COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Beales and Lorish

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

LYNETTE EBONY MORSE

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1240-22-2 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER

AUGUST 13, 2024

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY

W. Edward Tomko, III, Judge

Anthony N. Sylvester (Anthony Sylvester, PC, on brief), for 

appellant.

Tanner M. Russo, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Lynette Ebony Morse challenges her convictions for two 2019 offenses, attempted 

abduction with intent to deprive the abductee of personal liberty and conspiracy to commit 

abduction in violation of Code §§ 18.2-22, -26, and -47.1 She argues that venue was improper in 

Prince George County because the evidence did not establish that any crime occurred there. She 

also contends the evidence was insufficient to sustain her convictions. For the following reasons, 

we affirm the convictions.

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

1 The appellant was charged with attempted abduction with the intent to extort money or 

to obtain a pecuniary benefit, a category of abduction proscribed by Code § 18.2-48, and with 

conspiring to commit that offense. She was found guilty of the lesser-included attempt and 

conspiracy offenses involving intent to deprive the abductee of personal liberty in violation of 

Code § 18.2-47.

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND2

The appellant worked at a Comcast Cable location in Prince George County until she 

transferred to a Comcast location in Florida in early 2018. Bradley Mitchell and Katrece 

Mason-Rogers were the appellant’s co-workers at the Virginia location. Mason-Rogers and the 

appellant were “friends” for the two years they worked together, and Mason-Rogers had met the 

appellant’s boyfriend, Ricky Taylor, “[s]everal times.” This case involves two different groups 

of crimes, the first occurring in 2018 and the second in 2019. The appellant and Taylor were 

indicted for both sets of offenses following their apprehension for the 2019 crimes.

On September 1, 2018, several months after the appellant left her employment at the 

Prince George location, Mitchell and Mason-Rogers were accosted by two masked individuals as 

they left the Comcast building in Prince George at the end of the workday. One of the robbers

was a “short, stocky” female who wore a hoodie, a wig, and a skull mask covering her face. The 

other assailant, a “slim” male with dreadlocks, was armed with a handgun with purple trim. He 

forced Mitchell at gunpoint to disarm the building’s alarm and open the safe, while the appellant 

tried unsuccessfully to bind Mason-Rogers’s hands as she lay face down on the floor. The 

robbers stole almost $26,000. Mason-Rogers told the police officer who questioned her

2 On appeal, we review “the evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, the prevailing party below.” Lambert v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 746 

(2019) (quoting Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 650, 652 (2015)). “Viewing the record 

through this evidentiary prism requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with 

that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the 

Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn’” from that evidence. Commonwealth v. 

Barney, 302 Va. 84, 97 (2023) (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 323-24 (2018) 

(per curiam)).
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immediately after the robbery that she “felt 100 percent” that the appellant and Taylor were the 

robbers.3

On February 18, 2019, Mitchell left the Comcast office in Prince George County at about 

5:30 p.m. and stopped at a nearby Wawa. While at a stoplight after leaving the Wawa, he 

noticed a black Chevrolet sedan with New Jersey license plates driving several car lengths 

behind him. The car continued to follow him as he drove on Interstate 95, even when he slowed 

to about ten miles below the speed limit. The black car passed him when he moved from the 

right lane to the middle lane. The car’s windows were “completely blacked out,” and Mitchell 

could not see inside it. When he moved back to the right lane, the black car resumed following 

him, staying “at least two car lengths” behind. Mitchell exited the interstate onto Chippenham 

Parkway, but he did not want the car to follow him to his home so he did not take his usual exit 

off the parkway and instead continued driving. The car followed him as he drove onto the 

Powhite Parkway and then back onto the interstate. Intimidated by the black car’s pursuit and

concerned for his safety, Mitchell called 911. The dispatcher directed him to go to the nearby 

Virginia State Police (VSP) headquarters in Henrico County. He missed the entrance to the VSP 

building and made a U-turn at an apartment complex parking lot. The black car drove into the 

apartment complex, which was just past the VSP building. Mitchell never saw who was in the 

car.

Trooper Charles McKenna of the VSP responded at 6:05 p.m. to Mitchell’s report of a 

“suspicious vehicle” that was following him. McKenna found the appellant in the driver’s seat 

3 The appellant and Taylor were later charged with committing the September 2018 

robbery. They also were charged with abduction, use of a firearm, and wearing masks. 

Mason-Rogers testified that she recognized the appellant as the robber. She based this 

conclusion in part on the robber’s mannerisms, including the way she stood with her hands on 

her hips. Mason-Rogers testified that she was familiar with the appellant’s voice but the 

appellant did not speak during the robbery.
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of a black sedan in the parking lot of the apartments. The car was not running but had recently 

been driven through puddles in the parking lot because there were water marks on the tires. 

McKenna detained the appellant and advised her of her rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 

384 U.S. 436 (1966). She told the trooper that she was going to visit her sister who had recently 

moved to the area, but she did not know the address. Her sister did not corroborate the 

appellant’s story when McKenna called her. He then called the person who had rented the car 

and learned it should have been returned a few days before. As a result, McKenna began to 

inventory the car’s contents before having it towed. The appellant gave varying explanations for 

the items the trooper discovered in the car—two ski masks, two generic black plastic face masks, 

a roll of duct tape, gloves, two “fake beer bell[y]” stomachs, a flip phone, pepper spray, and a 

Bersa Thunder 380 pistol with purple trim.4 The appellant denied any knowledge of the 

handgun.

Bystanders reported that a man who got out of the black car had obtained a ride to a 

nearby Walmart, and he was apprehended there a short time later. When the man, later identified 

as Ricky Taylor, was brought back to the black car for the appellant to identify, she said that a 

man she knew as “Blu” had been in the car with her, and she claimed not to recognize Taylor. 

The key fob for the black car was found at the Walmart.

The handgun from the car was submitted to the forensic laboratory for DNA and 

fingerprint analysis. The DNA analysis could not be completed because of the large number of 

contributors to the DNA on the gun. Additionally, no usable fingerprints were found on the 

firearm, magazine, or cartridges. The other items found in the black car were not tested because 

the appellant admitted knowing they were present.

4 A very dark, non-factory-installed window tint had been “crudely” placed over all of the 

windows to prevent anyone from “being able to see inside.” Additional pieces of window tint 

material were found inside the car.
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The appellant was tried in a single jury trial for both the 2018 robbery and related charges 

as well as the 2019 charges of attempted abduction and the related conspiracy to commit that 

offense. With regard to the 2019 crimes, the jury found her guilty of the lesser-included attempt 

and conspiracy offenses involving intent to deprive of personal liberty. She was sentenced to 

prison terms of ten years, all suspended, for conspiracy and five years for attempted abduction. 

The jury could not reach a verdict on the 2018 offenses, and the trial court declared a mistrial as 

to those offenses.

ANALYSIS

The appellant raises two issues on appeal. She asserts that the trial court erred by not 

“dismissing or quashing the indictments for lack of venue” and ruling the evidence was sufficient 

to support her convictions.5

I. Venue

The appellant contends that venue in Prince George County, the location of Comcast, was 

improper. She suggests that no crime occurred there because Mitchell did not notice he was 

being followed by a black sedan until he was in Colonial Heights, an adjacent jurisdiction, and 

no evidence proved she was in the car that followed him. The appellant filed a pretrial motion to 

dismiss the charges, alleging that no crimes took place in Prince George County. The trial court 

denied the motion. She raised a subsequent challenge to venue in her motion to strike, which the 

court also denied.

The applicable standard of review requires this Court to determine whether the evidence, 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, supports the trial court’s finding of 

venue. See Bonner v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 206, 211 (2013) (en banc). “[V]enue is not a 

5 The appellant initially contended that she had been denied the right to a statutory speedy 

trial under Code § 19.2-243, but she expressly waived that argument in her opening brief. See 

Andrews v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 231, 252-53 (2010).
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substantive element of a crime” and need not be proved “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 210 

(quoting Morris v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 459, 469 (2008)). Rather, the Commonwealth 

establishes venue by producing direct or circumstantial evidence “sufficient to give rise to a 

‘strong presumption’ that the offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the [circuit] 

court.” Id. at 211 (quoting Cheng v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 26, 36 (1990)).

Code § 18.2-22(c) sets forth venue for conspiracy: “Jurisdiction for the trial of any person 

accused of a conspiracy under this section shall be in the county or city wherein any part of such 

conspiracy is planned or in the county or city wherein any act is done toward the consummation 

of such plan or conspiracy.” “Because conspiracy is a continuing offense, venue may be proper 

in more than one place.”6 Barber v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 172, 182 (1987).

Venue for attempted abduction is governed by Code § 19.2-244(A), which states that 

“[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law, the prosecution of a criminal case shall be had in the 

county or city in which the offense was committed.” Venue is “proper wherever any element of 

the offense occurs.” Bonner, 62 Va. App. at 211.

“In cases involving criminal acts occurring in multiple jurisdictions, Virginia courts have 

analyzed ‘the nature of the crime charged and the location of the acts constituting the crime’ in 

order to determine where venue was proper.” McGuire v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 736, 742 

(2018) (quoting Kelso v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 134, 138 (2011)). Accordingly, we must 

examine the elements of conspiracy and attempted abduction.

“Conspiracy is defined as ‘an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted 

action to commit an offense.’” Speller v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 378, 389 (2018) (quoting 

Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505 (1982)). Proof of “an explicit agreement” is not 

6 According to defense counsel, the appellant initially was charged in Henrico County, 

but the charges were nolle prossed.
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required, as a common purpose and plan may be inferred from circumstantial evidence. Id.

(quoting Gray v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 725, 736 (1999), aff’d, 260 Va. 675 (2000)). A 

conspiracy is complete once an agreement is made to commit an offense “regardless of whether 

any overt act” is done to further the substantive offense. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 

34, 38 (1989).

As to the crime of abduction, a person commits that offense when he physically “detains 

his victim” with the intent to deprive him of his personal liberty “by keeping [him] in a specific 

place ‘through the use of force, intimidation, or deception.’” Brown v. Commonwealth, 74 

Va. App. 721, 731 (2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Herring, 288 Va. 59, 74 (2014)); see Code 

§ 18.2-47(A). A conviction for an attempted crime—in this case, attempted abduction—requires 

proof that the accused intended to commit the crime and did a direct act toward completing it but 

did not succeed. See Jones v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 307, 314 (2019) (en banc). The 

direct act must be more than merely “arranging the means necessary” to commit the crime. Id. at 

326-27 (quoting West v. Commonwealth, 156 Va. 975, 979 (1931)).

The record supports the trial court’s ruling that venue was proper in Prince George 

County. First, the evidence established that the appellant was in the black car that followed

Mitchell on February 18, 2019, the day of the attempted abduction. Maurice Reddick, the 

Comcast security guard on duty that day, saw a dark sedan parked on the shoulder of a public 

road near Comcast at about 1:00 p.m.7 A thin Black man with braids was standing outside the 

car, and a light-skinned Black woman was sitting inside the car. The trial judge specifically 

noted in denying the appellant’s motion to strike that the appellant was “light skinned” and 

7 Following the September 2018 robbery, Comcast initiated enhanced security policies. 

Comcast hired a security guard for the lobby and another guard for the rear of the building, and it 

installed security cameras at the front and side of the building. Instead of exiting the building by 

the front door into an open parking area, employees used the rear door and parked in a locked, 

gated area.
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Taylor had long braided hair at the time of his capture. The evidence also established that Taylor 

was “skinny.”

Further, surveillance videos from Comcast and a nearby construction company show that 

a black sedan was again in the vicinity of Comcast later that same afternoon, between 5:04 p.m. 

and 5:14 p.m. Mitchell noticed a black “Chevy” sedan with New Jersey license plates following 

him soon after he left Comcast about 5:30 p.m. The car continued to follow him until he arrived 

at VSP headquarters in Henrico County. Trooper McKenna found the appellant in a black sedan 

with silver trim and blacked-out windows at an apartment complex in close proximity to the VSP 

building. The car was a Chevrolet Malibu with New Jersey license plates and strongly 

resembled the car seen in the surveillance videos. The evidence supports the conclusion that the 

appellant was in the black car with Taylor in Prince George County and they began following 

Mitchell as soon as he left the Comcast premises.

Second, the record established that the crimes occurred in Prince George County. A 

reasonable inference from the evidence is that the appellant and Taylor committed the 2018 

robbery at Comcast and intended to commit another robbery there on February 18, 2019.8 Both 

September 1, 2018, and February 18, 2019, fell on holiday weekends when Comcast’s daily 

receipts were kept overnight in the building, a fact that the appellant, a former employee, would 

8 The jury heard evidence of both the September 2018 robbery and the February 2019 

crimes. They could not reach a verdict on the 2018 offenses, and a mistrial was declared. See 

generally Reed v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 594, 596-98 (1990) (holding that a jury may decline 

to convict a defendant through compromise or leniency). Because the appellant was not 

acquitted of the 2018 robbery, however, the jury could consider evidence of that crime as it 

relates to the convictions for the 2019 offenses at issue in this appeal. See generally Painter v. 

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 225, 236 (2005) (“Collateral estoppel only bars the Commonwealth 

‘from introducing evidence to prove an offense for which a defendant has been previously 

acquitted.’” (quoting Simon v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 412, 417 (1979) (emphasis added))); see 

generally also Miller v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 929, 933 (1977) (holding that double jeopardy 

did not preclude a retrial where the first trial ended in a hung jury); Page v. Commonwealth, 40 

Va. App. 703, 709-10 (2003) (same). This Court is therefore similarly permitted to consider that 

evidence under the parameters of traditional appellate review.
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know. The robbers wore face masks on September 1, 2018, and Trooper McKenna found face 

masks in the black sedan on February 18, 2019. Trooper McKenna also found a distinct firearm 

with purple trim that closely resembled the firearm described by witnesses as being used in the 

September 2018 robbery. People matching the descriptions of the appellant and Taylor were 

seen with a dark sedan in the vicinity of the Comcast building about 1:00 p.m. on February 18, 

2019, and a black sedan with silver trim and heavily tinted windows like theirs was again seen 

nearby between 5:04 and 5:14 p.m. But the increased security measures implemented after the 

2018 robbery prevented nonemployees from entering the Comcast premises in 2019 in the same 

way the robbers had entered in 2018. As a result, they had to follow Mitchell when he left the 

building about 5:30 p.m. in order to accomplish their criminal acts.

This evidence supports the reasonable inference that the appellant and Taylor conspired 

to abduct Mitchell to gain entry into the Comcast building. Their conduct was an act in 

furtherance of both the conspiracy and the attempted abduction. Accordingly, venue was proper 

in Prince George County. See Kelso, 282 Va. at 137-39 (holding that where the defendant sold 

marijuana to a juvenile in one county and the juvenile distributed it in another county, venue was 

proper in the county where the distribution took place).

II. Sufficiency

The appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support her convictions for 

attempted abduction and conspiracy to commit that offense.

The Court is guided by well-established legal principles when considering the sufficiency 

of the evidence, viewing the evidence “in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the 

prevailing party at trial.” Barnett v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 111, 115 (2021) (quoting 

Smith v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 382, 384 (2016)). The appellate court affirms the trial 

court’s judgment “unless it appears from the evidence that the judgment is plainly wrong or 
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without evidence to support it.” Pulley v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 104, 123 (2021) (quoting

Poole v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 357, 363 (2021)). “If there is evidentiary support for the 

conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its 

opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan 

v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 

149, 161 (2018)). “[T]he relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Washington v. Commonwealth, 

75 Va. App. 606, 615 (2022) (quoting Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016)). “In 

applying this standard of review, we eschew the divide-and-conquer approach, which examines 

each incriminating fact in isolation, finds it singularly insufficient, and then concludes that the 

sum of these facts can never be sufficient. Instead, in an appellate sufficiency review, the 

evidence is ‘considered as a whole.’” Commonwealth v. Barney, 302 Va. 84, 97 (2023) (quoting 

Stamper v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 260, 273 (1979)).

A. Attempted Abduction

Relying on Jones v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 307 (2019) (en banc), the appellant 

argues she was wrongly convicted of attempted abduction because merely following Mitchell as 

he drove was not a direct or “overt” act in furtherance of an abduction.9 We disagree.

Code § 18.2-47(A) provides that “[a]ny person who, by force, intimidation or deception, 

and without legal justification or excuse, seizes, takes, transports, detains or secretes another 

person with the intent to deprive such other person of his personal liberty . . . shall be deemed 

guilty of ‘abduction.’” A conviction for an attempted crime requires proof of two elements: “the 

9 The appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to establish her specific 

intent to commit an abduction, except to the extent that it may be inferred from the commission 

of an overt act, which she contends she did not commit. As a result, we do not separately 

consider whether the acts proved here established her intent to commit an abduction as opposed 

to some other crime.
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intent to commit the crime and the doing of some direct [or overt] act toward its consummation,

but falling short of the accomplishment of the ultimate design.” Jones, 70 Va. App. at 314 

(alteration in original) (quoting Rogers v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 20, 24-25 (2009)). The 

direct act “need not be the last proximate act” necessary to consummate the crime, but it must be 

more than merely “arranging the means necessary” to commit the crime. Id. at 326-27 (quoting 

West, 156 Va. at 979). “Whether the actions of a particular defendant rise to the level of an 

attempted crime is a fact-specific inquiry that must be decided on a case-by-case basis.” 

Northcraft v. Commonwealth, 78 Va. App. 563, 603 (2023) (quoting Ashford v. Commonwealth, 

47 Va. App. 676, 681 (2006)).

This Court considered in Jones, 70 Va. App. at 329 (emphasis omitted), whether an 

action was a “direct act” or simply “preparation.” “Preparation consists in arranging the means 

necessary for the commission of the crime. [Conversely, t]he attempt is the direct movement 

towards its commission, after the preparations have been made.” Id. at 326-27 (quoting West, 

156 Va. at 979). The direct but ineffectual act intended to accomplish the crime, the “overt act,” 

can be “slight,” but it must go beyond mere preparation and “implicate one or more elements of 

the offense.” Id. at 324, 329-30. The direct act “must be apparently (but not necessarily in 

reality) adapted to the purpose intended.” Id. at 318 (quoting Joseph H. Beale, Jr., Criminal 

Attempts, 16 Harv. L. Rev. 491, 492 (1903)). In short, for criminal liability to attach to an 

attempted crime, “the intended crime must be in progress to some extent” in a way that “creat[es] 

a victim.” Id. at 326, 330. “[T]here must be some appreciable fragment of the crime committed, 

it must be in such progress that it will be consummated unless interrupted by circumstances 

independent of the will of the attempter, and the act must not be equivocal in nature.” Id. at 328 

(quoting Lewis v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 337, 340 (1992)).
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This Court reversed Jones’s attempted robbery conviction, holding that his actions did 

not go “beyond preparation to commit a robbery.” Id. at 332. Police officers observed Jones and 

another man in an alley between two residences. Id. at 312. Jones fled when he saw the police 

but was apprehended a short time later. Id. He had a ski mask in his car. Id. Several hours later 

a police officer found a sawed-off shotgun under a bush near where Jones was seen running. Id.

at 313. Jones told the police he was there to protect a friend who intended to rob a drug dealer, 

but no evidence indicated the drug dealer lived in the area where the police found Jones. Id. The 

intended crime had not yet “creat[ed] a victim.” Id. at 330. This Court held that under the 

circumstances Jones committed no direct act in furtherance of the robbery. Id. at 332.

In the instant case, however, the evidence shows that the appellant did more than merely 

prepare for the intended abduction. Assembling items useful in an abduction, including pepper 

spray, duct tape, face masks, and a firearm—all items found in the car—indicated preparation.10 

But positioning herself near the Comcast premises close to the time that Mitchell left the 

building and doggedly pursuing him as he drove was a direct act of intimidating an identifiable 

victim to further the abduction. See Code § 18.2-47(A) (stating that the crime of abduction may 

be accomplished through the intimidation of another person). Intimidation occurs when a victim 

10 The reasonable inference from the evidence in this case is that the intended crime was 

abduction. Therefore, Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510 (2008), is distinguishable on its facts. 

The Jay opinion addressed two cases involving separate defendants, Jay and James. See id. at 

510, 513. In James’s case, an undercover officer arranged to buy marijuana from James, but

when the officer refused James’s repeated requests to get into his car, other law enforcement 

officers intervened before the transaction was completed. See id. at 521-22. James admitted 

after his arrest that he had no marijuana to sell and simply wanted the officer’s money. See id. at 

522-23. He was convicted of attempted robbery but argued the intended crime could have been 

obtaining money by false pretenses because no evidence proved he planned to use force to take 

the money. See id. at 524-25. Reversing his conviction, the Supreme Court held that the 

evidence was as consistent with attempting to obtain money by false pretenses as attempted 

robbery because no overt act established a taking by force or violence. See id. at 526-28. In 

light of the evidence in the instant case, by contrast, the only reasonable conclusion was that 

Mitchell would necessarily have to be abducted in order for a robbery to be committed at 

Comcast.
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is put in fear of bodily harm even if no such intention is overtly expressed. See Brown, 74 

Va. App. at 731-32. It may include “psychological pressure on [the victim] who, under the 

circumstances, is vulnerable and susceptible to such pressure.” Id. at 732 (alteration in original) 

(quoting Sutton v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 654, 663 (1985)).

Unlike Jones, in which the intended victim was not specifically identified and no 

evidence indicated he knew he was going to be robbed, Mitchell knew he was being followed by 

the black sedan as he left his place of business. Although he altered his speed and changed lanes, 

the black sedan continued to pursue him through four jurisdictions after he left the Comcast 

building. He could not see the car’s occupants because the windows were “completely blacked 

out.” Having been the victim of a robbery about six months earlier at the Comcast location, 

Mitchell reasonably was concerned by the consistent presence of the black car. Intimidated by 

the sedan’s persistence and fearing for his safety as a result, he drove past his usual exit to 

prevent the car from following him to his home and then called 911.

11

 When the dispatcher 

directed him to drive to the VSP headquarters, he did so. When he arrived there, the black car 

stopped in the parking lot of a nearby apartment complex rather than following him to the police 

headquarters.

Based on the facts before the jury, the offense was “in such progress that it w[ould have]

be[en] consummated” if Mitchell had not diverted from the route to his home, called 911, and 

driven to the VSP headquarters. Jones, 70 Va. App. at 328 (holding that the attempted crime 

11 In light of our conclusion here, we do not address the Attorney General’s argument that 

Mitchell also experienced a restraint on his freedom of movement, another element of the 

offense of abduction. See Code § 18.2-47(A). See generally Brown, 74 Va. App. at 731-32 

(holding that an abduction occurred when the defendant kept the victim “in a specific place” by 

temporarily blocking her car in his driveway and engaged in additional conduct that put her in 

fear of harm).
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“must be in such progress that it will be consummated unless interrupted by circumstances 

independent of the will of the attempter”).

This case is more similar to Rogers than Jones. In Rogers, 55 Va. App. at 22-23, the 

defendant and his accomplices went to the victim’s apartment to rob him, armed with a gun and a 

baseball bat. The robbery was foiled when the victim saw the weapons and did not open his 

door. Id. at 22. This Court upheld the defendant’s attempted robbery conviction, reasoning that 

the defendant’s “acts went beyond planning,” as he had “actually beg[u]n the robbery.” Id. at 

27; see United States v. Simmons, 11 F.4th 239, 251, 272-74 (4th Cir. 2021) (discussing both 

Rogers and Jones in upholding a conviction for attempted murder where the defendants obtained 

firearms, drove to the victim’s house, and knocked on his door, but he did not open the door, 

thereby preventing the attempted murder).12

Mitchell’s decision to go to the VSP building foiled the actual abduction, but it did not 

“absolve [the appellant] of attempting to commit [the] crime.” Rogers, 55 Va. App. at 29; cf.

Carr v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 106, 115 (2018) (“[A victim’s] eventual escape . . . d[oes] 

not preclude the fact finder from concluding that [the] appellant intended to deprive [the victim] 

of h[is] personal liberty at the time [of the abduction].”).

Because the sufficiency of the evidence for an attempted crime must be determined on a 

case-by-case basis, not every instance of following a vehicle becomes a crime. Rather, as in this 

case, the totality of the circumstances establishes the offense. Here, a former co-worker 

identified the appellant as one of the two persons who robbed Comcast on September 1, 2018, a 

holiday weekend when daily receipts would not be picked up for deposit. The robbers, wearing 

12 In the same opinion, the court reversed a conviction for the attempted murder of a 

different victim where the defendants went to a house where they thought the intended victim 

lived but left without knocking on the door because the house looked empty and neighbors said 

they had not seen the person. Simmons, 11 F.4th at 274.
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skull masks and armed with a purple-trimmed handgun, waylaid Mitchell and another Comcast 

employee as they left the building. The later February 18, 2019 offense also occurred on a 

holiday weekend. Two individuals matching the descriptions of the appellant and her boyfriend, 

Ricky Taylor, were seen with a dark sedan in the vicinity of the Comcast building about 

1:00 p.m., and a car matching theirs, with silver trim and heavily tinted windows, was again seen 

nearby between 5:04 and 5:14 p.m. Due to enhanced security at the Comcast premises, including 

a fence surrounding the employee parking lot, they could not accost employees leaving the 

building as they had done six months earlier. Consequently, they followed Mitchell as he drove 

away after leaving work. Because their continued pursuit intimidated Mitchell, he diverted from 

his usual route to his home and called 911. The abduction was thwarted when Mitchell stopped 

at the VSP headquarters and the appellant and Taylor drove into a nearby apartment complex. 

The appellant remained in the car, but Taylor fled. Items useful in an abduction—face masks, 

duct tape, pepper spray, and a handgun with purple trim—were found in the car. The appellant’s 

inconsistent explanations for the presence of those items and her initial refusal to identify Taylor 

as her accomplice tended to indicate her knowledge of their planned crime. See Camann v. 

Commonwealth, 79 Va. App. 427, 444 (2024) (en banc).

All of these facts reasonably establish that the appellant’s conduct was more than mere 

preparation. Her pursuit of Mitchell as he drove from Prince George to Henrico intimidated him, 

which implicated an element of the offense of abduction and established him as a victim of the 

attempted crime. See Jones, 70 Va. App. at 324, 326, 329-30 (stating that the “overt act” must 

“implicate one or more elements of the offense” and “progress to some extent” in a way that 

“creat[es] a victim”). An “appreciable fragment of the crime [was] committed” before Mitchell 

blocked the abduction by driving to the VSP building, a “circumstance[] independent of the 

[appellant’s] will.” Id. at 328 (quoting Lewis, 15 Va. App. at 340). His actions to protect 
- 16 -

himself “frustrate[d] the completion of the crime,” but “[t]he intervention of an external factor 

. . . does not preclude convicting [the appellant] of attempting to commit the crime.” Rogers, 55 

Va. App. at 29. As Rogers makes clear, the fact that the appellant did not leave her car and 

approach Mitchell does not negate her culpability. See id. (holding that “the victim’s refusal to 

answer the door” when the robbers appeared at his home was “the ‘intervening cause’ that 

prevented the completion of th[e] robbery” and did not “constitute[] a defense to the crime”). 

Accordingly, we affirm the conviction for attempted abduction.

B. Conspiracy to Abduct

The appellant concedes that the evidence established “concert of activity” with Ricky 

Taylor, but she argues that the record did not show the aim of the conspiracy was to abduct 

Mitchell.

Rule 5A:18 states that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for 

reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except 

for good cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” The purpose of the 

rule “is to allow the trial court a fair opportunity to resolve the issue at trial, thereby preventing 

unnecessary appeals and retrials.” Creamer v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 185, 195 (2015). 

Further, “a specific, contemporaneous objection gives the opposing party the opportunity to meet 

the objection at that stage of the proceeding.” Fountain v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 51, 56 

(2014) (quoting Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44 (1991)); see Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 

287 Va. 258, 264-65 (2014).

The appellant did not argue at trial that the evidence failed to show the aim of the 

conspiracy was to abduct Mitchell. In fact, in her motion to strike at the conclusion of the 

Commonwealth’s case, she did not raise any specific challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

to support the conspiracy. In her renewed motion to strike after presenting her own evidence, 
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she merely “reincorporate[d]” her earlier arguments. Therefore, the appellant has not preserved 

the issue. See Rule 5A:18; Arrington v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 635, 641-42 (2009) 

(holding that a party waives his argument on appeal if he failed to timely and specifically object 

at trial).

The appellant alternatively “asserts and relies upon” the ends-of-justice exception to Rule 

5A:18.

13

The exception “‘is narrow and is to be used sparingly,’ and applies only in the 

extraordinary situation where a miscarriage of justice has occurred.” Holt v. Commonwealth, 66 

Va. App. 199, 209 (2016) (en banc) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220 

(1997)). In determining whether to apply the exception, this Court considers whether the alleged 

error occurred and whether a “grave injustice” would result if the exception were not applied. 

Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 27 (2016) (quoting Gheorghiu v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 

678, 689 (2010)). “The burden of establishing a manifest injustice is a heavy one, and it rests 

with the appellant.” Holt, 66 Va. App. at 210 (quoting Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 

505, 514 (2009)).

As in the instant case, “when an appellant raises a sufficiency of the evidence argument for 

the first time on appeal, the standard is higher than whether the evidence was insufficient.” Brittle, 

54 Va. App. at 514. “[S]ome reason beyond mere insufficiency” must support applying the 

ends-of-justice exception. Id. The appellant “must affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice 

has occurred, not that a miscarriage might have occurred.” Holt, 66 Va. App. at 210 (quoting

Redman, 25 Va. App. at 221). “Therefore, ‘in examining a case for miscarriage of justice, we do 

not simply review the sufficiency of the evidence under the usual standard, but instead determine 

13 Although the appellant cites Rule 5:25, the contemporaneous objection rule that may 

apply to appeals to the Supreme Court of Virginia, we apply Rule 5A:18, the version of the rule 

potentially applicable to appeals in this Court.
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whether the record contains affirmative evidence of innocence or lack of a criminal offense.’” Id.

(quoting Flanagan v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 695 (2011)). “Where the record does not 

affirmatively establish [such] error, we cannot invoke the ends[-]of[-]justice exception to Rule 

5A:18.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 710, 724 (2012). The exception does not apply here 

because the appellant has not demonstrated any miscarriage of justice.

“Conspiracy requires a shared intent and joint action . . . .” Charity v. Commonwealth, 49 

Va. App. 581, 585-86 (2007) (quoting Hix v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 335, 347 (2005)); see

Jones v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 295, 301 (2010) (“Code § 18.2-22, conspiracy to commit a 

felony, is violated when two or more persons agree to commit a felony offense . . . .”). The 

evidence must prove “(1) an agreement between two or more persons, which constitutes the act; 

and (2) an intent thereby to achieve a certain objective[,] either an unlawful act or a lawful act by 

unlawful means.” Hix, 270 Va. at 347 (quoting Wayne R. LaFave, Criminal Law § 12.2, at 621 

(4th ed. 2003)). In this case, the “unlawful act” to be achieved was abduction. “There can be no 

conspiracy without an agreement, and the Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt 

that an agreement existed.” Velez-Suarez v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 269, 277 (2015) 

(quoting Feigley v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 717, 722 (1993)). But “an explicit agreement” 

is not required. Speller, 69 Va. App. at 389 (quoting Gray, 30 Va. App. at 736). “‘[M]ost 

conspiracies are “clandestine in nature,”’ and ‘[i]t is a rare case where any “formal agreement 

among alleged conspirators” can be established.’” Carr, 69 Va. App. at 118 (alterations in 

original) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 625, 636 (2011)). “[A] common 

purpose and plan may be inferred from a ‘development and collocation of circumstances.’” 

Brown v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 73, 78 (1990) (alteration in original) (quoting United 

States v. Godel, 361 F.2d 21, 23 (4th Cir. 1966)). The conspiracy is complete once the 
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agreement is made, and no overt act to further the underlying crime is necessary. See Johnson, 8 

Va. App. at 38.

Here, the appellant has not established that a miscarriage of justice occurred. The totality 

of the evidence proved that she and Taylor conspired to abduct Mitchell. See Charity, 49 

Va. App. at 587. The evidence provides no affirmative indication of her innocence, nor does it 

show that she was convicted of conduct that was not a criminal offense. See Holt, 66 Va. App. at 

209-10. Accordingly, the appellant has waived her sufficiency challenge to her conspiracy 

conviction, and we do not apply the ends-of-justice exception.

CONCLUSION

The evidence established that venue was proper in Prince George County. The evidence 

was sufficient to sustain the conviction for attempted abduction. The appellant waived her claim 

regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conspiracy conviction. Accordingly, we 

affirm the convictions and remand the case to the trial court for the correction of a clerical error 

in the sentencing order.

14

Affirmed and remanded.

14 The verdict forms and sentencing order properly reflect that the appellant was found 

guilty of both conspiracy to commit and attempt to commit the substantive offense of abduction. 

The order, however, cites only the applicable abduction statute, Code § 18.2-47. We remand to 

the trial court to correct the omission from the sentencing order of the specific statutes 

proscribing the crimes of attempt and conspiracy at issue in this case, Code §§ 18.2-22 and -26. 

See Code § 8.01-428(B); Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 30 n.10 (2021).