravated by, the extensive host distribution, broad geographical potential range and limited control measures. <b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)
</p>
<p><i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact 
</b></p>
<p><i>R. solanacearum</i> is known to affect nineteen plant families (Janse et al., 2004). Families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the United States are: Asteraceae (<i>Bidens micrantha</i> ssp. <i>kalealaha</i>, <i>Bidens wiebkei</i>) (HI); Portulacaceae (<i>Portulaca sclerocarpa</i>) (HI); and Solanaceae (<i>Solanum drymophilum </i>(PR), <i>Solanum incompletum </i>(HI), <i>Solanum sandwicense</i>)<i> </i>(HI) (USFWS, 2008). The establishment of this pathogen in the United States would cause the implementation of eradication and management programs.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Thrips palmi </i></b>Karny<b> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #1. Climate - Host interactions
</b></p>
<p><i>Thrips palmi</i>, or melon thrips, is distributed in fifteen countries in Asia, five countries in Africa, Oceania, and twenty-six countries in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States (Hawaii and Florida) (CABI, 2007). In Florida, conditions favor a generation time of about 20 days (Capinera, 2000). Melon thrips has low cold tolerance (McDonald et al., 2000). The Plant Hardiness Zones with the highest likelihood of establishment are 9-11 (PERAL, 2007), where hosts are present (NRCS, 2008). </p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>Melon thrips has a very wide range of host plants, including vegetables, flowers, and weeds but mainly attacks Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants. The host plants include:<i> </i>Anacardiaceae<i> </i>(<i>Mangifera indica</i>), Asteraceae (<i>Chrysanthemum</i>,<i> Helianthus</i>,<i> Lactuca</i>), Cucurbitaceae (<i>Cucumis</i>,<i> Cucurbita</i>), Fabaceae (<i>Glycine</i>,<i> Phaseolus</i>,<i> Vigna</i>), Lauraceae (<i>Persea</i>), Liliacea (<i>Allium</i>), Malvaceae (<i>Gossypium</i>), Poaceae (<i>Oryza</i>), Rutaceae (<i>Citrus</i>), and Solanaceae (<i>Capsicum</i>,<i> Lycopersicon</i>,<i> Nicotiana</i>, <i>Solanum</i>) (CABI, 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #3: Dispersal potential
</b></p>
<p>Female melon thrips can deposit up to 204 eggs during their life, and generation times range from 11 to 20 days depending on temperature and host plant (Capinera, 2000; CABI, 2007). Consequently, several generations per year are possible. Melon thrips is bisexual and females reproduce with or without copulation. Unmated females produce progeny by parthenogenesis. Only males are produced by unmated females, while mated females mostly produce females (Martin and Mau, 1992). The most important factors for thrips dispersal process are temperature, light, and wind, most of the temperate species can take-off when temperatures reach 17°C (62°F) to 21°C (69°F) (Lewis, 1997). The rapid spread of melon thrips since the mid-1980s to many parts of the subtropics may have been assisted by airborne dispersal, particularly where violent storms occur as in the Caribbean Sea (Lewis, 1997). Detecting adult larvae or eggs of melon thrips is difficult, so commercial activity results in long-distance distribution. </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>Melon thrips is a pest of economic importance in many countries because although it prefers Cucurbits and Solanaceous plants, it causes yield losses in a wide range of host plants (CABI, 2007). In Trinidad, crop losses on aubergine and cucumber reach 50 percent, and 90 percent respectively (CABI, 2007). In Florida, this pest has caused tremendous losses on potato, aubergine, <i>Capsicum</i>, <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, yellow squash and several weeds (CABI, 2007). The species is a vector of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Peanut bud necrosis, and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CABI, 2007). It is an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 2007), thus exporting countries affected by this pest could result in the loss of international markets. </p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element #5: Evironmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>Melon thrips<i> </i>is already present in Florida and Hawaii; as a result, further importation would have no effects in those areas. In other areas, it could feed on the following endangered species: <i>Allium munzii </i>(Munz's onion) in California, <i>Solanum drymophilum </i>in Puerto Rico, <i>S. incompletum</i>, and <i>S. sandwicense </i>in Hawaii,<i> </i>as well as the Threatened species <i>H. paradoxus </i>(Pecos sunflower) in New Mexico and Texas (USFWS, 2008). Endangered species <i>Helianthus schweinitzii </i>(Schweinitz's sunflower) in North and South Carolina was not considered because <i>T. palmi</i>, with low cold tolerance, could not establish in those areas. The introduction of this species in the United States would not require chemical or biological control programs beyond those already are used for<i> Frankliniella</i> species.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>(ToSLCV)<i> </i>(Geminiviridae)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p>ToSLCV<b> </b>has been reported to occur only in Central American countries such as Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006; Maxwell, 2001 Maxwell et al., 2002). Based on its distribution, ToSLCV could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11 (PERAL, 2007). Hosts of ToSLCV are present within these zones (NRCS, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>ToSLCV<b> </b>has only been reported causing disease on plants in the Solanaceae family, such<i> </i>as<i> Capsicum </i>spp.<i> </i>(Ala-Poikela et al., 2005) and <i>Solanum lycopersicum </i>L. (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>ToSLCV<b> </b>is vectored by the polyphageous <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> Gennadius, which is widely distributed in Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) and the United States (CABI, 2007). We found no information about mechanical transmission of this virus; geminiviruses are not seed-transmitted (Gilbertson et al., 2007).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p>Economic losses caused by ToSLCV infection in solanaceous crops have not been quantified in the literature; however ToSLCV infects tomato in different horticultural regions of Guatemala, Mexico, and Nicaragua (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006; Maxwell, 2001). ToSLCV causes stunting and leaf curling/crumpling. These symptoms are associated with large populations of whiteflies, <i>Bemisia tabaci </i>Gennadius, in the fields (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006). The presence of ToSLCV in the United States is likely to cause foreign and domestic markets lost, as it has a limited distribution and affects important economic crops. It would likely be considered a quarantine pest by most governments.</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>ToSLCV infection could attack <i>Solanum</i> species listed as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2008), including <i>S. drymophilum</i> (Puerto Rico); and <i>S. incompletum</i> and <i>S. sandwicense</i> (Hawaii). Control programs would undoubtedly be initiated if it were to be introduced into the United States, because it is a major pathogen of two economically important crops (<i>Capsicum</i> sp. and <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>).</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Table 6. </b>Summary risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk elements</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratingsa</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Climate/
</b></p>
<p><b>host interaction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host range</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Dispersal potential</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Econo-mic impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Environ-mental
</b></p>
<p><b>Impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points.
</p>
<h2>2.7. Likelihood of Introduction
</h2>
<p>We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, we rated the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element 1). Secondly, we estimated ‘pest opportunity’ using five biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in PERAL (2000). Our sub-element ratings and the overall values for the Likelihood of Introduction are summarized below (Table 7).
</p>
<h3>2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually
</h3>
<p>Estimated average export volumes range from 3,000 to over 11,000 metric tons per year per country (Table 7). The sea shipping containers that are typically used for estimating the volume of commodity shipments are 40 feet (12.2 m) in length and hold approximately 40,000 pounds (18,182 kg or 20 tons) (FAS, 2003). The annual quantity of <i>Capsicum</i> spp. to be shipped from Central America is projected to fill approximately 1,050 of the 40-foot shipping containers. The cumulative total for the quantity to be imported from these Central American countries was assigned a risk rating of High.
</p>
<p><b>Table 7</b>. Estimated export volumes of <i>Capsicum</i> spp. from Central America.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Country</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Commodity</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Amount
</b></p>
<p><b>(annual metric tons)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Reference</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td>	<td><p>fresh pepper fruit</p>
</td>	<td><p>6,000</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gonzalez, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td>	<td><p>pepper fruit, <i>C. annuum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>5,400</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arevalo, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Guatemala</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. annuum</i>, <i>C. frutescens</i>, <i>Capsicum</i> spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>11,240</p>
</td>	<td><p>Aldana, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. annuum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>3,000</p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nicaragua</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. annuum</i> (88 percent) and <i>C. frutescens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>5,400</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fonseca, 2003</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Panama</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>C. annuum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>2.7.2. Survive post-harvest treatment
</h3>
<p>For this sub-element, post-harvest treatment refers to any manipulation, handling or specific phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. Examples of post-harvest treatments include culling, washing, chemical treatment, cold storage, etc. 
</p>
<p>Arthropods that feed internally were expected to survive minimal post-harvest treatments, such as washing and culling. We rated the flies, <i>A. ludens</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> capitata </i>and <i>L</i>.<i> huidobrensis</i>, the moth, <i>N</i>.<i> elegantalis, </i>and the weevil,<i> F</i>.<i> ovatipennis</i>, High for this sub-element.
</p>
<p>External feeding arthropods would have a lower probability of surviving postharvest treatment than internal feeding arthropods. However, minute arthropods like mealybugs and thrips may survive post-harvest treatment by hiding in recesses on the fruit (e.g., the calyx) (Lewis, 1997; CABI, 2007). Thus, we gave the mealybugs, <i>P. parvus</i> and <i>P</i>.<i> minor</i>, and the thrips, <i>T</i>.<i> palmi</i>,  risk ratings of Medium.
</p>
<p>Standard post-harvest measures are unlikely to affect internal bacterial infection of fruit or stems. Likewise, both APMoV and ToSLCV cause systemic infections (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; CABI, 2007; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006; Valverde et al., 1995) and would survive post-harvest treatments on the commodity (Agrios, 2004). Thus, we gave both viruses and <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> R3B2 ratings of High. 
</p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> produces subepidermal fungal structures (Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000) which are likely to survive post-harvest treatments. The <i>Puccinia</i>-type teliospores can remain viable for a long time (Figueiredo et al., 1987). While washing or other debris removal may occur, we found no evidence suggesting that would eliminate latent infection. We gave <i>P. pampeana </i>a risk rating of High.</p>
<h3>2.7.3. Survive shipment
</h3>
<p>The commodity will be transported via cargo ship in about 2.5 days to travel from Costa Rica to Miami, Florida, assuming fair weather, a distance of 1,118 miles and a constant speed of 16 knots. Fresh peppers are typically stored at 4oC and 95 percent relative humidity (CABI, 2007). If these conditions are maintained during transport some individuals of each pest would likely survive. For example, the USDA currently recommends that fruit be treated at 1.11oC for 15 d for <i>C</i>.<i> capitata,</i> and 0.58oC for 18 d for <i>A. ludens</i>, to kill all larvae (PPQ, 2008).
</p>
<p>For <i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i>, <i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i>,<i> Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i>,<i> Phenacoccus parvus</i>,<i> Planococcus minor</i>, and <i>Thrips palmi, </i>evidence of the ability of these pests to survive shipment is indicated by records of alive insects intercepted on different commodities from different countries (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p><i>R. solanacearum</i> R3B2 strains are more cold tolerant than other races (Swanson et al., 2005). The fungal pathogen <i>P. pampeana </i>and the viruses APMoV and ToSLCV can be found in the sub-epidermal layers or become systemic (Ala-Poikela et al., 2005; CABI, 2007; Figueiredo et al., 1987; Hernández and Hennen, 2003), surviving shipment within the tissue of pepper fruit and stems. In addition, <i>Puccinia</i>-type teliospores of <i>P. pampeana</i> may survive shipping conditions in a dormant state (Figueiredo, 2000). We gave all these species High risk ratings.
</p>
<h3>2.7.4. Not be detected at the port of entry
</h3>
<p>The probability that an arthropod pest is detected at the port of entry is a function of their size and degree of concealment. Because internal feeders are well concealed, they have a high probability of escaping detection. Thus, we gave <i>A. ludens</i>, <i>C. capitata</i>, <i>F</i>.<i> ovatipennis</i> and <i>N. elegantalis</i> High risk ratings for this sub-element. Larvae of <i>N. elegantalis</i> create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit, which can be detected, but requires a specific inspection protocol. 
</p>
<p>External feeders that hide in the calyx or in packing material are unlikely to be noticed. Thus, we gave <i>T</i>.<i> palmi</i> a pest risk rating of High.
</p>
<p>Scale insects such as <i>Phenacoccus parvus </i>and <i>Planococcus minor </i>should be detectable by inspectors, but because of their small size and sessile nature, low population densities may escape detection. Therefore, we rated these mealybug species Medium.
</p>
<p>For <i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i>, feeding punctures appear as white speckles between 0.13 and 0.15 mm in diameter. Oviposition punctures are smaller (0.05 mm) and are more uniformly round. The larva is primarily a leaf miner, but if peduncles are affected <i>L. huidobrensis </i>can be visually detected. We rated this pest Medium.</p>
<p>Plants may harbor <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> R3B2 bacteria without any symptoms of infection (Swanson et al., 2005). We gave it a risk rating of High.
</p>
<p>For <i>Puccinia pampeana</i>, infection sites with signs of sporulation, leaf and stem lesions and rotting fruit are easily identified at the port of entry (Agrios, 2004), but latent infections and the presence of spores on fruit or packing materials are likely to go undetected. We gave this pest a rating of Medium for this risk element.
</p>
<p>On pepper, APMoV causes mottling (CABI, 2007; Pernezny et al., 2003) and ToSLCV causes stunting and leaf curling/crumpling (Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2006). APMoV can reach a high titer in the plant which can remain symptomless (Pernezny et al., 2003). Virus symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for abiotic problems, such as natural genetic variation, nutritional deficiency, temperature or other environmental factor. Diagnosis can be confirmed through serological testing (Agrios, 2004; Pernezny et al., 2003). We gave both viruses High risk ratings.
</p>
<h3>2.7.5. Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival
</h3>
<p>Risk ratings for this sub-element are based on the proportion of the commodity that is likely to move to locations suitable for pest survival. Peppers have widespread acceptance among consumers in the United States, which means that markets exist in all parts of the United States, and infested or infected fruits are likely to arrive in areas that are suitable for pest survival. Therefore, we estimated risk based on population distributions in the United States in areas suitable for pest survival.
</p>
<p>For all pests one or more of its potential hosts occurs in zones where they potentially could establish a colony (NRCS, 2008). Given that all of the pest could establish at least in Plant Hardiness Zones 9-11, with almost 27 percent of the U.S. population (PERAL, 2008), we gave them all risk ratings of High. 
</p>
<h3>2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction
</h3>
<p>Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still come into contact with suitable host material. This process depends on two factors: the pest’s potential for dispersal and the presence of host material in the region.
</p>
<p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i>, <i>C</i>. <i>capitata</i>, <i>L</i>.<i> huidobrensis</i>,<i> N</i>.<i> elegantalis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>T</i>. <i>palmi</i> are polyphagous pests or attack very common hosts, and are capable of long distance aerial dispersal. Thus we assigned them pest risk ratings of High. </p>
<p>We rated <i>F</i>.<i> ovatipennis</i> Low because of low dispersal potential and a narrow host range. 
</p>
<p>The sessile nature of scale insects reduces their chances of coming into contact with hosts (Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997; Miller, 1985). They are unlikely to establish unless mobile forms (i.e., crawlers) are present on imported commodities and placed close to a susceptible host (Blank et al., 1993; Miller, 1985). Dispersal by air to a host is unlikely because of small populations expected on fruit. Therefore, we rated <i>P</i>.<i> parvus</i> and <i>P</i>.<i> minor</i> Low risk.
</p>
<p>For <i>R. solanacearum</i> (R3B2), disposal of infected host material near agricultural areas, greenhouses, or unmanaged ecosystems are pathways to other susceptible hosts, such as cultivated potato, tomato, and pepper or weed hosts. The main path for international spread is by infected plant parts. <i>R. solanacearum</i> (R3B2) can easily be spread by water in field and greenhouse settings (Janse et al., 2004). We rated this pest High.
</p>
<p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i> occurs on 6 genera and 17 species within the Solanaceae family. The dispersal potential for <i>P. pampeana</i> is not known, however related <i>Puccinia</i> species mostly spread from plant to plant by windblown spores. Insects, rain, and animals may play a role. Some of their spores (uredospores) are transported over long distances by strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004). Overall, we gave this fungus a risk rating of Medium.
</p>
<p>APMoV is vectored by species of <i>Diabrotica</i> and mechanically transmitted (Pernezny et al., 2003). Likewise, ToSLCV is only transmitted through its vector <i>Bemisia tabaci</i>. Both vectors are highly unlikely to arrive with the commodity, so they would have to contact infected fruit in the United States to acquire the viruses and disperse them to a host in the environment (CABI, 2007; Pernezny et al., 2003). Both viruses have a limited host range, affecting mostly plants within the Solanaceae family. Thus, we gave these viruses risk ratings of Low.
</p>
<p><b>Table 8. </b>Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The ratings for ‘Quantity Imported Annually,’ ‘Survive Shipment,’ and ‘Moved to suitable Habitat’ were High (3 pts) for all pests.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pests</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Subelements</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative risk ratings</b>a<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Survive post-harvest treatment</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Not detected at port-of-entry</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Contact host material</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (17)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (14)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (14)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (17)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points, and High is 15-18 points (PPQ, 2000).
</p>
<h2>2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion
</h2>
<p>We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to produce the Pest Risk Potentials which are recorded below (Table 9). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of phytosanitary mitigation measures beyond standard post-harvest processing.
</p>
<p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>Race 3 Biovar 2 received a High Pest Risk Potential based on the guidelines. A more detailed study on the Likelihood of Entry, Introduction, and Establishment of this bacterium concluded that it is not likely to establish in the United States via this pathway (PERAL, 2005a). Therefore, we gave it an overall rating of Low.</p>
<p>The pest risk potential was estimated to be High for all other pests. A rating in the High range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port-of-arrival inspection, are strongly recommended.</p>
<p>APHIS risk management programs are risk based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. Details of APHIS risk management programs are published, primarily, in the <i>Federal Register</i> as quarantine notices. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risks is part of the Risk Management within APHIS.
</p>
<p><b>Table 9. </b>Pest Risk Potentials for quarantine pests on <i>Capsicum</i> spp. from Central America.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Consequences of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Likelihood of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pest Risk Potentials</b>a<b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (33)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Andean potato mottle virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (28)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (33)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus ovatipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (28)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (15)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (17)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (32)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (31)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (14)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (27)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (14)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (28)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (30)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>High (13)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (17)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (30)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (16)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (28)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (14)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (18)</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Low</i>b</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points, and High is 27-33 points</p>
<p>b While the guidelines-based rating is High, the realized rating is Low, based on a very low likelihood of establishing in the United states via this pathway. See text for more details.</p>
<h1>3. Risk Mitigation
</h1>
<p>We begin the pest risk management with identification of the pest risk potential estimated for pests of quarantine significance to the United States and deemed likely to follow the pathway in <i>Capsicum</i> spp. from Central America. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. We describe the current USDA approved alternatives for pest mitigation on <i>Capsicum</i> from Central American countries. All possible alternatives for mitigation of quarantine pests, and disclosed in the Code of Federal Regulations, CFR are also described. We indicate alternative options for pest mitigation used on other commodities or by other countries, even though they do not have scientific verification for peppers or exporter country. Nonetheless, it is indicated in the text that research must be required to demonstrate efficacy on <i>Capsicum</i> spp.
</p>
<h2>3.1. Risk Management Strategy for Quarantine Pests.
</h2>
<p>The list of pests that attack<i> Capsicum </i>spp. and are present in Central America was developed by searching scientific literature, previous APHIS commodity risk assessments for similar commodities, U.S. port interception records, and information provided by the exporting country. We analyzed twelve quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway in the risk assessment stage. The pest risk potential was estimated to be High for all pests (Table 9). According to PPQ (2000), pests with a Low Pest Risk Potential (e.g., <i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>R3B2), do not typically require mitigation measures, other than port-of-arrival inspection. Still, we listed some control strategies for <i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(R3B2) in peppers. A value within the Medium range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary. A rating in the High range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port-of-arrival inspection, are strongly recommended. </p>
<h2>3.2. Risk Mitigation Options for Peppers from Central America
</h2>
<h3>3.2.1. Current systems approaches
</h3>
<p>PPQ uses systems approaches to allow the importation into the United States of fresh peppers (<i>Capsicum </i>spp.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (7 CFR § 319, 2007). Systems approaches are employed by importing countries as an alternative to the use of single measures that achieve an appropriate level of phytosanitary protection when a single phytosanitary measure is non existent, infeasible or undesirable. The combinations of specific mitigation measures that provide overlapping or sequential safeguards are distinctly different from single mitigation methodologies such as fumigation or inspection. Systems approaches require the integration of different measures, at least two of which act independently, with a cumulative effect and are often tailored to specific commodity-pest-origin combinations. The Central American program was approved in March 2006 and it is described below.
</p>
<p>(a) For peppers of the species <i>Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, </i>and <i>C. chinense </i>from areas free of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), terms of entry are: 
</p>
<p>(1) The peppers must be grown and packed in an area that has been determined by APHIS to be free of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) in accordance with the procedures described in § 319.56–2(f) of this subpart.
</p>
<p>(2) A pre-harvest inspection of the growing site must be conducted by the national plant protection organization (NPPO) of the exporting country for the weevil <i>Faustinus ovatipennis, </i>pea leafminer, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealybug, passionvine mealybug, melon thrips, the rust fungus <i>Puccinia pampeana, </i>Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus, and if these pests are found to be generally infesting the growing site, the NPPO may not allow export from that production site until the NPPO has determined that risk mitigation has been achieved.
</p>
<p>(3) The peppers must be packed in insect- proof cartons or containers or covered with insect-proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin at the packinghouse for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States. 
</p>
<p>(4) The exporting country’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an area recognized to be free of Medfly and the shipment has been inspected and found free of the pests listed in the requirements.’’
</p>
<p>(b) For peppers of the species <i>Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. chinense, </i>and <i>C. pubescens </i>from areas in which Medfly is considered to exist: 
</p>
<p>(1) The peppers must be grown in approved production sites registered with the NPPO of the exporting country. Initial approval of the production sites will be completed jointly by the exporting country’s NPPO and APHIS. The exporting country’s NPPO will visit and inspect the production sites monthly, starting 2 months before harvest and continuing through until the end of the shipping season. APHIS may monitor the production sites at any time during this period.
</p>
<p>(2) Pepper production sites must consist of pest-exclusionary greenhouses, which must have self-closing double doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 (or less) mm screening.
</p>
<p>(3) Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Medfly both within and around the production site. (i) Traps with an approved protein bait must be placed inside the greenhouses at a density of four traps per hectare, with a minimum of two traps per greenhouse. Traps must be serviced on a weekly basis. (ii) If a single Medfly is detected inside a registered production site or in a consignment, the registered production site will lose its ability to export peppers to the United States until APHIS and the exporting country’s NPPO mutually determine that risk mitigation is achieved. (iii) Medfly traps with an approved lure must be placed inside a buffer area 500 meters wide around the registered production site, at a density of 1 trap per 10 hectares and a minimum of 10 traps. These traps must be checked at least every 7 days. At least one of these traps must be near the greenhouse. Traps must be set for at least 2 months before export and trapping must continue to the end of the harvest. (iv) Capture of 0.7 or more Medflies per trap per week will delay or suspend the harvest, depending on whether harvest has begun, for consignments of peppers from that production site until APHIS and the exporting country’s NPPO can agree that the pest risk has been mitigated. (v) The greenhouse must be inspected prior to harvest for the weevil <i>Faustinus ovatipennis, </i>pea leafminer, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealybug, passionvine mealybug, melon thrips, the rust fungus <i>Puccinia pampeana, </i>Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus. If any of these pests, or other quarantine pests, are found to be generally infesting the greenhouse, export from that production site will be halted until the exporting country’s NPPO determines that the pest risk has been mitigated.
</p>
<p>(4) The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of traps, and any Medfly captures. The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain an APHIS-approved quality control program to monitor or audit the trapping program. The trapping records must be maintained for APHIS’ review.
</p>
<p>(5) The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest-exclusionary packinghouse. The peppers must be safeguarded by an insect-proof mesh screen or plastic tarpaulin while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. Peppers must be packed in insect-proof cartons or containers, or covered with insect proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States or the consignment will be denied entry into the United States.
</p>
<p>(6) During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may accept peppers only from registered approved production sites. 
</p>
<p>(7) The exporting country’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an approved production site and the shipment has been inspected and found free of the pests listed in the requirements.’’ The shipping box must be labeled with the identity of the production site.
</p>
<p>(c) For peppers of the species <i>Capsicum pubescens </i>from areas in which Mexican fruit fly (Mexfly) is considered to exist:
</p>
<p>(1) The peppers must be grown in approved production sites registered with the NPPO of the exporting country. Initial approval of the production sites will be completed jointly by the exporting country’s NPPO and APHIS. The exporting country’s NPPO must visit and inspect the production sites monthly, starting 2 months before harvest and continuing through until the end of the shipping season. APHIS may monitor the production sites at any time during this period.
</p>
<p>(2) Pepper production sites must consist of pest-exclusionary greenhouses, which must have self-closing double doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 (or less) mm screening.
</p>
<p>(3) Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Mexfly both within and around the production site. (i) Traps with an approved protein bait must be placed inside the greenhouses at a density of four traps per hectare, with a minimum of two traps per greenhouse. Traps must be serviced on a weekly basis. (ii) If a single Mexfly is detected inside a registered production site or in a consignment, the registered production site will lose its ability to ship under the systems approach until APHIS and the exporting country’s NPPO mutually determine that risk mitigation is achieved. (iii) Mexfly traps with an approved protein bait must be placed inside a buffer area 500 meters wide around the registered production site, at a density of 1 trap per 10 hectares and a minimum of 10 traps. These traps must be checked at least every 7 days. At least one of these traps must be near the greenhouse. Traps must be set for at least 2 months before export, and trapping must continue to the end of the harvest. (iv) Capture of 0.7 or more Mexflies per trap per week will delay or suspend the harvest, depending on whether harvest has begun, for consignments of peppers from that production site until APHIS and the exporting country’s NPPO can agree that the pest risk has been mitigated. (v) The greenhouse must be inspected prior to harvest for the weevil <i>Faustinus ovatipennis, </i>pea leafminer, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealybug, passionvine mealybug, melon thrips, the rust fungus <i>Puccinia pampeana, </i>Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus. If any of these pests, or other quarantine pests, are found to be generally infesting the greenhouse, export from that production site will be halted until the exporting country’s NPPO determines that the pest risk has been mitigated.
</p>
<p>(4) The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of traps, and any Mexfly captures. The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain an APHISapproved quality control program to monitor or audit the trapping program. The trapping records must be maintained for APHIS’s review.
</p>
<p>(5) The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest-exclusionary packinghouse. The peppers must be safeguarded by an insect-proof mesh screen or plastic tarpaulin while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. Peppers must be packed in insect-proof cartons or containers, or covered with insectproof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States or the consignment will be denied entry into the United States.
</p>
<p>(6) During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may accept peppers only from registered approved production sites.
</p>
<p>(7) The exporting country’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an approved production site and the shipment has been inspected and found free of the pests listed in the requirements.’’ The shipping box must be labeled with the identity of the production site. 
</p>
<p>We recommend including Panama as an exporter country in the systems approaches above, if it meets requirements. Likewise we recommend including <i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>(ToSLCV)<i> </i>in the list of regulated pests in the system approach. We also recommend removing from the list of regulated pests the banana moth, <i>Opogona sacchari</i>,<i> </i>and the virus <i>Tomato yellow mosaic virus</i> (ToYMV), because we did not find sufficient evidence that they would follow the pathway (above).
</p>
<h3>3.2.2. Phytosanitary Certification Inspections and Monitoring
</h3>
<p>Each shipment should be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the exporting country’s NPPO. The certificate should contain additional declarations stating that the pepper fruits were treated and/or grown in accordance with any phytosanitary measures required by APHIS. Inspection could be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Example measures include Integrated Pest Management, culling for damage and insect infestation during harvest and post-harvest, periodic unannounced inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ or Ministries of Agriculture from exporter countries to production areas and Packinghouses.
</p>
<h3>3.2.3. Post-Harvest Safeguards and Packinghouse Procedures
</h3>
<p>Containers of harvested fruit should be covered with screens, plastic tarpaulins, or other pest-proof covers while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. The peppers should be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest exclusionary packinghouse. All fruit should be inspected prior to packing and packed in pest-proof containers for shipment to the United States. Peppers should be sized and culled to remove damaged and deformed fruit. The fruits can be washed with brushes and cleansing to remove external pests, and then immersed in a water bath containing a surfactant, followed by air-drying. While packing the peppers for export to the United States, the packinghouse should only accept fruits from registered approved production sites.
</p>
<p>Details regarding post-harvest safeguards for external feeders include:
</p>
<p>· To reduce the likelihood of the external feeders<i>,</i> <i>Phenacoccus parvus, Planococcus minor </i>and<i> Thrips palmi</i> potential packinghouse procedures for pepper include washing, waxing, and cold storage. Additionally, mechanical brushing and cleansing with compressed air or other treatment methods can be utilized. External insect pests like aphids, mites, mealybugs, scales, and thrips can often be removed or greatly reduced in number with a brisk water spray (Townsend, 1994).
</p>
<p>· <i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i> larva can be detected during post-harvest process inspecting for malformed or damaged fruits, as it produces large holes (Marcano, 2008).
</p>
<p><img src="embedded:image1.jpg" alt="image1.jpg"></p>
<p> Figure 2. Pepper fruit affected by <i>N elegantalis</i> (Marcano, 2008)
</p>
<p>· Peppers should be culled without quality defects, such as mechanical damage, bruising, scarring, disease or pest presence, dehydration, or immature, decaying, deformed, split, heavily soiled, or blemished fruit
</p>
<p>· Washing with detergent-water solutions (1 teaspoon detergent/1 gallon water) is effective in removing or killing scales, aphids, mealybugs, or other small insects on plants (Townsend, 1994).
</p>
<p>Field and high care packhouse procedures and measures may be use to protect the fruit against internal and external feeders. However, research is required to demonstrate efficacy of the elimination of pests.
</p>
<h3>3.2.4. Suppression/Control
</h3>
<p><b>Pest-exclusionary greenhouses: </b>Production sites of Pepper from certain Central American countries consist of pest-exclusionary greenhouses, which must have double self-closing doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 mm (or less) screening(7 CFR § 319, 2007). The use of pest-exclusionary greenhouses, with 1.6mm (0.063 inches) or less screening may result in an effective measure to prevent the entry into the greenhouses of adults due to their size, this apply for <i>Anastrepha ludens</i> (CABI, 2007)<i>, Ceratitis capitata</i> (Thomas et al., 2008)<i>, Faustinus ovatipennis</i> (Saunders et al., 1998)<i>, Liriomyza huidobrensis</i> (CABI, 2007)<i>, Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i> (Marcano, 2008)<i>, Phenacoccus parvus </i>(Tanwar et al., 2007)<i> </i>and<i> Planococcus minor </i>(Venette and Davis, 2004). 
</p>
<p><b>The sterile insect technique (SIT):</b> it was successfully applied to Mexican fruit fly (<i>Anastrepha ludens</i>) to maintain a fly-free zone in Mexico, Texas and California (Weems et al., 2004); in mediterranean fruit fly (<i>Ceratitis capitata</i>) this technique has been employed to assure the fly-free status of Mexico, U.S.A. and a large part of Guatemala (Hendrichs et al., 2002). In <i>Lyriomyza huidobrensis </i>SIT could be applied since in other leafminers such as <i>L. trifolii</i> SIT combined with parasitoids release, reduced successfully the size of adult populations (Kaspi and Parrella, 2006).</p>
<p>Inherited sterility (also known as F1 sterility) is common in members of the order Lepidoptera after treatment with radiation, all females will be sterile; and all males will be fertile and carry a gene for sterility that is passed to the next generation (Ellis, 2004); therefore <i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i> could be good candidate to be controlled with SIT, however research is required to demonstrate efficacy of this control strategy.
</p>
<p><b>Control alternatives for pathogens:</b> Control strategies for <i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(R3B2) in sweet peppers include the use of resistant varieties; good soil drainage and raised beds; rotation with non-host crops (Berke et al., 2003). Bacterial wilt, caused by the soilborne bacterium <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>, limits production of many economically important crops including potato, tomato, banana and tobacco. It is considered the world’s single most destructive bacterial plant disease. The bacterium enters host plant roots from the soil and colonizes the xylem vessels in the vascular system. Control of bacterial wilt is difficult; the best management strategy is planting disease-resistant hosts. <i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>has been isolated from roots, stem, tubers and leaves of infected plants. However, the presence of this pathogen in tomato fruits collected from naturally infected plants has not been reported, and a previous study using PCR did not detect <i>R. solanacearum </i>in fruits or seeds from infected tomato plants (Sanchez Perez et al., 2008). 
</p>
<p>There are not reported specific control strategies for <i>Puccinia pampeana</i> in specialized literature. However it could be controlled using similar management practices applied for other rusts of the <i>Puccinia</i> genus; an example is the control strategy used for <i>P.horiana</i> (chrysanthemum white rust) which includes maintain production areas at less than optimum humidity for rust growth; if the infestations have been detected in a place of production, commodity fungicidal dip treatment, should be considered. Before planting, soil steaming at 70°C can destroy most pathogenic microorganisms, including rust spores and other fungus structures (APHIS, 2005). However, research is required to demonstrate efficacy of this control strategies in peppers for <i>P. pampeana</i>.
</p>
<p>Distancing pepper fields from tomato and other solanaceous crop production areas is probably the best way to limit begomovirus infection. Transplants should be produced free of the virus and plants must be free of the whitefly vector. Another important control strategy is to reduce or eliminate whitefly populations. Removal of solanaceous weeds that can harbor begomoviruses and whiteflies is advised when practical. Pepper and tomato crop residue should be removed promptly and destroyed at the end of the season (Roberts et al., 2004).
</p>
<p>Detailed strategies for geminiviruses management are described by Polston and Andreson (1997) in tomato. They anticipated that for most of geminiviruses, management strategies will need to be multi-component in nature and based on a thorough understanding of the pathosystems involved. Deployment of resistant cultivars will have to be accompanied by vector management schemes, which currently rely almost entirely on chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, whitefly populations are already developing resistance to the widely used chemical imidacloprid, as they have done with many other insecticides. The lack of available vector management strategies is related in part to a shortage of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of geminiviruses. It is probable that only through this multi-component approach will economically and environmentally sound approaches be developed for the successful management of geminiviruses (Polston and Anderson, 1997). 
</p>
<p>In hot pepper cultural techniques can alter the crop environment, improve plant vigor and resistance, and reduce survival and virulence of harmful agents. Plant raising practices examples are the use of screen covered cages will exclude sucking insects and infection with insect-transmitted viruses during the nursery stage and the use of mulch to reduce soil evaporation and leaching of nutrients; light-reflective mulch to alleviate thrips injury and virus problems and the application of balanced fertilization to improve growth, development and resistance level of the crop (Vos and Duriat, 1995; Vos et al., 1995).
</p>
<h3>3.2.5. Establishment of Pest-Free Areas or Free Production Sites
</h3>
<p>As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest-free areas or pest-free places of production may be effective in satisfying an importing country’s appropriate level of phytosanitary protection. The establishment and maintenance of pest-free areas or production sites should be in compliance with international standards (e.g<i>.</i>, IPPC, 2007: ISPM # 10). Establishment and maintenance of pest free areas should include survey plans. Surveys to detect internal and external pepper pests may be aided by the use of APHIS-approved unbaited, active, or passive traps.
</p>
<h3>3.2.6. Establishment of Areas of Low Pest Prevalence/Pest Suppression
</h3>
<p>According to IPPC (2007), an area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part of a country, or all or parts of several countries in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or eradication measures. Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should comply with international standards (e.g<i>.,</i> IPPC, 2007: ISPM # 4, 26). For example, elements of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area, specification of an upper limit to pest densities, means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; specification of phytosanitary procedures (<i>e</i>.<i>g</i>., survey, pest control), and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re-entry into the area. IPPC (2007) recommends that the exporting country consult with the importing country in the early stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. In particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the importing country.
</p>
<p>Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (<i>e</i>.<i>g</i>., crop sanitation, pruning of dead and diseased branches, pre-harvest application of pesticides, fruit bagging) may be used to suppress pest populations in crops or prevent fruit infestation. Sanitation and pesticide applications, as essential components of best management practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (IPPC, 2007).
</p>
<h3>3.2.7. Quarantine Treatments
</h3>
<p><b>Generic Dose Irradiation: </b>PPQ recognizes T105-a-2 Irradiation for fruit flies from the family tephritidae and all insect pests except pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera. Pepper is an approved commodity from Ghana under this treatment (PPQ, 2008).</p>
<p><b>Methyl Bromide Fumigation: </b>PPQ recognizes the treatment MB (T101-a-3) (maximum dosage 4 pounds/1,000 ft3 at 40-49°F) which is approved to treat internal feeders for peppers (except fruit flies) and external pests (except mealybugs) (PPQ, 2008); however, certain varieties of peppers are sensitive to methyl bromide and may develop darkening of the seed cavity.
</p>
<p>Methyl bromide MB (T104-a-1) (maximum dosage, 4 pounds/1,000 ft3 at 40°F or above): applies to hitchhikers and surface pests such as: thrips, aphids, scale insects, leafminers, spider mites, lygaeid bugs, ants, earwigs, surface feeding caterpillars and slugs. <i>Liriomyza huidobrensis, Phenacoccus parvus,</i> <i>Planococcus</i> <i>minor</i> and<i> Thrips palmi</i> could be mitigated under this treatment in peppers. MB (T104-a-2) (maximum dosage, 4 pounds/1,000 ft3 at 60-69°F or above) is approved for Pseudococcidae (<i>Phenacoccus parvus </i>and<i> Planococcus</i> <i>minor</i>) mitigation in peppers (PPQ, 2008).</p>
<p><b>Cold treatment: </b>cold treatment T107-a-1 is approved for mitigate <i>Ceratitis</i> <i>capitata</i> and <i>Anastrepha ludens </i>on multiple commodities; this treatment demands to treat the commodity under temperatures of 34oF for 15 days (PPQ, 2008)..
</p>
<p>Methyl bromide plus cold treatment are also approved for <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> on multiple commodities (T108-a and T108-b fumigation plus refrigeration, T109-d-1 cold treatment plus fumigation) (PPQ, 2008).</p>
<h2>3.3. Research Options 
</h2>
<p>Possible options for research for quarantine pests on pepper fruit include sterile insect technique (SIT), irradiation below 400 Gy, hot water immersion, and insecticidal dips. This statement is based on the following evidence:</p>
<h3>3.3.1. Sterile insect technique (SIT)
</h3>
<p>For <i>Lyriomyza huidobrensis </i>SIT, could be used since, on other leafminers such as <i>L. trifolii,</i> SIT combined with parasitoids releasing, reduced successfully the size of adult populations (Kaspi and Parrella, 2006).At the same way inherited sterility (also known as F1 sterility) is common in members of the order Lepidoptera, after treatment with radiation all females will be sterile; and all males will be fertile and carry a gene for sterility that is passed to the next generation (Ellis, 2004); therefore <i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i> could be good candidate to be controlled with SIT.
</p>
<h3>3.3.2. Irradiation Below 400 Gy
</h3>
<p>Research indicates that <i>Coccus viridis</i> would be effectively controlled by irradiation at a dose of 250 Gy (Hara et al., 2002). The reported minimum dose of irradiation needed to ensure quarantine security against <i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i> is between 100 and 250 Gy (Jacobsen and Hara, 2003). No information was found in the literature regarding the effect of irradiation on the other scale species of concern; however, adults of the species <i>Planococcus citri</i>, which is in the same genus as <i>Planococcus minor</i>, that are<i> </i>irradiated at 40 Gy or higher produce no offspring (Arthur and Wiendl, 1996).
</p>
<h3>3.3.3. Cold treatment
</h3>
<p>PPQ recognizes Cold treatment (T107-a-1) for fruit flies <i>C.</i> <i>capitata</i> and <i>A. ludens </i>on multiple commodities (PPQ, 2008). Cold effect research would be required to demonstrate efficacy on peppers. 
</p>
<h3>3.3.4. Insecticidal Dips or Sprays
</h3>
<p>Gould and McGuire, (2000) studied the efficacy of different insecticidal coatings (soap, petroleum based oil, and vegetable oil) against the mealybugs <i>Planococcus citri</i> and <i>Pseudococcus odermatti</i> on limes. These coatings, applied at a 3 percent (vol: vol) rate in approximately 10 liters of water, and then followed by a 10-minute rinsing in tap-water resulted in mortalities of 30, 57, and 65 percent, respectively (Gould and McGuire, 2000). The authors stated that the fruit’s calyx provided shelter for the mealybugs, preventing higher mortalities. If peppers are exported with peduncle and calyx they could protect mealybugs; we assume that mortality rates for mealybugs caused by these insecticidal coatings would be lesser on fruit with peduncle and calyx than peppers without them. Efficacy data based on research would be needed for this option.
</p>
<h2>3.4. Oversight
</h2>
<h3>3.4.1. Pre-shipment Programs
</h3>
<p>Inspection, treatment, or other mitigative measures performed in the field and/or packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHIS officials, and in accordance with specified phytosanitary procedures. Such programs require monitoring of all aspects of the application of any required phytosanitary measures; the aim is to identify shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications (IPPC, 2007). Provision should be made for the formal recognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for export to the continental United States.
</p>
<h3>3.4.2. Point-of-Entry Sampling and Inspection
</h3>
<p>Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected as provided in § 319.56-6. Particular attention should be given to paperwork and seals on vehicles to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact.
</p>
<h3>3.4.3. Shipments Traceable to Place of Origin in any Central American country
</h3>
<p>Each box of pepper fruit should be clearly labeled indicating the specific place of origin. Labeling is necessary to ensure traceability to each production site.
</p>
<p>In Table 10 we summarize the available risk mitigation options for peppers from Central America. All mitigation measures assume that good integrated pest management practices are being used and that pest pressure is low. These measures cannot be expected to be effective in high pest pressure situations.</p>
<h2>3.5. Conclusion
</h2>
<p>Multiple options exist for mitigating pests of concern on peppers from Central America (Table 10). A combination of measures, including production place monitoring and management programs to achieve and maintain area pest freedom or low pest prevalence, packinghouse inspection and treatments, phytosanitary certification, quarantine treatments, maintenance of consignment security and traceability in transit, and port-of-entry inspection is more feasible than the use of a single measure. It is demonstrated in the systems approach approved for export peppers from Central American countries such as Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, consequently, we recommend include to Panama as exporter country if it fulfills requirements of a systems approach.
</p>
<p>This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific program or systems approach. It provides information regarding known or possible mitigation measures that could be used for mitigate quarantine pests that affect peppers. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document.
</p>
<p><b>Table 10. </b>Summary of risk mitigation options for peppers.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Measure(s)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pests</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Efficacy</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Systems Approach</p>
</td>	<td><p>All</p>
</td>	<td><p>Systems approaches require the integration of different measures, at least two of which act independently, with a cumulative effect and are often tailored to specific commodity-pest-origin combinations. Considering that this measure has been approved for certain Central American countries, it could be a strategy for peppers exportations from Panama.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phytosanitary Certification Inspections and Monitoring</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza huidobrensis, Phenacoccus parvus Planococcus minor </i>and <i>Thrips palmi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>L. huidobrensis</i> damage can be visually detected. As external pests, scale insects and thrips should be detectable by trained inspectors; however, because of their small size, may escape detection. Inspection could be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Post-harvest and packinghouse procedures (inspection, cleansing)</p>
</td>	<td><p>External feeders <i>P. parvus, P. minor </i>and <i>T. palmi</i>. Internal feeder <i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i> </p>
</td>	<td><p>Likely to significantly lower population levels, but research required to demonstrate efficacy.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Suppression/Control</p>
</td>	<td><p>All Insects</p>
</td>	<td><p>Production sites of Pepper consist of pest-exclusionary greenhouses, which must have double self-closing doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 mm (or less) screening</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit flies <i>A. ludens, </i>and<i> C. capitata
</i></p>
<p><i>L. huidobrensis</i></p>
<p><i>N. elegantalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used successfully on Fruit flies, leaf miners and lepidopterous. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy of this control strategy on <i>L. huidobrensis</i>, and <i>N. elegantalis</i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Puccinia pampeana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Management practices applied for other rusts of the <i>Puccinia</i> genus could be used. However research is required to demonstrate efficacy of control strategies on <i>P. pampeana</i> in peppers.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(R3B2) </p>
</td>	<td><p>This bacteria could be controlled with resistant varieties; good soil drainage and raised beds; rotation with non-host crops</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Geminivirus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Deployment of resistant cultivars, accompanied by vector management schemes. Distancing pepper fields from tomato and other solanaceous crop. Removal of solanaceous weeds and pepper and tomato crop residues. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy of control strategies on ToSLCV</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pest-free areas or places of production</p>
</td>	<td><p>All<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Areas of low prevalence</p>
</td>	<td><p>All.</p>
</td>	<td><p>May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection alone or in combination with other measures </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Irradiation</p>
</td>	<td><p>All insects above</p>
</td>	<td><p>PPQ-recognized generic dose (400 Gy) quarantine treatment on all regulated plant articles for all insect pests except for Lepidopteran pupae and adults. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy of irradiation treatment below 400 Gy.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Fumigation</p>
</td>	<td><p>Some internal feeders (no fruit flies) and external pests<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PPQ-recognized MB fumigation as a quarantine treatment for surface pests in peppers</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cold Treatment</p>
</td>	<td><p>Fruit Flies</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cold treatment T107-a-1 is approved to mitigate <i>C.</i> <i>capitata</i> and <i>A. ludens </i>on multiple commodities. Research required to demonstrate efficacy on peppers</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Methyl bromide plus cold treatment</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Methyl bromide plus cold treatment are also approved for medfly control on multiple commodities (T108-a and T108-b fumigation plus refrigeration, T109-d-1). Research required to demonstrate efficacy on peppers</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h1>4. Author and Reviewers
</h1>
<p><b>Author:
</b></p>
<p>Luis E. Forero, Risk analyst a
</p>
<p><b>Reviewers:
</b></p>
<p>Guiovanni A. Zambrano, Risk analyst a
</p>
<p>John Rogers, Plant pathologist b
</p>
<p>a USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Colombia
</p>
<p>b USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL, Raleigh
</p>
<h1>5. Acknowledgement 
</h1>
<p>The author thanks Efrain Torres, Biologist, for his professional support at CPHST-Colombia. 
</p>
<h1>6. References
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<h1>7. Appendices
</h1>
<h2>Appendix A. Pests intercepted on species of Capsicum from 1984 to 2007
</h2>
<p>Pests from any country, by host part and where intercepted (PestID, 2008). We did not include interceptions which had “Where intercepted” = Unknown here.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest<i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Origin</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Part
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Where Intercepted
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Total</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>BG</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>GC</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>HD</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>ML</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>MS</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>PC</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>QS</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Abgrallaspis flabellata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Abiotic </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cuba, India, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acanthocephala confraterna</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acanthococcus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Kitts and Nevis </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acanthoderes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acanthoscelides obtectus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Acari spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aceratagallia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Achryson </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acleris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acremonium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Acrididae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acroleucus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Acrolophus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Adoretus sinicus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aeolothripidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>India </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolus nigromaculatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aeolus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aetalion </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agriolimax reticulatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agroiconota propinqua</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Agromyzidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Albania, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil,, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Europe Country, France, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, L, L, Sd, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>428</p>
</td>	<td><p>235</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>39</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3831</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>4543</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis malefida</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Agrotis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Korea, South</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ahasverus advena</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guinea, Liberia, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus woglumi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurodicus dispersus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, Philippines, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>96</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>98</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleuroplatus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aleurotrachelus trachoides</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aleyrodidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>31</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aleyrodinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, Mexico, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alitocoris parvus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alitocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Allonemobius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria alternata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Egypt, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria tenuissima</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Altica </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amaranthus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Myanmar, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amblyomma cajennense</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amblyomma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amblyseius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amnestus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amorbia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cote D`Ivoire, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>33</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Amphelasma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Amphipyrinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anarsia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anasa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha ludens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha serpentina</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>49</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>64</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anastrepha suspensa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anaxipha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anchonidium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ancylostomia stercorea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anelaphus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Anobiidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anoecia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anomala </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Anthicidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Anthocoridae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, Israel, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>57</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>66</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Anthomyiidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthonomus eugenii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawai, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>71</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>25</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>104</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthonomus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belice, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawai, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, Sd, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>303</p>
</td>	<td><p>66</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1693</p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p>2082</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Anthrenus verbasci</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Anthribidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Australia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Antianthe expansa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Antillocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apamea monoglypha</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aphididae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bahamas, Chile, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, South, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, West Indies </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, WP, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td>	<td><p>33</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>183</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>284</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Aphidiinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphidius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphidoletes aphidimyza</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis gossypii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apion </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Apis mellifera</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Araneae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Araneidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Archimerus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Archipini </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Arctiidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Mexico, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Argas sanchezi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Arphnus melanostylus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Artipus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Arvelius albopunctatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Arvelius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascia monuste</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Ascidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ascochyta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asphodelus fistulosus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asphondylia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aspidiotus nerii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>WP</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asteraceae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Asterolecanium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Astigmata </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Atherigona orientalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Atherigona </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Auchenorrhyncha </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aulacorthum solani</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aulacorthum </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Autographa gamma</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Autographa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hungary, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactericera cockerelli</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>43</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactericera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera cucurbitae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera latifrons</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>27</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera oleae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Indonesia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bactrocera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Asia Country, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Hawai, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, United Kingdom, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>198</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>204</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Balanogastris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Baridinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Batocera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Philippines </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Bdellidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bemisia tabaci</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Berecynthus hastator</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Betula </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Blapstinus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>52</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>58</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Blattodea </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Blissus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Bostrichidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bothrotes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botrytis cinerea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brachymyrmex </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bracon </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Braconidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bradybaenidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Philippines, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Brochymena </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Bruchidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>India, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Bryocorinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bulimulus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Buprestidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cacoecimorpha pronubana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>97</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>98</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cadra calidella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cadra cautella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Zimbabwe</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cadra figulilella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea aff.</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea dominicensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea luteola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calcisuccinea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calligrapha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Calliphoridae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calyptocephala </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Camponotus vagus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cantharidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Carabidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Carcinophoridae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Carpomya </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cassidinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caulophilus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>P</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cecidomyiidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>65</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>75</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cepaea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cerambycidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Ceratitini spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Níger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Zambia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>763</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>769</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Afganistán, Africa, Azores, Belgium, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe Country, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Middle East Co, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Togo, Tunisia, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>128</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>135</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratitis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratocapsus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ceratothripoides brunneus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cercopidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora apii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora capisici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Peru, Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>40</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips orchidii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>42</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaetocnema </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chaitophorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chalcididae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Malaysia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chalcidoidea spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chalcodermus angulicollis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chalcodermus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Charidotis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cheyletidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St.Vincent & Grenadines</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chironomidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chlorochroa ligata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chlorochroa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chloropidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chlorops </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Choristoneura </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysauginae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysobothris debilis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysodeixis chalcites</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysodeixis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomela </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysomelidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Chrysopidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cicadellidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hawai, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>35</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>42</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium herbarum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium oxysporum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Korea South, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S, P</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>27</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p>31</p>
</td>	<td><p>77</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium sphaerospermum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clastoptera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cleogonus armatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clepsis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>30</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>35</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clepsis spectrana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cleridae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Clinodiplosis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coccidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chile, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coccinellidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coccinellinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coccinellini spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawai, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochlicella acuta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochylini </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochylis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coelomycetes spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Curacao </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colaspis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coleoptera spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica, Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Collembola spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum capsici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum coccodes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Panama </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum crassipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum dematium</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Collops </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Condylostylus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conocephalus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guyana, Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conoderus rodriguezi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conoderus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conotrachelus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Contarinia lycopersici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Contarinia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Korea South, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>349</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>107</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>467</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Conyza </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Copitarsia decolora</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Copitarsia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>45</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>59</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Coreidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Korea South, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cornu aspersum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Corticariidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, China, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Corylophidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Guyana, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>36</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>39</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corynespora cassiicola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Corythaica cyathicollis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cosmopterigidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cossoninae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia </p>
</td>	<td><p>B</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Crambidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, St. Lucia, Thailand, Venezuela, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Crambinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Crambus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Crematogaster </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Creontiades rubrinervis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptoblabes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptocephalinae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guinea </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptolestes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptophlebia leucotreta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tonga, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>92</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>95</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptophlebia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Country, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Congo Republic Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Etiopía, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Zambia, Zimbabwe</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>799</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>808</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cryptothelea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cucurbitaria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Culicidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru </p>
</td>	<td><p>P</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Curculio</i> sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Greece, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Curculionidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Algeria, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>89</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>57</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>155</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Curculioninae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Curvularia lunata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cuscuta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cyclocephala </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cyclorrhapha </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belice, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Korea, South Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>27</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>43</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cydia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Dacinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>24</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dacus dorsalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thailand Viet Nam </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dacus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>81</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>85</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dallasiellus bacchinus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dallasiellus lugubris</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dasineura </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala, Malaysia, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Dead organism</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Delia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deloyala guttata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deloyala </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Delphacidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Delphacodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dendrocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deroceras laeve</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica undecimpunctata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica variegata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaphania nitidalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaphania </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>St, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diaprepes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Diaspididae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diatraea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Mexico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Didymella lycopersici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dieuches armatipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dieuches </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Digeria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Diplotaxis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dipropus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Diptera spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Angola, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Zambia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>66</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>94</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Disonycha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Dolichopodidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Drosophilidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Guyana, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Drymaeus (mesembrinus)</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Duponchelia fovealis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, France, Macedonia, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>217</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>223</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Dynastinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dyscinetus picipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dyscinetus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysdercus andreae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysdercus mimulus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysdercus obscuratus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus brevipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus grassii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica ,Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ecdytolopha </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Echinothrips americanus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ectomyelois ceratoniae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Edessa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Elachiptera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Elateridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Dominican Republic, Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eleodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eleusine indica</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Empoasca </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Entiminae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Entomobryidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands, Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ephestia elutella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Italy, Peru </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Ephydridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thailand </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epicaerus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epicauta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epilachna </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Epilachninae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Epitrix </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eragrostis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eremobelba </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eriococcus dubius</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guyana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Erotylidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Italy </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erysiphe cichoracearum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Erythraeidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Erythroneura </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Etiella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Indonesia, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Etiella zinckenella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euclea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eudiagogus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euetheola </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurytoma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euschistus bifibulus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euschistus crenator</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euschistus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Euschistus strenuus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eustromula validum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Exitianus exitosus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus cubae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Faustinus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>59</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ferrisia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guyana, Haiti, St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ferrisia virgata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fiebrigella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Formicidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella cephalica</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella fallaciosa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella fusca</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella insularis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella intonsa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Japan, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>98</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>116</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella panamensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella parvula</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ecuador </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella schultzei</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Nigeria, Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Brazil, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Puerto Rico Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St </p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>131</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>158</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Franklinothrips vespiformis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Fulgoridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Belize, Dominican Republic, France, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Taiwan, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>39</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Galerucinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands, Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Galinsoga </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Galleria mellonella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gelechiidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Argentina, Araba, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, Thailand Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, Pallet, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>116</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>139</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gelechioidea spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Geocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Geometridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, St.Vincent & Grenadines</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Glyptoscelis chontalensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gnathotrichus perniciosus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gnathotrichus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gnorimoschema </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gnorimoschemini spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Golofa pusilla</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gracillariidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Granodomus lima</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gryllidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S </p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>42</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>48</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gryllodes sigillatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago, </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gryllus assimilis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Gryllus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>89</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>100</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Guignardia citricarpa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hadeninae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Korea, South, Mexico, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Haplothrips gowdeyi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Haplothrips kurdjumovi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Helicidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Australia, France, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa armigera</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Israel, Italy, Korea, South, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa gelotopoeon</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Romania</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Asia, Country, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, South, , Lithuania, Mexico, Middle, East, Co., Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia-Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South, Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>129</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>146</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicoverpa zea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>53</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>56</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Heliothinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India, Korea, South</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Germany, Korea, South, Philippines, Spain, Turkey</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>38</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>42</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothis virescens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Helminthoglyptidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hemiptera spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hepialidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heraeus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Herculia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ecuador</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Herpetogramma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hesperiidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heterogaster urticae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Heteroptera spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Heterosporium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Homoptera spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua, and, Barbuda, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hoplandrothrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hoplosphyrum </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hygromiidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hymenoptera spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypera postica</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypoaspis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Hypothenemus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Injury sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Insect spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Insecta spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Puerto Rico, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>32</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Iphiseius degenerans</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ipomoea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips bonanseai</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips calligraphus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips integer</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips lecontei</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Jadera coturnix</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Karnyothrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Kleemannia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Kleidocerys resedae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Knulliana cincta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lactuca sativa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Laelapidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lagriinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Largus cinctus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lasioderma serricorne</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, India, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lasioseius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lehmannia valentiana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lepidoptera spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Spain, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>56</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lepidosaphes rubrovittata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptochloa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leptoglossus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lestodiplosis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leucania </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leucinodes orbonalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Country, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe, Country, Ghana, Guatemala, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua, New, Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia-Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South, Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Zambia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>92</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>98</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leucinodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guinea, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Leveillula taurica</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ligyrocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ligyrocoris sylvestris</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ligyrus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Limosininae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Limothrips cerealium</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lineodes integra</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru, Puerto Rico, St., Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lineodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza bryoniae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, I</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>46</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>54</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Listroderes costirostris</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Listronotus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lobiopa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lobometopon metallicum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lobometopon </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lonchaea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lonchaeidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Country, Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Congo, Republic, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, St., Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>271</p>
</td>	<td><p>36</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>145</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>456</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lorita </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lucilia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lycaenidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Congo, Republic, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lygaeidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lygaeoidea spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lygus lineolaris</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lygus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Lytta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada, St., Kitts, and, Nevis, St.Vincent, &, Grenadines</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrolophus melanotoma</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrolophus pygmaeus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrolophus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>37</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>37</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrophoma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Macrosteles </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Magnoliophyta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mamestra brassicae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bosnia-Herzegovina, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mamestra </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Manduca </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Margarodidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Curacao, Grenada, Viet, Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Marmara </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Maruca vitrata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mecidea major</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Megaselia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melacoryphus circumlitus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melacoryphus lateralis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melalgus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melanaethus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melanophila </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meliola </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Melipotis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Meloidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Membracidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Mexico, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>St</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mesostigmata </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, Israel, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metamasius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Metriona trisignata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microconidia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microlepidoptera </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microplax </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Microsphaeropsis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Micrutalis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mikania micrantha</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Miridae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Sierra Leone, St., Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, Sd, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>66</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>82</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Mollusca spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monacha cartusiana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monomorium floricola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monomorium pharaonis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guinea, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Monoxia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mordellistena </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Musca domestica</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Panama</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Muscidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Country, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Muscina sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mussidia nigrivenella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycetophagidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, Ecuador, Germany, Laos</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycosphaerella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myochrous </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myodocha intermedia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myzus persicae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Israel, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>25</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myzus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nasonovia ribisnigri</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>France, Greece</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nasutitermes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St., Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nematocera </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nemobiinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoconocephalus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes elegantalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoleucinodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French, Guiana, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>35</p>
</td>	<td><p>36</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neopamera bilobata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neopamera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neortholomus jamaicensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoseiulus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neotephritis finalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nesidiocoris tenuis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Neuroptera spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nezara viridula</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nitidulidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, China, Germany</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dried fruit</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>No identifiable</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>25</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>No noxious</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>No pathogen</p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Iran, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>No specimen</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica, El Salvador</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Noctua pronuba</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Noctuidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa, Country, Antigua, and, Barbuda, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, South, , Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, St., Kitts, and, Nevis, St., Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>81</p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>323</p>
</td>	<td><p>47</p>
</td>	<td><p>474</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nolidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nymphalidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Nysius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ochrimnus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ocrasa nostralis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Odontomachus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Odontothrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oebalus ornatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Oecophoridae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Armenia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ogdoecosta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Olethreutinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Bulgaria, Congo Republic, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, South, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>108</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>118</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Onthophagus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opatrinus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ophiderma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opogona </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hawaii, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oribatida </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orphulella punctata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthalicus jamaicensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthezia praelonga</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthezia pseudinsignis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthezia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ortheziidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Orthoptera </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oryza </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Germany, Morocco</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Italy, Korea, South, Macedonia, Portugal, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ostrinia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Otiorhynchus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Otitidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ovatus crataegarius</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oxycarenus hyalinipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Gambia, Israel</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oxycarenus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Togo </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Oxygrylius ruginasus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ozophora burmeisteri</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ozophora </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pachybrachis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pagiocerus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Peru </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pangaeus bilineatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pangaeus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pantomorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paracoccus marginatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F,L</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paracoccus solani</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paracoccus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Grenada, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paralipsa gularis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Ghana, Nigeria, Philippines</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paranapiacaba </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parapiesma cinereum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Paratrechina </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Parkia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Indonesia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pelidnota </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pentatomidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belice, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>41</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>130</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>185</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pentatomoidea spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Periconia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pheidole </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus gossypii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus helianthi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus madeirensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus parvus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus solani</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus solenopsis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phlaeothripidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phlugis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma destructiva</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Germany, Jamaica, Korea South, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis capsici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phomopsis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phoradendron </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phoridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phthorimaea operculella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phycitinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Guatemala, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phylinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllophaga </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cuba, Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p> F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllosticta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, St. Lucia, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllostictina capsici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phyllotreta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phylloxera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytocoris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora capsici</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Phytoseiidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Picris </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis strachani</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Piophilidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pityophthorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>20</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plagiometriona </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planicephalus flavicosta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus citri</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>B, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus halli</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus minor</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, B, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>26</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>48</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Planococcus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platynota rostrana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platynota </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>28</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>53</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Platynota stultana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Platypodidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pleurodonte guadeloupensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plodia interpunctella</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bolivia, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plusia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Plusiinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plutella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plutellidae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Podisus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pogonomyrmex rugosus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Polygyridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Polymerus testaceipes</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Polyphagotarsonemus latus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Polyphylla </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Praticolella griseola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Praticolella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Proba </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Prodiplosis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Haiti, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Prosterninae </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Protopulvinaria longivalvata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Prytanes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudaletia unipuncta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudatomoscelis seriatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pseudocaeciliidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pseudococcidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belice, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St, </p>
</td>	<td><p>161</p>
</td>	<td><p>91</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>224</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>480</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus elisae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Bahamas, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus viburni</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p> F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudomyrmex mexicanus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudopachybrachius vinctus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pseudopamera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psilidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psocidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psocoptera spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Honduras, India, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, Sd, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psychidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Psylla </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psyllidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Hungary, Mexico, Panama, Unknown, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>86</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>260</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>347</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Psylliodes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Psylloidea<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pteromalidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pteronemobius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pterophoridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Nicaragua, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ptochiomera nodosa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guyana, Honduras, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pulvinaria urbicola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puto barberi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyralidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwán, Thailand, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>21</p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td>	<td><p>50</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyralinae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyrausta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F </p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyraustinae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Korea, South, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>33</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>56</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p>100</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhabdopterus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhamphothrips pandens</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhaphigaster nebulosa</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizopus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhopalapion longirostre</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Greece </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Riodinidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Nigeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rottboellia cochinchinensis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thailand </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saccharicoccus sacchari</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saccharum spontaneum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia coffeae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saissetia neglecta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sancassania </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Romania </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sarcophagidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sarcophaginae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Saturniidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scatella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scatopsidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Schizocerella pilicornis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Schizomyia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sciaridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada, Israel, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F </p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sciocoris maculatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>India </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scirtothrips dorsalis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scirtothrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scolytidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>37</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>40</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scolytus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scymninae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Scyphomphorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Scythridinae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Secondary fungi</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sennius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Septoria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Venezuela </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Serica </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sericoderus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sesamia nonagrioides</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Setaria </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Chile, Myanmar</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S </p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Silvanidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Germany </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitona lineatus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>United Arab Emirates </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitona </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Israel, Netherlands, Pakistan</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p> F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitophilus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sitophilus zeamais</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sminthuridae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Solanum torvum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana, Sierra Leone</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Solenopsis geminata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Solenopsis invicta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Solenopsis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sparganothis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sphenophorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sphingidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Spilomelinae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spilosoma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Canada </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera albula</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera androgea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera dolichos</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera eridania</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera exigua</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>49</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>54</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>36</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>44</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera latifascia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia,</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>15</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera littoralis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Egypt, Ghana, Spain,</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera litura</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Japan, Korea, South, Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>39</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Staphylinidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Asia Country, Dominican Republic, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stegobium paniceum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Egypt </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium botryosum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Italy, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stenozygum </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stephanopachys </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Sternorrhyncha<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Stratiolaelaps </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea costaricana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belize </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea cuvieri</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea luteola</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada, Italy, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>11</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Suspect disease</p>
</td>	<td><p>Korea, South</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Symmetrischema capsicum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>17</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Symmetrischema </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guatemala, Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Syrphidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>23</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>28</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Syrphinae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Dominican Republic, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Syrphini </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Systena </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tachinidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tachyporinae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tapinoma melanocephalum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tarsonemus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>L, F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Telenomus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tenebrionidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tepa </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tephritidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Angola, Asia Country, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Congo Republic, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Etiopía, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti,Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, South, Libera, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Viet Nam, Zambia</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>I, F, WP</p>
</td>	<td><p>895</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p>908</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetramorium bicarinatum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Australia, Colombia</p>
</td>	<td><p>B, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetramorium caespitum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tetranychidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus ludeni</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>13</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>14</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tettigometridae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tettigoniidae<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>18</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>19</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>139</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>142</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thaumatotibia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Czech Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Theba pisana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Algeria, Italy, Portugal</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thelidomus asper</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thripidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, South, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, WP</p>
</td>	<td><p>49</p>
</td>	<td><p>9</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>101</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>159</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips angusticeps</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Germany </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips fuscipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips major</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Trinidad and Tobago </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips palmi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Antigua and Barbuda, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p>62</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>67</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>133</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, St. Lucia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>22</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>25</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thrips tabaci</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Canada, Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Spain</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>8</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thyanta </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Thylodrias contractus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thysanoptera<i> </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Guam, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Thailand</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>12</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thysanura spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tineidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>India, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Yugoslavia</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>7</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tingidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Brazil, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomarus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tomolips </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricidae spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America Country, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>117</p>
</td>	<td><p>30</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>141</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>297</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Korea, South, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, St. Lucia, Unknown, Venezuela</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, F, P, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>34</p>
</td>	<td><p>80</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>10</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>188</p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p>315</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Unknown</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tribolium castaneum</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Africa Country, Germany, Guinea</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trichobaris mucorea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Trichoptera spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trimerotropis pallidipennis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trioza </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Triozidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador, Mexico</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F, L, St</p>
</td>	<td><p>550</p>
</td>	<td><p>16</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>655</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1221</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trogoderma granarium</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Iran </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>Sd</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Trogoderma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Trombidiinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Typhaea stercorea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel, Netherlands</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Typhlocybinae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Typhlodromus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Israel </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Typophorus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Udea </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Algeria </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Udea testacea</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Veronicella sloanei</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Jamaica </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Veronicella </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominica, Puerto Rico</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>5</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>6</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Veronicellidae spp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic, Jamaica</p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xanthochilus saturnius</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Greece, </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xanthomonas campestris</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico, St.Vincent&Grenadines, Tortola</p>
</td>	<td><p>A, S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>3</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>4</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xenotarsonemus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xerotricha conspurcata</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Greece, Italy</p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>St</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xestia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Spain </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xestocephalus </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xyleborus intrusus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xyleborus volvulus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Honduras </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xylodiplosis </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Ghana </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xyonysius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zabrotes </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zachrysia auricoma</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Puerto Rico </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zachrysia </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Dominican Republic </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zercoseius </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zonitoides arboreus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Netherlands </p>
</td>	<td><p>S</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Zygogramma </i>sp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico </p>
</td>	<td><p>A</p>
</td>	<td><p>F</p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>1</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>2</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>Appendix B. Pests present in this risk analysis that were not in the 2004 risk assessment 
</h2>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest type</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Taxonomy</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Scientific Name</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Arthropod</p>
</td>	<td><p>Arachnida</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus californicus </i>(Banks)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Brevipalpus phoenicis </i>(Geijskes)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Coleoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aeolus nigromaculatus </i>Drapiez<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Callosobruchus maculatus </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Conoderus rodriguezi </i>Candeze<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Diabrotica porracea </i>Harold<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Glyptoscelis chontalensis </i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ips calligraphus </i>(Germar)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ips lecontei </i>Swaine<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata </i>Say<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Sitophilus zeamais </i>Motschulsky<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Typhaea stercorea </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Typophorus nigritus </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Xyleborus volvulus </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Acyrthosiphon pisum </i>(Harris)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aleurocanthus woglumi </i>Ashby<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aphis fabae </i>Scopoli<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aphis nerii </i>Boyer<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ceroplastes rubens </i>Maskell<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Coccus viridis </i>(Green)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus grassii </i>(Leonardi)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i>Beardsley<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Euschistus bifibulus </i>(Palisot De Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Hemiberlesia lataniae </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Lygus lineolaris </i>(Palisot)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Macrosiphum euphorbiae </i>(Thomas)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phenacoccus solenopsis </i>Tinsley<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis aspidistrae </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Planococcus citri </i>(Risso)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Praelongorthezia praelonga </i>Kozar Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis </i>(Green)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli </i>(Cooley) De Beauvois)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus elisae </i>Borchsenius<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudococcus viburni </i>(Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Rhopalosiphum maidis </i>(Fitch)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Saccharicoccus sacchari </i>(Cockerell)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Arthropod</p>
</td>	<td><p>Hemiptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Saissetia neglecta </i>Delotto<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Toxoptera citricida </i>(Kirkaldy)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Lepidoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ancylostomia stercorea </i>(Zeller)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ascia monuste </i>(Linnaeus)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Corcyra cephalonica </i>(Stainton)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Leptophobia aripa </i>(Boisduval)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Maruca vitrata </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pilemia periusalis </i>(Walker)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Sitotroga cerealella </i>(Olivier)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera dolichos </i>(Fabricius)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Orthoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Orphulella punctata </i>(Degeer)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Thysanoptera</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips orchidii </i>(Moulton)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Chaetanaphothrips signipennis </i>(Bagnall) (van Hall) Dye<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Frankliniella insularis </i>(Franklin)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Bacteria</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Erwinia carotovora </i>subsp.Atroseptica Yabuuchi<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ralstonia solanacearum </i>(Smith) & van Delden) Young et al.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Rhizobium radiobacter </i>(Beijerinck Sacc.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Fungus</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Alternaria brassicae </i>(Berk.)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Alternaria </i>sp<i>. </i>& T. Nees: Fr.) Wiltshire <i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Alternaria tenuissima </i>(Nees<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Apiospora montagnei </i>Sacc.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ascochyta gossypii </i>Woron.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aspergillus flavus </i>Link:Fr<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aspergillus niger </i>Tiegh.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cercospora apii </i>Fresen.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Chaetomium bostrychodes </i>Zopf & Ravenel) Thaxt.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Choanephora cucurbitarum </i>(Berk. G.A. De Vries.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium cladosporioides </i>(Fresen.) & Arthur<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium cucumerinum </i>Ellis<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium herbarum </i>(Pers.:Fr) & M.A. Curtis<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cladosporium oxysporum </i>Berk. R. Nelson<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Cochliobolus geniculatus </i>R. S. Hughes<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum coccodes </i>(Wallr.) Grove<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum dematium </i>(Pers.:Fr) & Halst.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum nigrum </i>Ellis Andrus & W.D. Moore.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum truncatum </i>(Schwein.)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Didymella lycopersici </i>Kleb.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Erysiphe cichoracearum </i>DC.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Fusarium incarnatum </i>(Desm.)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Fungus</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Fusarium moniliforme </i>J.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>f.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Gibberella fujikuroi </i>(Sawada)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Gibberella intricans </i>Wollenw. : Fr.) Petch<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Gibberella zeae </i>(Schwein. & Everth<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Gloeosporium piperatum </i>Ellis<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Glomerella lindemuthiana </i>Shear Fr.) Fr.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Hypocrea rufa </i>(Pers.: R.C. Srivast.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Leptoxyphium fumago </i>(Woron.) Aime & Phillips- Mora<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Moniliophthora perniciosa </i>(Stahel) & M.A. Curtis) Sacc.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Mycena citricolor </i>(Berk).<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Mycovellosiella fulva </i>(Cooke)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Nematospora coryli </i>Peglion. & Broome) Petch.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Nigrospora oryzae </i>(Berk. E.W. Mason<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Nigrospora sphaerica </i>(Sacc.)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Passalora diffusa </i>(Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun & Crous<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pellicularia koleroga </i>Cooke.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Penicillium decumbens </i>Thom. & Thom<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Penicillium oxalicum </i>Currie<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Periconia byssoides </i>Pers. Steyaert<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pestalotiopsis palmarum </i>(Cooke)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phoma exigua </i>Desm. & Cohn) J. Schröt.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora cactorum </i>(Lebert<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora citrophthora </i>(R.E.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora drechsleri </i>Tucker. Butler) E.J. Butler<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Phytophthora palmivora </i>(E.J. Deighton<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pseudocercospora atromarginalis </i>(Atk.) Bary<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pythium vexans </i>de Fr.) Speg.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Rhytidhysteron rufulum </i>(Spreng.: & Broome) Sacc.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Rosellinia bunodes </i>(Berk.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Septoria lycopersici </i>Speg. sp. subterranea Tomlinson<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Spongospora subterranea </i>f.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium botryosum </i>Wallr W. Yamam.<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Stemphylium lycopersici </i>(Enjoji) E.G. Simmons<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ulocladium consortiale </i>(Thüm.) & Berthier<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Verticillium albo-atrum </i>Reinke<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Nematode</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Aphelenchoides besseyi </i>Christie Filipjev<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Ditylenchus dipsaci </i>(Kühn) Behrens<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Globodera rostochiensis </i>(Wollenweber) Siddiqi<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Paratrichodorus minor </i>(Colbran)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Paratrichodorus sp. </i>Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus brachyurus </i>(Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pratylenchus coffeae </i>(Zimmermann) Thorne<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Radopholus similis </i>(Cobb) & Le Hew) Andrássy<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Scutellonema bradys </i>(Steiner<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tylenchorhynchus annulatus </i>(Cassidy)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tylenchorhynchus claytoni </i>Steiner<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Xiphinema americanum </i>Cobb. bigeminivirus<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Virus</p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus </i>PHYVV<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus </i>ToLCSinV<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tomato severe leaf curl virus </i>ToSLCV<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Tobacco leaf curl </i>bigeminivirus (TLCV)<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p> ADDIN </p>
<p>� Geographic Distribution: CAm = widely distributed in Central America; CR = Costa Rica; EL = El Salvador; GU = Guatemala; HO = Honduras; NI = Nicaragua; PN = Panama; US = United States (specific states are listed for those pests that have limited distribution and are considered quarantine pests: AR = Arkansas; CA = California; FL = Florida; GA = Georgia; HI = Hawaii; LA = Louisiana; MS = Mississippi; MT = Montana; TX = Texas)
</p>
<p>� A = Capsicum annuum; B = C. baccatum; C = C. chinense; F = C. frutescens; P = C. pubescens; S = Capsicum sp.
</p>
<p>� F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence/Flower; L = Leaf; P = Peduncle; R = Root; S = Stem; Se = Seed; Sd = Seedling; Sh = Shoot; W = Whole plant/Systemic
</p>
<p>� Stored product pest. It is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum.
</p>
<p>� We found no information for Capsicum; this data is from Central America for a different host. 
</p>
<p>� Adult C. ruficornis feed on flowers, leaves, and shoots of seedlings, and larvae feed on roots and base stems (Coto and Saunders, 2004). Therefore, the pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Diabrotica species mainly attack leaves of their hosts. Larvae feed on the roots, and adults feed externally on fruit and can fly (CABI, 2007; Eben and Gámez, 2007; EPPO, 2005; UAQ, 2008). Larvae are unlikely to be present because soil and underground parts of peppers from Central America are prohibited (7 CFR § 330, 2008). Adults are likely to be removed by minimal processing and normal inspection of the commodity (EPPO, 2005).
</p>
<p>� We found no specific information about plant part(s) affected for D. eximia. Therefore we assumed it was similar to members of the subfamily Alticinae. Adult flea beetles feed on the leaves, while larvae usually feed on the roots (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that C. annuum is a host of G. chontalensis is one interception (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that it would follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Quarantine pest for El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama (SENASA, 2003). Central America Regional Plant Protection Organization (OIRSA) also considers this insect as a Quarantine Pest (OIRSA, 1994). 
</p>
<p>� Quarantine significant species, with a limited distribution in the United States. Reportable and actionable (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� We found no specific information on this pest (O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982), so we assumed it would behave similarly to other members of the genus. Adults feed externally on foliage, fruit and stems while larvae bore into stems and fruit (Capinera, 2008c; Davis, 1996).
</p>
<p>� Seems likely to follow the pathway because the genus has been intercepted 59 times on fresh fruit of Capsicum.
</p>
<p>� We found no specific information about Capsicum plant part(s) affected for this pest. Species of Geraeus attack Bactris gasipaes, an exotic fruit from the Colombian Pacific. The larvae bore into young fruits and cause them to fall (Caballero and Toro, 1994; Jimenez et al., 1993). 
</p>
<p>� This pest was only identified to genus and that genus is already present in the United States. Only one citation exists that Capsicum is a host (SENASA, 2003), and the plant part association is unknown. Geraeus spp. have not been intercepted on Capsicum from any country (PestID, 2008). Thus, we think this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum is a host of S. zeamais is one interception in passenger baggage. Sitophilus zeamais develops on cereals and processed cereal products, such as pasta, and is primarily associated with maize grain.
</p>
<p>� We found no specific information about plant part(s) affected. Therefore, we assumed it would behave like other members of the genus.. The larvae feed on the roots and seedling of the host plant (Ingerson et al., 1997), and are found in soil, forest duff, or decaying plant materials, especially fibrous stems and wood (Johnson, 1999).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum is a host of C. rodriguezi is an interception of one alive adult in permit cargo from Honduras, which could have been a contaminating pest. Lacking other infomation, we assumed it behaved like other members of Conoderus. Conoderus larvae feed on the roots, seeds and seedling of the host plant (Invasive.org, 2008).
</p>
<p>� We found no specific information on E. carmelita and its synonym. Therefore we assumed it would behave similarly to other Epicauta spp., which feed on foliage and flowers as adults, and bee or grasshopper eggs as larvae (Arnett, 2000; Ratcliffe et al., 2008; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence for host status are two adults intercepted in permit cargo from Israel and The Netherlands (PestID, 2008). Because it is a stored product pest (CABI, 2007), T. stercorea is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp.
</p>
<p>� The larvae are white grubs that feed in the soil on the roots of grasses and other plants (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005). Adults fly and feed on foliage, flowers, and externally on fruits only occasionally. Given minimal post-harvest processing, adults of Macrodactylus and Phyllophaga are unlikely to follow the pathway on fresh pepper.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum is a host are single interceptions of adults in permit cargo from Honduras (Ips calligraphus) and Mexico (I. lecontei) (PestID, 2008). Ips are pests of Pinus (CABI, 2007), consequently, they are unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp.
</p>
<p>� One adult intercepted in general cargo from Honduras is the only evidence that Capsicum is a host of X. volvulus (PestID, 2008). It is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp.
</p>
<p>� T. castaneum is a stored product pest that is associated with dry commodities (CABI, 2007).
</p>
<p>� Although L. huidobrensis Blanchard has been reported as occurring in California (CABI, 2007), studies suggest that those records really refer to L. langei Frick, which is a cryptic species within L. huidobrensis (Scheffer, 2000; Scheffer and Lewis, 2001; Scheffer et al., 2001; Scheffer, 2004).
</p>
<p>� This pest mainly attacks leaves, but is likely to follow the pathway because adults and larvae can be transported in stems (CABI, 2007). Liriomyza spp. (pupae and adults) have been intercepted 55 times on fresh Capsicum fruit (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� This pest was not identified to species, but the genus is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000). These pests may or may not be quarantine pests. This pest is likely to follow the pathway but we did not consider it for further analysis because the risk has probably been well characterized by analyzing L. huidobrensis.
</p>
<p>� C. capsici is unlikely to follow the pathway because it forms galls at the base of flowers (Gagne et al., 2000). It has never been detected in commercial pepper plantations perhaps because C. capsici is controlled by insecticides in commercial use for the pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii (Gagne et al., 2000). Accordingly, it has never been intercepted in permit or commercial cargo, and only 10 times on Capsicum spp. in baggage (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� Neosilba species are unlikely to follow the pathway because they are secondary pests that attack hosts previously damaged by other pests, particularly fruit flies and lepidopterans (Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971; McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). Damaged fruits should be culled under standard post-harvest procedures, which should remove Neosilba species from the pathway.
</p>
<p>� This fly affects fruit previously infested and damaged by Scrobipalpula absoluta.
</p>
<p>� Chinchilla and Ujueta (2002) did not report the plant part affected by this fly. We assumed it behaved similarly to other Neosilba spp., which feed on fruits previously damaged by primary invaders. Identified only to sp. level, so not further analysed.
</p>
<p>� The only known field host of A. ludens is C. pubescens (Steck, 2004b). Capsicum annuum is a host of A. ludens, and other Anastrepha species, such as A. distincta, A obliqua, and A. serpentina, but only under laboratory conditions with artificial infestation (Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Norrbom, 2004), so we did not include those species here. We found no evidence that A. ludens or the other species affect Capsicum annuum in the field.
</p>
<p>� Quarantine significant species, with a limited distribution in Texas and California (Norrbom, 2004). It is under eradication from Texas and northern Mexico along the Lower Rio Grande Valley (APHIS, 2006).
</p>
<p>� This pest was not identified to species. It is likely to follow the pathway, but we did not analyze it further, because the risk was accounted for by analyzing A. ludens.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence for host status is a single interception each in baggage and permit cargo (PestID, 2008). In one of those, leaves were the part plant affected. This is insufficient evidence that it would follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Plant part affected from original report of this pest as host of Capsicum sp. (Russell, 1965), which was cited by CABI,  (2007) and Mound and Hasley (1978).
</p>
<p>� This whitefly was thought to be a new biotype of B. tabaci (designated variously as B biotype, Florida biotype, or poinsettia biotype). It quickly moved into other southern states with intensive agricultural and horticultural industries, such as Texas, Arizona, and California, and displaced the original B. tabaci (A biotype), which is no longer in the United States. The B biotype was described in 1994 as a new species, B. argentifolii. Its common name is the silverleaf whitefly, because it induces silverleaf disorder in squash. This new species designation is not universally accepted; here we refer to B. tabaci B biotype (= B. argentifolii) as Bemisia (McAuslane, 2007).
</p>
<p>� The only species in Central America known to attack Capsicum spp. is T. vaporariorum (CABI, 2007), which is a non-quarantine pest. In addition, this genus is present in the United States. Consequently, we did not further analyze this pest. 
</p>
<p>� A. pisum, may occur as small colonies on C. frutescens (Blackman and Eastop, 2000)
</p>
<p>� Primary hosts of T. citricida are Rutaceae (CABI, 2007). C. annum and C. frutescens are non-hosts of T. citricida, but they are significant, as a vector of Chili venial mottle virus (Ong et al., 1978).
</p>
<p>� Only one record exists of C. rubens in Central America (which country?) as a pest of solanaceus species (Dekle, 2001). We found no specific information that it affects Capsicum spp., or about its presence in Central America (which country?) beyond Mexico (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007). In addition, it has been intercepted more than 4,500 times from different countries on different commodities, but never on Capsicum species. Thus, we found insufficient evidence that it would follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum spp. is a host of C. viridis are three interceptions in passenger baggage PestID, 2008). This was insufficient evidence that the species would follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence for host status is one interception in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� This genus is present in the United States. Pests of this genus are associated with leaves (Arnett, 2000) and therefore are unlikely to follow the pathway. Not IDd to species level, so not further analysed.
</p>
<p>� This pest is reported as eradicated from California (Ben-Dov et al., 2008)
</p>
<p>� EPPO (2007) reports C. annuum as an incidental host of U. citri.
</p>
<p>� This pest was not identified to species, and the genus is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000). Maes (2003) does not specify the affected plant part(s), so we assumed it would behave like other Creontiades spp. Generally, these insects attacks growing points, causing severe stunting, destroying axillary buds and preventing growth of blossom-carrying branchlets. On cotton, adults and nymphs feed on the growing points of young plants, destroying vegetative buds and abscising flower buds (Malipatil and Cassis, 1997).  Not identified to species, so not further analyzed.
</p>
<p>� The fruit of Capsicum species have been imported into the United States for over 70 years from Mexico. Although O. pseudinsignis occurs there (Morrison, 1952; Ben-Dov et al., 2008), during this time it has only been intercepted once in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). Therefore, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Quarantine significant species, recategorized as reportable on 5/6/2008 (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� CABI (2007) did not report the plant part affected, so we assumed it would behave like other stink bugs. They often feed on the vegetative parts, flowers, stems, and foliage of the plant, as well as the seed, nut or fruit (Gomez and Mizell, 2008). An E. bifibulus adult was intercepted once on Capsicum sp. from Jamica (PestID, 2008). Giving that E. bifibulus is a medium sized stink bug (8-10 mm) (Perez-Gelabert and Thomas, 2005), and it feeds externally, it could be removed by minimal processing. Consequently, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway. 
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of D. grassii is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry in permit cargo (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of D. neobrevipes are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence of host status, so this species is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� C. annuum is a secondary host of P. marginatus (CABI, 2007). This pest has only been intecepted twice, on baggage from Puerto Rico (PestID, 2008), and never on Capsicum fruit imported from Mexico, where it occurs (Ben-Dov et al., 2008, CABI, 2007; Williams and Granara, 1992). Therefore, P. marginatus is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� This pest mainly attacks leaves and stems of hosts, but it is likely to follow the pathway because immature stages and adults have been intercepted 21 times on fresh Capsicum fruit at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� Planococcus minor has been intercepted more than 50 times on Capsicum spp. from different countries (PestID, 2008).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of P. elisae are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry in baggage from Jamaica and in permit cargo from the Dominican Republic (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence of host status, so this species is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. are a host of S. sacchari are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of S. sacchari.
</p>
<p>� Maruca vitrata usually affects leaves, flowers, and pods of Fabaceae. The only evidence associating M. vitrata with Capsicum spp. is one interception on C. annuum in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). That pest may have been a contaminating pest in non-commercial fruit. Therefore, this pest is unlikely to be present on commercial Capsicum spp.
</p>
<p>� This insect is a stored-product pest (Seenappa et al., 1979), and is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum fruit.
</p>
<p>� Agrotis species known to attack Capsicum spp. in Central America are A. ipsilon, A. malefida, and A. replete, which are all non-quarantine pests. Consequently, we did not further analyze this pest.
</p>
<p>� This pest belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000), so we did further analyze it.
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of S. dolichos are two interceptions at a U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence of host status.
</p>
<p>� The species of Spodoptera reported attacking Capsicum spp. in Central America are S. albula, S. dolichos, S. eridania, S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S. latifascia, and S. Ornithogalli, which are all non-quarantine pests. Consequently, we did not further analyze.this pest. 
</p>
<p>� Broad patterns of host plant use in the family Nymphalidae are well known, and the Ithomiinae subfamily is largely composed of specialist pests on the Solanaceae, with a few species that use the Apocynaceae. Most ithomiines eat round holes in the interior of the leaf blades (DeVries, 1989).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of A. monuste is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of A. monuste.
</p>
<p>� L. aripa is a leaf feeder, reported as pest of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Ramírez et al., 2001; Santiago et al., 2006)
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of A. stercorea is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of A. stercorea.
</p>
<p>� E. elutella Larva feeds on stored tobacco leaves and other products, particularly chocolates, seeds, and prepared cereals (Arnett, 2000). It is found less commonly in grains and flour, and in rotten wood.
</p>
<p>� We think O. sacchari is unlikely to follow the pathway for several reasons. Capsicum is reported as an minor host of O. sacchari (CABI, 2007). Larvae are scavengers of dried/harvested vegetable material, and feed only occasionally on living material. Opogona sacchari in other hosts (e.g., bananas) attacks the peduncles, but it is especially abundant in decaying pseudostems (EPPO/CABI, 1997). In ornamental plants like cacti and Dracaena, larvae feed on dead and living portions of the cortex. Peduncles of Capsicum are not woody or fleshy, and damaged fruits and tissues are likely to be culled during postharvest processing. O. sacchari has never been intercepted on Capsicum spp., and only twice in baggage on any commodity (PestID, 2008). 
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of O. punctata is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of O. punctata.
</p>
<p>� Two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry are the only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of C. orchidii (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of C. orchidii.
</p>
<p>� C. signipennis is a pest of Anthurium, Musa (banana), and Musa x paradisiaca (plantain) (CABI, 2007). The only evidence that this thrips is a pest of Capsicum spp. is a record in Pernezny et al. (2003), which was later acknowledged as a mistake (Nuessly, 2008). Consequently, we have no evidence that peppers are a host of C. signipennis.
</p>
<p>� E. chrysanthemi is a minor pest of C. annum (CABI, 2007)
</p>
<p>� We found no reports of the Capsicum spp. plant part affected by this bacterium. We assumed E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca could affect pseudostems and green fruit, based on its effects on Musa sp (Bradbury, 1986; Young and Fletcher, 1997). 
</p>
<p>� Capsicum annuum is susceptible to E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca when artificially inoculated (Bradbury, 1986), but we found no evidence that natural infection occurs. E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca occurs in Honduras on the pseudostems and fruit of Musa sp. (Bradbury, 1986; Young and Fletcher, 1997), but has not been reported on Capsicum sp. Consequently, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.
</p>
<p>� Reported as Ralstonia solanacearum race 3. No biovar specified for this country.
</p>
<p>� This bacteria has been erradicated from all territories of the United States (Ambuzs, 2003; CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2005).
</p>
<p>� Fungal taxonomic classification as in Farr et al. (2008), and Index fungorum database (CABI, 2008).
</p>
<p>� This pest may or may not be quarantine pest, but the genus is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not further analyze it because we found no evidence that other pests in the genus were quarantine pests in the region examined. 
</p>
<p>� This pest may or may not be quarantine pest, but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not analyze it further because we found no evidence of other pests in the taxon being quarantine pests in the region examined. 
</p>
<p>� The major host of H. rufa is the fungus Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom); it is “associated” with several genera of plants (CABI, 2007). The substrate reported of this fungus is wood (Farr et al., 2008) of several species of plants.
</p>
<p>� Witches broom fungus of cacao, caused by C. perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, is a serious disease in Latin America. Indigenous to the Amazon, it is now present in most cocoa growing regions in South America and several Caribbean islands. It occurs in Central America only in Panama (on the South American side of the canal) (Williams, 2008).
</p>
<p>� M. perniciosa affects leaves, flowers, stems and fruits of cocoa, Theobroma cacao. The only reported host association is on C. annuum (Farr et al., 2008), and we found no information about the part plant affected. Given its distribution in Central America and the lack of evidence that it affects Capsicum spp, we did not further analyze it.
</p>
<p>� Although Wellman (1977) reports this fungus on Capsicum, it is common on woody perennials in the cool humid equatorial forests, several of which are shade trees in coffee plantations (CABI, 2007). We found no more information about the association between Capsicum and this pathogen.
</p>
<p>� M. citricolor is reportedly present in Florida (CABI, 2007) but it has not been detected there since 1926 (Schubert, 2002). It is not known to occur in the United States (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008, Alfieri et al., 1994).
</p>
<p>� M. fulva was isolated from tomato, red pepper (C. annuum), and bell pepper (C. frutescens), but tests did not show P. fulva to be pathogenic.
</p>
<p>� Oidium sp. cause powdered mildew in leaves (Calderón and Díaz, 2002).
</p>
<p>� This pest may or may not be a quarantine pest but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not analyze it further because we found no evidence that other pests in the taxon were quarantine pests in the region examined.
</p>
<p>� This pest may or may not be a quarantine pest but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). The only evidence that Pestalotiopsis species affect Capsicum spp. is for P. palmarum, which is not a quarantine pest. Although this pest likely follows the pathway, we did not analyze it further because we found no evidence of other quarantine pests in the taxon in the region examined.
</p>
<p>� Formerly present in Costa Rica but now absent (CABI, 2007).
</p>
<p>� In the United States, G. rostochiensis is reported only in New York (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008). It was eradicated in Delaware (CABI, 2007).
</p>
<p>� Part plant affected by species in this genus, based on CABI (2007).
</p>
<p>� Andean potato mottle comovirus (APMoV) is a systemic desease that expresses symptoms in several parts of the plant. It is not transmitted by true seeds (CABI, 2007). APMoV is vectored by polyphageous beetles of Diabrotica genus (Valverde and Fulton, 1996).
</p>
<p>� Restricted distribution (CABI, 2007).
</p>
<p>� A geminivirus isolate, designated PVW-C, has incited STLCV-like symptoms in pepper near Weslaco, TX, and shares greater than 95 percent sequence AV1 identity with STLCV. This indicates STLCV was present in Texas pepper fields as early as 1988 and 1989 (J. K. Brown, unpublished data), just after the B. tabaci B biotype vector invaded the Rio Grande Valley and northern Mexico (Idris and Brown, 1998).
</p>
<p>� The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (ICTVdB Management, 2006) does not report Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV, with acronym (TYV). The virus identification from El Salvador in Arevalo (2003) is uncertain. Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV) is the current accepted name for this virus in the Americas. Therefore, TYV is a mistaken acronym for this virus and is not used in this document
</p>
<p>� Only one record exists that the virus called “Tomato yellow mosaic virus” is present in Central America (Arevalo 2003). Specialized literature only report theTomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV) in Brazil and Venezuela, isolated from Lycopersicon esculentum (Brunt et al., 1996; ICTVdB Management, 2006). EPPO (2007) reports this virus as present (no details) in: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. The TYV was included in the list of pest of peppers from Central America as ToYMV based on information presented by the El Salvador NPPO (Arevalo, 2003).
</p>
<p>� The only evidence that Capsicum is a host is the report of Arevalo (2003), which does not clearly identify the virus. We found no other evidence of this virus affecting any species of Capsicum (Brunt et al., 1996; EPPO, 2007; ICTVdB Management, 2006). Additionally, C. frutescens is insusceptible (Brunt et al., 1996).
</p>
<p>� Systemic virus, assuming that Arevalo (2003) report, refers to the Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV.
</p>
<p>� We did not further analyze this virus for a few reasons. First, because of the uncertainty about its identification in Arevalo (2003). Second, the virus “Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV” is not reported to occur in Central America. Third, we found no evidence that this virus affects Capsicum spp., and C. frutescens is insusceptible (Brunt et al., 1996). Finally, this virus is unlikely to follow the pathway, because it is not transmitted by true seeds or by contact between hosts (Brunt et al., 1996; ICTVdB Management, 2006). The virus is also poorly transmitted when inoculum is from old tissue.
</p>
<p>� F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence/Flower; L = Leaf; P = Peduncle; R = Root; S = Stem; Se = Seed; Sd = Seedling; Sh = Shoot; W = Whole plant/Systemic
</p>
<p>� BG= Baggage; GC= General Cargo; HD= Holds; ML= Mail; MS= Miscellaneous; PC= Permit Cargo; and QS= Quarters or Stores.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="footer"><p class="footer">PAGE  </p>
<p class="footer">iv</p>
<p class="footer">Rev. 001
April 27, 2009
</p>
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