[Cite as State v. Swanson, 2018-Ohio-4111.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 106566 

STATE OF OHIO

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

RICHARD SWANSON

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT: 

REVERSED AND REMANDED 

Criminal Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CR-96-339267-ZA 

BEFORE: Boyle, J., E.T. Gallagher, P.J., and Laster Mays, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 11, 2018 
[Cite as State v. Swanson, 2018-Ohio-4111.]

FOR APPELLANT 

Richard Swanson, pro se 

Inmate No. 573484 

Marion Correctional Institution 

P.O. Box 57 

Marion, Ohio 43301 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley 

Cuyahoga County Prosecutor 

BY: Mary McGrath 

Assistant County Prosecutor 

Justice Center, 8th Floor 

1200 Ontario Street 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 
[Cite as State v. Swanson, 2018-Ohio-4111.]

MARY J. BOYLE, J.: 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Richard Swanson, appeals the trial court’s 

denial of his motion to correct a void judgment. He raises seven assignments of 

error for our review: 

1. The trial court erred by not giving the Defendant-Appellant a 

“Notification of a Right to Appeal After Entering a Guilty Plea” which fails 

Crim.R. 32(B)(2) and (3). 

2. Sentence in CR-96-339267 is declared a “void judgment” and doesn’t 

compo[r]t with “mandatory provisions of law.” 

3. The sentence in CR-96-339267 is not consistent with the “mandatory 

provisions” in 2953.02. 

4. The sentence in CR-96-339267 fails the “mandatory provisions” in 

2505.02(B)(2). 

5. Defendant-appellant’s sentence in CR-96-339267 is in violation of Ohio 

Constitution Article IV Section 3(B)(2). 

6. The case in CR-96-339267 violates the U.S. Constitution 14th 

Amendment Section 1 due process rights. 

7. The Defendant-Appellant wants this “appeal” heard under the doctrines 

of 2953.08(G)(2)(b) for such a sentence is “contrary to law.” 

{¶2} Finding that the trial court lacked jurisdiction, we reverse the trial court’s 

order. 

I. Procedural History and Factual Background

{¶3} In August 1996, in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-96-339267, Swanson pleaded 

guilty to an amended count of aggravated robbery, a first-degree felony in violation of 

R.C. 2911.01. As a result of his plea, the state nolled the other charges, which included 
another count of aggravated robbery with violence specifications, grand theft with 

violence specifications, and two counts of robbery. The journal entry of the plea hearing 

states that Swanson “was fully advised of his * * * constitutional rights.” In September 

1996, the trial court sentenced Swanson to a 5- to 25-year term of incarceration, but then 

suspended the sentence and placed Swanson on five years of probation “upon completion 

of sentence in cases CR 335423 and CR 230707.”1

{¶4} In June 1998, Swanson filed a motion to modify or reduce his sentence in 

Case No. CR-96-339267. The trial court denied Swanson’s motion, finding that it was 

“premature” and stating that “defendant may refile the motion when he is returned to 

Cuyahoga County to begin his term of probation.” 

 1 Swanson was convicted of theft in Case No. CR-96-335423 and of aggravated robbery, 

felonious assault, and receiving stolen property in Case No. CR-88-230707.

{¶5} In August 1998, after Swanson completed his prison sentence for 

Cuyahoga C.P. Nos. CR-88-230707 and CR-96-335423, the trial court set Swanson’s 

probation conditions for his five-year probation term for Case No. CR-96-339267. In 

September 1998, a capias was issued for Swanson at the request of his probation officer. 

In December 1998, Swanson appeared before the trial court who found Swanson violated 

his probation by “absconding from Harbor Light on September 9, 1998, and conviction of 

theft in Warrensville Heights.” As a result, the trial court revoked Swanson’s probation 

and imposed its original sentence of 5 to 25 years of incarceration. 
{¶6} On July 15, 1999, Swanson filed a notice of appeal. This court dismissed 

his appeal on October 14, 1999, after Swanson failed to timely file his appellate brief. 

{¶7} Approximately 13 years later, on July 24, 2012, Swanson filed a motion to 

correct sentence. As part of his motion, Swanson argued that the trial court failed to 

advise him of his right to appeal pursuant to Crim.R. 32(B) and, therefore, his sentence is 

contrary to law and void. The state filed a brief in opposition to Swanson’s motion, but 

the trial court never ruled on the motion. 

{¶8} In October 2014, 

Swanson filed an original action in the Marion County Court of Common 

Pleas based on alleged errors in his sentencing entries and claiming his 

release dates had been miscalculated in CR-96-339267, CR-88-230707, and 

CR-96-335423. The trial court dismissed his action finding he had failed to 

establish that his maximum sentence had expired. The Third District Court 

of Appeals affirmed on the basis of res judicata, and because the record 

supported the trial court’s conclusion that Swanson failed to demonstrate 

that his maximum sentence had expired among other procedural grounds 

that supported dismissal of his habeas corpus petition. 

Swanson v. Griffin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103605, 2016-Ohio-3065, ¶ 6. 

{¶9} In October 2015, Swanson sought “a writ of mandamus to compel [the trial 

court] to correct alleged plain errors in the sentencing journal entry filed in State v. 

Swanson, Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-96-339267.” Griffin at ¶ 1. We denied Swanson’s 

writ on May 18, 2016, awarding the respondent summary judgment because Swanson 

failed to “establish[] the requirements for mandamus relief.” Id. at ¶ 8. 
{¶10} On July 25, 2017, Swanson filed a motion to correct void judgment.2

 The 

state again opposed Swanson’s motion. On November 13, 2017, the trial court denied 

Swanson’s motion to correct a void judgment.3

{¶11} It is from this judgment that Swanson now appeals. 

II. Law and Analysis

{¶12} This court has consistently maintained 

“[a] motion that is not filed pursuant to a specific rule of criminal procedure 

‘must be categorized by a court in order for the court to know the criteria by 

which the motion should be judged.’ Where a criminal defendant, 

subsequent to a direct appeal, files a motion seeking vacation or correction 

of his or her sentence on the basis that his or her constitutional rights have 

been violated, such a motion is a petition for postconviction relief as 

defined in R.C. 2953.21.” 

 2 Swanson titled the motion, “Motion to Correct Void Judgment, in Accordance with Crim.R. 

32(B)(2) and (3), in Accordance with 2953.02, in Accordance with Ohio Constitution Article IV, 

3(B)(2), in Accordance with U.S. Constitution Fourteenth Amendment Section (1) — Due Process, 

Hearing Requested.” 

3

 Swanson continues to file motions with the trial court. On May 25, 2018, he filed a 

motion to vacate sentence. On June 26, 2018, Swanson filed a “motion for emergency (21) day 

evidentiary hearing” in compliance with R.C. 2953.21(E).

State v. Marks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99474, 2013-Ohio-3734, ¶ 3, quoting State v. 

Alexander, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95995, 2011-Ohio-1380; see also State v. Reynolds, 

79 Ohio St.3d 158, 160-161, 679 N.E.2d 1131 (1997); State v. Kelly, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 97673, 2012-Ohio-2930, ¶ 11; State v. Meincke, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96407, 

2011-Ohio-6473, ¶ 8. 
{¶13} R.C. 2953.21 through 2953.23 sets forth the means by which a convicted 

defendant may seek to have the trial court’s judgment or sentence vacated or set aside 

pursuant to a petition for postconviction relief. A defendant’s petition for 

postconviction relief is a collateral civil attack on his or her criminal conviction. See State 

v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 48. The statute 

affords relief from judgment where the petitioner’s rights in the proceedings that resulted 

in his conviction were denied to such an extent the conviction is rendered void or 

voidable under the Ohio or United States Constitutions. R.C. 2953.21(A); State v. 

Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967), paragraph four of the syllabus. 

{¶14} A defendant, however, must file any motion to be considered pursuant to 

R.C. 2953.21 within the jurisdictional 365-day time limit delineated in the statute. R.C. 

2953.21 provides that the petition must be filed within 365 days from the filing of the trial 

transcripts in the petitioner’s direct appeal or, if a direct appeal was not pursued, 365 days 

after the expiration of the time in which a direct appeal could have been filed. Swanson 

did not file his motion until well beyond the 365 days after the expiration of the time to 

file his direct appeal. 

{¶15} R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(a) allows a trial court to entertain an untimely or 

successive petition only if (1) the petitioner was “unavoidably prevented” from 

discovering the facts on which the petition is predicated and “that, but for constitutional 

error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found the petitioner guilty of the 

offense[,]” or (2) “the United States Supreme Court recognized a new federal or state 
right that applies retroactively to persons in the petitioner’s situation, and the petition 

asserts a claim based on that right.” 

{¶16} Here, we are bound to conclude the trial court was without jurisdiction to 

consider Swanson’s petition for postconviction relief because the record shows that he 

cannot satisfy one of those threshold requirements. 

{¶17} First, Swanson does not claim that he was unavoidably prevented from 

discovering facts upon which he relied in his petition. Further, he could not show that 

“no reasonable factfinder would have found him guilty but for constitutional error at trial” 

because he pleaded guilty. See State v. Rackley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102962, 

2015-Ohio-4504, ¶ 17 (“Rackley pleaded guilty, and thus, R.C. 2953.23(A) does not 

apply.”); State v. Moore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82734, 2003-Ohio-4819, ¶ 16 

(“Appellant pled guilty to drug possession and no trial occurred; therefore, [R.C. 

2953.23(A)] does not apply.”); State v. Halliwell, 134 Ohio App.3d 730, 735, 732 N.E.2d 

405 (8th Dist.1999) (defendant could not satisfy the requirement that “but for 

constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found the petitioner 

guilty of the offense of which the petitioner was convicted” where he was convicted 

“pursuant to his plea of guilty, not by reason of trial”). Second, Swanson does not claim 

that the United States Supreme Court has recognized a new federal or state right that 

applies retroactively to him. Therefore, Swanson does not meet the threshold 

requirements that are necessary before a trial court can consider his petition. 
Accordingly, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to address his petition and should have 

dismissed his petition. 

{¶18} Even overlooking the procedural issues with Swanson’s petition, his 

arguments still fail. He argues that the trial court failed to notify him of his appellate 

rights at his sentencing hearing in September 1996. Yet, Swanson filed an appeal in July 

1999. Despite an order granting him an extension of time to file an appellate brief, 

Swanson failed to file one, and as a result, we dismissed his appeal. Because this issue 

could have been raised on direct appeal, it is barred by res judicata. See State v. Lozada, 

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81151, 2003-Ohio-1721, ¶ 12, citing Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 

226 N.E.2d 104 (“Postconviction relief is not a vehicle for appealing claims which could 

have been raised on direct appeal of a conviction.”). 

{¶19} Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order. Upon remand, we instruct 

the trial court to vacate its order and dismiss Swanson’s petition for lack of jurisdiction. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant the costs herein taxed. 
[Cite as State v. Swanson, 2018-Ohio-4111.]

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common 

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. 

 

 

MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE 

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and 

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR