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### Guidelines For Landfill OfToxic Industrial Sludges



### By

Nolan A. Curry1

Presented At The**Twenty~Eighth** IndustrialWaste Conference 

### Purdue University, W. Laf•yette Indiana 

### May 1, 2

### &3, 1973

(1) Senior SanitaryEngineer 

### New York State Department ofEnvironmental Conservation Division of PureWaters, Bureau of IndustrialWastes \, 

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--·····>---;--··- Sludges, slurries or dewatered solids containing toxic materials present an ever increasing problem of disposal. To many, any solid represents material that can be safely landfilled and forgotten. on the contrary, such solids may present potential sources of highly toxic pollution.
If pollution of the environment is to be controlled, it is essential not only to remove the toxic materials from ind.ustrial wastewaters before discharge, but also to insure that, once removed, they are prevented from reaching ground or surfacewater by another path.
Moat reactions, by

### which insoluble sludges are formed, are reversible if the conditions in thewater in contact with the sludge ehange sufficiently. Variations in pH-, in the concentration of ammonia (which candissolve most toxic metals by forming water soluble complexes), in temperature
or in the presence of oxidizing compounds are some of the parameters that can produce toxic concentrations of metals in the leachate.
These possibilities require that sludges be segregated by 

### class, that close control of landfill conditions be**prac~** 

### ticed and that adequate surveillance of the leachate be maintained, Treatment of toxic leachatemay be required 

### if the precautions taken are not adequate. 

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## ! The preferred disposition from the viewpoint of mineral conservation and pollution abatement is to reclaim minerals for reuse. These guidelines are intended for use only where reclaiming is not practical and disposition to a landfill is the best remaining method availsble.
To do an adequate job in landfilling requires: a) detailed knowledge of the sludges b) precautions to insure continued insolubility

### of pollutants c) maintenance of surveillance to checkefficacy of handling d) treatment of leachate if contaminated Since the various sludges encountered become soluble under different and sometimes conflicting conditions, 

### !12.**~** universal procedurewill suffice.
Detailedknowledge of the sludges required: To store solidwastes properlywith the necessary safeguards to prevent 

### leaching, the composition 

### and properties of eachwaste must be known. It is preferrable that each type ofwaste be kept segregated from point oforigin, through scavenger handling and to delivery at the landfill site. In case of doubt, all sludges should be kept separat• until properly classified for landfilling. Premature mixing at point of productionmay be cause for its rejectionwhen delivered to a landfill. 

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In general, it is desirable to 

### know the details of the process producing each sludge and the conditions required by the process to produce acceptable effluent concentrations at thewastewater treatment plant. Maintenance of siadlar conditions in the landfill should help to insure leachate of acceptable quality from the landfill.
In addition to the amount and kind of toxic material, it is necessary to know all of the information that could affect its reaction with other sludges and its behavior in the landfill. Since some of the**non~metallic** consti

### tuents may govern the behavior of the metals, these should be known and their effects evaluated.


### For example, barium chromate is relatively insoluble and has been proposed for landfilling. Since barium sulfate is lese soluble than the barium chromate, contact with a sludge that contains sulfates or sulfate containingwater
canresult in 

### the gradual release of soluble hexavalent chromium 

### through ion exchange. The concentrations released
can exceed acceptable limits in the leachate. 

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### Soma sludges from alkaline chlorinationmay contain excessive amounts of precipitated metal cyanides, In plating solutions, these metal cyanides are dissolved in
an excess of sodium cyanide. In the treatment of the cyanide solutions, 

### if the reaction·rate is too slow, pre· ferential destruction of the sodium cyanide may occur. The sludge in such cases is generally a mixture of insoluble metal hydroxides, metal carbonates and metal cyanides. Neutral or acid conditions in the fill could permit the evolution of lethal cyanogen gas. Bulk landfilling of suchmaterial should be avoided,
If slud8es containbiodegradable material that will generate ammonia or carbon dioxide as degradation products, segregation from sludges containing toxic metal compounds (which can be dissolved) should be practiced, Most toxic metals form soluble complexes with ammonia. Many**carbo~ates** 

### form soluble bi-carbonates by

### absorption ofcarbon dioxides. If the organic material is in the form of a**m~tal** 

### organic compound, incinerationprior to landfilling may be required as pretreatment. Incinerationmay involve potential air pollution if not carefully controlled. Pertinent regulations regarding air pollutionmust be met. 

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Some sludges such as sulfides tend to oxidize to sulfates and generate increased acidity. Such acidity can increase solubility of hydroxides. oxides and carbonates. Water 

### content of the sludge can be an important factor. Leachate
can be formed as a result of compaction and**d~atering** of sludges. Generation ofwater from the sludge itself can 

### make elimination of all external**sour~es** 

### of potential leachate futile as a means of prevention of leachate, Solubility of most precipitates is a function of the temperature of the water in contact with it. Graph I shows thevariation of solubility of silver chloride in water

### with temperature. 

### If such sludges are exposed to 

### mixtures or constituents that have the possibilityof generating heat in a landfill. then the danger of toxicity in the effluent is increased. As a general rule, any combustible material or strong oxidizing agents should be 

### handled arid stored separately from toxic metal sludges. Sludges that react when mixed to give off heat should not be stored together, i.e. finely divided metals that react with acid or caustic.
Metals such as chromiumwhich·must be reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent state to render them insoluble. must be protected from oxidizingwastes or conditions. 

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## ! Conversely, metals such as iron and mercury which are more insoluble in the oxidized state should be kept 

### separate from sludges producing reducing conditions.
The pH of thewater in contact with sludges can be very critical in determining the concentration of toxic metals. in equilibriumwith the sludge, Graph II shows the solu

### bility in 

### mg/1 of zinc from a solution containing approximately
one quarter of one percent of zinc phosphate at different 

### values of pH. Zinc being amphoteric like aluminum and lead shows increase in solubility both at higher and at lower pH than that pH giving minimum solubility, Only 

### the range of 7.8-8.7 would be considered acceptablewith this composition of sludge, 

### UnacceptableWastes Some sludges are too soluble to be stored safely in an open landfill. Processes that concentrate the 

### soluble solids by 

### removal of water by evaporation·, crystallization, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and mlcrofiltrationcan produce concentr8tions ofmaterial that exceed the solubility of the toxic components.**Sl~dges** 

### from such solutions are readily redissolved upon dilution and should be refused inbulk for landfill. 

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### 1. There are some dry processes of grinding, blending or packaging of soluble, solid**prod~cts** that produce contaminated, soluble solid wastes. Sodium dichromate manufacturing is an example. Thesewastes are not acceptable for bulk landfill;
In some eases the best practical treatment may not produce an effluent of sufficiently low concentration to meet non-toxic streamrequirements. Treatment in this case must be followed by dilutionwith other process streams prior to or at the point of discharge. Sludges from such processes will be in equilibrium with higher concentrations ofpollutants than canbe permitted in leachate discharging to ground or surfacewaters.
An example is the removal of fluorides by precipitation at pH of 11.0with an excess of calcium ion, The equilibrium concentration ia generally between 15 and 25 mg/1 depending on interfering materials. Even in pure laboratory solutions, the minimum fluoride concentration obtainable is about 8 mg/1.
NYS limit of discharge to ground or to small streamof intermittent flow is 1.5 to 3.0mg/1 depending on ground conditions. Dilution after the best practical treatment is required in New York State. Since dilution of leachate cannot normally be assured, calcium fluoride sludges should not be landfilled inbulk. Reclamation or container storage from which no leachate
can result is the only Polution. 

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Some sludges such as calcium sulfate and calcium fluoride
can redissolve.
Wastes of 

### unknown composition 

### and characteristics should be refused. Mixtures ofwastes that are not compatible
or require conflicting storage conditions should not be accepted.
Pretreatment ofWastes 

### Some slud8es 

### canbe converted by treatment to a condition that can

### be satisfactorily landfilled. In such cases, pretreatment can be required or provided at the landfill. Each
case should be decided on its own merits as it arises,
In some cases, it may be preferrable to conduct the treatment 

### on a larger scale at the landfill. This may 

### be particularly 

### true 

### if several industries 

### in the 

### locality produce 

### wastes requiring similar treatment. Dewatering is 

### one such example. Incineration is another.
For some typewastes, sinteringwith a suitable flux may be the best 

### approach. Such sintering

### may**~educe** the danger from finely divided, air borne particles which can also be rendered more 

### insoluble for 

### the flux 

### used. These reactions generally require expert knowledge in a specialized field and will not be treated in this paper. 

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## .! For some soluble wastes, containerization or encapsulation may be required pretreatment for landfilling. Care must be taken that the containers are protected from both internaL and external corrosion. Disposal must be in an area in which heavy compaction of the fill is not permitted. Com• paction can crush or rupture the container, breaching the barrier provided by the treatment. Since most sludges containwater or other liquids, care must be taken that the water-tight containers are not subjected to excessive changes in temperature. Buildup of internal pressure can rupture the containert sometimes with explosive force. 

### Incineration, which may be necessary Or desirable to eliminate problems from organic matter, must be handled with
care. Some sludges will give off toxic fumes orvapors which may require special precautions to handle, Beryllium oxide, mercury (inmetal compounds or alloys such as amalgams), arsenic, zinc, etc, area few examples of materials that should be incinerated only under carefully controlled conditions. 

### Rules for incinerators and fume emission as provided by the New York State Environmental Conservationtaw 1972, Air PollutionAct,Article 19-0303, Codes, Rules and Regulations should be met for installations inNew York State. 

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In general. sulfide precipitation is used for metals which
are too soluble in the oxide or hydroxide**fo~** to meet effluent limits. Incineration of such sludges or of**triva~ent** chromium will oxidize the toxic components to a more soluble form that is not suitable for landfill, Therefore, any incineratorwaste should be investigated by laboratory leaching to insure that it is not a potential source of leachable pollution.
Recent investigation of biologically treated sewage, containing trivalent chromium, has shown a potential of 5 to 6 mg/1 of hexavalent chromium that has been oxidized by treatment. Such material is not acceptable for landfill without special precautions to prevent leaching.
Precautions required to insure continued solubility: Since many sludges can be readily dissolved, it is necessary to determine the conditions for each sludge thatwillmaintainminimum solubility. These conditions must consider potential reactions with other sludges that will produce conditions thatwi11 generate toxic concentration of pollutants in thewater in contact with such sludges. Some of themajor paramters to be considered are pH sensitivity, generation of heat, heat sensitivity, reactions that produce objectionable**by~products,** material that effect solubility through ion exchange and valence changing reactions that affect solubility. 

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### Page!! Appendix lists many of the toxic metal sludges and the type of potential reactions with other sludges that should be avoided by segregation into groups ofmaterial that are relatively compatible for landfilling.
In order to facilitate screening of the sludges, it will be desirable for each landfill accepting toxic metal sludges to set up different areas for the specific sludges they receive. 

### Ageneral classification could be set up as follows: 

### 1. Acid forming (including sulfides) 

### 2. Oxidizing 3. Reducing 4. Fume and vapor forming 

### 5. Highly exothermic 6. Organic wastes without toxic metals 

### 7.**Ge~eral** (hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, etc.)


### a. High pH (10.0 and higher) b. Intermediate pH (8.5

- 9.9)
c. Slightly alkalinepH (7.5

- 8.4) d. Acid and neutral pH (7.4 or less) Sub-classes of the first six groups based on pH may be required depending upon the specific wastes received at any 

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:·, Page 12 landfill, Attempts to sub-divide groups farther than necessarywill lead to chaos and should be avoided. only set up those groups which are actually needed in a specific landfill, but leave room for adding a 

### few special groups as the need develops.
Since most solubilities are sensitive to heat, this factor deserves special attention. Combustible material should be eliminated where possible from toxic metal landfills. When mixed with toxic sludges, the possibility of incineration should be investigated, The danger of incineration causing pollution, however,**sho~ld** not be overlOoked. Metal turnings, grinding and powders that are highly exothermic (aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.) should not be exposed to excessive heat.
The pH factor is always very important since so many solubilities are pH dependent. Many materials such as zinc, lead, aluminum, etc. are amphoteric (soluble at both high and low pH). Others have a narrow range of pH inwhich the solubility of the toxic constituent is low enough to resist leaching. Segregation of such sludges must be practiced as well as the use of possible buffering of the fill to reduce the danger from leaching to ground, surface waters, or dewatering of the fill itself. 

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Reduction ofwater penetration to the landfill 

### In addition to the special requirements necessitated by the sludges, standard requirements for operation of any landfill to prevent water penetration should be observed
as follows: 

### 1. Fill should be five feet above highest groundwater. 

### 2. Base of the fill should not be permeable. 

### Aclay loam is probably best. Clay alone is too hard towork in cold weather. Too porous a soil will not contain leachate, 3. Surfacewater penetration should be avoided. The top



### 4. of the fill should be mounded. Drains should be used to divert ground or surface water around the fill and ·to prevent flow over or through it. An impervious cover should be applied and compacted
as frequently as necessary. Fine, dried particles of sludge should be prevented from being air-borne as well as from being leached. 5. Cover should not cake and crack in hot, dry weather since this will permit rain penetration. Cover should be kept mounded as the fill settles to reduce the possibility of seepage of standing water. 6. Erosionof sludges should be prevented and erosion of the fill cover kept to a minimum. Note: Regulation of scavengers is provided by the New York State Environmental**Conservatio~** Law Section 27-0301. 

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### Surveillance to checkefficacy of leachate prevention Even withmaximum precautions over the operations, it is also necessary to keep a close check upon the leachate. Plans must be made and tests run to determine the efficiency of containment and the level and type of**tox~city** 

### in the leachate 

# ' from the sludges. If tests show high amounts of leachate, it may indicate failure of containment measures, excessive moisture in the sludges as received or poor segregationof the sludges. If the toxicity is high, a survey should be made to pinpoint the cause in order to take correctivemeasures. Underdrains similar to those used under sludge drying beds
can be used to advantage for new fills. For existing fills, the collection of any ground seepage from the fill and its analysis should be planned. Aseries of test holes to sample the aquifer downstream of the underground flow should be maintained and sampled on a regular basis. All adjacent surfacewaters should also be monitored on a regular basis.
Treatment of leachate ifrequired The same effluent limits should be maintained on leachate from an industrial landfill that would be required for any other industrial discharge to groundwater or to intermittent streams. They aregoverned in New York State by 

### Parte 700-703, Title 6. Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations. 

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In addition EPA has been setting guidelines for industrial 

# • discharges that may in time be applied to landfills as well. Segregation of sludges and of the leachate from each segreaated area can be advantageous 

### if the leachate contains toxic concentrations of metals. Since similar conditions mainw tain the insolubility of the toxic components, probably a
common treatment

### will suffice for the treatment of the leachate. If all leachate were combined, the treatment required tends to be both complicated·and expensive. Of course, after treatment the sludge.thus produced must still be disposed! Summary and Conclusions Guidelines for landfilling of toxic industrial sludges require information**~** composition, conditions for removal tomeet non-toxic limits 1 refusal of unacceptable wastes, pretreatment of some wastes, precautions to be taken to maintain insolubility, segregationinto safelymixed classes, protection against water infiltration, surveillance of results and treatment of leachate if toxic. Acknowledgement is made of the assistance of

### Mr. Thomas E. Quinn and 

### Mr. Salvatore Pagano of the Bureau of IndustrialWaste in criticismand in editing and of Mrs. Sharon Patrie in the preparation. 

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### A. APPENDIX
Class refers to that recommended on page ll 1, Acid forming 2. Oxidizing 3. Reducing 4, Fume and vapor forming 5, High Exothermic 6. Organicwastes without toxic metals 7. General (hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, etc,) N. Ace.**~** Not acceptable. B. pH
a. 10.0 and higher b, 8.5

- 9.9 inclusive
c. 7.5

- 8.4 d. 7.4 

### or less 

## c. Conditions to avoid • abbreviations Acid • acidic conditions below 5.0 pH Alk • highly alkaline 10.0 pH or more Heat • temperatures in excess of ambient Oxid • oxidizing materials included Reduc • reducing materials included 

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D. Tentative EPA limit • mg/1 of the first ion in the compound in the table. Note d • limit not yet**dete~ined.** E. Solubility in mg/1 of the first ion in tho compound listed 1. Taken from theHandbook of Physics and Chemistry unless otherwise noted, 2. From Seidell

- Solubilities of Inorganic and 

### Metal Organic Compounds

- D. VanNostrand, Third Edition, Volume 1. 3.**~:** Insoluble. No concentration of ion given in available material. Specific data in these area• would be desirable.



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# .....**e:~** Compound Class 

### pH Acid Alk Heat 

### Oxid Reduc 

### Limit

### i'~~·l a.••:! Aluminum 7 

### 0.2 insol. 

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## !g;isl Fluosilicate 

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# .. Aluminum Oxide 7 

### c X X 

### 0.2 inaol. 

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Aluminum Oxalate 7 

### c X X 

### 0.2 insol. 

### Aluminum Phosphate 7 

### c X X 

### 0.2 insol. 

## •3 Aluminum Silicate 7 

### all 0.2 insol.

,;: Antimony 7 

### c X X 

### d inaol. Sulfate 

### (Tri) Antimony 

### l d X X X 

### d insol.



### Sulfide (Penta) Antimony 

### N.Acc. d 1.2 (2)

Sulfide (Tri)
Arsenic



### Sulfide (Penta) N.Acc. 

### 0.05 ;7 (2) Arsenic



### Sulfide (Tri) N.Acc. 

## o.os 0.3 (2) 

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## . OXide (Tri) N.Acc• 

## o.os 15,00C (2) 

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;, Barium Carbonate 

### N,Acc. 1.0 

### l5 (2) 

# w w Barium Chromate N.Acc. 1.0 l.li 

### (2)**~:** Barium Sulfate 7 a,b, X 1.0 

### 1.5 (2) 

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### BerylliumCar- c**:·.~** 

### bonate (Basic) 7 

### c X X X 

### d insol. 

### BerylliumOXide 7 

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### BerylliumSulfate high



### (hydrate) N.Acc. d

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### EPA ity (1)**-·~** Recomended Conditions toAvoid 

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### pH Acid A1k Heat 

### OXid Reduc 

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# =**~"I** L »iamuth Arsenate 7 

### all d ineol.**co~** 

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### .1:"\ Bismuth Carbonate 

# .I (Basic) 7 

### a,b 

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### c ;,-; 

# ' Bismuth Fluoride 

### (Tri) 7 

### b,c X X 

### d inaol.**·:~** 

### Bismuth Hydro><ide 7 

### b,c X X 

### d 1.2 Bismuth Phosphate 7 

### b, X 

### d inaol. Bismuth Silicate 7 

### a, X 

### d inaol. 

### c Cadmium Carbonate 7 

### a, X 

### 0,1 inaol. 

### Cadmium ins'ol.

Ferrocy.i.nide 7 

### a,b X X 

### 0.1 c Cadmium Hydroxide N.Acc. 

### 0.1 1.3 (2) Cadmium Sulfide 1 c, 

### 0.1 1.6 x 1o·S 

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# ... 'i:- Fluoride, Calcium N.Acc. 

### a 2.0 8.8 (2) 

### ! 

## 0 CeriumOxid• (+3) 7 

### b,c X 

### car inaol, 

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### 0Xide(+3) 7 

### b, X X X 

### 0,05 insol. Chromium. 

### Oxide(+6) N.Acc. 

### 0.05 sol. Chromate. Lead 

### N.Acc, 0.05 0.06·0.10rI 

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### ~:;;;I ' Recoamended EPA ity (1)**~-~~!J** Conditions toAvoid

### ~~-I Compound 

### Class ... :3 pH !ACid till( "l!Off I UK1U I<OUUO Limit 

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## ::::r••·**~** G Cobalt Dihydro· 

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### ct.l (2) Cobalt Silicate 7 a,b X d inaol. 0 Copper Carbonate

(ous) 

### N.Acc. 

## co2 0.2 0.8 (2) Copper Carbonate

(ic) N.Acc. C02 0.2 15 (2) Copper Hydroxide

(ie) N.Acc. 0.2 1.9 (2) 

### copper Sulfide (ic) 1 d X X 0,2 1.2 X 10"1 (2) Copper Sulfide(ous) 1 d X X 0.2 1.62xlo·l0 (2)
Iron Hydroxide (ic) 7 b,c X X 0.5 0.12 (2) 

### Iron Hydroxide (oua**N.Acc~** 0.5 3.75 (2) 

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### H.Acc. 0.5 3•.9 .(n 

### I Iron Phosphate (ic) 7 b,c X 0.5 inaol. 

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### N.Acc. 0.5 v.sl.s. 

# w 't· ::} Iron Silicate 7 all X 0.5 inaol.
Lead Borate (metal) 7 a,b X 0.05 insol.

### :'~; c Lead Carbonate

(basic) 7 ,c X 

## COz 0.05 insol. Lead Carbonate N.Acc, 0.05 109 (2)r·- 

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# --=·:::;1**Reco~~menOed** Conditions to Avoid**g.·~**

### ... Compound Class pH Acid Alk Heat Oxid Redu Limit 

### • ftr+i"l**~-f.:!** 

### g r+ 

# 31**co~** Lead Chromate N.Acc. 0.05 0.11 (2) 

## ! g7j'l ::r .... ,._ D Lead Chromate 

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(basic) 7 c X X 0.05 insol. Lead Fluoride N.Acc. 0.05 510 (2) Lead Hydroxide N.Acc. 0.05 45-140 

### (2): Lead Oxide 

### N.Acc. 0.05 ll-24 Lead Peroxide 7 b,c X X X 0.05 insol. Lead Phosphate 7 b,c 0.05 0.08 Lead Silicate 7 

### ,o X X 

## o.os insol. Lead Sulfate N.Acc, 0.05 29 (2) Lead Sulfide l c,d 0.05 O.l (2) Magnesium Hydroxide 7 

### a X 9.7(2) Magnesium Phosphate 7 ,b X insol. c 

# c Magnesium Silicate 7 ,b insol.**~** c 

### I Manganese<+2) 

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Carbonate N.Acc, l.O 31 (2) 

# w Manganese(+3) 

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Hydroxide 7 ,b X l.O insol. c Manganese(+2)

Hydroxide N.Acc. l.O 11.5 (2) Manganese Silicate 7 

### a,b X l.O insol. 

### c Manganese Sulfide N.-Acc. l,O 5.0 '1)**~--** 

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### Rec:omme ded EPA ity (1) -n •• 1 Conditions toAvoid**~-,.1**

# -~"' Compound Class pH Acid A1k Heat Oxid Reduc Limit

### ·"~"I ::- 

# :t!i:t Mercury Oxide (ic) N.Acc. d 47 (2) 

### go.,..sl**i!S:~i"l** (- Mercury Sulfide (ic) 7 a,b d 0.01 (2)**::~~.•**

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# .I Mercury Sulfide (ous N.Acc. d decomposes-· Molybdenum**~!-** · .. Sulfide (di) 1 d X insol. Molybdenum

Sulfide (penta) l d X insol. Molybdenum

Sulfide (tetra) l d X insol. Nickel Carbonate (ic N.Acc. 1.0 46 (2) Nickel Carbonate

(basic) 7 a,b X X 1.0 insol. Nickel Hydroxide(ic) N.Acc. 1.0 6.1 (2) Nickel Sulfide l ,b 1.0 insol. c Silver Carbonate N.Acc, 0.05 25 (2) 

# c



# .... Silver Chloride N.Acc. 0.05 1.17.(2) 

### I silver Sulfide 

### t c,9 0.05 4.6xlo-ll 

## 0**~** Tin Hydroxide 7 ,c X d 1.5 (2) 

# w X Tin OXide 7 b,c X X d**in~ol.** Tin Phosphate 7 b,c X X .d insol.
Titanium Dioxide 7 b,c X X insol. Titanium Sulfate 7 b,c X inaol. Titanium Sulfide 

### t d insol.

,. :-t'"''_,_..,.t-'"-:'-r- 

# i I I I :'·-··-----,c:; i. 

# ,.-zl • o•o 

## if•

# ::II**111=~** ,-, Tentat. Solubil·**~;;n.=-1** 

# -· EPA tty (l)

### ~·

### t:**~** 

### Reoomme ded 

### conditions toAvoid 

# •:rtlf•l A..!

.... compound Class pH Acid Alk Heat Oxid Reduc Limit 

### g
.. 

# il "0" 

## it**~:!:j'l** Tungsten Oxide 7 b,c X X inaol.

## ~-·- 

# " '!ll Tungsten Sulfide(di) 1 d X inaol.
Vanadium Oxide (di) 7 b,c X X 

### ineol.
Zinc Carbonate N.Acc. 

### 0.5 10* Zinc Carbonate

(Basic) 

### 0.5 insol.

# *

zinQ Hydroxide 

### N.Acc. 0.5 

### 2.0* Zinc Oxide N.Acc. 

### 0.5 1.3 Zinc Phosphate 7 

### b,c X X 

### 0.5 inaol. Zinc Silicate 7 b,c X X 

### 0,5 insol. Zinc Sulfide N.A. 

### 0.5 x1o·4 (2)



### *Note: Zinc solubil ty will e 

### pende

### ~00 ther**~olub•** salt 

### present ZirconiumCarbonate 

# c

(basic) 7 a,b X insol. 

# .... c 

### I Zirconium Silicate 7 all 

### inaol. 

# 0 Zirconium Sulfide l all insol. 

# w w

# .·'**--~--·--r::;** -!: 

### •



### ,, I 

## r ''

..**-~ --~**  NOTE: Sludges of finely divided metals often present a danger in any landfill, Each metal should be questioned for the following hazards specifically. Explosive Reaction: Some metals such as calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, barium, etc, react explosively when they dry out exposed to air or are mixed withwater. As such they are not acceptable in a landfill in bulk. Toxicity ofMetal orReaction Product: Arsenic in the yellow powder form is very poisonous. Antimony as a solid solution in antimony chloride is both toxic and explosive. Barium will decompose on contactwithwater. Air must be excluded. Both the heat and the toxic.ity of the product is a problem. Mercury is readily soluble inwater containing oxygen and should be avoided.
ExothermWhen Sub1eeted to Heat: Many light metals and their alloys can produce large exothermic reaction ifraised to ignition temperatures. This exotherm can be dangerous to operators as well as being dangerous in producing toxic fumes and vapors from easilyvaporized sludges. Examples
are aluminum, magnesium• titanium, boron, etc, and many of theiT alloys, 

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