5. *, * .' & yrf 4% 

* 3 

.- 

Marine Mammal 

Protection Act 

of 1972 

Annual Report 

1986187 

dune f 987 
Cover : Humpback whale, "Bla k Rak-es, " off Cape Ann 

near Gloucester, Mas . Photo by Doug Beach, 

Northeast Region, NM - 

Back Cover: Humpback whale calf with mother in 

Hawaiian waters. Ph Nicklin. 
Marine ~a*mal 

Protection Act 1 of 197'2 

Annual Rebort 

April 1, 1986 to arch 31, 1987 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF 

-J--Actlnglkcntwr 

Anthony J Callo, Under Secretary 

National Oceanic and dministratisn 

National Marine Fisheries Service 

Willlam E. Evans, Ass~star~r Adm~n~strator 
We~shington. O.C. 20230 

AUG 17 1987 

president of the Senate 

Speaker of the House of Represent 

Dear Sirs: 1 

I am pleased to submit the Annual Report of the 

Department of Commerce regarding he administration 

of the Marine Mammal protection A t of 1972 for the 

period ~pril 1, 1986 through Marc 31, 1987, as 

required by Section 103(f) of the 1 Act. 

The Department of Commerce is res onsible for 

implementing the ~ct with respect to whales and 

porpoises of the order Cet:acea an seals and sea 

lions of the suborder Pinnipedia. The report 

details the activities of the Dep rtment regarding 

these marine mammals. 1 

Enclosure 

Commerce 
Table of Contents 

INTRODUCTION ....................... l..........*...................l 

SUMMARY.. ........................ .... .......................... ..3 

CONGRESS AMENDS THE MMPA ...........I.*...........................* 6 

I. PERMIT PROGRAMS***......*** **-********...*....***e*...m7 

General Permits ~llow Comme ial Fisheries 

A Take of Marine Mammals 

NMFS Issues Permits for Pub 

and Scientific Research 

"Small Take" Exemptions Gra 

11, SPECIAL AGENTS ENFORCE THE *****.*****...*.....g 

111. REGIONS OPERATE STRANDING N ******.............lO 

Alaska Region 

Northwest Region 

Southwest Region 

Northeast Region 

Southeast Region 

IV. INTERACTIONS INCREASE BE 

AND FISHING OPERATIONS ***..*...*...15 

Alaska 

Pacific Northwest 

California 

Northwest Atlantic Ocean 

NMFS MONITORS AND STUDIE 

OF MARINE MAMMALS IN COM ***-********19 

Incidental Take of E'orpois 

Tuna Fishery 

Incidental Take of Dall's 

Japanese Salmon Gillnet 

VI . THE MMPA ALLOWS A SUBSIS 

OF MARINE MAMMALS....... 

Taking Bowhead Whales in t 

Chukchi Seas 

Taking Northern Fur Seals 

VII. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS FU 

OF MARINE MAMMALS...... 

International Whaling Com 

International North Pacif 

North Pacific Fur Seal C .. 

U.S. - U.S.S.R. Marine M 

VIII. LEGAL ACTIONS........... 
IX. REPORTS ON THE STATUS OF SELECTED 

Humpback Whale 

Right Whale 

Gray Whale 

Marine Species - Atlantic 

Small 

Bottlenose Dolphin 

Harbor Porpoise 

Seals and Sea 

Harbor seal 

California sea lion 

Northern sea lion 

Northern fur seal 

Seals and Sea Lions - 

Hawaiian Monk seal 

X • TABLES...e......ee....u............... 

General Permits 

Public Display Permits 

Scientific Research Permits 

IWC quotas 

Population Estimates 

SPECIES. ...............37 

Whales..................................................37 

Ocean 

Cetacean~...........~.....................~......41 

Lions.............................,......43 

California Coast 

.*'m.....e..........47 
Hawaiian monk seal with newborn pup. Photo by Marc Webber, NMFS. 
Passage of the Marine Mammal Pr Act (MMPA or the 

Act) in 1972 committed the United St long-term management 

and research programs to conserve an these animals. 

With few exceptions, the Act places on taking or 

importing marine mammals or their pr 

States. It delegates authority and 

marine mammals to the Secretary of t 

Oceanic and Atmospheric 

of the order Cetacea 

Carnivora, suborder 

responsibility of 

(NMFS). The 

dugong, 

Marine mammals may be taken for cientific research, public 

display, and incidentally to commerci 1 fishing. Under the MMPA, 

the term "take" means to hunt, captur , kill or harass, or to 

attempt those actions. In 1981, amen ments to the Act added two 

categories of "small take" to the mor torium exception; one is 

for commercial fishing and the other pplies to other activities 

such as oil and gas exploration. Als , certain natives of Alaska 

may take marine mammals for subsisten e use and production of 

handicrafts. Marine mammals which ar managed under 

international agreements are exempt a long as the agreements 

further the purposes of the Act. 

NMFS grants or denies requests f exemptions, issues 

permits, carries out research and programs, enforces 

the Act, participates in and issues rules 

and regulations to carry and protect 

marine mammals. NMFS 

organizations, the 

Mammal Commission, 

scientific 
responsibility of the National Mar 

Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Cen, 

Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods I 

Fisheries Center, Miami, Fla; and 

La Jolla, Calif. 

NMFS's marine mammal research 1 1; 

Management programs are the rc 

Region, Juneau, Ala; the Northeast 

Northwest Region, Seattle, Wash; tl 

Petersburg, Fla; and the Southwest 

Calif. Research and management prc 

Off ice of Protected Resources and 1 

Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 

This Annual Report to Congres: 

of Protected Resources and Habitat 

Fisheries Service, Washington, D.C 

information, contact Margaret Lore] 

Management Division, (202) 673-5341 

programs are the 

ne Mammal Laboratory (NMML), 

er, Seattle, Wash; the 

~le, Mass; the Southeast 

he Southwest Fisheries Center, 

sponsibility of the Alaska 

Region, Gloucester, Mass; the 

3 Southeast Region, St. 

Region, Terminal Island, 

jrams are coordinated by the 

3bitat Pro~grams in NMFS 

is available from the Office 

Programs, National Marine 

20235. For further 

z, Editor, Protected Species 

. 
SUMMARY 1 

The ~arine Mammal nsidered one of the 

principal wildlife conservation and nagement Acts administered 

by the Federal Government. To the purposes of the Act, 

the National Marine Fisheries dedicates significant 

resources to study marine ations, life cycles, and 

reproductive capacities, ulations in a beneficial 

way, and to resolve the that arisle when humans and 

protected species share rces and habitats. 

Many of our management programs 

mammals incidental to commercial fishing 

is allowed by the Act, but it is governed 

guidelines and monitoring. General 

domestic and foreign commercial fishermen. 

fishery for yellowfin tuna takes the 

mammals, and they have a permit that 

20,500 porpoises. Until 1987, the 

5,500 Dall's porpoise in their gillnet 

North Pacific Ocean. In June 1987, NMFS 

allows a total take over a 3-year period 

porpoise. No other marine mama1 will 

this fishery. 

The public display of marine mamm 1s as well. as research 

activities are controlled by a permit ystem that requires 

consultation with NMFS scientists, man gers, and the Marine 

Mammal Commission. From 1973 through archr 1987, 825 permit 

applications have been received, and 5 2 permits have been 

issued. NMFS monitors compliance with the rules, regulations, 

and conditions of all permits through law enforcement program .. that includes special agents authorize to enforce the Act. Most 

violations concern unlawful tak.ing or arassment of marine 

mammals. 

concern the take of marine 

operations. This take 

by rul~es, regulations, 

Permits are issued to both 

The U.S, purse-seine 

largest number of marine 

allows an annual take of 

Japanese had a permit to take 

fishery for salmon in the 

issued a new permit that 

of 6,034 Dall's 

be allowed to be taken in 

In addition to commercial fishing, 

calls a "small take" of marine mammals 

activities. To date, NMFS has issued 

industry for a take of ringed seals in 

the Air Force for a take of seals and 

space shuttle launches from Vandenberg 

Congress amended the Act in 1986 to 

take of depleted marine mammals. 

Act applied only to non-depleted species. 

the Act allows what it 

incidental to other 

exemptions to the seismic 

the Beaufort Sea and to 

sea lions incidental to 

Air Force Base, Calif. 

allow a "smal-1" incidental 

Previously, this section of the 

The Endangered Species 

Act was amended also to allow this take. 
Conflicts are increasing b tween marine mammals and certain 

fisheries. Seals and sea lions damage or take fish or gear and 

sometimes eat the fish that gather around fish ladders that have 

been built to help the fish retu n to their spawning grounds. In 

Puget Sound, scientists are conc rned about sea lions affecting 

the wild winter-run of steelhead in the Lake Washington 

watershed. In Alaska, there hav been reports of fishermen using 

large explosives to drive away k'ller whales who were stripping 

black cod from fishing lines. I: this case, NMFS modified the 

fishermen's permits and disallow d any use of explosives other 

than underwater firecrack.ers. 

Each of the five NMFS Regio has established a stranding 

network to assist in the recover or disposal of stranded marine 

mammals and to gather data for r Last year's (1985) most 

famous stranded animal, whale, was seen in 

August 1986 by Farallons, offshore 

California. In porpoises were 

trapped when off Russell Fiord 

from the the ocean by 

the porpoises 

the pressure of 

The incidental take of porpoi.se 

for yellowfin tuna in the eastern 

main reasons legislation was enacted 

This issue continues to account fcr 

management and research programs. 

tuna seiners to collect scientific 

incidental take. This program is 

Region which assists vessel operatms 

ensure that the required porpoise 

properly installed. The Southwest 

coordinating an extensive research 

of the porpoise that associate with 

amended the Act to include this 

years of research, the stat.us of 

Pacific will be reviewed to determine 

incidental take should be changed. 

Some marine mammals are so 

in the purse seine fishery 

tropical Pacific was one of the 

to protect marine mammals. 

one of NMFS' largest 

NMFS placles observers aboard 

data as well as to observe the 

operated out of the Southwest 

and inspects the vessels to 

safety gear is present and 

Fisheries Center is 

program to improve knowledge 

tunas. In 1984, Congress 

major research program. After 5 

stocks in the eastern tropical 

whether the quota for an 

popular for public display, 

research, and whale watching that FS takes special measures to 

ensure their safety. For example, any people watch and study 

the humpback whale both while the cific stock winters in the 

Hawaiian Islands and the Atlantic ock summers off New .. England. NMFS has proposed regula ons to restrict approaching 
humpback whales in Hawaii and has iss ed similar guidelines in 

the northwest Atlantic Ocean. 

The bottlenose dolphin is a popu ar animal to acquire for 

public display, and NMFS has establis ed special. management and 

research programs to ensure that it i not adversely affected by 

too many takings. A take is authoriz d only from areas along the 

Atlantic and Gulf coasts where popula ions have been assessed. 

Some marine mammals are protecte by the Endangered Species 

Act (ESA) as well as the MMPA* Under the ESA, NMFS designated 

critical habitat for the Hawaiian mon seal out to 10 fathoms in 

areas where special management. consid ration are necessary. A 

new recovery team has been named to a sist NMFS in implementing 

the recovery plan developed in 1983. Also, NMFS has started a 

status review under the ESA of five r ver dolphins; they include 

the Amazon, Chinese, Ganges, Indus, a d LaPlata dolphins. 

NMFS manages the northern fur se 1 under the MMPA and the 

Fur Seal Act. Since the U.S. Senate id not ratify the treaty 

that allows a commercial harvest of f on the Pribilof 

Islands, there has been only a subsis ence harvest for the last 2 

years. NMFS has proposed declaring t e northern fur seal a 

depleted species since its population is declining. The current 

size of the Pribilof Island populatio is below 50 percent of the 

levels observed in the 1940s and earl 

Most marine mammals are wide-ran migratory animals, and 

international laws, treaties, and con are necessary for 

their protection. At the 38th Annual 

International Whaling Commission maae in a 

1982 decision to end commercial 

season. The U.S.S.R., Japan, 

moratorium which 

comply. The IWC also sets 

natives which are based on 

subsistence whaling 

principles adopted 

managed to provide 

populations. 

Other international activities 

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 

observers on tuna purse seiners; the I 

Fisheries Commission under which the 

an agreement that provides for researc? 

incidentally taken in the Japanese 

the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Marine Mammal Project 

research and exchange of information 

include participation in the 

which provides funds for 

lternational North Pacific 

Uqited States and Japan have 

on Dall's porpoise 

hig\?-seas salmon fishery; and 

which provides for joint 

cyncerning marine mammals. 
Congress $ends the MMPA 

In 1986, Congress amended Section 101(a)(5) of the MMPA and 

Section 7 of the Endangered Sp cies Act to allow a "small" 

incidental take of endangered, threatened and depleted species of 

marine mammals under certain c 

Previously, this section the MMPA applied only to nondepleted species. Since all angered and threatened marine 

mammals are considered and the more restrictive 

provisions of the MMPA , the ESA provisions that allowed 

an incidental take used to authorize the incidental 

taking of ed marine mammals, even if the 

take egligible impacts. 

To allow a take under the amendments, NMFS must find 

that the total taking will have 

species or stock. A finding of impact means that the 

specified activity is not to adversely affect 

the species or stock by or survival. If 

mitigating measures NMFS may 

make a negligible 

implemented. 

ensure the 

The amendments changed the used to evaluate the 

impact on subsistence uses from impact" to "not 

having an unmitigable adverse im unmitigable adverse 

impact is one that results from activity and cannot 

be made less intense, serious or would likely result 

in reducing the availability of 

insufficient for a harvest to 

community. The regulations 

least practicable adverse 

species for subsistence users. 

The amendments also changed ection 7(b)(4) of the ESA to 

clarify that any taking authorize in an incidental take 

statement issued in conjunction w th a Section 7 consultation, 

must satisfy Section 101(a)(5) of the MMPA. Therefore, in 

addition to reasonable and pruden measures to minimize the 

impact of the incidental take, an incidental take statement will 

include required measures that ar necessary to comply with 

Section 101(a)(5) of the MMPA and 1 applicable regulations. 
I. PEIXMIT PRO RAMS I 

General Permits Allow comdercial Fisheries 

an Incidental Take of Narine Mammals 

Foreign Permits. General permit are issued to foreign 

fishing associations or embassies who e governments have a 

"Small Take" Exemptions for commdrcial Fishing. A 1981 

amendment to the MMPA allows an inciddntal, but not intentional, 

governing international fishery agreement 

States allowing them to fish in the 

(EEZ). In 1986, NMFS issued or continued 

permits that allow a total taking of 

included the take of 5,500 Dal-1's 

operations under a general permit issued 

Japan Salmon Fisheries Coperative 

expired before the June 1987 fishing 

issued by NMFS allows the foll.owing 

Bering Sea--448 in any one year, 789 

Domestic Permits. U .S. fishermen 

marine mammals in a commercial fishing 

certificate of inclusion issued under 

Excluding the general permit issued to 

Association and its annual quota of 

issued 9 domestic general permits which 

These permits allow a total taking of 

Table I in the Appendix includes a list 

fishing corporations with permtits and 

mammals they are allowed to take. 

taking of small numbers of nondeplete species or stocks of 

marine mammals by U.S. citizens engag d in commercial fishing 

operations. This exemption to the ge era1 permit requirements of 

the Act can be granted only if the to a1 taking will have a 

negligible impact on the species or s ocks involved and if a 

system to monitor and report any taki g has been established 

among the fishermen involved. 

(G1FA)l with the United 

U.S. exclusi.ve economic zone 

10 foreign general 

J,750 marnma~ls. This 

porpoise during salmon gillnet 

to the Federation of 

Association. This permit 

season and a new permit 

quotas for Dall's porpoise: 

'or 1987-19189. North 

who incidentally take 

operation may apply for a 

a general permit. 

the American Tunaboat 

20,500 porpoise, NMFS has 

are valid until 1988. 

6,425 animals each year. 

of foreign and domestic 

the number of marine 

Pacific--2,494 in any one year, 5,250 for 1987-1989. 

Exemptions have been granted for 

mammals to the National Fish Meal and 

includes owners and operators of U.S. 

Atlantic Ocean, and to New England 

Table I in Appendix for alloweld take). 

a small take of marine 

Oil Associ,ation, which 

menhaden vessels in the 

groundfish gillnetters. (See 
NMFS 1ssues 

Under the MMPA, NMFS may issue permits for taking or 

importing marine mammals for scient fic research or public 

display. This agency reviews and d cides whet.her to issue the 

requested permits, and, also contin es to monitor the permits as 

long as they are valid. Currently, NMFS is monitoring 358 

permits for scientific research and public display. 

During the past year, MMFS con idered 43 applications for 

permits. Of these, 30 have been is ued for scientific research 

and 13 for a public display. Also, NMFS processed 107 requests 

for modifications or authorizations 

The process for granting a per 

i 

it involves three steps: fi 

1. Receipt and initial review of the application by NMFS, 

publication of a notice of receipt in the FEDERAL 

REGISTER, and transmittal f the application to the 

Marine Mammal Commission; 

2. A 30-day review of the app ication by NMFS, the 

Commission, the public, an other Federal agencies; and 

3. Final processing by NMFS, consideration of 

comments, and approval or the application. 

See Tables 2 through 9 in the ppendix for an overview of 

this permit program since it began in 1973. k 

"Small Tak'e" Exem tions Granted --Y-- 

In response to a Department o the Air Force request to take 

seals and sea lions incidental to aunchings of the space shuttle 

over the Northern Channel Islands rom Vandenberg Air Force Base - 

(VAFB), California, NMFS issued fi a1 regulations governing that 

take on April 7, 1986. i 

The Act allows a "small take" 

to specified activities in specific 

However, unlike the authorization 

commercial fisheries , these exempt 

be issued for each activity. In 

that govern a small take of ringed 

activities on the ice in the Beaufort 

seismic companies apply for an 

under this exemption. These regulations 

and will be effective until Decembqr 

of marine mammals incidental 

geographi~eal locations. 

for a small take incidental to 

ions requirle that regulations 

1982, NMFS issued regulations 

seals incildental to seismic 

Sea. Each year individual 

authorization to take ringed seals 

were extended in 1987, 

31, 1991. 
11. SPECIAL AGENTS E 1.i FORCE THE MMPA 

The provisions of the MMPA are enforced by Special Agents of 

NMFS with support from state enforcement officers. NMFS employs 

about 95 Special Agents and has entered into cooperative 

enforcement agreements or memoranda of understanding which permit 

the deputization of officers in the following states: Maine, 

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Uork, New Jersey, 

Delaware, South Carolina, Florida, L uisiana, California, Oregon, 

and Washington. 

In the past year, Special Agent 

! 

spent about 4,620 work 

hours investigating 112 alleged viol tions of the MMPA. Of 

these, 58 percent involved the unlaw ul taking (including 

harassment) of marine mammals and 30 percent involved unlawful 

importations. 

Cases involving unlawful taking of marine mammals included 

the following: 

O A U.S. citizen was fined for encircling, 

capturing and killing a with a tuna seine 

north of Papua, New 1984 while he was 

the master of a registry. 

O Four U.S. fishing vessels assessed penalties 

ranging from $1,300 to for accidentally taking 

gray whales by in gillnets between Santa 

Barbara and in California. All four 

whales 

O Four individuals were assess d civil penalties ranging 

from $150 to $200 for unlawf lly removing harbor seal 

pups from California beaches i O In May 1986, Special Agents 

investigated the shooting dezth 

suspect has been identified, 

area to avoid prosecution. 

suspect continue. 

:.n New Haven, Connecticut, 

of a beluga whale. A 

but apparently has fled the 

E;f forts to locate the 
111. REGIONS OPERATE TRANDING NETWORKS I. 

All five NMFS Regions operate 

networks which include individuals 

volunteered to cooperate with NMFS. 

scientific specimen materials, record 

Regional Coordinator, and assist 

remove stranded animals. 

marine mammal stranding 

and organizations that have 

Authorized members collect 

stranding events with the 

local and Federal authorities to 

- Alaska 

The Alaska Region Cetacean 

the strandings of 17 whales and 

most commonly stranded cetacean; 

extending from Prince William Sound 

Other species included Stejneger's 

(2), minke whale (2), killer whale 

Cuvier's beaked whale (I), Baird's 

porpoise (1). Two whales were freed 

gear. In August 1986, when a humpback 

entangled in crab pot lines in Seymour 

requested the assistance of two whale 

area. Because the animal ciontinued 

rescue attempt, it was necessary for 

"Nantucket sleigh ride" as they 

entanglement, cutting off segments 

worked. When last seen, th~e animal 

Region 

Stranding Network investigated 

porpoises. Sperm whales were the 

five were found in an area 

to the western Aleutians. 

beaked whale (31, gray whale 

(2), humpblack whale (I), 

beaked whale (11, and harbor 

from ent(ang1ing fishing 

whale calf was reported 

Canal near Juneau, NMFS 

bio1ogi:sts working in the 

swimming throughout the 

the rescuers to take a 

worked their way up the 

of line and buoys as they 

was swimming normally. 

During late summer, an entangled 

from crab pot lines near Chignik 

animal remained relatively stationary 

fishermen who cut the lines away 

to 8 inches into the right fluke an3 

the left fluke. In mid-December, 

planes to search for a small humpback 

entangled in a can buoy near Port 

never located. 

Russell Fiord extends from - 

the head of Yakutat Bay in eastern On June 1, 1986, a 

surge in the Valerie Glacier pushed Glacier across 

the extrance to Russell Fiord, the ocean. On 

June 26, NMFS biologists made the area and 

gray whale was also freed 

Lagoon. In this case, the 

during the rescue work. The 

found that they had cut about 6 

approximately 12 inches into 

NMFS biologists chartered 

whale that had been seen 

Frederick. The animal was 

Marine Mammals Trapped in :Russell Fiord, Alaska 
determined that about 100 harbor se s and an (estimated 30 to 40 

harbor porpoise and possibly Dall's orpoise had been caught 

behind the glacial dam. As water 1 els began rising, public 

concern for the animals grew. In 1 e August, the Whale Museum 

at Friday Harbor requested authoriz ion from NMFS to rescue the 

trapped animals. Throughout the rno h of September, volunteers 

from the Whale Museum, the Californ Marine Mammal Center, 

Greenpeace, the International Fund r Animal Welfare, and 

several private individuals attempt to rescue the trapped 

animals. A NMFS observer was on th scene at all times to 

oversee the rescue activities. Att pts to lure them toward 

boats by using frozen herring were successful. After it was 

discovered that some of the seals 1 t the area by crawling 

across the tip of the glacial dam, scuers assisted eight others 

and then turned their efforts towar helping th~e porpoises. Two 

attempts were made to drive them in net enclo~sures, but both 

times they turned away at the last cond. As weather 

deteriorated, the rescuers were for to leave the area. 

However, on October 8, the glacial washed out under pressure 

from the 84 foot head of water whic ad built up behind it, and 

the porpoise were able to free them ves. Glaciologists predict 

that the Hubbard Glacier will event ly seal the area off again, 

but cannot agree when this will occ NMFS, along with several 

other Federal Agencies, is monitori the movem~ent of the 

glacier. 

Northwest Re ion 

Participants in the 

-+ 

Northwest Ma ine Mammal Stranding 

Network investigated over 300 marine mmal strandings in 

Washington and Oregon in 1986. In th Northwest:, the general 

public is advised to report stranding to the Washington State 

Patrol or the Oregon State Pol.ice who elay the information to 

one of five volunteer Stranding Netwo Response Centers. The 

Response Centers coordinate the appro iate action which varies 

from providing advice to dispa~tching team of s,cientific 

investigators. Since many of the rep ted "strandings" cannot be 

found or verified and others are live ealthy seals or sea lions 

that were perceived to be sick or ill y the public, the Response 

Centers screen all calls to determine hich reports are 

verifiable sightings of sick, injured or dead marine mammals 

that might warrant a prompt response scientific 

investigation. The Response Center n ifies appropriate state or 

local authorities or scientists, or o er volunteer network 

participants who investigate the stra ing and submit reports to 

NMFS. 
Southwes Re ion - +- 

The Southwest Region strandi g coordinator prepared a report 

regarding the rescue of a humpbac whale thlat wandered into the 

San Francisco Bay/Sacramento Rive Delta on October 11, 1985. 

This whale, nicknamed nHumphreym as succes:sfully led out to sea 

24 days later through the combine efforts of various public 

agencies and volunteer groups. research team studying humpback 

whale distribution and abundance n the Gulf of the Farallons, 

offshore California, resighted whale on August 16, 1986. 

In 1986, 52 cetaceans (Table 1) were reported stranded on 

the California coast, Overall, t e frequenc:~ of cetacean 

strandings declined somewhat from previous years. This decline 

was likely related to the mild wi ter weather off the coast of 

California. 

In Hawaii, the strandling network 

and local agencies, and on~e private 

All marine mammal and endangered 

coordinated by NMFS. 

12 

includes Federal, State, 

enterprise, Sea Life Park. 

species str andings are 
Table 1. Cetaceans reported stranl 

Mammal Stranding Network 

Common Name 

Scientific Name 

Common dolphin 

Delphinus delphis 

Harbor porpoise 

Phocoena phocoena 

Gray whale 

Eschrichtius robustus 

Bottlenose dolphin 

Tursiops truncatus 

Blue whale 

Balaenoptera musculus 

Fin whale 

Balaenoptera physalus 

Hubbs' beaked whale 

Mesoplodon car'lhubbsi 

Pacific white-sided dolphin 

Laaenorvhnchus obliauidens 

Sperm whale 

Physeter catonon 

Stripped dolphin 

Stenella coerulaeoalba 

Unidentified Balaenopterid 

Unidentified delphinid 

Unidentified small cetacean 

TOTALS 

?d to the California Marine 

Number Percent of 

Reported Total 
Over a 2-week period in Dece ber 1986, NMFS Special Agents 

and the Northeast Regional. Strand ng Network responded to two 

mass strandings of pilot whales i Cape Cod Bay. The first 

stranding occurred on December 3, and involved over 60 pilot 

whales. The second, on December 9, involved 50 pilot whales on 

the beach and over 250 more in th 

- Southeast Region 

There are over 100 participants 

Marine Mammal Stranding Network. A 

active Florida participants was held 

Center, Orlando. The Region issues 

(LOA] to qualified individuals who 

network. 

in the Southeast Region 

meeting conducted in 1986 for 

at The Living Seas at Epcot 

Letters of Authorization 

want to participate in the 
IV. INTERACTIONS INCREASE E 

AND FISHING OP 

Interactions between marine man 

difficult problems both for the anin 

on the fishery resource. During son 

operations, marine mammals are killc 

the other hand, marine mammals take 

lines or in traps and nets; they dan 

encounters or when they accidental11 

Sometimes, they compete with fishern 

resources. 

Before the Act, various forms c 

control the distribution, abundance, 

mammals. However, since the Act im~ 

activities, animals in certain areas 

and bolder in their interactions wit 

gear. Through research studies and 

attempting to solve this issue. 

Alaska 

Longline fishermen for blackcod 

gear and fish catches to killler whal 

and the southern Bering Sea. For mc 

problem, NMFS contracted with whale 

Sound to set black cod longlines in 

whales. Attacks by the whales were 

in almost total losses of fish. Seb 

confusing the whales (seal boinbs, ta 

and fishing with unbaited hooks) did 

fishermen began using large explosiv 

away. Because the effects of these 

unknown, NMFS modified the fishermer 

disallowed any use of explosives 0th 

cracker shells. To date, nothing aF 

discouraging the whales. Several ki 

from the Prince William Sound area, 

whales have been observed by researc 

The wounds have been attributed to f 

protect their catch. 

There is little information on 

the Bering Sea and leut ti an Island a 

predation apparently has occurred or 

WEEN MARINE MAMMALS 

ITIONS 

1s and fishermen present 

s and the humans who depend 

commercial fishing 

injured, or harassed. On 

damage fish caught on 

e fishing gear during these 

ecome entangled. 

for the same fish 

harassment were used to 

nd behavilor of marine 

ed a moratorium on these 

ave becomle more numerous 

fishermen and fishing 

nagement :programs, NMFS is 

sablef ish) continue to lose 

in Prince William Sound 

information on the 

ologists in Prince William 

eas frequented by killer 

ghly efficient and resulted 

a1 methods of deterring or 

le lines around the hooks, 

ot work. In the meantime, 

charges to drive the whales 

arges on the whales were 

general permits and 

than seal bombs and 

ars totally effective in 

er w.hales have disappeared 

d bullet wounds on killer 

rs working in the area. 

hermen attempting to 

e status of this problem in 

as although killer whale 

ablefish in these areas for 
over 20 years. The National. Marine Mammal Labloratory is working 

with industry to design a survey fo m for fishermen to fill out 

during 1987 fishing operations. Th se investigations may provide 

information on the kinds and extent of the problem in the Bering 

Sea region. -* Pacific Nor hwest 

In the Pacific Northwest, seals 

involved in fisheries conflicts. 

not adversely affecting harbor seal 

populations, they are having an adverse 

possibly, the fishery resource. 

lions have been reported from almost 

fisheries. There are significant and 

salmon fisheries resulting in damage 

loss of fishing time, and, in some 

normal fishing procedures. The 

salmon gillnet fisheries. 

and sea lions are frequently 

Although these conflicts are 

and California sea lion 

impact on fishermen and, 

Corflicts with seals and sea 

all of the Northwest 

increasing problems in most 

or loss of catch and gear, 

cases, the need to modify 

conflict is most severe in the 

Also, there are increasing concerns 

impact of seals and sea lions on free 

recent study at a steelhead hatchery 

of scars and scratches on returning 

pinnipeds. Over 30 percent {of the 

study had scars inflicted by harbor 

aquaculture facilities have reported 

their returning coho and chinook have 

damage. 

The WDG in cooperation with NMF , the Army Corps of - 

Engineers, and the Muckleshoot and S quamish tribes initiated 

non-lethal removal programs in the 1 st 2 years to keep the sea 

lions out of the area adjacent to th fish laddler. This effort 

over the potential 

swimming salmonids. A 

investigated the incidence 

steelhead caused by 

returning steelhead in this 

seals. Private salmon 

that about 15 percent of 

seal inf.Licted scars and 

Sea Lions in Puget Sound. A 

(one of which was nicknamed lr~erscheln) 

entrance to fish ladders is i3n ideal 

and consuming salmonids without fear 

sea lions, which migrate from Ca1ifo:rnia 

of Washington (Puget Sound) each 

residents in the tailrace of the 

separates fresh water from the salt 

steelhead and salmon migrating to th$ 

gather before entering a fish ladder 

seven animals at a time have been 

front of this f ishway every day from 

nuxber of California sea lions 

have "learned" that the 

site for easily capturing 

of human retaliation. These 

into the inland waters 

win.:er, have become annual 

Ballard dam/locks (which 

water of Puget Sound) where 

Lake Washington watershed 

next to the dam. Up to 

observed consuming salmonids in 

October to April. 
is conducted under the authority of 

which provides for the non-lethal 

Section 109(h) of the MMPA 

removal of nuisance animals. A 

However, during the 1986/87 season, 

to be undertaken to protect the wild 

offenders" had become oblivious to 

efforts included attempts to conditicn 

steelhead by applying taste aversion 

chloride and attempts to capture and 

to their breeding range off southern 

aversion conditioning and capture 

Therefore, more intense harassment 

animals for long distances with boats, 

February and March, the peak period 

Despite the harassment program, a 

returning adult fish were lost because 

NMFS published reports completed by the California 

Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) es imating the incidental 

mortality of harbor porpoise in Calif rnia set-net fisheries for 

the 1983/84 and 1984/85 fishing seaso s, These reports are 

available from the NMFS Southwest 300 South Ferry Street, 

Terminal Island, California 90731. 

additional efforts had 

steelhead as the "repeat 

harassment. Additional 

the animals to avoid 

techniques using lithium 

transport the animals back 

California. Both the taste 

efforts were unsuccessful. 

efforts, including chasing the 

were implemented in 

cf the wild steelhead run. 

substantial portion of the 

of the siea lions. 

- California 

California sea lions, harbor seals, 

seals are incidentally taken by commercial 

Californa. The current general permit 

expires at the end of 1988. Before 

Permit to authorize this incildental 

that these species are at optimum 

in California. The Southwest Fisheries 

Southwest Region, the National Marine 

California Department of Fish and Game, 

.of these three species in California. 

available this year from the rSouthwest 

NMFS is continuing the CDFG stud'es monitoring the 1 - 

incidental take of marine mammals. T e CDFG is preparing a 

report estimating the total incidents mortality of harbor seals 

in all California gillnet type fisher es for the 1983/84 - 

17 

harassment program using firecrackerg and chaser boats was 

and northern elephant 

fishing operations in 

which allows this take 

approving a new General 

take, NMFS must determine 

sustainable population levels 

Center working with the 

Mammal Lab, and the 

is reviewing the status 

A final ireport will be 

Fisheries Center. 

effective in minimizing sea lion 

this site in 1985/86. As a result of' 

escapement goals (the number of spawning 

Lake Washington watershed. 

precation on wild steelhead at 

the harassment program, 

fish) were met in the 
1985/86 fishing seasons. These stul 

1986/87 season. 

Marine mammals, California sea 

frequently with sport fisheries. 11 

issued regulations that authorized 

vessels to harass marine manunals in 

passenger's catch. In June 1986, N, 

the Sportfishing Association of Cal 

various devices for the non--lethal, 

California sea lions in waters soutl 

California. During 1986, 39 certif 

issued under this General Permit. 

Northwest Atlar 

The University of Maine, under 

investigated marine mammal-fisherie 

gillnets in the Gulf of Maine. Thi 

number of species, seasonali. ty, and 

marine mammals taken in groundfish 

harbor porpoise are the predominate 

fishery; other fisheries that inci~ 

were also identified. 

NMFS issued a finding (under t 

"no jeopardy" in a Biological Opini 

Fisheries Management Council- 's prop 

Fishery Management Plan (FMP). Fis 

FMP includes trawl gear, gil-lnets, 

entanglements of endangered whales 

the Gulf of Maine in 1985-1986. Ho 

information on the distribution and 

humpback whales and the distributio 

gillnetting in areas where whales a 

NMFS determined that fishing activi 

were not likely to result in increa 

humpback whale populations. 

lies were continued in the 

lions in particular, interact 

I response to a petition, NMFS 

:ommercial passenger fishing 

~eracting wlith their 

1FS issued a General Permit to 

.fornia authorizing use of 

non-injurious harassment of 

I of Piedra~s Blancas, 

.cates of i.nclusion were 

tic Ocean 

contract from NMFS, 

; interactions in groundfish 

; 4-year st.udy documented the 

population characteristics of 

lillnets. The harbor seal and 

species talken in this 

lentally take marine mammals 

le Endangered Species Act) of 

)n issued t.o the New England 

)sed Multispecies Groundfish 

ling gear covered under the 

ind longlirre gear. Several 

rere reported in gillnets in 

lever, using recent 

seasonali t.y of right and 

1, seasonality, and effort of 

ld fishing practices occur, 

:ies under the proposed FMP 

;ed morta1i.t~ to right and 
V. NMFS MONITORS AND STUDIES T E INCIDENTAL TAKE OF 

MARINE MAMMALS IN COMMER IAL FISHERIES 

in the 

Although considerable progress has been made in reducing the 

number of porpoise killed each year in the purse-seine fishery 

for yellowfin tuna in the eastern trop'cal Pacific, NMFS 

continues to commit its resources to r duce further this 

incidental take of marine mammals. 

Management programs are carried o 

I 

t by the Southwest 

Region. NMFS places observers aboard na seiners to collect 

scientific data as well as monitor the ncidental take of 

porpoises and methods used by the fish men to avoid a take. 

During 1986, 40 tuna/porpoise observer were placed aboard 

commercial tuna purse-seine vessels op sting under U.S. flags. 

The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commi ion (IATTC) placed half 

of the cruises and half were placed by MFS. In 1985, the 

Southwest Region held tuna seiner oper or's workshops for 14 

skippers. NMFS issued Certificates of nclusion (under a general 

permit that allows an incidental take porpoise) to 81 

operators and 34 vessels. 

Net and gear inspections were for 12 vessels to 

ensure that required porpoise properly installed 

and functioning correctly. preliminary 

inspections were conducted Assistance was 

provided for a vessel in apron during 

a trial-set in waters off San Diego. 

The porpoise mortality quota (20,s 0) was reached before the 

end of the fishing season causing NMFS o prohibit further 

fishing for tuna associated with porpoi e. The prohibition on 

setting nets on porpoise began October 1, 1986, and ended 

January 1, 1987. r 

Importing Yellowfin Tuna. To imp1 ment a 1984 amendment to 

the MMPA, NMFS has proposed regulations I regarding the importation 

of yellowfin tuna caught with purse sei es in the eastern 

tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP). Under this rule, any nation that 1 

*NMFS uses the term porpoise, rather tha dolphin, to prevent 

confusion with the dolphin fish, an obje t of sport and 

commercial fishing. However, the common name, or dolphin, is 

used when discussing research programs f r individual species or 

stocks . 
wishes to export yellowf in tuna to 

vessels in the ETP must provide 

nation has adopted a regulatory program 

take (mortality) of marine mammals in 

comparable to the program of the U.S. 

supply documentation that the averag? 

mortality of porpoise in the fishery 

to the rate of incidental mortality 

the U.S. fleet. 

to this effect. I 

the U.S. and has purse seine 

docunentary evidence that the 

governing the incidental 

the fishery that is 

The nation must also 

rate of incidental 

by its vessels is comparable 

of porpoise from fishing by 

Also, if the U.S. fishery reachbs its allowed quota of 

Research Studies. A 1984 amend ent to the MMPA calls for a 

research program to monitor trends i abundance of stocks of 

porpoise killed, imports of yellowfin 

from nations whose flag vessels fish 

dolphins killed incidental to this The research program 

is coordinated by NMFS' Southwest 

of this program is to improve our 

biology of dolphins associated fishery for 

tunas in the eastern tropical The mandated 

monitoring program is to last which the 

status of dolphin stocks in 

tuna will. be prohibited 

in the ETP, unless certain 

NMFS has initiated a monitoring rogram th,at uses data 

collected by observers on resiearch vessels and 1LI.S. tuna 

vessels. Surveys using research vess Is have been designed to 

detect an annual change in relative a undance as small as 5 

percent per year for spotted dolphins. The experimental design 

involves two vessels transecting the tudy area for 120 days per 

year for a minimum of 5 years. In 19 1 6, the first survey was 

conditions are met that demonstrate the tuna was not taken by 

fishing on porpoise during the closure. 

becomes effective, any country wishing 

to the U.S. must place an observer 

any vessels for any trip, of which any 

from which yellowf in tuna is to be 

States. The observer must verify thit 

on porpoise after the closure date. 

accompanied by a statement from a 

completed by two NOAA research vessels, 

and the McArthur, serving as sighting 

from late July through early December. 

schools of dolphins were sighted (58,568 

After the closure 

to export yellowfin tuna 

approved by the government on 

part is in the ETP and 

inported into the United 

no sets for tuna were made 

The imported tuna must be 

res'ponsible government official 

the - David Starr Jordan 

platforms for observers 

During the surveys, 790 

animals). A cruise 

report describing the type of data thet was collected by each 

vessel is available from the MMFS 

P.O. Box 271, La Jolla, California 

vessel, which will provide a listing 

sightings data, is scheduled to be 

Sou,,hwest Fisheries Center, 

92338. A data report for each 

of all marine mammal 

completed in June 1987. A 
report summarizing the results of th 1986 cruises will be 

submitted to Congress. 

ey (1987), a helicopter will 

be used to hs of dolphin schools for an 

The aerial photographs 

should provide information on proportions in mixed 

schools and possibly the lves in a school. An 

experimental design, o vessels 'and a helicopter, 

will be completed in 

Besides using data collected by bservers on research 

vessels, NMFS is developing methods t use information collected 

by observers on tuna vessels to monit r changes in the relative 

abundance of ETP dolphins. This appr ach utilizes marine mammal 

encounter-rate data and life history ata which are collected on 

an opportunistic basis by observers. Since it is not possible to 

control the sampling regime, data ana ysis techniques that are 

suitable for data collected by observ rs on research vessels may 

not be suitable for data collected by observers on tuna vessels. 

In addition to gathering information 

dolphins in the ETP, scientists collected 

physical and biological environment in 

live. Continuous data on surface 

flourescence were collected by both 

nutrient and chlorophyll analyses wera 

data will be used to interpret distribution 

appear to be random) of dolphins in 

how large scale environmental features, 

Nino event, will affect the analysis 

research vessels and tuna vessels. 

about the numbers of 

information on the 

which these animals 

temperature, salinity, and 

vessels. Water samples for 

also collected. These 

(which does not 

t9e ETP and to help predict 

such as the recent El 

of encounter rate data from 

The goal of the program to analy e encounter-rate data from 

tuna vessels is to define and identif various attributes of the 

fishery, describe the environn~ental 

distribution of dolphins, and then to 

used to test which methods are effective 

features that af fect the 

develop a model that can be 

in detecting trends in 

the relative abundance of ETP dolphins, based on observer data. 

This work is being closely coordinated 

IATTC who are working on this issue 

perspective. NMFS has developed a 

coordinate all of the various elements 

observer data. In addition, SWC staff 

relationship between various environmental 

and the distribution of dolphins. Also, 

encounters of porpoise schools by 

research vessels will be completed in 

with scientists at the 

from an international 

formal research plan to 

in the analysis of 

are analyzing the 

features of the ETP 

a comparison of 

observers from tuna vessels and - 

1988. 
Finally, the SWC has initiated the 

model for the ETP ecosystem that will 

sensitivity of different methods used 

rate data. For example, the IATTC is 

line-transect techniques to encounter 

observers on tuna vessels. The SWC 

determine how sensitive conclusions 

are to any assumptions in the methodology. 

developmlent of a systems 

be used to test the 

to analyze the encounter 

currently applying standard 

rate data collected by 

will work with the IATTC to 

from a line-transect analysis 

The goal of the program to analyze 

collected by observers on tuna vessels 

changes in specific life history parameters 

in the relative abundance of ETP dolphins 

effort in a particular area. Specific 

growth rate, age of sexual maturity, 

of animals killed incidental to the 

underway. Concerning the latter, SWC 

found that changes in the sex ratio of 

significantly correlated with changes 

results hold for all age classes of 

This information will be used to test 

the affect of the tuna fishery on 

A large series of dolphin skulls from areas poorly 

represented in previous analyses of variation and 

stock identity are being analyzed. have been 

prepared under contract by the Los Museum and the 

data are now being extracted that a re-analysis 

of stock structure using The specific 

questions being addressed distinctness 

between spotted and equator and 

those south of the the core area 

of the eastern to the west in 

the life history data 

is to correlate various 

with either changes 

or the level of fishing 

studies on changes in the 

pregnancy rate and sex ratio 

fishery are currently 

scientists have recently 

spotted dolphins is 

in fishing effort. These 

animals, except fetuses. 

various hypotheses about 

different stocks of dolphins. 

In addition, the SWC is studying 

dolphins in the ETP and elsewhere. 

to discriminate between dolphin stocks 

the SWC since 1984. Also, studies on 

incidence of tooth pathology relative 

fishing pressure have been initiated. 

ishe stock structure of 

Sttidies on the use of mt-DNA 

have been carried out at 

ciifferences in the 

t:o geographic area and 

The preliminary results of 

this work suggest that the incidence o$ pathological calcium 

resorption in ETP dolphins, as observec 

be uncommon. Because this condition hzs 

reported in mammals, the underlying 

inferences to stock structure, are beirg 

summarizing these studies are scheduled 

and will be available from the Center. 

in their teeth, may not 

not been previously 

mechanisms, as well as the 

investigated. Reports 

to be completed in 1987 
of spotted, spinner and striped dolp ins are in preparation. 

They will include records from the 1 terature and a variety of 

unpublished sources. 

The Southwest Fisheries Center 

Southwest Region to review methods of 

mortality in the ETP. Following a 

Center completed a series of computer 

data sets that could be used to compare 

different methods of estimating dolphin 

analyses indicated that the methods 

mortality could be improved by 

breaking the year into three separate 

observer coverage rate constant through 

have been incorporated into the proposed 

the incidental mortality in 1987. In 

Center demonstrated that the kill-per 

used in previous years compares favor3bly 

statistics, such as kill-per-set or 

considerably more difficult to estima:e 

Marine mammals, primarily the Da 1's porpoise, are taken 

during commercial gillnet operations y Japanese fishing vessels 

both in and out of the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the 

North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. ntil 1987, the Japanese 

salmon mothership fishery was allowed to take up to 5,500 Dall's 

porpoise annually inside the EEZ. A ew permit allows a total 

take of 6,039 animals over the next t 

kas worked closely with the 

estimating dolphin 

series of workshops, the 

simulations to generate 

bias and precision in 

mortality. These 

used to estimate dolpin 

discontinuing the practices of 

periods and by holding the 

the year. Both changes 

methods for monitoring 

addition, research at the 

-day statistic that has been 

with other kill 

kill-per-ton, which are 

in real time. 

Incidental Take of Dall's 

Japanese Salmon Gillnet 

In 1986, incidental take of porpoise by the Japanese 

high-seas salmon mothership monitoreld during 6 

percent of the gillnet and Japanese observers 

onboard the 

in 1986 in 

ongoing studies of from 898 

Dall's porpoise. 

Porpoise i.n the 

Fishery 

A new program was implemented to z~btain data on the 

incidental take by the Japanese high-sl?as squid gillnet fishery 

operating in international waters in t e North Pacific. During 

30 gillnet operations in the eastern N rth pacific, 7 Dallas 

porpoise, 43 northern right whale dolp >ins, 8 Pacific white-sided 
dolphins, 1 striped dolphin and 14 

taken. There are no quotas for ma 

because it takes place in internat 

Data collected from 1981-1985 

segregation of age and sex classes 

salmon mothership fishing area. N, 

the response of Dall's porpoise to 

that response and visibility condi 

and age structure of the populatio 

the genetic variability of Dall's , 

DNA and on local populations of th 

An assessment of the status o 

population was completed indicatinl 

North Pacific stocks were above OS 

population) levels. 

Incidental Take of 

in the Western NI 

Marine mammals are incidental 

fishery operations (domestic and £1 

off southern New England and the M 

reported 113 marine mammals capturl 

whales, and 76 common dolphins). . that the total take of marine mamma 

fishery operations is not seriousl: 

populations. Incidental take and 

continue so that trends in the lev1 

iorthern fur seals were 

ne mammals in this fishery 

~nal waters. 

lemonstrated the geographic 

,f Dall's porpoise in the 

'S has com.pleted studies on 

;urvey vessels, the effect of 

.ons on polpulation estimates, 

Studies were initiated on 

~rpoise using mi tochondrial 

; species in Puget Sound. 

the Dall's porpoise 

that Bering Sea and Western 

(optimum sustainable 

larine Mammals 

th ~tlantr 

r caught in foreign and joint 

.eign) for squid and mackerel 

I-Atlantic. NMFS observers 

(1 minke whale, 35 pilot 

~alyses of the data indicate 

.s in foreign and joint 

threatening any marine mammal 

ological data collection will 

of take can be monitored. 
VI. THE MMPA ALLOWS A S BSISTENCE TAKE 

OF MARINE MAM ALS I 

Although bowhead whales are list d as an endangered species, 

Alaska natives are allowed to hunt th m for subsistence 

purposes. Catch limits for the hunt re set by the International 

Whaling Commission and regulations fo management of the harvest 

are implemented under the Whaling Con ention Act of 1949. Both 

the MMPA and the Endangered Species A t provide for a subsistence 

take by Alaska natives of endangered nd depleted species. 

The quota set for 1986 and 1987 as 26 strikes; however, 

strikes not used in previous years ma be added to the limit as 

long as the total number of strikes d es not exceed 32. Although 

the full 32 strikes were available in 1986; only 28 were used. 

Therefore, 32 strikes will be availab e in 1987. Of the 28 

strikes used in 1986,. 24 were used in the spring hunt and 4 were 

used in the fall hunt. A total of 20 whales were landed (Table 

., \ 

NMFS is the Federal agency with brimary responsibility for 

bowhead whales, but several other 

Alaska, the Alaska Eskimo Whaling 

Borough, and the Minerals Management 

year, NMFS' Alaska Region staff 

fall bowhead migration as the animals 

activity in the Beaufort Sea. Studie:; 

recruitment, seasonal distribution and 

relative to the availability of food 

carried out by NMFS and the North Slo2e 

age.lcies including the State of 

Comnission, the North Slope 

service, are involved. Each 

participates in monitoring the 

pass through areas of oil 

of population size and 

migration, and behavior 

or human disturbance, are 

Borough, a group 
Table 2. Annual Quotas and Catch of Bow 

~uotal 

~andedstr ikes Landed 

'~uotas were first set for this population 

landed whale counts against the strike quo 

when the quota of total strikes, including 

'~ased on IWC quotas, totals for 1981, 198 

exceed 45 landed or 65 struck. 

3~ two-year quota (for 1984-85) not to exc 

effect at the July 1983 IWC meeting. A do 

was set for 1984 consistent with the IWC d 

strikes were used in 1984 allowing a possi 

1985. 

4~he strike limit for 1986 (as set at the 

strikes; however, those strikes not used i 

1986 limit so long as the total number of 

Because the total number of whales which ca 

raised from 18 to 26 at the 1985 IWC meeti 

whales were struck in 1985, the full 32 st 

1986. 

ead Whales 1978-1987 

Actual Take - 

Lost Strikes 

in 1978. Since 1982, a 

a. Hunting is to cease 

landed wha.les , in reached. 

, 1983 combined could not 

ed 43 strikes was put into 

estic limit of 27 strikes 

cision. Of these, 25 

le total om£ 18 strikes in 

WC meeting in 1985) was 26 

1985 could be added to the 

trikes did not exceed 32. 

uld be struck in 1985 was 

3, and because only 17 

ikes were available in 
age determination techniques through 

3) reidentification of individuals (f 

history parameters) through aerial ph 

distribution of migrating whales with 

Barrow, Alaska. 

For the field component of the r 

flown in a twin otter aircraft betwee 

14,000 km were surveyed and 712 image 

About 280 whale photos are suitable f 

identification catalogue. Analysis c 

size-structure, temporal size segrega 

migration, and the traveling associat 

class. 

The preliminary results from a s 

isotope ratios in baleen have proved 

older animals, the ratio taken along 

show an annual signal which can be us 

In young whales, the signal may be co 

growth. 

In support of the North Slope Bo 

flew 51 transects of the zone perpend 

counting camps. Thirty-one whales we 

these were traveling within 5 km of t 

These results are virtually the same 

Taking Northern Fur Seals on 

NMFS has published a proposal to 

fur seal as depleted under the MMPA. 

the MMPA when a species or population 

optimum sustainable population (OSP). 

Island population of North Pacific fu 

of the popul.ation levels observed in 

this population is believed to be be1 

maintain maximum net productivity, th 

range. If this population stock is d 

MMPA requires that certain additional 

importing be applied. A public meeti 

held in January in Anchorage, Alaska. 

to be issued July 1987. The United S 

ratified the 1984 protocol extending 

Conservation of North Pacific Fur Sea 

been no commercial harvesting of fur 

1984. To ensure that the dietary req 

se of bullae and baleen; 

r estimation of life 

tographs; and 4) 

n the nearshore lead near 

search, 13;l hours were 

May 1 to June 1. Over 

of whales were collected. 

r inclusio~n in an 

ntinues on the population 

ion of animals during 

ons of wha.les by size 

udy of sta.ble carbon 

ighly interesting. In 

he length of baleen may 

d to estimate animal age. 

fused by rapid baleen 

oughts cen.sus efforts, NMFS 

cular to the Borrough's 

e seen and 42 percent of 

e shorefast ice edge. 

s those of 1985. 

he Pribilof Islands 

designate the North Pacific 

This action is required by 

stock falls below its 

Since the current Pribilof 

seals is below 50 percent 

he 1940s and early 1950s, 

w a level which can 

lower bound of the OSP 

signated as depleted, the 

restrictions on taking and 

g on the proposed rule was 

The final rule is expected 

ates Senate has not 

he Interim Convention on 

s. Consequently, there has 

eals in the Pribilofs since 

irements of Pribilof Island 
Biological information collect d on fur seals on the 

Pribilof Islands of St. Paul and George included determining 

the age of number of adult males on the 

rookeries and he number of pups and older 

seals that adjacent beaches. In 1986, 

approximately 167,700 on St. Paul Island. Less 

than 5 percent of the summer. 

residents would be met, and that the 

protected, NMFS issued regulations 

harvests of fur seals were allowed 

1966. In 1986, harvests were carried 

Paul and St. George Islands. The 

1,299 seals, most of which were two 

St. George Island, about 100 subadu1.t 

dead of unknown causes in late summer 

fur seal population would be 

under which subsistence 

under the Fur Seal Act of 

out independently on St. 

hzrvest on St. Paul Island took 

or three-year-old males. On 

male fur seals were found 

and this finding resulted 

Behavioral research was analysed 

George Island since 1973. A synthesis 

underway. Field work involved continued 

animals and the study of diving 

recorders attached to females. 

declining population of the northern fur seal, NMFS is studying 

several aspects of this problem. St dies in 1986 involved 

several separate projects. In a con inuation of the monitoring 

work begun in 1985, juvenile males w re rounded up in the area of 

hauling grounds and examined for ent nglement or tags. Those 

with either were captured and examin d to calculate the relative 

rates of resighting in order to gain information on the extra 

mortality suffered by entangled anim 1s. Surveys of rookery 

areas confirmed last year's observat ons of the appearance of 

entangled pups as they enter the wat r before weaning. The 

diving behavior of entangled seals ( uvenile males) was studied 

by using time-depth recorders (using microprocessors) attached to 

a sample of both entangled and unent ngled animals. The time at - 

sea and duration of dives appear to e longer for entangled 

animals. Debris from selected rooke y areas was removed and 

examined. Observations indicate tha entanglement occurs 

primarily, if not exclusively, in th 

in concern among island residents t at the seals might not be fit 

for human consumption. To alleviat these concerns, NMFS sent a 

from data collected on St. 

of these studies is 

studies of marked 

behavior using time-depth 

Entanglement studies. Since 

fishing nets and other debris may be 

veterinarian to St. George to inspect 

samples were also collected and 

organic pesticide levels. However, 

been identified. Only 124 seals were 

Island. 

entanglement with discarded 

one of the reasons for the 

the animals. Tissue 

analyzed for trace metal and 

no cause of the deaths has 

harvested on St. George 
VI I. INTERNATIOE 

FURTHER THE PROTECTION 

International Whaling 

1986 IWC Meeting. The United 

objectives for the 38th Annual Meet 

the moratorium decision and to suppl 

programmatic and fiscal integrity. 

substantially achieved. 

The IWC Moratorium Decision. 

not amend the moratorium decision o! 

its subsistence. The following dec 

1982 IWC meeting: 

"Notwithstanding the other 

(which provide for otherwir 

whaling), catch limits for 

purposes of whales from al: 

and the 1985/86 pelagic se, 

zero. This provision will 

upon the best scientific ac 

latest the Commission will 

assessment of the effects c 

stocks and consider modif ic 

the establishment of other 

Three member governments (Japa~ 

objected to the moratorium which rer 

obligation under international law 1 

The Government of the Philippi1 

announced that it was not bound undt 

it had not filed a timely objection, 

Philippine Commissioner announced ti 

reissue a license for whaling; therc 

and the new policy is to abide by tl 

Aboriqinal Whaling. In 1982, 1 

principles and procedures to govern 

whaling, and recognized in a separat 

distinction between commercial and i 

whaling. The scheme codified the IC 

needs of aboriginal people who deper 

subsistence, cultural, and nutritior 

needs of the affected whales. It rc 

managed to provide for the recovery 

populations. 

AL PROGRAMS 

OF MARINE ,MAMMALS 

Commission (IWC) 

itates had two primary 

.ng: to su~pport implementing 

prt the 1WC:'s future 

These objectives were 

'he 38th Annual Meeting did 

take any action to modify 

sion was reached at the July 

provisions of paragraph 10 

~e allowable commercial 

the killing for commercial 

stocks folr the 1986 coastal 

.sons and thereafter shall be 

be kept under review, based 

vice, and by 1990 at the 

undertake a comprehensive 

I£ this decision on whale 

ation of this provision and 

catch limits." 

, Norway, and the USSR) 

.oved them from any technical 

o comply. 

es, which had earlier 

r the moratorium even though 

changed its view. The 

at his Government did not 

would be no whaling in 1986; 

e moratorium. 

he IWC adopted management 

aboriginal/subsistence 

e management scheme any 

boriginal/subsistence 

C's attempt to balance the 

d on limited whaling to meet 

a1 needs and the conservation 

quires that hunting be - 

of depleted whale 
The Subcommittee heard a present tion by Denmark on the 

aboriginal/subsistence need of East G eenlanders for Central 

Atlantic minke whales and concluded t at such a need exists. It 

was also noted that a multispecies hu t was involved and 

dependence was not totally on minke w ales. The Commission set a 

catch limit of 12 for minke whales an the following other 

aboriginal catch limits for 1987: 

The Aboriginal/Subsistence Whaling 

reports from Denmark and the United 

required to meet nutritional, subsistence 

The Soviet Union reported that studies 

specific uses of whale products by the 

population and documentation would be 

meeting. Japan presented a paper on 

whaling around Japan which, it said, 

to aboriginal/subsistence whaling. 

concerning the whaling operations and 

meat and other products. 

Subcommittee considered 

States on whale catches 

and cultural needs. 

were continuing on the 

Soviet abloriginal 

submitted at next year's 

the small-type coastal 

has similar characteristics 

Qcestions were raised 

disposition of the whale 

No change was made in the existing ca ch limits for Bering Sea 

bowhead or West Greenland minke whale , both of which expire 

after 1987. St. Vincent and the Gren dines indicated that next 

year they will document the need of B guians for a small number 

of humpback whales. 

West Greenland fin: 

West Greenland humpback. 

Eastern Pacific gray: 

10 

0 

179. 

Comprehensive Assessment. In re ponse to a request from the 

IWC to identify specific tasks, assig priorities, and establish 

Whale Stocks and Catch Limits. 

commercially exploited stocks were au 

Zatch limit-s for 

:omatically set at zero for 

a timetable for undertaking a comprehensive 

stocks, the Scientific Committee outlined 

and joint scientific/technical work. 

inventory of current knowledge on the 

methodological problems in determining 

population trends; an examination of 

review of the scientific aspects of 

procedures; preparation of a second 

the 1987 coastal and the 1986/87 pelagic whaling seasons as a 

assessment of whale 

a plan of scientific 

The plan includes an 

status of stocks; - 

stock identity and 

the availability of data; a 

alternative management 

round inventory; examination 

result of the 1982 moratorium. The 

conducted stock assessments in order 

advice. All existing stock classific~~tions 

single exception: the classification 

Pacific stock of minke whales was 

Management to unclassified. 

Si=ientific Committee had 

ko provide management 

were retained with a 

of the Okhotsk Sea-West 

changed from Sustained 
of general aspects of whale dynamilcs; and preparation 

of a third round inventory. scientific/technical work 

will focus on the management of the Commission and 

their scientific implications. 

Scientific Permits. Last the Scientific Committee 

established guidelines for information submitted on 

the status of the stocks, methodology, the likelihood 

of achieving the stated by scientists 

from other nations, and of 

the stocks. 

This year, the Scientific reviewed a revised 

program proposed by Iceland a scientific 

catch of 80 

catch of fin and sei 

comments of the 

these catches 

concerned that 

the recovery 

A scientific permit program by the Republic of Korea 

involving the take of minke whales as reviewed and found, for 

the second time, not to fulfill the request for information 

required. The Committee noted its erious concern that permits 

for taking 160 animals had already een issued and that taking 

was presumably underway. 

Humane Killing. The Technical Committee Working Group on 

this subject prepared a report on t e killing methods used in 

aboriginal/ subsistence whaling ope ations and reviewed the 

humane killing aspects of the pilot whaling operations in the 

Faroe Islands. I 

The Commission reviewed the report of a working group that 

had studied a proposed resolution b Sweden to further define the 

parameters by which scientific perm ts should be issued and to 

In adopting the report of the orking Group, the Commission 

commended the United States for res arch undertaken to improve 

killing methods used in bowhead wha ing and asked the Group to 

keep this subject under review. Th United States indicated that 

information about when a whale is s ruck and how long it takes to 

land the whale should be available the future due to new - 

recommend actions to be taken by 

concerning permits and the disposit:.on 

products. The working group had been 

appropriate disposition of these 

Swedish resolution proved to be the 

that occurred at this Commission 

Cor~tracting Governments 

of whale meat and other 

unable to agree on the 

by-.products of research. The 

most significant negotiation 

meeting. 
reporting procedures. The Commissi n also anticipates further 

information from the United States oncerning struck and lost 

rates, and it asked the Secretary t survey material relevant to 

the use of neurotoxins for killing H hales. 

Finally, the Commission noted to Faroese 

legislation on whaling and the very 

within the Working Group about the used in the Faros 

Island pilot whaling operations, pa the use of the gaff 

and the spear. The Commission adop urging that 

the use of these implements be mini 

The Commission expressed grave 

information supplied by Denmark on 

absence of programs for training ant1 

weaponry. Denmark was invited to 

report addressing quest ions such as 

developed, the weaponry used and 

regions at which killing shots were 

rates for the hunt, the time to death, 

in place, and the differences in 

various types of aboriginal .catches. 

International North Pacific ~isberies Comrr~ission (INPFC) 

I 

concern at the lack of 

3ehalf of Greenland and at the 

development of more humane 

sl~bmit for review in 1987 a 

the training programs being 

be:.ng developed, the body 

aimed, the struck and lost 

the monitoring mechanisms 

hurting practice between the 

At the 1986 annual meeting of e INPFC, the scientific 

subcommittee of the Ad Hoc on Marine Mammals presented 

26 documents on marine incidentally in Japan's 

high-seas salmon ese documents included 

studies on gear nts, acoustic studies, 

estimation of poise, and the biology and 

behavior of anese intend to provide data 

on the als in the Japanese high- - 

87 annual meeting. 

The United States and Japan signed 

Understanding (MOU) on marine mammals 

effect until June 1987. As with two 

provides for cooperative research on 

marine mammals incidentally caught i? 

salmon fisheries. The general permit 

(June 1987) reduces the allowed take 

mothership fishery in the U.S. exclusive 

5,500 animals a year to 6,039 over a 

were developed in connection with the 

a Memorandum of 

in 1984 which remains in 

previous MOUs, the agreement 

Dall's porpoise and other 

the Japanese high seas 

issued by the United States 

of Dall's porpoise by the 

economic zone (EEZ) from 

3-year period. The MOUs 

International Convention 

for the High Sea Fisheries of the Nofth Pacific Ocean. 
m North Pacific Fur Seal Com ission (Commission) 

The Commission was established n 1957 by the Interim 

Convention on Conservation of North acific Fur Seals with the 

United States, Canada, Japan, and th Soviet Union as members. 

The Commission met annually from 195 through 11985 to coordinate 

and review the results of cooperativ research programs and to 

develop recommendations to party gov rnments on appropriate 

research and management measures, in luding conunercial harvests 

carried out by the U.S. on the Pribi of Islands and the Soviet 

Union on the Commander and Robben Is 

The Interim Convention on Conse vation of North Pacific Fur 

Seals was extended by a succession o Protocols, the most recent 

was signed on October 12, 1984, and 

agreement through October 1988. Jap?.n, 

Union ratified the Protocol. At a 

the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign 

ratification of the 1984 Protocol, 

the effects of the continued commerc:.al 

U.S. fur seal stocks. The Senate took 

Protocol. Without Senate ratification 

of the Protocol, no commercial seal 

under existing domestic law which is 

for managing the Pr ibilof Island fur 

The 1986 Commission meeting was 

not ratified the Protocol, and no 

Commission are scheduled. Efforts are 

former Commission members in discussions 

for North Pacific fur seals and renewed 

international research. 

This project promotes joint and exchange of 

information by U.S. and Soviet on thle biology, ecology 

and population dynamics of of concern to both 

countries. The following carried out in 1986. 

called for extending the 

Canada, and the Soviet 

June 13, 1985, hearing held by 

Relations regarding 

concern was expressed about 

harvest on the declining 

no final action on the 

or provisional application 

tarvest can be conducted 

now the exclusive authority 

seal population. 

cancelled since the U.S. had 

further meetings of the 

underway to interest 

of conservation measures 

cooperation in 

US-USSR Marine ~ammhl Project, 

1. Results of the fall 1985 ae ial surve:y of Pacific 

walrus in the Bering and Chukchi seas 

specia1ist.s were exchanged. The data in the U.S.S.R. 

and the U.S. can serve as a basis rational 

annual quotas for walrus harvests of 

Chukotka and Alaska. 

Environmental Protect..on ~greemeynt - 
3. Two American specialists the National Ecology 

Center of the U.S. Fish and Wildli conducted joint 

studies of craniological materials of sea otters -- 

method of 

the taxonomy of 

researchers of 

animal. 

2. In June and July, two Am 

Hubbs Marine Research Institute wo 

develop materials on distinguishin 

color patterns of harbor seals, a 

the North Pacific Ocean. The work 

Mammal Laboratory and the Institut 

the USSR Academy of Sciences. Dur 

indicators were noted and assessed 

indicate that this method of descr 

animals by coloration is useful an 

The Working Group met in the U S. in December to review the 

results of the work conducted durin 1986 and adopt a program for 

1987-1988. The Soviets prepared a eport on "Scientific Research 

on Marine Mammals in the North Pacific Ocean in 1984-85", as well 

as a "Bibliography of Sea Otter Research Papers, published in the 

USSR between 1965-1984." (This work was completed in accordance 

with an agreement reached with the U ited States during the first 

joint workshop on Sea Otter Biology ;i 'n Nakhodka in 1984. 

rican specialists from the 

ked with Soviet specialists to 

non-metrical variations in 

pecies widely distributed in 

took place at the VNIRO Marine 

of Developmental Biology of 

ng these studies, 63 discrete 

Preliminary evaluations 

ption and classification of 

promising for monitoring and 

predicting the numbers of this widely 

The project leaders were Robert 

of the National Marine Mammal Labora,:ory, 

Director, Marine Mammals Laboratory, 

Research Institute for Fisheries and 

Fisheries (USSR). 

distributed species. 

V. Miller, Deputy Director 

and L. A. Popov, 

All-Union Scientific 

Oceanography, Ministry of 
VIII. LEGAL 

The district court (D. AK. 198 1 found th~at the claims under 

NEPA were not time-barred by the MM A requirement that permits be 

challenged within 60 days of issuan e, and ruled that exceptions 

to the categorical exclusion mandat d that an EIS be prepared. 

The court declared the permit inval 

SECTION 

Jones v. Gordon, (9th Cir . 1986). 

including Greenpeace and the Sierra 

challenged the issuance of a scientific 

display permit to Sea World, Inc. 

NMFS, Sea World could have conductej 

activities on up to 100 killer whallzs 

retained up to 10 killer whales for 

breeding. The plaintiffs argued th4.t 

the National Environmental Policy 

had not prepared an Environmental 

Environmental Assessment (EA) on th? 

contended that permits, in general, 

with significant environmental effects 

categorical exclusion from NEPA in 

or EIS. 

Environmental groups, 

Club, and the State of Alaska 

research and public 

Jnder the permit issued by 

a variety of research 

and coulld have permanently 

public display and captive 

NMFS failed to comply with 

Act (NEPA) because the agency 

Ilapact Statement (EIS) or an 

permit action. NMFS 

are not major Federal actions 

and relied on a 

deciding not to prepare an EA 

NMFS and Sea World, Inc., whict 

lawsuit, appealed to the U.S. Court 

Circuit. The Ninth Circuit ruled or 

the district court that NEPA claims 

of limitations for permits under the 

reversed the lower court on its 

prepared, but ruled that NMFS had nc't 

had complied with NEPA absent the 

EIS. As a consequence, the permit 

this time, Sea World has not submitted 

permit to capture, retain, or conduct 

challenging .NMFSt. failure to designate critical habitat for the 

Hawaiian monk seal within one year f publishing a proposed 

rule. The 1-year limit is imposed t the Endangered Species Act 

(ESA), but the lawsuit was brought under both the ESA and the 

MMPA. On April 25, 1986, NMFS desig ated critical habitat for 

the Hawaiian nonk seal including bea hes, logoons, and waters 

surrounding the Northern ~awaiian Is ands (NWHI) to. a depth of 10 

fathoms. 

had intervened in the 

of Appeals for the Ninth 

June 18, 1986, agreeing with 

are not barred by the statute 

MMPA. The appellate court 

determination that an EIS must be 

adequately explained how it 

preparation of an EA or an 

uas declared to be void. At 

an application for a new 

research on killer whales. 

Greenpeace International, Inc. 

February 20, 1986, Green~eace and the 

In 1983, NMFS approved a recove y plan for the monk seal 

that included the recommendation tha critical habitat be 

designated out to the 20 fathom isob th around the NWHI. In 

designating critical habitat to 10 f thorns, NMFS determined that 

v. Baldriqe, (D. Hawaii). On 

Sierra Club filed suit 
A hearing on this matter was h in district court on March 

9, 1987, and Judge Fong issued an o three days later. The 

court agreed with NMFS of the definition of 

critical habitat under before an area 

can be properly designated as habitat. The court 

further ruled that whether or to 20 fathom area "may 

require special management or protectionN is a 

"genuine and material issue determined that a trial 

on that point should be arising under the MMPA 

were not specifically A trial schedule 

has not been set. 

deeper waters did not "require spec:.al 

or protection" and, therefore, did 

critical habitat. Plaintiffs filed 

November 4, 1986, to compel designation 

that the area to that depth fit the 

also allege that the MMPA imposes a 

government to protect the monk seals 

have violated Section 2 of the MMPA 

refusing to designate critical habitat 

plan, Additionally, plaintiffs argie 

MMPA (16 U.S.C. S1402(d)) has been 

designate critical habitat to beyonc 

the Marine Mammal Commission and dic 

with a detailed explanation of why 

adopted. 

management considerations 

not fit the definition of 

an amended complaint on 

to 20 fathoms, alleging 

ESA definition. Plaintiffs 

duty on the Federal 

habitat and that defendants 

(16 U.S.C. 51361(2)) by 

as advised in the recovery 

that Section 202 of the 

~~iolated because NMFS did not 

10 fathoms as recommended by 

not provide the Commission 

the recommendation was not 

dart biopsy samples from killer w 

Washington. The skin and blubber 

genetic tests and to measure the 

contamination in the whales. In 

prepared neither an EA nor an EIS 

categorical exclusion for MMPA pe 

determined that none of the excep 

exclusion that were recognized in were present. 

Plaintiffs contend that exceptions ical exclusion 

are also present in this case and 

have been prepared before issuing 

allege that the MMPA has been vio 

activities are not consistent wit 

the MMPA and that the research wi 

necessary or desirable scientific 

- 

Plaintiffs have informed NMF 

temporary restraining order befor 

scheduled to begin in May 1987. 

Greenpeace U.S.A. v. Evans, (W.D. 

from an MMPA research permit issued 

Wash.). This case arises 

to A. Rus Hoelzel to take 
IX. REPORTS ON THE STATUS 

WHALES 

Humpback wh 

Most of the North Pacific populi 

winter in the waters around the main 

primary concern for humpbacks is re12 

vessel traffic and research activitit 

Region began issuing yearly "Notices 

explaining that certain whale watchir 

harassment' and, therefore, illegal. 

monitor both whale watching and resez 

Recent studies found that whale: 

Hawaiian waters, and NMFS believes tl 

of compliance with the Notice. In rc 

regulations that would limit human a& 

A final rule will be published this J 

issued on all of the main islands at 

whale watching season to remind ever> 

it is a relatively rare occurrence ir 

reminded of two incidents of vessels 

Research activities, including acousl 

cow-calf behavior, and general distr: 

Maui and the Big Island. 

As part of the continuing managc 

whale, NMFS conducted consultations 1 

Endangered Species Act. Federal pro: 

recommendations made to ensure that i 

not jeopardize the continued existenc 

as a part of its ESA responsibilitie: 

Recovery Team for the humpback whale, 

developed and implemented. 

North Pacific Ocean. Humpback F 

NMML to preview and provide suggestic 

computerized system for cataloging ar 

fluke photographs. The system will i 

population abundance and stock ident: 

system established for the entire No1 

Atlantic Ocean. The congregatic 

New Enaland coast in the summer has 1 

growth-of a large whale-watching indl 

witnessed a shift in the summer distl 

whales. Since the late 19701s, hump1 

F SELECTED SPECIES 

.ions of humpback whales 

slands of Hawaii. NMFS' 

.ed to wha1.e watching, 

. In 1979, the Southwest 

~f Interpre!tationM 

I activities are "taking by 

NMFS ' enforcement agents 

,ch activities. 

were avoiding vessels in 

s may be c:aused by a lack 

'ponse, NMFS has proposed 

)roaches to humpback whales. 

ar. Press releases were 

.he beginning of the 1986-87 

lne of the rules. Although 

Hawaii, boat operators were 

triking humpback whales. 

c playback experiments, 

~ution, were monitored at 

lent program for humpback 

lder Section 7 of the 

cts were reviewed and 

sociated activities would 

of humpback whales. Also, 

NMFS has appointed a 

and a Recovery Plan will be 

,ale researchers met at the 

IS for improving a 

, sorting humpback whale 

d scientists in estimating 

'ication. It is the first 

.h Pacific, 

I of humpback whales off the 

'en responsible for the 

,try. However, 1986 - 

bution of humpback 

.cks have spent their 
The College of the Atlantic c ntinues to maintain, with 

funding from NMFS, the North Atlan ic humpback fluke photocatalogue. This catalogue helps r searchers monitor the 

population demographics, and habitat use of individual 

animals, and will be used ining population estimates 

through mark-recapture analysis. 

summers feeding in an area known a:; 

Also, NMFS awarded funds to U 

researchers to continue humpback s studies. 

Humpback tissue samples, collected 

cultured for karyotypic analyses. 

include sex determination 

vs XY), measures of 

of these measures to 

Geographically 

quantitative 

Atlantic and 

report is in preparation. 

Stellwagen Bank in the lower 

Right Whzle 

Gulf of Maine. This past summer, ew humpbacks appeared, and 

vessel cruises and aerial work rev aled that the majority of 

animals were in an area of the Gre t South Ch~annel south of Cape 

Researchers at the Provincetow? 

distribution and abundance of fin, 

Through a cooperative agreemen with the University of Khode 

Island, NMFS has implemented an int. research program on - 

the North Atlantic right whale. A c of research 

institutions will take part in changes and 

causes of change in the and size of the 

North Atlantic right four tasks: 

Cod. However, right whales and se:. 

frequently in Gulf of Maine waters 

normally occur there. The shift ir~ 

may be related to a decrease in abi 

distribution of sandlance, their 

Center surveyed the seasonal 

'lumpback, and right whales in 

whales were sighted 

although aei whales do not 

humpback whale distribution 

ndance or change in 

primary prey species. 

Cape Cod Bay and Stellwagen Bank. Also, oceanographic, 

behavioral, photographic, and populiit 

was collected. Additionally, in 

used by whales, researchers documeni:ed 

(biological, physical) and geograph:.~ 

areas to identify the mechanisms wh:.ch 

groups of whales. This research wi1.l 

ion demography information 

habitats that. are frequently 

the oceanographic 

characteristics of those 

attract and maintain 

continue in 1987. 
1) Development of a data base that incorporates data 

collected since 1956. The for at will allow each sighting 

event to be recreated. 

2) Aerial surveys will be mad principally in the southeast 

region (Cape Hatteras to south rn Florida) to collect 

distribution, abundance, popul tion demographics, photoidentification, and other 

3) Shipboard surveys will be ade principally in the 

northeast region (Nova Scotia o Great South Channel) to 

obtain data on distribution, r spiration rates, micro-scale 

movements, high-use habitats, ehavior, social groups, 

ecological and oceanographic p rameters. Photographs will 

be taken for individual identi ication and of cow/calf pairs 

to determine size/age estimati ns and reproductive and 

mortality rates. 

4) Data Analyses will include abundance estimates using 

standard line and strip transe t methods; mark-recapture 

studies; and population demogr phics using field sighting 

data including length and size composition, sex, calving 

rates, nursing duration and mo tality rates. Additionally, 

high-use habitats will be docu ented and described in 

relation to oceanographic and iological parameters. 

The SEFC funded a study to exa ine the feasibility of 

developing a computer based image a chival and analysis system 

for photographs which can be used t. identify individual right 

whales. The study indicated the de elopment of such a system is 

both feasible and beneficial. The EFC is now funding the 

acquisition of an image archival an analysis system for use with 

right whales, and later, humpback w ales. The system should be 

operational in FY 1988. 

NMFS scientists have completed 

photographic identification techniq~es 

report describes the procedures used 

a discussion of the advantages and 

technique. It concludes that 

right whales is a valuable research 

whale investigators. It was recommended 

given photographs of known individuals 

negatives be kept in a central facility. 

Work continued on a research s udy funded by the SEFC, NEFC, 

and NMML to estimate historical cat h levels, early abundance, - 

and distribution of right whales in the northwest Atlantic. The 

final report for this study is due 

a report on using 

on right whales. The 

to identify individuals, and 

disadvantages of using the 

photocraphic identification of 

tool for experienced right 

that key researchers be 

and that originals and 
Gray W ale 4- 

Because population estimates h ve been based on daytime 

migration rates, a study was made t determine if night migration 

rates of gray whales were similar t day rates. These tagging 

studies were coordinated with the s ore-based census research 

conducted by NMFS. In January 1985, two whales were tagged and 

followed. In January 1986, 9 addit'onal whales were successfully 

tagged and followed for periods up o 18 hours. The data 

obtained from these 11 whales indicate that gray whales maintain 

constant rates of travel through a I 24-hour period. 

For the past two years, NMFS 

their southbound migration along the 

the 1984/85 census near Monterey, 

counted. The estimated population 

18,500. During the 1985/86 census, 

whales were observed. The number 

passed the Granite Canyon site, after 

hours not watched, and whales passing 

census was 14,658. However, this 

offshore distance correction factor 

apparent change in the offshore 

since the last census in 1979/80. 

to the standard census, experiments 

differences in observers' abilities 

count whales. The results of these 

suggested that current population 

underestimating the size of this po 

Alantic Ocean - Research progdams for Marine Species 

I 

had counted gray whales during 

Califorrria coast. During 

c:alifornia, 5,344 whales were 

size based on this census is 

covering 59 days, 5,341 

c)f whales estimated to have 

correction for pod size, 

by after the end of the 

estimate did not include an 

since there has been an 

distribution (of this species 

In January 1986, in addition 

were conducted to test 

to detect and accurately 

preliminary investigations 

estimates may be 

ulation. NMFS has submitted 

Since 1980, Manomet Bird Observ tory has used NMFS research 

vessels as a platform of opportunity to gather sea bird, marine 

mammal, and sea turtle sightings bet een Nova Scotia and Cape 

Hatteras, North Carolina. The data ase is compaf ible with the 

Northeast Fisheries Center's trawl s rvey data which will allow 

researchers to correlate sightings w th fisheries, plankton, and 

oceanographic data. 

reports of these studies to the Int rnational Whaling Commission. 

Researchers at the College of t. e Atlantic (COA) added a 

sixth year of data to an analysis of respiration rates of baleen 

whales. These data were collected by observers stationed on 

Mount Desert Rock in the Gulf of Main . Although data are 

available for humpback, fin, and righ whales, fin whales are the 

main focus of the study, This inform tion will be used to help 

assess the impact of vessel traffic, articularly whale watching - 

activity, on large whales. The final report will be available 

from the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Cen \ er, Woods Hole, Mass. 
Bottlenose Dc - 

Atlantic and Gulf Coast. NMFS 

~tlank(~urs iop 

display and scientific research unde 

must be coordinated with the Southea 

is authorized only from areas where 

assessed and when there are suffici~e 

quota. Permit holders may collect f 

authorization has been granted. 

Current Annual 

Mississippi Sound 

Indian/Banana River Complex 

(Florida) 

Texas Coast-Corpus Christi/ 

Matagorda Bay 

West Coast of Florida (betw 

Crystal River and Charlot 

Harbor, including Tampa B 

Florida Panhandle (between 

River west to Mobile Bay, 

The number of bottlenose dolphins re 

year cannot exceed two percent of th 

specific locat ion. Also, the Southe 

transfer of pre-Act marine mammals f 

facility to another through Letters 

The Southeast Fisheries Center 

collection phase of the first of its 

bottlenose dolphins in the northwest 

Mexico. Data from the Gulf of Mexic 

records is now being analyzed. 

The Center received the final r 

were made to determine the discreten 

These studies indicate that while ge 

identifiable along-shore stocks do e 

genetically isolated, Both studies 

technical reports from the NMFS Sout 

Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Fla. 33 

A report prepared on bottlenose 

waters during 1969-71, was based on 

Florida Department of Natural Resour 

Portuguese man-of-war. The nature c 

making estimates of abundance of bot 

surveyed, but it does demonstrate th 

2gulates the taking of the 

truncatus) for public 

a permitsystem. All takes 

t Regional- Director. Taking 

~pulat ions have been 

t numbers to allow a 

3m the fo1.lowing areas when 

Quotas: 

zn 23 

J 

Y 

rystal 10 

Alabama) - 

TOTAL 91 

3ved during any calendar 

minimum population in a 

st Region arranges for the 

2m one public display 

f Agreement. 

3s completed the data 

long-term studies of 

itlantic and the Gulf of 

, totaling about 200,000 

ports for two studies that 

ss of bottlenose dolphins. 

etically and spatially 

ist, they are not 

ill be available as 

east Fisheries Center, 75 

49. 

dolphin sightings in Florida 

nformation collected by the 

es during aerial surveys for 

this in£ ormat ion precluded 

lenose dolphins in the areas 

t observer fatigue may be 
the reason that fewer sightings made during lengthy 

surveys. The report also indica that there may be some 

seasonal patterns in the distrib of dolphins in Florida 

waters. 

The Center's estimates of bo tlenose dolphins in the Gulf 

Mexico and the northwest Atlantic (14,000 to 23,000) remain the 

same. 

Harbor porpoise (Phocoena ) mortality resulting from 

interactions with gillnet f ishe been reported in central 

California since 1983. NMFS in wo aerial surveys and 

four vessel surveys beginning i 1 of 1984 and continuing 

through the fall of 1986 to est population of harbor 

porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).< ts of these surveys have 

been published by the Southwest s Center. The estimate 

of harbor porpoise abundance be Conception (California) 

and Cape Flattery (Washington) nd 1985 was 49,969 

animals with a range of 31,532 animals. The population 

estimate for all of California 101000 animals and for 

central California 1,858 animal estimates were made in 

response to the incidental mort harbor porpoise in setnet fisheries in California. 

Harbor Porpoise 

A panel reviewing a report on 11 of the available 

information on the current status o harbor porpoise in 

California, concluded that the stat s determination for harbor 

porpoise in California depended on he degree to which population 

centers of harbor porpoise were poo ed. ~t present, there are 

insufficient data to define, withou ambiguity, stocks of harbor 

porpoise in California. In additio more information is needed 

on the maximum net-recruitment rate. 

(Ptocoena phocoena) 

Gulf of California Harbor Porpoi u e (va uita or cochito). 

The Gulf of California harbor p poise (Phocoena sinus) is 

listed as endangered under the Endan red speTies ~ct. In 1986, 

Congress requested that the Service view information regarding 

this species and factors that may in uence its recovery. The 

SWC has published a document that su arizes recent sightings and 

what is known about the life history f this species. NO 

population estimate has been made, b as few as 50 to 100 

individuals may occur in the wild. cidental mortality in 

commercial fishery operations and po ution seeln to be the main 

factors in preventing this species f m recovering. 
SEALS AND SE LIONS .I 

Harbor Se 1 e 

Oreqon and Washington Coasts. ince harbor seals are the 

principal species involved in fisher s interactions in the 

Northwest and the only pinniped that reeds in Washington State 

waters, NMFS has provided funding to ashington and Oregon to 

assess harbor seal populations. The biological assessments 

indicate harbor seal populations hav increased more than 10 

percent annually in Washing ton since 976 and about 7 percent 

annually in Oregon since 1977. The rbor seal population in the 

Northwest is estimated at 15,000 to ,000 seals. Research 

indicates that the seals on the oute coast and estuaries are a 

regional population interchanging be een coastal areas in 

southern Washington and northern Ore n seasonally. It is 

unknown if there is an interchange o ovement of seals from 

coastal areas into the inland waters Washington (Puget Sound), 

but it seems unlikely since the Puge ound population, which is 

estimated at 6,000 to 7,000 animals, s different pupping and 

breeding seasons from the outer coas opulations. 

California sea lion 

Northwest Coast. The number of 

t 

alifornia sea lions 

appearing in Northwest waters has bee increasing each year 

coincident with the increased breedin population in southern 

California and northward range expans on of this species. Most, 

if not all, of the California sea lio s in the Northwest are male 

(primarily sub-adult males) sea lions which migrate north each 

year after the breeding season. The umbers of California sea 

lions in Oregon peaks in early Septem er as the animals move 

north. Noticeable numbers of Califor ia sea lions begin 

appearing in Washington in October an many remain in inland 

waters (Puget Sound) until May when t ey migrate south again. 

Others migrate further north into Bri ish Columbia where over 

4,000 animals have been counted in re ent years. California sea 

lions are second to the harbor seal i conflicts with salmon 

gillnet fisheries. 

It is difficult to count the sea ions in Puget Sound 

because the animals spend most of thei time in the water. 

However, in one area near the city of verett where counts have - 

been made, over 900 California sea li s in a single aggregation 

were observed. The sea lions observe in this area have 

increased from negligible numbers in 78 to about 100 in 1979 to 

the recent peak count of over 900 ani Is in April 1986. Such as 

increase is likely indicative of the era11 increase in 

California sea lions migrating north. It is likely that 1,500 to 
Aruuv sea lions pass through or main in Washington State inland 

waters each winter/spring. The currence of California sea 

lions in the State of Washington s a relatively recent 

development as sightings of this pecies prior to 1970 were rare 

and the first documented sightin was in 1950 on the outer coast. 

Northern bea Lion 

Alaska Coast. NMFS analyzed 984-85 survey data on northern 

sea lions from the Gulf of Alaska o the western Aleutian 

Islands. The data collected by N L and Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game scientists conf irme that the population has 

declined 52 percent since the lat 1960s from 140,000 to 68,000 

animals. These surveys have show that the decline is apparently 

occurring throughout most of Alas , and no shift or movement of 

the population east or west has o urred. A decline is also 

reported by Soviet scientists on e Kurile Islands and coastal 

waters of the U.S.S.R. The great t decline has been in the 

eastern Aleutian Islands (79 perc t decline) and the least in 

the central Aleutian Islands (8 p cent). There has been a 20 

percent decline in numbers betwee 1985 and 1986 at Unimak Island 

(Unimak Pass), and pup counts dec ased by 25 to 50 percent at 

several important breeding locati s in the Gulf of Alaska. 

Decreased survival of pre-rec it juveniles has been 

hypothesized for both northern sea ions and fur seals as the 

most important factor in the decli . The ca.use(s) of this 

mortality, which presumably occurs t sea, have not yet been 

fully identified. Research has be conducted since 1984 on 

possible causes such as disease, e anglement and food 

availability. Land, aerial and sh surveys have been conducted 

to verify the on-land population s el and apparent rate of pup 

production. The Service held a wo shop during December 1986 to 

review all research results, possi e causes for the decline, and 

to evaluate the next course of act n for restearch. 

Seals and ~ek Lions 

California Coast. NMFS contin es to promote cooperative 

studies of coastal populations of p nnipeds with the California 

Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), Channel Islands National 

Park, Channel Islands and Gulf of t e Farallonis National Marine 

Sanctuaries, and several independen research institutes. This - 

research included monitoring trends in population levels and 

assessing the impact of the inciden a1 kill of marine mammals in 

commercial fisheries. By September 1987, NMFS will have 

population monitoring data for Cali. ornia sea lions, northern 
elephant seals, and harbor seals i California for 9, 11, and 5 

years, respectively. In 1986, pup reduction of sea lions and 

elephant seals was determined at a of the major rookeries. 

Results indicate that both populat ns are increasing. Under a 

contract from NMFS, the CDFG censu d all of the known harbor 

seal hauling sites in California. he 1986 count, 15,174, was 

about the same as previous years. n addition, food habit 

studies on sea lions and elephant als have ]been made to 

determine the impact of increasing umbers of pinnipeds on the 

availability of commercially and r reationally important food 

resources. The collaborative rese ch of numerous researchers 

and agencies has been essential to he succes:;ful coordination of 

this research. 

NMFS is collecting photographs of northern elephant seals on 

their rookeries which will be used o count seals, estimate pup 

mortality, and identify the younges age classes that are 

producing pups. Similar photos wil be co1lec:ted for California 

sea lions. 

Hawaiian Mo k Seal -3- 

Under the Endangered Species A t, NMFS is implementing a 

Recovery Plan for the monk seal. I April 1986, NMFS issued a 

final rule designating all beach ar as, lagoon waters, and ocean 

waters out to a depth of 10 fathoms around Kure Atoll, Midway 

Islands (except Sand Island), Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski 

Island, Laysan Island, French Friga e Shoals, Gardener Pinnacles, 

Necker Island, and Nihoa Island as ritical habitat for the 

Hawaiian monk seal. The Sierra Clu Legal Defense Fund and 

Greenpeace-brought suit against NMF for not adopting critical 

habitat out to 20 fathoms. (See Le a1 Actions for further 

information). 

Beach censuses were made at a1 five of the major breeding 

populations of the Hawaiian monk se data are 

used to obtain precise estimates of size and 

composition. At least 184 monk born in the 

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in with 161 to 165 

pups each of the previous 3 coded to island, 

year of birth, and placed on 171 

of these pups. except Kure 

Atoll, were comparable 

data are available. 

A single male pup was born at K re Atoll in 1986; just two 

adult females are believed present i the population. Annual pup 

production at Kure Atoll is down fro about 30 per year in the 

mid-1960's. The female pup Head Sta t project, initiated by NMFS 

in 1981, has increased immature fema e survival to over 90 
percent, and is responsible for a otal of 11 immature and newly 

recruited females in the populatio s. In March 1987, one of the 

first females in the headstart pro ram gave birth. At age six, 

she is the youngest known monk sea to give birth. 

Another project, designed to sist recovery of the Kure 

Atoll population, involves relocat g a few female pups each year 

from French Frigate Shoals to Kure toll. These are collected as 

underdeveloped pups, rehabilitated n Honolulu between field 

seasons, and then released to the Id at Kure Atoll as 

yearlings. Five female pups were llected for this purpose in 

1986; one died from a probable con nital kidney problem. The 

pups are screened for disease and netic problems before 

reintroduction, and no deaths have et occurred in the seals 

relocated through 1986, although o migrated to Midway 

Islands. These two projects have creased both the number and 

survival rates for female monk sea at Kure Atoll. Based on 

these numbers, the prognosis for r overy of this population is 

better. However, human disturbanc on the beaches continues to 

be a problem and will probably aff t the fidelity of the newly 

recruited females to the atoll. 

Research continued on the adul male "mobbing" problem at 

Laysan Island. Subadult and adult ale seals were tagged, and 

attacks on females were monitored t identify individuals 

involved. These observations and tensive data collected from 

1985 research were partially analyz d for a workshop held in 

Honolulu, February 1987, to develop a plan to reduce female 

mortality caused by adult males. e workshop was attended by 

Some Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery T m members and other 

scientists with expertise in anima behavior, genetics, 

endocrinology, and general physiol y. The plan which was 

developed will require collection more observational data and 

increased tagging to maintain iden ties of of seals. At the 

same time, research on several cap ve adult males will be 

initiated to determine if the aggr sive behavior can be reduced 

by controlling hormone levels. Fi d trials will probably not 

occur until 1989. 

Biologists working at the bree ing islands continue to 

collect from the beaches samples of debris which may entangle 

monk seals and other wildlife. Mat rial not c:ollected is 

destroyed. These activities have r duced the observed incidence 
TABLES 
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TABLE 2 

COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF ARINE MAMMALS INVOLVED IN 

SCIENTIFIC REsEARcH/PuBLIc DIslLAY PERMIT A,PPLIcATIoNs 

COMMON NAME 

----------- 

CETACEAN 

-- - - - - - - 

SCIENTIFIC NAME 

--------------- 

ATLANTIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN 

ATLANTIC SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

ATLANTIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

BAIRD'S BEAKED WHALE 

BLACK RIGHT WHALE, NORTHERN RIGHT 

BLAINVILLE'S BEAKED WHALE 

BLUE WHALE 

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS 

BOTTLENOSE WHALES 

BOWHEAD WHALE 

BRYDE'S WHALE 

COMMERSON'S DOLPHIN 

COMMON DOLPHIN 

CUVIER'S BEAKED WHALE 

DALL'S PORPOISE 

DUSKY DOLPHIN 

DWARF SPERM WHALE 

FALSE KILLER WHALE 

FIN WHALE, FINBACK 

FINLESS PORPOISE 

FRANCISCANA 

FRASER'S (SARAWAK) DOLPHIN 

GINKGO-TOOTHED BEAKED WHALE 

GRAY WHALE 

GRAY'S BEAKED WHALE 

HARBOR PORPOISE 

HEAVISIDE'S DOLPHIN 

HUBBS' BEAKED WHALE 

HUMPBACK WHALE 

KILLER WHALE 

LAGENORHYNCHINE DOLPHINS 

LONG-FINNED PILOT WHALE 

MELON-HEADED WHALE, ELECTRA 

MINKE WHALE 

NARWHAL 

NORTHERN BOTTLENOSE WHALE 

NORTHERN RIGHT WHALE DOLPHIN 

PACIFIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

PILOT WHALES UNSPECIFIED 

PYGMY KILLER WHALE 

PYGMY RIGHT WHALE 

PYGMY SPERM WHALE 

RIGHT WHALES UNSPECIFIED 

RISSO'S DOLPHIN, GRAMPUS 

ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN 

TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS 

STENELLA PLAGIODON 

LAGENORHYNCHUS ACUTUS 

BERARDIUS BAIRDII 

BALAENA GLACIALIS 

MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS 

BALAENOPTERA MUSCULUS 

TURSIOPS SP. 

HYPEROODON SP. 

BALAENA MYSTICETUS 

BALAENOPTERA EDEN1 

CEPHALORHYNCHUS COMMERSONII 

DELPHINUS DELPHIS 

ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS 

PHOCOENOIDES DALLI 

LAGENORHYNCHUS OBSCURUS 

KOGIA SIMUS 

PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS 

BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS 

NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES 

PONTOPORIA BLAINVILLEI 

LAGENODELPHIS HOSE1 

MESOPLODON GINKGODENS 

ESCHRICHTIUS ROBUSTUS 

MESOPLODON GRAY1 

PHOCOENA PHOCOENA 

CEPHALORHYNCHUS HEAVISIDII 

MESOPLODON CARLHUBBSI 

MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE 

ORCINUS ORCA 

LAGENORHYNCHUS SP. 

GLOBICEPHALA MELAENA 

PEPONOCEPHALA ELECTRA 

BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA 

MONODON MONOCEROS 

HYPEROODON AMPULLATUS 

LISSODELPHIS BOREALIS 

LAGENORHYNlCHUS OBLIQUIDENS 

GLOBICEPHALA SP. 

FERESA ATTENUATA 

CAPEREA MAiRGINATA 

KOGIA BRiVICEPS 

BALAENA SP. 

GRAMPUS GRISEUS 
COMMON NAME 

----------- I SCIENTIFIC NAME 

--------------- 

SEI WHALE 

SHEPHERD'S BEAKED WHALE 

SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE 

SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALE 

SPERM WHALE 

SPINNER DOLPHIN 

SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

STENELLINE DOLPHINS 

STRAP-TOOTHED WHALE 

STRIPED DOLPHIN, STREAKER 

TRUE'S BEAKED WHALE 

TUCUXI 

UNSPECIFIED BALEEN WHALES 

UNSPECIFIED CETACEANS 

UNSPECIFIED TOOTHED WHALES 

VAQUITA, COCHITO 

WHITE WHALE, BELUKHA 

WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN 

~BALAENOPTERA BOREALIS 

TASMACETUS SHEPHERD1 

GLOBICEPHALA MACRORHYNCHUS 

BALAENA AUSTRALIS 

PHYSETER CATODON 

STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS 

STENELLA FRONTALIS 

STENELLA ATTENUATA 

STENELLA SP. ME SOP LO DON^ L~AYARDI I 

STENELLA COERULEOALBA b ESOPLODON MIRUS 

OTALIA FLUVXATILIS 

YSTICETI 

ETACEA 

DONTOCETI 

HOCOENA SINUS 

ELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS 

AGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS 

AMSTERDAM ISLAND FUR SEAL 

ARCTOCEPHALINE FUR SEALS 

ATLANTIC HARBOR SEAL 

BAIKAL SEAL 

BEARDED SEAL 

CALIFORNIA SEA LION 

CASPIAN SEAL 

CRABEATER SEAL 

DUGONG 

GRAY SEAL 

GUADALUPE FUR SEAL 

HARBOR SEALS 

HARP SEAL, GREENLAND SEAL 

HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL 

HOODED SEAL, BLADDERNOSE SEAL 

KERGUELEN FUR SEAL 

LARGHA SEAL, SPOTTED SEAL 

LEOPARD SEAL 

NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 

NORTHERN FUR SEAL 

NORTHERN SEA iioN, STELLER SEA LION 

PACIFIC HARBOR SEAL 

RIBBON SEAL 

RINGED SEAL 

ROSS SEAL 

SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEAL 

SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION 

SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 

UNSPECIFIED MARINE-MAMMALS 

UNSPECIFIED PINNIPEDS 

WALRUS 

WEDDELL SEAL 

WEST INDIAN MANATEE 

WESTERN ATLANTIC HARBOR SEAL 

RCTOCEPHALUS TROPICALIS 

RCTOCEPHALUS SP 

IGNATHUS BAIRBATUS 

LOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS 

ODON CARCINOPHAGUS 
TABLE 3 

SYNOPSIS OF PERMIT APPLICATIONS 

AS OF March 31, 1986 

SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC SCIENTIFIC AND April 1, 1986 TO March 31. 1987 

SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC SCIENTIFIC AND AS OF March 31, 19 

RESEARCH DISPLAY PUBLIC DISPLAY 

---------- ------- -------------- 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS 

SUBMITTED 344 359 14 

RESEARCH DISPLAY PUBLIC DISPLAY 

---------- ------- -------------- CUMULATIVE TOTAL ------------------. 

NO. OF ANIMALS REQUESTEDCTOTAL) 926,922 2,113 6,434 

OF THESE: 

TAKEN BY KILLING 

TAKEN AND KEPT ALIVE 

KILLED IN CAPTIVITY 

TAKEN AND RELEASED 

FOUND DEAD 

-. . . . . . - - - IMPORTS 

HARASS 

ACTION TAKEN 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS FORWARDED 

TO MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS REVIEWED 

BY MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS REFERRED 

TO FISH AND WILDLIFE 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS REFERRED 

TO STATES 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS REFERRED 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS RETURNED 

DUE TO INSUFFICIENT OR 

NO. OF APPLI~ATI~NS~~DENIED 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS APPROVED 

NO. OF APPLICATIONS PENDING 

NO. OF ANIMALS APPROVEDCTOTAL) 903,464 1,125 5,913 20,650 

OF THESE: 

26 

TAKEN BY KILLING 25,745 0 0 0 

390 

0 

TAKEN AND KEPT ALIVE 875 98 1 13 

KILLED IN CAPTIVITY 101 0 0 0 0 

TAKEN AND RELEASED 717,647 0 26 5 17,806 2 

FOUND DEAD 4,422 0 0 0 0 

STRANDEDIEXCHANGED 128 237 0 0 

IMPORTS 

11 

3,072 1 0 103 0 

HARASS 151,959 0 5,550 2,740 0 

NOTE: APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS INVOLVING HARASSMENT OF MARINE MAMMALS OR TAKINO/IMPORTING OF HARINE MAMMALS FOUND DEAD USUALLY 

DO HOT SPECIFY NUMBERS, AND THEREFORE ARE NOT REFLECTED IN.THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS FOR THESE CATEGORIES. 

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COMMON NAME 

TABLE 5 

NUHBER OF PINNIPEDS REQUESTED IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH/PUBLIC DISPLAY PERMIT APPLICATIONStl) 

REQUESTED 

AS OF March 31, 1986 

REQUESTED 

April 1, 1986 THRU March 31, 1987 

TAKEN TAKEN CUHULAT 

TAKEN AND- - - . . - -. . . 

TAOOED OR FOUND TAKEN AND TAOOED OR FOUND IVE 

BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD/ BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD/ TOTAL 

KILLING ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRND KILLINO ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRND REQUEST1 

ARCTOCEPHALINE FUR SEALS 2 ------ 

BAIKAL SEAL - - - - - - 8 

BEARDED SEAL 1,180 8 

CALIFORNIA SEA LION 534 

- - - - - - 972 

CASPIAN SEAL 2 

CRABEATER SEAL 6,373 ------ 

GRAY SEAL ------ 40 

HARBOR SEALS 7,789 

------ 139 

HARP SEAL, GREENLAND SEAL 4 o 

HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL 16 6 

KERGUELEN FUR SEAL 151 ------ 

LARGHA SEAL, SPOTTED SEAL 1,320 ------ 

LEOPARD SEAL 768 8 

NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 154 

- - ---- 

18 

NORTHERN FUR SEAL 3 5 

NORTHERN SEA LION, STELLER SEA LION 16,395 4 

RIBBON SEAL 955 2 

RINGED SEAL 1,780 12 

ROSS SEAL 28 3 

------ 

6 

SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEAL 

------ 

6 

SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION 

12T --- 

14 

SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 

~~rrcD7'lB~l~t RhMMALS ------ ------ 

UNSPECIFIED PINNIPEDS 13,600 ------ 

WALRUS 600 ------ 

WEDDELL SEAL 654 

------ 

2 5 

WEST INDIAN MANATEE 1 

(1) SPECIEEN IMPORTS AND HARASSMENT REQUESTS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS TABLE. 

(2) WHERE PERMIT APPLICANTS REQUESTED A TOTAL NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO BE TAKEN WITHOUT SPECIFYINO THE NUMBER TO BE TAKEN FROM A 

PARTICULAR SPECIES, THE NUMBER REQUESTED WAS LISTED UNDER UNSPECIFIED PINNIPEDS OR UNSPECIFIED MARINE MAMMALS, IF CETACEANS 

ALSO WERE INVOLVED. 
TABLE 6 

NUMBER OF CETACEANS AUTHORIZED IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH/PUBLIC DISPLAY PERMIT APPLICATIONSCl) 

COMMON NAME 

AUTHORIZED 

AS OF March 31, 1986 

AUTHORIZED 

April 1, 1986 THRU March 31, 1987 

TAKEN TAKFN CUMUL ATATLANTIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

BLACK RIGHT WHALE, -NORTHERN RIGHT 

BLUE WHALE 

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS 

BOWHEAD WHALE 

BRYDE'S WHALE 

COMMERSON'S DOLPHIN 

COMMON DOLPHIN 

DALL 'S PORPOISE 

DUSKY DOLPHIN 

FALSE KILLER WHALE 

FIN WHALE. FINBACK 

FRASER' s -i SARAWAK) DOLPHIN 

GRAY WHALE 

HARBOR PORPOISE 

HUMPBACK WHAL E 

KILLER WHALE 

LONG-FINNED PILOT WHALE 

MELON-HEADED WHALE, EL ECTRA 

N 

MINKE WHALE 

PACIFIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

PILOT WHALES-UNSPECIFIED 

PYGMY KILLER WHALE 

PYGMY RIGHT WHALE 

RISSO'S DOLPHIN. GRAMPUS 

ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN 

SEI WHALE SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE S3,dTHERN RIGHT 

SPERM WHALE 

SPINNER DOLPHIN 

SPOTTED DOLPHIN 

STENELLINE DOLPHINS 

STRIPED DOLPHIN, STREAKER 

UNSPECIFIED CETACEANS 

VAQUITA, COCHITO 

WHITE WHALE, BELUKHA 

WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN 

. . ...-. . TAKEN AND-. TAGGED OR FOUND TAKEN AND TAGGED OR FOUND IVE 

BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD/ BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD/ TOTAL 

KILLING ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRND KILLING ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRND AUTHORIZE 

(1) SPECIMEN IMPORTS AND HARASSMENT ACTIVITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS TABLE. 

(2) WHERE A PERMIT SPECIFIED THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO BE TAKEN WITHOUT SPECIFYING THE NUMBER TO BE TAKEN FROM A PARTICULAR 

SPECIES, THE NUMBER AUTHORIZED WAS LISTED UNDER UNSPECIFIED CETACEA. 

(3) A SINGLE PERMIT AYTHORIZED 432,850 CETACEANS AND ACCOUNTS FOR NEARLY THE TOTAL NUMBER IN THIS CATEGORY. 
COMMON NAME 

TABLE 7 

NUMBER OF PINNIPEDS AUTHORIZED IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH/PUBLIC DISPLAY PERMIT APPLICATIONS<l) 

AUTHORIZED 

AS OF Harch 31, 1986 

AUT 

1, 1986 

HORIZE 

THRU 

TAKEN TAKEN 

TAKEN AND TAOOED OR FOUND TAKEN AND TAOOED OR FOUND CUMULAT- IVE 

BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD/ BY KEPT KILLED IN TAKEN AND DEAD1 TOTAL 

KILLINO ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRND KILLING ALIVE CAPTIVITY RELEASED STRHD AUTHORIZI 

ARCTOCEPHALINE FUR SEALS 2 ------ 

BAIKAL SEAL ------ 8 

BEARDED SEAL 96 0 8 

CALIFORNIA SEA LION 534 

------ 

357 

CASPIAN SEAL 2 

CRABEATER SEAL 6,373 ------ 

GRAY SEAL ------ 2 9 

HARBOR SEALS 1,662 

------ 

100 

HARP SEAL, GREENLAND SEAL 40 

HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL 16 6 

KERGUELEN FUR SEAL 151 ------ 

LARGHA SEAL, SPOTTED SEAL 1,120 ------ 

LEOPARD SEAL 768 8 

NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 154 

------ 

11 

NORTHERN FUR SEAL 2 0 

NORTHERN SEA LION, STELLER SEA LION 880 4 

RIBBON SEAL 855 2 

RINGED SEAL 1,500 12 

ROSS SEAL 28 3 6 

SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEAL ------ ------ 

SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION ------ 12 

SOUTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL 153 ------ 

WALRUS 200 ------ 

WEDDELL SEAL 6 54 2 5 

(1) SPECIMEN IMPORTS AND HARASSMENT ACTIVITIES NOT INCLUDED IN THIS TABLE. 

(2) WHERE A PERMIT SPECIFIED THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ANIMACS TO BE TAKEN WITHOUT SBEfiFfiNO THE NUMBER TO BE TAKEN FROM A PARTICULAR 

SPECIESt THE HUIEER AUTHORIZED WAS LISTED UNDER UNSPECIFIED PINNIPEDS OR UNSPECIFIED MARINE MAMMALS, IF CETACEANS 

WERE ALSO INVOLVED. 
ATLANTIC WHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS 

COMMERSON'S DOLPHIN 

COMMON DOLPHIN 

FALSE-KILLER-WHALE 

FRASER'S CSARAWAK) DOLPHIN 

HARBOR PORPOISE 

TABLE 8 

SUMMARY OF PERMITS FOR PERMANENT REMOVAL FROM THE NILD - CETACEANS 

AS OF March 31, 1987 

wxxxrxxr PERMITS rxrxxrrrr xwxxxxxx++xrx~n~+xx~~r~ NUMBER OF ANIMALS rrsxnn+rrwrrrrrrxrrrrs~ 

ISSUED EXPIRED CURRENT REQUESTED AUTHORIZED REPLACEMENTS AUTHORIZATION TAKEN TAKE 

EXPIRED (1) REMAIN] 

KILLER WHALE 6 5 1 2 2 21 0 10 12 0 

LON~~FINNED-PILOT WHALE 

MELON-HEADED WHALE, ELECTRA 

PACIFIC HHITE-SIDED DOLPHIN 

PYGMY KILLER WHALE 

RISSO'S DOLPHIN, GRAMPUS 4 4 0 78 7 8 0 7 7 1 0 

ROUGH-TOOTHED DOLPHIN 5 5 0 7 9 7 9 2 7 9 2 0 

SHORT-FINNED PILOT WHALE 12 11 1 99 98 3 82 18 2 

SPINNER DOLPHIN 4 4 0 2,956 2,950 3 7.779 179 0 

hrul I to DULFFKF~ 3 3 0 4.935 4.935 0 4.676 27 1 0 

STRIPED DOLPHIN, STREAKER 

UNSPECIFIED CETACEANS 

WHITE WHALES BELUKHA 

WHITE-BEAKED DOLPHIN 

TOTAL NUMBER OF ANIMALS: 10,724 10,682 5 1 9,688 1,069 7 0 

(1) ANIMALS TAKEN INCLUDE THOSE INADVERTENTLY KILLED DURING THE COURSE OF RESEARCH AUTHORIZING TYPES OF TAKE OTHER THAN PERMANENT 

REMOVAL. 

@$j R 

9 3 

as! dw 

j 9 9 

i38 

gssa 

NNINI 

Y4 '4 9 

jj! 

RWB "-i .i s 

%Qfi 4 - 0 0 0 

is51 

coo 

000 

SkC - 

Eg$ 

m- m - 

h@E 

6 - 

"8R $,.2 

,g 

A B 

$sgGG 

A 8 

f?sooO: 

888888 4 d 

33333% 

NININIw-4 

SBSRRR 

00000: 

3. 

s! - O'% 1; 

ER?$SRk 

wooco: 

~~g$m2B ...-AC 

coocc: 

n;$%%'%% 

0000 

0 c c C 0 : 

EgPq8 8s;BqB g;! eg, $a s$ ge i 
Table 11. WPUUTIUJ ESTIMATES: (XTAEA 

-- Hsme 

Order: Cetsea 

Subrder: Myst lcetl 

Faml ly: Eschrlchtl ldae 

Estlmsted Caparlm Arctic ( PACIFIC ) ( ATLANT I C ) ( SOUTHEM OCEAN I 

World of Papulatlon Clrcum- ( I( I ( 

Tota 1 Oats1 

) 

polar ( Asla Alaska North South ) ( Fbrth Europe Afrlca South 1 ( Na Aus- Sub Ant- Ant- ) 

( hnerlca knerlca) (hrlca Mrlca) (Zealand tralla arctlc arctlc 

Gray *hale 18,000/ bast 18,000/ 

(Eschr Ichtlus roburtus) 

Faml ly: Balaenopter ldae 

Mlnke *hale 315,800/ lnconplete 13,500 +2 + + 44.000/ 

331,800 

258.300 

(Ba laenoptera acutormtrata) 60,000 

Sel male 33.800/ lncunp lete <----22,000/37,000-----D t 2,000/ + t + 

(Belaenoptern boreal Is) 53.400 

9, 800/ 

2,600 1 1,800 

Brydels *hale 30.200/ 1 ncanp lete 14,600/ + 15,600 * + + + t 

(8s laenoptera 55,500 39,900 

Fln *hale 105,200/ 1 ncmp lete <----14,600/18,600-----> 3.600/ 2,000/ <---------- 85,00*--------? 

(Balaenoptera physalus) 121,900 6.300 12,000 

Blue whale 11,100 lnconplete <--------- 1,60+ -------> 100 + t + <----------lo OO*--------D 

(8s laanoptera muscu lust 

Humpback *ale 9.500/ l ncanp let8 <---- - $ ?ge ( - - - - - - - 2,500/3,000-------> 

(Hsgaptera novaea~ltarl U,UUU huvdrd* 

Faml ly: bloenldae 

Rlght *hale 3.1001 I ~cnp lets loo/ "few + t <----------- 3 ,or,* --------, 

(Balaena glaclalls) 3,200 200 hundredn 

Bowhead rhala 4.4 17 canp fete + 4,417 

(Balaena myst lcetus) 
Table 1 I. POPUUTICH ESTIPHTFS: CETACEA 

- Name 

Orda~ : Cotacea 

Suborder: Hyst lcet l 

Feml ly: Eschr lchtl Idso 

Estlnsted CcrwrIsm Arctlc f PACIFIC ) I ATLANT lC 1 ( SOUTmfW CCENl I 

World of Populstlon Clrcum- ( ) I ) ( 

Tots 1 

1 

0ata1 polar ( Asls Alaaks Fbrth South ) ( brth Europ. Afrlce Wh ) ( N.r Aus- Sub Ant- Ant- ) 

( hnerlce Amrrlca) (Amerlcs kmrlca) (Zmlend tralle arctlc srdlc ) 

Grny *hale 18,000/ tost 18,000/ 

(Eschrlchtlus robustusl 

Fern 1 l y: Be laenopter l dae 

Mlnke whale 315,800/ Incmp lets 13.500 +' + + 44,000/ 258,300 

(Be lsenopters ecutorostrsta) 53 1.800 60,000 

Sol whale 33.800/ l ncmp lets <----22,000/37,000-----> + 2,000/ + 4 4 9,800/ 

(Batoenopters boreal Is) 53,400 2,600 1 1,800 

Bryde's rhnle 30.200/ l ncmp late 14,600/ + 15,600 + + 4 + + 

(Ba laenoptera el 55.500 39,900 

Fln whale 105,200/ l ncomp lete <----14,600/ 18.600-----> 3,600/ 2.000/ (--------- 85,00(>.--------> 

IBsiaenoptsra physalusl 121,900 6.300 12,000 

Blue whale 11.700 incmplete c--------- 1,600--------> 100 + 4 4 <---------- 1 O,OO&--------> 

(Be laenoptera moscu lus) 

Humpback hale 9,500/ I ncmp tote <--------- 1,200--------> 

(Mqqaptera noveeang l lae) 10,000 

RIght whale 3.l00/ l ncanplete loo/ "few + + <----- ------ J,OO+ --------, 

(Balaena glsclalls) 3,200 200 hundredn 

earhead wha le 4,4 17 cmp leta + 4,417 

(Bslaens mystlcetus) 
(Fsz TZiGLi~ouc60i) 

+ + i o+eldwaul u+op ou -- ulqdlop s,~ero~j 

(slydzp FqTw-) 

+ + + + + + OOO'LS 000'006 i e+oldwoaul o+op ou UIU~IOP uoulu03 

(wlwelnJcoa ol leue+S) 

IIW Z'Z i - - - - - - - - 

(SIJ+~OJI~UOI 01 leue+s) 

+ + + 000'006 i e+eldVlOaul UCUD ou tlhdiop ~ruu~d~ - 

OOO'SZ (sn+uauny 

-- 

rdols~nl) 

+ t + /OOO'tI i + i o+o~dwlul urop ou UIU~IOP orouo~++w 

(s 1 sueuopoq \ oue+s) 

+ + + + + + + i + t t t + oso1dw3u1 u+op ou -- elw* Jet I In 

(SU A JO J PIX~~T~OI"~) 

+ + t t i i o&o~ dw3u 1 u+op ou @lor(* +olld ~ouuli-~oqS 

(ouoo(eu, 9lpydeam) 

+ i 040 1 dw3u o+up ou -- 

01ou* +olld POUU~J-6uoi - 

( suop I s so~, mJopnosd) 

+ + t + i + i i i - O+Ol awoau 1 o+op ou OlUq* JOI IlY OStUj 

---A 

(o+onue++o oso~ej) 

+ + + + i t t 040 1 dY10au 1 o+up ou olQi(* .re1 I I'l h6Ad 

- -- 

(0 ~+a* 10 u I oqdeoouoded) 

i i o+elduoaul @+up ou *IOU* POP~OV-WIOW 

(ziiq'x GaiiZFlF-) 

+ + i 000'01 i i i + e+o[auo>ul o+op ou UIWIW s,ossltl 

--- 

(I IWJ~ s~ud~e~oss~i) 

+ + + e+Ol~>u( u+ep ou u~ud~o~ oloq* 41161~ uJoy+n% 

(rllci~oq 

i i i o+olduloaul @+up ou UlUdlOP 

-- *1o1(* +U~IJ UJeq+-'ON 

000'OL (suep~nbl~qo -qj) 

/OW'oC i e+o~duoaul o&op ou '~~qd~op P~PIS-~+IU* 314139d 

(KnZ rnyauAq~oui) 

+ 000'tZ O+Olduo>Ul o+op ou UIV~IOP popls-e+lu* >I+U~I+V 

( aI@a a1OJQ Pll*Y PUQle*Z) (WlJw e31JoYV) (o31J.vY 031JQly ) @~PIUI~~IW :AI ~*oj 

( -+w -buy 9"s -mv *.N ( ~~nq WIJ~V .do~n3 uvw ) ( q+ng uww u~sotv 01s~ ) JU(O~ lQIoO lQ+Ol I+e>O+UOpO : JOPJqnS 

( ) ( ) ( -W1J13 u~l+Olnd~d 40 plJW 0039+q :JOP.Q 

( NV330 W3HIIY)S ) ( 31lNVUV 1 ( 31413Vd -- ) >~+>a uos1~Muro3 P~+WI+S~ ww 


Table 12 Continued. PJPUlATlCH ESTIMATES: PIH~IPEOIA' 

- Name Estlnstsd CanparI son Arctlc PACIFIC ATLANTIC SOUTHER( OCEAN 

Order: brnlvora World of Populstlon ClrcumSuborder: PI nnlpadla Total Ceta2 polar Asla Alaska North South North Europe Afrlce South New Aus- Sub Ant- AntFnml ly: marl ldae Contlnusd Amerlcs knsrlca Amerlca hrlcs Zoaland tralla ardlc srdlc 

New Zen land fur sea l 58,000 cmp late 25.000 33,000 

(Arctocephalus forsterl 

Antsrctlc (Kerquelen) fur seal 350.000 canp lete 350,000 

(Arctocephalus gaze1 la) 

Subntarctlc fur seal 122.000 lncap late 1 13,000 9.900 

(Arctocepha luz trop Ica s) 

Order: 3-1 1 vore 

S~~border: PI nnlpedla 

Famlly: Phocldae 

Larqha seal 355,000/ l ncap late 135.000/ 200.000/ 

(Phoca la rg ha 450.000 200.000 250,000 

Harbor (Common) see1 390,000/ lncmp let8 10.000/ 260,000 42,000 30.000/ 48,000/ 

(Phoca vltullna) 413.500 15,000 45,000 51,500 

Rlwed seal 6/7Mllllon best 6/7 

i%ca I- pusal hlsplda) MI I l Ion 

blkal seal A0.000/ conp late 40.000/ 

(Phoca slblrlca) 50,000 50,000 

Cssplan seal 500.000/ canp lete 500.000/ 

(Phoca casplca 600,000 600,000 

Harp Seal 1,650.000/ canp lete 1.050,000/ 600,000/ 

r-t-oenlandlca) 3,250,000 2.1 ml 1 1.150.000 

Rlbbon seal 200.000/ conp lete 200. OOO/ 

(- I- hlstrlophocal tasclata) 250,000 250.000 

Grsy seal 101.000/ canp lete 

(Hal lchoerus grypus) 133.000 Sf:880' 38:SBW