NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-167

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

Alaska Fisheries Science Center

December 2006

by

M. A. Perez

Analysis of Marine Mammal Bycatch

Data From the Trawl, Longline, and

Pot Groundfish Fisheries of Alaska,

1998-2004, Defined by Geographic

Area, Gear Type, and Catch Target

Groundfish Species
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS

The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center

uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and

technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing

are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound

professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical

literature.

The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries

Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the

Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by

the Northwest Fisheries Science Center.

This document should be cited as follows:

Perez, M. A. 2006. Analysis of marine mammal bycatch data from the

trawl, longline, and pot groundfish fisheries of Alaska,1998-2004,

defined by geographic area, gear type, and catch target groundfish

species. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-167,

194 p.

Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by

the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA.
December 2006

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-167

by

M. A. Perez

Analysis of Marine Mammal Bycatch

Data From the Trawl, Longline, and

Pot Groundfish Fisheries of Alaska,

1998-2004, Defined by Geographic

Area, Gear Type, and Catch Target

Groundfish Species

Alaska Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Mammal Laboratory

7600 Sand Point Way N.E.

Seattle, WA 98115

www.afsc.noaa.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Vice Admiral Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., U.S. Navy (ret.), Under Secretary and Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

William T. Hogarth, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries
This document is available to the public through: 

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This document is being made available in .PDF format for the convenience of users; however, the 

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iii

ABSTRACT

In 2003, Perez (2003) reported on an analysis of marine mammal incidental take data in

federally managed groundfish fisheries in Alaska from 1989 to 2001. At that time, these

fisheries were defined in the List of Fisheries by geographic area and gear type. In recent years,

fishery definitions have changed to also specify target species. This report presents a re-analysis

of the marine mammal incidental take data for the trawl, longline, and pot fishing gear from 1998

to 2001, separated by target species, and includes previously unpublished data from 2002 to

2004. Rates and variance of bycatch (incidental take mortalities and serious injuries) were

calculated by stratified ratio estimates, using the sum of the marine mammals observed killed or

seriously injured (including trailing gear) by fishing operations divided by the sum of the

observed tonnage of fish catch in monitored hauls from the NORPAC database of the North

Pacific Groundfish Observer Program, Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Estimates of total

bycatch for each of 22 groundfish trawl, longline, and pot fisheries (based on intended catch

target groundfish species) in Alaska were calculated using the total fishery data from the Catch

Accounting System (CAS; successor to the Blend) database of the NMFS Alaska Regional

Office (AKR). The target groundfish species for all NORPAC hauls in the CAS were estimated

by the AKR using a sequential, hierarchical combination of a three-step process. In this study,

NORPAC hauls were matched to their counterparts in the CAS by vessel, gear type, area,

processing sector, and trip target date. Sixteen species of marine mammals were observed

incidentally killed or injured by the groundfish fisheries in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone

off Alaska during 1998-2004. The 22 trawl, longline and pot groundfish fisheries of Alaska

were estimated to have incidentally taken 189 marine mammals during 1998-2004. Average

annual rates of take for each marine mammal species and for each target fishery were calculated

for the most recent 5 years (2000-2004) for use in the List of Fisheries evaluation.

Based on preliminary analyses of depredation rates of marine mammals on groundfish

catch, the estimated average annual impact on the total longline fishery groundfish catch in sets
iv

subjected to marine mammal depredation ranged from 0.1% (by weight) in the Gulf of Alaska

(GOA) Pacific cod longline fishery to 22.3% in the GOA rockfish longline fishery. The average

annual depredation impact (but not the quantity of fish actually consumed) by marine mammals

on the combined longline fisheries was 2.2% of the total fishery groundfish catch during

1998-2004.
v

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Catch Target Groundfish Species ............................................................................................... 2

Total Fishing Effort..................................................................................................................... 7

Marine Mammal Bycatch and Depredation Estimation.............................................................. 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................................... 13

Bycatch and Other Incidental Take of Marine Mammals......................................................... 13

Depredation on the Groundfish Catch by Marine Mammals.................................................... 18

Identification of Catch Target Groundfish Species .................................................................. 21

Stratification.............................................................................................................................. 25

Comparison of Analyses by Stratified and Pooled Ratio Estimates......................................... 26

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ 29

CITATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 30

Table 1. Previous and current LOF designations of the groundfish fisheries of Alaska ............. 32

Table 2. Total number of vessels, days, and hauls monitored for marine mammal bycatch ....... 33

Table 3. List of marine mammal species that interacted with fishing gear or vessels................. 48

Table 4. Total groundfish catch and percent monitored for marine mammals by target

species fishery ............................................................................................................... 50

Table 5. Number of marine mammals incidentally taken by each groundfish trawl fishery....... 67

Table 6. Number of marine mammals incidentally taken by each groundfish longline

fishery............................................................................................................................ 75

Table 7. Number of marine mammals incidentally taken by each groundfish pot fishery.......... 78

Table 8. Average annual (2000-2004) number of marine mammals incidentally taken ............. 80

Table 9. Estimated average annual groundfish catch subjected to possible marine

mammal depredation..................................................................................................... 84

Table 10. Number of the same vessel fishing days for pairs of fisheries with predatory

interactions.................................................................................................................... 86

Figure 1. Statistical fishing areas in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region ....................... 88

Figure 2. Statistical fishing areas in the Gulf of Alaska .............................................................. 89
vi

Figure 3. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery occurred............... 90

Figure 4. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery occurred........................... 91

Figure 5. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery occurred .................... 92

Figure 6. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI pollock trawl fishery occurred .......................... 93

Figure 7. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI rockfish trawl fishery occurred ......................... 94

Figure 8. Locations in Alaska where the GOA flatfish trawl fishery occurred ........................... 95

Figure 9. Locations in Alaska where the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery occurred..................... 96

Figure 10. Locations in Alaska where the GOA pollock trawl fishery occurred ........................ 97

Figure 11. Locations in Alaska where the GOA rockfish trawl fishery occurred ....................... 98

Figure 12. Locations in Alaska where the AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery

occurred......................................................................................................................... 99

Figure 13. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

occurred....................................................................................................................... 100

Figure 14. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery occurred ........... 101

Figure 15. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery occurred ...... 102

Figure 16. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI rockfish longline fishery occurred ................ 103

Figure 17. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI sablefish longline fishery occurred ............... 104

Figure 18. Locations in Alaska where the GOA Pacific cod longline fishery occurred............ 105

Figure 19. Locations in Alaska where the GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery occurred ...... 106

Figure 20. Locations in Alaska where the GOA rockfish longline fishery occurred ................ 107

Figure 21. Locations in Alaska where the GOA sablefish longline fishery occurred ............... 108

Figure 22. Locations in Alaska where the AK miscellaneous other finfish longline

fishery occurred........................................................................................................... 109

Figure 23. Locations in Alaska where the BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery occurred ................... 110

Figure 24. Locations in Alaska where the BS sablefish pot fishery occurred ........................... 111

Figure 25. Locations in Alaska where the AIsablefish pot fishery occurred ............................ 112

Figure 26. Locations in Alaska where the GOA Pacific cod pot fishery occurred.................... 113
vii

Figure 27. Locations in Alaska where the AK miscellaneous other finfish pot fishery

occurred....................................................................................................................... 114

Figure 28. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery................................................................... 115

Figure 29. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery ............................................................................... 116

Figure 30. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery ........................................................................ 117

Figure 31. Locations in Alaska where pinnipeds were observed incidentally taken by the

BSAI pollock trawl fishery ......................................................................................... 118

Figure 32. Locations in Alaska where cetaceans were observed incidentally taken by the

BSAI pollock trawl fishery ......................................................................................... 119

Figure 33. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery......................................................................... 120

Figure 34. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the GOA pollock trawl fishery............................................................................... 121

Figure 35. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery .......................................................... 122

Figure 36. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery.................................................................... 123

Figure 37. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the GOA sablefish longline fishery........................................................................ 124

Figure 38. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery............................................................................ 125

Figure 39. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the BS sablefish pot fishery ................................................................................... 126
viii

Figure 40. Locations in Alaska where marine mammals were observed incidentally taken

by the GOA Pacific cod pot fishery............................................................................ 127

Figure 41. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery........................... 128

Figure 42. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery .................................... 129

Figure 43. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery............................... 130

Figure 44. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the BSAI rockfish longline fishery ......................................... 131

Figure 45. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the BSAI sablefish longline fishery........................................ 132

Figure 46. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the GOA Pacific cod longline fishery ..................................... 133

Figure 47. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery ............................... 134

Figure 48. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the GOA rockfish longline fishery.......................................... 135

Figure 49. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the GOA sablefish longline fishery ........................................ 136

Figure 50. Locations in Alaska where marine mammal depredation on the groundfish

catch was observed in the AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery .............. 137

Appendix 1. Comparison of the three processes used in the CAS to estimate the catch

target groundfish species of NORPAC data based on the number and percent of

hauls ............................................................................................................................ 138
ix

Appendix 2. Comparison of the three processes used in the CAS to estimate the catch

target groundfish species of NORPAC data based on the weight and percent of

the total groundfish catch............................................................................................ 141

Appendix 3. List of marine mammals incidentally taken by groundfish fishery vessels.......... 144

Appendix 4. Statistical formulae used to calculate bycatch rates and estimates ....................... 156

Appendix 5. Calendar dates during 1998-2004 assigned to each 4-week period. ..................... 159

Appendix 6. Percentage of the fish catch in each of the three processing sectors by

fishery.......................................................................................................................... 160

Appendix 7. Results from the primary analytical strata. ........................................................... 161

Appendix 8. The months each groundfish fishery of Alaska operated during 1998-2004 ........ 169

Appendix 9. Groundfish catch, duration, number of hooks or pots, fishing depth, and

bottom depth of sets in each fishery............................................................................ 170

Appendix 10. Groundfish catch weight, duration, number of hooks or pots, fishing depth,

and bottom depth of groundfish fishery sets with marine mammal bycatch .............. 173

Appendix 11. The number of shared vessel fishing days among fisheries................................ 180

Appendix 12. Comparison of bycatch analyses using pooled fishery data and stratified

fishery data. ................................................................................................................. 186

INTRODUCTION

The National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML) and the Fisheries Monitoring and

Analysis Division's North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program (NPGOP) at the Alaska

Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) routinely compile

and analyze data collected by observers on the interactions of marine mammals with the

groundfish fisheries in Alaska. The data on marine mammal bycatch (animals incidentally killed

or seriously injured ) in these fisheries during 1989-2001 were analyzed by Perez (2003); marine

mammal bycatch data in the foreign and joint venture groundfish fisheries in Alaska during

1973-88 were summarized by Perez and Loughlin (1991).

Section 118 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) (50 CFR 229.2) requires

that NMFS publish, at least annually, a List of Fisheries (LOF) that places all U.S. commercial

fisheries into one of three categories based on the level of incidental serious injury and mortality

of marine mammals that occurs in each fishery (16 U.S.C. 1387 (c)(1)). The categorization of a

fishery in the LOF determines whether participants in that fishery may be required to comply

with certain provisions of the MMPA, such as registration, observer coverage, and take reduction

plan requirements. Owners of vessels or gear engaging in a Category I or II fishery are required

to register with NMFS, must carry an observer if requested, and a Take Reduction Team may be

convened for fisheries in Category I or II. Owners of vessels or gear engaged in a Category III

fishery are not required to register with NMFS. All of the commercial groundfish fisheries

discussed in this report have been classified as "Category III" fisheries in the LOFs from 1996 to

2005 (60 FR 67063, 28 December 1995; 62 FR 33, 2 January 1997; 63 FR 5748, 4 February

1998; 64 FR 9067, 24 February 1999; 65 FR 24448, 26 April 2000; 66 FR 42780, 15 August

2001; 67 FR 2410, 17 January 2002; 68 FR 41725, 15 July 2003; 69 FR 48407, 10 August 2004;

69 FR 70094, 2 December 2004) because they did not have a sufficiently high level of incidental

serious injury or mortality to cause placement in Category I or II.
2

Until 2004 the trawl, longline/set (hook and line), and pot gear groundfish fisheries of

Alaska (AK) had been considered single fisheries defined only by gear type and region. In 2004

(69 FR 48407, 10 August 2004), the LOF proposed to subdivide 5 fisheries into 22 fisheries

(Table 1) based on one of eight intended catch target groundfish species groups: Atka mackerel,

Pleurogrammus monopterygius; Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) (longline

fisheries only), Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepsis; flatfish (all species of the order

Pleuronectiformes, except Pacific halibut, lumped into one group); Pacific cod, Gadus

macrocephalus; walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma; rockfish (Sebastes spp. and related

species of the family Scorpaenidae lumped into one group), and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria.

The purpose of this report is to present a re-analysis of the marine mammal incidental

take data from 1998 to 2001 (Perez 2003) and add the previously unanalyzed bycatch data from

2002 to 2004, based on the new 2004 LOF classifications of groundfish fisheries in Alaska

defined by the intended target groundfish species caught by trawl, longline, and pot fishing gear.

An assessment of the impact on the total weight of the groundfish catch due to depredation by

marine mammals feeding directly off the fishing gear in the Bering Sea (BS), Aleutian Islands

region (AI), and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is also presented in this report. This report also includes

data from the AK miscellaneous other finfish mechanical jig fishery.

METHODS

Catch Target Groundfish Species

The Catch Accounting System (CAS) of the NMFS Alaska Regional Office (AKR),

which is the successor to the Blend database referenced in Perez (2003), summarizes the total

groundfish catch data. These totals are separated by intended target species and gear based on

data from fishing industry sources (plant and logbook reports) and observers (NORPAC database

from NPGOP). Unlike the Blend database, the catch data are no longer averaged ("blended")
3

from observer and industry sources to estimate total catch weight, but instead the data from each

source are itemized separately where they are distinct. The CAS also stratifies the catch data

from each processing sector and/or vessel by week and statistical fishing area in the

U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region (Fig. 1) and

the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 2).

The NORPAC database does not attempt to determine intended target groundfish species.

Historically, it has been difficult to separate the NORPAC data by target species because the

predominant species observed in the catch may not have been the intended target for the haul

(set). In addition, the species composition of the haul estimated by sampling in relation to the

intended targeted catch species is sometimes affected by gear problems, marine mammal

depredation, and/or sampling errors. Finally, only 73% of all hauls (92% of 109,355 pelagic

trawl sets, 62% of 138,099 non-pelagic trawl sets, 68% of 134,313 longline sets, and 79% of

15,905 pot sets) on observed vessels during 1998-2004 were sampled by observers. Thus, the

species composition of the total groundfish catch in at least one-fourth of the hauls recorded in

NORPAC is unknown. However, the target species has been estimated for most hauls based on a

sequential, hierarchical combination of three-step processes used in the CAS database:

A) Step 1: When an observer samples a particular haul for the composition of the groundfish

catch, the target species can be estimated by the predominant (by weight of total catch)

groundfish species caught in that haul. This report uses the NPGOP computer algorithms

to estimate the predominant target species in a particular NORPAC haul; however, the

AKR uses its own algorithms to assign targets to sampled NORPAC hauls in the CAS.

B) Step 2: When observers do not sample particular hauls, the CAS database assigns a target

to each unsampled haul by extrapolating total groundfish catch data from matching

sampled hauls recorded for that same vessel, observer cruise number, gear type, area, IFQ

(individual fishing quota) flag, and date range. The date range is set at 7 days, so that the

CAS computer algorithms look for a sampled haul on the same date and up to 7 days prior

or 7 days after. For example, if a haul at 1400 hr on 25 January was not sampled, but a
4

haul conducted at 1000 hr with the same gear was sampled, the CAS assigns the target for

the unsampled haul (1400 hr) to the target fishery identified for the haul at 1000 hr. If

there were no previous sampled hauls on the same date then it looks for sampled hauls

which occurred after the unsampled haul. If there is no match using the initial comparison

criteria within a week (before or after), then the matching criteria are relaxed to ultimately

a comparison merely for the same vessel and gear in the 2-week period. Following the

completion of this process, there may still be a few unsampled hauls without target

assignments (unknown target codes).

C) Step 3: The CAS then uses a different set of computer algorithms which calculate fishery

targets at the trip level for all observed and unobserved components of the fisheries. The

weight of the retained groundfish catch is combined for: 1) vessel, target date, gear type,

and reporting area for catcher processors and motherships; and 2) vessel, target date, gear

type, and FMP (fishery management plan) area for catcher vessels delivering to shoreside

processing plants. The target date is the week ending date (Saturday) for catcher

processors and motherships, and the fishing start date for catcher vessels.

Fishery targets at the haul level (A and B above) are based on the weight of the total groundfish

catch, but fishery targets at the trip level (C above) are based only on the weight of the retained

catch of groundfish or Pacific halibut (retained in the IFQ (individual fishing quota) fisheries).

The targets are assigned using the following sequential procedure: 1) if more than 95% of the

catch by weight consists of pollock then the pelagic pollock target is assigned; 2) if the catch is

not more than 95% pollock, then the target is the dominant catch species; and 3) if the dominant

catch species is not one of the recognized target species, then the "other species" code is the

default target assignment. One exception for the BSAI area is determined by regulation

(50 CFR 679.21): If the total amount of the flatfish catch (flathead sole, Hippoglossoides

elassodon; rock sole, Lepidopsetta spp.; yellowfin sole, Limanda aspera; and "other flatfish") is

greater than the amount of any other fishery target, and the amount of yellowfin sole is 70% or

more of the total flatfish catch, the target is yellowfin sole; otherwise, if yellowfin sole comprises
5

less than 70% of the total amount of flatfish, the target is the greater of the remaining flatfish

species (flathead sole, rock sole, or "other flatfish").

In Step 2 (B) above, the AKR estimates the target species for many of the unsampled

hauls in the NORPAC database based on the assumption that contemporaneous hauls in the same

area within 7 days would most likely be targeting the same groundfish species identified in the

hauls which were sampled for species composition. In Step 3 (C) the AKR assigns targets in the

CAS based on weekly summaries. Thus, an unsampled haul at the beginning or end of the week

for each trip target date could be assigned targets in process B based on hauls which occurred

during the previous or subsequent trip target week of process C. However, the trip targeting in

the CAS happens after the extrapolation and haul target assignment. Therefore, the hauls inherit

the species composition of the nearest haul, and as a result, the target of that haul; but it is all of

the sampled and unsampled hauls in a week that make up the trip target for the catcher/processor

vessels. As a result of these procedures, a marine mammal take in an observed haul (NORPAC)

that consisted primarily of flatfish, for example, as the predominant weight of the total

groundfish catch in that haul (Step 1, A) could be assigned to the Pacific cod fishery based on the

trip target date in the CAS (Step 3, C). The AKR has recommended that the trip level target (trip

target code) (Step 3, C) in the CAS is the best representation of the intended target of a particular

haul. Thus, the estimated trip level target defines the assignment of each NORPAC haul to a

particular target groundfish species fishery.

In the present analysis, the NORPAC database hauls were matched against their

respective CAS database counterparts by gear type, vessel and/or processing sector, week, and

statistical area to obtain their final estimated intended target groundfish species assignments

(Step 3, C) regardless of the values estimated in Steps 1 (A) or 2 (B) (since the target groundfish

species assignments from process C represent the official fishery targets for fishing trips).

Appendix 1 lists the number of hauls (sets) on vessels with observers by fishery and a

comparison of the resultant estimated target catch species from each of the aforementioned three

sequential step processes: A for Step 1 above, B for Step 2, and C for Step 3. The percentage of
6

NORPAC hauls among the five generalized possible logical comparisons of these three

estimation steps by the NPGOP and AKR is also listed in Appendix 1 to indicate the degree of

uncertainty in the database with respect to the actual intended target groundfish species for each

haul on an observed vessel (NORPAC). For purposes of these logical comparisons summarized

in Appendix 1, and to avoid confusing count totals, NORPAC hauls in process A which were

unsampled were considered equivalent to process C (Step 3 target species assignments) because

individually they provided no target species information for Step 1 (A). A similar set of

comparisons based on total weight of the groundfish catch is listed in Appendix 2.

Some hauls (sets) by the groundfish fisheries do not catch any of the allocated target

groundfish species in a particular region by gear type, or in other situations, there is no

information from the fishery regarding the intended target species of the total catch (only weight

data) from some vessels or fishery plants (these latter catches are assigned unknown target

species codes in the CAS database). However, these situations were infrequent because less than

1% of all NORPAC hauls during 1998-2004 caught either non-allocated or unknown target

catches (most unsampled hauls on observed cruises are assigned allocated target species in the

CAS). Thus, for the purposes of the analyses in this report, and to account for all groundfish

catch by the combined fisheries, it was necessary to assign these non-allocated or unknown

target catches to three lumped miscellaneous "other finfish target" fisheries for trawl, longline

and pot gear similar to that used for the jig fishery. It must be stressed that the inclusion of

non-allocated species in the "other finfish target" trawl, longline, and pot fisheries refers only to

total haul catches without any officially designated intended target species and not to individual

finfish species caught in a particular haul (set). Fish species caught simultaneously in the same

haul (set) as the intended target species are also assigned the intended target species code in the

CAS database.
7

Total Fishing Effort

Table 2 lists vessel observer coverage and effort (calculated as number of fishing vessels,

vessel fishing days, and hauls) for observed cruises in each fishery during 1998-2004 by year and

region. The term "vessel fishing day" refers to each calendar date when a vessel (with an

observer) set gear to catch groundfish on that day. Each of the fisheries by gear type is not

independent with respect to participating vessels. The same vessel typically participates in

several fisheries of the same or multiple gear types during the same cruise. It is common for a

vessel to retrieve sets throughout the same calendar date and/or in the same statistical fishing

area where the total groundfish catch from each haul will belong to different fisheries. Thus, the

number of vessels and fishing days listed in Table 2 are not additive across fisheries or areas.

The locations where trawl sets occurred during 1998-2004 on observed cruises

(NORPAC) in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska are shown for all

target trawl fisheries in Figures 3-12. The locations where longline sets occurred during

1998-2004 on observed cruises in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska

are shown for all target longline fisheries in Figures 13-22. The locations where pot sets

occurred during 1998-2004 on observed cruises in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and

Gulf of Alaska are shown for all target pot fisheries in Figures 23-27.

Weight (metric tons) of the groundfish caught by each vessel was the only parameter of

total effort available for the entire fleet of vessels (observed and unobserved) of each fishery

recorded in the CAS. AFSC (2003) discusses the methodology used by observers to sample the

composition of the groundfish catch and estimate the total weight of groundfish caught on

observed vessels which is recorded in NORPAC. The total number of vessels that fished, days

of fishing, hauls or sets deployed, and gear devices (nets, hooks, pots, or jigs) used by

unobserved vessels of each fishery in any particular area during a given week were not available.

Thus, catch tonnage was used in this report as the measurement of fishing effort to estimate

marine mammal bycatch rates.
8

Two known biases must be considered when using catch tonnage as a measure of fishing

effort (Perez 2003). First, part of the groundfish catch on longline gear is lost to depredation by

marine mammals (Table 3) or sharks prior to retrieval, and there is no way to account for the

weight of the lost catch from the empty hooks or remaining fish fragments (heads, lips, etc.).

Second, the weight of some prohibited species bycatch or miscellaneous catch may be included

in NORPAC, but not completely in the CAS database. The first bias (loss to depredation) affects

both NORPAC and the CAS databases equally, and thus may be considered negligible. The

second bias is also mainly an issue for longline fisheries, for which prohibited fish species

bycatch (e.g., Pacific salmon and herring) or miscellaneous catch items (e.g., grenadiers) can

sometimes represent up to 18% of the total weight of the longline set (Perez 2003). Prohibited

catch species data are included in the CAS, but the total weight of these species in the CAS is

often less than the corresponding values in NORPAC for the same vessels when the catch data in

the CAS for those vessels come from fishing industry sources rather than NORPAC. The total

groundfish catch (metric tons (t) ) by each fishery and the percent of total catch monitored for

marine mammal bycatch during 1998-2004 is listed in Table 4 by region and year.

Marine Mammal Bycatch and Depredation Estimation

Marine mammal bycatch is defined in this report as serious injuries and mortalities that

occur in the course of fishing operations: entangled or killed in gear during the haul, lethal takes

by the crew, or lethal impacts of the marine mammal with the vessel's propeller. AFSC (2003)

provides a complete and detailed discussion of all observer duties, record-keeping forms and data

codes, and procedures used to record and sample marine mammal bycatch and sightings, in

addition to the procedures used by observers to monitor fishing effort and the composition of the

groundfish catch. The "unidentified" species groups used in this study do not imply the take of

mammals from species not listed in Table 3. Rather, in most cases, the unidentified animals can

be presumed to belong to one of the identified species of pinnipeds or cetaceans, but positive
9

identification was not possible. This generally occurred because they were neither seen nor

examined closely by the observer, or they were in advanced stages of decomposition.

In the MMPA and by regulation, “serious injury” is defined as an injury that is likely to

lead to mortality. A workshop held in 1997 provided additional guidance on what should

constitute serious injury (Angliss and DeMaster 1998). Participants indicated that marine

mammals entangled with trailing gear should be called “seriously injured” and are likely to die,

particularly if the trailing gear is sufficient to impede movement or feeding. When information

was plentiful on a particular incident of “trailing gear”, that information was reviewed to

determine whether the entanglement was likely to be “serious”. However, if little or no

information was available, a “trailing gear” incident was considered to be “serious”.

All observed (actually seen and/or examined by the observer) marine mammals which

were seriously injured, killed by the gear or the vessel propeller, or lethally taken by the crew

during monitored hauls (sets) were included in bycatch rate estimations. No intentional lethal

takes were reported during 1998-2004. The following data were not included in the bycatch

estimation procedures used in this study (but their recorded occurrences are listed in

Appendix 3): 1) animals which boarded the vessel or climbed onto the gear of their own volition,

or were caught by the gear and subsequently returned to the sea unharmed or with only minor

injuries; 2) carcasses in varying states of decomposition which were caught by the gear but were

presumed to have died at some time prior to fishing operations, including dead animals for which

the time and cause of death was unknown (some of these latter animals could have been killed

during fishing operations); and 3) reported occurrences of isolated marine mammal parts (e.g.,

walrus tusks, pieces of baleen, skulls, or bones), miscellaneous unidentifiable fragments (tissue,

blubber, or skin), or solitary aborted fetuses.

The incidental take data from 1998 to 2004 were re-analyzed using methods and

statistical procedures similar to those discussed by Perez (2003), except that: 1) an additional

level of stratification was added to the automatic data processing procedural algorithms to

represent the fisheries defined by target groundfish species; and 2) confidence intervals were
10

estimated with the lognormal approximation (Burnham et al. 1987) using the coefficient of

variation of the extrapolated bycatch. The additional stratification level in computer programs

did not require any modifications in the underlying statistical formulae because a target species

definition group is an equivalent subset of the original gear (fishery) stratification level. The

statistical formulae used to estimate bycatch are listed in Appendix 4. Catch rates and estimates

of bycatch for each species of marine mammals were calculated for each 4-week period

(minimum stratum level) by year, statistical area, gear type, vessel class and/or processing sector

(catcher/processor, mothership/processor, or catcher-only vessel of shoreside plants), and

targeted groundfish catch species (fishery designation). The calendar dates during 1998-2004

assigned to each 4-week period used to stratify the groundfish effort and marine mammal

bycatch data are listed in Appendix 5; 4-week periods were used to approximate monthly periods

because the CAS (and previous Blend database) only provides data summarized by weekly

intervals. The percentage of the total groundfish catch in each of the three processing sectors, by

fishery, and the percentage of each processing sector's groundfish catch monitored for marine

mammals during 1998-2004 are listed in Appendix 6.

Rates and variance of incidental take for each stratum were calculated by the simple

random sampling ratio estimate ( ) Rˆ method, using the sum of the marine mammals observed

killed or seriously injured (including those entangled in trailing gear) by fishing operations

divided by the sum of the total tonnage of fish catch in monitored hauls. Total extrapolated

bycatch ˆ) (

Rs

Y was calculated by the separate ratio estimate method in stratified random sampling

(Cochran 1977, Levy and Lemeshow 1999). The fraction of hauls observed in the total fishery is

unknown; instead, the percentage of total tonnage sampled was used as an estimate of the

fraction of total effort observed. The resulting values are reported as multiples of 10,000 t of fish

catch.

Extrapolated bycatch of marine mammals was first calculated by multiplying the

observed rate (per metric ton of fish catch) of mortalities and serious injuries in each stratum by

the total tonnage caught by the entire fishery in the same stratum. Second, the extrapolated takes
11

of all strata were summed (stratified) to obtain the total extrapolated bycatch (stratified random

sampling ratio estimator, ˆYRs) by year and area. Third, the calculated stratified random sampling

ratio estimator was adjusted to calculate the estimated bycatch ( ) ˆYA by including (adding) the

exact number (integers) of additional marine mammal takes (mortalities, serious injuries, and

entanglement in trailing gear) actually witnessed by observers which occurred only in strata

which had zero or unknown extrapolated bycatch rates (i.e., from strata where marine mammal

bycatch was not observed in any monitored haul). This adjustment was necessary to prevent

underestimation of annual and regional bycatch when incidental take was known to occur but

was missed by the NORPAC sampling design. Observed takes in unmonitored hauls from strata

which also had observed takes in monitored hauls were ignored because they comprised a

fraction of the extrapolated bycatch for a stratum. Marine mammal takes which occurred on

observed cruises and were seen only by the crew were not included in any estimation procedures

even if they occurred during monitored hauls.

The bycatch rates and confidence intervals presented in this report were calculated using

only data and extrapolated estimates based on observed marine mammals taken in randomly

sampled, monitored sets. Confidence intervals were based on the lognormal approximation

(Burnham et al. 1987). The natural log-transformation approximation was used to derive

95% confidence limits by calculations which use the extrapolated bycatch values and their

corresponding coefficients of variation. This was done to avoid reporting negative lower

confidence limits using the normal approximation as was used by Perez (2003). However, the

standard errors and coefficients of variation are still calculating using the normal approximation

because the bycatch data values cannot be transformed directly due to the preponderance of zero

values.

The ratio estimates presented in this report were calculated by summing the exact

decimal values of the extrapolated results (stratification) from the individual subgroups of the

data based on target fishery and gear type, year, statistical area, vessel class, and month (4-week

period). Some minor rounding errors will occur when summing the estimated bycatch totals
12

presented in the tables across statistical areas or years. However, the values presented in the

tables were calculated by summing only decimal values and not rounded integers. Due to the

stratification process for each separate fishery based on intended catch target groundfish species,

the totals for fishing effort (metric tons) when summing target fisheries of the same gear type by

year may be slightly higher than the gear type totals presented previously for 1998-2002 (Perez

2003) even though the same data were used in each analysis.

Observers determine whether depredation on the groundfish catch by marine mammals

has occurred using three lines of evidence. Some marine mammals feed on fish from the fishing

gear before it has been retrieved by the fishing vessel. Usually, marine mammals are seen

swimming or diving near the fishing gear at the time of the interaction. Infrequently, observers

may also see a marine mammal with a fish in its mouth which it pulled from a trawl net or more

commonly from off of longline gear. On a longline vessel, having marine mammals around the

vessel and seeing empty hooks is not necessarily an indication of depredation on the groundfish

catch. When sampling the groundfish catch, observers look for fish heads or lips, or fish that

have been bitten or raked by teeth as signs of depredation by marine mammals, both of which

indicate that depredation of the groundfish catch has occurred. Observers often record instances

of broken or straightened hooks and broken gangions that may indicate depredation events.

The minimum number of marine mammals feeding on the groundfish catch directly from

longlines, pots or trawl nets was calculated by determining the sum of the maximum number of

animals of each species, by fishery, observed feeding directly on the groundfish catch of any

monitored haul on one single calendar date during the year in each of the statistical fishing areas.

It was assumed that individual marine mammals in different statistical fishing areas on the same

calendar date were not the same animals; however, animals observed feeding on fish caught by

fishing gear on different calendar dates (or on different hauls on the same calendar date) are

frequently the same animals repeatedly interacting with the fishing gear. The weight of total

groundfish catch estimated to be impacted by marine mammal depredation was calculated using

the total weight of hauls which were monitored by observers and in which marine mammal
13

feeding interactions were observed. Thus, this sampled groundfish catch weight is less than the

sampled fishery weight used to estimate marine mammal bycatch because hauls with no feeding

interactions were not included. It must be stressed that the estimated weight of groundfish catch

impacted is not an estimate of fish consumed (which is certainly less); it is merely an indicator of

the probable level of maximum predatory impact of marine mammals on the groundfish catch.

Marine mammal feeding on discarded fish or effluent were not included in the estimates of

impact on total groundfish catch or the minimum number of feeding animals.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Bycatch and Other Incidental Take of Marine Mammals

Sixteen species of marine mammals were observed incidentally killed or seriously injured

by the groundfish fisheries in the U.S. EEZ off Alaska during 1998-2004 (Tables 3 and 4). Four

of these 16 marine mammal species are classified as endangered under the U.S. Endangered

Species Act: the western population of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the humpback

whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), and the sperm whale

(Physeter macrocephalus). A total of 93 marine mammals of the 16 identified species were

observed (in monitored hauls/sets) killed or seriously injured incidental to commercial fishing

operations (trawl, longline, or pot gear) between 1998 and 2004 (Tables 4-7 and Appendices 3

and 7).

The locations in Alaska waters where observed bycatch, including those seen by

observers in unmonitored hauls which occurred in the trawl fisheries during 1998-2004 (Table 4

and Appendices 3 and 7) are shown in Figures 28-34 as follows: 9 Steller sea lions taken by the

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery (Fig. 28); 2 northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), 15 Steller

sea lions, 7 walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), 4 bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), 2 harbor seal

(Phoca vitulina), 4 spotted seals (Phoca largha), 2 unidentified pinnipeds (including
14

1 unidentified phocid), 4 killer whales (Orcinus orca), and 2 harbor porpoises (Phocoena

phocoena) taken by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (Fig. 29); 3 Steller sea lions and 2 harbor

seals taken by the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (Fig. 30); 1 northern fur seal, 15 Steller sea

lions, 2 bearded seals, 3 ringed seals (Pusa hispida), 1 ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata),

2 humpback whales, 1 minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), 1 unidentified baleen whale,

3 killer whales, and 14 Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) taken by the BSAI pollock trawl

fishery (Figs. 31 and 32); 1 Steller sea lion taken by the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery (Fig. 33);

and 2 Steller sea lions, 1 northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), 1 fin whale, and

1 Dall's porpoise taken by the GOA pollock trawl fishery (Fig. 34). The locations in Alaska

waters where observed bycatch, including those seen by observers in unmonitored sets which

occurred in the longline fisheries during 1998-2004 (Table 4 and Appendices 3 and 7) are shown

in Figures 35-37 as follows: 1 killer whale taken by the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

(Fig. 35); 1 Steller sea lion, 1 ribbon seal, 2 unidentified pinnipeds (including 1 unidentified

otariid), 1 killer whale, and 1 Dall's porpoise taken by the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

(Fig. 36); and 1 Steller sea lion and 1 sperm whale taken by the GOA sablefish longline fishery

(Fig. 37). The locations in Alaska waters where observed bycatch, including those seen by

observers in unmonitored sets which occurred in the pot fisheries during 1998-2004 (Table 4 and

Appendices 3 and 7) are shown in Figures 38-40 as follows: 1 harbor seal and 1 unidentified

baleen whale taken by the BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery (Fig. 38); 1 humpback whale taken by

the BS sablefish pot fishery (Fig. 39); and 1 harbor seal taken by the GOA Pacific cod pot

fishery (Fig. 40).

The estimated bycatch of 155 marine mammals by 6 trawl fisheries during 1998-2004

(Table 5 and Appendix 7) occurred in statistical fishing areas 509, 513, 514, 517, 519, 521, 524,

541, 542, and 543 in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region (Fig. 1), and in areas 610 and

620 in the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 2). By species, this estimated bycatch (rounded to integers) by

the trawl fisheries during 1998-2004 included: 12 Steller Sea lions taken by the BSAI Atka

mackerel trawl fishery; 2 northern fur seals, 21 Steller sea lions, 9 walruses, 7 bearded seals,
15

2 harbor seals, 5 spotted seals, 2 unidentified phocid seals, 1 unidentified pinniped, 5 killer

whales, and 4 harbor porpoises taken by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery; 5 Steller sea lions and

4 harbor seals taken by the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery; 3 northern fur seals, 17 Steller sea

lions, 3 bearded seals, 3 ringed seals, 1 ribbon seal, 3 humpback whales, 2 minke whales,

1 unidentified baleen whale, 3 killer whales, and 22 Dall's porpoises taken by the BSAI pollock

trawl fishery; 5 Steller sea lions taken by the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery; and 4 Steller sea

lions, 4 northern elephant seals, 3 fin whales, and 2 Dall's porpoises taken by the GOA pollock

trawl fishery. An estimated bycatch of 29 marine mammals by 3 longline fisheries during

1998-2004 (Table 6 and Appendix 7) occurred in statistical fishing areas 509, 516, 517, 521, and

524 in the Bering Sea (Fig. 1), and in areas 640 and 650 in the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 2). By

species, this estimated bycatch (rounded to integers) by the longline fisheries during 1998-2004

included: 3 killer whales taken by the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery; 4 Steller sea lions,

2 unidentified otariids, 3 ribbon seals, 3 unidentified pinnipeds, 4 killer whales, and 1 Dall's

porpoise taken by the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery; and 7 Steller sea lions and 2 sperm

whales taken by the GOA sablefish longline fishery. An estimated bycatch of 5 marine

mammals by 3 pot fisheries during 1998-2004 (Table 7 and Appendix 7) occurred in statistical

fishing areas 513, 519, and 542 in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region (Fig. 1), and in

area 610 in the Gulf of Alaska (Fig. 2). By species, this estimated bycatch (rounded to integers)

by the pot fisheries during 1998-2004 included: 1 harbor seal and 1 unidentified baleen whale

taken by the BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery; 1 humpback whale taken by the BS sablefish pot

fishery; and 2 harbor seals taken by the GOA Pacific cod pot fishery.

Stock assessment reports for marine mammals (e.g., Angliss and Outlaw 2005) typically

base their assessments on the most recent 5 years of information on marine mammal serious

injury (including trailing gear incidents) and mortality. Table 8 lists data on the average annual

rates and estimates of marine mammal bycatch in the groundfish fisheries in Alaska during

2000-2004. Since some species will not be incidentally taken every year by each fishery, the

average annual estimated bycatch values have not been rounded to integers. The estimated
16

average annual mortality takes during 2000-2004 (Table 8) by all 22 groundfish fisheries in

Alaska were: 0.48 northern fur seals, 9.65 Steller sea lions (western U.S. stock), 1.37 Steller sea

lions (eastern U.S. stock), 1.68 walruses, 0.68 bearded seals, 1.25 harbor seals (Bering Sea

stock), 0.88 spotted seals, 0.71 ringed seals, 0.80 ribbon seals, 0.71 northern elephant seals,

0.20 humpback whales, 0.32 minke whales, 0.59 fin whales, 0.45 sperm whales, 1.48 killer

whales (Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock), 0.41 killer whales (Eastern North Pacific

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea transient stock), 0.35 harbor porpoises (Bering

Sea stock), and 1.89 Dall's porpoises. Observation of marine mammal bycatch is essentially

opportunistic and there could be incidental takes (at higher or lower bycatch rates) by any of the

22 groundfish fisheries of Alaska in the future, including takes of marine mammal species and/or

stocks which did not occur during 2000-2004, but which have occurred in past years (Perez

2003, Perez and Loughlin 1991, and Table 8).

The level of observer coverage (as measured by observed groundfish catch relative to

total groundfish catch) directly influences the bycatch rate calculations. In strata with low

observer coverage, and where marine mammal takes also occurred, an observed serious

injury/mortality may be extrapolated to an estimated level of take with a large variance

(Appendix 7 and Perez 2003). The stratified total estimated bycatch in this study should be

considered conservative because any possible bycatch in strata (by time, area, and vessel class)

without any observer coverage and/or no observed takes was not estimated.

Infrequently, the observer may feel that a take occurred due to circumstantial evidence,

but the take could not be observed. For example, one observer reported that a killer whale died

on 18 August 2001 in the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery in area 517 after collision with the vessel's

propeller (Appendix 3), but the observer was unable to see the animal despite the fact that it was

a monitored haul and the observer heard a loud noise and felt the vessel shudder at the time.

This take was not included in the stratified estimation analyses of bycatch, and the extrapolated

and estimated bycatch was zero (with zero variance) for the stratum which would have included

this take. However, the observer's remarks of the event were similar to the remarks about vessel
17

shaking felt by two other observers that witnessed two events of propeller impacts on killer

whales on 1 August 1998 (area 517) and 21 April 2004 (area 521) in the BSAI flatfish trawl

fishery (Appendix 3). The estimated bycatch of killer whales by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

in 2001 (Table 5) was 1.5 animals although observers reported that 2 animals were actually taken

(Appendix 3). Likewise, the 5-year (2000-2004) average estimated bycatch of killer whales for

the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (Table 8) was 0.64 animals when it would have been 0.84 animals

if this additional take in a monitored haul had been included in the bycatch analyses.

Two pinnipeds (1 northern fur seal and 1 unidentified otariid) were observed which had

suffered minor injuries by being caught in fishing gear or were entangled in non-threatening

amounts of trailing gear before being released alive to the sea (Appendix 3). Twenty-three

pinnipeds (1 northern fur seal, 20 Steller sea lions, and 2 unidentified pinnipeds) were observed

boarding vessels at sea of their own volition and 3 other marine mammals (1 bearded seal,

1 humpback whale, and 1 killer whale) were observed caught or entangled by the gear but

subsequently freed by the crew and returned to the sea without apparent injuries; all 28 of these

animals apparently were unharmed by the interaction (Appendix 3). A detailed list of all marine

mammal incidental takes (including takes seen only by the crew when an observer was present,

and also decomposed or miscellaneous items) reported by observers onboard groundfish vessels

in the U.S. EEZ off Alaska during 1998-2004 is presented in Appendix 3.

Most fisheries operated throughout the year in all months, although weather conditions

and/or sea ice may have limited some fishing during winter months;some trawl fisheries using

pelagic trawl gear were also restricted from operating during some spring and/or summer months

(Appendix 8). Appendix 9 lists for each fishery, by gear type, the mean, median, coefficient of

variation (CV), and range of the following data: 1) the weight (t) of groundfish caught in hauls

(sets); 2) the duration (hr) of sets; 3) the total number (expressed in thousands) of hooks

(longline fishery) or pots (pot fishery) per set; 4) the average fishing depth (m) of nets (trawl

fishery) taken from the vessel's logbook by the observer; and 5) the average bottom depth (m) of

the sea where sets occurred taken from the vessel's logbook by the observer. The sample size (n)
18

varies among the five parameters because sets with missing data were excluded, as were sets

which had gear performance problems. Although the average speed of the vessel and sea state

were frequently recorded by observers in the early 1990s, the parameters listed in Appendix 9

were the only data available from NORPAC in recent years for each observed fishery describing

the general characteristics of the fishing operations in all hauls (sets). The purpose of the data in

Appendix 9 was to provide comparative descriptive statistics for the general characteristics of the

fisheries as a whole, and no attempt was made to analyze these parameters by spatial or temporal

breakdowns.

All marine mammal species which were caught in nets in the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

during 1998-2004 were taken at locations with shallower depths than the mean average bottom

depth of waters where the fishery operated, and all but three marine mammal takes (1 northern

fur seal, 1 walrus, and 1 bearded seal) were taken by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery in waters

when gear was used at depths equal to or shallower than the median average fishing depth

(Appendices 9 and 10). However, killer whales which died by collision with the ship's propeller

were taken at locations with depths more than two times the median fishing or bottom depths of

the waters where the fishery operated (Appendices 9 and 10). It is unclear whether the amount

of hooks or pots deployed or duration of fishing in the longline and pot fisheries (Appendices 9

and 10) have any effects on the probability of a marine mammal becoming entangled. The size

of the groundfish catch (weight) does not seem to have any relationship to the occurrence of

marine mammal bycatch. These preliminary observations about patterns in the bycatch data

have not been fully evaluated, and further analyses regarding any possible effects of the duration

of sets, amount of fishing gear deployed, and fishing depth on marine mammal bycatch are

beyond the scope of this report.

Depredation on the Groundfish Catch by Marine Mammals

Toothed whales feeding directly on hooked groundfish is the most common type of

interaction between marine mammals and longline vessels. Five species of marine mammals
19

have been observed involved in these depredation interactions (Tables 3 and 9): northern fur

seals, Steller sea lions, sperm whales, killer whales, and Dall's porpoises. The locations in

Alaska waters where depredation on the groundfish catch by marine mammals were observed in

10 longline fisheries during 1998-2004 are shown in Figures 41-50.

The estimated average annual impact on the total longline fishery groundfish catch in sets

subjected to marine mammal depredation ranged from 0.1% (by weight) in the GOA Pacific cod

longline fishery to 22.3% in the GOA rockfish longline fishery (Table 9); however, the overall

average annual depredation impact by marine mammals on the combined longline fisheries was

estimated to be 2.2% of the total fishery groundfish catch during 1998-2004. The quantity of

fish in metric tons actually consumed from the groundfish catch by marine mammalsis

significantly less than these estimates of the total weight of impacted sets, and the fish species

taken from the hooks may not always be the fishery's target species. For example, in the BSAI

Pacific cod longline fishery, killer whales usually select bycatch fish species such as Pacific

halibut or Greenland turbot caught on the hooks instead of the fishery’s target species, Pacific

cod (Perez, in prep.).

Using information from dockside interviews with fishermen, Dahlheim (1988) suggested

that killer whale depredation on sablefish in the longline fisheries in the southeastern Bering Sea

and Prince William Sound occurred on 20% of the sets during winter months. Based on

observed depredation incidents, nearly 4% of the total annual groundfish catch by the BSAI

sablefish longline fishery during 1998-2004 was subjected to marine mammal depredation

primarily from killer whales (Table 9). Except for January and February (Appendix 8), the BSAI

sablefish longline fishery operated in a slightly larger area of the Bering Sea during 1998-2004

(Fig. 17; locations of killer whale depredation are shown in Fig. 45) than in the late 1980s

(Dahlheim 1988); however, the GOA sablefish longline fishery did not occur in Prince William

Sound during 1998-2004 (Fig. 21; locations of killer whale depredation are shown in Fig. 49).

Steller sea lions, harbor seals, and killer whales have also been infrequently observed feeding on

the catch from trawl gear, and killer whales have been observed feeding on the catch from pot
20

gear (Table 9); however, depredation by marine mammals on the groundfish catch from trawl or

pot gear is essentially insignificant relative to the total annual groundfish catch in trawl or pot

fisheries (Table 9).

Interactions involving depredation of the groundfish catch by marine mammals and

deterrence of the mammals from the gear by crew members are not considered incidental take.

In addition to moving the vessel, longline vessel crews have sometimes attempted to deter

marine mammals such as killer whales and Steller sea lions from the proximity of the vessel by

the use of several methods including electronic acoustic devices and explosive devices (i.e., seal

bombs) to frighten the mammals from the catch. Deterrence will not be discussed further in this

paper.

Most marine mammal depredation interactions do not result in incidental takes, but there

are insufficient data to determine which marine mammals that were incidentally taken during

1998-2004 (Appendix 3) may have also fed on discards or from the groundfish catch before it

was landed. The juvenile killer whale which was killed by collision with the ship's propeller on

1 August 1998 in area 517 during fishing by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery may have been part

of a pod of about 30 killer whales that was seen several times by the observer between 4 July and

6 August 1998 following the net as it was retrieved and also feeding on Greenland turbot

discarded by the vessel. The frequency of observed depredation interactions by marine

mammals on the groundfish catch during 1997-2004 and observed deterrence interactions by the

crew will be further discussed by Perez (in prep.).

Table 10 lists pairs of groundfish fisheries in Alaska during 1998-2004 in which the same

vessels participated in both fisheries on the same calendar date, and the total number of the same

vessel fishing calendar days in both fisheries in which observers also saw predatory interactions

by marine mammals. Predatory interactions by marine mammals were defined here as any of the

following three types of interactions: 1) any type of depredation interaction of the marine

mammal on the groundfish catch (not discards); 2) any method of deterrence, with or without

devices, actively used by the crew to prevent the animal from interacting with the gear; and
21

3) repeated swimming by individual marine mammals near the fishing gear. Although the total

number of the same vessel fishing days is small for most pairs of groundfish fisheries because

there is only a small overlap of fishing days by the vessels amongst the fisheries (Appendix 11),

these data do suggest that the same pods of killer whales and sperm whales frequent two or more

of the longline fisheries at the same time to feed on groundfish caught on hooks. Because of

these data and the observed predatory behavior of killer whales (Tables 9 and 10), all of the

observed and estimated bycatch takes of killer whales in all groundfish fisheries, except the

BSAI pollock trawl fishery, discussed in this paper have been (for the purposes of this report)

assumed to be part of the Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock even though there were

insufficient results of DNA analyses to confirm this. The killer whale taken by the BSAI Pacific

cod longline fishery in 2003 was confirmed by DNA analyses to be a resident (M. Dahlheim,

NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.). Because Table 10 indicates that some pods of killer whales

encounter fishing gear from the same vessels of both the BSAI Greenland turbot and BSAI

Pacific cod longline fisheries on the same days, it seemslikely that resident killer whales are the

most likely killer whales to interact with the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery. Killer

whales taken by the BSAI pollock trawl fishery were assigned to the Eastern North Pacific, Gulf

of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea transient stock based on DNA analyses of tissue

samples collected by observers (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.). However, it is still

possible that killer whales of either stock could be taken at any time by any fishery if individual

whales should interact with the vessels.

Identification of Catch Target Groundfish Species

There are some issues related to the identification of catch target groundfish species that

are important for this analysis. One issue is the occurrence of "orphan" strata that occur when

there is not a direct match between NORPAC and the CAS. This occurs because, occasionally,

the fishing industry will report all catches from many vessels and multiple hauls for only one

area and/or trip target date that may include NORPAC hauls for which the observer recorded
22

entries for adjacent areas or calendar days. Less than 0.4% of the total catch by all groundfish

fisheries combined during 1998-2004 occurred in these "orphan" strata. Because many observed

cruises are included in the CAS via industry logbook or plant data, it is not possible to

completely cross-reference all NORPAC haul data within the CAS for strata matching purposes.

In addition, some NORPAC source data in the CAS are based only on hauls which were not

sampled for species composition, and the predominant target species in the hauls are unknown.

In all of these cases, the target fishery is often identified in the CAS and in this analysis as a

non-target (not one of the fisheries listed in Table 1) or "miscellaneous" fishery.

Another way in which a catch target could be identified as "miscellaneous" is because the

groundfish catch has been subjected to depredation by marine mammals. Whales and otariids

may selectively eat hooked groundfish species such as Greenland turbot, Pacific halibut,

sablefish, or Pacific cod directly from the longline gear before the line is retrieved by the vessel.

In such instances, there would be only empty hooks as the line was retrieved over the roller onto

the vessel, and there would be no visible catch of these target groundfish species. Also,

non-target fish species would sometimes be the predominant catch species in these sets. Thus,

the size (total metric tons caught) of the "AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery" may

be overestimated due to marine mammal depredation on the groundfish catch as evidenced by

the high percentages of estimated annual average depredation by marine mammals in some

longline fisheries (Table 9): the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (12.3%), the GOA

rockfish longline fishery (22.3%), and the AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery

(13.1%). Less than 4% of observed longline sets during 1998-2004 were assigned

"miscellaneous" targets (Table 1).

The definition of the target fisheries in this report depends directly on the intended catch

target groundfish species codes assigned to the NORPAC data by the processes used by the AKR

in the CAS database. The two databases need to have their corresponding counterparts matched

by a set of computer algorithms to compare all of the NORPAC data to the CAS data for the

same vessel, gear type, area, processing sector, IFQ or CDQ (community development quota)
23

codes, catch activity date, and trip target date in order to use these data in analyses of marine

mammal bycatch rates based on ratio estimation procedures. Some errors may occur in this

matching process (primarily due to "orphan" NORPAC strata as described above), as well as in

the target assignment processes (steps B and C) used by the CAS.

The probable error rates in target species fishery assignments, as given by the percentages

in column 6 (C B and B = A) and column 7 (C B and C A and B A) of Appendix 1,

indicate that some of the sets in several fisheries could be assigned to a different fishery, but

there are no further data in either the NORPAC or CAS databases for the years 1998 to 2004 to

resolve this problem. The following are the fisheries for which target species may have been

misidentified for over 10% of the hauls (Appendix 1): the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (23%),

the BSAI rockfish trawl fishery (13%), the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery (11%), the GOA

rockfish trawl fishery (12%), the BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (18%), the BSAI rockfish

longline fishery (16%), the BSAI sablefish longline fishery (27%), the GOA Pacific halibut

longline fishery (12%), and the BS sablefish pot fishery (15%). By contrast, because analyses in

this report used the weight of the groundfish catch to determine fishery effort, the following

fisheries could have had target species misidentifications for more than 10% of the total weight

of the groundfish catch (columns 6 and 7 of Appendix 2) in the CAS and/or NORPAC databases:

the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (28%), the GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery (13%), the BSAI

Pacific halibut longline fishery (17%), the BSAI rockfish longline fishery (12%), the BSAI

sablefish longline fishery (28%), the GOA rockfish longline fishery (20%), and the BS sablefish

pot fishery (13%).

Appendix 11 lists the number of individual vessel fishing calendar days when fishing

vessels (with observers aboard) of one groundfish fishery also participated in other groundfish

fisheries of Alaska during 1998-2004. The percentage of the total vessel fishing calendar days in

each fishery when it also participated in another fishery on the same date is also listed. The

following fisheries overlapped by having the same vessels participate in both fisheries (in

different sets) on the same observer days at least 5% of their total fishing time: 1) BSAI flatfish
24

trawl fishery and BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (5.3 vs. 8.4%); 2) GOA flatfish trawl fishery

and GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery (6.6 vs. 9.9%); 3) BSAI sablefish longline fishery and BSAI

Pacific halibut longline fishery (13.8 vs.19.1%), and 4) GOA sablefish longline fishery and GOA

Pacific halibut longline fishery (9.6 vs. 40.3%) (Appendix 11). The BSAI Greenland turbot

longline fishery had vessels participating on at least 5% of its fishing days in the significantly

larger BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery, but less than 1% of the total number of vessel fishing

days in the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery overlapped with the BSAI Greenland turbot

longline fishery. As expected, most of the miscellaneous other finfish trawl, longline and pot

fisheries had high percentages of overlapping vessel fishing days with the regulated fisheries. In

some cases, these data on overlapping fishery vessel calendar days are due to the target

assignment issues already discussed; however, some vessels in the groundfish fisheries may

intentionally target two different fish species at nearby locations when both species are found on

the same day.

There were three hauls (Appendix 3) with marine mammal bycatch during 1998-2004

which had different haul level and trip level targets in the CAS: 1) one haul in the BSAI flatfish

trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl (NPT) gear) in area 513 on 8 August 1998 with a harbor

porpoise (killed by gear) that may have been set by the BSAI pollock trawl fishery; 2) one haul

in the BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) fishery in area 517 on 16 May 2003 with a harbor seal

(killed by gear) that may have been set by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery; and 3) one haul in the

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) fishery in area 521 on 21 April 2004 with a killer whale (killed by a

collision with the vessel's propeller) that may have been set by the BSAI Pacific cod trawl

fishery. In all three instances the trip level target code for the NORPAC haul in the CAS

database was used to categorize marine mammal bycatch by target fishery in estimation analyses.

Twenty other hauls during 1998-2004 (Appendix 3) with miscellaneous incidental takes (e.g.,

one killer whale which was caught in a net in 2004 but released uninjured; one fur seal that

climbed onto the ship in 1998 and left unharmed; decomposed animals, skulls, bones, and baleen

plates) also had different haul level and trip level fishery targets in the CAS. The two
25

aforementioned problems with the data (NORPAC "orphan" strata and marine mammal

depredation on the groundfish catch) are partial explanations for some of the mismatched target

assignments, but they do not completely explain the error rates for existing data. Both the

NORPAC and CAS databases should be improved by the NPGOP and AKR, respectively, to

ensure that each observed trawl, longline, and pot set is assigned the same intended catch target

groundfish species as its counterpart in the fishing industry's total catch reports to avoid

mismatches when estimating marine mammal bycatch (or other bycatch such as seabirds and fish

species).

Stratification

The original methodology to analyze marine mammal bycatch using ratio estimates for

the foreign, joint venture, and domestic groundfish fisheries of Alaska from the 1970s to the

1990s was to pool all marine mammal and fishery data for an entire year within a specified

fishery and region (or statistical area) before calculating bycatch rates and extrapolated bycatch

from the aggregated data which was considered to be a single set of data (or solitary stratum).

This was the procedure used by Perez and Loughlin (1991) and annually in NMFS memoranda

summarizing marine mammal incidental take in the domestic groundfish fisheries of Alaska.

Unfortunately, the estimates calculated independently for statistical areas did not always sum to

equal the estimates for entire regions (e.g., BSAI and GOA) because: 1) the Blend database by

its nature of being an averaged hybrid of NORPAC and fishing industry catch data meant that

there would be discrepancies spatially and temporally between the tonnage totals for the

observed and total fishery data unless they were accounted for in all required combinations of the

data; 2) the datasets were analyzed independently for every combination of subgroups (strata) of

the data; and 3) the extrapolated bycatch and/or variance calculated independently for entire

regions were sometimes arithmetically different from the sum of the extrapolated bycatch and

variance for each statistical area. This pooled data approach was necessary in the early years

because of limited automatic data processing resources, but eventually it became possible to
26

stratify the effort data to sum the results of the independent strata internally within the computer

algorithms so that the extrapolated bycatch and its variance were additive for all desired

combinations of the data spatially and temporally. The marine mammal bycatch data for the

domestic groundfish fisheries of Alaska during 1989 to 2001 were reanalyzed by Perez (2003)

using stratification, and the categorization of the strata was similar to that used in concurrent

analyses of seabird bycatch for the same fisheries. The present report continues this stratified

data approach.

Comparison of Analyses by Stratified and Pooled Ratio Estimates

A simple comparison was made of the marine mammal bycatch data during 1998-2004

for three overlapping 5-year periods (1998-2002, 1999-2003, and 2000-2004) analyzed by both

the original pooled dataset approach and the current stratified data method (Appendix 12). There

were 80 analyses (combinations of marine mammal species, fisheries and 5-year periods) listed

in Appendix 12 which had nonzero bycatch rates (i.e., there were observed takes in monitored

sets). The Wilcoxon paired sample (signed ranks) test (Zar 1984) was used to compare the

unrounded results from both the pooled dataset and stratified data methods (n = 80); the one-tail

test null hypothesis was that results by the stratified data method were the same as or higher than

corresponding results by the pooled method.

The extrapolated bycatch values (rounded to integers) calculated by the stratified data

method listed in Appendix 12 were less than the corresponding extrapolated bycatch values

calculated by the pooled dataset method for 39% (31) of the 80 analyses, and they were the same

by both methods for 40% (32) of the analyses (Appendix 12). Thus, bycatch estimates were

lower using the stratified data method (Z.05(1) = -2.684; P = 0.004). The variance values (rounded

to integers) of the extrapolated bycatch calculated by the stratified data method (Appendix 12)

were less than the corresponding variance of the extrapolated bycatch values calculated by the

pooled dataset method for 45% (36) of the 80 analyses, and they were the same by both methods

for 24% (19) of the analyses. Thus, variance of the extrapolated bycatch was lower with the
27

stratified data method (Z.05(1) = -2.463; P = 0.007). The CV values (rounded to 1 decimal place)

using the stratified data method were lower than the corresponding CV values using the pooled

dataset method for 38% (30) of the analyses, and they were similar with both methods for

35% (28) of the analyses (Appendix 12). However, generally, CVs were similar using either the

pooled dataset orstratified data methods (Z.05(2) = -1.494; P = 0.135).

Stratification of the ratio estimates does not exaggerate extrapolated takes versus the

pooled dataset method, and the stratified data method generally yields more conservative, lower

extrapolated bycatch estimates than the original pooled dataset method. The stratified method

was used throughout this study also because it accounts for the actual statistical areas, processing

sectors, and seasons when bycatch was observed and makes no implicit assumptions about

similarity of bycatch rates in the unobserved areas and seasons.

In both approaches (stratified and pooled), datasets with marine mammal takes and either

small amounts of total effort (tonnage) or low monitoring levels may have higher bycatch rate

levels compared to rate values based on the same number of marine mammal takes in datasets

with larger amounts of groundfish catch and/or high monitoring levels. In the stratified method,

the bycatch rates and extrapolated bycatch are based on the primary strata selected for the study

(such as those in Appendix 7) before summation to the total fishery. It may appear from the data

in Appendix 12 that some values could be exaggerated by one method versus the other method,

when in fact, the results are appropriate for each method. It must be cautioned that only one

method may be used to discuss all marine mammal bycatch for all species and fisheries both

spatially and temporally. Thus, although the results of the two analytical methods are presented

in Appendix 12, only the results of the stratified data method have been considered as indicators

of marine mammal bycatch throughout this report because this is considered to be the most

appropriate method.

A problem with marine mammal bycatch estimation using ratio estimate methodology for

the groundfish fisheries is the increasing percentage of observed (actually seen by observers)

takes in unmonitored (randomly selected) hauls relative to the number of observed takes in
28

monitored hauls. Often the only take in a fishery or year occurred in an unmonitored set. This is

a problem for both the stratified data and pooled dataset methods. The extrapolated bycatch

methodology is supposed to account for these takes in the extrapolations, but when there are no

observed takes in monitored sets, then there can be no extrapolated bycatch. Thus, in order to

account for such takes in total estimates so as not to ignore or underestimate bycatch, it was

necessary to add (with zero variance) these observed takes which occurred in unmonitored hauls

to the total for the fishery when they were the only takes in a stratum (Appendix 7 and

Tables 5-7).

A similar argument can be made with respect to takes seen only by the crew on observed

cruises that are reported by the observers. Presumably, unless there are reasons to question the

veracity of either the observer or the crew, these takes seen by the crew but reported by observers

should be considered in the final total estimation process. Perez (2003) added such takes to the

estimated, but not extrapolated, bycatch because there was a large number of such takes in the

early 1990s and it was desirable to account for all known takes in the estimation process.

However, it was decided in this study not to include such takes in the estimation process. During

1998-2004 there was a total of three bycatch takes seen only by the crew on observed cruises

(Appendix 3): 1) one Steller sea lion mortality taken by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery in

area 513 during 1998; 2) one killer whale that was killed by the vessel's propeller in the BSAI

flatfish trawl fishery in area 517 during 2001 in a monitored haul; and 3) one unidentified

cetacean (presumably a baleen whale) with trailing gear taken by the BSAI pollock trawl fishery

in area 521 during 2001. All three takes were not included in any analytical calculations in this

study, and they were actually not accounted for in the estimated bycatch by the stratified method

since they were not considered in any part of the analyses. For example, the killer whale take

which was seen only by the crew is theoretically supposed to be accounted for in the extrapolated

bycatch, but both the pooled dataset and stratified data methods underestimated the total killer

whale bycatch take for 2000-2004 because the estimated bycatch (stratified data method) was

3.3 whales, but four were actually reported by observers (Appendices 3 and 12). Therefore, lack
29

of consideration of all known takes (whether seen only by observers and/or crew) during the

analytical process can sometimes lead to underestimation. NMML will investigate whether

changes in analytical procedures can occur to allow takes witnessed only by the crew to be

incorporated in some manner.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report would not have been possible without the enthusiasm and accomplishments of

the 1,128 observers who completed their tasks to monitor the groundfish catch and incidental

take of marine mammals onboard 454 fishing vessels during 1998-2004. Galen Tromble,

formerly of the Alaska Regional Office (AKR), provided the preliminary data on targeted

groundfish catch assignments for the unsampled hauls in NORPAC used in the preparation of the

Blend database (1998-2002); Mary Furuness (AKR) provided this data for 2003 and 2004. Terry

Hiatt at the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) provided the CAS database Oracle tables

used in this report. Jerry Berger of the North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program (AFSC)

assisted with verification of the target catch species assignments for problematic NORPAC hauls

(area or trip target date mismatches with their counterparts in the CAS). James Thomason

(AFSC) provided the information on the species identification based on the examination of teeth

specimens collected by observers. Marilyn Dahlheim, Bobette Dickerson, and Christy Sims

(AFSC) provided information on the species identification results of DNA analyses of tissue

samples collected by observers which were analyzed at either NMML or the Southwest Fisheries

Science Center, NMFS. Jeff Breiwick and Jeff Laake (AFSC) provided assistance with the

selection of the lognormal approximation for confidence intervals. Reviews by Robyn Angliss,

Jerry Berger, and Jeff Breiwick, and several comments from the public on a preliminary draft

version, were helpful in improving the quality of this paper.
30

CITATIONS

(AFSC) Alaska Fisheries Science Center. 2003. North Pacific Groundfish Observer Manual.

North Pacific Groundfish Observer Program. AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle,

Washington, 98115. (The most recent version of this manual is available in Adobe PDF

format at www.afsc.noaa.gov/refm/observers/Document.htm.)

Angliss, R. P., and D. P. DeMaster. 1998. Differentiating serious and non-serious injury of

marine mammals taken incident to commercial fishing operations: Report of the Serious

Injury Workshop. U. S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-OPR-13, 48 p.

Angliss, R. P., and R. B. Outlaw. 2005. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2005. U. S.

Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-161, 250 p.

Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, and G. C. White. 1987. Design and analysis methods for fish

survival experiments based on release-recapture. American Fisheries Society

Monograph 5. Bethesda, MD, 437 p.

Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling techniques. 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, NY, 428 p.

Dahlheim, M. E. 1988. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation on longline catches of sablefish

(Anoplopoma fimbria) in Alaskan waters. NWAFC Processed Rep. 88-4, 31 p. AFSC,

7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington, 98115.

Levy, P. S., and S. Lemeshow. 1999. Sampling of populations: Methods and applications.

3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, NY, 525 p.

Perez, M.A. 2003. Compilation of marine mammal incidental take data from the domestic and

joint venture groundfish fisheries in the U.S. EEZ of the North Pacific, 1989-2001. U. S.

Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-138, 145 p.

Perez, M. A. In prep. Interactions involving depredation of the groundfish catch by marine

mammals observed in the domestic groundfish fisheries in the U.S. EEZ off Alaska,

1998-2006. National Marine Mammal Laboratory, AFSC, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E.,

Seattle, WA 98115.
31

Perez, M. A., and T. R. Loughlin. 1991. Incidental catch of marine mammals by foreign and

joint venture trawl vessels in the U.S. EEZ of the North Pacific, 1973-88. U.S. Dep.

Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 104, 57 p.

Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Second edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

718 p.
32

Table 1.—Previous and current designations in the List of Fisheries (LOF) of the federally regulated and observed

trawl, longline/set (hook and line), and pot gear groundfish fisheries of Alaska (AK) in the U.S. Exclusive

Economic Zone in the Bering Sea (BS), Aleutian Islands region (AI), and Gulf of Alaska (GOA).

Previous LOF designations a Current LOF designations b

Trawl Gear Fisheries

AK BSAI groundfish trawl fishery AK BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

AK BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

AK BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

AK BSAI pollock trawl fishery

AK BSAI rockfish trawl fishery

AK GOA groundfish trawl fishery AK GOA flatfish trawl fishery

AK GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

AK GOA pollock trawl fishery

AK GOA rockfish trawl fishery

Longline/Set (Hook and Line) Gear Fisheries

AK BSAI groundfish longline/set line fishery AK BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

(federally regulated waters, including AK BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

miscellaneous finfish and sablefish) AK BSAI Pacific halibut longline fisheryc

AK BSAI rockfish longline fishery

AK BSAI sablefish longline fishery

AK GOA groundfish longline/set line fishery AK GOA Pacific cod longline fishery

(federally regulated waters, including AK GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery c

miscellaneous finfish and sablefish) AK GOA rockfish longline fishery

AK GOA sablefish longline fishery

Pot Gear Fisheries

AK BS and GOA finfish pot fishery AK BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

AK BS sablefish pot fishery

AK AI sablefish pot fishery

AK GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

a

63 FR 5748, 4 February 1998; 64 FR 9067, 24 February 1999; 65 FR 24448, 26 April 2000; 66 FR 42780,

15 August 2001; 67 FR 2410, 17 January 2002; 68 FR 41725, 15 July 2003.

b

69 FR 48407, 10 August 2004; 69 FR 70094, 2 December 2004.

c This fishery is essentially an IFQ (individual fishing quota) fishery.
33

Table 2.—Total number of vessels a, days b, and hauls (sets) monitored for marine mammal bycatch by

U.S. observers aboard fishing vessels of the groundfish fisheries in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone off

Alaska during 1998-2004 by fishery, region and year. The total numbers of vessels, days and hauls with

marine mammal interactions care also listed.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 15 0 26 0 45 32 0

1999 11 2 46 2 191 136 3

2000 7 0 8 0 18 9 0

2001 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2002 3 0 4 0 6 4 0

2003 7 1 19 1 64 29 1

2004 11 0 33 0 102 68 0

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 14 2 567 3 1,459 921 3

1999 11 4 557 5 1,422 1,052 5

2000 9 1 466 1 1,160 958 1

2001 9 2 568 3 1,351 1,070 3

2002 10 1 392 1 993 972 1

2003 10 1 468 2 1,163 1,123 2

2004 11 2 489 3 1,157 1,098 3

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 22 2 592 3 1,504 953 3

1999 17 6 603 7 1,613 1,188 8

2000 12 1 474 1 1,178 967 1

2001 9 2 569 3 1,352 1,071 3

2002 12 1 396 1 999 976 1

2003 15 2 487 3 1,227 1,152 3

2004 20 2 522 3 1,259 1,166 3

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 47 16 2,819 48 11,610 6,885 52

1999 32 18 2,165 34 9,154 5,703 42

2000 42 16 2,790 53 11,553 6,945 57

2001 26 13 2,370 30 9,875 5,414 31

2002 26 14 2,346 31 10,071 5,783 34

2003 27 11 1,920 14 8,023 5,066 14

2004 29 15 2,014 47 7,997 5,061 62

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 4 0 10 0 17 11 0

1999 5 0 11 0 14 11 0

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -
34

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 47 16 2,829 48 11,627 6,896 52

1999 34 18 2,176 34 9,168 5,714 42

2000 42 16 2,790 53 11,553 6,945 57

2001 26 13 2,370 30 9,875 5,414 31

2002 26 14 2,347 31 10,072 5,784 34

2003 27 11 1,920 14 8,023 5,066 14

2004 29 15 2,014 47 7,997 5,061 62

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 103 4 1,315 6 3,191 2,714 6

1999 89 2 1,164 2 2,969 2,407 2

2000 106 4 1,227 4 2,918 2,397 4

2001 73 2 897 3 2,310 1,872 5

2002 74 2 996 3 2,660 2,186 3

2003 76 4 1,226 6 3,977 2,871 6

2004 73 8 1,283 9 4,827 3,261 9

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 23 0 287 0 932 669 0

1999 16 3 210 3 706 575 3

2000 31 2 362 4 1,067 889 4

2001 22 0 281 0 802 632 0

2002 26 1 426 1 1,240 1,027 1

2003 30 1 439 1 1,324 1,133 1

2004 23 1 347 1 1,051 842 1

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 107 4 1,599 6 4,123 3,383 6

1999 93 5 1,373 5 3,675 2,982 5

2000 109 6 1,588 8 3,985 3,286 8

2001 82 2 1,178 3 3,112 2,504 5

2002 83 3 1,422 4 3,900 3,213 4

2003 86 5 1,665 7 5,301 4,004 7

2004 85 9 1,630 10 5,878 4,103 10

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 121 12 5,189 18 16,249 11,703 18

1999 119 12 4,237 14 12,464 10,181 14

2000 125 17 5,033 17 14,437 12,380 19

2001 119 17 5,438 27 16,286 14,482 28

2002 125 10 5,232 13 15,929 14,325 13

2003 117 9 5,182 12 15,926 14,587 13

2004 114 10 5,214 15 16,087 14,545 15
35

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 20 0 97 0 214 194 0

1999 4 0 7 0 9 6 0

2000 3 0 3 0 3 3 0

2001 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 121 12 5,283 18 16,463 11,897 18

1999 119 12 4,244 14 12,473 10,187 14

2000 125 17 5,036 17 14,440 12,383 19

2001 119 17 5,439 27 16,287 14,483 28

2002 125 10 5,232 13 15,929 14,325 13

2003 117 9 5,182 12 15,926 14,587 13

2004 114 10 5,214 15 16,087 14,545 15

BSAI rockfish trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 5 0 12 0 34 20 0

1999 10 0 14 0 29 15 0

2000 6 0 13 0 23 19 0

2001 6 0 10 0 22 10 0

2002 5 0 10 0 15 12 0

2003 4 0 5 0 15 9 0

2004 6 0 8 0 11 9 0

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 10 0 95 0 183 152 0

1999 9 0 121 0 235 202 0

2000 7 0 92 0 229 180 0

2001 8 0 78 0 220 135 0

2002 7 0 94 0 246 186 0

2003 8 0 114 0 280 236 0

2004 6 0 64 0 160 144 0

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 12 0 107 0 217 172 0

1999 16 0 135 0 264 217 0

2000 11 0 103 0 252 199 0

2001 13 0 88 0 242 145 0

2002 12 0 104 0 261 198 0

2003 11 0 119 0 295 245 0

2004 11 0 72 0 171 153 0
36

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA flatfish trawl fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 55 1 509 1 1,760 1,188 1

1999 40 0 338 0 1,403 855 0

2000 49 4 583 6 2,029 1,393 6

2001 55 1 551 1 1,632 1,143 1

2002 43 1 631 1 2,281 1,524 1

2003 41 2 668 2 2,765 1,804 2

2004 33 1 289 1 847 635 1

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 76 0 514 0 1,303 1,089 0

1999 66 0 446 0 1,060 898 0

2000 50 0 266 0 532 478 0

2001 60 1 417 1 895 733 1

2002 53 0 292 0 533 488 0

2003 48 0 209 0 434 399 0

2004 43 1 226 1 562 458 1

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 98 1 901 2 1,473 1,381 2

1999 90 1 678 1 1,024 947 1

2000 59 1 503 1 753 734 1

2001 59 1 446 1 641 608 1

2002 50i0 417 i0 615 i577 i0

2003 46 2 335 2 509 492 2

2004 47 0 367 0 538 510 0
37

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

GOA rockfish trawl fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 41 0 268 0 968 681 0

1999 43 2 300 2 1,016 680 2

2000 40 1 269 1 857 677 1

2001 45 0 277 0 853 629 0

2002 42 0 242 0 762 507 0

2003 41 0 301 0 1,055 810 0

2004 43 1 271 1 931 675 1

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 20 1 34 1 58 39 1

1999 15 0 34 0 58 35 0

2000 13 0 34 0 69 38 0

2001 9 0 24 0 55 32 0

2002 8 0 15 0 36 14 0

2003 4 0 9 0 23 16 0

2004 5 0 12 0 31 21 0

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

1999 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 2 0 3 0 3 3 0

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -
38

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 20 0 49 0 78 56 0

1999 10 0 23 0 36 28 0

2000 16 0 24 0 38 32 0

2001 20 0 29 0 43 32 0

2002 17 0 25 0 45 34 0

2003 6 0 33 0 102 94 0

2004 3 0 9 0 22 20 0

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

Alaska (all areas combined)

1998 37 1 84 1 137 95 1

1999 23 0 58 0 95 64 0

2000 28 0 58 0 107 70 0

2001 29 0 56 0 101 67 0

2002 24 0 40 0 81 48 0

2003 10 0 42 0 125 110 0

2004 8 0 21 0 53 41 0

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 34 24 569 108 1,169 904 155

1999 33 25 420 89 962 682 140

2000 33 26 432 186 868 751 276

2001 18 15 229 64 460 380 92

2002 13 7 246 36 558 431 43

2003 14 9 279 45 688 538 71

2004 12 10 221 36 505 401 51

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 9 4 104 5 246 191 7

1999 11 4 84 9 178 146 12

2000 18 8 139 18 324 252 29

2001 7 0 50 0 125 88 0

2002 7 1 25 1 56 51 1

2003 5 1 22 1 73 49 2

2004 2 0 36 0 119 71 0
39

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (continued)

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 36 28 672 113 1,415 1,095 162

1999 35 29 504 98 1,140 828 152

2000 37 34 570 204 1,192 1,003 305

2001 23 15 279 64 585 468 92

2002 16 8 271 37 614 482 44

2003 15 10 301 46 761 587 73

2004 13 10 257 36 624 472 51

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 38 24 3,848 84 10,004 7,321 103

1999 43 23 3,624 99 10,072 7,436 112

2000 41 34 4,117 186 12,037 8,407 259

2001 42 30 4,601 90 13,846 9,242 113

2002 42 28 4,881 65 14,582 9,950 74

2003 39 26 5,815 69 17,723 12,723 79

2004 39 21 5,480 56 16,231 10,916 79

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 15 7 704 29 2,821 1,896 33

1999 19 5 352 15 1,324 760 17

2000 29 9 730 15 2,971 2,110 17

2001 22 1 1,004 2 4,363 2,660 2

2002 15 1 183 2 836 677 3

2003 6 3 75 3 395 228 5

2004 6 0 181 0 891 559 0

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 38 31 4,548 113 12,825 9,217 136

1999 46 28 3,976 114 11,396 8,196 129

2000 46 43 4,847 201 15,008 10,517 276

2001 47 31 5,604 92 18,209 11,902 115

2002 44 29 5,064 67 15,418 10,627 77

2003 39 29 5,890 72 18,118 12,951 84

2004 39 21 5,661 56 17,122 11,475 79

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 15 2 46 5 76 64 6

1999 19 8 54 11 95 86 13

2000 20 8 76 14 128 110 19

2001 11 4 46 8 93 87 9

2002 7 5 32 8 61 60 12

2003 8 4 69 8 169 165 10

2004 10 4 59 16 121 108 30
40

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 7 1 15 1 21 18 1

1999 14 3 79 5 126 120 6

2000 15 5 101 5 181 156 9

2001 11 4 68 4 112 92 5

2002 14 2 69 2 107 94 2

2003 7 3 78 4 212 182 7

2004 5 2 42 2 134 100 2

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 18 3 61 6 97 82 7

1999 25 11 133 16 221 206 19

2000 25 13 177 19 309 266 28

2001 18 8 114 12 205 179 14

2002 19 7 101 10 168 154 14

2003 12 7 146 12 381 347 17

2004 13 6 101 18 255 208 32

BSAI rockfish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 3 2 10 3 19 16 4

1999 3 3 4 3 4 4 3

2000 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2001 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

2004 2 2 6 5 10 9 8

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 3 0 3 0 5 4 0

1999 7 1 14 1 16 16 1

2000 13 0 28 0 38 35 0

2001 8 0 13 0 27 14 0

2002 7 0 18 0 28 24 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 5 2 13 3 24 20 4

1999 9 4 18 4 20 20 4

2000 13 0 29 0 39 36 0

2001 10 2 15 2 29 16 2

2002 7 0 18 0 28 24 0

2003 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

2004 2 2 6 5 10 9 8
41

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI sablefish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 8 2 24 2 45 34 2

1999 13 5 35 11 62 47 15

2000 11 4 23 5 33 28 8

2001 8 3 10 3 18 13 4

2002 7 5 14 7 21 19 9

2003 2 1 7 2 20 12 3

2004 2 2 5 3 10 9 4

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 11 6 77 11 158 125 14

1999 19 5 204 9 439 371 16

2000 18 6 192 11 414 349 13

2001 13 5 138 6 280 245 9

2002 14 2 194 3 456 419 4

2003 7 1 109 1 330 215 1

2004 5 3 118 7 314 230 10

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 17 8 101 13 203 159 16

1999 25 10 239 20 501 418 31

2000 25 10 215 16 447 377 21

2001 15 8 148 9 298 258 13

2002 19 7 208 10 477 438 13

2003 8 2 116 3 350 227 4

2004 7 5 123 10 324 239 14

GOA Pacific cod longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 15 0 61 0 136 104 0

1999 23 1 107 1 290 214 1

2000 16 1 106 1 343 225 1

2001 12 0 129 0 413 248 0

2002 18 0 242 0 855 471 0

2003 13 0 172 0 627 396 0

2004 13 0 171 0 593 367 0

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -
42

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 28 1 93 1 142 125 1

1999 33 2 133 2 232 202 2

2000 40 2 134 5 244 204 8

2001 36 4 130 5 263 220 7

2002 29 3 144 3 304 232 3

2003 13 0 91 0 242 206 0

2004 18 4 102 4 276 203 6

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 8 0 14 0 26 20 0

1999 8 0 9 0 14 14 0

2000 8 0 11 0 18 17 0

2001 6 0 9 0 12 11 0

2002 7 2 10 2 13 11 3

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 2 1 12 1 19 18 1

GOA (areas combined)

1998 34 1 107 1 168 145 1

1999 36 2 142 2 246 216 2

2000 43 2 145 5 262 221 8

2001 40 4 139 5 275 231 7

2002 32 5 154 5 317 243 6

2003 13 0 91 0 242 206 0

2004 20 5 114 5 295 221 7

GOA rockfish longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 2 0 2 0 2 2 0

1999 2 0 2 0 2 2 0

2000 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2001 5 3 6 3 9 8 4

2002 7 2 11 2 15 11 3

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 1 0 3 0 3 2 0

1999 4 0 4 0 4 4 0

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 4 1 5 1 5 5 1

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -
43

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

GOA rockfish longline fishery (continued)

GOA (areas combined)

1998 3 0 5 0 5 4 0

1999 6 0 6 0 6 6 0

2000 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2001 9 4 11 4 14 13 5

2002 7 2 11 2 15 11 3

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 53 17 424 39 1,103 905 60

1999 53 15 363 28 907 760 34

2000 53 25 466 64 1,091 909 102

2001 51 20 436 36 1,095 907 47

2002 45 17 453 35 1,126 893 49

2003 49 14 533 31 1,545 1,207 45

2004 43 20 489 38 1,382 997 67

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 30 4 84 8 180 160 13

1999 24 7 75 17 172 149 27

2000 24 10 82 17 214 167 29

2001 23 1 80 1 200 177 1

2002 22 8 80 16 185 159 29

2003 28 6 89 7 218 185 7

2004 24 3 85 3 233 188 5

GOA (areas combined)

1998 66 21 508 47 1,283 1,065 73

1999 58 22 436 45 1,079 909 61

2000 60 35 547 80 1,305 1,076 131

2001 58 21 515 37 1,295 1,084 48

2002 51 25 533 51 1,311 1,052 78

2003 58 20 621 38 1,763 1,392 52

2004 49 23 574 41 1,615 1,185 72

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 14 4 42 6 67 43 9

1999 18 7 69 11 140 110 17

2000 18 8 48 13 74 66 22

2001 19 5 43 12 56 51 14

2002 14 2 28 3 45 37 4

2003 4 1 5 1 9 7 2

2004 7 1 14 1 32 21 2
44

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 8 3 16 4 20 18 5

1999 6 1 18 1 25 23 1

2000 13 1 41 1 63 53 1

2001 13 2 28 2 53 40 2

2002 5 1 11 2 17 16 3

2003 1 0 2 0 6 4 0

2004 1 0 12 0 35 18 0

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 9 0 13 0 18 16 0

1999 3 0 3 0 3 3 0

2000 6 0 12 0 18 11 0

2001 8 2 11 2 11 10 2

2002 6 1 7 1 7 7 1

2003 2 0 5 0 14 12 0

2004 2 0 4 0 8 4 0

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 2 0 3 0 4 4 0

1999 2 0 6 0 6 6 0

2000 2 0 3 0 7 4 0

2001 2 0 3 0 3 3 0

2002 1 0 1 0 2 1 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

Alaska (all areas combined)

1998 29 7 74 10 109 81 14

1999 26 8 96 12 174 142 18

2000 30 9 104 14 162 134 23

2001 31 9 85 16 123 104 18

2002 23 4 47 6 71 61 8

2003 7 1 12 1 29 23 2

2004 8 1 30 1 75 43 2

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 48 1 537 1 1,131 933 1

1999 66 0 542 0 1,206 1,022 0

2000 56 0 492 0 950 751 0

2001 57 0 556 0 1,017 887 0

2002 50 0 519 0 908 718 0

2003 56 0 500 0 988 811 0

2004 50 0 394 0 716 580 0
45

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Pot gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 2 0 27 0 44 43 0

1999 27 1 305 1 1,049 758 1

2000 13 0 103 0 263 194 0

2001 2 0 72 0 341 191 0

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

BSAI (areas combined)

1998 50 1 564 1 1,175 976 1

1999 87 1 847 1 2,255 1,780 1

2000 63 0 595 0 1,213 945 0

2001 58 0 628 0 1,358 1,078 0

2002 50 0 519 0 908 718 0

2003 56 0 500 0 988 811 0

2004 50 0 394 0 716 580 0

BS sablefish pot fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 2 0 8 0 17 17 0

1999 3 0 12 0 29 28 0

2000 4 1 37 1 60 54 1

2001 3 0 32 0 66 64 0

2002 7 2 117 4 346 313 4

2003 6 0 107 0 396 374 0

2004 7 0 220 0 723 696 0

AI sablefish pot fishery

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

1999 3 0 8 0 13 12 0

2000 3 0 55 0 125 117 0

2001 2 0 82 0 221 198 0

2002 2 0 81 0 248 218 0

2003 6 0 160 0 412 396 0

2004 5 0 88 0 192 187 0

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 29 1 213 1 515 420 1

1999 47 1 375 1 844 703 1

2000 46 0 418 0 861 706 0

2001 21 0 183 0 548 383 0

2002 24 0 172 0 530 374 0

2003 19 0 137 0 365 302 0

2004 25 0 192 0 419 351 0
46

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Pot gear fisheries (continued)

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

GOA (areas combined)

1998 29 1 213 1 515 420 1

1999 47 1 375 1 844 703 1

2000 46 0 418 0 861 706 0

2001 21 0 184 0 549 384 0

2002 24 0 172 0 530 374 0

2003 19 0 137 0 365 302 0

2004 25 0 192 0 419 351 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot fishery

Bering Sea region only e

1998 6 0 8 0 8 8 0

1999 1 0 1 0 2 2 0

2000 3 0 14 0 31 31 0

2001 3 0 6 0 9 7 0

2002 5 0 21 0 35 30 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 1 0 9 0 20 17 0

Aleutian Islands region only f

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 3 0 16 0 42 34 0

2000 2 0 4 0 5 5 0

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 3 0 24 0 134 2 0

1999 1 0 3 0 3 3 0

2000 2 0 4 0 4 4 0

2001 1 0 18 0 53 0 0

2002 5 0 13 0 14 14 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -
47

Table 2.--Continued.

Vessel coverage Effort by fishing days Effort by gear deployment d

Number of Number of Number of Total number Number of Number

Number of fishing vessels fishing days fishing days of hauls hauls of hauls

Fishery fishing vessels with marine on vessel with marine on vessel monitored with marine

Region with mammal cruises with mammal cruises with by mammal

Year observers interactions observers interactions observers observers interactions

Pot gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot fishery (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 0 - - - - - -

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 0 - - - - - -

2001 0 - - - - - -

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

Alaska (all areas combined)

1998 9 0 32 0 142 10 0

1999 4 0 20 0 47 39 0

2000 7 0 22 0 40 40 0

2001 4 0 24 0 62 7 0

2002 8 0 34 0 49 44 0

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 1 0 9 0 20 17 0

Jig gear fisheries

Alaska (all areas combined)

1998 1 0 10 0 20 0 0

1999 0 - - - - - -

2000 1 0 4 0 5 5 0

2001 1 0 5 0 14 0 0

2002 0 - - - - - -

2003 0 - - - - - -

2004 0 - - - - - -

a Vessels with multiple observer cruises and/or observers during the calendar year were counted only once.

b

Fishing days are the number of calendar days per vessel that set gear to catch groundfish on each day.

c

The marine mammal interactions referred to in this table include any type of interaction (e.g., marine mammals

killed or injured by fishing operations; animals boarding vessels of their own volition or entangled in the gear and

subsequently released unharmed; catch of decomposed carcasses or body parts; marine mammal depredation on

the groundfish catch; deterrence of animals from the catch by the crew).

d

The effort by gear deployment including the tonnage caught in each haul is used to calculate bycatch rates and

estimate total bycatch.

e

Excludes the Aleutian Islands region (statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 in Fig. 1) of the BSAI areas.

f

Includes only statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 (Fig. 1).

g

Includes only statistical fishing areas 610, 620, 630, 640 and 649 (Fig. 2) of the Gulf of Alaska.

h

Includes only statistical fishing areas 650 and 659 (Fig. 2).

i

Includes three observed pair trawl sets.
48

Table 3.—List of marine mammal species that interacted with any type of fishing gear or vessel operations in the

groundfish fisheries in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone off Alaska during 1998-2004. The common

types of interactions reported by observers are summarized for each species (modified from Perez 2003).

Marine mammal interactions with groundfish fisheries

Killed by Released Decomposed Deterrence

Marine mammal species fishing from gear carcasses Depredation from

operations unharmed or on groundfish

or serious or minor body parts groundfish catch

Code aCommon name (scientific name) injuries binjuries cin gear dcatch eby crewf,g

BA Minke whale

(Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Yes No Yes Maybe h No

BP Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Yes No No Maybe h No

CU Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

EB Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) Yes Yes Yes No Yes

EJ Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

EL Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) No No Yes No No

ER Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) No No Yes No No

MA Northern elephant seal

(Mirounga angustirostris) Yes No No No No

MN Humpback whale

(Megaptera novaeangliae) Yes Yes Yes Maybe h No

OO Killer whale (Orcinus orca) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

OR Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) Yes No Yes No No

PD Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) Yes No Yes Yes Yes

PF Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata) Yes No Yes No No

PH Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Yes No No No No

PL Spotted seal (Phoca largha) Yes No Yes No No

PM Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) Yesi No No Yes Yes

PP Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Yes No Yes No No

PV Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) Yes No Yes Yes No

UB Unidentified beaked whale k,l No No Yes No No

UC Unidentified cetaceansl,m Yes No Yes Yes No

UD Unidentified dolphins/porpoises l,m No No Yes Yes No

UO Unidentified otariids m Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

UP Unidentified pinnipeds m Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

US Unidentified phocids m Yes No Yes No No

UW Unidentified whales l,m No No Yes Yes No

UZ Unidentified baleen whalesl,m Yes No Yes No No

ZZ Unidentified marine mammal l,m No No Yes Yes No

a

The code definitions used in this report are slightly different than those used in NORPAC or NMFS Platforms of

Opportunity Program; code UB is used only in this paper.

b

Includes any type of incidental take that resulted in mortality including gear entanglement, propeller strikes, and

serious injuries resulting from wounds or trailing gear (including broken longline hooks stuck in the mouth).

c

Includes any type of incidental take that did not impair the survivability of the animal in which the marine

mammal was either caught by the gear or boarded the vessel and was subsequently released alive by the crew.
49

Table 3.--Continued.

d

Includes any type of incidental take of carcasses or miscellaneous body parts from animals that were known to

have died previous to gear deployment or were not confirmed to have been killed by the gear or fishing

operations.

e

Includes any type of depredation interaction of the marine mammal on the groundfish catch (not discards);

however, these interactions are not classified as incidental take or bycatch.

f

Includes any method of deterrence, with or without devices, actively used by the crew to prevent the animal from

interacting with the gear; these interactions (which are not classified as incidental takes) are not discussed in this

paper.

g Although amendments in 1994 to the MMPA allowed for prohibition of the use by fisheries of deterrence of

marine mammals, several types of deterrence methods were used during 1998-2004 in the groundfish fisheries in

Alaska, especially in the longline fishery directed at killer whales, sperm whales, and Steller sea lions.

h

Some observers recorded that they thought an individual whale of this species may have been feeding on the

groundfish catch from the fishing gear, but the observers did not record sufficient information.

i No sperm whales were reported killed directly by the gear or during fishing operations; however, one sperm

whale with trailing longline gear was considered a serious injury in 2000.

k

Beaked whale skulls were caught on three occasions in the trawl gear, and these skulls may have been from

Bering Sea beaked whales (Mesoplodon stejnegeri).

l Unidentifiable carcasses in very advanced stages of decomposition or miscellaneous cetacean bones without flesh

found isolated in the groundfish catch may have come from any cetacean species that occurs in the area, including

species not listed in this table. For example, one decomposed Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) was caught by

trawl gear in the foreign and joint venture groundfish fisheries in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

during 1973-1988 (Perez and Loughlin 1991).

m

Includes animals from any of the identified marine mammal species.
50

Table 4.--Total groundfish catch (metric tons) and the percent of catch monitored for marine mammals by target

species fishery and region in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone off Alaska, 1998-2004. The total number

of marine mammals (all species combined) observed incidentally killed or seriously injured is also listed.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 134.7 100.0 1 0 0 -

2004 NF - - - - -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 14.0 100.0 1 0 0 -

1999 621.6 66.4 7 0 0 -

2000 80.0 0 0 - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 854.6 66.1 32 0 0 -

1999 3,141.2 65.1 136 0 0 -

2000 701.2 44.9 9 0 0 -

2001 430.0 0.2 1 0 0 -

2002 149.2 35.4 4 0 0 -

2003 842.6 37.6 28 0 0 -

2004 1,889.6 47.4 68 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 65,990.8 65.0 920 3 0 EJ (542)

1999 62,671.8 78.0 1,045 3 0 EJ (542, 543)

2000 55,983.1 86.9 958 1 0 EJ (542)

2001 71,362.8 82.9 1,070 1 0 EJ (542)

2002 51,861.5 98.5 972 0 0 -

2003 62,268.6 96.1 1,123 1 0 EJ (542)

2004 63,597.9 97.0 1,098 0 0 -

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 240.8 20.3 5 0 0 -

1999 NF - - - - -
51

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Bering Sea region only b(continued)

2000 2,638.2 60.0 76 0 0 -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 22.8 100.0 2 0 0 -

2004 15.0 0 0 - - -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 222,965.9 59.4 6,880 3 2

d EB (513), EJ (513), OO (517), OR (513), PP (513)

1999 177,600.5 66.3 5,703 2 1 EB (513), EJ (509), PL (514)

2000 214,610.4 64.6 6,869 5 4 CU (513), EB (513), EJ (513, 514, 524), OR (513), PV (524)

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 9 0

e CU (513), EB (509), EJ (509, 513), OO (519), PP (513),

US (514)

2002 190,874.6 58.4 5,783 3 1 EJ (514), OR (514), UP (509)

2003 180,679.3 64.1 5,064 2 0 EJ (513, 514)

2004 190,949.8 64.3 5,061 8 2 EJ (514), OO (521), OR (514), PL (509, 514, 524), PV (509)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 299.3 74.0 11 0 0 -

1999 217.0 83.4 11 0 0 -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 2.4 100.0 1 0 0 -

2003 29.1 0 0 - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 220.6 77.4 17 0 0 -

1999 60.1 1.2 1 0 0 -

2000 353.3 76.3 16 0 0 -

2001 119.4 73.0 14 0 0 -

2002 826.3 8.2 15 0 0 -

2003 401.3 22.6 21 0 0 -

2004 1,579.8 98.3 105 0 0 -
52

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 233.5 52.2 11 0 0 -

2001 1,097.1 41.6 34 0 0 -

2002 191.0 47.5 9 0 0 -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 60,225.8 49.2 2,697 0 0 -

1999 71,209.0 43.6 2,406 0 0 -

2000 62,385.9 47.1 2,381 0 0 -

2001 42,678.1 53.7 1,858 0 0 -

2002 55,744.3 38.7 2,171 0 0 -

2003 64,751.6 42.4 2,850 1 0 PV (517)

2004 86,414.4 44.4 3,156 1 0 PV (517)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 19,326.7 74.2 669 0 0 -

1999 16,486.9 80.9 575 1 0 EJ (541)

2000 21,346.0 64.7 878 0 0 -

2001 15,513.0 70.0 598 0 0 -

2002 29,711.7 64.9 1,018 0 0 -

2003 33,359.6 64.9 1,133 2 0 EJ (541)

2004 26,966.0 67.2 842 0 0 -

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 1,065,452.2 66.2 10,827 7 0 CU (517), EJ (509, 517), MN (517), PD (517, 519)

1999 974,105.3 75.3 9,704 7 2 EB (509, 521), EJ (517, 521), MN (509), OO (521),

PD (509, 521)

2000 1,111,199.2 75.8 11,614 7 2 BA (517), EJ (509, 517), PD (521), PH (517)

2001 1,367,582.1 79.0 14,047 7 2

f

EJ (509, 513, 521), PD (521), PF (517), PH (521), UZ (521)

2002 1,459,427.1 80.0 14,015 5 0 EJ (509, 513, 517), OO (521), PD (517)

2003 1,481,039.2 82.2 14,571 0 1 OO (521)

2004 1,467,145.5 81.2 14,534 2 0 EJ (513), PD (521)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 23,605.8 83.9 187 0 0 -

1999 60.7 100.0 1 0 0 -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -
53

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only c(continued)

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 44,877.1 75.5 876 0 1 PD (509)

1999 18,855.2 72.7 477 0 0 -

2000 34,440.2 87.5 766 0 0 -

2001 18,115.1 82.4 435 0 0 -

2002 9,244.2 77.3 310 0 0 -

2003 282.0 63.8 16 0 0 -

2004 693.3 43.8 11 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 156.8 96.2 7 0 0 -

1999 100.6 29.1 5 0 0 -

2000 155.4 100.0 3 0 0 -

2001 0.5 100.0 1 0 0 -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

BSAI rockfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 63.1 100.0 1 0 0 -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 157.3 100.0 2 0 0 -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 42.2 100.0 1 0 0 -

2002 2.0 100.0 1 0 0 -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 493.2 57.4 20 0 0 -

1999 236.7 61.9 14 0 0 -
54

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI rockfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Bering Sea region only b(continued)

2000 486.0 74.0 19 0 0 -

2001 325.7 54.9 10 0 0 -

2002 374.1 29.6 12 0 0 -

2003 194.7 84.0 9 0 0 -

2004 271.0 43.2 9 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 9,615.4 86.6 150 0 0 -

1999 14,566.0 86.0 202 0 0 -

2000 9,947.5 85.7 180 0 0 -

2001 9,899.8 65.5 134 0 0 -

2002 11,894.2 81.4 185 0 0 -

2003 13,826.5 81.7 236 0 0 -

2004 10,340.0 91.9 144 0 0 -

GOA flatfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 673.1 1.4 1 0 0 -

1999 49.0 100.0 8 0 0 -

2000 124.1 0 0 - - -

2001 101.7 0 0 - - -

2002 1,016.9 80.3 103 0 0 -

2003 321.1 46.8 30 0 0 -

2004 0.1 0 0 - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 1.3 0 0 - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 21,071.9 40.6 1,187 0 0 -

1999 18,776.2 35.6 847 0 0 -

2000 36,321.1 36.9 1,393 0 0 -

2001 25,456.6 40.6 1,143 0 0 -

2002 38,642.7 34.7 1,421 0 0 -

2003 46,633.4 40.5 1,774 0 0 -

2004 22,134.2 24.5 635 0 0 -
55

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 67.4 0 0 - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 342.1 51.0 11 0 0 -

1999 602.5 19.5 15 0 0 -

2000 145.8 0 0 - - -

2001 151.6 84.0 16 0 0 -

2002 479.7 92.2 23 0 0 -

2003 227.3 0.4 2 0 0 -

2004 108.2 0 0 - - -

Gulf of Alaska(areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alask a(areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 43,921.8 20.4 1,078 0 0 -

1999 40,983.9 16.4 883 0 0 -

2000 25,598.1 13.6 478 0 0 -

2001 30,092.3 19.9 717 1 0 EJ (610)

2002 15,822.2 21.1 465 0 0 -

2003 16,720.3 27.6 397 0 0 -

2004 18,103.9 27.2 458 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 105.1 0 0 - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -
56

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 121,945.2 37.9 1,265 2 0 EJ (610), PD (610)

1999 95,213.2 32.1 933 1 0 BP (620)

2000 67,092.7 27.8 642 0 0 -

2001 71,451.3 16.6 510 0 0 -

2002 51,892.4 26.2 569 0 0 -

2003 49,588.2 31.4 447 2 0 EJ (610), MA (620)

2004 55,937.9 29.8 484 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 4,802.1 25.0 116 0 0 -

1999 2,021.5 10.8 14 0 0 -

2000 7,584.3 24.4 92 0 0 -

2001 4,706.3 33.5 98 0 0 -

2002 625.3 5.7 5 0 0 -

2003 1,589.2 26.0 45 0 0 -

2004 7,869.5 10.1 26 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

GOA rockfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 2,781.3 35.3 38 0 0 -

1999 2,167.5 59.3 66 0 0 -

2000 778.3 87.0 20 0 0 -

2001 689.1 92.7 15 0 0 -

2002 837.2 80.9 15 0 0 -

2003 838.3 77.9 22 0 0 -

2004 1,052.8 77.5 16 0 0 -
57

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA rockfish trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 17,825.1 53.9 643 0 0 -

1999 25,074.2 49.0 614 0 0 -

2000 23,110.9 48.9 657 0 0 -

2001 22,006.5 49.6 614 0 0 -

2002 23,414.6 35.6 492 0 0 -

2003 26,002.8 47.6 788 0 0 -

2004 25,754.2 49.1 659 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 337.1 <0.1 1 0 0 -

1999 910.1 <0.1 4 0 0 -

2000 484.4 0 0 - - -

2001 232.9 <0.1 1 0 0 -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 0.1 100.0 2 0 0 -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -
58

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 0.2 0 0 - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 122.9 94.2 2 0 0 -

2001 115.7 100.0 2 0 0 -

2002 113.4 100.0 1 0 0 -

2003 63.2 0 0 - - -

2004 0.5 100.0 2 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Non-pelagic trawl gear

Bering Sea region only b

1998 1,463.4 17.8 38 0 0 -

1999 701.4 22.8 31 0 0 -

2000 553.6 53.0 38 0 0 -

2001 529.1 41.1 31 0 0 -

2002 404.6 36.0 14 0 0 -

2003 409.3 61.0 16 0 0 -

2004 337.8 65.1 21 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 34.1 0 0 - - -

1999 4.2 94.5 1 0 0 -

2000 4.1 0 0 - - -

2001 1.3 77.5 1 0 0 -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 948.7 43.6 56 0 0 -

1999 1,248.1 32.8 28 0 0 -

2000 512.4 62.0 30 0 0 -

2001 464.7 45.2 30 0 0 -

2002 460.1 76.6 33 0 0 -

2003 2,420.6 13.1 94 0 0 -

2004 752.6 10.7 18 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 NF - - - - -

2000 NF - - - - -
59

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear (continued)

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska (continued)

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 <0.1 0 0 - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 11,143.8 30.4 904 0 0 -

1999 8,132.7 29.9 682 1 0 OO (521)

2000 7,190.4 52.3 751 0 0 -

2001 3,821.1 31.1 380 0 0 -

2002 4,044.8 37.0 431 0 0 -

2003 4,086.2 42.4 538 0 0 -

2004 3,068.2 37.6 401 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 1,137.8 43.1 191 0 0 -

1999 865.9 38.9 146 0 0 -

2000 1,643.2 54.9 252 0 0 -

2001 440.9 54.1 88 0 0 -

2002 149.0 46.1 51 0 0 -

2003 256.5 26.6 49 0 0 -

2004 344.6 19.2 71 0 0 -

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 107,200.9 33.4 7,321 0 0 -

1999 101,558.8 32.8 7,436 1 1 PD (517), UO (516)

2000 104,138.3 35.2 8,407 0 0 -

2001 112,816.6 29.8 9,242 2 0 PF (521), UP (524)

2002 126,115.6 29.3 9,950 1 0 EJ (509)

2003 142,674.1 29.9 12,723 1 0 OO (521)

2004 142,989.9 23.7 10,916 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 16,686.1 40.4 1,896 0 0 -

1999 9,032.5 20.3 760 0 0 -

2000 19,566.9 35.4 2,110 0 0 -

2001 23,018.9 28.1 2,660 0 0 -

2002 3,754.4 36.5 677 0 0 -

2003 1,326.8 29.9 228 0 0 -

2004 4,142.6 26.7 559 0 0 -
60

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 417.7 38.5 64 0 0 -

1999 595.7 45.0 86 0 0 -

2000 1,143.9 48.7 110 0 0 -

2001 373.4 69.8 87 0 0 -

2002 295.0 59.0 60 0 0 -

2003 1,012.4 23.9 165 0 0 -

2004 612.1 47.8 108 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 91.4 40.8 18 0 0 -

1999 537.6 52.2 120 0 0 -

2000 778.6 65.1 156 0 0 -

2001 421.9 64.9 92 0 0 -

2002 440.9 56.3 94 0 0 -

2003 2,977.3 19.0 182 0 0 -

2004 1,225.3 17.1 100 0 0 -

BSAI rockfish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 98.5 40.9 16 0 0 -

1999 15.6 10.5 4 0 0 -

2000 20.2 76.3 1 0 0 -

2001 12.9 40.3 2 0 0 -

2002 1.6 0 0 - - -

2003 14.6 74.9 3 0 0 -

2004 9.9 32.5 9 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 20.5 44.3 4 0 0 -

1999 141.2 22.7 16 0 0 -

2000 238.0 51.0 35 0 0 -

2001 74.9 24.6 14 0 0 -

2002 70.6 36.8 24 0 0 -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 0.1 0 0 - - -

BSAI sablefish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 511.6 10.0 34 0 0 -

1999 591.7 10.8 47 0 0 -

2000 674.3 8.4 28 0 0 -

2001 449.9 5.4 13 0 0 -

2002 792.8 2.5 19 0 0 -

2003 1,062.0 1.6 12 0 0 -

2004 475.7 5.9 9 0 0 -
61

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI sablefish longline fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 1,112.0 23.9 125 0 0 -

1999 2,177.8 33.1 371 0 0 -

2000 2,359.2 28.9 349 0 0 -

2001 1,785.5 22.3 245 0 0 -

2002 2,669.0 38.5 419 0 0 -

2003 3,782.2 12.9 215 0 0 -

2004 1,616.1 24.3 230 0 0 -

GOA Pacific cod longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 10,690.5 3.9 104 0 0 -

1999 14,322.8 5.8 214 0 0 -

2000 14,029.8 6.2 225 0 0 -

2001 11,099.9 5.0 248 0 0 -

2002 16,074.8 11.4 471 0 0 -

2003 11,366.2 12.7 396 0 0 -

2004 13,428.6 7.4 367 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 258.0 0 0 - - -

1999 214.7 0 0 - - -

2000 189.4 0 0 - - -

2001 68.4 0 0 - - -

2002 46.5 0 0 - - -

2003 62.4 0 0 - - -

2004 159.0 0 0 - - -

GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 984.7 51.9 125 0 0 -

1999 1,513.9 47.1 202 0 0 -

2000 1,705.9 50.3 204 0 0 -

2001 1,624.3 42.0 220 0 0 -

2002 1,855.4 41.1 232 0 0 -

2003 5,519.4 9.1 206 0 0 -

2004 2,986.4 14.4 203 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 80.1 44.0 20 0 0 -

1999 27.5 50.1 14 0 0 -

2000 80.4 65.9 17 0 0 -

2001 40.6 85.0 11 0 0 -

2002 66.2 50.3 11 0 0 -

2003 987.2 0 0 - - -

2004 923.1 3.4 18 0 0 -
62

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

GOA rockfish longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 175.6 1.4 2 0 0 -

1999 67.2 3.5 2 0 0 -

2000 170.7 1.0 1 0 0 -

2001 172.9 7.5 8 0 0 -

2002 118.5 18.7 11 0 0 -

2003 137.6 0 0 - - -

2004 349.7 0 0 - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 444.0 0.9 2 0 0 -

1999 426.3 1.0 4 0 0 -

2000 619.0 0 0 - - -

2001 1,318.0 0.5 5 0 0 -

2002 331.1 0 0 - - -

2003 264.7 0 0 - - -

2004 2,084.0 0 0 - - -

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 13,239.6 23.4 905 0 0 -

1999 11,055.4 18.9 760 0 0 -

2000 12,020.2 20.6 909 1 0 PM (640)

2001 10,487.8 15.6 907 0 0 -

2002 11,420.7 16.8 893 0 0 -

2003 19,221.1 12.1 1,207 0 0 -

2004 19,222.9 9.9 997 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas ea st of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 7,145.7 4.9 160 0 0 -

1999 5,872.3 5.0 149 0 0 -

2000 7,120.4 6.0 167 1 0 EJ (650)

2001 5,165.1 5.9 177 0 0 -

2002 4,617.0 6.1 159 0 0 -

2003 7,101.3 4.1 185 0 0 -

2004 7,786.0 4.9 188 0 0 -

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 597.0 28.3 43 0 0 -

1999 850.6 38.4 110 0 0 -

2000 926.8 37.1 66 0 0 -

2001 436.5 37.8 51 0 0 -

2002 270.9 44.7 37 0 0 -

2003 87.2 16.4 7 0 0 -

2004 248.4 20.4 21 0 0 -
63

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (continued)

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 111.9 44.4 18 0 0 -

1999 73.1 47.0 23 0 0 -

2000 230.8 49.6 53 0 0 -

2001 219.0 42.2 40 0 0 -

2002 43.7 45.4 16 0 0 -

2003 26.9 47.0 4 0 0 -

2004 98.0 16.3 18 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 123.3 36.7 16 0 0 -

1999 68.6 0.7 3 0 0 -

2000 72.5 33.5 11 0 0 -

2001 134.7 6.7 10 0 0 -

2002 30.7 31.4 7 0 0 -

2003 2,262.2 3.0 12 0 0 -

2004 323.4 0.3 4 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 7.8 39.5 4 0 0 -

1999 12.9 22.4 6 0 0 -

2000 54.1 15.2 4 0 0 -

2001 0.1 33.8 3 0 0 -

2002 11.5 19.2 1 0 0 -

2003 4.8 0 0 - - -

2004 25.5 0 0 - - -

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 14,070.9 14.5 933 0 1 UZ (513)

1999 13,150.2 13.8 1,022 0 0 -

2000 16,743.9 8.8 751 0 0 -

2001 17,143.0 14.2 887 0 0 -

2002 15,914.4 12.1 718 0 0 -

2003 23,236.3 12.4 811 0 0 -

2004 17,877.8 10.8 580 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 443.6 16.8 43 0 0 -

1999 4,338.5 23.4 758 1 0 PV (542)

2000 3,210.9 7.0 194 0 0 -

2001 582.9 27.2 191 0 0 -

2002 6.7 0 0 - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -
64

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Pot gear fisheries (continued)

BS sablefish pot fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 15.3 42.1 17 0 0 -

1999 34.6 44.1 28 0 0 -

2000 77.4 62.6 54 0 0 -

2001 120.6 38.7 64 0 0 -

2002 403.2 40.6 313 0 1 MN (519)

2003 601.7 21.7 374 0 0 -

2004 622.9 49.1 696 0 0 -

AI sablefish pot fishery

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 <0.1 100.0 1 0 0 -

1999 7.7 50.3 12 0 0 -

2000 170.2 68.2 117 0 0 -

2001 175.8 60.6 198 0 0 -

2002 149.7 69.4 218 0 0 -

2003 463.1 47.5 396 0 0 -

2004 442.9 21.3 187 0 0 -

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 10,947.8 6.7 420 1 0 PV (610)

1999 19,436.6 5.7 703 0 0 -

2000 17,747.0 7.0 706 0 0 -

2001 7,371.1 5.8 383 0 0 -

2002 7,927.2 7.0 374 0 0 -

2003 21,271.3 4.0 302 0 0 -

2004 25,555.8 3.2 351 0 0 -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 NF - - - - -

1999 7.6 0 0 - - -

2000 NF - - - - -

2001 0.3 6.4 1 0 0 -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 NF - - - - -

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot fishery

Bering Sea region only b

1998 4.9 33.9 8 0 0 -

1999 64.5 0.5 2 0 0 -

2000 35.8 92.8 31 0 0 -

2001 4.8 51.6 7 0 0 -

2002 26.2 80.9 30 0 0 -
65

Table 4.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number of Number of

Percent Number marine marine

of of mammals mammals

groundfish hauls/sets (all species) (all species)

Total catch monitored observed observed

Fishery groundfish monitored for marine in in

Region catch for marine mammals monitored unmonitored

Year (t) mammals (n) hauls/sets hauls/sets Marine mammal species (statistical fishing areas) a

Pot gear fisheries (continued)

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot fishery (continued)

Bering Sea region only b(continued)

2003 1.2 0 0 - - -

2004 210.3 1.6 17 0 0 -

Aleutian Islands region only c

1998 <0.1 0 0 - - -

1999 23.0 22.1 34 0 0 -

2000 1.4 100.0 5 0 0 -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 NF - - - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 <0.1 0 0 - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) g

1998 1,164.8 <0.1 2 0 0 -

1999 46.0 1.7 3 0 0 -

2000 132.8 0.1 4 0 0 -

2001 424.5 0 0 - - -

2002 86.5 3.5 14 0 0 -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 147.9 0 0 - - -

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)hand southeast Alaska

1998 10.6 0 0 - - -

1999 44.2 0 0 - - -

2000 39.6 0 0 - - -

2001 NF - - - - -

2002 0.6 0 0 - - -

2003 NF - - - - -

2004 0.4 0 0 - - -

Jig gear fisheries

Alaska (all areas combined)

1998 481.4 0 0 - - -

1999 398.8 0 0 - - -

2000 348.3 <0.1 5 0 0 -

2001 439.9 0 0 - - -

2002 630.2 0 0 - - -

2003 3,635.2 0 0 - - -

2004 3,566.6 0 0 - - -

NF = No fishing.

a

The scientific names of the marine mammal species represented by the codes listed in this column are given in

Table 3; the statistical fishing areas are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
66

Table 4.--Continued.

b Excludes the Aleutian Islands region (statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 in Fig. 1) of the BSAI areas.

c

Includes only statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 (Fig. 1).

d There was also one additional Steller sea lion take in area 513 which was seen only by the crew while the

observer was aboard the vessel (Appendix 3); however, this additional take was not used to estimate bycatch in

this report.

e There was also one additional killer whale take in area 517 which was seen only by the crew while the observer

was aboard the vessel (Appendix 3); however, this additional take was not used to estimate bycatch in this report.

f There was also one additional unidentified cetacean (presumably a baleen whale) take in area 521 which was seen

only by the crew while the observer was aboard the vessel (Appendix 3); however, this additional take was not

used to estimate bycatch in this report.

g

Includes only statistical fishing areas 610, 620, 630, 640 and 649 (Fig. 2) of the Gulf of Alaska.

h

Includes only statistical fishing areas 650 and 659 (Fig. 2).
67

Table 5.--Number of marine mammals, by species, incidentally taken by vessels of the groundfish trawl fisheries in

the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska,

1998-2004, reported by U.S. fishery observers, including an estimation of the total incidental mortality by

area and year. Catch rates are the ratio ( ˆRs) and standard error ( ( ) ˆss R ) of the stratified observed incidental

take of marine mammals killed (or seriously injured) monitored during fishing operations to the observed

groundfish catch (per 10,000 metric tons [t] basis). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the catch rate is

also listed. Estimated mortality of marine mammals as bycatch is the adjusted ratio estimate (YˆA ). The

95% confidence interval (L95%) is an approximation based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et

al. 1987) using the CV of the nonadjusted stratified ratio estimate (extrapolated bycatch, ˆRsY ).

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

Area 542

1998 23,079.6 67.7 305 3 1.9548 0.8342 0.43 4.5 2.0 to 10.1 a

1999 24,617.0 77.9 377 1 0.5854 0.3272 0.56 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

2000 26,571.5 85.0 505 1 0.4118 0.1212 0.29 1.1 0.6 to 1.9

2001 35,793.9 86.3 479 1 0.3438 0.1491 0.43 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

2003 32,083.9 96.1 589 1 0.3820 0.1665 0.44 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

Area 543

1999 21,283.4 80.3 459 2 1.1937 0.3921 0.33 2.5 1.4 to 4.8 a

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 66,859.4 65.0 953 3 0.6748 0.2880 0.43 4.5 2.0 to 10.1 a

1999 66,434.6 77.2 1,188 3 0.5993 0.1746 0.29 4.0 2.3 to 7.0 a

2000 56,764.3 86.3 967 1 0.1928 0.0567 0.29 1.1 0.6 to 1.9

2001 71,792.8 82.4 1,071 1 0.1714 0.0743 0.43 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

2003 63,245.9 95.3 1,152 1 0.1938 0.0844 0.44 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 509

1999 44,762.2 67.9 1,432 1 0.3230 0.1818 0.56 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

2001 58,960.0 52.7 1,589 2 0.5552 0.2485 0.45 3.3 1.4 to 7.6 a

Area 513

1998 91,263.9 60.8 2,467 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2000 74,340.1 69.0 2,602 2 0.2994 0.0671 0.22 2.2 1.4 to 3.4 a

2001 73,235.9 65.9 2,356 2 0.4335 0.1866 0.43 3.2 1.4 to 7.1 a

2003 64,228.0 63.2 1,810 1 0.2181 0.1166 0.53 1.4 0.5 to 3.7

Area 514

2000 10,263.4 78.8 376 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2002 28,118.0 62.3 826 1 0.5852 0.3651 0.62 1.6 0.5 to 5.1

2003 34,106.7 68.4 968 1 0.3930 0.1983 0.50 1.3 0.5 to 3.4

2004 34,791.9 67.0 1,071 2 0.8821 0.3664 0.42 3.1 1.4 to 6.7 a

Area 524

2000 4,528.7 73.4 175 1 2.7408 1.1958 0.44 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 223,506.0 59.4 6,896 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

1999 177,817.6 66.3 5,714 1 0.0813 0.0458 0.56 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

2000 217,248.6 64.5 6,945 3 0.1596 0.0339 0.21 4.5 2.3 to 5.2 a,b

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 4 0.3669 0.1140 0.31 6.4 3.6 to 11.7

2002 190,877.0 58.4 5,784 1 0.0862 0.0538 0.62 1.6 0.5 to 5.1

2003 180,731.2 64.1 5,066 2 0.1517 0.0559 0.37 2.7 1.4 to 5.5 a

2004 190,964.8 64.3 5,061 2 0.1607 0.0668 0.42 3.1 1.4 to 6.7 a
68

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock (continued)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Area 541

1999 15,249.9 81.3 520 1 0.7803 0.3116 0.40 1.2 0.6 to 2.5

2003 24,288.2 59.0 844 2 1.7517 1.2812 0.73 4.3 1.2 to 15.3 a

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 87,756.0 50.6 2,982 1 0.1356 0.0541 0.40 1.2 0.6 to 2.5

2003 98,512.5 49.9 4,004 2 0.4319 0.3159 0.73 4.3 1.2 to 15.3 a

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 509

1998 422,331.2 65.8 4,063 1 0.0318 0.0161 0.51 1.3 0.5 to 3.4

2000 255,591.8 72.7 2,793 1 0.0451 0.0164 0.36 2.2 0.6 to 2.3 b

2001 174,193.6 69.0 1,828 1 0.0617 0.0163 0.26 1.1 0.6 to 1.8

2002 335,949.0 79.1 3,387 1 0.0298 0 0 1.0 -

Area 513

2001 155,424.1 91.8 2,090 1 0.0756 0.0292 0.39 1.2 0.6 to 2.4

2002 88,716.5 95.3 1,056 1 0.1127 0 0 1.0 -

2004 143,645.2 91.6 1,621 1 0.0704 0.0076 0.11 1.0 0.8 to 1.2

Area 517

1998 413,908.5 65.6 4,364 1 0.0296 0.0128 0.43 1.2 0.5 to 2.8

1999 467,855.6 72.4 4,552 1 0.0253 0.0099 0.39 1.2 0.6 to 2.5

2000 457,712.0 71.4 4,685 1 0.0316 0.0175 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

2002 620,223.8 75.1 5,464 1 0.0231 0.0127 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 3.9

Area 521

1999 205,110.5 86.6 2,376 2 0.1042 0.0187 0.18 2.1 1.5 to 3.0

2001 399,461.3 88.6 4,613 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 1,134,092.0 66.9 11,897 2 0.0227 0.0076 0.33 2.6 1.4 to 4.9 a

1999 993,121.8 75.2 10,187 3 0.0334 0.0061 0.18 3.3 2.3 to 4.7 a

2000 1,145,794.8 76.2 12,383 2 0.0227 0.0079 0.35 3.6 1.3 to 5.0 a,b

2001 1,385,697.7 79.0 14,483 2 0.0162 0.0039 0.24 3.3 1.4 to 3.6 a,b

2002 1,468,671.3 80.0 14,325 3 0.0234 0.0054 0.23 3.4 2.2 to 5.4 a

2004 1,467,838.8 81.2 14,545 1 0.0069 0.0007 0.11 1.0 0.8 to 1.2

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

Area 610

2001 8,045.6 12.5 113 1 5.8136 4.8014 0.83 4.7 1.1 to 19.2

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) c

2001 30,243.9 20.3 733 1 1.5465 1.2773 0.83 4.7 1.1 to 19.2

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Area 610

1998 29,534.0 47.8 198 1 0.5366 0.3282 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.8

2003 16,583.9 19.3 49 1 1.4546 1.3998 0.96 2.4 0.5 to 11.8 a

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) c

1998 126,747.4 37.5 1,381 1 0.1250 0.0765 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.8

2003 51,177.4 31.2 492 1 0.4714 0.4536 0.96 2.4 0.5 to 11.8 a
69

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 513

2000 74,340.1 69.0 2,602 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2001 73,235.9 65.9 2,356 1 0.1894 0.1001 0.53 1.4 0.5 to 3.7

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2000 217,248.6 64.5 6,945 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 1 0.0789 0.0417 0.53 1.4 0.5 to 3.7

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 517

1998 413,908.5 65.6 4,364 1 0.0844 0.0723 0.86 3.5 0.8 to 15.0

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 1,134,092.0 66.9 11,897 1 0.0308 0.0264 0.86 3.5 0.8 to 15.0

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 513

1998 91,263.9 60.8 2,467 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2000 74,340.1 69.0 2,602 0 - - - 2.0 -

b

Area 514

2002 28,118.0 62.3 826 2 1.1703 0.5140 0.44 3.3 1.4 to 7.5 a

2004 34,791.9 67.0 1,071 2 0.8878 0.3732 0.42 3.1 1.4 to 6.8 a

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 223,506.0 59.4 6,896 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2000 217,248.6 64.5 6,945 0 - - - 2.0 -

b

2002 190,877.0 58.4 5,784 2 0.1724 0.0757 0.44 3.3 1.4 to 7.5 a

2004 190,964.8 64.3 5,061 2 0.1618 0.0680 0.42 3.1 1.4 to 6.8 a

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 509

2001 58,960.0 52.7 1,589 1 0.3058 0.2039 0.67 1.8 0.5 to 5.9

Area 513

1998 91,263.9 60.8 2,467 1 0.1629 0.0931 0.57 1.5 0.5 to 4.2

1999 58,305.0 71.0 2,025 1 0.2842 0.1793 0.63 1.7 0.5 to 5.2

2000 74,340.1 69.0 2,602 1 0.2158 0.1324 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.9

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 223,506.0 59.4 6,896 1 0.0665 0.0380 0.57 1.5 0.5 to 4.2

1999 177,817.6 66.3 5,714 1 0.0932 0.0588 0.63 1.7 0.5 to 5.2

2000 217,248.6 64.5 6,945 1 0.0739 0.0453 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.9

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 1 0.1026 0.0684 0.67 1.8 0.5 to 5.9
70

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 509

1999 203,599.2 71.0 2,090 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Area 521

1999 205,110.5 86.6 2,376 1 0.0895 0.0603 0.67 1.8 0.6 to 6.1

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 993,121.8 75.2 10,187 1 0.0185 0.0125 0.67 2.8 0.6 to 6.1 b

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 509

2004 42,791.5 62.6 942 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Area 524

2000 4,528.7 73.4 175 1 2.8771 1.3997 0.49 1.3 0.5 to 3.2

Bering Sea region only d

2000 217,248.6 64.5 6,945 1 0.0600 0.0292 0.49 1.3 0.5 to 3.2

2004 190,964.8 64.3 5,061 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Area 517

2003 18,483.2 44.1 907 1 1.0789 0.7601 0.70 2.0 0.6 to 6.9

2004 23,789.5 38.9 964 1 0.8227 0.5731 0.70 2.0 0.6 to 6.7

Bering Sea region only d

2003 65,152.9 42.3 2,871 1 0.3061 0.2156 0.70 2.0 0.6 to 6.9

2004 87,994.2 45.3 3,261 1 0.2224 0.1549 0.70 2.0 0.6 to 6.7

Spotted seal (Phoca largha): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 509

2004 42,791.5 62.6 942 1 0.3291 0.1776 0.54 1.4 0.5 to 3.8

Area 514

1999 25,663.2 75.1 504 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2004 34,791.9 67.0 1,071 1 0.4439 0.2634 0.59 1.5 0.5 to 4.5

Area 524

2004 11,772.0 67.1 250 1 1.2373 0.6882 0.56 1.5 0.5 to 4.0

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 177,817.6 66.3 5,714 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2004 190,964.8 64.3 5,061 3 0.2309 0.0754 0.33 4.4 2.4 to 8.2 a

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 517

2000 457,712.0 71.4 4,685 1 0.0316 0.0175 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

Area 521

2001 399,461.3 88.6 4,613 2 0.0526 0.0082 0.16 2.1 1.6 to 2.8
71

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2000 1,145,794.8 76.2 12,383 1 0.0126 0.0070 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 4.0

2001 1,385,697.7 79.0 14,483 2 0.0152 0.0024 0.16 2.1 1.6 to 2.8

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 517

2001 427,138.4 76.3 3,945 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2001 1,385,697.7 79.0 14,483 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): California breeding stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Area 620

2003 20,308.4 38.9 292 1 1.7460 1.4957 0.86 3.5 0.8 to 15.2

Gulf of Alaska e

2003 51,177.4 31.2 492 1 0.6929 0.5935 0.86 3.5 0.8 to 15.2

Unidentified phocids f

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 514

2001 7,377.6 71.6 199 1 2.4691 1.6541 0.67 1.8 0.6 to 6.0

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 1 0.1036 0.0694 0.67 1.8 0.6 to 6.0

Unidentified pinnipeds f

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 509

2002 35,241.8 56.8 936 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2002 190,877.0 58.4 5,784 0 - - - 1.0 -

b
72

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent Of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of Trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish Hauls Observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) Hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks g

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 509

1999 203,599.2 71.0 2,090 1 0.0701 0.0384 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 3.9

Area 517

1998 413,908.5 65.6 4,364 1 0.0426 0.0280 0.66 1.8 0.5 to 5.7

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 1,134,092.0 66.9 11,897 1 0.0155 0.0102 0.66 1.8 0.5 to 5.7

1999 993,121.8 75.2 10,187 1 0.0144 0.0079 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 3.9

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 517

2000 457,712.0 71.4 4,685 1 0.0345 0.0209 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.7

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2000 1,145,794.8 76.2 12,383 1 0.0138 0.0083 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.7

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): Northeast Pacific stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Area 620

1999 39,611.3 35.8 492 1 0.7507 0.6126 0.82 3.0 0.7 to 12.1

Gulf of Alaska e

1999 97,234.7 31.7 947 1 0.3058 0.2495 0.82 3.0 0.7 to 12.1

Unidentified baleen whales f

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 521

2001 399,461.3 88.6 4,613 1 0.0265 0.0062 0.24 1.1 0.7 to 1.7

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2001 1,385,697.7 79.0 14,483 1 0.0076 0.0018 0.24 1.1 0.7 to 1.7

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery h

Area 517

1998 36,941.0 57.4 1,435 1 0.5457 0.3877 0.71 2.0 0.6 to 7.1

Area 519

2001 626.5 51.3 34 1 23.2408 12.8809 0.55 1.5 0.5 to 4.0

Area 521

2004 38,254.7 58.4 1,172 1 0.4576 0.3004 0.66 1.8 0.5 to 5.7

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 223,506.0 59.4 6,896 1 0.0902 0.0641 0.71 2.0 0.6 to 7.1

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 1 0.0828 0.0459 0.55 1.5 0.5 to 4.0

2004 190,964.8 64.3 5,061 1 0.0917 0.0602 0.66 1.8 0.5 to 5.7
73

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls Observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) Hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and

Bering Sea transient stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery I

Area 521

1999 205,110.5 86.6 2,376 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2002 311,630.8 91.4 3,512 1 0.0337 0.0073 0.22 1.0 0.7 to 1.6

2003 541,245.0 92.3 6,030 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 993,121.8 75.2 10,187 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

2002 1,468,671.3 80.0 14,325 1 0.0071 0.0015 0.22 1.0 0.7 to 1.6

2003 1,481,321.3 82.2 14,587 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Area 513

1998 91,263.9 60.8 2,467 1 0.2043 0.1388 0.68 1.9 0.6 to 6.2

2001 73,235.9 65.9 2,356 1 0.2374 0.1548 0.65 1.7 0.5 to 5.6

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 223,506.0 59.4 6,896 1 0.0834 0.0567 0.68 1.9 0.6 to 6.2

2001 175,766.1 57.6 5,414 1 0.0989 0.0645 0.65 1.7 0.5 to 5.6

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Area 509

1998 422,331.2 65.8 4,063 0 - - - 1.0 -

b

1999 203,599.2 71.0 2,090 1 0.1466 0.1138 0.78 3.0 0.8 to 11.5

Area 517

1998 413,908.5 65.6 4,364 2 0.0952 0.0516 0.54 3.9 1.5 to 10.6 a

2002 620,223.8 75.1 5,464 1 0.0231 0.0127 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 3.9

Area 519

1998 82,858.0 57.9 700 1 0.3447 0.2768 0.80 2.9 0.7 to 11.4

Area 521

1999 205,110.5 86.6 2,376 1 0.0895 0.0603 0.67 1.8 0.6 to 6.1

2000 284,440.4 86.4 3,159 3 0.1102 0.0132 0.12 4.1 2.5 to 4.0 a,b

2001 399,461.3 88.6 4,613 2 0.0724 0.0284 0.39 2.9 1.4 to 6.1 a

2004 369,573.3 91.2 4,089 1 0.0272 0.0016 0.06 1.0 0.9 to 1.1

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 1,134,092.0 66.9 11,897 3 0.0599 0.0276 0.46 7.8 2.9 to 16.1 b

1999 993,121.8 75.2 10,187 2 0.0485 0.0265 0.54 4.8 1.8 to 13.1

2000 1,145,794.8 76.2 12,383 3 0.0273 0.0033 0.12 4.1 2.5 to 4.0 a,b

2001 1,385,697.7 79.0 14,483 2 0.0209 0.0082 0.39 2.9 1.4 to 6.1 a

2002 1,468,671.3 80.0 14,325 1 0.0098 0.0054 0.55 1.4 0.5 to 3.9

2004 1,467,838.8 81.2 14,545 1 0.0068 0.0004 0.06 1.0 0.9 to 1.1
74

Table 5.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of trawl mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish hauls observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) hauls ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock (continued)

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Area 610

1998 29,534.0 47.8 198 1 0.5366 0.3287 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.8

Gulf of Alaska e

1998 126,747.4 37.5 1,381 1 0.1250 0.0766 0.61 1.6 0.5 to 4.8

a The lower 95% confidence level (rounded to an integer) was less than the number of animals seen by U.S.

observers in monitored hauls.

b Bycatch seen by observers occurred only in the unmonitored hauls of observed cruises in some strata.

c

Includes only statistical fishing areas 610, 620, 630, 640 and 649 (Fig. 2).

d Excludes the Aleutian Islands region (statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 in Fig. 1) of the Bering Sea.

e

Includes all statistical fishing areas in the Gulf of Alaska and Southeast Alaska (Fig. 2).

f

Includes animals that may belong to one of the identified species.

g The two stocks overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005). Due to a lack of DNA

samples it was not possible to determine which stock was impacted by the different components of the groundfish

fisheries.

h All of the DNA samples collected from killer whales incidentally caught by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery were

from northern residents (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.), and the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery was

considered to have been primarily involved with this stock of killer whales. However, it was not possible to

determine the stock identification from all of the killer whales caught by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery because

of a lack of DNA samples for some individuals. The Eastern North Pacific northern resident and transient stocks

of killer whales overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005). It may still be possible that

some transient stock killer whales could also be caught by this fishery.

i DNA samples collected from each of the killer whales incidentally caught by the BSAI pollock trawl fishery

during 1998-2004 were from transients (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.), and the BSAI pollock trawl

fishery was considered to have been primarily involved with this stock of killer whales. However, an incomplete

carcass of a previously dead resident killer whale was caught in the lines of trawl gear during one haul in the

BSAI pollock trawl fishery in 2003 (Appendix 3), and it may still be possible that some resident stock killer

whales could be taken by this fishery.
75

Table 6.--Number of marine mammals, by species, incidentally taken by vessels of the groundfish longline fisheries

in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska,

1998-2004, reported by U.S. fishery observers, including an estimation of the total incidental mortality by

area and year. Catch rates are the ratio ( ˆRs) and standard error ( ( ) ˆss R ) of the stratified observed incidental

take of marine mammals killed (or seriously injured) monitored during fishing operations to the observed

groundfish catch (per 10,000 metric tons [t] basis). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the catch rate is

also listed. Estimated mortality of marine mammals as bycatch is the adjusted ratio estimate (YˆA ). The

95% confidence interval (L95%) is an approximation based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et

al. 1987) using the CV of the nonadjusted stratified ratio estimate (extrapolated bycatch, ˆRsY ).

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of longline mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish sets observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 509

2002 23,375.5 30.4 1,940 1 1.5905 1.3631 0.86 3.7 0.9 to 15.9

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2002 129,870.1 29.6 10,627 1 0.2863 0.2454 0.86 3.7 0.9 to 15.9

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): eastern U.S. stock

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Area 650

2000 5,049.3 8.5 167 1 13.5725 12.4949 0.92 6.9 1.5 to 31.8

Gulf of Alaska (areas east of 140°W longitude)aand southeast Alaska

2000 7,120.4 6.0 167 1 9.6248 8.8606 0.92 6.9 1.5 to 31.8

Unidentified otariids b

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 516

1999 2,119.9 36.5 146 1 7.2296 4.2163 0.58 1.5 0.5 to 4.4

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 110,591.3 31.8 8,196 1 0.1386 0.0808 0.58 1.5 0.5 to 4.4

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 521

2001 48,598.5 31.7 3,627 1 0.6191 0.5066 0.82 3.0 0.7 to 12.2

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2001 135,835.6 29.5 11,902 1 0.2215 0.1812 0.82 3.0 0.7 to 12.2
76

Table 6.--Continued.

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number Number

Percent of of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of longline mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish sets observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Unidentified pinnipeds b

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 524

2001 2,702.2 27.6 277 1 11.0525 8.9494 0.81 3.0 0.7 to 12.0

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2001 135,835.6 29.5 11,902 1 0.2199 0.1780 0.81 3.0 0.7 to 12.0

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

c

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Area 640

2000 2,255.9 30.1 257 1 9.8739 7.3983 0.75 2.2 0.6 to 8.2

Gulf of Alaskad

2000 19,140.6 15.2 1,076 1 1.1637 0.8720 0.75 2.2 0.6 to 8.2

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock e

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

Area 521

1999 2,839.2 29.3 236 1 10.5387 8.5685 0.81 3.0 0.7 to 12.1

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 8,998.6 30.8 828 1 3.3251 2.7035 0.81 3.0 0.7 to 12.1

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 521

2003 79,503.6 30.1 6,478 1 0.5262 0.4601 0.87 4.2 1.0 to 18.3

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

2003 144,000.9 29.9 12,951 1 0.2905 0.2540 0.87 4.2 1.0 to 18.3

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 517

1999 18,218.5 34.9 1,393 0 - - - 1.0 -

f

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1999 110,591.3 31.8 8,196 0 - - - 1.0 -

f

a

Includes only statistical fishing areas 650 and 659 (Fig. 2). Although animals of this stock can be found at

locations east of Cape Suckling (144°W) in statistical area 640 (Fig. 2), that area was excluded because the CAS

(formerly Blend) data for individual statistical fishing areas could not be subdivided.

b

Includes animals that may belong to one of the identified species.
77

Table 6.--Continued.

c No sperm whales have been observed killed by any type of groundfish fishery gear in Alaska. These estimates

were based solely on one animal which was observed caught and released with trailing longline gear; this trailing

gear take was classified as a serious injury. Another sperm whale with trailing gear was caught by the sablefish

longline fishery in the same area previously in 1997.

d

Includes all statistical fishing areas in the Gulf of Alaska and Southeast Alaska (Fig. 2).

e A DNA sample collected from the one killer whale observed incidentally taken during 1998-2004 by the BSAI

Pacific cod longline fishery was from a northern resident (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.), and the

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery was likewise considered to have been primarily involved with this stock

of killer whales. However, it was not possible to verify the stock identification of the killer whale caught by the

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery because of a lack of DNA samples. The Eastern North Pacific northern

resident and transient stocks of killer whales overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005).

It may still be possible that some transient stock killer whales could also be caught by either fishery.

f Bycatch seen by observers occurred only in the unmonitored sets of observed cruises in some strata.
78

Table 7.--Number of marine mammals, by species, incidentally taken by vessels of the groundfish pot fisheries in

the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska,

1998-2004, reported by U.S. fishery observers, including an estimation of the total incidental mortality by

area and year. Catch rates are the ratio ( ˆRs) and standard error ( ( ) ˆss R ) of the stratified observed incidental

take of marine mammals killed (or seriously injured) monitored during fishing operations to the observed

groundfish catch (per 10,000 metric tons [t] basis). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the catch rate is

also listed. Estimated mortality of marine mammals as bycatch is the adjusted ratio estimate (YˆA ). The

95% confidence interval (L95%) is an approximation based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et

al. 1987) using the CV of the nonadjusted stratified ratio estimate (extrapolated bycatch, ˆRsY ).

Groundfish Marine mammals

Number

Percent Number of marine Bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Species (stock) Total of of mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

Fishery groundfish groundfish pot sets observed in

Area catch catch monitored monitored

Year (t) monitored (n) sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Gulf of Alaska stock

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 542

1999 762.1 26.3 216 1 17.2964 8.1417 0.47 1.3 0.5 to 3.2

Aleutian Islands region only a

1999 4,338.5 23.4 758 1 3.0381 1.4301 0.47 1.3 0.5 to 3.2

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 610

1998 1,923.1 7.3 90 1 8.0943 5.2400 0.65 1.6 0.5 to 5.0

Gulf of Alaska (areas at and west of 140°W longitude) b

1998 10,947.8 6.7 420 1 1.4219 0.9205 0.65 1.6 0.5 to 5.0

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks c,d,e

BS sablefish pot fishery

Area 519

2002 262.8 38.2 205 0 - - - 1.0 -

f

Bering Sea region onlyg

2002 403.2 40.6 313 0 - - - 1.0 -

f

Unidentified baleen whales d,h

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 513

1998 899.5 27.6 61 0 - - - 1.0 -

f

Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands region

1998 14,514.5 14.6 976 0 - - - 1.0 -

f
79

Table 7.--Continued.

a

Includes only statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 (Fig. 1).

b

Includes only statistical fishing areas 610, 620, 630, 640 and 649 (Fig. 2).

c

The two stocks overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005); it was not possible to

determine which stock was impacted by the different components of the groundfish fisheries.

d

The baleen whales which were the bases for the estimates in this table were entangled and caught by the fishing

lines, and subsequently released alive from the gear by the crew with entangled trailing gear; no cetaceans were

observed killed directly during fishing operations with pot gear in Alaska during 1998-2004.

e A humpback whale was also observed caught in the lines during a set on another vessel in the sablefish pot

fishery in the same area five months earlier in 2002, but that animal was released alive from the gear by the crew

with no known injuries or trailing gear.

f

Bycatch seen by observers occurred only in the unmonitored sets of observed cruises in some strata.

g

Excludes the Aleutian Islands region (statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 in Fig. 1) of the Bering Sea.

h These estimates were based solely on one unidentified baleen whale which was not a humpback whale; however,

it may have been a fin whale or minke whale.
80

Table 8.--Average annual (2000-2004) number of marine mammals, by species and stock a, incidentally taken by

each of the groundfish fisheries in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone in the Bering Sea (BS), Aleutian

Islands (AI), and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) b. Catch rates are the ratio ( ˆRs) and standard error ( ( ) ˆss R ) of the

average annual stratified observed incidental take of marine mammals killed (or seriously injured)

monitored during fishing operations to the average annual observed groundfish catch (per 10,000 metric

tons [t] basis). The coefficient of variation (CV) of the catch rate is also listed. Estimated mortality of

marine mammals as bycatch is the average annual adjusted ratio estimate (YˆA ). The 95% confidence

interval (L95%) is an approximation based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et al. 1987) using

the CV of the nonadjusted stratified ratio estimate (extrapolated bycatch, ˆRsY ).

Average annual values (2000-2004)

Number

of marine Marine mammal bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Percent of mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

groundfish observed in

Species (stock) ccatch monitored

Fishery monitored hauls/sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 91.2 0.6 0.1148 0.0265 0.23 0.71 0.45 to 1.11 d

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 2.4 0.1818 0.0301 0.17 3.67 2.52 to 4.79 e

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 51.0 0.4 0.0959 0.0701 0.73 0.85 0.24 to 3.07 d

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 1.6 0.0134 0.0019 0.14 2.26 1.41 to 2.45 d,e

BSAI rockfish trawl 80.7 0 - - - - -

GOA flatfish trawl g 36.6 0 - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod trawl g21.4 0.2 0.4353 0.3595 0.83 0.94 0.23 to 3.84

GOA pollock trawl g25.5 0.2 0.0758 0.0729 0.96 0.48 0.10 to 2.36 d

GOA rockfish trawl g47.4 0 - - - - -

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 42.6 0 - - - - -

BSAI Pacific cod longline 29.4 0.2 0.0546 0.0468 0.86 0.74 0.17 to 3.18

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 35.9 0 - - - - -

BSAI rockfish longline 45.3 0 - - - - -

BSAI sablefish longline 20.0 0 - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod longline g 8.6 0 - - - - -

GOA Pacific halibut longline g 23.6 0 - - - - -

GOA rockfish longline g3.9 0 - - - - -

GOA sablefish longline g14.2 0 - - - - -

BSAI Pacific cod pot 11.7 0 - - - - -

BS sablefish pot h 38.1 0 - - - - -

AI sablefish pot i 45.7 0 - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod pot g4.9 0 - - - - -

AK miscellaneous finfish jig g,h,i <0.01 0 - - - - -

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): eastern U.S. stock

GOA flatfish trawl j NF - - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod trawl j NF - - - - - -

GOA pollock trawl j NF - - - - - -

GOA rockfish trawlj NF - - - - - -

GOA Pacific cod longline j 0 - - - - - -

GOA Pacific halibut longline j7.3 - - - - - -

GOA rockfish longline j0.1 0 - - - - -

GOA sablefish longline j 5.3 0.2 2.1558 1.9846 0.92 1.37 0.30 to 6.37 d

GOA Pacific cod pot j 6.4 - - - - - -

AK miscellaneous finfish jig j 0 - - - - - -

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.2 0.0145 0.0077 0.53 0.48 0.10 to 0.73 d,e

Historical takes in the BSAI Atka mackerel trawl and BSAI pollock trawl fisheriesf

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.8 0.0668 0.0203 0.30 1.68 0.71 to 2.29 d,e
81

Table 8.--Continued.

Average annual values (2000-2004)

Number

of marine Marine mammal bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Percent of mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

groundfish observed in

Species (stock) ccatch monitored

Fishery monitored hauls/sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.4 0.0357 0.0163 0.46 0.68 0.29 to 1.60 d

Historical takes in the BSAI Pacific cod trawl and BSAI pollock trawl fisheries

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl i 61.9 0.2 0.0136 0.0066 0.49 0.46 0.11 to 0.64 d,e

BSAI Pacific cod trawl i 45.0 0.4 0.1253 0.0621 0.50 0.79 0.32 to 1.98 d

Historical takes in the BSAI pollock trawl, BSAI Pacific cod longline, and BSAI Pacific cod pot fisheries

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Gulf of Alaska stock

Historical takes in the GOA Pacific cod trawl, GOA sablefish longline, BSAI Pacific cod pot, and GOA Pacific cod pot fisheries

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Southeast Alaska stock

Historical longline fishery take not documented by target fishery

Spotted seal (Phoca largha): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.6 0.0461 0.0151 0.33 0.88 0.47 to 1.65 d

Historical take in the BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 0.6 0.0051 0.0012 0.24 0.71 0.44 to 1.14 d

Historical take in the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 0 - - - 0.20 -

e

BSAI Pacific cod longline 29.4 0.2 0.0442 0.0362 0.82 0.60 0.15 to 2.45 d

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): California breeding stock

GOA pollock trawl 25.5 0.2 0.1114 0.0954 0.86 0.71 0.17 to 3.04

Historical take in the GOA sablefish longline fishery

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks k

BS sablefish pot 38.1 0 - - - 0.20 -

e

Historical take in the BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 0.2 0.0023 0.0014 0.61 0.32 0.11 to 0.94 d

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): Northeast Pacific stock

Historical take in the GOA pollock trawl fishery

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus): North Pacific stock

GOA sablefish longline 11.5 0.2 0.2138 0.1602 0.75 0.45 0.12 to 1.65 g

Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens): North Pacific stock

Historical take in the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery and BSAI trawl fishery (pollock or Pacific cod)
82

Table 8.--Continued.

Average annual values (2000-2004)

Number

of marine Marine mammal bycatch rate Estimated bycatch

Percent of mammals (per 10,000 metric tons) (number of marine mammals)

groundfish observed in

Species (stock) ccatch monitored

Fishery monitored hauls/sets ˆRs

( ) ˆss R CV ˆAY 95%L

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock l

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.4 0.0336 0.0147 0.44 0.64 0.28 to 1.46 d

BSAI Pacific cod longline 29.4 0.2 0.0615 0.0538 0.87 0.84 0.19 to 3.66

Historical takes in the BSAI Pacific cod trawl and BSAI Greenland turbot longline fisheries

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea transient

stock

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 0.2 0.0015 0.0003 0.22 0.41 0.14 to 0.32 d,e,m

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl 61.9 0.2 0.0182 0.0119 0.65 0.35 0.11 to 1.12 d

Historical take in the BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Gulf of Alaska stock

No documented incidental mortalities or serious injuries in the domestic groundfish fisheries

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Southeast Alaska stock

No documented incidental mortalities or serious injuries in the domestic groundfish fisheries

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl 79.9 1.4 0.0122 0.0021 0.17 1.89 1.22 to 2.35 d,e

Historical takes in the BSAI flatfish trawl, GOA pollock trawl, BSAI Pacific cod longline, and AK miscellaneous other finfish

mechanical jig fisheries

Sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Southwest Alaska stock

Historical takes in 1992 only in the BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery in the Aleutian Islands region

NF = No fishing by the fishery in the areas where the marine mammal species stock occurs.

a

The stock definitions were taken from Angliss and Outlaw (2005).

b

The groundfish target species fisheries in Alaska were listed in 69 FR 48407 (10 August 2004). The percent of

fishery catch (tons) with observer coverage for all observed groundfish fisheries in Alaska are listed for the

Steller sea lion regardless of bycatch; only fisheries with reported bycatch during 2000 to 2004 (or records of

historical bycatch during 1991-1999) are listed for other marine mammal species.

c

Estimated average annual bycatch of marine mammals during 2000-2004 is listed for each identified species that

was incidentally killed (or seriously injured) by any gear in the groundfish fisheries in each region during

1973-2004 based on the data in Tables 5-7, Appendices 3 and 7, and in Perez and Loughlin (1991) and Perez

(2003).

d

The lower 95% confidence level (rounded to one decimal place) of the average annual extrapolated bycatch was

less than the average annual number (rounded to 1 decimal place) of animals seen by U.S. observers in monitored

hauls/sets.

e

Bycatch seen by observers occurred only in the unmonitored hauls/sets of observed cruises in some strata.
83

Table 8.--Continued.

f One northern fur seal may have died in trawl gear during fishing operations in the BSAI Pacific cod fishery in

2003; however, although the observer stated that the animal was not visibly decomposed, the observer recorded

the interaction as previously dead.

g

The data used for this fishery and species stock included only statistical fishing areas 610, 620, 630, 640 and 649

(Fig. 2).

h

The data used for this fishery and species stock excluded the Aleutian Islands region (statistical fishing areas 541,

542 and 543 in Fig. 1) of the Bering Sea.

i

The data used for this fishery and species stock included only statistical fishing areas 541, 542 and 543 (Fig. 1).

j

The data used for this fishery and species stock included only statistical areas 650 and 659 (Fig. 2). Although

animals of this species stock can be found at locations east of Cape Suckling (144°W) in statistical area 640

(Fig. 2), that area was excluded because the CAS (formerly Blend) data for individual statistical fishing areas

could not be subdivided.

k

The two stocks overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005); it was not possible to

determine which stock was impacted by the different components of the groundfish fisheries.

l All of the DNA samples collected from killer whales incidentally caught by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery and

the BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery were from northern residents (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.).

The BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery and the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery were likewise considered to

have been primarily involved with this stock of killer whales. The Eastern North Pacific northern resident and

transient stocks of killer whales overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005). It may still

be possible that some transient stock killer whales could also be caught by any of these fisheries.

m

The upper 95% confidence level (rounded to one decimal place) of the average annual extrapolated bycatch was

less than the average annual estimated bycatch (rounded to 1 decimal place).
84

Table 9.—Average annual weight (metric tons) of the total groundfish catch subjected to possible depredation

impacts by marine mammals observed in the groundfish fisheries of Alaska, by gear and fishery,

1998-2004. The minimum number of individual marine mammals (in parentheses), by species, observed

feeding directly from the gear is also listed.

Estimated

groundfish

Average catch Percent Marine mammal species

annual total impacted of total (average annual

groundfish by marine groundfish minimum number of

catch mammals catch individuals feeding on

Fishery (t) (t) aimpacted the groundfish catch) b,c

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 63,227.9 45.4 0.07 EJ (5), OO (5)

BSAI flatfish trawl 193,844.5 186.4 0.10 EJ (1), OO (28), PV (1)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 87,314.5 49.6 0.06 EJ (1), OO (10)

BSAI pollock trawl 1,296,648.3 47.1 <0.01 OO (2)

BSAI rockfish trawl 11,819.3 0 - -

GOA flatfish trawl 30,198.7 5.2 0.02 EJ (1)

GOA Pacific cod trawl 27,629.3 0 - -

GOA pollock trawl 77,474.2 0 - -

GOA rockfish trawl 24,619.0 0 - -

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 1,947.2 0 - -

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 6,617.9 813.8 12.30 CU (1), EJ (3), OO (45)

BSAI Pacific cod longline 130,717.5 1,383.2 1.06 CU (4), EJ (11), OO (21),

PX (1), UP (1), ZZ (1)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 1,560.5 120.5 7.73 CU (1), EJ (1), OO (23),

PM (1), UP (1)

BSAI rockfish longline 102.6 5.8 5.68 OO (12)

BSAI sablefish longline 2,865.7 108.6 3.79 EJ (1), OO (23), PM (2)

GOA Pacific cod longline 13,144.4 12.8 0.10 CU (1), EJ (1)

GOA Pacific halibut longline 2,627.9 72.8 2.77 OO (3), PM (3), UP (1)

GOA rockfish longline 954.2 212.9 22.31 OO (8), PM (1)

GOA sablefish longline 20,210.8 1,027.5 5.08 EJ (1), OO (17), PM (10)

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 1,050.4 137.8 13.12 OO (24), PM (1)

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot 18,102.7 0 - -

BS sablefish pot 267.9 <0.01 <0.01 OO (2)

AI sablefish pot 201.3 0 - -

GOA Pacific cod pot 15,752.1 0 - -

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 352.8 0 - -
85

Table 9.--Continued.

a

This amount estimates the total amount of groundfish caught in hauls (sets) impacted by marine mammal

depredation; the quantity of fish in tons actually consumed by marine mammals is significantly less.

b The scientific names of the marine mammal species represented by the codes listed in this column are given in

Table 3.

c

The minimum number of marine mammals was calculated by determining the sum of the maximum number of

animals of each species, by fishery, observed feeding directly on the groundfish catch of any monitored haul on

one single calendar date during the year in each of the statistical fishing areas; it was assumed that individual

marine mammals in different statistical fishing areas on the same calendar date were not the same animals.
86

Table 10.—List of pairs of groundfish fisheries in Alaska during 1998-2004 in which individual vessels participated

in both fisheries on the same vessel fishing day (vday) a when observers witnessed apparent or definite

predatory behavior by marine mammal species interacting with the groundfish catch.bThe total number

of vessel fishing days c with observed predatory interactions is given in parentheses for each paired

fishery, and in the right column when both fisheries had these interactions on the same vessel fishing

day.

Pairs of groundfish fisheries in Alaska Number

in which individual vessels participated in both fisheries of the same

on the same calendar date (vessel fishing day) aduring 1998-2004 vessel

when marine mammal species were observed interacting bfishing

with the groundfish catch or fishing gear ddays

Killer whale (Orcinus orca)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (28 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (9 vdays with predatory interactions) 1

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (527 vdays with predatory interaction)

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery (381 vdays with predatory interactions) 6

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (527 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (82 vdays with predatory interactions) 5

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (527 vdays) and

BSAI rockfish longline fishery (15 vdays with predatory interactions) 3

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (527 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI sablefish longline fishery (71 vdays with predatory interactions) 3

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery (527 vdays with predatory interactions) and

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (55 vdays with predatory interactions) 11

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery (381 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (82 vdays with predatory interactions) 2

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (82 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI rockfish longline fishery (15 vdays with predatory interactions) 2

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (82 vdays with predatory interactions) and

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (55 vdays with predatory interactions) 1

BSAI sablefish longline fishery (71 vdays with predatory interactions) and

BSAI Pacific halibut longline fishery (82 vdays with predatory interactions) 6

BSAI sablefish longline fishery (71 vdays with predatory interactions) and

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (55 vdays with predatory interactions) 1

GOA sablefish longline fishery (26 vdays with predatory interactions) and

GOA rockfish longline fishery (4 vdays with predatory interactions) 2
87

Table 10.--Continued.

Pairs of groundfish fisheries in Alaska Number

in which individual vessels participated in both fisheries of the same

on the same calendar date (vday) aduring 1998-2004 vessel

when marine mammal species were observed interacting bfishing

with the groundfish catch or fishing gear ddays

Killer whale (Orcinus orca) (continued)

BS sablefish pot fishery (2 vdays with predatory interactions) and

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline fishery (55 vdays with predatory interactions) 1

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

GOA sablefish longline fishery (286 vdays with predatory interactions) and

GOA Pacific halibut longline fishery (17 vdays with predatory interactions) 6

a The total number of vessel fishing calendar days (vdays) for each groundfish fishery in Alaska during 1998-2004

is listed in Appendix 11.

b Predatory interactions by marine mammals were defined for the purposes of this table as any of the following

three types of interactions: 1) any type of depredation interaction of the marine mammal on the groundfish catch

(not discards); 2) any method of deterrence, with or without devices, actively used by the crew to prevent the

animal from interacting with the gear; 3) repeated swimming by individual marine mammals near the fishing

gear. These types of interactions are not discussed in this paper.

c Only vessel fishing calendar days with interactions actually seen by observers, regardless of whether they

occurred during monitored hauls or not, are included in totals.

d Marine mammal species listed in Table 9 that are not included here were not observed with predatory interactions

in two groundfish fisheries on the same vessel fishing calendar day.


















































138

Appendix 1.--Number and percent of hauls (sets) on vessels with observers in the Alaska groundfish fisheries during

1998-2004 (years combined) by fishery and comparison of the three steps in the processes used by the

CAS to estimate the catch target groundfish species of NORPAC data. The three catch target

estimation methods compared in the table are: (A) Step 1: the predominant catch groundfish species

caught in each sampled NORPAC haul (set); (B) Step 2: the assignment of target species for

unsampled NORPAC hauls by the AKR using NORPAC data from the same vessel within 7 days of

the unsampled hauls; and (C) Step 3: the final CAS (Blend) intended catch target species by trip target

date (target definition used in this report).

Number (percent) of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004) by comparison of

three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl Number 8,321 2 0 622 187 9,132

Percent 91.12 0.02 0 6.81 2.05 100

BSAI flatfish trawl Number 63,955 33 130 2,323 1,874 68,315

Percent 93.62 0.05 0.19 3.40 2.74 100

BSAI Pacific cod trawl Number 23,058 44 2 4,220 2,650 29,974

Percent 76.93 0.15 0.01 14.08 8.84 100

BSAI pollock trawl Number 107,361 23 0 175 46 107,605

Percent 99.77 0.02 0 0.16 0.04 100

BSAI rockfish trawl Number 1,485 4 0 144 69 1,702

Percent 87.25 0.24 0 8.46 4.05 100

GOA flatfish trawl Number 11,541 78 34 701 363 12,717

Percent 90.75 0.61 0.27 5.51 2.85 100

GOA Pacific cod trawl Number 4,653 55 0 385 226 5,319

Percent 87.48 1.03 0 7.24 4.25 100

GOA pollock trawl Number 5,428 5 0 104 16 5,553

Percent 97.75 0.09 0 1.87 0.29 100

GOA rockfish trawl Number 5,644 26 0 595 177 6,442

Percent 87.61 0.40 0 9.24 2.53 100

AK miscellaneous other Number 616 8 29 45 1 699

finfish trawl Percent 88.13 1.14 4.15 6.44 0.14 100
139

Appendix 1.--Continued.

Number (percent) of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004) by comparison of

three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot Number 5,808 90 47 270 116 6,331

longline Percent 91.74 1.42 0.74 4.26 1.83 100

BSAI Pacific cod longline Number 106,248 638 3 976 231 108,096

Percent 98.29 0.59 <0.01 0.90 0.21 100

BSAI Pacific halibut longline Number 1,230 39 78 234 55 1,636

Percent 75.18 2.38 4.77 14.30 3.36 100

BSAI rockfish longline Number 101 27 0 23 2 153

Percent 66.01 17.65 0 15.03 1.31 100

BSAI sablefish longline Number 1,762 126 2 515 195 2,600

Percent 67.77 4.85 0.08 19.81 7.50 100

GOA Pacific cod longline Number 3,083 92 0 65 17 3,257

Percent 94.66 2.82 0 2.00 0.52 100

GOA Pacific halibut longline Number 1,583 1 3 162 56 1,805

Percent 87.70 0.06 0.17 8.98 3.10 100

GOA rockfish longline Number 34 3 0 1 3 41

Percent 82.93 7.32 0 2.44 7.32 100

GOA sablefish longline Number 9,055 22 0 393 181 9,651

Percent 93.82 0.23 0 4.07 1.88 100

AK miscellaneous other Number 532 148 49 11 3 743

finfish longline Percent 71.60 19.92 6.59 1.48 0.40 100

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot Number 8,456 2 4 146 5 8,613

Percent 98.18 0.02 0.05 1.70 0.06 100
140

Appendix 1.--Continued.

Number (percent) of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004) by comparison of

three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Pot gear fisheries

BS sablefish pot Number 1,330 57 0 245 5 1,637

Percent 81.25 3.48 0 14.97 0.31 100

AI sablefish pot Number 1,113 27 0 69 3 1,212

Percent 91.83 2.23 0 5.69 0.25 100

GOA Pacific cod pot Number 3,073 960 0 50 0 4,083

Percent 75.26 23.51 0 1.22 0 100

AK miscellaneous other Number 326 0 9 25 0 360

finfish pot Percent 90.56 0 2.50 6.94 0 100

1

For purposes of these logical comparisons, unsampled NORPAC hauls in Step 1 (A) were considered equivalent

to CAS target assignments in Step 3 (C) because individually the unsampled hauls provided no target species

information. All miscellaneous other finfish target species were considered one target group.

2 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul either could not yield a known fishery target definition, or estimated the same

target as the final CAS (Blend) weekly production target (Step 3, C).

3 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul did yield a fishery target definition, including miscellaneous other finfish, but the

final CAS (Blend) weekly production target code (Step 3, C) was the unknown target data code.

4 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul did yield a known fishery target definition which was not the same as the final

CAS (Blend) weekly production target (Step 3, C).
141

Appendix 2.—Total weight (t) and percent of the groundfish catch by vessels with observers in the Alaska

groundfish fisheries during 1998-2004 (years combined) by fishery and comparison of the three steps

in the processes used by the CAS to estimate the catch target groundfish species of NORPAC data.

The three catch target estimation methods compared in the table are: (A) Step 1: the predominant

catch groundfish species caught in each sampled NORPAC haul (set); (B) Step 2: the assignment of

target species for unsampled NORPAC hauls by the AKR using NORPAC data from the same vessel

within 7 days of the unsampled hauls; and (C) Step 3: the final CAS (Blend) intended catch target

species by trip target date (target definition used in this report).

Weight of groundfish catch (t), and percent of total, of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004)

by comparison of three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl Weight 419,397 23 0 14,586 3,564 437,570

Percent 95.89 0.01 0 3.33 0.81 100

BSAI flatfish trawl Weight 1,186,049 266 2,671 50,160 27,766 1,266,912

Percent 93.62 0.02 0.21 3.96 2.19 100

BSAI Pacific cod trawl Weight 277,182 321 8 78,656 27,747 383,914

Percent 72.20 0.08 <0.01 20.49 7.23 100

BSAI pollock trawl Weight 7,998,100 291 0 4,455 619 8,003,464

Percent 99.93 <0.01 0 0.06 0.01 100

BSAI rockfish trawl Weight 73,579 46 0 4,900 1,644 80,170

Percent 91.78 0.06 0 6.11 2.05 100

GOA flatfish trawl Weight 105,778 396 182 5,509 2,533 114,398

Percent 92.46 0.35 0.16 4.82 2.21 100

GOA Pacific cod trawl Weight 39,451 325 0 3,792 1,990 45,557

Percent 86.60 0.71 0 8.32 4.37 100

GOA pollock trawl Weight 166,915 43 0 889 235 168,083

Percent 99.31 0.03 0 0.53 0.14 100

GOA rockfish trawl Weight 107,783 218 0 6,351 1,302 115,654

Percent 93.19 0.19 0 5.49 1.13 100

AK miscellaneous other Weight 5,083 100 249 582 15 6,028

finfish trawl Percent 84.32 1.66 4.13 9.66 0.24 100
142

Appendix 2.--Continued.

Weight of groundfish catch (t), and percent of total, of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004)

by comparison of three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot Weight 40,265 494 207 1,667 427 43,061

longline Percent 93.51 1.15 0.48 3.87 0.99 100

BSAI Pacific cod longline Weight 858,411 3,334 11 5,668 1,009 868,433

Percent 98.85 0.38 <0.01 0.65 0.12 100

BSAI Pacific halibut longline Weight 6,178 255 238 1,236 162 8,068

Percent 76.57 3.16 2.95 15.32 2.00 100

BSAI rockfish longline Weight 386 121 0 62 6 575

Percent 67.12 21.10 0 10.69 1.10 100

BSAI sablefish longline Weight 5,715 483 23 1,733 673 8,627

Percent 66.24 5.60 0.27 20.08 7.81 100

GOA Pacific cod longline Weight 24,299 970 0 302 79 25,649

Percent 94.74 3.78 0 1.18 0.31 100

GOA Pacific halibut longline Weight 9,843 4 <0.1 527 253 10,628

Percent 92.62 0.04 <0.01 4.96 2.38 100

GOA rockfish longline Weight 106 5 0 3 25 139

Percent 76.43 3.31 0 2.39 17.87 100

GOA sablefish longline Weight 38,560 115 0 1,732 858 41,265

Percent 93.45 0.28 0 4.20 2.08 100

AK miscellaneous other Weight 3,237 575 136 31 8 3,987

finfish longline Percent 81.18 14.42 3.41 0.78 0.21 100

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot Weight 37,550 <1 28 75 2 37,654

Percent 99.72 <0.01 0.07 0.20 0.01 100
143

Appendix 2.--Continued.

Weight of groundfish catch (t), and percent of total, of NORPAC hauls (1998-2004)

by comparison of three estimations of catch target groundfish species 1

(CB)and

(C =B) and (C=B)and (C B) and (CB)and (CA) and

Fishery (C=A)

2

(C A) (C =A)

3

(B=A) (BA)

4 Total

Pot gear fisheries

BS sablefish pot Weight 876 24 0 126 3 1,030

Percent 85.14 2.34 0 12.27 0.25 100

AI sablefish pot Weight 820 28 0 48 5 901

Percent 91.02 3.10 0 5.31 0.57 100

GOA Pacific cod pot Weight 9,600 2,070 0 8 0 11,679

Percent 82.20 17.72 0 0.07 0 100

AK miscellaneous other Weight 1,541 0 5 8 0 1,554

finfish pot Percent 99.16 0 0.35 0.49 0 100

1

For purposes of these logical comparisons, unsampled NORPAC hauls in Step 1 (A) were considered equivalent

to CAS target assignments in Step 3 (C) because individually the unsampled hauls provided no target species

information. All miscellaneous other finfish target species were considered one target group.

2 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul either could not yield a known fishery target definition, or estimated the same

target as the final CAS (Blend) weekly production target (Step 3, C).

3 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul did yield a fishery target definition, including miscellaneous other finfish, but the

final CAS (Blend) weekly production target code (Step 3, C) was the unknown target data code.

4 Also includes unsampled NORPAC hauls where Step 2 (B) in the CAS process to estimate the target catch

species for the unsampled haul did yield a known fishery target definition which was not the same as the final

CAS (Blend) weekly production target (Step 3, C).
144

Appendix 3.--List of marine mammals that were incidentally caught by fishing gear used by U.S. vessels of the

groundfish fisheries in the U.S. EEZ of the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands region, and Gulf of Alaska

during 1998-2004.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status a observer observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

5 March 1998 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

25 March 1998 Eumetopias jubatus b 2 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

11 February 1999 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

7 October 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 543

8 October 1999 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 543

24 February 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

2 February 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

18 April 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

c 29 May 2001 Unidentified pinniped 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 542

29 September 1999 Unidentified large whale 1 Skull only No Yes Area 543

c

4 September 2001 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only No No Area 542

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear vessels

2 November 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 509

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

23 April 1998 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

24 April 1998 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

4 May 1998 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear d No No Area 513

26 November 1998 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 513

30 January 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

13 May 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

24 April 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

29 April 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

19 May 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 524

4 June 2000 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

10 June 2000 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

18 June 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 514

8 June 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

30 July 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

2 October 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

3 October 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

7 May 2002 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes No Area 514

25 May 2002 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

30 March 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

29 May 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

2 June 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Carcass d,e Yes Yes Area 514

5 June 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposedf Yes Yes Area 514

6 May 2004 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

18 May 2004 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

23 May 2004 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

c

24 July 1998 Callorhinus ursinus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

7 June 1999 Callorhinus ursinus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

28 July 1999 Callorhinus ursinus b 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

20 September 1999 Callorhinus ursinus b 1 Aborted fetus Yes Yes Area 517

9 August 2000 Callorhinus ursinus b 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 513

14 October 2000 Callorhinus ursinus b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517
145

Appendix 3--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

7 August 2001 Callorhinus ursinus b 1 Killed by gear g Yes Yes Area 513

29 August 2001 Callorhinus ursinus b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

12 August 2004 Callorhinus ursinus b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

30 October 2001 Unidentified otariid 1 Carcass d No Yes Area 513

1 May 2004 Unidentified otariid 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

2 May 2004 Unidentified otariid 1 Decomposed No No Area 514

29 May 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Tusks only Yes Yes Area 513

13 June 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only No Yes Area 513

15 June 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 513

18 June 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

28 July 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

28 September 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

29 October 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 509

12 February 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 516

2 April 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

3 May 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

19 June 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

19 August 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 509

20 August 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

22 August 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

3 September 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

22 March 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 513

4 April 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

17 April 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

22 April 2000 Odobenus rosmarus b 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

5 May 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

24 May 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 524

25 May 2000 Odobenus rosmarus b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

27 May 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

31 May 2000 Odobenus rosmarus b 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

1 June 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

4 June 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 513

4 June 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

c

13 July 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

c 31 July 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

1 August 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

16 August 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Tusks only Yes No Area 513

20 August 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

16 October 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

7 November 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only No Yes Area 513

30 November 2000 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 509

7 April 2001 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

11 October 2001 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Carcass d Yes Yes Area 513

17 March 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

14 May 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

20 May 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

26 May 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

31 May 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

12 June 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull/bones Yes Yes Area 514

1 August 2002 Odobenus rosmarus b 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

18 August 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

27 August 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514
146

Appendix 3--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

5 June 2003 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

29 July 2003 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

9 August 2003 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

20 April 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

3 May 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

6 May 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

24 May 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

31 May 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

3 June 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

5 August 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

2 May 1998 Erignathus barbatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

31 August 1999 Erignathus barbatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

6 May 2000 Erignathus barbatus 1 Bones only No Yes Area 514

20 August 2000 Erignathus barbatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

5 October 2001 Erignathus barbatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

c

1 April 2002 Erignathus barbatus b,h 2 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

5 June 2003 Erignathus barbatus b,h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

26 August 2003 Erignathus barbatus 1 Unharmed d,i Yes Yes Area 513

10 May 2004 Erignathus barbatus b,h 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

25 May 2004 Erignathus barbatus b,h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

31 May 1999 Phoca vitulina 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

19 May 2000 Phoca vitulina b1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 524

27 May 2000 Phoca vitulina 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 524

c 4 March 2002 Phoca vitulina 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

13 April 2004 Phoca vitulina b,h 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 509

6 April 1999 Phoca largha 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

9 May 1999 Phoca largha h,j 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 514

9 April 2004 Phoca largha 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

7 May 2004 Phoca largha b,h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

17 May 2004 Phoca largha b,h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

18 May 2004 Phoca largha 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 524

22 May 2004 Phoca largha b,h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 524

31 May 2004 Phoca largha 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

21 May 1999 Unidentified phocid 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

29 May 2000 Unidentified phocid 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

26 May 2001 Unidentified phocid 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 514

27 May 2000 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

4 August 2001 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

c 21 August 2001 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

23 April 2002 Unidentified pinniped 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 509

15 August 2002 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

20 August 2002 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

28 August 2002 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

27 May 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes No Area 514

9 June 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

11 June 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

1 August 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 514

17 May 2004 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

24 May 2004 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

9 July 2002 Balaenoptera acutorostrata 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

17 March 2000 Eschrichtius robustus h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513
147

Appendix 3--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

11 July 1998 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

c

15 August 2001 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Baleen only Yes Yes Area 524

25 August 2000 Unidentified beaked whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 517

1 August 1998 Orcinus orca 1 Hit propeller Yes Yes Area 517

14 August 1998 Orcinus orca 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

11 August 2001 Orcinus orca (resident) h1 Hit propeller Yes Yes Area 519

18 August 2001 Orcinus orca 1 Hit propeller d,k Yes No Area 517

25 July 2002 Orcinus orca 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

7 April 2004 Orcinus orca (resident) h 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 519

c 21 April 2004 Orcinus orca (resident) h 1 Hit propeller Yes Yes Area 521

22 April 2004 Orcinus orca (resident) h1 Hit propeller No Yes Area 521

c

29 July 2004 Orcinus orca 1 Unharmed d Yes Yes Area 517

c

8 August 1998 Phocoena phocoena 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

17 August 1999 Phocoena phocoena h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

18 August 1999 Phocoena phocoena h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

30 April 2000 Phocoena phocoena h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

28 September 2000 Phocoena phocoena h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

16 August 2001 Phocoena phocoena h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

25 April 2004 Phocoena phocoena 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

26 April 2004 Phocoena phocoena 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

30 April 2004 Phocoena phocoena h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

28 July 2004 Phocoena phocoena h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

2 September 1999 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

19 February 2000 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 509

20 July 2004 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

30 March 2001 Unidentified dolphin/porpoise 1 Skull/bones Yes Yes Area 513

30 May 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

17 July 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

22 September 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

8 November 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

11 November 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

17 May 1999 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 514

25 August 1999 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

27 August 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

30 July 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

c

31 July 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

9 August 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 519

7 October 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

18 October 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 509

13 November 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

28 September 2000 Unidentified small whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

17 April 1998 Unidentified large whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

14 July 2001 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

22 October 2001 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes No Area 509

1 March 2003 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

28 August 2003 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

10 July 2004 Unidentified large whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

4 May 1998 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

9 November 1998 Unidentified cetacean 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 517

11 November 1998 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 519

14 March 1999 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509
148

Appendix 3--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

26 July 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

9 August 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

6 October 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

c

23 August 2002 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only No Yes Area 514

c 13 March 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

c 17 April 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

19 April 2000 Enhydra lutris 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

27 May 2004 Enhydra lutris 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 514

27 April 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

8 September 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

9 October 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

30 October 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

31 March 1999 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

8 May 1999 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Carcass d Yes No Area 513

19 May 1999 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 514

27 August 1999 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

17 April 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes No Area 509

9 May 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 514

16 June 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only No Yes Area 513

17 June 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

6 October 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

27 November 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

11 October 2001 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 509

18 February 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 516

4 May 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Carcass d Yes No Area 514

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

20 March 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 541

9 October 1999 Eumetopias jubatus 3 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 517

21 February 2002 Eumetopias jubatus 4 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 517

8 March 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b2 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 541

16 August 2003 Callorhinus ursinus 1 Carcass d,e Yes Yes Area 513

c 16 May 2003 Phoca vitulina b,h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

21 March 2004 Phoca vitulina b,h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

c

11 April 2004 Phoca vitulina h1 Mandible Yes Yes Area 521

24 September 2003 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

1 April 2004 Unidentified dolphin/porpoise 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

2 April 2004 Unidentified dolphin/porpoise 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

11 March 1998 Orcinus orca 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

c

28 July 2004 Orcinus orca 1 Decomposed l Yes Yes Area 519

9 March 1999 Phocoena phocoena h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

11 March 1999 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 541

14 March 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

c

2 March 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes No Area 517

13 April 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

27 February 2004 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 541

18 February 2001 Unidentified small whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 517

11 February 2002 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 541

15 August 2003 Unidentified large whale 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 513

c

21 June 2004 Unidentified large whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517
149

Appendix 3.--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (continued)

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

18 March 1999 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 541

25 March 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

14 April 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Carcass d Yes No Area 517

22 April 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear vessels

25 September 1998 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

11 October 1998 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

19 August 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

25 August 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

29 September 1999 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

8 September 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

16 September 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Plant Yes Area 509 m

11 October 2000 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

19 February 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

12 March 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

20 July 2001 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 521

26 July 2001 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

26 July 2001 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

28 July 2001 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

5 February 2002 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship In port Yes Area 519

24 February 2002 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship In port Yes Area 519

29 August 2002 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

2 September 2002 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

5 October 2002 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

30 June 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

5 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship No Yes Area 521

5 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship No Yes Area 521

13 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

17 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

17 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes No Area 521

17 July 2003 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 521

13 February 2004 Eumetopias jubatus 3 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 509

15 July 2004 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 513

9 September 1998 Callorhinus ursinus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

1 August 2001 Unidentified otariid 1 Boarded ship Yes No Area 521

10 October 2001 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

14 July 2002 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

17 February 2004 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513

4 September 1999 Erignathus barbatus n1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

14 September 1999 Erignathus barbatus b1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 509

12 October 2000 Pusa hispida b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

28 July 2001 Pusa hispida b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

5 September 2001 Pusa hispida b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

24 August 2001 Histriophoca fasciata b,h 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 517

22 July 2001 Unidentified pinniped 2 Boarded ship Yes No Area 523

27 August 2001 Unidentified pinniped 1 Misc. flesh o Yes No Area 521

8 July 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Misc. flesh Yes Yes Area 521
150

Appendix 3.--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

25 October 1998 Megaptera novaeangliae 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

2 February 1999 Megaptera novaeangliae h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

14 September 2000 Balaenoptera acutorostrata h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

5 September 2001 Balaenoptera acutorostrata h1 Misc. flesh p Yes No Area 521

21 August 2002 Balaenoptera acutorostrata h 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

4 September 1999 Eschrichtius robustus h 1 Skull only No Yes Area 521

8 September 2000 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

11 July 2001 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed q Yes Yes Area 521

26 July 2001 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

4 August 2001 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

17 March 2003 Unidentified beaked whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

13 September 2003 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

28 July 2000 Unidentified beaked whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 517

20 August 1999 Orcinus orca (transient) h1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 521

1 September 1999 Orcinus orca 1 Decomposed No Yes Area 517

12 March 2002 Orcinus orca (transient) h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

20 March 2003 Orcinus orca (transient) h1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 521

22 July 2003 Orcinus orca (resident) h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

19 February 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

30 August 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

5 October 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 519

15 August 1999 Phocoenoides dalli h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

9 September 1999 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

20 July 2000 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

15 August 2000 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 521

8 September 2000 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

10 September 2000 Phocoenoides dalli

h

1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

18 August 2001 Phocoenoides dalli h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

22 September 2001 Phocoenoides dalli h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

24 September 2002 Phocoenoides dalli h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 517

20 July 2004 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

8 September 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

26 September 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

6 October 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

15 October 1998 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only No Yes Area 517

5 September 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 513

14 October 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

25 February 2002 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

9 July 2004 Unidentified whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

19 August 2004 Unidentified whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

4 September 1998 Unidentified small whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

14 April 2001 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

16 September 2001 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

6 July 2004 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

23 August 2004 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

28 June 2001 Unidentified cetacean 1 Misc. flesh r Yes No Area 509

25 July 2001 Unidentified cetacean s1 Trailing gear d No No Area 521

16 February 2002 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only No Yes Area 517

21 August 2002 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

24 September 2002 Unidentified cetacean 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 513
151

Appendix 3.--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (continued)

Pelagic trawl gear vessels (continued)

28 June 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Skull/bones Yes Yes Area 517

1 September 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Skull/bones Yes Yes Area 521

16 September 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

2 October 2004 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

20 October 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

20 October 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only No No Area 517

13 September 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

30 August 2001 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

28 August 2002 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 517

25 January 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

23 February 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 513

17 August 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

12 February 2001 Unidentified baleen whale 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

19 September 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 509

19 September 1998 Unidentified large whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

GOA flatfish trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

6 April 2000 Eschrichtius robustus h1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 630

23 July 2000 Megaptera novaeangliae 1 Decomposed Plant No Area 630 m

13 July 2004 Unidentified dolphin/porpoise 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 610

10 May 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 610

c

11 May 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 610

11 August 2003 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 620

6 May 2000 Unidentified small whale 1 Skull only No Yes Area 610

18 April 1998 Unidentified large whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 630

12 April 2002 Unidentified large whale 1 Skull/bones Yes Yes Area 630

25 July 2001 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 630

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

18 October 2001 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 610

4 September 2004 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 630

GOA pollock trawl fishery

Pelagic trawl gear vessels

2 June 1998 Eumetopias jubatus b 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 610

25 January 2001 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Boarded ship Yes Yes Area 630

11 March 2003 Eumetopias jubatus b1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 610

23 March 2003 t Mirounga angustirostris 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 620

7 October 1999 Balaenoptera physalus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 620

1 June 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 610
152

Appendix 3.--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA rockfish trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

18 July 1999 Phoca vitulina 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 630

7 July 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 640

9 July 1999 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 630

18 July 2004 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 610

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl fishery

Non-pelagic trawl gear vessels

4 November 1998 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 509

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

11 May 1999 Orcinus orca 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

7 September 2002 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 509

4 August 2004 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Unknown d,u No No Area 513

28 February 2000 Callorhinus ursinus 1 Minor injury d Yes Yes Area 541

14 October 1999 Unidentified otariid 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 516

27 May 2001 Unidentified otariid 1 Minor injury d Yes Yes Area 524

6 November 1998 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

30 September 1999 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Skull only Yes Yes Area 521

19 July 2003 Odobenus rosmarus 1 Tusks only Yes No Area 524

29 March 1999 Phoca largha 1 Carcass d Yes Yes Area 517

11 March 1998 Histriophoca fasciata 1 Unknown d,v Yes No Area 521

15 March 2001 Histriophoca fasciata 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

30 May 2001 Unidentified pinniped 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 524

11 February 2003 Unidentified pinniped 1 Decomposed Yes Yes Area 521

27 October 2000 Orcinus orca 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 523

9 September 2003 Orcinus orca (resident) h1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 521

6 March 1999 Phocoenoides dalli 1 Killed by gear No Yes Area 517

24 February 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

23 August 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

1 November 2000 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

4 October 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

2 December 2001 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

4 March 2002 Unidentified whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

7 October 2003 Unidentified large whale 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

12 December 1998 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 517

27 January 2000 Unidentified cetacean 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 509

18 February 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

12 May 1998 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

2 December 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only No No Area 517

21 August 2001 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes No Area 517

4 January 2002 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 521

4 January 2003 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 523
153

Appendix 3.--Continued.

Haul/set Marine

Fishery monitored mammal

Area by seen by

Date Marine mammal species Number Status aobserver observer Location

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

BSAI sablefish longline fishery

c 16 August 1999 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 541

GOA sablefish longline fishery

12 April 2000 Eumetopias jubatus 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 650

25 April 2000 Physeter macrocephalus 1 Trailing gear Yes Yes Area 640

26 May 2000 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only Yes Yes Area 610

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

21 September 1999 Phoca vitulina b,h 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 542

14 July 1998 Unidentified baleen whale w 1 Trailing gear No Yes Area 513

BS sablefish pot fishery

30 July 2002 Megaptera novaeangliae 1 Unharmed d,x Yes Yes Area 519

3 November 2002 Megaptera novaeangliae 1 Trailing gear y No Yes Area 519

15 May 2002 Unidentified marine mammal 1 Bones only z Yes Yes Area 517

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

7 October 1998 Phoca vitulina 1 Killed by gear Yes Yes Area 610
154

Appendix 3.--Continued.

a

The following codes were used to indicate the various types of incidental take: 1) "Killed by gear" refers to a

marine mammal which died as a direct result of being caught or entangled in the gear during fishing operations or

retrieval; 2) "Hit propeller" indicates a marine mammal that was killed during fishing operations by collision with

the ship’s propeller and/or hull; 3) "Carcass" refers to a dead marine mammal caught or entangled in the gear, but

the time or mode of death could not be determined; 4) "Decomposed" indicates a marine mammal which had died

previously and was in the process of decomposition prior to being caught or entangled in the gear; 5) "Trailing

gear" indicates that a marine mammal, which was caught or entangled in the gear, was subsequently returned to

the sea with attached pieces of fishing gear (e.g., hook and line, net fragments, or buoy that will seriously restrict

the animal's survivability) after the gear was broken either accidentally or intentionally by the crew; 6) "Minor

injury" refers to a marine mammal that was wounded on the body or appendages by the gear, but will

subsequently heal and survive at sea without serious impact from the incident; 7) "Unharmed" refers to a marine

mammal which was caught or entangled in the gear and subsequently returned to the sea, without injury or

trauma, either on its own volition or after being freed from the gear by the crew; 8) "Boarded ship" indicates a

marine mammal that climbed onto the vessel (e.g., via the stern ramp or trawl alley) and subsequently returned to

the sea, without injury or trauma, either on its own volition or after being deterred from the ship by the crew;

9) "Aborted fetus" indicates that only an isolated fetus (which was aborted at sea by its mother sometime prior to

the interaction) was caught or entangled in the gear; 10) "Misc. flesh" indicates that miscellaneous mammalian

remnants (e.g., isolated fragments of blubber, skin or tissue) were either found in the catch or caught/entangled in

the gear; 11) "Baleen only" indicates that only an isolated piece of baleen was caught or entangled in the gear;

12) "Bones only" indicates a miscellaneous isolated bone specimen(s) (not from a skull, and usually vertebrae)

without flesh from a marine mammal which had died and decomposed long before the part was caught or

entangled in gear; 13) "Skull only" indicates a miscellaneous complete skull (which may have attached bones or

tusks) without flesh from a marine mammal which had died and decomposed long before the part was caught or

entangled in the gear; 14) "Skull/bones" indicates a combination of a miscellaneous skull without flesh and

unattached skeletal bones from a marine mammal which had died and decomposed long before the part was

caught or entangled in the gear; 15) "Mandible" indicates that only an isolated jaw bone was caught or entangled

in the gear; 16) "Tusks only" indicates isolated walrus tusks were found caught or entangled in the gear; and

17) "Unknown" indicates that the status of the animal could not be determined as to whether it was dead or alive

(or injured).

b Species identification was confirmed by examination of teeth specimens collected by observers.

c

The estimated predominant catch target or fishery target groundfish species of the haul (set) in NORPAC was not

the same as the assigned target species for the haul's trip level target date in the CAS for this marine mammal

incidental take. In all cases the trip level target code for the NORPAC haul in the CAS was used to categorize

marine mammal bycatch by target fishery in this report.

d Data from this take was not used in analyses to estimate bycatch.

e This animal may have been killed by the gear, but the observer recorded the interaction as decomposed.

f

Recaptured sea lion from 3 days earlier.

g This female northern fur seal was pregnant.

h

Species and stock (killer whales) identification was verified by analysis of DNA from tissue specimens collected

by observers.

i

There were no known injuries, but the observer couldn't verify this; however, the seal did appear to be in a weak

state.

j

The species identification of this animal was changed from an unidentified phocid (Perez 2003) to a spotted seal

in 2006 based on analysis of DNA from vibrissae; however, the observer originally thought the animal was a

spotted seal, but the teeth were difficult to identify as to whether it was a spotted seal or harbor seal.

k The observer felt and heard the collision of a killer whale with the propeller, but did not see any part of the

animal.

l A decaying head from a killer whale was caught in the trawl net.

m This take occurred in the unmonitored portion of the fishery which has no observers at sea; the take was reported

by an observer at the shoreside processing plant where the catcher vessel delivered its groundfish catch.
155

Appendix 3.--Continued.

n

The species identification of this animal was changed from a harbor seal (Perez 2003) to a bearded seal in 2004

based on recently discovered teeth specimens misplaced by the NPGOP.

o Many chunks of flesh were found in the catch along with many mud sharks; the observer assumed that these

pinniped remnants were from the stomach contents of one or more of the mud sharks.

p Only an intestine of a minke whale was found in the catch.

q This same whale was caught again in the next haul on the same date by the same vessel.

r Only a 3-inch round plug of mammalian skin and blubber was found in the catch.

s This animal was presumably a baleen whale.

t

The fishing start date was used instead of the haul retrieval date to determine the 4-week period of this take by a

catcher-only vessel.

u

The observer was informed by the crew several days later that a live sea lion dropped off the line, but the observer

could not verify the status of this take.

v

The observer did not know if the ribbon seal was dead or alive before the interaction because only a piece of fur

(with a 5 cm wide band) was found hooked on the line; this take could have been a serious injury or mortality

since the piece of fur was apparently ripped off the animal.

w This unidentified baleen whale was not a humpback whale, but it may have been a fin whale or minke whale.

x This humpback whale was caught in the lines of the pot gear during a set, and the animal was freed from the gear

by the crew with no known injuries or trailing gear.

y

The observer stated that the whale had apparently wrapped its tail in the line and could not get free. The crew

attempted to bring the animal close to the boat in order to free the line, but it thrashed about violently. The line

connecting the pots and the buoys (attached at the end of each set of gear) had become wrapped around the caudal

peduncle area of the animal. The observer speculated that there was probably little that the crew could have done

to free the line and buoys from the whale, but the whale eventually broke the line after quite a bit of thrashing and

splashing about. Once the line was broken, the whale immediately swam off and at the last point the observer

saw it, the gear was still attached. Approximately two or three buoy bags were still attached to the base of the

whale's tail; the observer doubted that much line remained since it seemed to have broken very near to the end of

the gear.

z The marine mammal bone was entangled in the lines or webbing of the pot gear.
156

Appendix 4.--Statistical formulae used to calculate bycatch rates and estimates.

Estimates of catch rates of incidental mortality of marine mammals were obtained by

ratio estimates of pooled data within each stratum. For each fishery (defined by groundfish catch

target species), the data were stratified into subgroups (subgroup = stratum, indexed by the letter

h) by gear type, year, statistical area, 4-week period, and processing sector (i.e., vessel class).

Sampling units (indexed by the letter i) were defined as individual hauls (sets). Catch rates and

variance were based only on bycatch data from observed marine mammals in monitored hauls.

Since the catch rates (incidental take ratios) calculated with the equations below were all less

than one, they were multiplied by 10,000 to facilitate readability. The phrase "marine mammals"

below refers only to the marine mammal species for which catch rates were calculated in each

analysis, unless specifically stated otherwise in the text or tables. Equations for ratio estimates

were based on Cochran (1977) and Levy and Lemeshow (1999). The stratified random sampling

ratio estimator for total incidental take was adjusted by the addition of the number of observed

mortality takes (actually seen by observers) from strata which had zero or unknown bycatch rates

(i.e., from strata where no marine mammals were observed in monitored hauls). Confidence

intervals based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et al. 1987) were calculated using

only the non-adjusted ratio estimates and their corresponding coefficients of variation.

Given:

J = number of strata analyzed (total for fishery by gear type, year, statistical

area, 4-week period, or processing sector);

h

n = number of monitored (randomly selected) sampling units in stratum h;

Nh = total number of sampling units in the fishery in stratum h (including

those not monitored for marine mammal bycatch, but which may still be

sampled for fish composition by observers);

xi = metric tons of groundfish monitored in sampling unit i;

xh = mean number of metric tons of groundfish monitored in stratum h;

Xh

= total metric tons of groundfish caught in the fishery in stratum h;

i

y = number of marine mammals observed in sampling unit i;

h

y = mean number of marine mammals observed in stratum h;
157

Appendix 4 -- Continued.

h

f = the sampling fraction ( n / N ) h h(since Nhis unknown, f was

approximated by the proportion of total groundfish catch observed in

stratum h);

Rˆ = observed incidental take ratio (catch rate) for stratum h;

s(Rˆ) = standard error of observed incidental take ratio (catch rate) for stratum h;

YˆR

= = ratio estimate of total incidental take for stratum h;

Rˆs = total observed incidental take ratio (catch rate) for the sum of J strata;

YˆRs

= stratified random sampling ratio estimator for total incidental take

obtained by summing the separate ratio estimates from J strata;

ˆR V(Y ) = variance of ratio estimate for stratum h;

ˆRs V (Y ) = variance of stratified random sampling ratio estimator from J strata;

As

= number of marine mammals actually seen by observers which occurred

in unmonitored hauls from J strata which had zero or unknown bycatch

rates; and

ˆYA

= adjusted stratified random sampling ratio estimator for total incidental

take.

Catch rates and ratio estimates were obtained from:

nh

i

1

h

h

x

f =

X



(1)

ˆ ˆ

h

h

n

i

1 h

h

n

h

i

1

y

y

R = = = R

x

x





(2)
158

Appendix 4 -- Continued.

ˆ ˆh

2 ˆ 2

R R h h V( ) = [ ( ) Y Y V ] ( ) = s X R (5)

ˆs ˆh

J

R R

1

Y =Y (6)

ˆs ˆh

h

J

R R 2

1

1

V ) (Y Y ) V(

( x )



  (7)

Y Y ˆA = ˆRs As

(8)

Lower (L1) and upper (L2) 95% confidence interval (CI) limits were estimated with the

lognormal approximation (Burnham et al. 1987) using the following formulas:

ˆ ˆ / 1 R R s s L (Y Y )  C (9)

ˆ ˆ 2 R R s s L (Y Y )  C (10)

where

exp ln(1 [cv ] ) / 2 ( ˆ) Rs

2 C = z +  Y 

 

(11)

using the coefficient of variation, cv ) (YˆR s, and α= 0.05. Both 95% confidence interval limits

expressed as a range are indicated by 95% L . The value of z/2 was 1.959964.

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ

2 2 2

h h i h i i i

h

h h h

1 - f y y - + 2R x x R

s(R) s( ) = = R

x n n - 1

    (3)

ˆ ˆ ˆ Y Y R = = Rh Xh Rh

(4)
159

Appendix 5.—Calendar dates during 1998-2004 assigned to each 4-week period used to stratify the bycatch data in

analyses. a

Yearly calendar date ranges within each 4-week period

Period 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1

1 January to

31 January

1 January to

30 January

1 January to

29 January

1 January to

27 January

1 January to

26 January

1 January to

25 January

1 January to

31 January

2

1 February to

28 February

31 January to

27 February

30 January to

26 February

28 January to

24 February

27 January to

23 February

26 January to

22 February

1 February to

28 February

3

1 March to

28 March

28 February to

27 March

27 February to

25 March

25 February to

24 March

24 February to

23 March

23 February to

22 March

29 February to

27 March

4

29 March to

25 April

28 March to

24 April

26 March to

22 April

25 March to

21 April

24 March to

20 April

23 March to

19 April

28 March to

24 April

5

26 April to

23 May

25 April to

22 May

23 April to

20 May

22 April to

19 May

21 April to

18 May

20 April to

17 May

25 April to

22 May

6

24 May to

20 June

23 May to

19 June

21 May to

17 June

20 May to

16 June

19 May to

15 June

18 May to

14 June

23 May to

19 June

7

21 June to

18 July

20 June to

17 July

18 June to

15 July

17 June to

14 July

16 June to

13 July

15 June to

12 July

20 June to

17 July

8

19 July to

15 August

18 July to

14 August

16 July to

12 August

15 July to

11 August

14 July to

10 August

13 July to

9 August

18 July to

14 August

9

16 August to

12 September

15 August to

11 September

13 August to

9 September

12 August to

8 September

11 August to

7 September

10 August to

6 September

15 August to

11 September

10 13 September to

10 October

12 September to

9 October

10 September to

7 October

9 September to

6 October

8 September to

5 October

7 September to

4 October

12 September to

9 October

11 11 October to

7 November

10 October to

6 November

8 October to

4 November

7 October to

3 November

6 October to

2 November

5 October to

1 November

10 October to

6 November

12 8 November to

5 December

7 November to

4 December

5 November to

2 December

4 November to

1 December

3 November to

30 November

2 November to

29 November

7 November to

4 December

13 6 December to

31 December

5 December to

31 December

3 December to

31 December

2 December to

31 December

1 December to

31 December

30 November to

31 December

5 December to

31 December

a

Fishing weeks end on Saturdays in the CAS and Blend databases. The extra days from incomplete weeks at the

start and end of each year were included in the first and thirteenth 4-week periods, respectively.
160

Appendix 6.--Percentage of the total groundfish catch in each of the three processing sectors, by fishery, and the

percentage of each processing sector's groundfish catch monitored for marine mammals during

1998-2004.

Fishery processing sector

Catcher/Processors Motherships Catcher-only vessels

Percent of Percent of Percent of

processing processing processing

sector sector sector

Total Percent groundfish Percent groundfish Percent groundfish

fishery of total catch of total catch of total catch

groundfish fishery monitored fishery monitored fishery monitored

catch groundfish for marine groundfish for marine groundfish for marine

Fishery (t) catch mammals catch mammals catch mammals

Trawl fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 442,595.1 99.99 85.17 <0.01 3.38 0.01 100.00

BSAI flatfish trawl 1,356,911.3 99.64 62.05 0.07 37.70 0.29 67.66

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 611,201.3 45.44 48.70 7.06 59.52 47.50 52.94

BSAI pollock trawl 9,076,537.8 45.51 91.98 10.95 61.25 43.53 67.07

BSAI rockfish trawl 82,735.3 99.76 82.28 0 - 0.24 22.14

GOA flatfish trawl 211,390.9 59.71 44.51 <0.01 0 40.28 25.31

GOA Pacific cod trawl 193,404.9 11.29 33.62 0.38 49.09 88.33 18.26

GOA pollock trawl 542,319.4 0.09 75.39 0.05 34.86 99.86 29.33

GOA rockfish trawl 172,332.8 54.16 65.45 0 - 45.84 28.01

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 13,630.4 65.91 30.48 0.18 0 33.91 27.24

Longline fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 46,325.1 95.73 38.39 0 - 4.27 14.90

BSAI Pacific cod longline 915,022.6 99.43 30.41 0.08 0 0.50 24.44

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 10,923.2 53.75 44.58 0 - 46.25 28.88

BSAI rockfish longline 718.5 86.08 39.94 0 - 13.92 36.50

BSAI sablefish longline 20,059.7 48.37 37.52 0.09 0 51.54 5.77

GOA Pacific cod longline 92,011.1 46.31 14.77 0.02 0 53.67 1.30

GOA Pacific halibut longline 18,395.1 37.74 32.31 0 - 62.26 21.10

GOA rockfish longline 6,679.6 2.38 14.46 0.06 0 97.55 0.52

GOA sablefish longline 141,475.6 23.61 28.54 <0.01 0 76.39 7.63

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 7,353.1 50.22 37.25 0 - 49.78 9.00

Pot fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot 126,719.1 16.20 21.96 6.27 0 77.53 11.69

BS sablefish pot 1,875.6 0.95 51.83 0 - 99.05 38.08

AI sablefish pot 1,409.3 1.83 85.58 0 - 98.17 45.01

GOA Pacific cod pot 110,264.7 7.52 14.58 0.84 0 91.64 4.49

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 2,469.9 3.64 10.29 59.98 0 37.39 6.87

Jig fisheries

AK miscellaneous finfish jig 9,500.4 <0.01 6.33 0.29 0 99.70 0
161

Appendix 7.--Results from the primary analytical strata with observed mortalities or serious injuries of marine

mammals during 1998-2004 in the analyses for the data in Tables 5-8. The extrapolated mortality

( ˆRY ), variance ( ( ˆ) RV Y ), and 95% confidence interval a(L95%) of marine mammals as bycatch are

listed. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the bycatch rate is also listed. The number of marine

mammals (As) actually seen by observers in unmonitored sets is stated in the table, and these takes

(with zero variance) were assigned as the estimated bycatch for strata without observed takes (strata

with zero bycatch rates and variance).

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 542

1998 3 P 66.5 3 4.5 3.707 0.43 2.0 to 10.1 0 4.5 g

1999 2 P 69.4 1 1.4 0.649 0.56 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.4

2000 2 P 91.4 1 1.1 0.104 0.29 0.6 to 1.9 0 1.1

2001 2 P 81.3 1 1.2 0.285 0.43 0.5 to 2.8 0 1.2

2003 4 P 81.6 1 1.2 0.285 0.44 0.5 to 2.8 0 1.2

Area 543

1999 10 P 78.7 2 2.5 0.697 0.33 1.4 to 4.8 0 2.5 g

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1999 1 P 69.2 1 1.4 0.662 0.56 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.4

2001 8 P 68.0 1 1.5 0.693 0.57 0.5 to 4.1 0 1.5

2001 10 P 55.5 1 1.8 1.454 0.67 0.5 to 5.9 0 1.8

Area 513

1998 12 P 52.1 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2000 5 P 89.9 2 2.2 0.249 0.22 1.4 to 3.4 0 2.2 g

2001 6 P 63.6 1 1.6 0.907 0.61 0.5 to 4.7 0 1.6

2001 10 P 62.4 1 1.6 0.960 0.61 0.5 to 4.8 0 1.6

2003 4 P 71.4 1 1.4 0.561 0.53 0.5 to 3.7 0 1.4

Area 514

2000 7 P 76.6 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2002 6 P 60.8 1 1.6 1.054 0.62 0.5 to 5.1 0 1.6

2003 6 P 74.6 1 1.3 0.458 0.50 0.5 to 3.4 0 1.3

2004 5 P 64.7 1 1.5 0.841 0.59 0.5 to 4.5 0 1.5

2004 6 P 65.6 1 1.5 0.784 0.58 0.5 to 4.4 0 1.5

Area 524

2000 5 P 80.6 1 1.2 0.293 0.44 0.5 to 2.8 0 1.2

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 541

1999 3 P 84.0 1 1.2 0.226 0.40 0.6 to 2.5 0 1.2

2003 3 C 47.0 2 4.3 9.683 0.73 1.2 to 15.3 0 4.3 g

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1998 10 P 74.5 1 1.3 0.460 0.51 0.5 to 3.4 0 1.3

2000 9 P 86.8 1 1.2 0.175 0.36 0.6 to 2.3 0 1.2

2000 10 C 57.6 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2001 3 P 93.0 1 1.1 0.081 0.26 0.6 to 1.8 0 1.1

2002 9 P 100.0 1 1.0 0 0 - 0 1.0
162

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear) (continued)

Area 513

2001 2 C 85.1 1 1.2 0.206 0.39 0.6 to 2.4 0 1.2

2002 9 P 100.0 1 1.0 0 0 - 0 1.0

2004 7 P 98.8 1 1.0 0.012 0.11 0.8 to 1.2 0 1.0

Area 517

1998 11 P 81.5 1 1.2 0.279 0.43 0.5 to 2.8 0 1.2

1999 10 C 84.6 1 1.2 0.216 0.39 0.6 to 2.5 0 1.2

2000 11 C 69.1 1 1.4 0.645 0.55 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.4

2002 10 M 69.8 1 1.4 0.620 0.55 0.5 to 3.9 0 1.4

Area 521

1999 9 P 93.6 2 2.1 0.147 0.18 1.5 to 3.0 0 2.1

2001 8 P 94.5 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 610

2001 11 P 21.4 1 4.7 14.923 0.83 1.1 to 19.2 0 4.7

GOA pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 610

1998 6 C 63.1 1 1.6 0.940 0.61 0.5 to 4.8 0 1.6

2003 3 C 41.5 1 2.4 5.389 0.96 0.5 to 11.8 0 2.4 g

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 509

2002 9 P 26.9 1 3.7 10.153 0.86 0.9 to 15.9 0 3.7

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): eastern U.S. stock

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Area 650

2000 4 C 14.6 1 6.9 39.805 0.92 1.5 to 31.8 0 6.9

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 513

2000 8 P 67.7 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2001 8 P 72.1 1 1.4 0.537 0.53 0.5 to 3.7 0 1.4

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

1998 9 M 28.6 1 3.5 8.965 0.86 0.8 to 15.0 0 3.5
163

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Unidentified otariids i

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 516

1999 11 P 65.2 1 1.5 0.799 0.58 0.5 to 4.4 0 1.5

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 513

1998 6 P 62.7 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2000 3 P 58.5 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2000 6 P 85.7 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Area 514

2002 6 P 60.8 2 3.3 2.089 0.44 1.4 to 7.5 0 3.3 g

2004 5 P 64.7 2 3.1 1.686 0.42 1.4 to 6.8 0 3.1 g

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

2001 10 P 55.5 1 1.8 1.445 0.67 0.5 to 5.9 0 1.8

Area 513

1998 5 P 67.2 1 1.5 0.721 0.57 0.5 to 4.2 0 1.5

1999 9 P 60.4 1 1.7 1.093 0.63 0.5 to 5.2 0 1.7

2000 9 P 62.3 1 1.6 0.969 0.61 0.5 to 4.9 0 1.6

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1999 10 P 78.6 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Area 521

1999 9 M 54.5 1 1.8 1.531 0.67 0.6 to 6.1 0 1.8

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

2004 4 P 71.0 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Area 524

2000 6 P 76.7 1 1.3 0.402 0.49 0.5 to 3.2 0 1.3

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

2003 5 P 50.1 1 2.0 1.974 0.70 0.6 to 6.9 0 2.0

2004 3 C 51.1 1 2.0 1.859 0.70 0.6 to 6.7 0 2.0
164

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Gulf of Alaska stock

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 542

1999 10 C 75.9 1 1.3 0.385 0.47 0.5 to 3.2 0 1.3

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 610

1998 10 C 64.2 1 1.6 1.015 0.65 0.5 to 5.0 0 1.6 g

Spotted seal (Phoca largha): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

2004 4 P 71.0 1 1.4 0.578 0.54 0.5 to 3.8 0 1.4

Area 514

1999 5 P 73.8 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2004 5 P 64.7 1 1.5 0.840 0.59 0.5 to 4.5 0 1.5

Area 524

2004 5 P 68.7 1 1.5 0.656 0.56 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.5

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

2000 11 C 69.1 1 1.4 0.645 0.55 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.4

Area 521

2001 8 P 94.5 1 1.1 0.062 0.24 0.7 to 1.7 0 1.1

2001 9 P 95.9 1 1.0 0.044 0.20 0.7 to 1.5 0 1.0

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

2001 9 P 82.3 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 521

2001 3 P 33.2 1 3.0 6.061 0.82 0.7 to 12.2 0 3.0

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): California breeding stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 620

2003 3

r C 28.2 1 3.5 9.226 0.86 0.8 to 15.2 0 3.5
165

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Unidentified phocids i

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 514

2001 6 P 54.9 1 1.8 1.489 0.67 0.6 to 6.0 0 1.8

Unidentified pinnipeds i

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

2002 5 P 67.2 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 524

2001 6 P 33.5 1 3.0 5.848 0.81 0.7 to 12.0 0 3.0

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks j

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1999 2 C 70.0 1 1.4 0.610 0.55 0.5 to 3.9 0 1.4

Area 517

1998 11 C 56.7 1 1.8 1.347 0.66 0.5 to 5.7 0 1.8

BS sablefish pot fishery

Area 519

2002 12 C 16.9 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

2000 10 C 63.4 1 1.6 0.915 0.61 0.5 to 4.7 0 1.6

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): Northeast Pacific stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 620

1999 10 C 33.6 1 3.0 5.887 0.82 0.7 to 12.1 0 3.0

Unidentified baleen whalesi

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 521

2001 8 P 94.5 1 1.1 0.062 0.24 0.7 to 1.7 0 1.1
166

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Unidentified baleen whales i(continued)

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

Area 513

1998 7 P 21.2 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

k

GOA sablefish longline fishery

Area 640

2000 5 C 44.9 1 2.2 2.786 0.75 0.6 to 8.2 0 2.2

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock l,m

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 517

1998 8 P 49.6 1 2.0 2.051 0.71 0.6 to 7.1 0 2.0

Area 519

2001 8 P 68.7 1 1.5 0.651 0.55 0.5 to 4.0 0 1.5

Area 521

2004 4 P 57.1 1 1.8 1.321 0.66 0.5 to 5.7 1 1.8 n

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

Area 521

1999 5 P 33.4 1 3.0 5.918 0.81 0.7 to 12.1 0 3.0

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 521

2003 10 P 23.9 1 4.2 13.382 0.87 1.0 to 18.3 0 4.2

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and

Bering Sea transient stock l

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 521

1999 9 P 93.6 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2002 3 P 95.3 1 1.0 0.052 0.22 0.7 to 1.6 0 1.0

2003 3 M 67.1 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 513

1998 8 P 53.6 1 1.9 1.606 0.68 0.6 to 6.2 0 1.9

2001 9 P 57.5 1 1.7 1.286 0.65 0.5 to 5.6 0 1.7
167

Appendix 7.--Continued.

Number Number

of marine of marine

Percent mammals mammals

Species (stock) bof catch seen by Extrapolated bycatch seen by

Fishery 4-week Fishery monitored observers in observers in Estimated

Area period processing for marine monitored unmonitored bycatch f

Year of year csector d mammals catch ˆRY ( ˆ)

R

V Y CV 95%L catch (As)

e ˆA

Y

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1999 9 C 33.5 1 3.0 5.369 0.78 0.8 to 11.5 0 3.0

Area 517

1998 2 M 38.9 1 2.6 4.040 0.78 0.7 to 10.0 0 2.6

1998 9 P 72.9 1 1.4 0.513 0.52 0.5 to 3.6 0 1.4

2002 10 M 69.8 1 1.4 0.620 0.55 0.5 to 3.9 0 1.4

Area 519

1998 10 C 35.0 1 2.9 5.261 0.80 0.7 to 11.4 0 2.9

Area 521

1999 9 M 54.5 1 1.8 1.532 0.67 0.6 to 6.1 0 1.8

2000 8 P 93.9 1 1.1 0.069 0.25 0.7 to 1.7 0 1.1

2000 9 P 95.9 1 1.0 0.044 0.20 0.7 to 1.5 0 1.0

2000 9 M 59.2 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

2000 10 P 97.5 1 1.0 0.026 0.16 0.8 to 1.4 0 1.0

2001 9 M 71.9 1 1.4 0.542 0.53 0.5 to 3.7 0 1.4

2001 10 M 66.6 1 1.5 0.748 0.58 0.5 to 4.3 0 1.5

2004 8 P 99.7 1 1.0 0.003 0.06 0.9 to 1.1 0 1.0

BSAI pollock trawl fishery (non-pelagic trawl gear)

Area 509

1998 10 P 81.7 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

GOA pollock trawl fishery (pelagic trawl gear)

Area 610

1998 6 C 63.1 1 1.6 0.942 0.61 0.5 to 4.8 0 1.6

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

Area 517

1999 3 P 24.9 0 0 0 - - 1 1.0 h

a The 95% confidence interval (L95%) is an approximation based on the natural log-transformation (Burnham et al.

1987) using the CV of the nonadjusted ratio estimate ( ˆRY ).

b The stock definitions were taken from Angliss and Outlaw (2005).

c The calendar date ranges of the 4-week periods during 1998-2004 are listed in Appendix 5. The fishing start date

and not the haul retrieval date was used to determine the 4-week period for takes by catcher-only vessels.

d P = catcher/processor vessels; M = mothership vessels, C = catcher-only vessels.

e The unmonitored catch referred to in this table was the catch in monitored sets during the same cruises with

observers aboard as the monitored sets. However, the animals taken in these unmonitored sets were actually seen

by observers when alerted by the crew.

f Unlike the approach used by Perez (2003), the number of animals (As

) in the unmonitored catch analyzed in the

present report includes only animals actually seen by observers (no animals seen only by the crew were used in

bycatch analyses). These observed, but unmonitored, marine mammals were included in the estimated bycatch

( ˆAY ) when they were the only animals observed taken in a stratum.
168

Appendix 7.--Continued.

g The lower 95% confidence level (rounded to an integer) was less than the number of animals seen by observers in

monitored hauls.

h Bycatch seen by observers occurred only in the unmonitored hauls of observed cruises in this stratum.

i

Includes animals that may belong to one of the identified species.

j The two stocks overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005). Due to a lack of DNA

samples it was not possible to determine which stock was impacted by the different components of the groundfish

fisheries.

k No sperm whales have been observed killed by any type of groundfish fishery gear in Alaska. These estimates

were based solely on one animal which was observed caught and released with trailing longline gear; this trailing

gear take was classified as a serious injury.

l The stock identification of killer whales incidentally taken by the groundfish fisheries in Alaska was based on

DNA analyses of tissue samples collected by observers from dead animals (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers.

comm.).

m All of the DNA samples collected from killer whales incidentally caught by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery were

from northern residents, and the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery was considered to have been primarily involved with

this stock of killer whales. However, it was not possible to determine the stock identification from all of the killer

whales caught by the BSAI flatfish trawl fishery because of a lack of DNA samples for some individuals. A

DNA sample collected from the one killer whale observed incidentally taken in 2003 by the BSAI Pacific cod

longline fishery was also from a northern resident, and the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery was likewise

considered to have been primarily involved with this stock of killer whales. However, it was not possible to

verify the stock identification of the killer whale caught by the BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery in 1999

because of a lack of DNA samples.

n The marine mammal bycatch which was seen by observers in unmonitored sets in this stratum was not included in

the estimated bycatch.
169

Fishing Months in the Groundfish Fisheries of Alaska (1998-2004)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT)

BSAI flatfish trawl (PTR)

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (PTR)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT)

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR)

BSAI pollock trawl (NPT)

BSAI rockfish trawl (PTR)

BSAI rockfish trawl (NPT)

GOA flatfish trawl (PTR)

GOA flatfish trawl (NPT)

GOA Pacific cod trawl (PTR)

GOA Pacific cod trawl (NPT)

GOA pollock trawl (PTR)

GOA pollock trawl (NPT)

GOA rockfish trawl (PTR)

GOA rockfish trawl (NPT)

BSAI Greenland turbot longline

BSAI Pacific cod longline

BSAI Pacific halibut longline

BSAI rockfish longline

BSAI sablefish longline

GOA Pacific cod longline

GOA Pacific halibut longline

GOA rockfish longline

GOA sablefish longline

BSAI Pacific cod pot

BS sablefish pot

AI sablefish pot

GOA Pacific cod pot

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Month

Appendix 8.--The months of the year during which fishing occurred in each groundfish fishery

of Alaska, 1998-2004 (years combined), are indicated by fishery.

NPT = non-pelagic trawl gear. PTR = pelagic trawl gear.
170

Appendix 9.--The weight (t) of groundfish caught per set (haul), the duration (hr) of sets, the total number (in

thousands) of hooks (longline fishery) or pots (pot fishery) per set, the fishing depth (m) of trawl nets,

and the bottom depth (m) where vessels with observers fished in each groundfish fishery in the

U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone of Alaska, 1998-2004. The mean ( x ), median, CV, range, and

sample size (n) values are listed for each parameter a.

Groundfish Total number of Average Average

catch Duration hooks or pots trawl net bottom

per set of set used per set fishing depth bdepth b

(t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV

[range] [range] [range] [range] [range]

Fishery (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

Trawl gear fisheries

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 48.3 41.1 0.70 2.87 2.58 0.59 N/A 129.4 122.5 0.32 130.6 124.4 0.36

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 200.9] [0.07 to 20.92] [29.3 to 1,645.9] [29.3 to 2,000.7]

(7,292) (7,292) (7,291) (7,291)

BSAI flatfish trawl 19.8 18.4 0.57 5.89 5.46 0.42 N/A 67.6 69.5 0.16 68.0 69.5 0.16

(Pelagic trawl gear) [1.4 to 54.0] [0.37 to 11.83] [51.2 to 137.2] [51.2 to 137.2]

(122) (122) (122) (122)

BSAI flatfish trawl 18.4 14.9 0.83 3.44 3.17 0.46 N/A 88.8 71.3 0.96 89.4 71.3 0.99

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 150.1] [0.03 to 17.67] [3.7 to 10,299.8] [7.3 to 10,299.8]

(59,742) (59,730) (59,741) (59,741)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 12.6 9.3 0.93 4.47 4.33 0.53 N/A 93.5 91.4 0.31 94.3 91.4 0.32

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 87.2] [0.12 to 11.08] [32.9 to 184.7] [32.9 to 184.7]

(223) (221) (223) (223)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 13.1 8.8 1.16 3.71 3.50 0.54 N/A 101.2 95.1 0.49 102.4 96.9 0.51

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 271.6] [0.03 to 24.00] [7.3 to 3,749.0] [23.8 to 4,306.8]

(25,907) (25,889) (25,890) (25,891)

BSAI pollock trawl 76.5 71.5 0.55 4.12 3.42 0.75 N/A 111.3 89.6 0.77 137.2 109.7 0.81

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 522.8] [0.02 to 31.50] [5.5 to 10,892.3] [9.1 to 14,345.1]

(94,690) (94,641) (94,663) (94,659)

BSAI pollock trawl 28.6 18.2 1.10 3.45 3.00 0.63 N/A 100.1 86.0 0.54 107.5 89.6 1.64

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 330.2] [0.08 to 24.33] [9.1 to 585.2] [20.1 to 10,071.2]

(3,588) (3,582) (3,584) (3,584)

BSAI rockfish trawl 46.7 40.0 0.71 3.05 2.68 0.59 N/A 239.6 239.6 0.30 242.0 243.2 0.31

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 173.9] [0.17 to 11.57] [71.3 to 680.3] [73.2 to 680.3]

(1,451) (1,450) (1,451) (1,451)

GOA flatfish trawl 7.4 6.6 0.75 2.69 2.50 0.69 N/A 115.6 95.1 0.67 115.9 95.1 0.67

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 25.3] [0.08 to 12.85] [38.4 to 524.9] [38.4 to 524.9]

(139) (139) (139) (139)

GOA flatfish trawl 9.3 6.9 0.93 2.67 2.50 0.53 N/A 161.2 148.1 0.55 161.7 148.1 0.56

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 92.8] [0.02 to 18.40] [3.7 to 749.8] [5.5 to 2,170.8]

(11,251) (11,246) (11,249) (11,251)

GOA Pacific cod trawl 14.0 7.2 1.64 2.78 2.40 0.74 N/A 73.0 69.5 0.25 75.3 69.5 0.29

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0.1 to 124.2] [0.17 to 11.00] [38.4 to 118.9] [38.4 to 146.3]

(59) (59) (59) (59)
171

Appendix 9.--Continued.

Groundfish Total number of Average Average

catch Duration hooks or pots trawl net bottom

per set of set used per set fishing depth b depth b

(t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV

[range] [range] [range] [range] [range]

Fishery (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

Trawl gear fisheries (continued)

GOA Pacific cod trawl 8.7 5.8 1.07 2.63 2.25 0.65 N/A 91.4 84.1 0.41 91.9 86.0 0.41

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 135.3] [0.03 to 17.42] [29.3 to 548.6] [29.3 to 548.6]

(4,465) (4,464) (4,465) (4,464)

GOA pollock trawl 32.8 24.4 0.95 5.40 4.58 0.73 N/A 159.9 146.3 0.53 200.4 179.2 0.67

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 420.0] [0.08 to 22.25] [1.8 to 493.8] [27.4 to 1,828.8]

(4,406) (4,405) (4,361) (4,379)

GOA pollock trawl 16.1 10.6 1.17 3.01 2.00 0.96 N/A 130.4 118.9 0.46 140.6 126.2 0.47

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 112.8] [0.07 to 18.50] [18.3 to 530.4] [47.5 to 530.4]

(387) (386) (387) (387)

GOA rockfish trawl 31.2 33.8 0.66 2.65 2.25 0.60 N/A 200.4 201.2 0.32 237.1 237.7 0.37

(Pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 80.4] [0.25 to 8.08] [64.0 to 512.1] [64.0 to 731.5]

(199) (199) (199) (199)

GOA rockfish trawl 18.2 12.0 1.09 2.34 2.00 0.72 N/A 179.6 164.6 0.47 180.7 164.6 0.47

(Non-pelagic trawl gear) [0 to 153.9] [0.02 to 15.50] [36.6 to 658.4] [36.6 to 658.4]

(5,471) (5,465) (5,465) (5,456)

Longline gear fisheries

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 6.9 5.7 0.73 20.47 18.00 0.64 7.772 7.489 0.45 N/A 590.6 610.8 0.23

[0 to 54.6] [1.00 to 245.40] [0.115 to 29.250] [20.1 to 1,499.6]

(5,080) (5,079) (5,080) (5,080)

BSAI Pacific cod longline 8.0 6.6 0.75 14.14 13.68 0.60 12.447 11.390 0.52 N/A 114.0 109.7 0.36

[0 to 78.8] [0.02 to 1,449.00] [0.001 to 153.600] [3.7 to 4,023.4]

(103,897) (103,707) (103,896) (103,886)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 4.8 3.2 1.07 12.71 11.05 0.60 3.794 3.692 0.69 N/A 339.7 327.4 1.22

[0 to 49.0] [0.93 to 74.00] [0.021 to 18.300] [14.6 to 13,238.7]

(1,347) (1,347) (1,347) (1,347)

BSAI rockfish longline 3.9 3.1 0.81 13.09 10.94 0.58 4.637 4.550 0.41 N/A 463.3 494.7 0.41

[0 to 18.1] [0.83 to 41.92] [0.500 to 11.200] [43.9 to 737.0]

(114) (114) (114) (114)

BSAI sablefish longline 3.4 2.5 0.87 15.29 13.72 0.52 4.497 4.320 0.39 N/A 573.8 585.2 0.22

[0 to 22.2] [0.83 to 98.75] [0.081 to 13.068] [40.2 to 1,303.9]

(2,148) (2,146) (2,148) (2,148)

GOA Pacific cod longline 8.0 7.1 0.69 12.09 11.42 0.46 8.588 8.056 0.64 N/A 100.6 89.6 0.68

[0 to 54.2] [0.50 to 85.67] [0.001 to 176.880] [36.6 to 1,026.0]

(3,082) (3,066) (3,082) (3,082)
172

Appendix 9.--Continued.

Groundfish Total number of Average Average

catch Duration hooks or pots trawl net bottom

per set of set used per set fishing depth b depth b

(t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV x median CV

[range] [range] [range] [range] [range]

Fishery (n) (n) (n) (n) (n)

Longline gear fisheries (continued)

GOA Pacific halibut longline 5.7 4.8 0.75 12.34 10.58 0.57 4.094 3.884 0.55 N/A 353.0 342.0 0.56

[0 to 35.4] [0.50 to 81.00] [0.087 to 15.250] [11.0 to 821.1]

(1,694) (1,690) (1,694) (1,694)

GOA rockfish longline 3.6 3.3 0.80 11.77 11.48 0.43 3.739 3.240 0.44 N/A 432.9 422.5 0.26

[0 to 13.1] [3.50 to 28.50] [0.278 to 7.350] [192.0 to 636.4]

(37) (37) (37) (37)

GOA sablefish longline 4.3 3.6 0.68 14.25 12.95 0.51 4.539 4.420 0.36 N/A 565.2 581.6 0.27

[0 to 39.0] [0.08 to 154.25] [0.005 to 14.500] [7.3 to 4,866.4]

(8,980) (8,977) (8,980) (8,970)

Pot gear fisheries

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4.1 1.9 1.34 27.55 20.08 1.05 0.064 0.034 1.06 N/A 87.6 82.3 0.51

[0 to 51.0] [0.02 to 733.00] [0.001 to 0.434] [1.8 to 1,280.2]

(7,999) (7,951) (7,999) (7,976)

BS sablefish pot 0.6 0.5 0.77 95.92 71.38 1.02 0.053 0.048 0.46 N/A 596.9 574.2 0.25

[0 to 6.2] [1.40 to 1,158.58] [0.001 to 0.288] [21.9 to 1,139.3]

(1,420) (1,420) (1,420) (1,420)

AI sablefish pot 0.7 0.6 0.78 61.28 41.00 1.02 0.057 0.046 0.49 N/A 554.2 548.6 0.20

[0 to 4.6] [1.25 to 738.92] [0.019 to 0.216] [160.9 to 1,069.8]

(1,098) (1,098) (1,098) (1,098)

GOA Pacific cod pot 2.7 1.7 1.23 29.95 20.53 1.19 0.045 0.029 1.07 N/A 83.6 80.5 0.36

[0 to 37.4] [0.08 to 830.50] [0.001 to 0.310] [3.7 to 859.5]

(3,911) (3,879) (3,911) (3,878)

N/A = not applicable

a Only data from sets without gear performance problems were used to calculate statistics; missing (null) values

were also excluded.

b The average depth values were taken by the observer from the vessel's logbook.
173

Appendix 10.--The weight (t) of groundfish caught, the duration (hr), the total number (103) of hooks (longline fishery)

or pots (pot fishery), the average fishing depth (m) of trawl nets, and the average bottom depth (m) at the

fishing location of sets (hauls) in which observers reported that marine mammals were incidentally killed

or entangled, by species and groundfish fishery of Alaska, 1998-2004. aThe location of each set and the

status of the marine mammal bycatch in the haul and its monitoring by observers are listed in

Appendix 3; unless denoted, each haul is represented by one animal which was killed by the gear.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 5 March 1998 94.6 3.9 N/A 101 101

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 25 March 1998 c88.7 5.3 N/A 176 176

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 11 February 1999 6.6 1.7 N/A 296 313

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 24 February 2000 42.3 3.0 N/A 104 104

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 2 February 2001 71.0 3.2 N/A 93 93

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 542 18 April 2003 25.0 3.6 N/A 110 110

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 543 7 October 1999 30.0 d3.3 N/A 93 93

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl (NPT) 543 8 October 1999 2.0 2.5 N/A 110 115

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 30 January 1999 10.8 e2.6 N/A 64 68

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 30 July 2001 19.9 3.5 N/A 37 37

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 2 October 2001 11.0 4.5 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 4 May 1998 f18.0 UNK g N/A 59 59

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 26 November 1998 59.6 7.8 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 24 April 2000 26.3 1.3 N/A 57 60

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 29 April 2000 68.4 7.1 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 8 June 2001 17.0 4.5 N/A 68 68

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 3 October 2001 31.8 4.0 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 30 March 2003 47.8 1.5 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 18 June 2000 5.0 1.6 N/A 18 22

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 25 May 2002 37.7 4.1 N/A 15 15

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 29 May 2003 17.4 3.0 N/A 20 20

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 2 June 2003 f,h 70.0 5.5 N/A 24 24

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 18 May 2004 22.9 3.9 N/A 14 14

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 23 May 2004 112.7 7.5 N/A 62 62

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 524 19 May 2000 41.3 6.0 N/A 66 66

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 541 20 March 1999 33.2 UNK g N/A 108 108

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 541 8 March 2003 c4.1 6.0 N/A 119 119

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 25 September 1998 56.4 4.0 N/A 49 73

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 8 September 2000 96.5 5.5 N/A 59 77

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 12 March 2001 91.0 3.0 N/A 73 97

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 29 August 2002 102.1 4.3 N/A 69 88

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 513 19 February 2001 90.7 9.0 N/A 91 110

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 513 2 September 2002 118.0 3.8 N/A 150 179

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 513 15 July 2004 41.3 6.7 N/A 77 95
174

Appendix 10.--Continued.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 11 October 1998 45.9 e3.0 N/A 99 99

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 29 September 1999 73.8 15.5 N/A 108 132

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 11 October 2000 127.6 8.5 N/A 101 101

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 5 October 2002 55.6 9.4 N/A 88 126

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 19 August 1999 88.7 5.8 N/A 95 121

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 25 August 1999 74.7 UNK g N/A 119 119

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 20 July 2001 37.9 e5.8 N/A 104 121

GOA Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 610 18 October 2001 15.3 d3.8 N/A 71 71

GOA pollock trawl (PTR) 610 2 June 1998 40.1 7.8 N/A 55 110

GOA pollock trawl (PTR) 610 11 March 2003 28.0 5.6 N/A 148 196

BSAI Pacific cod longline 509 7 September 2002 14.9 20.8 20.496 N/A 91

BSAI Pacific cod longline 513 4 August 2004 f,i 7.0 13.1 14.385 N/A 108

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): eastern U.S. stock

GOA sablefish longline 650 12 April 2000 3.9 13.6 2.518 N/A 582

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 9 August 2000 23.0 5.3 N/A 73 73

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 7 August 2001 17.4 5.3 N/A 59 59

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 513 16 August 2003 f,h 18.8 3.3 N/A 95 95

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 9 September 1998 7.7 5.1 N/A 75 99

BSAI Pacific cod longline 541 28 February 2000 f,j 11.3 13.0 11.690 N/A 121

Unidentified otariids k

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 30 October 2001 f,h 23.7 5.3 N/A 64 64

BSAI Pacific cod longline 516 14 October 1999 15.0 d12.8 18.900 N/A 75

BSAI Pacific cod longline 524 27 May 2001 f,j 16.8 13.7 20.900 N/A 62

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 15 June 1998 13.0 5.4 N/A 59 59

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 22 March 2000 8.0 7.4 N/A 68 68

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 4 June 2000 21.0 5.6 N/A 60 60

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 11 October 2001 f,h 18.0 d2.5 N/A 73 73
175

Appendix 10.--Continued.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock (continued)

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 20 May 2002 54.5 6.8 N/A 16 16

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 26 May 2002 17.0 4.8 N/A 20 20

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 3 May 2004 3.6 2.8 N/A 20 20

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 6 May 2004 23.4 3.6 N/A 17 17

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 5 October 2001 21.3 3.8 N/A 64 64

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 2 May 1998 30.8 6.0 N/A 59 59

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 31 August 1999 3.6 3.9 N/A 75 75

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 20 August 2000 23.4 4.6 N/A 71 71

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 26 August 2003 f,l 5.0 3.4 N/A 66 66

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 14 September 1999 61.5 8.0 N/A 64 91

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 4 September 1999 67.2 5.8 N/A 99 123

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 13 April 2004 51.7 e6.0 N/A 65 65

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 524 27 May 2000 8.8 3.5 N/A 71 71

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 517 16 May 2003 15.2 4.3 N/A 124 124

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 517 21 March 2004 16.4 7.1 N/A 115 119

BSAI Pacific cod pot 542 21 September 1999 1.4 55.0 0.030 N/A 64

GOA Pacific cod pot 610 7 October 1998 3.1 11.8 0.067 N/A 119

Spotted seal (Phoca largha): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 9 May 1999 61.0 5.3 N/A 69 69

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 9 April 2004 43.7 6.4 N/A 65 65

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 7 May 2004 34.6 4.3 N/A 65 65

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 524 22 May 2004 75.7 8.2 N/A 65 65

BSAI Pacific cod longline 517 29 March 1999 f,h 23.8 17.3 31.590 N/A 104

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 12 October 2000 129.5 9.5 N/A 93 93

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 28 July 2001 91.1 2.7 N/A 93 115

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 5 September 2001 74.2 6.4 N/A 108 132
176

Appendix 10.--Continued.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 24 August 2001 39.1 4.1 N/A 146 210

BSAI Pacific cod longline 521 11 March 1998 f,m 56.9 19.5 32.256 N/A 143

BSAI Pacific cod longline 521 15 March 2001 14.7 18.0 22.176 N/A 106

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): California breeding stock

GOA pollock trawl (PTR) 620 23 March 2003 14.9 9.8 N/A 402 439

Unidentified phocids k

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 26 May 2001 29.3 4.8 N/A 27 27

Unidentified pinnipeds k

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 509 23 April 2002 13.0 2.0 N/A 55 55

BSAI Pacific cod longline 524 30 May 2001 16.1 20.3 18.810 N/A 60

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks n

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 2 February 1999 118.4 4.0 N/A 46 69

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 25 October 1998 54.0 9.1 N/A 192 219

BS sablefish pot 519 30 July 2002f,j 1.1 53.8 0.046 N/A 613

BS sablefish pot 519 3 November 2002 o0.6 l176.0 0.026 N/A 591

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 14 September 2000 41.9 10.8 N/A 90 90

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): Northeast Pacific stock

GOA pollock trawl (PTR) 620 7 October 1999 31.3 d12.8 N/A 102 143
177

Appendix 10.--Continued.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Unidentified baleen whales k

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 26 July 2001 124.8 4.1 N/A 90 121

BSAI Pacific cod pot 513 14 July 1998 o10.9 22.4 0.275 N/A 79

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

GOA sablefish longline 640 25 April 2000 o2.9 p12.8 3.542 N/A 662

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 517 1 August 1998 r,s 15.0 2.5 N/A 338 338

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 517 18 August 2001 f,r,s 5.7 3.8 N/A 311 311

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 517 29 July 2004 f,l,q 29.6

d

3.1 N/A 311 311

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 519 11 August 2001 q,r 13.7 2.5 N/A 430 430

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 521 21 April 2004 q,r 5.9 8.6 N/A 188 188

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 521 22 April 2004 q,r,t 8.0 8.5 N/A 160 160

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 521 11 May 1999 s21.7 60.8 12.960 N/A 686

BSAI Pacific cod longline 521 9 September 2003 q4.1 d14.3 18.544 N/A 170

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and

Bering Sea transient stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 20 August 1999 q108.6 0.3 N/A 146 174

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 12 March 2002 q75.1 5.5 N/A 82 101

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 20 March 2003 q56.5 4.0 N/A 79 97

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 8 August 1998 35.8 5.3 N/A 69 69

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 16 August 2001 15.4 3.6 N/A 69 69

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 509 15 August 1999 120.5 6.8 N/A 77 99

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 19 February 1998 52.5 7.8 N/A 99 117

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 30 August 1998 36.6 1.4 N/A 208 208

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 517 24 September, 2002 56.4 1.0 N/A 79 106
178

Appendix 10.--Continued.

Total Average

number trawl

of hooks net Average

Groundfish Duration or pots fishing bottom

Species (stock) catch of set used depth bdepth b

Fishery Area Date (t) (hr) (103) (m) (m)

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 519 5 October 1998 90.7 5.5 N/A 159 159

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 9 September 1999 64.3 3.2 N/A 124 132

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 20 July 2000 134.1 6.0 N/A 91 112

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 15 August 2000 62.3 3.0 N/A 99 115

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 8 September 2000 106.1 0.8 N/A 108 130

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 10 September 2000 12.0 1.4 N/A 159 183

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 18 August 2001 64.3 2.8 N/A 75 106

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 22 September 2001 77.0 5.0 N/A 95 112

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 20 July 2004 79.2 1.2 N/A 88 117

BSAI pollock trawl (NPT) 509 19 September 1998 45.0 3.5 N/A 71 82

GOA pollock trawl (PTR) 610 1 June 1998 29.8 5.4 N/A 46 88

BSAI Pacific cod longline 517 6 March 1999 4.5 6.4 5.832 N/A 113

Unidentified cetaceans k

BSAI Pacific cod trawl (NPT) 517 14 April 2000 f,h 6.2 5.5 N/A 91 91

BSAI pollock trawl (PTR) 521 25 July 2001 f,o 51.4 4.9 N/A 102 126

Unidentified marine mammals k

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 513 8 May 1999 f,h 2.0 1.3 N/A 66 66

BSAI flatfish trawl (NPT) 514 4 May 2004 f,h 11.2 3.3 N/A 15 15

N/A = not applicable

NPT = non-pelagic trawl gear

PTR = pelagic trawl gear

UNK = no data available

a Only hauls with marine mammal bycatch classified (Appendix 3) as "Killed by gear", "Hit propeller", "Carcass",

"Trailing gear", "Minor injury", or "Unharmed" were included in this table only. Hauls which had other types of

incidental take or marine mammal interactions are only listed in Appendix 3.

b The average depth values were taken by the observer from the vessel's logbook.

c

Two Steller sea lions were incidentally taken and died during this haul.

d There was an unspecified problem during this haul (set) which affected the performance of the fishing gear.

e A crab pot was caught in the trawl net during this haul.
179

Appendix 10.--Continued.

f Data from this take was not used in analyses to estimate bycatch.

g

There was a problem with the trawl net and/or tow that affected the duration of this haul.

h

The time or mode of death of the marine mammal which was incidentally taken during this haul (set) could not be

determined.

i

The observer was informed by the crew several days later that a live sea lion dropped off the line, but the observer

could not verify the status of this take.

j

The marine mammal which was caught or entangled during this set suffered a minor injury.

k

Includes animals that may belong to one of the identified species.

l

The marine mammal which was caught or entangled during this haul was essentially unharmed with no known

injuries, but the observer couldn't verify this

m

The observer did not know if the ribbon seal was dead or alive before the interaction because only a piece of fur (with

a 5 cm wide band) was found hooked on the line; this take could have been a serious injury or mortality since the

piece of fur was apparently ripped off the animal.

n The two stocks overlap in the same geographical areas (Angliss and Outlaw 2005); it was not possible to determine

which stock was impacted by the different components of the groundfish fisheries.

o

The marine mammal which was caught or entangled during this set was released with trailing gear.

p

Some of the fishing gear was lost during this set, and the total weight of the groundfish catch was affected.

q

The stock identification of killer whales incidentally taken by the groundfish fisheries in Alaska was based on DNA

analyses of tissue samples collected by observers from dead animals (M. Dahlheim, NMML, AFSC, pers. comm.).

r The killer whale which was incidentally taken during this haul died as a result of a collision with the ship's propeller.

s

The stock identification could not be verified because of a lack of DNA samples.

t

The killer whale fragments caught on 22 April 2004 may have been from the same animal which was hit by the same

vessel's propeller the previous day, but it was not possible to verify from the DNA samples whether both incidents

involved the same individual killer whale.
180

Appendix 11.—The number of individual vessel fishing calendar days (vdays) when fishing vessels (with observers

aboard) of one groundfish fishery also participated in the other groundfish fisheries of Alaska

during 1998-2004. The percent (row based) of the total vessel days in the fishery shared by each

other fishery is also listed in parentheses.

Number

of BSAI BSAI BSAI BSAI BSAI

vessel Atka mackerel flatfish Pacific cod pollock rockfish

fishing trawl trawl trawl trawl trawl

days afishery fishery fishery fishery fishery

Fishery (vdays) (3,643 vdays) (16,446 vdays) (10,455 vdays) (35,630 vdays) (730 vdays)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 3,643 SAME 46 (1.26) 88 (2.42) 23 (0.63) 36 (0.99)

BSAI flatfish trawl 16,446 46 (0.28) SAME 874 (5.31) 946 (5.75) 45 (0.27)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 10,455 88 (0.84) 874 (8.36) SAME 348 (3.33) 18 (0.17)

BSAI pollock trawl 35,630 23 (0.07) 946 (2.66) 348 (0.98) SAME 7 (0.02)

BSAI rockfish trawl 730 36 (4.93) 45 (6.16) 18 (2.47) 7 (0.96) SAME

GOA flatfish trawl 3,569 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod trawl 2,370 0 0 0 0 0

GOA pollock trawl 3,647 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish trawl 1,928 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 359 1 (0.28) 87 (24.23) 52 (14.49) 23 (6.41) 3 (0.84)

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 2,854 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod longline 35,590 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 833 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI rockfish longline 101 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI sablefish longline 1,150 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod longline 988 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific halibut longline 892 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish longline 34 0 0 0 0 0

GOA sablefish longline 3,734 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 448 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4,047 0 0 1 (0.25) 0 0

BS sablefish pot 533 0 0 0 0 0

AI sablefish pot 475 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod pot 1,691 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 141 0 0 0 0 0
181

Appendix 11.--Continued.

Number AK

of GOA GOA GOA GOA miscellaneous

vessel flatfish Pacific cod pollock rockfish other finfish

fishing trawl trawl trawl trawl trawl

days afishery fishery fishery fishery fishery

Fishery (vdays) (3,569 vdays) (2,370 vdays) (3,647 vdays) (1,928 vdays) (359 vdays)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 3,643 0 0 0 0 1 (0.03)

BSAI flatfish trawl 16,446 0 0 0 0 87 (0.53)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 10,455 0 0 0 0 52 (0.50)

BSAI pollock trawl 35,630 0 0 0 0 23 (0.07)

BSAI rockfish trawl 730 0 0 0 0 3 (0.41)

GOA flatfish trawl 3,569 SAME 234 (6.56) 49 (1.37) 87 (2.44) 46 (1.29)

GOA Pacific cod trawl 2,370 234 (9.87) SAME 28 (1.81) 21 (0.89) 20 (0.84)

GOA pollock trawl 3,647 49 (1.34) 28 (0.77) SAME 6 (0.17) 4 (0.11)

GOA rockfish trawl 1,928 87 (4.51) 21 (1.09) 6 (0.31) SAME 62 (3.22)

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 359 46 (12.81) 20 (5.57) 4 (1.11) 62 (17.27) SAME

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 2,854 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod longline 35,590 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 833 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI rockfish longline 101 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI sablefish longline 1,150 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod longline 988 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific halibut longline 892 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish longline 34 0 0 0 0 0

GOA sablefish longline 3,734 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 448 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4,047 0 0 0 0 0

BS sablefish pot 533 0 0 0 0 0

AI sablefish pot 475 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod pot 1,691 0 2 (0.12) 2 (0.12) 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 141 0 0 0 0 0
182

Appendix 11.--Continued.

Number

of BSAI BSAI BSAI BSAI BSAI

vessel Greenland turbot Pacific cod Pacific halibut rockfish sablefish

fishing longline longline longline longline longline

days afishery fishery fishery fishery fishery

Fishery (vdays) (2,854 vdays) (35,590 vdays) (833 vdays) (101 vdays) (1,150 vdays)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 3,643 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI flatfish trawl 16,446 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 10,455 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI pollock trawl 35,630 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI rockfish trawl 730 0 0 0 0 0

GOA flatfish trawl 3,569 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod trawl 2,370 0 0 0 0 0

GOA pollock trawl 3,647 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish trawl 1,928 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 359 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 2,854 SAME 143 (5.01) 91 (3.19) 17 (0.60) 101 (3.54)

BSAI Pacific cod longline 35,590 143 (0.40) SAME 49 (0.14) 14 (0.04) 12 (0.03)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 833 91 (10.92) 49 (5.89) SAME 22 (2.64) 159 (19.09)

BSAI rockfish longline 101 17 (16.83) 14 (13.86) 22 (21.78) SAME 29 (28.71)

BSAI sablefish longline 1,150 101 (8.78) 12 (1.04) 159 (13.83) 29 (2.52) SAME

GOA Pacific cod longline 988 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific halibut longline 892 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish longline 34 0 0 0 0 0

GOA sablefish longline 3,734 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 448 87 (19.42) 112 (25.00) 25 (5.58) 10 (2.23) 16 (3.57)

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4,047 8 (0.20) 0 4 (0.10) 0 0

BS sablefish pot 533 6 (1.13) 0 4 (0.75) 0 1 (0.19)

AI sablefish pot 475 1 (0.21) 1 (0.21) 1 (0.21) 1 (0.21) 2 (0.42)

GOA Pacific cod pot 1,691 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 141 6 (4.26) 1 (0.71) 1 (0.71) 0 5 (3.55)
183

Appendix 11.--Continued.

Number AK

of GOA GOA GOA GOA miscellaneous

vessel Pacific cod Pacific halibut rockfish sablefish other finfish

fishing longline longline longline longline longline

days afishery fishery fishery fishery fishery

Fishery (vdays) (988 vdays) (892 vdays) (34 vdays) (3,734 vdays) (448 vdays)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 3,643 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI flatfish trawl 16,446 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 10,455 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI pollock trawl 35,630 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI rockfish trawl 730 0 0 0 0 0

GOA flatfish trawl 3,569 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod trawl 2,370 0 0 0 0 0

GOA pollock trawl 3,647 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish trawl 1,928 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 359 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 2,854 0 0 0 0 87 (3.05)

BSAI Pacific cod longline 35,590 0 0 0 0 112 (0.32)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 833 0 0 0 0 25 (3.00)

BSAI rockfish longline 101 0 0 0 0 10 (9.90)

BSAI sablefish longline 1,150 0 0 0 0 16 (1.39)

GOA Pacific cod longline 988 SAME 12 (1.22) 0 2 (0.20) 5 (0.51)

GOA Pacific halibut longline 892 12 (1.35) SAME 7 (0.79) 359 (40.25) 11 (1.23)

GOA rockfish longline 34 0 7 (20.59) SAME 21 (61.77) 0

GOA sablefish longline 3,734 2 (0.05) 359 (9.61) 21 (0.56) SAME 13 (0.35)

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 448 5 (1.12) 11 (2.46) 0 13 (2.90) SAME

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4,047 0 0 0 0 0

BS sablefish pot 533 0 0 0 0 1 (0.19)

AI sablefish pot 475 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod pot 1,691 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 141 0 0 0 0 0
184

Appendix 11.--Continued.

Number AK

of BSAI BS AI GOA miscellaneous

vessel Pacific cod sablefish sablefish Pacific cod other finfish

fishing pot pot pot pot pot

days afishery fishery fishery fishery fishery

Fishery (vdays) (4,047 vdays) (533 vdays) (475 vdays) (1,691 vdays) (141 vdays)

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl 3,643 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI flatfish trawl 16,446 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod trawl 10,455 1 (0.01) 0 0 0 0

BSAI pollock trawl 35,630 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI rockfish trawl 730 0 0 0 0 0

GOA flatfish trawl 3,569 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific cod trawl 2,370 0 0 0 2 (0.08) 0

GOA pollock trawl 3,647 0 0 0 2 (0.06) 0

GOA rockfish trawl 1,928 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish trawl 359 0 0 0 0 0

BSAI Greenland turbot longline 2,854 8 (0.28) 6 (0.21) 1 (0.04) 0 6 (0.21)

BSAI Pacific cod longline 35,590 0 0 1 (<0.01) 0 1 (<0.01)

BSAI Pacific halibut longline 833 4 (0.48) 4 (0.48) 1 (0.12) 0 1 (0.12)

BSAI rockfish longline 101 0 0 1 (0.99) 0 0

BSAI sablefish longline 1,150 0 1 (0.09) 2 (0.17) 0 5 (0.44)

GOA Pacific cod longline 988 0 0 0 0 0

GOA Pacific halibut longline 892 0 0 0 0 0

GOA rockfish longline 34 0 0 0 0 0

GOA sablefish longline 3,734 0 0 0 0 0

AK miscellaneous other finfish longline 448 0 1 (0.22) 0 0 0

BSAI Pacific cod pot 4,047 SAME 6 (0.15) 0 0 3 (0.07)

BS sablefish pot 533 6 (1.13) SAME 0 0 18 (3.38)

AI sablefish pot 475 0 0 SAME 0 7 (1.47)

GOA Pacific cod pot 1,691 0 0 0 SAME 2 (0.12)

AK miscellaneous other finfish pot 141 3 (2.13) 18 (12.77) 7 (4.97) 2 (1.42) SAME
185

Appendix 11.--Continued.

a

The number of vessel days (vdays) are the number of calendar days per vessel (with an observer) that set gear to

catch groundfish on these days.
186

Appendix 12.--Comparison of bycatch analyses using the pooled groundfish fishery dataset and the stratified

groundfish fishery data from Alaska for each of three overlapping 5-year periods during 1998-2004 a.

Percent Number

Of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock

BSAI Atka mackerel trawl fishery

1998-2002 81.0 8 8 0.3148 0.17 9.88 7.07 to 13.82 0.3447 0.22 10.82 7.12 to 16.43 10.82 c

(4 yr) (4 yr)

1999-2003 87.3 6 6 0.2215 0.15 6.87 5.17 to 9.12 0.2428 0.19 7.53 5.22 to 10.87 7.53

(4 yr) (4 yr)

2000-2004 91.2 3 3 0.1063 0.17 3.29 2.36 to 4.59 0.1148 0.23 3.55 2.27 to 5.55 3.55 c

(3 yr) (3 yr)

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 9 11 (12) 0.1491 0.21 14.69 9.83 to 21.97 0.1320 0.19 13.01 8.95 to 18.91 15.01 c,d,f

(4 yr) (5 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 11 12 0.1875 0.19 17.67 12.33 to 25.33 0.1671 0.17 15.75 11.28 to 21.98 16.75 c,d,f

(5 yr) (5 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 12 13 0.2029 0.18 19.39 13.71 to 27.42 0.1818 0.17 17.37 12.59 to 23.97 18.37 c,d,f

(5 yr) (5 yr)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

1998-2002 52.2 1 1 0.0482 0.69 1.92 0.56 to 6.53 0.0299 0.40 1.19 0.56 to 2.53 1.19 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 51.0 3 3 0.1412 0.52 5.88 2.25 to 15.38 0.1307 0.58 5.44 1.90 to 15.60 5.44 d

(2 yr) (2 yr)

2000-2004 51.0 2 2 0.0884 0.70 3.92 1.14 to 13.54 0.0959 0.73 4.25 1.18 to 15.35 4.25 c,e

(1 yr) (1 yr)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 12 14 0.0258 0.14 15.81 11.99 to 20.85 0.0231 0.12 14.17 11.24 to 17.87 16.17 c,d,f

(5 yr) (5 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 10 12 0.0196 0.15 12.68 9.55 to 16.83 0.0179 0.12 11.60 9.10 to 14.80 13.60 c,d,f

(4 yr) (4 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 8 10 0.0144 0.16 10.01 7.35 to 13.63 0.0134 0.14 9.29 7.05 to 12.26 11.29 b,d,f

(4 yr) (4 yr)

GOA Pacific cod trawl fishery

1998-2002 18.6 1 1 0.3408 0.90 5.39 1.19 to 24.46 0.2958 0.83 4.68 1.14 to 19.22 4.68 b,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 19.0 1 1 0.4025 0.90 5.27 1.16 to 23.83 0.3575 0.83 4.68 1.14 to 19.22 4.68 b,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 21.4 1 1 0.4359 0.89 4.68 1.05 to 20.84 0.4353 0.83 4.68 1.14 to 19.22 4.68 b,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)
187

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

Of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): western U.S. stock (continued)

GOA pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 29.4 1 1 0.0795 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.22 0.0371 0.61 1.58 0.53 to 4.78 1.58 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 26.8 1 1 0.1060 0.86 3.73 0.87 to 15.94 0.0686 0.96 2.41 0.49 to 11.79 2.41 d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 25.5 1 1 0.1234 0.86 3.93 0.91 to 16.96 0.0758 0.96 2.41 0.49 to 11.79 2.41 d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

1998-2002 32.0 1 1 0.0501 0.82 3.12 0.76 to 12.81 0.0596 0.86 3.72 0.87 to 15.92 3.72

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 31.1 1 1 0.0500 0.83 3.22 0.78 to 13.30 0.0577 0.86 3.72 0.87 to 15.92 3.72

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 29.4 1 1 0.0500 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.25 0.0546 0.86 3.72 0.87 to 15.92 3.72

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): eastern U.S. stock

GOA sablefish longline fishery

1998-2002 5.6 1 1 6.0197 0.97 18.01 3.65 to 88.98 2.2905 0.92 6.85 1.48 to 31.83 6.85 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 5.4 1 1 6.2406 0.97 18.64 3.77 to 92.21 2.2939 0.92 6.85 1.48 to 31.83 6.85 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 5.3 1 1 5.9073 0.97 18.78 3.80 to 92.90 2.1558 0.92 6.85 1.48 to 31.83 6.85 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 1 2 0.0166 0.62 1.63 0.53 to 5.01 0.0141 0.53 1.39 0.52 to 3.67 2.39 b,d,g

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 1 2 0.0170 0.61 1.61 0.53 to 4.87 0.0147 0.53 1.39 0.52 to 3.67 2.39 b,d,g

(1 yr) (2 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 1 2 0.0169 0.62 1.62 0.53 to 4.92 0.0145 0.53 1.39 0.52 to 3.67 2.39 b,d,g

(1 yr) (2 yr)
188

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus): Eastern Pacific stock (continued)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 1 1 0.0022 0.49 1.32 0.53 to 3.28 0.0057 0.86 3.49 0.82 to 14.96 3.49

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

2000-2004 79.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 2 5 0.0331 0.44 3.27 1.43 to 7.45 0.0334 0.44 3.29 1.44 to 7.50 6.29 c,e,g

(1 yr) (3 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 2 4 0.0341 0.43 3.21 1.42 to 7.26 0.0349 0.44 3.29 1.44 to 7.50 5.29 c,e,g

(1 yr) (2 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 4 6 0.0676 0.31 6.46 3.58 to 11.67 0.0668 0.30 6.38 3.56 to 11.44 8.38 c,e,g

(2 yr) (3 yr)

Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 4 4 0.0663 0.31 6.53 3.60 to 11.85 0.0665 0.31 6.55 3.59 to 11.95 6.55 c,e,g

(4 yr) (4 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 3 3 0.0511 0.35 4.82 2.45 to 9.47 0.0537 0.37 5.06 2.51 to 10.22 5.06 c,e

(3 yr) (3 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 2 2 0.0338 0.44 3.23 1.43 to 7.33 0.0357 0.46 3.41 1.45 to 7.99 3.41 e,g

(2 yr) (2 yr)

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 1 2 0.0022 0.49 1.32 0.53 to 3.28 0.0030 0.67 1.84 0.55 to 6.09 2.84

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 1 2 0.0020 0.46 1.27 0.54 to 2.99 0.0028 0.67 1.84 0.55 to 6.09 2.84

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
189

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.2 1 1 0.0166 0.62 1.63 0.53 to 5.01 0.0132 0.49 1.30 0.53 to 3.22 1.30 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 1 1 0.0171 0.61 1.61 0.53 to 4.87 0.0138 0.49 1.30 0.53 to 3.22 1.30 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 1 2 0.0169 0.62 1.62 0.53 to 4.92 0.0136 0.49 1.30 0.53 to 3.22 2.30 b,d,f

(1 yr) (2 yr)

BSAI Pacific cod trawl fishery

1998-2002 46.0 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

1999-2003 44.5 1 1 0.0753 0.74 2.25 0.61 to 8.26 0.0668 0.70 1.99 0.57 to 6.92 1.99 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 45.0 2 2 0.1411 0.52 4.45 1.69 to 11.69 0.1253 0.50 3.95 1.58 to 9.90 3.95 c,e,f

(2 yr) (2 yr)

Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Gulf of Alaska stock

BSAI Pacific cod pot fishery

1998-2002 17.2 1 1 6.7822 0.91 5.82 1.27 to 26.69 1.5358 0.47 1.32 0.55 to 3.17 1.32

b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 17.2 1 1 7.1427 0.91 5.81 1.27 to 26.65 1.6195 0.47 1.32 0.55 to 3.17 1.32 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 4.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

GOA Pacific cod pot fishery

1998-2002 6.4 1 1 2.4597 0.97 15.60 3.17 to 76.75 0.2454 0.65 1.56 0.49 to 4.96 1.56 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 5.7 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

2000-2004 4.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0
190

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Spotted seal (Phoca largha): Alaska stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 3 3 0.0507 0.36 4.85 2.46 to 9.55 0.0461 0.33 4.41 2.36 to 8.23 4.41 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Ringed seal (Pusa hispida): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 3 3 0.0065 0.28 3.95 2.29 to 6.82 0.0058 0.24 3.55 2.21 to 5.69 3.55 b,e,g

(2 yr) (2 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 3 3 0.0059 0.27 3.80 2.28 to 6.34 0.0055 0.24 3.55 2.21 to 5.69 3.55 b,e,g

(2 yr) (2 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 3 3 0.0054 0.26 3.75 2.28 to 6.19 0.0051 0.24 3.55 2.21 to 5.69 3.55 b,e,g

(2 yr) (2 yr)

Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

1998-2002 32.0 1 1 0.0501 0.82 3.12 0.76 to 12.81 0.0482 0.82 3.01 0.74 to 12.24 3.01 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 31.1 1 1 0.0500 0.83 3.22 0.78 to 13.30 0.0467 0.82 3.01 0.74 to 12.24 3.01 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 29.4 1 1 0.0500 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.25 0.0442 0.82 3.01 0.74 to 12.24 3.01 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)
191

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): California breeding stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 29.4 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

1999-2003 26.8 1 1 0.1060 0.86 3.73 0.87 to 15.94 0.1008 0.86 3.55 0.83 to 15.18 3.55 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 25.5 1 1 0.1234 0.86 3.93 0.91 to 16.97 0.1114 0.86 3.55 0.83 to 15.18 3.55 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae): Central or Western North Pacific stocks

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 2 2 0.0043 0.35 2.64 1.36 to 5.11 0.0052 0.44 3.19 1.40 to 7.26 3.19 e

(2 yr) (2 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 1 1 0.0020 0.46 1.27 0.54 to 2.99 0.0022 0.55 1.43 0.52 to 3.89 1.43 c,e

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

BS sablefish pot fishery

1998-2002 52.9 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

1999-2003 43.3 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

2000-2004 41.4 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 1 1 0.0022 0.49 1.32 0.53 to 3.28 0.0026 0.61 1.58 0.53 to 4.72 1.58

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 1 1 0.0020 0.46 1.27 0.54 to 2.99 0.0024 0.61 1.58 0.53 to 4.72 1.58

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 1 1 0.0018 0.45 1.25 0.54 to 2.90 0.0023 0.61 1.58 0.53 to 4.72 1.58

(1 yr) (1 yr)
192

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus): Northeast Pacific stock

GOA pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 29.4 1 1 0.0795 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.22 0.0696 0.82 2.97 0.73 to 12.06 2.97 c,e,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 26.8 1 1 0.1060 0.86 3.73 0.87 to 15.94 0.0845 0.82 2.97 0.73 to 12.06 2.97 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 25.5 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

GOA sablefish longline fishery

1998-2002 14.6 1 1 0.7769 0.92 6.85 1.47 to 31.95 0.2527 0.75 2.23 0.60 to 8.24 2.23 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 12.8 1 1 0.8303 0.93 7.81 1.65 to 36.89 0.2368 0.75 2.23 0.60 to 8.24 2.23 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 11.5 1 1 0.8368 0.94 8.72 1.83 to 41.52 0.2138 0.75 2.23 0.60 to 8.24 2.23 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 2 2 (3) 0.0331 0.44 3.27 1.43 to 7.45 0.0352 0.47 3.47 1.44 to 8.38 3.47 e

(2 yr) (2 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 1 1 (2) 0.0170 0.61 1.61 0.53 to 4.87 0.0154 0.55 1.46 0.53 to 4.02 1.46 c,d,g,h

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 2 3 (4) 0.0338 0.44 3.23 1.43 to 7.33 0.0336 0.44 3.21 1.41 to 7.29 3.21 c,e,g,h

BSAI Greenland turbot longline fishery

1998-2002 37.1 1 1 0.6991 0.79 2.70 0.69 to 10.60 0.7758 0.81 2.99 0.74 to 12.09 2.99 c,e

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 39.9 1 1 0.8181 0.78 2.51 0.65 to 9.61 0.9768 0.81 2.99 0.74 to 12.09 2.99 c,e

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 43.9 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

(2 yr) (2 yr)
193

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Alaska resident stock (continued)

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

1998-2002 32.0 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

1999-2003 31.1 1 1 0.0500 0.83 3.22 0.78 to 13.30 0.0650 0.87 4.18 0.96 to 18.32 4.18

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 29.4 1 1 0.0500 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.25 0.0615 0.87 4.18 0.96 to 18.32 4.18

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Killer whale (Orcinus orca): Eastern North Pacific Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea transient

stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 1 2 0.0022 0.49 1.32 0.53 to 3.28 0.0017 0.22 1.05 0.69 to 1.60 2.05 b,e,g

(1 yr) (2 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 1 3 0.0020 0.46 1.27 0.54 to 2.99 0.0016 0.22 1.05 0.69 to 1.60 3.05 b,e,g

(1 yr) (3 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 1 2 0.0018 0.45 1.25 0.54 to 2.90 0.0015 0.22 1.05 0.69 to 1.60 2.05 b,e,g

(1 yr) (2 yr)

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): Bering Sea stock

BSAI flatfish trawl fishery

1998-2002 61.3 2 2 0.0331 0.44 3.27 1.43 to 7.45 0.0366 0.47 3.60 1.50 to 8.68 3.60

(2 yr) (2 yr)

1999-2003 62.2 1 1 0.0170 0.61 1.61 0.53 to 4.87 0.0184 0.65 1.74 0.54 to 5.58 1.74 e,g

(1 yr) (1 yr)

2000-2004 61.9 1 1 0.0169 0.62 1.62 0.53 to 4.92 0.0182 0.65 1.74 0.54 to 5.58 1.74 e,g

(1 yr) (1 yr)

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock

BSAI pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 75.9 11 13 0.0237 0.15 14.50 10.86 to 19.35 0.0311 0.23 19.07 12.29 to 29.60 21.07

(5 yr) (5 yr)

1999-2003 78.9 8 9 0.0157 0.16 10.14 7.39 to 13.91 0.0190 0.24 12.28 7.67 to 19.66 13.28

c

(4 yr) (4 yr)

2000-2004 79.9 7 8 0.0126 0.17 8.76 6.30 to 12.18 0.0122 0.17 8.46 6.09 to 11.77 9.46 c,d,g

(4 yr) (4 yr)
194

Appendix 12.--Continued.

Percent Number

of of marine Pooled fishery data analysis Stratified fishery data analysis

groundfish mammals

catch seen by

monitored observers i Extrapolated bycatch Extrapolated bycatch

for Monitored Estimated

Fishery marine hauls All bycatch

Years mammals only hauls Rˆ CV ˆYR 95%

L ˆRs

CV ˆs

YR 95%L ˆYA

Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): Alaska stock (continued)

GOA pollock trawl fishery

1998-2002 29.4 1 1 0.0795 0.84 3.40 0.81 to 14.22 0.0371 0.61 1.58 0.52 to 4.79 1.58 b,d,f

(1 yr) (1 yr)

1999-2003 26.8 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

2000-2004 25.5 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

BSAI Pacific cod longline fishery

1998-2002 32.0 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

1999-2003 31.1 0 1 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1.00

(1 yr)

2000-2004 29.4 0 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0

a

The average annual marine mammal bycatch results for 2000-2004 by the stratified groundfish fishery data

analyses are listed in Table 8.

b

The value (rounded to one decimal place) of the coefficient of variation (CV) by the stratified data method was

lower than the corresponding CV value (rounded to one decimal place) by the pooled dataset method.

c

The CV value (rounded to one decimal place) by the stratified data method was lower than the corresponding CV

value (rounded to one decimal place) by the pooled dataset method.

d

The value (rounded to an integer) of the extrapolated bycatch ( ˆRsY ) by the stratified data method was lower than

the corresponding value (rounded to an integer) of the extrapolated bycatch ( ˆYR) by the pooled dataset method.

e

The value (rounded to an integer) of the extrapolated bycatch ( ˆRsY ) by the stratified data method was the same as

the corresponding value (rounded to an integer) of the extrapolated bycatch ( ˆYR) by the pooled dataset method.

f

The value (rounded to an integer) of the variance ( ( ˆ) RsV Y ) of the extrapolated bycatch by the stratified data

method was lower than the corresponding value (rounded to an integer) of the variance ( ( ˆ) V YR) of the

extrapolated bycatch by the pooled dataset method.

g

The value (rounded to an integer) of the variance ( ( ˆ) RsV Y ) of the extrapolated bycatch by the stratified data

method was the same as the corresponding value (rounded to an integer) of the variance ( ( ˆ) V YR) of the

extrapolated bycatch by the pooled dataset method.

h

The extrapolated bycatch and estimated bycatch by both the pooled dataset and stratified data analytical methods

underestimated the actual number of killer whales which observers reported were taken by the vessels (in both

monitored and unmonitored sets whether seen by observers or not) while the observers were aboard the vessels.

i The numbers in parentheses under all hauls refer to the total number of marine mammals observers reported were

taken by the vessel while the observer was aboard including animals seen only by the crew. The number of years

during the 5-year periods in which the reported takes occurred are listed in parentheses below the numbers of

marine mammals taken.
RECENT TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS

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AFSC166 WING, B. L, M. M. MASUDA, and S. G. TAYLOR. 2006. Time series analyses of physical

environmental data records from Auke Bay, Alaska, 75 p. NTIS No. PB2007-101890.

165 EILER, J. H., T. R. SPENCER, J. J. PELLA, and M. M. MASUDA. 2006. Stock composition, run

timing, and movement patterns of Chinook salmon returning to the Yukon River Basin in 2004, 107 p. 

NTIS No. PB2007-102224.

164 YANG, M-S., K. DODD, R. HIBPSHMAN, and A. WHITEHOUSE. 2006. Food habits of groundfishes in

the Gulf of Alaska in 1999 and 2001, 199 p. NTIS number pending.

163 EILER, J. H., T. R. SPENCER, J. J. PELLA, and M. M. MASUDA. 2006. Stock composition, run timing,

and movement patterns of chinook salmon returning to the Yukon River basin in 2003, 104 p.NTIS No.

PB2006-108429.

162 IGNELL, S. E., B. L. WING, B. D. EBBERTS, and M. M. MASUDA. 2006. Abundance and spatial pattern

of salps within the North Pacific Subarctic Frontal Zone, August 1991, 26 p. NTIS No. PB2006-108423.

161 ANGLISS, R. P., and R. OUTLAW. 2005. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2005, 247 p. NTIS

number pending.

160 SEPEZ, J. A., B. D. TILT, C. L. PACKAGE, H. M. LAZARUS, and I. VACCARO. 2005. Community

profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska, 552 p. NTIS No. PB2006-108282.

159 ETNIER, M. A., and C. W. FOWLER. 2005. Comparison of size selectivity between marine mammals

and commercial fisheries with recommendations for restructuring management policies, 274 p. NTIS

No. PB2006-102327.

158 LANG, G. M., P. A. LIVINGSTON, and K. A. DODD, 2005. Groundfish food habits and predation on

commercially important prey species in the eastern Bering Sea from 1997 through 2001, 222 p. NTIS

number pending.

157 JOHNSON, S. W., A. DARCIE NEFF, and J. F. THEDINGA. 2005. An atlas on the distribution and

habitat of common fishes in shallow nearshore waters of southeastern Alaska, 89 p. NTIS number

pending.

156 HOFF, G. R., and L. L. BRITT. 2005. Results of the 2004 Eastern Bering Sea upper continental slope

survey of groundfish and invertebrate resources, 276 p. NTIS No. PB2006-100504.

155 YANG, M-S., K. AYDIN, A. GRIEG, G. LANG, and P. LIVINGSTON. 2005. Historical review of capelin

(Mallotus villosus) consumption in the Gulf of Alaska and Eastern Bering Sea, 89 p. NTIS No.

PB2005-110464.

154 HOLLAND D. S. 2005. Economic analysis of protection of essential fish habitat in Alaskan fisheries: 

An analysis of research needs, 35 p. NTIS No. PB2005-110129.

153 FRITZ, L. W., and C. STINCHCOMB. 2005. Aerial, ship, and land-based surveys of Steller sea lions

(Eumetopias jubatus) in the western stock in Alaska, June and July 2003 and 2004, 56 p. NTIS

number PB2005-108287.

152 AMES, R. T., G. H. WILLIAMS, and S. M. FITZGERALD. 2005. Using digital video monitoring

systems in fisheries: Application for monitoring compliance of seabird avoidance devices and seabird

mortality in Pacific halibut longline fisheries, 93 p. NTIS No. PB2005-107312.