UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JACK STONE, : 

 : 

Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 19-3273 (RC) 

 : 

 v. : Re Document No.: 211 

 : 

U.S. EMBASSY TOKYO et al., : 

 : 

Defendant. : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR ORDER REQUIRING PLAINTIFF TO SHOW CAUSE

WHY HE SHOULD NOT BE HELD IN CONTEMPT AND SANCTIONED

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Jack Stone, proceeding pro se, sued the Department of State and the United 

States Embassy in Tokyo (together, “the Government”) seeking, among other things, a U.S. 

passport for his first-born child. The Court has denied Stone’s requested relief and Stone is 

currently appealing his case. The Government moved for an order requiring Stone to show cause 

why he should not be sanctioned for his willful and admitted violations of the Court’s protective 

order. For the reasons discussed below, the Court will not sanction Stone now but warns that it 

may impose dismissal as a sanction if he attempts to bring additional claims. 

II. BACKGROUND

During litigation on Stone’s request for a passport for his first-born child, the 

Government moved for ex parte and in camera review for parts of the administrative record. See 

Defs.’ Mot. to Submit Portions of Admin. R. Ex Parte and In Camera or Under Seal and Subject 

to Protective Order, ECF No. 114-1. In the alternative, the Government moved to place parts of 

the administrative record under seal and subject to a protective order. See id. The Government’s 
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motion sought to protect sensitive nonpublic information from the U.S. Department of State 

Foreign Affairs Manual (“FAM”). Id. Stone objected to in camera review. He argued that a 

protective order was sufficient and promised to adhere to such an order. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ 

Ex Parte and In Camera Mot. at 8, ECF No. 125. Two weeks after making that promise, 

however, Stone wrote a letter to the Ambassadors of China, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela, in 

which he offered to disclose the FAM in exchange for assistance from those countries. See Pl.’s 

Resp. to Defs.’ DE 140 (“Pl.’s DE 140 Resp.”) at 1, 9–11, ECF No. 141. 

The Court agreed to place the relevant portions of the FAM under seal and subject to a 

protective order, but it expressed “concern that mere weeks after” asserting he would comply

with such an order, Stone offered to disclose sealed materials. See Stone v. U.S. Embassy Tokyo 

(Stone II), No. 19-cv-3273, 2020 WL 5775196, at *4 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2020). The protective 

order explained that protected material could not be “disclosed or distributed to any person or 

entity” without the Court’s authorization. Protective Order at 2, ECF No. 192. It also warned 

that “[a]ny violation . . . may result in consequences including, but not limited to, dismissal of 

Plaintiff’s suit and/or a charge of contempt of Court.” Id. 

An hour after receiving the FAM, Stone quoted protected parts of it in an email to Judge 

Peter Messitte of the District of Maryland and Judge Beryl Howell of this district. See Pl.’s 

Resp. to Defs.’ DE 218 and 219, at 10–12, ECF No. 221; see also Defs.’ Mem. Supp. Mot. for 

Order to Show Cause Why Pl. Should Not Be Held in Contempt and Sanctioned (“Defs.’ Mot.”) 

at 6 & n.1, ECF No. 211-1. Three days later, Stone filed a publicly available document with this 

Court that quoted extensively from protected information in the FAM. See Pl.’s Resp. to Court’s 

Oct. Min. Orders (“Pl.’s Min. Orders Resp.”), ECF No. 208. In subsequent publicly available 

filings that are now sealed, Stone continued to quote from protected information in the FAM. 
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See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ DE 218 and 219. Stone even included his emails to Judge Messitte and 

Judge Howell in a publicly available filing in a parallel case in the Court of Claims. See Pl.’s 

Compl. in Court of Federal Claims, Ex. D., ECF No. 219. He then further disobeyed the 

protective order by publishing a blog post and a related PDF document containing protected

information from the FAM. See Email from Pl. to Defs.’ Counsel, ECF No. 229. He said that he 

sent the PDF document to “every child abduction NGO, to numerous attorneys who specialize in 

abduction cases, and every major media outlet.” Id. at 2. 

Stone admitted to disregarding the Court’s warnings. After the Court issued the 

protective order, Stone stated, “Contreras, you can order what you want, but that doesn’t mean 

I’ll comply.” Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ DE 218 and 219, at 3. He further emphasized that he had 

“retained financing to produce a documentary on the underlying matters, and without fail the 

portions of text defendants don’t want publicly exposed will be disclosed.” Id. at 7. In addition, 

Stone has repeatedly used foul and threatening language against Government counsel and the 

Court. See Min. Order (Oct. 13, 2020); Order Granting Defs.’ Mot. for Relief from Local Civil 

Rule 7(m), ECF No. 210; see also, e.g., Email from Pl. to Ct. (Sept. 5, 2020), ECF No. 210-1;

Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ DE 238, ECF No. 240. 

Since Stone’s violations of the protective order, the Court disposed of his remaining 

claims. It has now dismissed or granted summary judgment on all his claims. See Stone v. U.S. 

Embassy Tokyo (Stone I), No. 19-cv-3273, 2020 WL 4260711 (D.D.C. Jul. 24, 2020); Stone v. 

U.S. Embassy Tokyo (Stone III), No. 19-cv-3273, 2020 WL 6701078 (D.D.C. Nov. 12, 2020); 

Stone v. U.S. Embassy Tokyo (Stone IV), No. 19-cv-3273, 2020 WL 6746925 (D.D.C. Nov. 16, 

2020); see also Stone II, 2020 WL 5775196. The case is currently on appeal. There is only one 

item outstanding on this Court’s docket: the Government’s motion for an order directing Stone to 
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show cause why he should not be sanctioned for violating the protective order. See Defs.’ Mot. 

Today, the Court resolves that motion. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD 

Courts have inherent power to impose sanctions to protect the integrity of the judicial 

process. See Shepherd v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 62 F.3d 1469, 1474–75 (D.C. Cir. 1995); Borum 

v. Brentwood Vill., LLC, 332 F.R.D. 38, 43 (D.D.C. 2019). Courts also have sanction power 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2), which provides that a court may sanction a party 

who “fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery.” Regardless of the source of sanction 

power that a court draws on, the relevant considerations are the same. See Webb v. District of 

Columbia, 146 F.3d 964, 971 n.15 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Although courts tend to be lenient with pro 

se litigants, sanctions may be warranted when the pro se party is aware of the rules and their 

consequences but violates them anyway. See Mikkilineni v. Penn Nat’l Mut. Cas. Ins. Co., 271 

F. Supp. 2d 151, 155 (D.D.C. 2003). 

A court may dismiss an action “because of a party’s failure to comply with court orders.” 

See Bristol Petroleum Corp. v. Harris, 901 F.2d 165, 167 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Dismissal as a 

sanction is warranted when (1) there is clear and convincing evidence showing a violation 

occurred; and (2) a lesser sanction would not effectively punish and deter the misconduct. See 

Mikkilineni, 271 F. Supp. 2d at 154 (citing Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1472). In its evaluation, a court 

may consider prejudice to the defendant, the effects of the plaintiff’s misconduct on the judicial 

system, the need to deter the plaintiff’s misconduct, and whether the plaintiff failed to comply 

with the order while aware of its consequences. Id. at 155. It does not need to try lesser 

sanctions before resorting to dismissal, but it does need to explain why lesser sanctions are 

inappropriate. Webb, 146 F.3d at 971–72; Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1478. 
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IV. ANALYSIS

The Court concludes that Stone’s actions are egregious enough to warrant dismissal as a 

sanction. There is clear and convincing evidence that Stone willfully violated the protective 

order and that lesser sanctions will not sufficiently punish or deter his misconduct. Nevertheless,

there is no longer a case before the Court to dismiss. If Stone attempts to file additional motions 

or claims to resuscitate his case, however, the Court will consider such a sanction. 

A. Dismissal as a Sanction Is Warranted

Stone willfully violated the Court’s protective order. A litigant’s willful disobedience of 

court orders—as opposed to inadvertent disobedience—supports dismissal. See Nat’l Hockey 

League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc., 427 U.S. 639, 643 (1976); Marrocco v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

966 F.2d 220, 224 (7th Cir. 1992) (affirming dismissal sanction because plaintiffs’ “wilful and 

unexcused violations of the protective order” qualified as “contumacious conduct”). And 

ignoring warnings is evidence of willfulness. See Arias v. Dyncorp Aerospace Operations, LLC, 

677 F. Supp. 2d 330, 332 (D.D.C. 2010). Here, the protective order emphasized that Stone could 

not disclose or distribute the protected material without prior authorization. Protective Order at 

2. It even warned that a violation of its terms could result in dismissal or a contempt charge. Id. 

Despite the order’s clear and unambiguous terms, however, Stone waited less than an hour 

before commencing a string of violations. After receiving the FAM, Stone emailed, publicly 

filed, and published protected material. See Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ DE 218 and 219; Pl.’s Min. 

Orders Resp; Email from Pl. to Defs.’ Counsel. Most egregiously, he admitted he had no regard 

for the protective order and swore to expose protected material in a documentary. See, e.g., Pl.’s 

Resp. to Defs.’ DE 218 and 219, at 3. Stone’s repeated willful and admitted disobedience of the 

Court’s protective order would support dismissal. 
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Lesser sanctions would not adequately punish or deter Stone’s misconduct. Monetary 

sanctions are ineffective if it is unlikely that the plaintiff could pay fines or other monetary 

sanctions. See Young v. Off. of U.S. Senate Sergeant at Arms, 217 F.R.D. 61, 70 (D.D.C. 2003). 

That is true here. Stone says that he is unemployed and has no monthly income or cash on hand. 

See Pl.’s Mot. Appeal In Forma Pauperis at 3–4, ECF No. 233. He is therefore unlikely to be 

punished or deterred by monetary sanctions that he cannot pay. In addition, issue-related 

sanctions do not make sense here because the Court has already disposed of the merits of Stone’s 

case. Cf. Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1478 (defining issue-related sanctions as an “adverse evidentiary 

determination, along with the related sanction of precluding the admission of evidence”). 

Finally, civil contempt would be inappropriate. Its purpose is to force a party into compliance, 

SEC v. Bankers All. Corp., 881 F. Supp. 673, 678 (D.D.C. 1995), but Stone’s willful disclosure 

of protected portions of the FAM cannot be undone or corrected. So although dismissal is a 

sanction of last resort, see Webb, 146 F.3d at 971; Bonds v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 801, 

808 (D.C. Cir. 1996), it would be warranted here because other sanctions would not effectively 

punish or deter Stone from future misconduct. 

Dismissal would also be proportionate to Stone’s flagrant disregard of the protective 

order and the offensiveness of his conduct throughout this litigation. See Bonds, 93 F.3d at 808 

(explaining that a court’s choice of sanction should be proportionate to the party’s offense). It is 

bad enough that Stone has repeatedly used foul and threatening language throughout this 

litigation. See Kindig v. Whole Foods Mkt. Group, Inc., 971 F. Supp. 2d 37, 48 (D.D.C. 2013) 

(dismissing case partly because plaintiff used “invective” language against judges and parties). 

But Stone’s conduct has not just been disrespectful—he willfully disregarded a protective order 

explicitly warning him that violations could lead to “dismissal of Plaintiff’s suit.” See Protective 
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Order at 2. After representing that he would adhere to the order, Stone emailed, publicly filed, 

and published protected excerpts from the FAM. Between Stone’s utter disrespect for the Court 

and his blatant violations of the protective order, dismissal would be a proportionate sanction. 

B. The Court Will Not Sanction Stone For Now

While Stone’s violations and attitude toward the Court warrant dismissal, the Court is 

unable to dismiss his case because there are no claims pending before it. It has already ruled on 

the merits of the case, and Stone is currently appealing the Court’s decisions. See Stone I, 2020 

WL 4260711; Stone III, 2020 WL 6701078; Stone IV, 2020 WL 6746925; see also Notice of 

Appeal, ECF No. 234. 

But the Court would be within its authority to impose dismissal as a sanction if Stone 

brings new claims or tries to resuscitate his old ones. In Mikkilineni, the court found that 

dismissal of a pro se plaintiff’s case was warranted because he refiled a complaint identical to 

one the court had struck five weeks earlier. See Mikkilineni, 271 F. Supp. 2d at 155. Further 

disregarding the court’s order, the plaintiff moved to consolidate the two cases, which would 

have effectively revived the first action. Id. Dismissal was the only option to appropriately deter 

and punish the plaintiff for wasting judicial resources and challenging the integrity of court 

orders. Id. at 156. Similarly, in Reynolds, the plaintiff tried to revive a suit after the district 

court granted summary judgment and the circuit court affirmed. See Reynolds v. U.S. Capitol 

Police Bd., 357 F. Supp. 2d 19, 21–23 (D.D.C. 2004). He filed a second complaint nearly 

identical to his original one (which was dismissed) and then asked to add the same claim to an 

unrelated matter against the same defendant. See id. at 22–23. The court found that the 

plaintiff’s frivolous and repetitive conduct constituted bad faith, dismissed his case, and granted 

the defendant’s motion for Rule 11 sanctions. See id. at 22 n.3, 24–26. 
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Just like the Mikkilineni and Reynolds courts, this Court will be wary of any attempt by 

Stone to revive his suit. Stone willfully disobeyed the protective order and consistently displays 

an attitude of disrespect toward the Court. On top of all that, he has already filed numerous 

repetitive motions that have drained the Court’s resources. If he tries to renew his case with 

additional such motions, the Court may well hold his history of willful disobedience and attitude 

of disrespect against him. See Pietrangelo v. Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale & Dorr, LLP, 68 

A.3d 697, 706–09 (D.C. 2013) (remarking that trial judge could have justifiably dismissed case 

as sanction when plaintiff disregarded court’s order after having sapped court resources with 

numerous filings); see also Bristol, 901 F.2d at 167 (affirming dismissal and refusal to reinstate 

case when plaintiff disobeyed court order to appear at status conference). For now, however, the 

Court will not require him to show cause as to why he should not be sanctioned. 

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for order to show cause (ECF No. 211) is 

DENIED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and 

contemporaneously issued. 

Dated: March 23, 2021 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge