Crop

Soil

Farm machinery

and operations

Fertilizers

and lime

Seed

production

Irrigation

water

Pesticides

CROP AND SOIL INPUTS

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM

ATMOSPHERIC CO2

83 21 11 11 23

-168

+317

Carbon Emitted, Carbon Saved

by Gregg Marland, Tristram O. West, John C. Fenderson

The concentration of greenhouse gases

in the atmosphere continues to grow,

and there is increasing interest in trying

to minimize emissions. Countries and

corporations are conducting inventories

of their emissions and investigating how

changes in some practices might lead to

reduced emissions. If ratified, the Kyoto

Protocol would permit countries to trade

emissions permits. In conducting the

inventories and related analyses,

analysts and policymakers need to

clearly understand system boundaries

and their significance. 

The inventories’ system boundaries are

based on national boundaries in a purely

physical sense. Thus inventories of

national CO2 emissions, reported on the

CDIAC Web site in terms of tons of

carbon, cite emissions that physically

occur from within a given country. If

the United States, for example, imports

electricity that was generated from

burning coal in Canada, the CO2 emissions will be recorded in the inventory

for Canada, where the emissions occur. 

Continued on p. 12

May 2001

 Issue No. 28

http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

Co-editors: Sonja Jones

Karen Gibson

What’s Inside...

Director’s Desk . . . . . . . . . 2

AmeriFlux Data . . . . . . . . 3

Trends Online . . . . . . . . . . 5

Carbon Sequestration . . . . 8

Focus Areas . . . . . . . . . . . 9

energy.gov . . . . . . . . . . . 11

New and Updated . . . . . . 14

Reference Links . . . . . . . 19

CDIAC’s Bookshelf . . . . 21

Order Form . . . . . . . . . . . 24

CDIAC Communications is funded by

the U.S. Department of Energy’s

Environmental Sciences Division,

Office of Biological and Environmental

Research. It is published periodically by

the Carbon Dioxide Information

Analysis Center, Environmental

Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,

37831-6335, which is managed by

UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S.

Department of Energy under contract

DE-AC05-00OR22725. CDIAC

Communications is distributed free of

charge. ISSN 1053-1106.

CDIAC’s Program Manager: 

Wanda Farrell

Carbon flows and stock changes during the first year after conversion from conventional tillage to no-till agriculture

for the average U.S. crop. Numbers on arrows show flows of carbon from the use of fossil fuels for production,

processing, transport, and application of agricultural inputs. Numbers in boxes show the net change in carbon

stocks. All values are in kg C/ha/yr. Savings in net carbon emissions for conversion to no-till agriculture would be

calculated by comparing these numbers with comparable numbers for continuation of conventional tillage. Based on

data in West, T.O. and G. Marland. 2001. A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux

in agriculture comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (in press).
May 2001

2 CDIAC Communications

Many staff changes have taken place at ORNL since late last year, and CDIAC has not been immune.

Some long-time CDIAC staff have retired or moved to other projects, and some new (and not-so-new)

faces have joined CDIAC. Of course, people and their talents are not interchangeable, so when staff leave,

they take something with them that cannot be replaced. In response, we restructure the way we approach

our work, and we try to take advantage of the unique abilities of our revised team.

During the past few months, CDIAC lost the services of Linda Allison, Marvel Burtis, Susan Holladay,

and Gloria Taylor. Linda, who retired, was a former CDIAC staff member, who helped produce one of our

earliest—and still one of our most requested—data products: the Olson et al. database of carbon in global

ecosystems (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp017.html). More recently, Linda worked on a number of

varied data products, including several databases of ocean carbon (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/

home.html). Marvel, who also retired, was a mainstay of CDIAC’s Information Services Group. Marvel’s

talents were especially instrumental in the publication of the Russian-English (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/

cdiac/russeng1.html) and the Chinese-English (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac117/cdiac117.html)

global climate-change bibliographies. Susan, who worked on the AmeriFlux data management project

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/ameriflux/), moved to the related FLUXNET data management project. Gloria

Taylor, CDIAC’s hardworking secretary, moved to a different section in our division—our loss and the division’s

gain. All four will be missed!

Another of CDIAC’s Information Services group mainstays, Karen Gibson, transferred to the ARM Archive to

replace a former CDIAC staff member, Debbie Shepherd (who also retired from that DOE data center). Karen

helped publish the print and online versions of many data and information products, and she responded to user

requests. Fortunately, CDIAC will be retaining Karen’s abilities as co-editor of our newsletter, CDIAC

Communications (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/newsletr/ccindex.html)!

On the bright side, Tammy Beaty, T. J. Blasing, Gerry Eddlemon, Carolyn Householder, Barbara 

Jackson, and Lisa Olsen recently joined CDIAC. Tammy was one of the original members of the 

data center, and many users will associate her name with CDIAC’s early use of geographic 

information systems and, in particular, the global coastal hazards databases 

(e.g., http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp043c/43c.htm). Tammy has returned to CDIAC 

primarily to focus on ocean carbon data management. An atmospheric scientist, T. J. has returned to our division from the ORNL Energy Division and will work with greenhouse-gas 

data (you may recall his publications of tree-ring data; see http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/

ndp002.html and http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/db1005.html). Gerry, an environmental 

scientist, has joined our Information Services Group to help answer scientific questions 

from users. Carolyn is also in our Information Services Group and will handle CDIAC’s 

secretarial tasks. Barbara, a computer scientist, will work on the computer systems 

underlying the AmeriFlux data management system. Lisa Olsen, a geographer, will 

enhance the user interfaces of some of our spatial databases. Welcome aboard to all!

Not all the changes affecting CDIAC have taken place in Oak Ridge. With 

regret, I note that Bobbi Parra, CDIAC’s program manager at DOE headquarters, has 

left DOE for a position in the private sector. But I am pleased to add that our new 

DOE program manager is Wanda Ferrell, who has long represented DOE’s datamanagement interests in the U.S. Global Change Research Program.

Robert M. Cushman 
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 3

CDIAC’s AmeriFlux Data Archive Supports

Real-Time Data Evaluation Exercise

by Tom Boden

CDIAC serves as the long-term repository for

measurements collected by the AmeriFlux

network (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/

ameriflux/). AmeriFlux consists of

approximately 45 sites throughout North,

Central, and South America that make

continuous, long-term measurements of carbon

dioxide, water, and energy exchange from a

variety of ecosystems. One of the on-going

justifications for the AmeriFlux network is the

opportunity to provide site-specific calibration

and verification data for models and satellite

data. Since October 2000, CDIAC has posted

weekly micrometeorological data from

participating AmeriFlux sites for an evaluation

exercise initiated by Dr. Steve Running of the

University of Montana, Numerical

Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG).

Every week during this voluntary exercise,

AmeriFlux sites have provided canopy-top

micrometeorological data reported on halfhourly or hourly time intervals for use in

models. The micrometeorological data include

air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity,

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or

incident solar radiation, and wind speed. In

return, participating modeling groups must 

submit weekly their model estimates for

site-specific, daily evapo-transpiration (ET),

gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem

exchange (NEE), and net primary productivity

(NPP) for the AmeriFlux scientists to compare

with their own productivity estimates and NEE

measurements. An important element of this

exercise is that the modeling groups provide the

model estimates of ET, GPP, NEE, and NPP for

each site without immediately seeing

corresponding estimates measurements from the

AmeriFlux scientists.

CDIAC’s role in the exercise is to facilitate the

transfer of the AmeriFlux real-time micrometeorological data, perform quality checks on

the AmeriFlux data, identify and fill gaps in data

records to provide continuous time series to the

modelers, and post the AmeriFlux data and

model results on the Web for easy access by the

participating scientists and modeling groups. To

aid modelers’ efforts to initialize their models

for each site, CDIAC has assembled tables

containing site information, vegetation

characteristics, and carbon and nitrogen pool

estimates provided by the AmeriFlux scientists.

Fifteen AmeriFlux sites are presently submitting

data to CDIAC. These sites collectively offer

impressive spatial, climatic, and ecosystem representation. More AmeriFlux sites are expected

to join. To date, eight modeling groups have

expressed interest in participating in the

evaluation exercise. CDIAC worked with the

BIOME-BGC team to automate and streamline

the process before officially starting the exercise. Other modeling groups are now preparing

to join the exercise (e.g., establishing sitespecific initializations), although participation

by some modeling groups is contingent on the

availability of satellite data products.
May 2001

4 CDIAC Communications

Walker Branch

La Selva, Costa Rica

Sky Oaks

Blodgett Forest Morgan Monroe State Forest

Harvard Forest

Howland Forest

Metolius

Wind River

Ponca/Shidler

Barrow

Park Falls

UMBS

Kruger Park, South Africa

As part of this exercise, 8-day, site-specific

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products will be made available

to participating AmeriFlux scientists and

modeling groups. MODIS is a key instrument

aboard the Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite,

successfully launched on December 18, 1999.

MODIS views the entire Earth’s surface every

1 to 2 days. From MODIS images, various data

products will be derived, including estimates of

leaf area index (LAI), fractional photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), ET, and

NPP. The MODIS products are not yet available

but are expected to be available for this exercise 

by spring 2001 through NASA’s Distributed

Active Archive Center (DAAC) at Oak Ridge

National Laboratory. 

For additional information about the

AmeriFlux/model/MODIS validation exercise,

visit http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/

ameriflux/modelval.htm, or contact Steve

Running (swr@ntsg.umt.edu) or Tom Boden

(tab@ornl.gov). Modeling groups wishing to

participate must be willing to provide sitespecific daily ET, GPP, NEE, and NEP

computations each week to CDIAC for use by

participating AmeriFlux measurement groups.

AmeriFlux sites participating in the AmeriFlux/Model/MODIS evaluation exercise.

Site (Coordinates) Vegetation Type (age)

Barrow, Alaska (70(18' N, 156(36' W) Arctic tundra (8000–10,000 years)

Park Falls, Wisconsin (45(56' N, 90(16' W) Temperate/boreal, lowland and wetland forest (40–80 years)

Wind River, Washington (45(49' N, 12(57' W) Temperate rain forest (400–500 years)

U. of Mich. Biol. Station, Michigan (45(35' N, 84(42' W) Northern deciduous hardwoods/conifers (90 years)

Howland Forest, Maine (45(15' N, 68(45' W) Sub-boreal evergreen (90 years)

Metolius, Oregon (44(25' N, 121(34' W) Temperate coniferous (20 years)

Harvard Forest, Massachusetts (42(32' N, 72(11' W) Temperate mixed deciduous (70 years)

Morgan Monroe State Forest, Indiana (39(19' N, 86(25' W) Mixed deciduous hardwoods (60–80 year)

Walker Branch, Tennessee (35(52' N, 79(59' W) Mixed deciduous and broad-leaved (60 years)

Blodgett Forest, California (38(53' N, 120(37' W) Ponderosa pine plantation(7–8 year) 

Shidler, Oklahoma (36(56' N, 96(41' W) Native tallgrass prairie

Ponca, Oklahoma (36(46' N, 97(08' W) Winter wheat

Sky Oaks, California (33(22' N, 116(37' W) Chaparral (2 sites, 4 & 78 years)

La Selva, Costa Rica (10(26' N, 83(59' W) Tropical wet forest (>400 years)

Kruger Park, South Africa (25(1' S, 31(29' E) Savanna [2 sites: Acacia and Combretum - recent burn]
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 5

Trends Online Additions and Updates

Atmospheric Trace Gas

Concentrations

Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Isotopes

Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the

SIO Air Sampling Network (C. D. Keeling and

T. P. Whorf)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/

sio-keel.htm)

Ambient atmospheric CO2 data from the Mauna

Loa Observatory, Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Barrow,

Alaska; Cape Matatula, American Samoa: and

the South Pole have been updated though 1999.

All digital data, figures, and documentation are

available in Trends Online.

The ambient atmospheric CO2 measurements

taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory since 1958

constitute the longest continuous record of

atmospheric CO2 concentrations available in the

world. The Mauna Loa site is considered one of

the most favorable locations for measuring

undisturbed air because the possible local

influences of vegetation or human activities on

atmospheric CO2 concentrations are minimal

and any influences from volcanic vents may be

excluded from the records. The methods and

equipment used to obtain these measurements

have remained essentially unchanged during the

40-plus years of the monitoring program.

Between 1959 and 1999, the Mauna Loa record

shows a 16.6% rise in the mean annual

concentration, increasing from 315.83 parts per

million by volume (ppmv) of dry air to 368.37

ppmv. A 2.9-ppmv increase in mean annual

concentration from 1997 to 1998 represents the

largest single yearly jump since the Mauna Loa

record began in 1958; the 1998–99 increase in

mean annual concentration was 1.67 ppmv.

Since 1974, the annual average CO2 concentration at Barrow has risen from 332.60 ppmv to

369.68 ppmv in 1999 (constituting an annual

increase of 1.4 ppmv). The Barrow record is

indicative of maritime air masses and shows the

large seasonal amplitude typical for high

latitude northern sites. 

At Cape Matatula, the annual concentration of

CO2 rose from 340.43 ppmv in 1982 to 367.02

ppmv in 1999 (displaying an annual growth rate

of ~1.5 ppmv). At the South Pole, the annual

CO2 concentration rose from 327.45 ppmv in

1973 to 365.69 ppmv in 1999 (constituting an

annual increase of >1.4 ppmv).

The Mauna Loa data are also available in

NDP-001. For more details see page 16 or visit

our Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/

ndp001.html).

Other Atmospheric Trace Gases

Trifluoromethyl Sulfur Pentafluoride

(SF5CF3) and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) from

Dome Concordia (W. T. Sturges et al.)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/otheratg/

sturges/sturges.html)

Air samples were pumped from consolidated

deep snow (i.e., firn) at Dome Concordia in

eastern Antarctica in December 1998 and

January 1999 from the surface to a depth of approximately 100 m. Air samples were analyzed

with a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer,

with a detection limit of about 0.001 parts per

trillion (ppt). A diffusive transport model was

used to calculate the age of the samples as a

function of depth. Measurements of SF6 were

used to determine the mean age of the firn air by

comparison with extrapolated measurements

from Cape Grim, Tasmania, combined with

estimates from industrial emissions. Dates for

SF5CF3 are different than those for SF6 because

of the lower diffusivity of SF5CF3. The SF6 ages
May 2001

6 CDIAC Communications

were multiplied by the ratio of the free-air

diffusion coefficient of SF5CF3 to that of SF6

(1.18). Free-air diffusion coefficients were

determined by a semi-empirical formula based

on molecular volumes. Note that mean ages

represent a wide distribution of probable ages

spanning many years, with an increasing spread

of ages at increasing depth. 

The measured concentration of SF5CF3

increased from zero in 1965-1966 to about 0.12

ppt in 1999, with a current growth rate of about

0.008 ppt per year (about 6% per year). The

similarity of the growth curves of SF5CF3 and

SF6 (which increased from 0.18 ppt in 1970 to

4.0 ppt in 1999) indicates that the former may

originate as a breakdown product of the latter in

high-voltage equipment. While the current

radiative forcing of SF5CF3 may be minor, the

high growth rate and long atmospheric residence

time suggest that the greenhouse significance of

this gas could increase markedly in the future.

On the other hand, SF5CF3 appears not to have

any natural sources, so control might be

feasible, once the sources are identified. 

Atmospheric Fluoroform (CHF3, HFC-23) 

at Cape Grim, Tasmania (D. E. Oram et al.)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/otheratg/oram/

oram.html)

Air samples were taken from the archive of 

Cape Grim, Tasmania, from samples collected 

during 1978 through 1995. Comparisons of 

CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CH3CCl3, and 

CH4 data between archive samples and corresponding in situ samples for the same dates confirm that the archive samples are both representative and stable over time. Samples were

analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a KCl-passivated alumina

PLOT column. Fluoroform was monitored on

mass 69 (CF3

+

). The analytical precision (one

standard deviation of the mean) for two or three

replicate analyses was typically +1% of the

mean measured value. The overall uncertainty

of the observed data was +10%, taking into

account uncertainties in the preparation of the

primary standards, the purity of the fluoroform

used to make the primary standards, and the

analytical precision. 

The measured concentration of fluoroform at 

Cape Grim increased from ~2 pptv in early 1978

to ~11 pptv by late 1995. The growth rate was

0.55 pptv per year over the period 1990–1995,

or about 5% per year relative to the late 1995

value. 

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from 

Fossil-Fuel Consumption

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel

CO2 Emissions (G. Marland et al.)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/

em_cont.htm) 

CDIAC’s estimates of global, regional, and

national CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel

combustion and cement production extend from

1751–1997 . The 1997 global CO2 emis-sions

estimate of 6601 million metric tons of carbon is

the highest fossil-fuel emission esti-mate ever.

The 1997 estimate represents a 1.3% increase

over 1996, continuing a trend of mod-est growth

since a 1991–1993 decline in global CO2

emissions. 

These data are also available in NDP-030. For

more details see page 17 or visit our Web site 

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp030.html).

Carbon Flux from Land-Cover Change

Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from

Land-Use Changes (R. A. Houghton and

J. L. Hackler)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/

houghton/houghton.html)

In the attempt to “balance” the global carbon

cycle (that is, reconcile the known sources and

sinks of carbon) there have been two major unknowns: the flux between the atmosphere and

the oceans and the flux between the atmosphere
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 7

and terrestrial ecosystems. To address the latter,

several investigators have attempted to estimate

the flows of carbon between the atmosphere and

both temperate and tropical ecosystems. The

database presented here provides estimates of

regional and global net carbon fluxes on a

yearly basis from 1850 through 1990 as a result

of changes in land use (such as harvesting of

forest products and clearing for agriculture).

These estimates take into account not only the

initial removal and oxidation of the carbon in

the vegetation but also subsequent regrowth and

changes in soil carbon.

The net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from

changes in land use from 1850 to 1990 was

modeled as a function of documented land use

change and alterations in aboveground and

belowground carbon following changes in land

use. The changes in carbon over time following

land use change are specified by region and

ecosystem type.

These estimates indicate that the global total net

flux from 1850 through 1990 was 124 petagrams

(1 Pg = 1015g) of carbon. For the year 1990, the

global total net flux was estimated to be 2.1 Pg

of carbon; in comparison, the estimated 1990

carbon flux to the atmosphere from fossil-fuel

combustion and cement production has been

estimated at 6.1 Pg of carbon. 

Climate

Temperature

Global and Hemispheric Temperature

Anomalies–Land and Marine Instrumental

Records (P. D. Jones et al.)

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/temp/

jonescru/jones.html) 

These global and hemispheric temperature

anomaly time series, which incorporate land and

marine data, are continually updated and expanded. Some of the earliest work in producing

these temperature series dates back to 1986.

The land portion of the database from which the

time series are computed consists of surface air

temperature (SAT) data (land-surface meteorological data and fixed-position weather ship

data) that have been corrected for nonclimatic

errors, such as station shifts and/or instrument

changes. The most recent reanalysis of land

surface data by the Climatic Research Unit

(CRU) resulted in (1) the inclusion of over 1000

additional stations, (2) a new reference period

common to all stations (1961–1990; previously

1950–1979), and (3) increased grid-box resolution of the temperature anomalies (5° × 5°). The

marine data used in the present analysis are

compiled at the Hadley Centre of the United

Kingdom Meteorological Office and consist of

sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that incorporate

in situ measurements from ships and buoys. The

SST data have been corrected to eliminate effects of using different types of buckets used

before 1942. These SSTs also were converted to

anomalies with respect to the 1961–1990 mean,

and the two constituent data sets (SAT and SST)

were combined.

The resulting data set has been used extensively

in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) reports in which the global-mean temperature changes evident in the record have been

interpreted in terms of anthropogenic forcing

influences and natural variability. 

Trends in annual mean temperature anomalies

for the globe show relatively stable temperatures

from the beginning of the record through about

1910, with relatively rapid and steady warming

through the early 1940s, followed by another

period of relatively stable temperatures through

the mid-1970s. Since then, rapid rise is observed

similar to that in the earlier part of the century.

The year 1998 was the warmest year in the

global mean temperature series, followed by

1997. The year 1998’s anomaly was 0.57°C

above the mean temperature of the 1961–1990

reference period. [Jones et al. (1999) report

14.0°C, 14.6°C, and 13.4°C as the means for the

globe, northern hemisphere, and southern

hemisphere, respectively, during the 1961–1990

reference period].
May 2001

8 CDIAC Communications

The most recent year of the record, 1999, also

saw a significant positive temperature anomaly

(0.33°C) but represents a cooling in comparison

with the two previous years, in large part

because of the transition from El Niño

conditions during parts of 1997 and 1998 to La

Niña conditions in 1999. Nevertheless, 1999

ranks as the fifth warmest year in the global

record, and the seven warmest years of the

global record have occurred since 1990. They

are, in descending order, 1998, 1997, 1995,

1990, 1999, 1991, and 1994. 

Global, Hemispheric, and Zonal

Temperature Deviations Derived from

Radiosonde Records (J. K. Angell) 

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/temp/

angell/angell.html)

Data from a global network of 63 radiosonde

stations were used to estimate global, hemispheric, and zonal annual and seasonal temperature deviations from 1958 through 1999. These

estimates are categorized vertically (for the surface, troposphere, tropopause, low stratosphere,

and the surface up to 100 mb) and horizontally

(for the globe, the northern and southern 

hemispheres, the north and south polar, North

and South temperate, North and South subtropical, tropical, and equatorial latitudinal zones).

The data were obtained from values published in

Monthly Climatic Data for the World and Climatic Data for the World, from the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) Network, and

from National Center for Atmospheric Research

files. On the basis of data from this network,

Angell reported that during 1958–1999 the

global, near-surface air temperature warmed

0.14(C per decade and the troposphere layer

warmed 0.10(C per decade. The tropopause

cooled in the extra tropics but warmed slightly

in the tropics. The low-stratospheric layer

cooled by about 0.4(C per decade in the tropics

and extratropics. At both the surface and in the

troposphere, 1998 was the warmest year of the

41-year record, but when the influence of the

powerful El Niño of 1997–1998 is taken into

account, 1990 remains the warmest year of the

record.

These data are also available in NDP-008. For

more details see page 16 or visit our Web site 

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp008.html). 

Carbon Sequestration Web Site

In the past 60 years, the

amount of anthropogenic CO2 emitted to

the atmosphere, primarily because of

expanding use of fossil

fuels for energy, has

risen from the preindustrial level, at 280

parts per million (ppm),

to the present level, at >368 ppm. Predictions of

global energy use in the next century suggest a

continued increase in carbon emissions and

increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere unless major changes are made in the way

we produce and use energy—in particular, how

we manage carbon. One way to manage carbon

is to use energy more efficiently and thereby

reduce our need for a major source of energy

and carbon, namely, fossil fuel combustion.

Another way is to increase our use of lowcarbon and carbon- free fuels and technologies

(i.e., nuclear power and renewable sources

such as solar energy, wind power, and biomass

fuels). Both approaches are supported by DOE.

The third and newest way to manage carbon is

through carbon sequestration. 

“Carbon sequestration” refers to the long-term

storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, in

the ground, or in the oceans so that the buildup

of carbon dioxide—the principal anthropogenic

greenhouse gas—in the atmosphere will be reduced or delayed. In some cases, the reduction
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 9

or delay is accomplished by maintaining or enhancing natural processes; in other cases, novel

techniques are developed to dispose of carbon.

DOE’s Office of Science is focusing efforts on

the following:

• sequestering carbon in underground

geologic repositories

• enhancing the natural terrestrial cycle

• carbon sequestration in the oceans, and

• sequencing genomes of micro-organisms for

carbon management

We need to understand how carbon dioxide

“sinks,” or storage places, perform so we can 

enhance the ongoing natural processes and

develop innovative new processes. Such

developments may add powerful new measures

to carbon management options.

Midyear in 2000, CDIAC launched the DOE

Office of Science’s Carbon Sequestration Web

site (http://cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov/). Developed by

Karen Gibson, the site offers links to the three

DOE carbon sequestration centers, provides

DOE contacts and DOE reports related to

carbon sequestration, and offers information

on related meetings and seminars, news, and

research opportunities. 

Focus Areas

 Free-Air CO2

 Enrichment 

CDIAC Director, Robert Cushman, presented

the poster “Data and Information Management

for FACE” at the FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) 2000 Conference in Tsukuba, Japan. The

poster illustrated data management tasks performed at CDIAC (i.e., data compilation,

reformatting, quality-assurance, documentation,

and distribution). It also showed the role of

standardization of variable names and units in

facilitating syntheses and analyses across the

global network of approximately 30 FACE sites.

In addition, the poster gave examples of the

information available from CDIAC’s FACE

Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

programs/FACE/face.html). 

Global Change Climate Data

Assessing Observed Temperature and Cloud

Amount Trends for China over the Last Half

of the Twentieth Century: What Can the

Sunshine Duration Record Tell Us?

CDIAC’s Dale Kaiser presented the paper

“Assessing Observed Temperature and Cloud

Amount Trends for China over the Last Half of

the Twentieth Century: What Can the Sunshine

Duration Record Tell Us?” at the 81st Annual

Meeting of the American Meteorological

Society and 12th Symposium on Global Change

and Climate Variations held in Albuquerque,

New Mexico. Dale described a large observed

decrease in sunshine duration over most of

China from 1954 to 1998, even though cloud

amount is also decreasing significantly over

most of the country. The most likely explanation

for such a paradox is that the atmosphere over

China is becoming so polluted with sunshinereflecting aerosols (mainly anthropogenic) that

the sunshine recording instrument senses less

direct bright sunshine. Decreases in sunshine

duration are thought to be the leading cause of

anomalous cooling in maximum temperatures

observed over a region centered on Sichuan

Province (mainly in summer). In China, because

of the aerosol effect, sunshine duration cannot

be used as a proxy for cloud amount. This

analysis stems from CDIAC’s involvement in a

bilateral research agreement between DOE and

the China Meteorological Administration

(CMA) examining regional climate changes. 
May 2001

10 CDIAC Communications

Decreasing Cloudiness over China: An

Updated Analysis Examining Additional

Variables

Dale Kaiser also published “Decreasing

Cloudiness over China: An Updated Analysis

Examining Additional Variables” in the journal

Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) (Vol. 27,

No. 15, pp. 2193–2196). Versions of the paper

are available in HTML and PDF format from the

American Geophysical Union Web site (http://

www.agu.org/). The paper is an update and

expansion of the first GRL paper Dale authored

on the subject in 1998 (http://www.agu.org/).

Both studies make use of six-hourly weather

observations provided to CDIAC by the CMA

through a bilateral research agreement with

DOE. The current paper adds two years to the

cloud amount series (1995 and 1996), using

cloud data from the global database compiled by

Hahn and Warren in 1999 

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp026c/

ndp026c.html), and shows that the marked decreasing trend in all-China mean cloud amount

has continued. The study also analyzes trends in

station pressure, water vapor pressure, and

relative humidity. Several key findings emerged.

Annual mean station pressure has increased

dramatically over most of China, and annual

mean water vapor pressure has increased

significantly in northwest and east-central China

(no areas show any significant decreases).

Relative humidity has decreased significantly in

the northeast (where the largest decreases in

cloud amount are observed) but has increased

significantly in the northwest (consistent with

water vapor increases). Especially interesting is

the concomitant sudden decrease in the

nationwide cloud amount series around 1978

and the sudden increase in station pressure.

These changes coincide closely with the large

increase in global mean temperature (mainly

driven by increasing daily minimum

temperature), which in turn coincides with what

the IPCC has described as a fundamental shift in

the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

phenomenon about that time (i.e., relatively

more frequent El Niño episodes in comparison

with La Niña episodes). 

 NARSTO

Les Hook and Meng-Dawn Cheng represented

CDIAC’s NARSTO Quality Systems Science

Center (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/

NARSTO/) at the NARSTO 2000 meeting,

“Tropospheric Aerosols Science and Decisions

in an International Community,” held in

Queretaro, Mexico. Les co-chaired the Data

Management/ Quality session. He presented a

paper “The NARSTO Data and Information

Sharing Tool” and displayed a poster “The

Truth about Data Management” (both coauthored with Sigurd Christensen). In the

session on Stationary Sources/Controls, MengDawn presented “Real-Time Emission

Measurement of Fine Particulates and Heavy

Metals” (co-authored with Madhavi Martin and

Thomas Wainman, also of the ORNL

Environmental Sciences Division). 

 Ocean Data

CDIAC’s Alex Kozyr attended the PICES (the

North Pacific Marine Science Organization)

CO2 Data Integration Test Workshop in Sidney,

British Columbia, and participated in

discussions on the synthesis of ocean CO2 data

from the North Pacific region. The workshop

included representatives from Canada, Japan,

and the United States. Among the recommendations of the workshop was the compilation of an

International North Pacific Data Inventory for

CO2 and CO2-related data. A follow-up CO2

Data Integration Implementation Workshop is

planned for Tokyo in May 2001.

Alex also represented CDIAC’s ocean carbon

effort at two meetings in Japan sponsored by the 

PICES: the Symposium on North Pacific CO2

Data Synthesis (in Tsukuba) and the session on

North Pacific carbon cycling and ecosystem

dynamics as part of the PICES Ninth Annual

Meeting (in Hakodate). Alex presented the new

CDIAC data access through Web maps and

described the new CDIAC - World Ocean

Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Collection that 
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 11

he created using the Ocean Data View Program

(to be available shortly through the CDIAC’s

Ocean Web site

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html). 

Other

Bob Cushman presented the talk “All The

Greenhouse Gases—Where Do They All Come 

From?” at the DOE Global Change Education 

Program End-of-Summer Workshop in Oak 

Ridge, Tennessee. The talk discussed the many

sources of greenhouse gases, differences in

relative contributions of the various gases and

contributing sources as a function of spatial

scale (from global through sub-national), and

issues in adding emissions inventories to yield

inventories for larger scales. 

energy.gov Open for Business

DOE embraced a new way of doing business on

the Web with the introduction of the energy.gov

Web site early last fall. After running in parallel

with the doe.gov Web site for its first few

weeks, energy.gov became the new home page

for the DOE on October 2, 2000.

“The new site will mark a major step in the

Department’s efforts to implement

e-government initiatives and in fulfilling former

Secretary Richardson’s commitment to meeting

the needs of our most important customers – the

American public,” predicted Mark Mazur, the

Acting Administrator for the Energy

Information Administration (EIA).

Flipping the switch to energy.gov culminated a

nine-month effort by a cross cutting team at

DOE called the Web Forum. Their task was to

build an improved Web site for DOE. The

project was led by the Consumer Information

Office and the Chief Information Office in

response to Secretary Richardson’s vision that

the agency’s work be better understood by the

public we serve. 

“The problem is not that what we do is not

meaningful to people,” said Consumer

Information Director Kathy McShea, whose

office was opened as a secretarial initiative to

help DOE make a better connection with the

American people. “The problem was that too

many people couldn’t find us or our

information. We hope energy.gov helps address

that problem by adopting a more consumerfriendly approach to Web design that puts the

customer first.”

When a group of Web professionals from each

program office were invited to help build the

energy.gov Web site in late 1999, they quickly

embraced the initiative as their own. They

started by creating a new navigation system to

categorize DOE’s rich, Web-based resources in

a topical way, instead of allowing it to be mired

in government speak. Then they selected a

design that best met the project’s goals. Once

these decisions came into place, there was no

looking back. The result is a site that better

informs the public with energy information tools

that can save them money and power their

world.

If the problem is that too many people don’t

know what DOE does, the answer is the Web

site, with the bright banner that says “the Energy

that Surrounds You.”

“All too often DOE accomplishments in all

fields of endeavor are overlooked or ignored,”

said James Decker, Principal Deputy Director

for the Office of Science. “The Internet can be a

powerful tool to help rectify that problem... To

keep up with an increasingly competitive

information marketplace, the Department of

Energy would do well to embrace energy.gov.”

A primary navigation bar is designed for the

new visitor who wants to learn something about
May 2001

12 CDIAC Communications

DOE and explore its information resources. It

divides the content into everyday terms such as

“Your Health,” “Your House,” “Your

Transportation,” or “Your World.” Each of

these pages will feature a different page each

month, meant to promote the best on the Web

from DOE that month. 

A secondary navigation bar is built with the

regular visitor in mind – those who know what

they are looking for. It is broken into three

sections. 

The first section, “inside the DOE,” contains

DOE’s highly trafficked internal pages like the

press area and the jobs site. The second section,

“Energy and...,” builds content in the popular

“Yahoo” style on the theory that people have

different ways of searching for information but

ought to be able to get to the same place no matter which door they enter. The third section,

“Resources,” includes access to over 100 online

subscriptions and a publication center with over

120 of DOE’s “bestsellers,” as well as

databases, photo galleries, and online software.

Selecting the content of the site and navigation

bar was a critical step in the process of building 

energy.gov. It was accomplished by a “gold

diggers” club, which helped the Web Forum

identify the most popular DOE Web sites. In the

future, a newly established “Web Council” will

maintain the site and keep the content fresh and

current.

The energy.gov site has a clean look and feel

that belies the fact that it provides links to over

800 different Web sites – a powerful resource

for consumers and DOE employees alike to

make the most of Web-based tools.

“The appearance, depth of content, and most

importantly, the consumer-friendly approach,

will make the new design an excellent portal to

the wealth of electronic information available

throughout the DOE complex,” said Robert

Kripowicz, Acting Director for the Office of

Fossil Energy. “We look forward to seeing the

new site become the main Internet entry point

for DOE. ”

Carbon Emitted, Carbon Saved

Continued from p. 1

Although the United States could reduce its CO2

emissions by more than 4% by prohibiting oil

refineries in this country and importing refined

petroleum products instead, there would be no

savings in the overall global emissions because

the refineries would simply be moved to another

country. The data show that CO2 emissions from

the United States amount to 5.4 metric tons of

carbon per person per year, but most people

would find that their personal inventory of

emissions is far less than that. Their inventory

results primarily from the gasoline used by their

car and the natural gas used by their furnace or

hot water heater. Most of the 5.4 tons of carbon

comes from electric power plants that power our

homes, factories, and shopping centers; from

factories that produce our clothes and other

consumer goods; from tractors on farms; from

trucks that deliver materials to factories and

finished products to stores; from gas grills at

local restaurants; and so forth.

Because of our interdependence, a ton of carbon

emissions avoided can lead to more or less than

a ton of carbon emissions saved. Data from the

U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (1990)

suggest that 1.16 liters of petroleum products

are needed to deliver 1 liter of gasoline to the

final consumer. Not burning a liter of gasoline

save 0.64 kg of carbon in emissions from the

automobile and also save emissions from the

fuel truck, the refinery, and the petroleum production system. Furthermore, although an automobile factory might require more energy and

thus involve more CO2 emissions to produce an

energy-efficient automobile, every person who

purchased one of the automobiles would save

energy and CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, one

further step must be considered: If automobile
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 13

drivers could drive the same distance for less

gasoline, might they be tempted to drive more?

It may be possible to reduce net emissions of

carbon to the atmosphere by increasing the

uptake and storage of carbon in plants and soils.

But, it is necessary to consider systems

boundaries. An extra ton of carbon stored in the

soil does not necessarily imply one ton of

carbon would be saved from the atmosphere.

Recent analysis (West and Marland, 2001)

suggests that changing from conventional tillage

to no-till agriculture (based on average U.S.

practice) can result in storing more carbon in the

soil and save carbon emissions because less fuel

is used on the farm. In this case, putting a ton of

carbon into the soil can save more than a ton of

carbon from the atmosphere. On the other hand,

if putting a ton of carbon in the soil required

more on-farm fuel or more nitrogen fertilizer

(which requires fossil fuels for its production),

than putting a ton of carbon in the soil save less

than a ton of carbon from the atmosphere. Use

of additional nitrogen fertilizer might also affect

emissions of N2O, another greenhouse gas.

Carbon can also be removed from the

atmosphere by photosynthesis and stored in

trees, and this increase in forest carbon can be

measured with appropriate inventory techniques.

These inventory techniques must account for the

time dimension inherent in the life cycle of trees

in both managed and unmanaged forest stands. 

What the inventory will not show is the impact

that increasing carbon storage in the forest has

on the management of other forests, the flow of

forest products, or the substitution of forest

products by other (often more energy-intensive)

products. Analyses of forestry projects by

Marland and Schlamadinger (1997) have tried to

broaden the system boundaries to make sure that

the full, appropriate system is considered when

the intent is to save CO2 emissions. 

Efforts to analyze CO2 emissions from the pulp

and paper industry have employed a mass

balance approach to try to estimate carbon 

emissions. As wood is harvested, fiber moves 

through the chain of paper production and use,

and fossil fuels are consumed to power the processes. Mass balances for the raw materials and

fuels can provide an inventory of CO2 emissions

from the processing, but an analysis of the effect

of pulp and paper processing on carbon emissions to the atmosphere requires an understanding of where and how the wood was harvested;

whether any by-products were generated; and

the product’s use, recycle, and disposal. 

The bottom line is that it is relatively

straightforward to do an emissions inventory,

although care is needed to define appropriate

and consistent system boundaries in terms of

time and space. It is not so easy to determine

how much greenhouse gas emissions are

changed as a result of a change in human

behavior. A ton of carbon not emitted is not

necessarily a ton saved.

The recently emerging concept of carbon

management has far-reaching implications

beyond an inventory of “your carbon” and “my

carbon.” It encompasses the broad array of

activities that involve our management of the

biosphere, our use of energy, and the complex

linkages that tie them together. 

References

Marland, G., and B. Schlamadinger. 1997.

Forests for Carbon Sequestration or Fossil Fuel

Substitition? A Sensitivity Analysis. Biomass

and Bioenergy 13: 389–397.

U.S. Office of Technology Assessment. 1990.

Energy Use and the U.S. Economy.

OTA-BP-E-57. U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D.C.

West, T.O., and G. Marland. 2001. A synthesis

of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and

net carbon flux in agriculture comparing tillage

practices in the United States. Agriculture,

Ecosystems and Environment (in press). 
May 2001

14 CDIAC Communications

New and Updated CDIAC Products

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data

Obtained During the R/V Hésperides Cruise in the

Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A5, July 14–August 15,

1992)

Millero, Frank J., Sara Fiol, and Douglas M. Campbell, Rosenstiel School of Marine

and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami; and Gregorio Parrilla, Instituto

Español de Oceanografía, Madrid

Prepared by Linda Allison and Alexander Kozyr, CDIAC

NDP-074 (2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_074/ndp074.html)

The documentation for this data product

discusses the procedures and methods used to

measure total carbon dioxide (TCO2), total

alkalinity (TALK), and pH at hydrographic

stations during the R/V Hesperides oceanographic cruise in the Atlantic Ocean (Section

A5). Conducted as part of the World Ocean

Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the cruise

began in Cadiz, Spain, on July 14, 1992, and

ended in Miami, Florida, on August 15, 1992. 

Measurements made along WOCE Section A5

[as measured by a conductivity, temperature,

and depth sensor (CTD)] included pressure,

temperature, salinity, and oxygen; and bottle

salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite,

silicate, TCO2, TALK, and pH.

The TALK, TCO2, and pH were determined

from titrations of seawater collected at

33 stations. The titration systems for measuring

CDIAC’s carbon dioxide-related products provide coverage in a number of areas relevant to the greenhouse

effect and global climate change. These areas include records of the concentration of CO2 and other radiatively

active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles

of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated

CO2 on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea level. All recently released carbon

dioxide-related products, new or updated, are described in this section.

CDIAC packages and releases our holdings in form of data products—numeric data packages (NDPs), a

computer model package (CMP), and databases—and publications. All of our products are provided free of

charge. The printed publications are available from CDIAC while supplies last. Data files and documentation

(text or HTML version) that accompany the data products may be accessed and downloaded from CDIAC’s

Web site (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/), from CDIAC’s anonymous FTP area (cdiac.esd.ornl.gov), or requested

directly from CDIAC on various types of media (e.g., CD-ROM, floppy diskette). All technical questions,

such as questions about methodology or accuracy), should be directed to the CDIAC staff member who is

responsible for preparing the individual data products.

Note: As the supply of certain CDIAC publications become exhausted, those publications will no longer be

distributed by CDIAC. DOE personnel and DOE contractors can request copies from the Office of Scientific

and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 (http://www.osti.gov/). Other individuals

should contact the National Technical Information Service (703-487-4650) or (http://www.ntis.gov/).
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 15

TALK and TCO2 were calibrated in the

laboratory with certified reference materials

(CRMs) before the cruise to ensure traceable

results. Standard reference seawater provided by

Andrew Dickson of Scripps Institution of

Oceanography (SIO) was used at sea to monitor

the performance of the titration systems. The

results agree with the laboratory results to

±2 μmol/kg for TALK and ±1 μmol/kg for

TCO2. The titration systems used to measure pH

were calibrated with TRIS seawater buffers

prepared in the laboratory and measured with an

H2, Pt/AgCl, Ag electrode. The initial

electromotive force (emf) of the titrations was

used to determine the pH. The values of pH are

thought to be reliable to ±0.01 and are internally

consistent with the measured values of TALK

and TCO2 to ±7 μmol/kg. The measured carbon 

dioxide system parameters have been used to 

calculate the in situ values of the fugacity of

CO2 (fCO2) for the surface water. The surface

results are briefly discussed.

WOCE section A5 is located at 24.5° N along

the meridional overturn in the Atlantic Ocean.

The maximum heat transfer in the North

Atlantic Ocean occurs at 24° N; warming in the

ocean at this latitude goes down to 3000 m. This

section has been studied for a number of years

and thus can be used to examine the changes

that have occurred in the North Atlantic deep

waters. This section has also been studied in the

past through inverse methods for looking at the

movement of CO2 to and from the North

Atlantic. The CO2-related measurements aboard

the R/V Hésperides were supported by DOE.

WDC database 

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data

Obtained During the R/V John V. Vickers Cruise in the

Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section P13, NOAA CGC92 Cruise,

August 4–October 21, 1992)

Dickson, Andrew G., Charles D. Keeling, Peter R. Guenther, Scripps Institution of

Oceanography University of California; and John L. Bullister, Pacific Marine

Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Prepared by Alexander Kozyr, CDIAC

NDP-075 (2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_075/ndp075.html)

Documentation for this data product discusses

the procedures and methods used to measure

total carbon dioxide (TCO2) and total alkalinity

(TALK) at hydrographic stations during the R/V

John V. Vickers oceanographic cruise in the

Pacific Ocean (Section P13). Conducted as part

of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment

(WOCE) and the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration’s Climate and

Global Change Program, the cruise began in Los

Angeles, California, on August 4, 1992, with a

transit line (Leg 0) to Dutch Harbor, Alaska. On

August 16, the ship departed Dutch Harbor on

Leg 1 of WOCE section P13. On September 15,

the R/V John V. Vickers arrived in Kwajalein,

Marshall Islands, for emergency repairs, and

after 11 days in port departed for Leg 2 of

Section P13 on September 26. The cruise ended

on October 21 in Noumea, New Caledonia.

Measurements made along WOCE Section P13

included pressure, temperature, salinity

[measured by a conductivity, temperature, and

depth sensor (CTD)], bottle salinity, bottle

oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silicate,

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12), TCO2,

and TALK. 

The TCO2 was measured by coulometry using a

Single-Operator Multiparameter Metabolic

Analyzer (SOMMA). The overall precision of
May 2001

16 CDIAC Communications

the analyses was ±2 μmol/kg. Samples collected

for TALK were measured by potentiometric

titration; precision was ±2 μmol/kg. The 

CO2-related measurements aboard the R/V John

V. Vickers were supported by DOE. WDC

database 

Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations—Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii,

1958–1999 (revised August 2000) 

Keeling, C. D., and T. P. Whorf, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Prepared by Tom Boden, CDIAC

NDP-001 (revised 2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp001.html)

Since 1958, air samples have been continuously

collected at Mauna Loa Observatory and

analyzed by infrared spectroscopy for CO2

concentrations. Data are averaged to give

monthly and annual atmospheric CO2

concentrations.

These data represent the longest continuous

record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the

world. This precise data record covers a

single site (Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii). It 

is a reliable indicator of the regional trend in the

concentration of atmospheric CO2 in

the middle layers of the troposphere and is

critical to CO2-related research

Additional information, including updated

methods, trends, and graphics, is described in

CDIAC’s Trends Online. For more details see

page 5 or visit our Web site

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/

sio-mlo.htm).

Annual and Seasonal Global Temperature Deviations in the Troposphere and

Low Stratosphere, 1958–1999

Angell, J. K., Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring,

Maryland 

Prepared by Dale Kaiser and Sonja Jones, CDIAC

NDP-008 (updated 2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp008.html)

Surface temperatures and thickness-derived

temperatures from a global network of

63 radiosonde stations were used to estimate

annual and seasonal temperature deviations

(calculated relative to a 1958–1977 reference

period mean) over the globe and several zonal

regions from 1958 through 1999.

Most of the values are column-mean temperatures obtained from the differences in height

between constant-pressure surfaces at individual

radiosonde stations. The pressure-height data

before 1980 were obtained from published

values in Monthly Climatic Data for the World. 

Between 1980 and 1990, Angell used data from

both the Climatic Data for the World and the

Global Telecommunications System (GTS)

Network received at the National

Meteorological Center. Between 1990 and 1995,

the data were obtained only from GTS, and

since 1995 the data have been obtained from

National Center for Atmospheric Research files.

These temperature deviations may be used to

analyze long-term temperature trends for a layer

of the atmosphere (i.e., surface, troposphere,

tropopause, and low stratosphere), a region (i.e.,
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 17

polar, temperate, subtropical, and equatorial

regions), a hemisphere, or the globe.

Additional information, including updated

methods, trends, and graphics, is described in 

CDIAC’s Trends Online. For more details see

page 8 or visit our Web site

(http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/temp/angell/

angell.html).

Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates from Fossil Fuel

Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1751–1997

Marland, G., T. A. Boden, CDIAC; and R. J. Andres, University of North Dakata

NDP-030 (revised 2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp030.html)

Global, regional, and national annual estimates

of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning,

cement production, and gas flaring have been

calculated through 1997, some as far back as

1751. These estimates, derived primarily from

energy statistics published by the United

Nations (UN), were calculated through methods

of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement

production estimates from the U.S. Department

of Interiors Bureau of Mines were used to

estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. 

Emissions from gas flaring were derived

primarily from UN data but were supplemented

with data from DOE’s Energy Information

Administration (Rotty 1974) and with some

national estimates provided by Marland.

Additional information, including updated

methods, trends, and graphics, is described in

CDIAC’s Trends Online. For more details see

page 6 or visit Web site (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/

trends/emis/em_cont.htm).

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE

Prinn, R., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; D. Cunnold, F. Alyea, D. Hartley, and R. H. J. Wang, Georgia

Institute of Technology; P. Fraser and L. P. Steele, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organisation; R. Weiss, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; P. Simmonds, International Science Consultants;

Prepared by Tom Boden and Karen Gibson, CDIAC

DB1001 (updated 2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html)

In the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE global network

program, continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements of two biogenic/

anthropogenic gases [methane (CH4) and 

nitrous oxide (N2O)] and six anthropogenic

gases [chlorofluorocarbons (CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and

CF2ClCFCl2); methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3);

chloroform (CHCl3); and carbon tetrachloride

(CCl4)] were collected at five globally distributed sites. Additional important species (H2, CO,

HFC-134a, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b) have

been added at select sites in recent years. The

program, which began in 1978, is divided into

three parts associated with three changes in

instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime

Experiment (ALE), which used Hewlett Packard

HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global

Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which

used HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the

present Advanced GAGE (AGAGE), which uses

a new, fully automated system from the Scripps

Institution of Oceanography (SIO) containing a

custom-designed sample module and HP5890

and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic

components. The current station locations are

Cape Grim, Tasmania; Cape Matatula,
May 2001

18 CDIAC Communications

American Samoa; Ragged Point, Barbados;

Mace Head, Ireland; and Trinidad Head,

California. Stations had previously existed at

Cape Meares, Oregon, and Adrigole, Ireland.

The current Mace Head station replaced the

Adrigole station and the station at Trinidad

Head replaced the Cape Meares station.

Presently, data from all three experiments are

available. Data through August or September

1999 are now available for all five existing sites.

Individual measurements (generally made four

times daily at each site for ALE, 12 times daily 

at each site for GAGE, and more than 30 times

daily at each site for AGAGE) and monthly

summary averages are provided for each site.

All ALE and GAGE data have been recalculated

according to the current AGAGE calibration

standards, thus creating a unified

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE data set based upon the

same standards. All ALE/GAGE/AGAGE data

presented here are reported in the SIO-1998

calibration scale (Prinn et al. 2000. A history of

chemically and radiatively important gases in air

deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of

Geophysical Research, 105:17751-92.). 

Bibliography on CO2 Effects on Vegetation and

Ecosystems: 1990–1999 Literature 

Jones, Michael H., and Peter S. Curtis, The Ohio State University

Prepared by Robert M. Cushman, CDIAC

ORNL/CDIAC-129 (2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac129/cdiac129.html)

This database provides complete bibliographic

citations (plus abstracts and keywords, when

available) for more than 2700 references

published between 1990 and 1999 on the direct

effects that elevated atmospheric concentrations

of CO2 have on vegetation, ecosystems, their

components, and interactions. This database is

also an update to Direct Effects of Atmospheric

CO2 Enrichment on Plants and Ecosystems: An

Updated Bibliographic Data Base

(ORNL/CDIAC-70), edited by Boyd R. Strain

and Jennifer D. Cure. That database covered

literature from 1980 to 1994. This bibliography 

was developed to support The Ohio State

University’s (OSU’s) Carbon Dioxide MetaAnalysis Project (CO2MAP) but was designed to

be useful for a wide variety of purposes related

to the effects of elevated CO2 on vegetation and

ecosystems.

The database is available as a Papyrus

bibliographic database. In addition, an

alphabetical (by author) listing of the

bibliography is available in WordPerfect,

ASCII, and pdf formats. A keyword index may

be used to locate specific citations of interest. 

Graduate Student Theses Supported by DOE’s Environmental Sciences

Division: Fiscal Year 2000 Update

Cushman, Robert, CDIAC; Alisa Harrison and Katie Stevens, National Institute for Global Environmental Change

National Office, University of California, Davis

ORNL/CDIAC-130 (2000) (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac130/cdiac130.htm)

The Graduate Student Theses Supported by

DOE’s Environmental Sciences Division: Fiscal

Year 2000 Update is an addendum to the 1995

report Graduate Student Theses Supported by
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 19

DOE’s Environmental Sciences Division. The

update provides complete bibliographic

citations, abstracts, and keywords for 70

doctoral and masters’ theses published between

1994 and 2000 that were supported fully or

partly by DOE’s Environmental Sciences

Division in the following areas: Atmospheric

Chemistry; Marine Transport; Carbon, Climate, 

and Vegetation; Computer Hardware, Advanced

Mathematics, and Model Physics (CHAMMP); 

Coastal Margins; and National Institute for

Global Environmental Change (NIGEC).

Information on the major professor, department,

principal investigator, and program area is given

for each abstract. 

Reference Links

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) -

http://www.agu.org/GRL/

American Meteorological Society (AMS) -

http://www.ametsoc.org/AMS/

Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)

Archive - http://www.archive.arm.gov/

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) FACE

Group - http://www.face.bnl.gov/

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

(CDIAC) - http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

China Meteorological Administration (CMA) - 

http://www.cma.gov.cn/

Climate Change Prediction Program - (formerly

CHAMMP—Computer Hardware, Advanced

Mathematics, and Model Physics) -

http://www.epm.ornl.gov/chammp/chammp.html

Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of

East Anglia - http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/

Documents of the Conference of the Parties, at its

Third Session, (COP 3) -

http://www.unfccc.de/resource/cop3.html

DOE Energy Information Administration (EIA) -

http://www.eia.doe.gov/

DOE Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) - 

http://www.er.doe.gov/production/oher/

ESD_top.html

DOE Global Change Education Program

(GCEP) - http://www.atmos.anl.gov/GCEP/

DOE Office of Biological and Environmental

Research (OBER) - http://www.er.doe.gov/

production/ober/ober_top.html

DOE Office of Fossil Energy -

http://www.fe.doe.gov/

DOE Office of Science - http://www.er.doe.gov/

DOE Office of Science: Carbon Sequestration -

http://cdiac2.esd.ornl.gov/

FACE 2000 Conference -

http://ws234.niaes.affrc.go.jp/riceface/News/

announcement.htm

FLUXNET - http://www.daac.ornl.gov/

FLUXNET/index.html

Georgia Institute of Technology -

http://www.gatech.edu/

Global Change Data and Information System

(GCDIS) - http://globalchange.gov/

The Global Telecommunication System (GTS),

World Meteorological Organization -

http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TEM/ gts.html
May 2001

20 CDIAC Communications

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) - http://www.ipcc.ch/

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) -

http://www.mit.edu/

Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) - 

http://stratus.mlo.hawaii.gov/

National Center for Atmospheric Research

(NCAR) - http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar/

National Institute for Global Environmental

Change (NIGEC) - http://nigec.ucdavis.edu/

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) -

http://www.ntis.gov/

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA) - http://www.noaa.gov/

NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) -

http://www.arl.noaa.gov/

NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

(PMEL) - http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/

North Pacific Marine Science Organization

(PICES) - http://pices.ios.bc.ca/

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) - 

http://www.ornl.gov/

Office of Scientific and Technical Information

(OSTI) - http://www.osti.gov/

The Ohio State University (OSU) -

http://www.osu.edu/

ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center

(DAAC) - http://www.daac.ornl.gov/

ORNL Energy Division - http://www.ornl.gov/

divisions/energy/energy.html

ORNL Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) - 

http://www.esd.ornl.gov/

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric

Science - http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) -

http://www.sio.ucsd.edu/

U.K. Met (Meteorological) Office -

http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/

United Nations (UN) - http://www.un.org/

University of Montana Numerical Terradynamic

Simulation Group (NTSG) -

http://www.forestry.umt.edu/ntsg/

University of North Dakota -

http://www.und.nodak.edu/

University of Washington Department of

Atmospheric Sciences -

http://www.atmos.washington.edu/

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) - 

http://energy.gov/

U.S. Global Change Research Information

Office (GCRIO) - http://www.gcrio.org/

U.S. Global Change Research Program

(USGCRP) - http://www.usgcrp.gov/

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) -

http://www.gpo.gov/

U.S. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) -

http://www.ota.nap.edu/index.html

UT-Battelle, LLC - http://www.ut-battelle.org/

WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment)

Hydrographic Program Office -

http://whpo.ucsd.edu/ 

NOTE!!

Internet sites listed in CDIAC Communications

are Web sites that were available at the time of

publication. Internet users should realize that Web

sites are subject to change without notice.
May 2001

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 21

CDIAC’s Bookshelf

In the course of our work at CDIAC, many books and announcements cross our desks. Many of these are

highly specialized and may not get a broad announcement to the worldwide scientific community, so

we’d like to share them in this feature of CDIAC Communications. CDIAC does not stock or distribute

these publications.

National Assessment Synthesis Team,

Climate Change Impacts on the United

States: The Potential Consequences of

Climate Variability and Change

(http://www.gcrio.org/NationalAssessment/)

The National Assessment Synthesis Team

(NAST) recently wrote and released an

Assessment Overview based on a longer,

referenced “Foundation” report (which is

running about a month behind publication of the

Overview). This Assessment was written as part

of a major ongoing effort to understand what

climate change means for the United States.

This Assessment has begun a national process of

research, analysis, and dialogue about the

coming changes in climate, their impacts, and

what Americans can do to adapt to an uncertain

and continuously changing climate.

Copies of the Overview are available from

Cambridge University Press, 110 Midland

Avenue, Port Chester, NY 10573 for US $16.95.

Sections of the report may be downloaded from

the Web (http://www.gcrio.org/

NationalAssessment/). Copies of the Foundation

report (expected to be about 800 pages long)

will also be available from Cambridge

University Press at an estimated price of $40.00.

Copies of the chapters of the report will also be

available on the Web.

Our Changing Planet: The Fiscal Year 2001

U.S. Global Change Research Program 

(http://gcrio.ciesin.org/ocp2001/)

Our Changing Planet: The FY 2001 Global

Change Research Program is a report to

Congress supplementing the President’s

FY 2001 budget, pursuant to the Global Change

Research Act of 1990. The report describes the

U.S. Global Change Research Program

(USGCRP); summarizes recent highlights in

global change research, assessment, and

observations, and highlights of the FY 2001

budget; discusses the seven Program Elements

and FY 2001 plans in each of these research 
May 2001

22 CDIAC Communications

areas; and includes an appendix that details the

FY 2001 budget, including program components

and program highlights for each of the

departments and agencies that comprise the

USGCRP. Achieving the goals of this program

will require continued strong support for the

scientific research needed to improve

understanding of how human activities are

affecting the global environment,

and of how natural and human-induced global

change is affecting society and ecosystems.

A printed copy of this publication can be

obtained without charge by mail from GCRIO

User Services, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Route 9W,

Palisades, New York 10964 (USA); by e-mail

from help@gcrio.org. It may also be

downloaded via the Internet

(http://gcrio.ciesin.org/ocp2001/).

Have You Visited Lately?

Global Change Data and Information System

http://www.globalchange.gov/

U.S. Global Change Research Program

http://www.usgcrp.gov/
May 2001

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