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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

EASTERN DIVISION AT COLUMBUS

JAMES CODY, 

: 

Petitioner, Case No. 2:10-cv-974 

: District Judge Edmund A. Sargus, Jr. 

-vs- Magistrate Judge Michael R. Merz 

ROB JEFFREYS, Warden, 

: 

Respondent. 

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

This case is before the Court on Petitioner=s Objections (Doc. No. 13) to the Magistrate 

Judge’s Report and Recommendations (Doc. No. 11). Judge Sargus has recommitted the case to 

the Magistrate Judge for a supplemental report and recommendations (Doc. No. 14). The 

Warden has not filed a response to the Objections, although he is not under any obligation to do 

so. 

The Warden raised a procedural default defense to the Petition which the original Report 

recommended be overruled. Respondent has not objected to that recommendation and it should 

therefore be adopted. 

In the Petition and again in his Objections, Cody asserts that his conviction and sentence 

on two separate counts of aggravated arson arising out of one criminal incident is barred by the 

Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. 

In the original Report, the Magistrate Judge recommended that this claim be denied on 

the merits because the two statutes under which Cody was convicted contain distinct elements, 

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thus satisfying the controlling federal constitutional test announced in Blockburger v.United 

States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932), and followed thereafter by the Supreme Court. 

Petitioner objects that his conviction and sentence on both counts of aggravated arson 

violates the new and now controlling interpretation of Ohio Revised Code § 2941.25 announced 

by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 153 (2010). He expressly asks 

that this “Court order this case be remanded to the state court for further proceedings on the 

‘Johnson analysis,’ as is the law in the State of Ohio” (Objections, Doc. No. 13, PageID 332). 

The relevant facts as found by the court of appeals are not contested for the purpose of 

this habeas proceeding. Cody dated Kathy Edwards for about ten months prior to March, 2006. 

State v. Cody, 2007 Ohio 6776, ¶ 3, 2007 Ohio App. LEXIS 5938 (Ohio App. 10th Dist. Dec. 18, 

2007) In June, 2006, Ms. Edwards rented an apartment at 3518 Sanita Court, Columbus, where 

she resided with her mother and three children. Id. Between March and June, Cody made 

separate verbal death threats toward Edwards, her mother, and her children. Id. at ¶ 8. On June 

14, 2006, Cody poured gasoline down the dryer vent at Edwards’ residence and exploded it. Id.

at ¶ 7. 

For this conduct, Cody was indicted on two counts of aggravated arson in violation of 

Ohio Revised Code § 2909.02. Count 1 charged that Cody committed aggravated arson by 

creating a substantial risk of serious physical harm to another person by means of fire or 

explosion (Indictment, Return of Writ, Doc. No. 6-1, PageID 71). Count 2 charged that Cody 

committed aggravated arson by causing physical harm to the occupied structure at 3518 Sanita 

Court by fire or explosion. He was convicted by a jury and sentenced to separate consecutive 

sentences on the two counts. 

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Analysis 

 Federal courts can grant relief in habeas corpus only if the petitioner is confined in 

violation of the United States Constitution. 28 U.S.C. §2254(a); Wilson v. Corcoran, 562 U.S. 

___, 131 S. Ct. 13; 178 L. Ed. 2d 276 (2010); Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764, 780 (1990); Smith 

v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209 (1982), Barclay v. Florida, 463 U.S. 939 (1983). "[I]t is not the 

province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state court determinations on state law questions. 

In conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated 

the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 

(1991). That is to say, this Court cannot reexamine whether the Ohio courts were correct in their 

determination that the separate convictions and sentences in this case do not violate Ohio 

Revised Code § 2941.25. Ohio cannot be statute or case law expand or contract the protections 

of the United States Constitution. The Court has no authority to “remand” this case to the Ohio 

courts for application of State v. Johnson. 

 Moreover in applying the United States Constitution to habeas cases, a district court is 

not free to act on its own best interpretation of what the Constitution means. Rather, we can 

grant relief only if the state court decision on the constitutional question is contrary to or an 

objectively unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2254(d)(1); Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 770, 785 (2011); Brown v. Payton,

544 U.S. 133, 141 (2005); Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 693-94 (2002); Williams (Terry) v. Taylor,

529 U.S. 362, 379 (2000). Bell v. Howes, 703 F.3d 848 (6th Cir. 2012). 

 Cody has not shown that his multiple convictions are contrary to or an objectively 

unreasonable application of United States Supreme Court precedent. As noted in the original 

Report (Doc. No. 11, PageID 322), the relevant Supreme Court test under the Double Jeopardy 

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Clause “whether each offense contains an element not contained in the other.” Id., citing United 

States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 696 (1993); Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 

(1932). Ohio Revised Code § 2909.02(A)(1) and (A)(2) easily meet the Blockburger test. (A)(1) 

requires that State to prove a defendant created substantial risk of serious physical harm to 

another person; (A)(2) requires proof of actual physical harm to an occupied structure. 

 Cody cites only one Supreme Court case purportedly interpreting the Double Jeopardy 

Clause, United States v. C.I.T. Credit Corp., 344 U.S. 318 (1952)1

, cited at Objections, Doc. No. 

13, PageID 332. That case involved interpretation of the Fair Labor Standards Act and held that, 

as charged in the indictment in that case, the acts of the defendant were not intended by Congress 

to be separate crimes. Although Blockburger was cited, interpreting the Double Jeopardy Clause 

was not in issue, but rather what Congress intended in the Fair Labor Standards Act. That 

question is simply not relevant to what the Ohio General Assembly intended in enacting Ohio 

Revised Code § 2909.02(A)(1) and (A)(2). The Supreme Court did not hold that a state 

legislature (or Congress for that matter) cannot penalize separately acts occurring as part of a 

single “course of conduct,” but only that Congress did not actually intend to do so in the Fair 

Labor Standards Act. 

It seems highly unlikely that the Ohio General Assembly intended no possible multiple 

punishments for violations of Ohio Revised Code § 2909.02 if there were separate victims, apart 

from the damage to property. Cody caused this explosion and fire in a multiple family dwelling 

where it might have caused the death or serious physical injury of many people, aside from those 

who were his stated targets. The Supreme Court has held that, under Ohio law, a person may be 

executed for killing a person by fire, even though the person he intended to kill was someone 

 

1

 The correct citation is United States v. Universal C.I.T. Credit Corporation, 344 U.S. 218 

(1952). 

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else. Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74 (2005).2

 But the question of what the Ohio General 

Assembly intended in Ohio Revised Code § 2909.02 is not before this Court, only whether the 

Double Jeopardy Clause permits multiple punishment for Mr. Cody’s one incendiary act. 

Mr. Cody’s argument in his Objections seems to be that, if Ohio Revised Code § 2909.02 

were interpreted in accordance with State v. Johnson, supra, there could only be one punishment 

for his one act. Aside from the fact that Johnson is not a United States Supreme Court case 

interpreting the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Ohio courts have also held that Johnson is not to be 

applied retroactively where a defendant has already exhausted appellate remedies. See, e.g.,

State v. Hughes, 2012 Ohio 4513, 2012 WL 4503148, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th Dist. 2012); 

State v. Boyce, 2012 Ohio 3713, 2012 WL 3542268, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2012); State v. 

Boone, 2012 Ohio 3653, 975 N.E.2d 546, 556 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th Dist. 2012); State v. Pound, 

2012 Ohio 3392, 2012 WL 3061455, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2012), leave denied, 2012 

Ohio 5459, 978 N.E.2d 910 (table decision); State v. Dukes, 2012 Ohio 3033, 2012 WL 

2522968, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 11th Dist. 2012), leave denied, 133 Ohio St. 3d 1467, 2012 Ohio 

5149, 977 N.E.2d 694 (2012) (table decision); State v. Kelly, 2012 Ohio 2930, 2012 WL 

2459149, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. 2012); State v. Champion, 2012 Ohio 2537, 2012 WL 

2061590, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2012), leave denied, 133 Ohio St. 3d 1424, 2012 Ohio 

4902, 976 N.E.2d 914 (2012) (table decision); State v. Holliday, 2012 Ohio 2376, 2012 WL 

1964026, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 5th Dist. 2012); State v. Hickman, 2012 Ohio 2182, 2012 WL 

1744531, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 5th Dist. 2012), leave denied, 133 Ohio St. 3d 1411, 2012 Ohio 

4650, 975 N.E.2d 1029 (2012) (table decision); State v. Smith, 2012 Ohio 1891, 2012 WL 

 

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 As this Report is written, the Boston Marathon bombing of April 15, 2013, is on the nation’s mind. When a person 

intentionally exposes hundreds of people to death or maiming, it seems very unlikely the legislature would have 

crafted the assault and murder statutes to require a prosecutor to pick just one victim. Yet that is the implication of 

Petitioner’s position. 

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1494285, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. 3d Dist. 2012), leave denied, 132 Ohio St. 3d 1533, 2012 Ohio 

4381, 974 N.E.2d 1210 (2012) (table decision); State v. Layne, 2012 Ohio 1627, 2012 WL 

1247209, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 4th Dist. 2012); State v. Parson, 2012 Ohio 730, 2012 WL 

601807, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2012). 

Nor does the United States Constitution require retroactive application of Johnson: 

The Constitution does not require that state-court decisions be 

applied retroactively, see Wainwright v. Stone, 414 U.S. 21, 23-24, 

94 S. Ct. 190, 38 L. Ed. 2d 179 (1973); Bowen v. Foltz, 763 F.2d 

191, 193-94 (6th Cir. 1985), and the retroactive application of new 

state decisional law to a petitioner's conviction after she has 

exhausted her appellate remedies is a state-law question, on which 

the state courts have the last word. See Houston v. Dutton, 50 F.3d 

381, 385 (6th Cir. 1995); see also Burleson v. Saffle, 278 F.3d 

1136, 1140 (10th Cir. 2002); Martin v. Warden, Huntingdon State 

Corr. Inst., 653 F.2d 799, 811 (3d Cir. 1981). 

Volpe v. Trim, 708 F.3d 688, 700 (6th Cir. 2013). 

Conclusion 

 Based on the foregoing analysis, the Magistrate Judge again respectfully recommends 

that the Petition herein be dismissed with prejudice. Because reasonable jurists would not 

disagree with this conclusion, Petitioner should be denied a certificate of appealability and the 

Court should certify that any appeal would not be taken in objective good faith. 

April 23, 2013. 

 s/ Michael R. Merz

 United States Magistrate Judge 

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 NOTICE REGARDING OBJECTIONS 

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), any party may serve and file specific, written objections to the 

proposed findings and recommendations within fourteen days after being served with this Report 

and Recommendations. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d), this period is extended to seventeen 

days because this Report is being served by one of the methods of service listed in Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 5(b)(2)(C), (D), (E), or (F). Such objections shall specify the portions of the Report objected 

to and shall be accompanied by a memorandum of law in support of the objections. If the Report 

and Recommendations are based in whole or in part upon matters occurring of record at an oral 

hearing, the objecting party shall promptly arrange for the transcription of the record, or such 

portions of it as all parties may agree upon or the Magistrate Judge deems sufficient, unless the 

assigned District Judge otherwise directs. A party may respond to another party=s objections 

within fourteen days after being served with a copy thereof. Failure to make objections in 

accordance with this procedure may forfeit rights on appeal. See United States v. Walters, 638 

F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981); Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140 (1985).

 

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