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Guidelines For Landfill 

Of Toxic Industrial Sludges 

By 

Nolan A. Curry1 

Presented At The Twenty~Eighth Industrial Waste Conference 

Purdue University, W. Laf•yette Indiana 

May 1, 2 & 3, 1973 

(1) Senior Sanitary Engineer 

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 

Division of Pure Waters, Bureau of Industrial Wastes 

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Sludges, slurries or dewatered solids containing toxic 

materials present an ever increasing problem of disposal. 

To many, any solid represents material that can be 

safely landfilled and forgotten. on the contrary, such 

solids may present potential sources of highly toxic pollution. 

If pollution of the environment is to be controlled, it 

is essential not only to remove the toxic materials from 

ind.ustrial wastewaters before discharge, but also to 

insure that, once removed, they are prevented from reaching 

ground or surface water by another path. 

Moat reactions, by which insoluble sludges are formed, are 

reversible if the conditions in the water in contact with 

the sludge ehange sufficiently. Variations in pH-, in the 

concentration of ammonia (which can dissolve most toxic 

metals by forming water soluble complexes), in temperature 

or in the presence of oxidizing compounds are some of the 

parameters that can produce toxic concentrations of metals 

in the leachate. 

These possibilities require that sludges be segregated by 

class, that close control of landfill conditions be prac~ 

ticed and that adequate surveillance of the leachate be 

maintained, Treatment of toxic leachate may be required 

if the precautions taken are not adequate. 

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The preferred disposition from the viewpoint of mineral 

conservation and pollution abatement is to reclaim 

minerals for reuse. These guidelines are intended for use 

only where reclaiming is not practical and disposition 

to a landfill is the best remaining method avails ble. 

To do an adequate job in landfilling requires: 

a) detailed knowledge of the sludges 

b) precautions to insure continued insolubility of pollutants 

c) maintenance of surveillance to check efficacy of handling 

d) treatment of leachate if contaminated 

Since the various sludges encountered become soluble under 

different and sometimes conflicting conditions, !12. ~ 

universal procedure will suffice. 

Detailed knowledge of the sludges required: 

To store solid wastes properly with the necessary safeguards to prevent leaching, the composition and properties 

of each waste must be known. It is preferrable that each 

type of waste be kept segregated from point of origin, 

through scavenger handling and to delivery at the landfill 

site. In case of doubt, all sludges should be kept separat• 

until properly classified for landfilling. Premature mixing 

at point of production may be cause for its rejection when 

delivered to a landfill. 

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In general, it is desirable to know the details of the 

process producing each sludge and the conditions required 

by the process to produce acceptable effluent concentrations 

at the wastewater treatment plant. Maintenance of siadlar 

conditions in the landfill should help to insure leachate 

of acceptable quality from the landfill. 

In addition to the amount and kind of toxic material, it 

is necessary to know all of the information that could 

affect its reaction with other sludges and its behavior 

in the landfill. Since some of the non~metallic constituents may govern the behavior of the metals, these should 

be known and their effects evaluated. 

For example, barium chromate is relatively insoluble and 

has been proposed for landfilling. Since barium sulfate 

is lese soluble than the barium chromate, contact with a 

sludge that contains sulfates or sulfate containing water 

can result in the gradual release of soluble hexavalent 

chromium through ion exchange. The concentrations released 

can exceed acceptable limits in the leachate. 

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Soma sludges from alkaline chlorination may contain 

excessive amounts of precipitated metal cyanides, In 

plating solutions, these metal cyanides are dissolved in 

an excess of sodium cyanide. In the treatment of the 

cyanide solutions, if the reaction·rate is too slow, pre· 

ferential destruction of the sodium cyanide may occur. 

The sludge in such cases is generally a mixture of insoluble metal hydroxides, metal carbonates and metal cyanides. 

Neutral or acid conditions in the fill could permit the 

evolution of lethal cyanogen gas. Bulk landfilling of 

such material should be avoided, 

If slud8es contain biodegradable material that will generate ammonia or carbon dioxide as degradation products, 

segregation from sludges containing toxic metal compounds 

(which can be dissolved) should be practiced, Most toxic 

metals form soluble complexes with ammonia. Many carbo~ates 

form soluble bi-carbonates by absorption of carbon 

dioxides. If the organic material is in the form of a 

m~tal organic compound, incineration prior to landfilling 

may be required as pretreatment. Incineration may involve 

potential air pollution if not carefully controlled. 

Pertinent regulations regarding air pollution must be met. 

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Some sludges such as sulfides tend to oxidize to sulfates 

and generate increased acidity. Such acidity can increase 

solubility of hydroxides. oxides and carbonates. Water 

content of the sludge can be an important factor. Leachate 

can be formed as a result of compaction and d~atering of 

sludges. Generation of water from the sludge itself can 

make elimination of all external sour~es of potential 

leachate futile as a means of prevention of leachate, 

Solubility of most precipitates is a function of the 

temperature of the water in contact with it. Graph I 

shows the variation of solubility of silver chloride in 

water with temperature. If such sludges are exposed to 

mixtures or constituents that have the possibility of 

generating heat in a landfill. then the danger of toxicity 

in the effluent is increased. As a general rule, any combustible material or strong oxidizing agents should be 

handled arid stored separately from toxic metal sludges. 

Sludges that react when mixed to give off heat should not 

be stored together, i.e. finely divided metals that react 

with acid or caustic. 

Metals such as chromium which· must be reduced from the 

hexavalent to the trivalent state to render them insoluble. 

must be protected from oxidizing wastes or conditions. 

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Conversely, metals such as iron and mercury which are 

more insoluble in the oxidized state should be kept 

separate from sludges producing reducing conditions. 

The pH of the water in contact with sludges can be very 

critical in determining the concentration of toxic metals. 

in equilibrium with the sludge, Graph II shows the solubility in mg/1 of zinc from a solution containing approximately 

one quarter of one percent of zinc phosphate at different 

values of pH. Zinc being amphoteric like aluminum and 

lead shows increase in solubility both at higher and at 

lower pH than that pH giving minimum solubility, Only 

the range of 7.8-8.7 would be considered acceptable with 

this composition of sludge, 

Unacceptable Wastes 

Some sludges are too soluble to be stored safely in an open 

landfill. Processes that concentrate the soluble solids 

by removal of water by evaporation·, crystallization, ion 

exchange, reverse osmosis and mlcrofiltration can produce 

concentr8tions of material that exceed the solubility of 

the toxic components. Sl~dges from such solutions are 

readily redissolved upon dilution and should be refused 

in bulk for landfill. 

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There are some dry processes of grinding, blending or 

packaging of soluble, solid prod~cts that produce contaminated, soluble solid wastes. Sodium dichromate manufacturing 

is an example. These wastes are not acceptable for bulk 

landfill; 

In some eases the best practical treatment may not produce an 

effluent of sufficiently low concentration to meet non-toxic 

stream requirements. Treatment in this case must be followed 

by dilution with other process streams prior to or at the point 

of discharge. Sludges from such processes will be in equilibrium 

with higher concentrations of pollutants than can be permitted in 

leachate discharging to ground or surface waters. 

An example is the removal of fluorides by precipitation at pH of 

11.0 with an excess of calcium ion, The equilibrium concentration ia generally between 15 and 25 mg/1 depending on interfering 

materials. Even in pure laboratory solutions, the minimum 

fluoride concentration obtainable is about 8 mg/1. 

NYS limit of discharge to ground or to small stream of intermittent flow is 1.5 to 3.0 mg/1 depending on ground conditions. 

Dilution after the best practical treatment is required in 

New York State. Since dilution of leachate cannot normally 

be assured, calcium fluoride sludges should not be landfilled 

in bulk. Reclamation or container storage from which no leachate 

can result is the only Polution. 

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Some sludges such as calcium sulfate and calcium fluoride 

can redissolve. 

Wastes of unknown composition and characteristics should 

be refused. Mixtures of wastes that are not compatible 

or require conflicting storage conditions should not be 

accepted. 

Pretreatment of Wastes 

Some slud8es can be converted by treatment to a condition 

that can be satisfactorily landfilled. In such cases, pretreatment can be required or provided at the landfill. Each 

case should be decided on its own merits as it arises, 

In some cases, it may be preferrable to conduct the treatment on a larger scale at the landfill. This may be particularly 

true if several industries in the locality produce wastes 

requiring similar treatment. Dewatering is one such example. 

Incineration is another. 

For some type wastes, sintering with a suitable flux may 

be the best approach. Such sintering may ~educe the danger 

from finely divided, air borne particles which can also be 

rendered more insoluble for the flux used. These reactions 

generally require expert knowledge in a specialized field 

and will not be treated in this paper. 

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For some soluble wastes, containerization or encapsulation 

may be required pretreatment for landfilling. Care must be 

taken that the containers are protected from both internaL 

and external corrosion. Disposal must be in an area in 

which heavy compaction of the fill is not permitted. Com• 

paction can crush or rupture the container, breaching the 

barrier provided by the treatment. Since most sludges 

contain water or other liquids, care must be taken that the 

water-tight containers are not subjected to excessive changes 

in temperature. Buildup of internal pressure can rupture 

the containert sometimes with explosive force. 

Incineration, which may be necessary Or desirable to 

eliminate problems from organic matter, must be handled with 

care. Some sludges will give off toxic fumes or vapors 

which may require special precautions to handle, Beryllium 

oxide, mercury (in metal compounds or alloys such as 

amalgams), arsenic, zinc, etc, are a few examples of 

materials that should be incinerated only under carefully 

controlled conditions. 

Rules for incinerators and fume emission as provided by the 

New York State Environmental Conservation taw 1972, Air 

Pollution Act,Article 19-0303, Codes, Rules and Regulations should 

be met for installations in New York State. 

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In general. sulfide precipitation is used for metals which 

are too soluble in the oxide or hydroxide fo~ to meet effluent 

limits. Incineration of such sludges or of triva~ent chromium 

will oxidize the toxic components to a more soluble form that is 

not suitable for landfill, Therefore, any incinerator waste 

should be investigated by laboratory leaching to insure that 

it is not a potential source of leachable pollution. 

Recent investigation of biologically treated sewage, containing trivalent chromium, has shown a potential of 5 to 6 

mg/1 of hexavalent chromium that has been oxidized by 

treatment. Such material is not acceptable for landfill 

without special precautions to prevent leaching. 

Precautions required to insure continued solubility: 

Since many sludges can be readily dissolved, it is necessary 

to determine the conditions for each sludge that will maintain minimum solubility. These conditions must consider 

potential reactions with other sludges that will produce 

conditions that wi 11 generate toxic concentration of 

pollutants in the water in contact with such sludges. 

Some of the major paramters to be considered are pH 

sensitivity, generation of heat, heat sensitivity, reactions 

that produce objectionable by~products, material that 

effect solubility through ion exchange and valence changing 

reactions that affect solubility. 

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Appendix lists many of the toxic metal sludges and the 

type of potential reactions with other sludges that should 

be avoided by segregation into groups of material that are 

relatively compatible for landfilling. 

In order to facilitate screening of the sludges, it will 

be desirable for each landfill accepting toxic metal sludges 

to set up different areas for the specific sludges they 

receive. A general classification could be set up as follows: 

1. Acid forming (including sulfides) 

2. Oxidizing 

3. Reducing 

4. Fume and vapor forming 

5. Highly exothermic 

6. Organic wastes without toxic metals 

7. Ge~eral (hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, etc.) 

a. High pH (10.0 and higher) 

b. Intermediate pH (8.5 - 9.9) 

c. Slightly alkaline pH (7.5 - 8.4) 

d. Acid and neutral pH (7.4 or less) 

Sub-classes of the first six groups based on pH may be 

required depending upon the specific wastes received at any 

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landfill, Attempts to sub-divide groups farther than 

necessary will lead to chaos and should be avoided. only 

set up those groups which are actually needed in a specific 

landfill, but leave room for adding a few special groups 

as the need develops. 

Since most solubilities are sensitive to heat, this factor 

deserves special attention. Combustible material should be 

eliminated where possible from toxic metal landfills. When 

mixed with toxic sludges, the possibility of incineration 

should be investigated, The danger of incineration 

causing pollution, however, sho~ld not be overlOoked. 

Metal turnings, grinding and powders that are highly 

exothermic (aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.) should not 

be exposed to excessive heat. 

The pH factor is always very important since so many solubilities are pH dependent. Many materials such as zinc, 

lead, aluminum, etc. are amphoteric (soluble at both high 

and low pH). Others have a narrow range of pH in which the 

solubility of the toxic constituent is low enough to 

resist leaching. Segregation of such sludges must be 

practiced as well as the use of possible buffering of the 

fill to reduce the danger from leaching to ground, surface 

waters, or dewatering of the fill itself. 

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Reduction of water penetration to the landfill 

In addition to the special requirements necessitated by 

the sludges, standard requirements for operation of any 

landfill to prevent water penetration should be observed 

as follows: 

1. Fill should be five feet above highest groundwater. 

2. Base of the fill should not be permeable. A clay loam 

is probably best. Clay alone is too hard to work in 

cold weather. Too porous a soil will not contain 

leachate, 

3. Surface water penetration should be avoided. The top 

4. 

of the fill should be mounded. Drains should be used 

to divert ground or surface water around the fill and 

·to prevent flow over or through it. 

An impervious cover should be applied and compacted 

as frequently as necessary. Fine, dried particles of 

sludge should be prevented from being air-borne as 

well as from being leached. 

5. Cover should not cake and crack in hot, dry weather 

since this will permit rain penetration. Cover should 

be kept mounded as the fill settles to reduce the 

possibility of seepage of standing water. 

6. Erosion of sludges should be prevented and erosion of 

the fill cover kept to a minimum. 

Note: Regulation of scavengers is provided by the New York State 

Environmental Conservatio~ Law Section 27-0301. 

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Surveillance to check efficacy of leachate prevention 

Even with maximum precautions over the operations, it is also 

necessary to keep a close check upon the leachate. Plans 

must be made and tests run to determine the efficiency 

of containment and the level and type of tox~city in the leachate 

' from the sludges. If tests show high amounts of leachate, it 

may indicate failure of containment measures, excessive moisture in the sludges as received or poor segregation of the 

sludges. If the toxicity is high, a survey should be made 

to pin point the cause in order to take corrective measures. 

Underdrains similar to those used under sludge drying beds 

can be used to advantage for new fills. For existing fills, 

the collection of any ground seepage from the fill and its 

analysis should be planned. A series of test holes to sample 

the aquifer downstream of the underground flow should be 

maintained and sampled on a regular basis. All adjacent 

surface waters should also be monitored on a regular basis. 

Treatment of leachate if required 

The same effluent limits should be maintained on leachate 

from an industrial landfill that would be required for any 

other industrial discharge to groundwater or to intermittent 

streams. They are governed in New York State by Parte 700-703, 

Title 6. Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations. 

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In addition EPA has been setting guidelines for industrial 

• discharges that may in time be applied to landfills as well. 

Segregation of sludges and of the leachate from each 

segreaated area can be advantageous if the leachate contains 

toxic concentrations of metals. Since similar conditions mainw 

tain the insolubility of the toxic components, probably a 

common treatment will suffice for the treatment of the 

leachate. If all leachate were combined, the treatment 

required tends to be both complicated ·and expensive. Of 

course, after treatment the sludge. thus produced must still 

be disposed! 

Summary and Conclusions 

Guidelines for landfilling of toxic industrial sludges require 

information ~ composition, conditions for removal to meet 

non-toxic limits 1 refusal of unacceptable wastes, pretreatment of some wastes, precautions to be taken to maintain 

insolubility, segregation into safely mixed classes, protection 

against water infiltration, surveillance of results and 

treatment of leachate if toxic. 

Acknowledgement is made of the assistance of Mr. Thomas E. Quinn 

and Mr. Salvatore Pagano of the Bureau of Industrial Waste 

in criticism and in editing and of Mrs. Sharon Patrie in the 

preparation. 

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APPENDIX 

Class refers to that recommended on page ll 

1, Acid forming 

2. Oxidizing 

3. Reducing 

4 , Fume and vapor forming 

5, High Exothermic 

6. Organic wastes without toxic metals 

7. General (hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, etc,) 

N. Ace. ~ Not acceptable. 

B. pH 

a. 10.0 and higher 

b, 8.5 - 9.9 inclusive 

c. 7.5 - 8.4 

d. 7.4 or less 

c. Conditions to avoid • abbreviations 

Acid • acidic conditions below 5.0 pH 

Alk • highly alkaline 10.0 pH or more 

Heat • temperatures in excess of ambient 

Oxid • oxidizing materials included 

Reduc • reducing materials included 

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D. Tentative EPA limit • mg/1 of the first ion in the 

compound in the table. 

Note d • limit not yet dete~ined. 

E. Solubility in mg/1 of the first ion in tho compound 

listed 

1. Taken from the Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 

unless otherwise noted, 

2. From Seidell - Solubilities of Inorganic and 

Metal Organic Compounds - D. VanNostrand, Third 

Edition, Volume 1. 

3. ~: Insoluble. No concentration of ion given 

in available material. Specific data in these area• 

would be desirable. 

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Tentat. Solubil· .. '" ~::;.;;.I Recome ded Conditions to Avoid 

EPA ity (l) ..... e:~ 

Compound Class pH Acid Alk Heat Oxid Reduc Limit i'~~·l a.••:! 

Aluminum 7 0.2 insol. g:: ~ •I 

c X X !g;isl Fluosilicate :::r••· " .. Aluminum Oxide 7 c X X 0.2 inaol. . I 

Aluminum Oxalate 7 c X X 0.2 insol. 

Aluminum Phosphate 7 c X X 0.2 insol. 

•3 Aluminum Silicate 7 all 0.2 insol. 

,;: 

Antimony 7 c X X d inaol. 

Sulfate (Tri) 

Antimony l d X X X d insol. 

Sulfide (Penta) 

Antimony N.Acc. d 1.2 (2) 

Sulfide (Tri) 

Arsenic 

Sulfide (Penta) N.Acc. 0.05 ;7 (2) 

Arsenic 

Sulfide (Tri) N.Acc. o.os 0.3 (2) c 

Arsenic ..... . ; 

. OXide (Tri) N.Acc • o.os 15,00C (2) I 

'. 0 

;, Barium Carbonate N,Acc. 1.0 l5 (2) w 

w 

Barium Chromate N.Acc. 1.0 l.li (2) 

~: Barium Sulfate 7 a,b, X 1.0 1.5 (2) 

': ,~;· c 

.. _,,. 

.. ·, Beryllium Car- c :·.~ bonate (Basic) 7 c X X X d insol. 

Beryllium OXide 7 c X X X d o.s (2) 

Beryllium Sulfate 

high (hydrate) N.Acc. d 

"':': ~ .......... .,.-r---: •¥ 
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Tentat. So1ubil· 1'•rn 

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Recomended Conditions to Avoid EPA ity (1) ...... -·~ f ~ t: I Compound Class pH Acid A1k Heat OXid Reduc Limit A.e:::r::! 

g .... = ~"I L »iamuth Arsenate 7 all d ineol. co~ 

' ~~:!:j"l ,,_ '·- -. ~··.= .1:"\ Bismuth Carbonate .I 

(Basic) 7 a,b " d insol. 

c ;,-; 

' Bismuth 

Fluoride (Tri) 7 b,c X X d inaol. 

·:~ Bismuth 

Hydro><ide 7 b,c X X d 1.2 

Bismuth Phosphate 7 b, X d inaol. 

Bismuth Silicate 7 a, X d inaol. 

c 

Cadmium Carbonate 7 a, X 0,1 inaol. 

Cadmium 

Ferrocy.i.nide 7 a,b X X 0.1 ins'ol. 

c 

Cadmium Hydroxide N.Acc. 0.1 1.3 (2) 

Cadmium Sulfide 1 c, 0.1 1.6 x 1o·S c (2) ... 'i:- Fluoride, Calcium N.Acc. a 2.0 8.8 (2) ! 

0 

Cerium Oxid• (+3) 7 b,c X car inaol, w 

w 

Chromium, 0Xide(+3) 7 b, X X X 0,05 insol. 

Chromium. Oxide(+6) N.Acc. 0.05 sol. 

Chromate. Lead N.Acc, 0.05 0.06·0.10 
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Tentat. Solubil· ~:;;;I 

' Recoamended 

EPA ity (1) ~-~~!J Conditions to Avoid ~~-I Compound Class ... :3 pH !ACid till( "l!Off I UK1U I<OUUO Limit g ... I 5"1 ~0~ 

Cobalt Hydroxide N.Acc. d 1. 7 (2) ~ ~:!:Efl ::::r••· 

~ G 

Cobalt Dihydro· .I 

Sulfide 1 0 d ct.l (2) 

Cobalt Silicate 7 a,b X d inaol. 

0 

Copper Carbonate 

(ous) N.Acc. co2 0.2 0.8 (2) 

Copper Carbonate 

(ic) N.Acc. C02 0.2 15 (2) 

Copper Hydroxide 

(ie) N.Acc. 0.2 1.9 (2) 

copper Sulfide (ic) 1 d X X 0,2 1.2 X 10"1 

(2) 

Copper Sulfide (ous) 1 d X X 0.2 1.62xlo·l0 

(2) 

Iron Hydroxide (ic) 7 b,c X X 0.5 0.12 (2) 

Iron Hydroxide (oua N.Acc~ 0.5 3. 75 (2) c 

.... Iron Sulfide (ous) H.Acc. 0.5 3 •. 9 .(n I 

Iron Phosphate (ic) 7 b,c X 0.5 inaol. 0 . "·" .,. w 

; -.. trot~ Phosphate(ous) N.Acc. 0.5 v.sl.s. w 

't· 

::} Iron Silicate 7 all X 0.5 inaol. 

Lead Borate (metal) 7 a,b X 0.05 insol. 

:'~; c 

Lead Carbonate 

(basic) 7 ,c X COz 0.05 insol. 

Lead Carbonate N.Acc, 0.05 109 (2) 
r·-

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Tentat. SolubU- 0 -C'II'' 

:·, EPA ity (l) --=·:::;1 Reco~~menOed Conditions to Avoid g.·~ ... 

Compound Class pH Acid Alk Heat Oxid Redu Limit 

• ftr+i"l ~-f.:! 

g 

co~ r+ 31 

Lead Chromate N.Acc. 0.05 0.11 (2) ! g7j'l ::r .... 

,._ D 

Lead Chromate .I 

(basic) 7 c X X 0.05 insol. 

Lead Fluoride N.Acc. 0.05 510 (2) 

Lead Hydroxide N.Acc. 0.05 45-140 (2): 

Lead Oxide N.Acc. 0.05 ll-24 

Lead Peroxide 7 b,c X X X 0.05 insol. 

Lead Phosphate 7 b,c 0.05 0.08 

Lead Silicate 7 ,o X X o.os insol. 

Lead Sulfate N.Acc, 0.05 29 (2) 

Lead Sulfide l c,d 0.05 O.l (2) 

Magnesium Hydroxide 7 a X 9. 7 (2) 

Magnesium Phosphate 7 ,b X insol. c c 

Magnesium Silicate 7 ,b insol. ~ 

c I 

Manganese<+2) 0 

Carbonate N.Acc, l.O 31 (2) w 

Manganese(+3) w 

Hydroxide 7 ,b X l.O insol. c 

Manganese (+2) 

Hydroxide N.Acc. l.O 11.5 (2) 

Manganese Silicate 7 a,b X l.O insol. c 

Manganese Sulfide N.-Acc. l,O 5.0 '1) 
~-- ', 

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.. if•=', Tentat. So1ubil- ••<> ~ -~ • • m 

'.' Rec:omme ded EPA ity (1) -n •• 1 Conditions to Avoid ~-,.1 

-~"' Compound Class pH Acid A1k Heat Oxid Reduc Limit ·"~"I ::- :t!i:t Mercury Oxide (ic) N.Acc. d 47 (2) go.,..sl 

i!S:~i"l (- Mercury Sulfide (ic) 7 a,b d 0.01 (2) ::~~.• .. '·;. X X ~ G 

'l• c .I 

Mercury Sulfide (ous N.Acc. d decomposes-· 

Molybdenum ~!- · .. Sulfide (di) 1 d X insol. 

Molybdenum 

Sulfide (penta) l d X insol. 

Molybdenum 

Sulfide (tetra) l d X insol. 

Nickel Carbonate (ic N.Acc. 1.0 46 (2) 

Nickel Carbonate 

(basic) 7 a,b X X 1.0 insol. 

Nickel Hydroxide(ic) N.Acc. 1.0 6.1 (2) 

Nickel Sulfide l ,b 1.0 insol. c 

Silver Carbonate N.Acc, 0.05 25 (2) c 

.... Silver Chloride N.Acc. 0.05 1.17. (2) I 

silver Sulfide t c,9 0.05 4.6xlo-ll 0 

~ 

Tin Hydroxide 7 ,c X d 1.5 (2) w X 

Tin OXide 7 b,c X X d in~ol. 

Tin Phosphate 7 b,c X X .d insol. 

Titanium Dioxide 7 b,c X X insol. 

Titanium Sulfate 7 b,c X inaol. 

Titanium Sulfide t d insol. 

,. 

:-t'"''_,_..,.t-'"-:'-
r- i 

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if• ::II 111=~ ,-, Tentat. Solubil· ~;;n.=-1 

-· EPA tty (l) ~· t: ~ Reoomme ded conditions to Avoid •:rtlf•l A..! .... compound Class pH Acid Alk Heat Oxid Reduc Limit g .. il "0" it ~:!:j'l Tungsten Oxide 7 b,c X X inaol. ~-·- " '!ll 

Tungsten Sulfide(di) 1 d X inaol. 

Vanadium Oxide (di) 7 b,c X X ineol. 

Zinc Carbonate N.Acc. 0.5 10* 

Zinc Carbonate 

(Basic) 0.5 insol. * 

z inQ Hydroxide N.Acc. 0.5 2.0* 

Zinc Oxide N.Acc. 0.5 1.3 

Zinc Phosphate 7 b,c X X 0.5 inaol. 

Zinc Silicate 7 b,c X X 0,5 insol. 

Zinc Sulfide N.A. 0.5 x1o·4 (2) 

*Note: Zinc solubil ty will e pende ~00 ther ~olub• salt present 

Zirconium Carbonate c (basic) 7 a,b X insol. .... c I 

Zirconium Silicate 7 all inaol. 0 

Zirconium Sulfide l all insol. w 

w 
.·' --~--·--r::; -!: 

• 

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I 

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.. '' -~ 

--~ 

NOTE: Sludges of finely divided metals often present a danger 

in any landfill, Each metal should be questioned for the 

following hazards specifically. 

Explosive Reaction: Some metals such as calcium, lithium, 

sodium, potassium, phosphorus, barium, etc, react explosively 

when they dry out exposed to air or are mixed with water. 

As such they are not acceptable in a landfill in bulk. 

Toxicity of Metal or Reaction Product: Arsenic in the yellow 

powder form is very poisonous. Antimony as a solid solution 

in antimony chloride is both toxic and explosive. Barium 

will decompose on contact with water. Air must be excluded. 

Both the heat and the toxic.ity of the product is a problem. 

Mercury is readily soluble in water containing oxygen and should 

be avoided. 

Exotherm When Sub1eeted to Heat: Many light metals and their 

alloys can produce large exothermic reaction if raised to 

ignition temperatures. This exotherm can be dangerous to 

operators as well as being dangerous in producing toxic 

fumes and vapors from easily vaporized sludges. Examples 

are aluminum, magnesium• titanium, boron, etc, and many of 

the iT alloys, 

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