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 Federal Trade Commission 16 CFR Parts 436 and 437
 AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission.
 ACTION: Final rule.
 SUMMARY: The Federal Trade Commission (the “Commission” or “FTC”) amends its Trade Regulation Rule entitled “Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning Franchising and Business Opportunity Ventures” (“Franchise Rule” or “Rule”) to streamline the Rule, minimize compliance costs, and to respond to changes in new technologies and market conditions in the offer and sale of franchises. Part 436 sets forth those amendments to the Franchise Rule pertaining to the offer and sale of franchises. Part 437 sets forth a revised form of the original Franchise Rule pertaining solely to the offer and sale of business opportunities. This document provides background on the Franchise Rule and this proceeding; discusses the public comments the Commission received; and describes the amendments the Commission is making based on the record. This document also contains the text of the final amended Rule and the Rule’s Statement of Basis and Purpose (“SBP”), including a Regulatory Analysis.
 EFFECTIVE DATES: The effective date of the final amended Rule is July 1, 2007. Permission to use the original Franchise Rule, however, will continue until July 1, 2008. After that date, franchisors and business opportunity sellers must comply with the final amended Rule only.
 ADDRESSES: Requests for copies of the final amended Rule and the SBP should be sent to: Public Reference Branch, Room 130, Federal Trade Commission, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20580. The complete record of this proceeding is also available at that address. Relevant portions of the proceeding, including the final amended Rule and SBP, are available at www.ftc.gov.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Steven Toporoff, (202) 326-3135, Division of Marketing Practices, Room 286, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Federal Trade Commission, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, D.C. 20580.


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The final amended Rule retains most of the original Rule’s pre-sale disclosures.[1]
                        
                         Part 436 pertains to franchising—business arrangements that offer purchasers the right to operate under a trademark or other commercial symbol and that typically offer a specific format or method of doing business, such as chain restaurants and hotels.[2]
                        
                         Part 436 modifies the original Rule, however, by reducing inconsistencies with state franchise disclosure laws, by adopting, in large measure, the disclosure requirements and format of the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (“UFOC”) Guidelines used by the 15 states with pre-sale franchise disclosure laws.[3]
                        
                         Part 436 of the final amended Rule, however, is not identical to the UFOC Guidelines. In several instances, part 436 is narrower. For example, part 436 does not incorporate the UFOC Guidelines’ mandatory cover page risk factors, disclosures pertaining to brokers, or detailed disclosures pertaining to franchisees’ computer equipment requirements. Part 436 also permits a phase-in of audited financial statements. Further, part 436 of the final amended Rule corrects a problem with the UFOC Guidelines identified in the rulemaking record. Specifically, the record establishes that the current Item 20 of the UFOC Guidelines—a provision requiring the disclosure of franchisee statistics—results in inflated turnover rates. Part 436 of the final amended Rule corrects this problem, based upon suggestions contained in the record. In a few instances, part 436 of the final amended Rule is broader than the UFOC Guidelines, addressing franchise relationship issues that the rulemaking record establishes are a prevalent source of franchisee complaints. To that end, part 436 of the final amended Rule provides additional information to prospective franchisees with which to assess the quality of the franchise relationship before they buy, including: (1) franchisor-initiated litigation against franchisees pertaining to the franchise relationship; (2) protected territories; (3) the use of confidentiality clauses; and (4) trademark-specific franchisee associations. Finally, part 436 of the final amended Rule updates the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines by addressing new marketing techniques and new technologies. For example, part 436 permits franchisors to comply with pre-sale disclosure obligations electronically. It also updates territorial protection disclosures to address sales via the Internet, catalogs, and telemarketing. Part 437 of the final amended Rule pertains to business opportunity ventures. Business opportunities, such as vending machine routes and rack display ventures, typically do not involve the right to use a trademark or other commercial symbol and the seller must provide purchasers with locations for machines or equipment or with clients.[4]
                        
                         Based upon the rulemaking record, the Commission has proposed that business opportunities covered by the original Rule should be addressed in a separate, narrowly-tailored trade regulation rule. On April 12, 2006, the Commission published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“Business Opportunity NPR”) for a separate Business Opportunity Rule.[5]
                        
                         Pending completion of the proceeding initiated with that notice, business opportunities presently covered by the requirements of the original Rule will remain covered, as set forth as part 437 of the final amended Rule. Part 437 of the final amended Rule differs from the original Rule in three respects only. First, references to “franchisor” and “franchisee” in the original Rule have been changed to “business opportunity seller” and “business opportunity purchaser,” respectively. Second, the original Rule’s definition of “franchise” set out at section 436.(2)(a) has been changed to “business opportunity” and the first part of the original definition—the “franchise” elements—have been deleted; the definition now focuses on the second part of the original definition—the business opportunity elements. Third, part 437 sets forth a new exemption for franchises that comply with, or are exempt from, part 436. Except for these three changes, all disclosures and prohibitions in part 437 are identical to those of the original Franchise Rule. 
                        ( print page 15445) STATEMENT OF BASIS AND PURPOSE I. INTRODUCTION A. Overview of the Original Franchise Rule The Commission promulgated the original Franchise Rule on December 21, 1978.[6]
                        
                         Based upon the original rulemaking record, the Commission found widespread deception in the sale of franchises and business opportunities through both material misrepresentations and nondisclosures of material facts.[7]
                        
                         Specifically, the Commission found that franchisors and business opportunity sellers often made material misrepresentations about: the nature of the seller and its business operations, the costs to purchase a franchise or business opportunity and other contractual terms and conditions under which the business would operate, the success of the seller and its purchasers, and the seller’s financial viability. The Commission also found other unfair or deceptive practices pervasive: franchisors’ and business opportunity sellers’ use of false or unsubstantiated earnings claims to lure prospective purchasers into buying a franchise or business opportunity, and franchisors’ and business opportunity sellers’ failure to honor promised refund requests. The Commission concluded that all of these practices led to serious economic harm to consumers.[8] To prevent deceptive and unfair practices in the sale of franchises and business opportunities and to correct consumers’ misimpressions about franchise and business opportunity offerings, the Commission adopted the original Franchise Rule, which is primarily a pre-sale disclosure rule. The original Rule did not purport to regulate the substantive terms of the franchise or business opportunity relationship. Rather, it required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose material information to prospective purchasers on the theory that informed investors can determine for themselves whether a particular deal is in their best interest.[9] B. The Rule Amendment Proceeding This Rule amendment proceeding began with a regulatory review of the Franchise Rule in 1995.[10]
                        
                         To initiate the Rule Review, the Commission published a 
                        **Federal Register**
                         notice seeking public comment on whether there was a continuing need for the Rule and, if so, how to improve it in light of industry changes since its promulgation in 1978. In response to this notice, the Commission received 75 written comments.[11] In addition, the Commission staff held two public workshops, in which a total of fifty individuals participated. The workshops were transcribed.[12]
                        
                         The first workshop—held on September 11-13, 1995, in Bloomington, Minnesota—focused on the comments on the Rule, in particular whether the Commission should retain the Rule and, if so, whether the Commission should reduce inconsistencies between federal and state pre-sale disclosure law by incorporating in the Rule the UFOC Guidelines adopted by each of the 15 states with franchise disclosure laws.[13]
                        
                         Participants also discussed issues arising from business opportunity sales. The second workshop—held on March 11, 1996, in Washington, D.C.—focused on the Franchise Rule’s application to sales of franchises to be located outside the United States. As a result of the Rule Review, the Commission determined that the Franchise Rule continues to serve a useful purpose and that it should be retained. The Commission also determined to modify the Rule in order to reduce inconsistencies with the UFOC Guidelines, while updating the Rule to address new technologies developed since the original Rule was promulgated. Accordingly, in February 1997, the Commission published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPR”).[14]
                        
                         The ANPR solicited comment on several proposed Rule modifications which would, among other things, create a separate trade regulation for business opportunity sales, revise the Rule’s disclosure requirements to mirror those of the UFOC Guidelines, limit the Rule’s application to sales of franchises located in the United States, and permit electronic disclosure. In response to the ANPR, the Commission received 166 written comments.[15]
                        
                         The staff also held six public workshops on the issues raised in the comments, as set forth below.[16] **Topic(s)**
**Location**
**Dates**Trade Show Promoters
Washington, D.C.
July 28-29, 1997Business Opportunities
Chicago, IL
August 21-22, 1997UFOC, Internet, International, Co-branding, Alternatives to Traditional Law Enforcement
New York, NY
September 18-19, 1997Business Opportunities
Dallas, TX
October 20-21, 1997( print page 15446)UFOC, Internet, International, Co-branding, Alternatives to Traditional Law Enforcement
Seattle, WA
November 6-7, 1997Business Opportunities
Washington, D.C.
November 20-21, 1997
 A total of sixty-five individuals participated in the various ANPR public workshops, including franchisees, franchisors, business opportunity sellers and their representatives, state franchise and business opportunity regulators, and computer consultants. After the ANPR workshops, the Commission published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“Franchise NPR”) in October 1999.[17]
                        
                         Focusing on franchise sales only, the Franchise NPR included the text of a proposed revised Franchise Rule and a detailed discussion of each proposed Rule revision. Among other things, the Franchise NPR addressed: (1) the application of the Franchise Rule to franchise sales outside the United States; (2) the scope of certain existing disclosure requirements, such as those regarding litigation and franchisee statistics; (3) new disclosure requirements, such as those for franchisee associations; and (4) new instructions permitting disclosure via the Internet. It also proposed creating exemptions from the Franchise Rule for sophisticated prospective franchisees. The Franchise NPR also specified the process the Commission would follow in amending the Franchise Rule, as it pertains to franchise sales. Pursuant to the Commission’s Rules of Practice, 16 CFR 1.20, the Commission determined to use a modified version of the rulemaking process set forth in section 1.13 of those Rules.[18]
                        
                         Specifically, the Commission announced that it would publish an NPR, with a 60-day comment period, followed by a 40-day rebuttal period. In addition, pursuant to Section 18(c) of the FTC Act, the Commission announced that it would hold hearings with cross-examination and rebuttal submissions only if an interested party requested a hearing. The Commission also stated that, if requested to do so, it would contemplate holding one or more informal public workshops in lieu of hearings. Finally, pursuant to 16 CFR 1.13(f), the Commission announced that staff would issue a Report on the Franchise Rule (“Staff Report”), which would be subject to additional public comment.[19] In response to the Franchise NPR, the Commission received 40 comments.[20]
                        
                         Overwhelmingly, the comments supported the proposed revisions, albeit with fine-tuning.[21]
                        
                         No commenters requested a hearing, although, as noted, the Franchise NPR allowed for them.[22]
                        
                         The staff also determined that the record was fully developed for franchise issues, requiring no additional public workshops to explore further Rule amendment issues. Pursuant to the Rule amendment process announced in the Franchise NPR, the Commission’s Bureau of Consumer Protection issued a Staff Report on the Franchise Rule in August 2004.[23]
                        
                         The Staff Report explained in detail the history of the Rule amendment proceeding. It also summarized the issues raised during the various notice and comment periods, in particular those that arose in response to the Franchise NPR. For each Franchise NPR issue, the Staff Report discussed: (1) similarities and differences between the proposed revised Rule approach and both the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines approaches; (2) pertinent comments; and (3) the staff recommendations on franchise issues for inclusion in a final amended Rule. Forty-five commenters responded to the Staff Report.[24]
                        
                         For the most part, the commenters supported the proposed Rule revisions pertaining to franchising.[25]
                        
                         Several, however, voiced concern about the scope of one or more Rule provisions, or offered various suggestions to fine-tune the Rule to avoid ambiguities.[26]
                        
                         In other instances, several commenters raised issues for further discussion in anticipated Compliance Guides, or offered interpretations of Rule provisions for inclusion in the Compliance Guides.[27]
                        
                         In several instances, franchisee representatives reiterated views previously expressed during the various comment periods to the effect that the proposed revised Rule is deficient because it does not mandate disclosure of financial performance data[28]
                        
                         or does not adopt various substantive franchise relationship provisions.[29]
                        
                         As explained in greater detail below, the Commission has considered each of these comments in determining the form and content of the final amended Rule. 
 
 C. Continuing Need for the Rule Based upon the original rulemaking record and the Commission’s law enforcement experience extending nearly 30 years,[30]
                        
                         the Commission concludes that a pre-sale disclosure rule continues to serve a useful purpose. Overwhelmingly, the comments submitted during the Rule amendment proceeding supported the continued need for the Franchise Rule.[31]
                        
                         For example, some commenters emphasized that pre-sale disclosure is still necessary to prevent fraud.[32]
                        
                         Others observed that pre-sale disclosure is a cost-effective way to provide material information to prospective purchasers about the costs, benefits, and potential legal and financial risks associated with entering into a franchise relationship. These commenters also stressed that the Rule assists prospective franchisees in conducting a due diligence investigation of the franchise offering by providing information that is not readily available, such as the franchisor’s litigation history and franchisee termination rates.[33]
                        
                         Other commenters noted that pre-sale disclosure helps franchisees understand the franchise relationship they are entering better than they could absent such disclosure, thereby reducing potential conflicts in franchise systems and post-sale litigation costs.[34]
                        
                         Indeed, some commenters expressed the view that repeal of the Franchise Rule might actually increase franchisors’ costs and compliance burdens by opening the door for individual states to enact franchise disclosure laws that may be inconsistent, making it difficult for franchisors to conduct business on a national basis.[35]
                        
                         One commenter noted that retaining a uniform pre-sale disclosure rule enables prospective franchisees to comparison shop for the best franchise offering.[36] On the other hand, many franchisees and their advocates criticized the Rule for not going far enough. They urged the Commission to address in this rulemaking a variety of post-sale franchise contract or “relationship” issues, including prohibiting or limiting the use of post-contract covenants not to compete,[37]
                        
                         encroachment of franchisees’ market territory,[38]
                        
                         and restrictions on the sources of products or services.[39]
                        
                         Indeed, some franchisees asserted that if the Rule cannot address post-sale relationship issues, then the Commission should abolish the Rule.[40] To address post-sale relationship issues by adopting rule provisions that prohibit or limit the use of certain contract terms would require record evidence demonstrating specific unfair acts or practices. The FTC Act defines an unfair act or practice as one that is “likely to cause substantial injury to consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition.”[41]
                        
                         The Act also requires that, to justify an industry-wide rule, such practice be prevalent.[42]
                        
                         This proceeding did not yield adequate evidence to support a finding of prevalent acts or practices that meet each of the three prerequisites for unfairness as articulated in Section 45(n) of the FTC Act. With regard to the first prerequisite, substantial injury, the record shows that some franchisees in several franchise systems have suffered post-sale harm in the course of operating their franchises, and in some instances this injury may be ascribable to acts or practices of a franchisor.[43]
                        
                         The record, however, leaves open the related questions of whether such franchisor acts or practices are prevalent and whether the injury resulting from acts or practices is substantial, when viewed from the standpoint of the franchising industry as a whole, not from just a particular franchise system. With regard to avoidability of injury, the unfairness analysis falls short. A franchise purchase is entirely voluntary. The Franchise Rule ensures that each prospective franchisee receives disclosures—expanded in key respects by the current amendments—that explain the terms and conditions under which the franchise will operate. Prospective franchisees can avoid harm by comparison shopping for a franchise system that offers more favorable terms and conditions, or by considering alternatives to franchising as a means of operating a business. Prospective franchisees are also free to discuss the nature of the franchise system with existing and former franchisees, as well as trademark-specific franchisee associations, and the amended Rule facilitates such discussion by providing prospects with contact information. Under these circumstances, the Commission cannot categorically conclude that prospective franchisees who voluntarily enter into franchise agreements, after receiving full disclosure, nonetheless cannot reasonably avoid harm resulting from a franchisor enforcing the terms of its franchise agreement.[44] The third element requires an analysis of whether injury to franchisees deriving from specific franchisor acts or practices outweighs countervailing benefits to the public at large or to competition. In our law enforcement experience investigating relationship issues in individual franchise systems, it has been the case that the franchisor actions allegedly causing harm to individual franchisees also frequently generate countervailing benefits to the system as a whole or to consumer welfare overall that may or may not be 
                        ( print page 15448)
                        outweighed by the alleged harm to franchisees. Commenters advocating that the Rule include unfairness remedies have asserted injury, but have failed to bring forth evidence that such injury outweighs potential countervailing benefits that arise from the alleged acts or practices. Therefore, the Commission declines to impose industry-wide provisions mandating substantive terms of private franchise contracts that would impact on the entire franchise industry, not just those franchise systems that are the subject of commenters’ complaints.[45]
                        
                         Notwithstanding this determination, the Commission, in pursuit of its law enforcement mission can consider whether individual franchisors’ conduct constitutes an unfair act or practice on a case-by-case basis. Nonetheless, the Commission concludes that the record is sufficient to show that misunderstandings about the state of the franchise relationship are prevalent, and some more disclosure is warranted to ensure that prospective franchisees are not deceived about the quality of the franchise relationship before they commit to buying a franchise. Franchisee concerns about relationship issues persuade us that better disclosure is necessary to ensure that prospective franchisees are fully informed about the relationships that they will be entering. To that end, part 436 of the final amended Rule expands the Rule’s pre-sale disclosures in a few instances to address franchise relationship issues, as detailed throughout this document. D. Overview of the Final Amended Rule The final amended Rule maintains the benefits of the original Rule, preventing deceptive and unfair practices identified in the original rulemaking through pre-sale disclosure of material information necessary to make an informed purchasing decision and prohibition of specified misrepresentations. At the same time, part 436 of the final amended Rule reduces unnecessary compliance costs. First, part 436 covers only the sale of franchises to be located in the United States and its territories. Second, based upon the record, the Commission also has created several new exemptions for sophisticated franchise purchasers, including exemptions for large investments and large franchisees with sufficient net worth and prior experience. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also reduces inconsistencies between federal and state pre-sale disclosure requirements. Since the original Rule was promulgated, NASAA, which represents the 15 states with pre-sale franchise disclosure laws, has developed a standard disclosure document, the UFOC. The Commission, as a matter of policy, has in the past permitted franchisors to comply with the Franchise Rule by furnishing prospective franchisees with a UFOC, even in the 35 states without franchise disclosure laws.[46]
                        
                         The Commission found that the UFOC Guidelines, taken as a whole, offer consumers the same or greater consumer protection as that provided by the original Rule. As a result, the UFOC Guidelines already are used by the vast majority of franchisors to comply with the Rule,[47]
                        
                         and, in fact, the UFOC Guidelines have become the national franchise industry standard.[48]
                        
                         Further, as NASAA noted, the UFOC Guidelines were developed with significant input from franchisors, franchisees, and franchise administrators, and were subject to public hearings and notice and comment.[49]
                        
                         Therefore, the UFOC Guidelines, like the Franchise Rule, reflect a balance of interests among all affected parties. Overwhelmingly, franchisors, franchisees, and franchise regulators urged the Commission throughout the Rule amendment proceeding to adopt the UFOC Guidelines disclosure format. These commenters include a broad range of interests, such as NASAA, the International Franchise Association (“IFA”), the American Bar Association’s Antitrust Section, the American Franchisee Association, the State Bar of California Business Law Section, and major franchisors, such as Cendant, Marriott, YUM! Brands, 7-Eleven, Arby’s, and Starwood Hotels and Resorts.[50] Accordingly, part 436 of the final amended Rule closely tracks the UFOC Guidelines. Nevertheless, part 436 is not identical to the UFOC Guidelines. In a few instances, part 436 omits or streamlines a UFOC Guidelines disclosure requirement that the Commission believes is unnecessary or is overly burdensome—for example, mandatory cover page risk factors, broker disclosures, and detailed computer equipment disclosures. As explained in greater detail below, part 436 of the final amended Rule also avoids problems with Item 20 of the UFOC Guidelines (the disclosure of statistical information on franchisees in the system) that were revealed during the proceeding and that were examined in detail by a number of commenters, including NASAA. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also retains a few provisions from the original Rule that are not in the UFOC Guidelines, because the Commission believes they are necessary to prevent deception. For example, part 436 of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s requirement that, in some instances, franchisors disclose information about a parent. Similarly, part 436 retains the original Rule’s phase-in of audited financial statements, 
                        ( print page 15449)
                        thereby preserving flexibility not present in the UFOC Guidelines. At the same time, part 436 of the final amended Rule adds to the UFOC Guidelines a few narrowly tailored disclosures based upon the Commission’s law enforcement experience and the rulemaking record, mostly to prevent deception involving the nature of the franchise relationship.[51]
                        
                         For example, as explained in greater detail below, part 436 of the final amended Rule expands the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 3 litigation disclosure requirements to include the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation. In addition, part 436 of the final amended Rule goes beyond the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 20 franchisee statistics disclosures to require disclosure of information about the franchisor’s use of confidentiality clauses and the existence of trademark-specific franchisee associations. In addition, in a few instances, part 436 of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to make prescribed statements to clarify issues that the record established are often misinterpreted by prospective franchisees, particularly in the area of protected territories and financial performance representations. Further, part 436 of the final amended Rule updates the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines by addressing changes in the marketplace and new technologies. For example, as explained below, part 436 of the final amended Rule permits franchisors to furnish disclosures electronically and enables franchisees to use electronic signatures. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also updates the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines to address the impact of the Internet on a franchisor’s business operations. Specifically, part 436 requires more disclosure about the affect of the Internet on sales restrictions imposed on franchisees and any right of franchisors to compete online. It also addresses financial performance representations made on the Internet. Finally, part 436 of the final amended Rule contains a few provisions and prohibitions that are necessary to make the Rule effective, to facilitate compliance, and to prevent deception. For example, part 436 of the final amended Rule prohibits a franchisor from unilaterally altering the material terms and conditions of its franchise agreements, unless the franchise seller informs the prospective franchisee about the changes within a reasonable time before execution. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also prohibits the use of shills, who are persons paid or otherwise given consideration to provide a false favorable report about the franchisor’s performance history. E. Continued Application of Commission and NASAA Precedent As noted throughout, most of the provisions of the original Rule have been retained in the final amended Rule. Accordingly, the original SBP remains valid, except to the extent of any conflict with the final amended Rule. In the event of any conflict, this document supersedes the original SBP. In the same vein, all former informal staff advisories remain a source of Rule interpretation, except where this SBP contradicts a staff advisory. To the extent that any member of the public is concerned that a previous advisory may no longer be applicable in light of the final amended Rule, we invite that person or entity to seek further clarification from the Commission or the staff.[52] Further, the Commission anticipates issuance of new Compliance Guides on part 436 that will replace the original Interpretive Guides.[53]
                        
                         Because much of part 436 of the final amended Rule is based upon the UFOC Guidelines, the Commission anticipates that Compliance Guides will likely incorporate, in large measure, the UFOC Guidelines’ existing sample answers and NASAA’s previously issued commentaries on the UFOC Guidelines, to the extent such sample answers and commentaries do not deviate from the final amended Rule.[54]
                        
                         The Commission intends that the staff coordinate the issuance of Compliance Guides, and future interpretations of part 436 of the final amended Rule, with NASAA’s Franchise and Business Opportunity Project Group in order to minimize differences between FTC and state Rule interpretations. II. THE LEGAL STANDARD FOR AMENDING THE RULE A. Section 18 Rulemaking Section 18(d)(2)(B) of the FTC Act states that “[a] substantive amendment to, or repeal of, a rule promulgated under subsection (a)(1)(B) shall be prescribed, and subject to judicial review, in the same manner as a rule prescribed under such subsection.”[55]
                        
                         Thus, the standard for amendment or repeal of a Section 18 rule is identical to that for promulgating a trade regulation rule pursuant to Section 18. Additionally, an SBP must address four factors: (1) the prevalence of the acts or practices addressed by the rule; (2) the manner and context in which the acts or practices are unfair or deceptive; (3) the economic effect of the rule, taking into account the effect on small businesses and consumers; and (4) the effect of the rule on state and local laws.[56]
                        
                         These four factors are discussed in detail throughout this document. In the next section, we summarize our findings regarding each of these factors.[57] 1. The effect of the rule on state and local laws The Commission begins with the effect of the final amended Rule on state and local laws, because that factor is unusually prominent in this proceeding. As noted above, 15 states have pre-sale franchise disclosure laws in the form of the UFOC Guidelines. The rulemaking record shows that, as a practical matter, the UFOC Guidelines are, in fact, the national disclosure standard for the franchise industry. Therefore, by design, the overwhelming effect of the final amended Rule on state franchise law will be to mesh more closely with it and 
                        ( print page 15450)
                        enhance its effectiveness by promoting consistency and extending its reach to nationwide scope.[58]
                        
                         Moreover, the overwhelming majority of commenters throughout the Rule amendment proceeding, including NASAA and other state law advocates, urged the Commission to update the original Rule by adopting the UFOC Guidelines to bring greater uniformity to the field of franchise pre-sale disclosure.[59]
                        
                         Accordingly, in considering the factors outlined above, the Commission has given great weight to state franchise laws and their impact on the market, as well as the desire of all parties in the field to reduce inconsistencies between federal and state franchise disclosure laws. The Commission has also carefully weighed the benefits of any suggestion to revise the Rule that would compound inconsistencies between the Rule and the UFOC Guidelines. Only in very few instances, an existing weakness in the UFOC Guidelines compels deviation from those Guidelines. The chief example is the revision to the Item 20 franchise statistics disclosures. Part 436 of the final amended Rule adopts a proposal submitted by NASAA to eliminate revealed problems with UFOC Item 20 in a streamlined fashion that provides prospective franchisees with material information about the franchise system, while reducing unnecessary compliance burdens. The Commission also has adopted several suggestions offered by state regulators, mostly through NASAA, for streamlining the Rule. For example, in part 436 the Commission has revised the financial performance claim disclosures to eliminate the original Rule’s requirements that: (1) existing franchise performance data be prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles; (2) financial performance data be presented to a prospective franchisee in a separate financial performance document; and (3) cost information alone trigger the Rule’s financial performance disclosure and substantiation requirements. 2. Deceptive practices The original Rule remedied through pre-sale disclosure five types of harmful material misrepresentations or omissions that were found to be widespread —specifically, misrepresentations about: (1) the opportunity being offered for sale (2) costs; (3) contractual terms; (4) success of the seller and prior purchasers; and (5) the seller’s financial viability. Each part 436 disclosure amendment to the original Rule addresses one of these five types of misrepresentations or omissions of material information.[60] a. Misrepresentations about the franchisor and the franchise system In the original rulemaking, the Commission found that franchisors and business opportunity sellers routinely misrepresented the nature of the business. For example, franchisors misrepresented how long they had been in business or the extent of their directors’ and officers’ prior business experience. Such misrepresentations mislead consumers acting reasonably under the circumstances into believing that the franchise offered for sale is a safe or low risk investment. To prevent such deception, the original Rule required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose background information on the franchisor or business opportunity seller and the business, including: the name and address of the franchisor or business opportunity seller and any parent company; the name under which the franchise or business opportunity seller does or intends to conduct business; its trademarks; the prior business experience of the franchisor or business opportunity seller and its directors and officers; and the business experience of the franchisor or business opportunity seller —
                        *e.g.*, experience selling franchises under the same or different trademarks, as well as the franchisor or business opportunity seller’s other lines of business. Part 436 of the final amended Rule continues to address misrepresentations about the nature of the franchisor and the franchise system by requiring the same disclosures as did the original Rule. In a few instances, part 436 expands on these disclosures to remedy aspects of this type of misrepresentation that have been revealed by our enforcement experience or the record developed here. Specifically, part 436 of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose information about the franchisor’s predecessors. Similarly, based upon the Commission’s law enforcement experience in over 50 franchise cases, part 436 also remedies misrepresentations about those controlling the franchise system by requiring not only disclosures about directors and officers, but also about other individuals who have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of the franchises being offered for sale. b. Misrepresentations about costs In promulgating the original Rule, the Commission recognized the harm to franchisees and business opportunity purchasers resulting from misleading cost representations. Representing that costs of buying and operating a franchise, for example, are less than they actually are is likely to mislead prospective franchisees, acting reasonably under the circumstances, into believing that the franchise is more financially attractive than is actually the case. Obviously, cost representations are highly material. Thus, the original Rule required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose fully not only the initial fee, but continuing costs throughout the relationship. For example, franchisors must disclose required purchases or leases for, among other things, inventory, signs, supplies, and equipment. In addition, the Commission was concerned about undisclosed indirect payments to the franchisor or business opportunity seller, and therefore required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose the basis for calculating payments to the franchisor or business opportunity seller from suppliers that franchisees or business opportunity purchasers are required to use. Similarly, franchisors and business opportunity sellers must disclose any interest or payments made to celebrity endorsers. Part 436 of the final amended Rule retains these required cost disclosures. It also adopts a few additional cost disclosures that the states found necessary to address related misrepresentations or omissions, or misrepresentations revealed by our law enforcement experience or the record developed here. These include, for example, a description of laws or regulations specific to the industry in which the franchise operates. Obviously, a franchisee’s operating costs 
                        ( print page 15451)
                        may increase if he or she must incur hidden costs in the form of compliance with various industry-specific regulations governing the particular field. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also adopts the UFOC Guidelines’ required disclosure of fees that the franchisee is expected to pay within the first three months of operation (or other reasonable time for the industry), as well as more details about payments, such as to whom a payment is to be made and whether a payment is refundable. At the same time, part 436 of the final amended Rule updates cost disclosures by requiring, for example, additional information about any required computer systems, based upon the UFOC Guidelines. Each of these UFOC provisions is designed to prevent misrepresentation of the costs required to commence operation of a franchised outlet. c. Misrepresentations about contractual terms Another area of deception identified in the original rulemaking record concerns the underlying franchise or business opportunity contract. For example, the Commission found that franchisors may misrepresent the extent of promised assistance, or fail to disclose restrictions and other obligations imposed on the franchisee. Accordingly, the original Rule specified a number of disclosures pertaining to the legal obligations of both parties under their agreement. Specifically, the original Rule required franchisors, for example, to disclose information about contractual requirements to use designated suppliers, financing arrangements, product sales restrictions and protected territories, site selection, and training programs. In addition, franchisors had to disclose basic terms of the contract, such as the duration, renewal and termination rights, assignment rights, and covenants not to compete. Part 436 of the final amended Rule retains these disclosure requirements. Adopting the UFOC Guidelines approach, however, the contract disclosures are required to be presented in easy-to-read tables, with references to the franchise agreement, rather than in the form of more detailed descriptions. In addition, part 436 updates the disclosures by, for example, requiring franchisors to explain how they use the term “renewal” in their system. d. Misrepresentations about success False or misleading representations about the success of franchise systems and business opportunities were perhaps the most prevalent misrepresentations identified in the original rulemaking record. These included misrepresentations about: the number of franchisees or business opportunity purchasers, the expected growth of the system, and, most important, the financial performance of existing purchasers. To remedy misleading success claims, the original Rule required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose statistics about the system, including the number of purchasers in the system, the number of purchasers who left the system in the previous year, and why they left (
                        *i.e.*, termination, cancellation, non-renewal, reacquisition). The original Rule also required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to furnish the names and contact information for at least 10 current purchasers. This information enabled prospective purchasers to verify the seller’s claims of success, and it gave prospective purchasers additional sources from which to obtain financial performance data. The original Rule also remedied misleading success claims by requiring franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose lawsuits filed by purchasers against them pertaining to their relationship and counterclaims filed by a franchisor or business opportunity seller in response to a suit filed by a purchaser. The existence of such lawsuits is material because this information would likely influence a prospective purchaser’s decision about what can be a sizeable investment in a franchise or business opportunity. The nature of the relations between the seller and the purchaser, as reflected in litigation, is of central importance. In the original rulemaking, the Commission also sought to ensure the accuracy and reliability of any financial performance claims made by a franchisor or business opportunity seller. Accordingly, the Commission prohibited the making of earnings claims unless the franchisor or business opportunity seller possessed a reasonable basis for the claim, along with written substantiation, at the time the claim was made. In addition, the seller had to set forth the claim in a separate earnings claims statement containing the bases and assumptions underlying the claim. Franchisors and business opportunity sellers were also required to warn prospective purchasers that there is no assurance that they will achieve the same level of earnings. Part 436 of the final amended Rule retains each of these disclosures, and it expands on them by requiring franchisors to provide, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, the names of up to 100 franchised outlets, as well as contact information for former franchisees. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also provides additional sources of information about the franchise system, including the disclosure of trademark-specific franchisee associations. These provisions prevent misrepresentations by giving prospective franchisees additional sources of information with which to assess franchisor claims. With respect to financial performance representations, it follows the more streamlined approach of the UFOC Guidelines. Specifically, part 436 of the final amended Rule eliminates the need for a separate earnings claims document. Instead, the required information is incorporated into the text of the disclosure document itself (Item 19). Finally, as discussed throughout this document, franchisees have brought to the Commission’s attention what they believe to be abusive practices in franchising. These practices include encroachment of territories, imposition of source of supply restrictions, modification of original franchise agreements as a precondition for renewal, and the use of disclaimers to limit liability for misrepresentations, among others. As detailed in Section I.C. above, the Commission declines to attempt to promulgate a franchise relationship law and, further, concludes that the record does not support the promulgation of such a law. Nonetheless, the record is sufficient to support requiring additional disclosures that will help inform prospective franchisees about the quality of the franchise relationship. These include: expanded litigation disclosures to include franchisor-initiated litigation against franchisees; a warning of the consequences to a franchisee when a franchisor offers no exclusive territory; a statement of what the term “renewal” means in the franchise system; and a disclosure of the use, if any, of confidentiality clauses. Taken together, each of these amended disclosures in part 436 will enable prospective franchisees to better assess the quality of the franchise relationship, and their likely success as franchisees. e. Misrepresentations about financial viability In the original rulemaking record, the Commission found that franchisors and business opportunity sellers often misrepresented or failed to disclose material information about their financial viability. As a result, prospective purchasers invested thousands of dollars in systems having 
                        ( print page 15452)
                        a poor financial history, or even facing bankruptcy. Obviously, a franchisee’s investment, for example, is at risk if the franchisor is not able to perform its contractual obligations as promised. To remedy these practices, the original Rule required franchisors and business opportunity sellers to disclose bankruptcy information, as well as to provide audited financial information. The final amended Rule continues to require these disclosures. 3. The economic effect of the rule At every stage of the Rule amendment proceeding, the Commission solicited comment on the economic impact of the Rule, as well as the costs and benefits of each proposed Rule amendment. In finalizing the final amended Rule, the Commission has carefully weighed these costs and benefits, reducing compliance costs wherever possible. Thus, for example, part 436 reduces compliance costs by limiting the Rule’s scope of coverage to the sale of franchises to be located in the United States and its territories.[61] In the same vein, part 436 of the final amended Rule reduces compliance burdens where the record establishes that the abuses the Rule is intended to address are not likely to be present. Thus, part 436 of the final amended Rule retains the exemptions in the original Rule as the ones for fractional franchises and leased departments. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also incorporates the Commission’s long-standing policies exempting from Rule coverage franchises covered by the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act, as well as instances where the only required payments made by the franchisee are for inventory at bona fide wholesale prices. Further, part 436 of the final amended Rule adds new exemptions for large investments of at least $1 million (excluding unimproved land and any amounts financed by the franchisor), investments by large franchisees with five years of business experience and $5 million net worth, and for franchise sales to company insiders who are already familiar with the company’s operations. The Commission also has limited the required disclosures of part 436 in order to minimize compliance burdens. For example, the Commission has declined to adopt two UFOC Guidelines provisions on the grounds that such provisions are unnecessarily burdensome, without corresponding benefits to prospective franchisees. These provisions are mandatory risk factors (choice of law and venue) on the disclosure document cover page and the disclosure of franchise broker information in Items 2, 3, and 4 of the UFOC Guidelines. Further, for each disclosure item, the Commission considered less costly disclosure alternatives. For example, part 436 of the final amended Rule requires the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation. In response to concerns raised by franchisor representatives, Item 3 of part 436 makes clear that this disclosure is limited to a one-year snap-shot in time and franchisors need only update the disclosure on an annual basis. Franchisors also can reduce costs by grouping similar franchisor-initiated suits under a single descriptive heading, in lieu of detailed summaries for each suit. Similarly, the Commission has adopted in part 436 a narrow requirement to disclose independent trademark-specific franchisee associations. Franchisors must make this disclosure only if the franchisee association asks to be included in the franchisor’s disclosure document, and the association’s request must be updated on an annual basis. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also reduces the franchisors’ burdens associated with making financial performance claims. Among other things, the original Rule specified that: (1) all financial performance claims must be geographically relevant to the franchise being offered for sale; and (2) all historical earnings data from existing franchisees must be presented using generally accepted accounting principles. Moreover, the original Rule required franchisors to disseminate financial performance information in a separate document. Part 436 of the final amended Rule eliminates these requirements. Part 436 of the final amended Rule also promotes efficiency and reduces compliance costs by enabling franchisors to use their own judgment in deciding how to disseminate disclosure documents. For example, part 436 permits franchisors to furnish disclosures electronically through a variety of media, including CD-ROM, Internet website, and email. Individual sections of the disclosure document also allow more flexibility than the original Rule, again to promote efficiency and reduced compliance costs. For example, Item 5 permits franchisors to disclose either fixed fees or ranges of fees. Similarly, Item 11 permits franchisors to summarize computer system requirements, in lieu of more extensive disclosures. In amending the Rule, the Commission has been guided by a preference for an approach that prohibits identified harmful practices and eschews burdensome affirmative compliance obligations that may only be warranted for some few unscrupulous actors. Thus, part 436 of the final amended Rule drops the original Rule’s across-the-board obligation to furnish disclosures early in the sales process—at the first personal meeting between the prospective purchaser and the franchise seller. Instead, part 436 of the final amended Rule allows greater flexibility, requiring that franchisors furnish disclosures early in the sales process only if the prospective franchisee requests them at that point. Similarly, part 436 of the final amended Rule eliminates burdensome waiting periods in some instances. Thus, in lieu of the original Rule’s mandate that all franchisors furnish copies of their completed franchise agreements at least five business days before execution, part 436 targets potential fraud directly by prohibiting a franchisor from failing to disclose unilateral changes to a franchise agreement seven days prior to its execution. As a final example, part 436 of the final amended Rule prohibits a franchisor from failing to furnish a copy of its most recent disclosure document and any quarterly updates to a prospective franchisee, upon reasonable request, before the prospect signs the franchise agreement. This prohibition is in lieu of suggestions that the Commission impose onerous disclosure updating obligations on an ongoing basis. Finally, in numerous instances the Commission has rejected suggestions to impose certain additional requirements upon franchisors, and has opted instead to address the underlying issues that prompted those suggestions through redoubled consumer education efforts. For example, several commenters in the rulemaking record urged the Commission to expand the disclosure document to provide prospective franchisees with more general information about the nature of franchising. Others suggested more disclosure on post-termination obligations to third-party vendors, obligations to purchase from specific suppliers, and sources of financing, among others. While there is merit in their suggestions, the Commission has concluded that the appropriate vehicle 
                        ( print page 15453)
                        to disseminate such information is through consumer education materials, not through the Rule itself. To that end, the cover page of the disclosure document set forth in part 436 of the final amended Rule references the Commissions’ 
                        *Consumer Guide to Buying a Franchise*, where such background information is furnished. This approach enables prospective franchisees to obtain desirable information without imposing new compliance burdens on franchisors. 4. Statement of prevalence The Commission promulgated the original Rule based upon its finding of prevalent deception in the offer and sale of franchises and business opportunity ventures, leading to significant consumer injury. That finding retains its validity and the final amended Rule retains almost all of the original Rule’s disclosure requirements for both franchises and business opportunity sellers. In the franchise context, modifications of those requirements have been driven by four considerations: the goal of harmonizing the Rule with the UFOC Guidelines; the need to update the original Rule to address new technologies; to reduce unnecessary compliance burdens; and, based on the record developed here, to remedy prevalent nondisclosure on issues relating to the franchise relationship.[62] This last category of modifications constitutes the most significant additions to the original Rule. Throughout the Rule amendment proceeding, franchisees have complained repeatedly about various practices in franchising that they believe are abusive. These practices include encroachment of territories, source of supply restrictions, modification of franchise agreements upon renewal, and the use of confidentiality clauses to prevent franchisees from speaking with prospects. To address these issues, franchisees urged the Commission to promulgate a substantive franchise relationship law. As detailed above in Section I.C., the applicable legal standard that could theoretically support promulgation of such a law has not been met. Nonetheless, the Commission is persuaded by evidence in the record that nondisclosure of material information about franchise relationships is prevalent and the record supports additional disclosures that will help obviate deception of prospective franchisees. To that end, part 436 of the final amended Rule adopts a few new disclosures that provide prospective franchisees with material information about the quality of the franchise relationship or with sources of information about such relationships. For example: In section 436.5(c), the Item 3 requirements to disclose information about franchisor litigation have been amended to encompass franchisor-initiated litigation, such as suits to collect royalty payments, in order to ensure prospective franchisees have material information about the nature of the franchisor’s relationship with its franchisees;[63] In section 436.5(l), the Item 12 requirements to disclose information about territories contain a new warning to prospective franchisees about the consequences of not having an exclusive territory— that, as a result of having no exclusive territory, the franchisee “may face competition from other franchisees, from outlets that we own, or from other channels of distribution or competitive brands that we control;”
                    In section 436.5(q), the Item 17 requirements to disclose information about renewal of the franchise mandate that a franchisor describe what the term “renewal” means for its system, and state what has been absent from disclosure to date—that franchisees will be required to sign a different agreement when renewing, as opposed to extending the term of their original agreement. These new disclosure requirements are tailored to address the prevalent franchisor nondisclosure of material information that prospective franchisees need to avoid forming the kind of misconceptions about these three key aspects of the franchise relationship that have prompted the franchisee complaints noted in this record. III. SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF PART 436 A. Section 436.1: Definitions In many instances, the part 436 definitions of the final amended Rule are substantively similar to those contained in either the original Rule or UFOC Guidelines. These include the terms: “affiliate,” “fiscal year,” “fractional franchise,” “franchise,” “franchisee,” “franchisor,” “leased department,” “person,” “prospective franchisee,” and “sale of a franchise.” Part 436 of the final amended Rule, however, adds several new definitions to the original Rule, including the terms: “action,” “confidentiality clause,” “disclose, state, describe, and list,” “financial performance representation,” “franchise seller,” “parent,” “plain English,” “predecessor,” “principal business address,” “required payment,” “signature,” “trademark,” and “written.” At the same time, part 436 of the final amended Rule eliminates four of the original Rule’s terms, and their definitions, that are no longer necessary: “business day,”[64]
                        
                         “time for making of disclosures,”[65]
                        
                         “personal meeting,”[66]
                        
                         and “cooperative association.”[67] Section 436.1 of the final amended Rule is very similar to the corresponding section of the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, but makes the following revisions: (1) substitutes a definition of “confidentiality clause” for the definition of “gag clause;” (2) omits proposed definitions of “Internet,” “officer,” and “material;” and (3) makes non-substantive revisions to improve readability, organization, and precision throughout, as well as some substantive revisions in response to the comments. The following sections discuss each definition of part 436 of the final amended Rule. 1. Section 436.1(a): Action Consistent with the original Rule,[68]
                        
                         section 436.5(c) of the final amended 
                        ( print page 15454)
                        Rule requires a franchisor to disclose certain legal actions involving the franchisor and its directors and officers. The original Rule did not define the term “action.” Section 436.1(a) in the final amended Rule is nearly identical to the definition proposed in the Franchise NPR, and closely tracks the UFOC Guidelines’ definition of the term “action.”[69]
                        
                         That definition is: “
                        *Action*
                         includes complaints, cross claims, counterclaims, and third-party complaints in a judicial action or proceeding, and their equivalents in an administrative action or arbitration.”[70]
                        
                         The definition differs from the UFOC Guidelines definition only in that it refers to a “judicial action or proceeding,” in lieu of just a “judicial proceeding.” This modification addresses one commenter’s observation that some states may retain the distinction between an “action” at law and a “proceeding” in equity.[71]
                        
                         Clearly, both types of legal matters must be disclosed. The Commission has declined to adopt an additional suggestion that “complaints” referred to in the definition of “action” be limited to “served complaints.”[72]
                        
                         Such a narrowing of the definition of “action” would be inconsistent with the UFOC Guidelines. Moreover, it would effectively enable a franchisor to avoid disclosing potentially material litigation, even though it had notice of an action, merely because it was not served with the papers yet or had successfully avoided service of process. In the Commission’s law enforcement experience, it is not uncommon for defendants to know that a Commission action was filed prior to service either by learning of the suit from co-defendants or as a result of an asset freeze.[73] In the same vein, IL AG suggested that the term “action” should refer to both “ filed” and “served” complaints.[74]
                        
                         A reference to “filed complaints” is unnecessary, however, and would be inconsistent with the UFOC Guidelines: the definition of action already refers to “complaints . . . in a judicial action or proceeding” and “complaints . . . in . . . an arbitration,” meaning that a complaint has already been filed. Accordingly, the Commission declines to adopt these additional revisions to the definition of “action.” 2. Section 436.1(b): Affiliate Many of the part 436 disclosures pertain to both the franchisor and its affiliates.[75]
                        
                         The original Rule defined the term “affiliated person” to mean a person: [76] Section 436.1(b), like the corresponding definition in the proposed Rule, harmonizes federal and state law, closely following the UFOC Guidelines by defining “affiliate” to mean: “an entity controlled by, controlling, or under common control with, another entity.”[77]
                        
                         This is slightly broader than the UFOC Guidelines’ definition, however. The UFOC Guidelines’ definition uses the narrower term “franchisor” in place of “another entity.” This slight departure from the UFOC Guidelines is necessary for the “large franchisee” exemption, section 436.8(a)(5)(ii), as discussed below in the section covering that exemption.[78] 3. Section 436.1(c): Confidentiality clause Part 436 of the final amended Rule requires franchisors for the first time to disclose the use of confidentiality clauses that prohibit or restrict existing or former franchisees from discussing their experience with prospective franchisees.[79]
                        
                         Accordingly, section 436.1(c) of the final amended Rule adds to the original Rule definitions the term “confidentiality clause,”[80]
                        
                         defined as follows: As explained below, the confidentiality clause disclosure requirement is intended to prevent deception in the offer and sale of franchises by assisting prospective franchisees in verifying a franchisor’s claims. Specifically, this disclosure requirement is tied to the requirement to disclose contact information for existing franchised outlets.[81]
                        
                         Knowing that a franchisor uses a confidentiality clause enables prospective franchisees to understand that a former or current franchisee may be prohibited from speaking about his or her experience and will make efforts to contact other former or current franchisees not subject to such a clause. This being the disclosure’s purpose, the operant definition is limited to confidentiality clauses impinging on communications between current or former franchisees and 
                        *prospective franchisees*
                         only.[82]
                        
                         It would not cover clauses that prohibit communications between current or 
                        ( print page 15455)
                        former franchisees and, for example, the media. After carefully considering the comments, the Commission has rejected suggestions to limit the definition of confidentiality clause to cover only broad clauses that prohibit 
                        *all*
                         communications by current or former franchisees[83]
                        
                         or only circumstances where all or at least 20% of franchisees are under speech restrictions.[84]
                        
                         These suggestions are narrower than necessary and would defeat the very purpose of the confidentiality clause disclosure. Moreover, as stated throughout this document, the Commission favors bright-line standards that enable franchisors, prospective franchisees, and law enforcers to know when a Rule provision applies without resort to fact-finding. In this instance, the parties should know whether the confidentiality clause is applicable without having to first determine the exact number of franchisees under speech restrictions at any given period. Finally, the definition expressly excludes confidentiality agreements designed to protect proprietary information. Many commenters—both franchisor and franchisee representatives alike—agreed that proprietary information should be exempted from the definition because a franchisor has a reasonable and legitimate concern about protecting its trademark and business secrets.[85]
                        
                         One commenter suggested that the Commission make clear that the existence of a confidentiality agreement cannot be considered “proprietary information.”[86]
                        
                         Otherwise, according to this commenter, a franchisor could attempt to circumvent the confidentiality agreement disclosure by having a prospective franchisee sign an agreement stating that the existence of a confidentiality agreement is itself “proprietary.” The Commission, however, intends that the term “proprietary information” be limited to trade secrets and intellectual property, the type of information that, if disclosed, would put a franchisor at a competitive disadvantage. 4. Section 436.1(d): Disclose, state, describe, and list Section 436.1(d) sets forth the definition of the terms “disclose,” “state,” “describe,” and “list,” which are used throughout part 436. This is another definition not contained in the original Rule. The proposed definition published in the Franchise NPR was taken from the UFOC Guidelines, stating that these terms mean “to present all material facts accurately, clearly, concisely, and legibly in plain English.”[87] The Commission is persuaded that franchisors should have flexibility in presenting their disclosures, provided that the disclosures are clear and legible. The Staff Report recommended that franchisors should be required to make disclosures in at least 12 point upper and lower case type.[88]
                        
                         This recommendation generated two comments, however, asserting that the Commission should not mandate 12 point type. The commenters noted that 12 point type may result in some of the Rule’s charts being split into two sections. They suggested that smaller fonts, especially in charts, can be very readable and result in reduced compliance costs.[89]
                        
                         The Commission agrees. Accordingly, part 436 of the final amended Rule does not mandate any specific font size: franchisors may choose any font size, provided that their disclosures are clear and likely to be noticed, read, and understood by a reasonable prospective franchisee. Two additional Staff Report commenters sought refinements to section 436.1(d), as proposed therein. One commenter opined that the definition could be interpreted to mean that a franchisor must disclose “every material fact regarding the offered franchise, rather than disclosing all material facts pertaining specifically to the disclosures required pursuant to the Rule.”[90]
                        
                         The Commission believes that this reading of the definition is strained and expressly notes that it does not intend such a reading. Throughout the final amended Rule, the topic on which the franchisor is required to “present all material facts accurately, clearly, concisely, and legibly in plain English” is clear. Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that a virtually identical definition in the UFOC Guidelines has generated the problems anticipated by this commenter. This being the case, the Commission is disinclined to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this issue. Therefore, the Commission adopts the definition as quoted above. Another commenter urged that the definition specify that the meaning of “disclose,” “state,” “describe,” and “list” incorporates the concept that the language must be “understandable by a person unfamiliar with the franchise business.”[91]
                        
                         The Commission believes that the final amended Rule’s definition of “plain English” in section 436.1(o) gives more direction to franchisors in preparing their disclosures than the more general phrase “understandable by a person unfamiliar with the franchise business.” Therefore, we decline to adopt this suggestion. Finally, we note that three commenters urged the Commission to define separately the term “material.”[92]
                        
                         In particular, they asserted that it is unclear whether materiality should be determined from the franchisor’s or the prospective franchisee’s viewpoint. For example, isolated instances of franchisee-initiated lawsuits might not be material to a franchisor (
                        *i.e.*
                        , not affecting the franchisor’s financial status), but could be highly material to a prospective franchisee seeking information on the quality of the franchise relationship.[93] The original Rule defined “material, material fact, and material change.”[94]
                        
                         The Commission, however, believes that such definitions are not necessary. An understanding of materiality under the final amended Rule can best be gained by looking to long-established Commission jurisprudence. “Materiality” is a cornerstone concept of that jurisprudence. To be clear on this important point, the Commission, when interpreting Section 5, regards a representation, omission, or practice to be deceptive if: (1) it is likely to mislead consumers acting reasonably under the circumstances; and (2) it is material; that is, 
                        *likely to affect consumers’ conduct or decisions with respect to the product at issue*
                        .[95]
                        
                         Accordingly, it is amply clear that “materiality” is determined by the reasonable consumer standard, or in franchise matters, by the reasonable prospective franchisee standard. Moreover, since violations of the Franchise Rule constitute violations of Section 5, we believe that the Section 
                        ( print page 15456)
                        5 deception jurisprudence provides adequate guidance on what the term “material” means in the Franchise Rule context. 5. Section 436.1(e): Financial performance representation This section of part 436 defines the term “financial performance representation” to mean: [96] This definition comes into play in one of the most important sections of the final amended Rule, section 436.5(s), corresponding to Item 19 of the UFOC Guidelines. Like Item 19, it governs the making of financial performance representations.[97]
                        
                         The definition incorporates the original Rule’s approach, in that it specifies that a financial performance representation may be in an “oral, written, or visual” format.[98]
                        
                         To ensure that part 436 covers implied financial performance representations, the definition also refers to financial performance representations that are made both “expressly or by implication.”[99]
                        
                         It also retains the original Rule’s reference to financial performance representations made in the general media.[100]
                        
                         At the same time, section 436.1(e) adopts several aspects of the UFOC Guidelines definition, including references to “actual” and “potential” performance (to capture both historical financial performance and projections),[101]
                        
                         as well as the use of charts, tables, and mathematical calculations.[102] Two aspects of the definition of the term “financial performance representation” generated significant comment: whether the Commission should treat information about costs and expenses as financial performance representations;[103]
                        
                         and whether the Commission should interpret the definition’s express inclusion of any “representation in the general media” to include all financial information available on a franchisor’s website or through a franchisor’s speeches and press releases.[104]
                        
                         Each of these interpretive issues is discussed in the sections immediately below. a. Treatment of cost and expense information In the Franchise NPR, the Commission made it clear that the section 436.1(e) definition of “financial performance representation” is not intended to reach disclosures of expense information, and specifically sought comment on this issue.[105]
                        
                         Most commenters who responded on this issue felt that disclosures of expense information should not fall within the definition.[106]
                        
                         Some, however, sought additional clarification. For example, the IL AG urged the Commission to modify the definition of “financial performance representation” to expressly exclude expense disclosures mandated in Items 5-7 of the final amended Rule (initial fees, ongoing costs, and initial investment), offering the following additional sentence: “Expenses required in Items 5, 6, and 7 of the disclosure document are not to be considered performance claims and do not contradict Item 19 requirements.”[107]
                        
                         Others went further, arguing that the dissemination of any expense information should not trigger the Item 19 disclosure requirements.[108] 
 
 Notwithstanding language to the contrary in the original Interpretive Guides,[109]
                        
                         the Commission is persuaded that expense information alone is insufficient to enable prospective franchisees to gauge their potential earnings with any degree of specificity that could rise to the level of a financial performance claim.[110]
                        
                         The Commission explained in the Franchise NPR and now reiterates here that mere disclosure of cost information does not, in its view, constitute a financial performance representation triggering Item 19 disclosure obligations. The Commission intends that the explanation that mere expense disclosures alone do not constitute a financial performance representation, coupled with the deliberate omission of any mention of expense information from section 436.1(e) of the final amended Rule, will be enough to address this issue. b. General media claims Section 436.1(e) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s provision governing the making of financial performance representations in the general media. Under the original Rule, a general media financial performance representation, like all other financial performance representations, must have a reasonable basis and state the number and percentage of outlets earning the claimed amount, among other substantiation and disclosure requirements.[111]
                        
                         There is no comparable provision in the UFOC Guidelines.[112] In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed that the term “financial performance representation” should broadly include the dissemination of financial performance information via the Internet.[113]
                        
                         The majority of commenters who addressed this issue, however, questioned whether financial performance information posted online should constitute “financial performance representations,” thus triggering the Rule’s disclosure and substantiation requirements.[114]
                        
                         These commenters asserted that the Commission should not deem financial performance information posted on a franchisor’s website to be financial performance representations under the Rule, unless the information is located in a section of a website that solicits franchise purchasers or otherwise specifically targets prospective franchisees.[115]
                        
                         In their view, financial performance information on a franchisor’s website—including links to press releases, interviews, or articles—is intended to educate the general public about the company, rather than to attract prospective franchisees.[116]
                        
                         Indeed, some posted information may consist of copies of publicly filed reports, such as 10-Qs and 10-Ks, that are submitted to the SEC.[117]
                        
                         At least one commenter feared that equating online financial performance information with financial performance representations under the Rule would have a chilling effect, unreasonably restricting the kinds of materials a franchisor could have on its website: “Does this mean that a franchise company, unlike any other business, must choose between taking advantage of articles or press releases about itself on its own web site page or risk the claim that a prospective franchisee has been given unauthorized non-Item 19 financial data?”[118] Two Staff Report commenters broadened this argument beyond the online context to encompass franchisors’ speeches and news releases. In the Interpretive Guides, the Commission described “general media” broadly to include: “advertising (radio, television, magazines, newspapers, billboards, etc) as well as those contained in speeches or press releases.”[119]
                        
                         David Kaufmann, for example, asserted that the inclusion of speeches and news releases harms franchisors by making it difficult for them to disseminate financial performance information in “speeches, press interviews, and other forums not specifically geared to the franchise sales process.”[120]
                        
                         He urged the Commission to permit franchisors and their executives to disseminate financial performance information to the public freely, unless copies are subsequently used in the franchisor’s franchise marketing effort. Based upon the comments, the Commission is persuaded that it is unwarranted to sweep broadly into the part 436 definition of “financial performance representation” all financial performance information posted online or appearing in press releases or speeches. The dissemination of financial information online and in press stories and releases is for the benefit of more than prospective franchisees, including investors, potential suppliers, and members of the general public.[121]
                        
                         Further, the Commission believes that the commenters’ concerns are well-founded with respect to publicly filed reports required by the SEC. The Commission agrees that such filings are already publicly available and, more important, have indicia of reliability. Indeed, the dissemination of false financial data by publicly traded franchisors is already illegal. Thus, to impose the Rule’s substantiation and disclosure requirements with respect to SEC filing 
                        ( print page 15458)
                        would be pointless, unworkable, and unduly burdensome. With respect to the dissemination of other financial performance information, the Commission believes that a distinction should be made between information disseminated in advertisements directed at franchisees—be it in print, radio, television, or Internet—and information disseminated to the general public. We are convinced that deeming financial performance information disseminated publicly to be “financial performance representations” under the Rule would have a chilling effect, discouraging franchisors from furnishing truthful information to the public. However, where a franchisor utilizes financial performance information disseminated, or intended to be disseminated, to the general public in its franchise promotional materials (
                        *e.g.*
                        , in a brochure or franchisee section of a website), includes in its franchise promotional materials a reference to general financial information on its website, or otherwise repeats the general financial information to prospective franchisees (such as in a face-to-face meeting with an audience of prospective franchisees), such information will be deemed “financial performance representations,” triggering part 436’s disclosure and substantiation requirements.[122] The Commission anticipates that staff will address the narrowed scope of general media financial performance representations in the Compliance Guides. This is consistent with the approach historically adopted, whereby the Commission explained the scope of general media claims in the Interpretive Guides, providing illustrative examples and more detailed discussion than is possible in the text of the Rule itself. As an initial matter, the Commission anticipates that staff will retain in the Compliance Guides the original Interpretive Guides’ determination that communications about financial performance made to the trade press and directly to lenders do not constitute general media financial performance representations.[123]
                        
                         At the same time, the Commission anticipates that staff will add SEC filings, speeches, and news releases to the list of communications not constituting financial performance representations under the final amended Rule. There is one important caveat, however. Where the franchisor directs the speeches or news releases to prospective franchisees or uses copies of speeches or news releases in marketing materials aimed at prospective franchisees, then such materials will constitute general media financial performance representations under the Rule. 6. Section 436.1(f): Fiscal year Several Rule disclosures are based upon the franchisor’s fiscal year.[124]
                        
                         Section 436.1(f) retains the original Rule definition of the term “fiscal year,” making clear that it “refers to the franchisor’s fiscal year.”[125]
                        
                         This issue generated no comment. 7. Section 436.1(g): Fractional franchise Section 436.1(g) of the final amended Rule adopts the definition of the term “fractional franchise” that was proposed in the Franchise NPR with only minor language changes to improve clarity. This definition comes into play in section 436.8(a)(2) of the final amended Rule, which retains the original Rule’s exemption for fractional franchises.[126]
                        
                         In most instances, the fractional franchise exemption arises where an existing business seeks to expand its product line through a franchise meeting two criteria: (1) the franchisee or its principals have more than two years of experience in the same line of business; and (2) the parties reasonably expect that the franchisee’s sales from the new line of business will not exceed 20% of its total sales.[127] Section 436.1(g) clarifies the scope of the original “fractional franchise” exemption by adding greater precision and specificity.[128]
                        
                         First, it incorporates the Commission’s long-standing policy that the parties must “anticipate that sales arising from the relationship will not exceed 20% of the franchisee’s total volume in sales during the first year of operation.”[129]
                        
                         Second, it makes explicit what previously has been only implied: that the parties must have “a reasonable basis” to assert the exemption.[130] During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters suggested that the Commission broaden the fractional franchise exemption. Two commenters urged the Commission to broaden the first prong of the fractional franchise exemption —“experience in the same type of business”—to exempt franchisees with experience in the same industry or selling similar or complementary goods or services.[131]
                        
                         The suggestion that the exemption be broadened to “experience in the same industry” goes far beyond the underlying rationale that supports the fractional franchise exemption—namely, the notion that prior experience in the same line of business reduces the likelihood of fraud or deception because the fractional franchisee likely will be familiar with the products to be offered for sale through the franchise relationship. The Commission does not believe that a franchisee in any particular economic sector necessarily has sufficient experience to operate a different franchise within the same sector. For example, we would not necessarily expect a muffler shop franchisee to automatically understand the financial risks of operating a quick-lube service station, although both operations are in the automotive repair industry. Nor would we expect a franchisee operating a small fast-food kiosk in a mall to necessarily appreciate the risks of operating a large, sit-down full-service restaurant, although both are in the food service industry. Nevertheless, the Commission has never required experience in the identical type of business. Rather, the sale of similar goods may qualify for the exemption. As explained in the current 
                        ( print page 15459)
                        Interpretive Guides, “the required experience may be in the same business selling competitive goods or in a business that would ordinarily be expected to sell the type of goods to be distributed under the franchise.”[132]
                        
                         This approach is reasonable because a prospective franchisee who is already familiar with the goods or services of the franchise can better assess the financial risk involved in entering into a relationship with the franchisor. Our reluctance to expand the fractional franchise exemption also holds true with respect to the sale of “complementary goods.” What may be viewed as “complementary goods” in any particular line of business may be quite subjective. For example, reasonable minds may differ whether the introduction of ice cream sales at a donut/coffee shop is “complementary.” While certain products may make complementary sales combinations—such as ice cream and donuts—it does not necessarily follow that a donut shop franchisee is experienced with the risks involved with marketing and selling ice cream. While the Commission declines to revise the Rule to broaden the types of experience needed to qualify for the fractional franchise exemption, we agree that the exemption should be expanded with respect to the types of individuals whose experience can qualify for the exemption. The original definition specified that, in determining whether a relationship qualified as a the fractional franchise exemption, a franchisor could consider the prior experience of the franchisee “or any of the current directors or executive officers thereof.”[133]
                        
                         Marriott recommended that the prior experience of an officer or director of an affiliate or parent of the franchisee should also be deemed a sound basis for the “experience” prong of the definition. Marriott noted that the Staff Report recommended the same approach in connection with the prior experience prerequisite of the “large franchisee” exemption.[134] We are persuaded by Marriott’s arguments that a broad reading of the fractional franchise exemption is warranted when determining which individuals may qualify as having the requisite prior experience. The principal factor in applying the fractional franchise exemption of part 436 is whether the business seeking to expand can obtain practical guidance and direction from someone within the business with prior experience. It makes little difference whether the business can call upon its own directors or officers for guidance or whether the business can call upon those of a subsidiary, as long as those individuals have prior experience in the same line of business. As in the large franchisee exemption, we recognize that franchisors may establish subsidiaries for limited liability or tax purposes. In such instances, the operations of the franchisor and its subsidiaries are likely to be close, such that the prior experience of one is available to help direct the business decisions of the other. We believe the same is no less true in the fractional franchise context. Finally, one commenter, focusing on the second prong of the fractional franchise exemption, recommended that any franchise arrangement that accounts for less than 25% of the franchisee’s business in the next year should be exempt from the Rule, even if the fractional franchisee has had no prior experience with the products or services being added to his or her product line.[135]
                        
                         In short, this commenter would delete the prior experience prong from the fractional franchise definition. We reject this suggestion. The Commission believes that prior experience is a necessary component of the fractional franchise exemption. A business owner seeking a new opportunity is no different from a novice when it comes to entering into a type of business with which he or she is unfamiliar.[136]
                        
                         It is precisely in such circumstances that the prospective franchisee needs the material disclosures the Rule affords in order to make an informed decision whether to invest in the opportunity. What distinguishes a fractional franchisee from novices and business owners generally is that the fractional franchisee has prior experience with the goods and services being offered for sale, and thus is less in need of the Rule’s protections. Indeed, the record is devoid of any data from which we could conclude that ongoing businesses seeking to expand into unfamiliar areas do not continue to need the Rule’s protections. Accordingly, we believe retaining the prior experience prerequisite for the fractional franchise exemption is a sound approach. 8. Section 436.1(h): Franchise The original Rule defined “franchise” broadly to encompass both franchises and business opportunity ventures. A franchisor was covered by the original Rule if it represented that the business arrangement it offered entailed the following three elements: (1) permission to use the franchisor’s trademark; (2) significant franchisor control over the franchise operation or significant franchisor assistance to the franchisee; and (3) a required payment from the franchisee to the franchisor.[137]
                        
                         Similarly, a business opportunity seller was covered by the original Rule if the seller represented that the business arrangement it offered entailed: (1) supplying the buyer with goods or services to market to the public; (2) providing location assistance or accounts for vending machines or other equipment; and (3) charging a required payment from the opportunity purchaser.[138] Like the proposed section 436.1(h) published in the Franchise NPR, this section of the final amended Rule focuses exclusively on franchise sales, eliminating the business opportunity section of the definition. The amended definition is also more precise than the original definition. Specifically, the amended definition clarifies two issues that the Commission’s Rule enforcement experience suggests are not well understood: (1) that a business relationship will be deemed a franchise if it satisfies the three elements of a franchise, regardless of the nomenclature used to label or describe it;[139]
                        
                         and (2) that a business relationship will be deemed a franchise if the franchisor 
                        *represents*
                         that the relationship being offered has the characteristics of a franchise, regardless of any failure on the franchisor’s part to perform as promised.[140] 
 
 Early in the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters offered suggestions for modifying the definition of “franchise.” For example, one commenter urged the Commission to adopt the states’ definition of the term “franchise.”[141]
                        
                         However, there is no single state definition of the term “franchise.”[142]
                        
                         Nevertheless, the Rule’s definition is entirely consistent with the principles underlying the various state definitions, and the Commission concludes that there is no persuasive argument to modify the definition further. Another commenter voiced concern over the Commission’s policy that a business relationship will be deemed a franchise “if it is offered or represented as having the characteristics of a franchise, irrespective of whether or not the relationship independently meets the actual . . . definition of a franchise.”[143]
                        
                         He stated that such an approach would be a mistake, “raising the form of a description of a business relationship to a level which would control over the actual substance of the relationship.”[144] There are two distinct issues here: (1) whether the Rule should apply to a business relationship that the parties 
                        *call*
                         a “franchise,” even if the relationship does not satisfy the three definitional elements of a franchise; and (2) whether the Rule should apply to a business relationship that is 
                        *represented*
                         as satisfying the three definitional elements of the term “franchise,” even if the relationship, in fact, does not satisfy those elements—
                        *e.g.*, because of the seller’s non-performance. The commenter correctly asserted that the Rule should not cover situations where the parties mistakenly use the term “franchise” to describe their business relationship. A business relationship constitutes a franchise only if, as promised or represented, it satisfies the three elements of the term “franchise,” and nothing in the “franchise” definition is to the contrary. The clarification in the amended definition addresses the second issue—whether 
                        *representing*
                         a business relationship as satisfying the three definitional elements of the “franchise” definition (as opposed to merely 
                        *calling*
                         a relationship a franchise) is sufficient to bring a business relationship under the Rule. The original Rule took the position that it was sufficient, and the Commission believes that position remains sound.[145]
                        
                         A prospect seeking to purchase an opportunity that is represented as being a franchise should receive a disclosure document in order to make an informed investment decision. The prospect should not have to investigate whether or not the seller, post-sale, actually delivers a franchise or some other type of opportunity. For example, a start-up company may seek to sell its first franchised outlet, advertising that, for a $500 fee, it will license its mark and provide significant assistance to buyers. Under these circumstances, a prospect should receive a disclosure document before the sale because, as represented, the business offered satisfies each of the three elements of a franchise. This is true, even if the franchisor, in fact, lied and has no ability to perform as promised, such as having no right to the trademark offered or having no staff to provide promised assistance, facts that may only be discovered by the purchaser post-sale. In short, the seller should not be able to raise as a defense to a post-sale Rule violation that it, in fact, offered a non-franchise business arrangement if, at the time of sale, its representations about the business satisfied the definition of a franchise.[146] 9. Section 436.1(i): Franchisee The original Rule defined “franchisee” as: “any person (1) who participates in a franchise relationship as a franchisee . . . or (2) to whom an interest in a franchise is sold.”[147]
                        
                         The definition proposed in the Franchise NPR was “any person who is granted an interest in a franchise.” Section 436.1(i) of the final amended Rule adopts an even more precise version: “
                        *Franchisee*
                         means any person who is granted a franchise.”[148]
                        
                         This narrowing of the definition is in response to commenters who voiced concern that the phrase “an interest in a franchise” is too broad, arguably sweeping in shareholders of publicly traded companies and other investors.[149]
                        
                         The amended definition’s focus on the granting of a 
                        *franchise*
                         (as opposed to 
                        *an interest*
                         in a franchise) is also consistent with the states’ approach, thereby reducing unnecessary inconsistencies.[150] 10. Section 436.1(j): Franchise seller Section 436.1(j) of the final amended Rule defines the term “franchise seller.” This term and its definition are needed in order to delineate easily all parties subject to one or more provisions of the final amended Rule.[151]
                        
                         Consistent with 
                        ( print page 15461)
                        long-standing Commission policy, the definition also makes explicit that an individual franchisee seeking to sell his or her own outlet is excluded from Rule coverage:[152] Franchise seller The definition incorporates several suggestions submitted during the Rule amendment proceeding. First, the definition expressly includes “subfranchisors,” a category of franchise sellers not mentioned in the Franchise NPR’s proposed definition of “franchise seller.”[153]
                        
                         The inclusion of subfranchisors in the definition is entirely consistent with current Commission policy[154]
                        
                         and the UFOC Guidelines.[155] Second, the definition narrows the express exclusion of sales of a franchise by an existing franchisee. One commenter noted that this exclusion should apply only in those situations where an existing franchisee transfers ownership in his or her franchise to a purchaser without any continuing obligation to the purchaser. He suggested that the Rule make clear that the exclusion does not apply where an existing franchisee is engaged in repeated franchise sales.[156]
                        
                         The Commission agrees. If an existing franchisee engages in repeated franchise sales, he or she will be covered by the final amended Rule as either the franchisor’s agent, broker, or subfranchisor. To clarify this point, the definition narrows the existing franchisee exemption to those existing franchisees “who are otherwise not engaged in franchise sales on behalf of the franchisor.”[157] Finally, the definition addresses one commenter’s concern that the term “franchise seller” should exclude a franchisor’s employees who are not actively involved in franchise sales.[158]
                        
                         We agree. To that end, the definition makes clear that the franchisor’s employees, representatives, agents, subfranchisors, and third-party brokers are covered only if they “are involved in franchise sales activities.” The Commission has considered, but declines to adopt, two additional suggestions with respect to the “franchise seller” definition. J&G suggested that the Commission define the term “broker” in the Rule itself and proposed the following, narrow definition: individuals who: (1) are not employed by franchisors or subfranchisors; (2) are compensated pursuant to a written agreement for qualifying prospects; and (3) are active participants in the sales process.[159]
                        
                         The commenter also proposed that the definition specifically exclude certain individuals who arguably might be involved in a franchise sale, including franchisees,[160]
                        
                         trade show promoters, website owners, the mass media, or others who may be paid for referrals, but “who do not spend more than an hour with a prospective franchisee, or engage in substantive discussions with a prospective franchisee about the terms of a franchise agreement.”[161] The Commission believes that a separate definition of the term “broker” is unnecessary in part 436. In the original Rule, franchise brokers were jointly and severally liable with franchisors to prepare and to furnish prospective franchisees with disclosure documents.[162]
                        
                         In contrast, under part 436 of the final amended Rule, brokers are no longer obligated to prepare or to furnish disclosure documents, as explained later in this document. The preparation and distribution of the disclosure document is the sole responsibility of the franchisor. Rather, coverage of brokers under the final amended Rule is limited to prohibitions.[163]
                        
                         For example, any franchise seller, including brokers, cannot make statements that are inconsistent with those found in the franchisor’s disclosure document.[164]
                        
                         Because brokers are no longer liable for the preparation and distribution of disclosure documents and the term “broker” does not appear in the final amended Rule outside the definition of “franchise seller,” no separate definition of the term “broker” is warranted. In a similar vein, Frannet, a franchise referral company, urged the Commission to distinguish between franchise brokers and middlemen. The company agreed that anyone who sells franchises should be included in the definition of a franchise seller.[165]
                        
                         According to Frannet, middlemen or finders who just arrange for prospects to meet franchisors—but do not negotiate price or terms for the franchisor, or sign franchise agreements on behalf of a franchisor—should not be deemed brokers. With respect to “brokers,” we reject the suggestion that brokers are distinguishable from middlemen or finders. When promulgating the original Rule, the Commission defined the term “broker” broadly to mean “any person other than a franchisor or a franchisee who sells, offers for sale, or arranges for the sale of a franchise.”[166]
                        
                         Similarly, in the original SBP, the Commission clarified that a broker acts on behalf of a franchisor and receives compensation for arranging a franchise sale.[167]
                        
                         The term “broker,” therefore, has not been limited to those persons who negotiate contract terms or sign franchise agreements and accept payments on behalf of a franchisor.[168] 
 
 The Commission declines to follow a different approach in adopting the final amended Rule. As noted above, the final amended Rule prohibits franchise sellers from engaging in certain conduct that may deceive prospective franchisees during the sales process. In order to prevent deceptive sales practices, the prohibitions section of the final amended Rule is broad, covering all persons engaged in sales activity. Accordingly, the Commission intends that the term broker in the “franchise seller” definition to mean a person who: (1) is under contract with the franchisor relating to the sale of franchises; (2) receives compensation from the franchisor related to the sale of franchises; and (3) arranges franchise sales by assisting prospective franchisees in the sales process.[169] 11. Section 436.1(k): Franchisor The original Rule defined “franchisor” as: “any person who participates in a franchise relationship as a franchisor, as denoted in paragraph (a) of this subsection.”[170]
                        
                         The final amended Rule streamlines the original definition: “any person who grants a franchise and participates in the franchise relationship.”[171]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, the definition also makes clear that, “[u]nless otherwise stated, it includes subfranchisors.”[172] In considering revisions to the “franchisor” definition, the Commission has rejected three additional suggestions. First, one commenter opined that it is unclear whether the phrase “and participates in the franchisor relationship” is intended to modify “any person who grants a franchise,” or is intended to include persons other than those who grant a franchise. She urged the Commission to revise the definition narrowly to mean the person who signs the agreement granting a franchise.[173] The commenter’s suggested change is unwarranted. The two definitional phrases are read conjunctively. To be considered a “franchisor,” a person must satisfy two definition elements: (1) granting a franchise; 
                        *and*
                         (2) participating in the franchise relationship. Further, the second definitional element—participating in the franchise relationship—is necessary to distinguish a franchisor (who has post-sale performance obligations), from others involved solely in the initial franchise sales process (such as a broker). Indeed, this commenter’s proposed substitute definition could inappropriately sweep within the definition of “franchisor” third-party brokers or other agents who are authorized by the franchisor to sign the franchise agreement, but who have no post-sale performance obligations. We therefore decline to adopt this suggestion. Second, NASAA urged the Commission to expand the definition to include shareholders of privately-held corporations.[174]
                        
                         Although NASAA did not elaborate, its suggestion is apparently designed to make it easier to hold owners of closely-held corporations liable for violations of the final amended Rule. We do not believe, however, that a mere showing that an individual is a shareholder in a privately held corporation can suffice, without more, as a legal basis for subjecting that individual to liability to pay potentially significant civil penalties or consumer redress[175]
                        
                         for Rule violations committed by the corporation or those actively in control of it. At any rate, where warranted, the Commission’s enforcement experience indicates no difficulty in proving up the necessary level of participation in the violative conduct to justify civil penalties, or the requisite control over the corporation and knowledge of its violative activity to justify recovery of consumer redress. We therefore decline to adopt NASAA’s suggestion on this issue. 12. Section 436.1(l): Leased department The final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s exemption for leased department arrangements.[176]
                        
                         A leased department is created when a retailer rents space from a larger retailer in order to conduct business. For example, a jeweler may rent space from a department store to sell jewelry and watches. Technically, this relationship may be a franchise because the jeweler becomes associated with the department store’s trademark, and the department store may impose what arguably could be considered control over the operation, such as operating hours. As noted in the original SBP, these types of relationships need not be protected by the Rule because the likelihood of deception is not great, the retailer-lessee typically being experienced and able to assess the value of the location. Moreover, the risk is small because the retailer-lessee’s financial liability to the retailer-grantor is limited to rent.[177] Section 436.1(l) of the final amended Rule defines the term “leased department” as: [178] No commenter raised any substantive concerns about the leased department exemption. One commenter, however, suggested that the Commission expand the definition of leased department to 
                        ( print page 15463)
                        include “co-branding” arrangements.[179]
                        
                         Co-branding, a relatively new marketing development in franchising, enables a franchisee to use the trademarks and sell the goods or services of more than one franchise system. For example, an outlet that sells Taco Bell foods might also sell Pizza Hut pizza, or a gasoline franchise, such as Shell, may operate an on-site Subway Shop or 7-Eleven store. The Commission declines to adopt this suggestion. The issue of Rule compliance in co-branded arrangements was raised in the ANPR[180]
                        
                         and discussed in detail at the staff’s New York public workshop conference on September 18, 1997. The ANPR commenters generally agreed that the current Rule and UFOC Guidelines are sufficient to address any deception issues that may arise in co-branded franchise arrangements. The same view was expressed by the participants at the New York workshop.[181]
                        
                         Indeed, no franchisee or state regulator voiced any concerns to the contrary.[182]
                        
                         Therefore, taken as a whole, the record does not support the need to adopt new rule provisions specifically addressing co-branding.[183] 13. Section 436.1(m): Parent Section 436.1(m) of the final amended Rule defines the term “parent” as “an entity that controls another entity directly, or indirectly though one or more subsidiaries.” Several commenters suggested that because several Rule provisions address parent disclosures,[184]
                        
                         the Commission should expressly define that term.[185]
                        
                         Although the Rule proposed in the Franchise NPR did not define this term, the Commission believes this point is well-taken. Accordingly, part 436 of the final amended Rule expressly defines the term “parent.”[186] One commenter suggested an alternative definition: “Parent means an entity that directly or indirectly has an 80% or greater ownership interest in the franchisor.”[187]
                        
                         The commenter, however, did not state the basis for his recommendation. Indeed, in promulgating the original Rule, the Commission did not adopt an ownership test, but focused on control.[188]
                        
                         We believe that is the proper approach.[189]
                        
                         It is the control and resulting influence over the direction of the franchisor—not mere ownership—that is material to a prospective franchisee. 14. Section 436.1(n): Person Section 436.1(n) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s definition of the term “person”—“any individual, group, association, limited or general partnership, corporation, or any other entity.”[190]
                        
                         This is identical to the proposed version of this definition in the Franchise NPR. During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters offered suggestions to modify the definition. Warren Lewis, for example, suggested that the Commission add the following to the definition: “An individual is not an entity.”[191]
                        
                         Mr. Lewis maintained that this change would make it clear throughout the Rule that “person” means an individual or business entity; while entity means only a business entity. As another example, IL AG and J&G suggested that the definition of “person” reference limited liability companies.[192] The term “person” is defined in many Commission rules, as referring to a party, regardless of whether the party is an individual, organization, or business entity.[193]
                        
                         Where necessary, the rule text distinguishes between parties by using the more specific terms—individual, organization, or entity. We believe that these more specific terms are clear, and, therefore, we need not distinguish between individuals and entities in the definition of “person,” as suggested. The Commission also finds that the term “entity” is sufficient to cover limited liability companies, as well as other forms of business arrangements. 15. Section 436.1(o): Plain English Part 436 of the final amended Rule adopts the UFOC Guidelines requirement that disclosure documents be prepared in plain English.[194]
                        
                         Section 436.1(o) defines “plain English” as: [195] This definition is one of several features of the final amended Rule that are designed to preserve the integrity of 
                        ( print page 15464)
                        disclosure documents. Application of these writing standards will enhance the legibility and understandability of disclosure documents, thereby reducing the likelihood of franchisee deception, confusion, or misunderstandings. 16. Section 436.1(p): Predecessor Section 436.1(p) adopts the UFOC Guidelines’ definition of “predecessor” as: “a person from whom the franchisor acquired, directly or indirectly, the major portion of the franchisor’s assets.”[196]
                        
                         This definition comes into play in several substantive provisions of the final amended Rule, where the Commission is adopting the UFOC Guidelines requirement that franchisors disclose material information about their predecessors.[197]
                        
                         The original Rule did not require the disclosure of predecessor information. However, as discussed later in this document—in particular in connection with Item 3 litigation disclosures and Item 4 bankruptcy disclosures—predecessor disclosures are necessary to prevent fraudulent franchise sales.[198]
                        
                         Our law enforcement experience demonstrates that, in some instances, franchisors reincorporate under a new name as a simple way to avoid disclosing damaging information.[199]
                        
                         The disclosure of predecessor information will prevent such efforts to circumvent the final amended Rule. 17. Section 436.1(q): Principal business address The final amended Rule requires the disclosure of the principal business address of the franchisor, as well as any parent, predecessors, and affiliates.[200]
                        
                         Section 436.1(q) defines the term “principal business address” to mean: “the street address of a person’s home office in the United States. A principal business address cannot be a post office box or private mail drop.”[201]
                        
                         This definition was not included in the original Rule. Nevertheless, the Commission finds that this definition is necessary to enable a prospective franchisee to contact the franchisor easily, as well as to facilitate effective law enforcement. The proposed version of section 436.1(q) has been slightly revised to improve its precision, as suggested in one Staff Report comment. Initially, the definition of principal business address referred to the 
                        *franchisor’s*
                         home office. J&G correctly observed, however, that the disclosure of a principal business address applies not only to a franchisor, but to others, such as a predecessor, as well.[202]
                        
                         Accordingly, the definition has been revised to refer to the more general “person’s home office”—be it the franchisor, parent, predecessor, or affiliate. 18. Section 436.1(r): Prospective franchisee The final amended Rule retains a streamlined version of the definition of the term “prospective franchisee” set forth in the original Rule at 16 CFR 436.2(e). Specifically, section 436.1(r) defines the term to mean “any person (including any agent, representative, or employee) who approaches or is approached by a franchise seller to discuss the possible establishment of a franchise relationship.”[203]
                        
                         This is identical to the version of this definition proposed in the Franchise NPR. The amended definition addresses several comments raised during the Rule amendment proceeding. First, one commenter voiced concern about who may receive a disclosure document, suggesting that the Commission permit any representative of the franchisee to receive the disclosures.[204]
                        
                         The Commission agrees that representatives of a prospective franchisee should be permitted to accept delivery of the disclosure document on the prospective franchisee’s behalf. Indeed, in some instances a prospective franchisee may be a corporation or other entity, not an individual. Thus, delivery in such circumstances can only be made upon a representative. Even individuals may wish to have their attorney or other agent receive the disclosures on their behalf, and the Rule should accommodate that possibility. We believe that the reference to agent, representative, or employee in section 436.1(r) is sufficient for this purpose. Further detail about who may accept disclosures for a prospective franchisee is best addressed in the Compliance Guides.[205] One commenter also questioned the use of the word “approaches” in the definition. Specifically, the commenter feared that the definition would include someone surfing the Internet who “approaches” a franchisor’s website.[206]
                        
                         We believe this concern is unwarranted. The “prospective franchisee” definition states that the parties must “discuss the possible establishment of a franchise relationship.” This limiting language makes clear that for an individual to become a “prospective franchisee” he or she must communicate with the franchisor about a franchise offering. Merely perusing a franchisor’s website alone does not turn an ordinary Internet surfer into a prospective franchisee. Accordingly, no further revision to the “prospective franchisee” definition is warranted. 19. Section 436.1(s): Required payment The making of a “required payment” (or a commitment to make a “required payment”) is one of the definitional elements of the term “franchise.”[207]
                        
                         Section 436.1(s) defines the term “required payment” to mean: [208] The only substantive difference between the provision as proposed in the 
                        ( print page 15465)
                        Franchise NPR and the final amended Rule provision is the addition of the second sentence. There is no corresponding definition in the original Rule. During the Rule amendment proceeding, several commenters raised concerns about the scope of the “required payment” definition. Specifically, commenters voiced concern whether the definition: (1) covers royalty payments; (2) covers payments to obtain or commence the franchise relationship; (3) excludes payments for inventory; and (4) includes payments to third parties. Each of these issues is discussed in greater detail below. a. Royalty payments As noted above, the definition of “required payment” uses the phrase “consideration that the franchisee must pay.” IL AG interpreted the word “consideration” as excluding royalty payments. It urged the Commission to clarify that royalties can constitute a required fee. Otherwise, “it will be too simple, even for traditional franchisors, to evade franchise laws.”[209] The Commission has always considered royalty payments to be a form of required payment under the Rule and nothing in the definition of “required payment” is to the contrary.[210]
                        
                         Royalty payments constitute a direct form of consideration flowing to the franchisor in exchange for the ability to conduct business. Indeed, if royalties were excluded from the required payment definition, then any franchisor could avoid Rule coverage by charging a large post-sale royalty fee in lieu of an initial franchise or related fee. The Rule uses the term “consideration” not to imply that only an upfront franchise fee constitutes a required payment under the Rule, but to avoid the circular use of the word “payment” in the definition of “required payment.” Also, alternatives such as “funds, or moneys” are too limited because they would preclude payments in-kind. b. Payments to obtain or commence a franchise One commenter voiced concern that because the definition of “required payment” covers payments made “as a condition of obtaining or commencing operation of the franchise,” it would encompass ordinary business expenses paid to the franchisor. He urged the Commission to narrow the definition by specifying that a required payment must be made “for the right to enter into the franchise relationship.”[211] The Commission declines to adopt this suggestion. The phrase “right to enter into a franchise relationship” is too narrow, suggesting that the required payment definitional element should be limited to payments made solely for the right to enter into the business, such as an up-front franchise fee. However, the Commission has made clear that the required payment element is not limited to up-front fees alone: “Often, required payments are not limited to a simple franchise fee, but entail other payments which the franchisee is required to pay to the franchisor or an affiliate.”[212]
                        
                         The Interpretive Guides further provide as examples of required payments equipment rentals and real estate leases.[213]
                        
                         Thus, expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business and paid to a franchisor or its affiliate may constitute a required payment. Otherwise, unscrupulous franchisors could easily circumvent the Rule by refraining from imposing any up-front fee in favor of charging for ordinary business expenses, such as training or other services, or purchases of equipment or unreasonable amounts of inventory.[214] c. Payments for inventory As a matter of Commission policy, reasonable amounts of inventory purchased at bona fide wholesale prices have not been interpreted to constitute a “required payment” under the original Rule.[215]
                        
                         This is commonly referred to as “the inventory exemption.” David Gurnick urged the Commission to update the Rule by incorporating the inventory exemption into the definition of “required payment.”[216]
                        
                         (As noted above, the definition proposed in the Franchise NPR did not exclude payments for inventory.) Another commenter agreed with Mr. Gurnick and urged further expansion of the exemption to include not only inventory for resale, but inventory for lease. Otherwise, the situation could arise where inventory obtained from a company is intended for resale—thus taking it outside of the Rule—but later on leased to a customer—thus arguably creating a franchise relationship retroactively.[217] The Commission has concluded that the definition of “required payment” should incorporate the inventory exemption as these commenters suggested. Since the Rule’s inception, the Commission’s policy has been that reasonable purchases of inventory for resale at bona fide wholesale prices are not construed to be a “required payment.” The Interpretive Guides state that it is “virtually impossible to draw a clear line between start-up inventory that is purchased at the franchisee’s option, and that which is purchased as a matter of practical or contractual necessity.”[218]
                        
                         Therefore, the final amended Rule provision incorporates this policy, and extends it to encompass inventory purchased for lease as well as resale, there being no distinction, as a practical matter, between the two categories. d. Payments to third parties Howard Bundy urged expansion of the concept of “required payment” to include payments made to third parties. According to Mr. Bundy, franchisors can effectively “hook” a prospective franchisee if they can get the prospect to expend funds early in the sales process, such as paying travel expenses: [219] To address this concern, Mr. Bundy suggested that the Commission modify the definition of “required payment” to include, after the word affiliate: “or to a vendor, financing provider or other third party that the prospective 
                        ( print page 15466)
                        franchisee is required to deal with either by contract or practical necessity or to any third party as a condition precedent to obtaining the Franchise Disclosure Document.”[220] Mr. Bundy’s suggestion generated one rebuttal comment. David Gurnick observed that defining “required payment” to include third-party payments would be: “a radical departure from the Commission’s long-standing policy regarding the definition of a franchise, would create a major inconsistency between the Franchise Rule and the state franchise laws, and would extend coverage to arrangements which the Rule was never intended to regulate.”[221]
                        
                         Observing that all businesses make payments to vendors and service providers, he also asserted that the Bundy proposal would be overbroad: “For example, ‘practical necessity’ may dictate that a business use a Microsoft software product or that an employee of the business fly to an airport that is served by only one airline.”[222]
                        
                         Mr. Gurnick added that if a franchisor establishes a company to receive some monetary benefit from prospects, those funds would already fall within the “required payment” definition as a payment to an affiliate.[223] It is true that the Commission has never considered ordinary business payments to third parties as a “required payment” under the Rule. Indeed, doing so could sweep very broadly. Ordinary business expenses paid to third parties, such as the cost of installing telephone lines, insurance, and occupancy fees—expenses typically incurred by all businesses—can hardly be deemed a precondition imposed 
                        *by the franchisor*
                         for obtaining or commencing operation of a franchise. Rather, a third-party payment constitutes a required payment only if the third party collects and remits the payment on behalf of the franchisor.[224] Nonetheless, a franchisor may direct or encourage a prospective franchisee to incur some costs in order to advance the franchise sale. The prospective franchisee may incur these costs and make these kinds of payments without the benefit of pre-sale disclosures. Encouraging a prospect to incur expenses to advance the franchise sale could conceivably increase the likelihood that he or she will go through with the deal without a thorough due-diligence investigation. Therefore, the Commission has incorporated into the final amended Rule an express prohibition barring a franchisor from failing to furnish a copy of its disclosure document to a prospective franchisee early in the sales process, upon reasonable request.[225]
                        
                         This prohibition enables a prospective franchisee to ask to see a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document before agreeing to travel to company headquarters or purchase demographic data, for example. The Commission believes this approach will better address concerns about pre-disclosure third-party payments than would an unworkable alteration of the definition of the term “required payment.” 20. Section 436.1(t): Sale of a franchise The part 436 disclosure obligations are triggered only when there is an offer for the sale of a franchise.[226]
                        
                         Section 436.1(t) defines the term “sale of a franchise” as follows: Like the original Rule provision, the final amended provision embodies the concept that franchisees extending or renewing an existing franchise agreement, where there is no interruption in business operations, will not be deemed to be entering into a sale, unless their new agreement contains terms and conditions materially different from their original agreement.[227] The final amended Rule provision differs substantively from the provision as proposed in the Franchise NPR[228]
                        
                         because it incorporates the Commission policy, as stated in the Interpretive Guides, that the term “sale of a franchise” does not encompass the transfer of a franchise by an existing franchisee where the prospective purchaser has no significant contact with the franchisor.[229]
                        
                         Under long-standing Commission policy, a franchisor or subfranchisor must provide disclosures to 
                        *prospective franchisees*
                        , but “a person who purchases a franchise directly from an existing franchisee, without significant contact with the franchisor, is not a prospective franchisee.”[230]
                        
                         Where a franchisor is not involved in the private sale of an existing franchise, the franchisor makes no representations to the prospective new purchaser. If there is any fraud in the private sale, it could be only by the current franchisee owner, and pre-sale disclosure by the franchisor would not likely prevent it. Accordingly, section 436.1(t) of part 436 makes clear that a transfer without significant involvement of the franchisor is not the sale of a franchise within the ambit of the Rule. Further, the franchisor’s mere approval or disapproval of the purchaser alone is not considered to be significant involvement.[231] At the same time, the Commission declines to adopt several suggested narrowing modifications to the definition of “sale of a franchise.” H&H urged the Commission to exclude from the definition of “sale of a franchise” the modification of an existing franchise agreement where there is no interruption in the franchisee’s business operation.[232]
                        
                         The firm observed that material modifications to existing franchise agreements typically arise in two situations: (1) a settlement of litigation or other disputes with franchisees, in which the franchisor makes concessions; and (2) management initiative with the involvement of independent franchisee associations or franchisee advisory councils.[233]
                        
                         According to H&H, these modifications typically entail no new investment and both sides are familiar with the 
                        ( print page 15467)
                        franchise terms: “An offer to exchange different forms of agreement or add an addendum to existing franchise agreements does not establish a new franchise relationship—that relationship already exists and will continue regardless of the decision the franchisee makes.”[234] The Commission agrees that disclosure is unwarranted where an existing franchisee and the franchisor merely seek to amend their ongoing contractual relationship. In such circumstances, the material information the franchisee needs is the actual revised franchise agreement itself that spells out the terms and conditions that will govern the parties’ ongoing relationship. Requiring franchisors to furnish a new disclosure document whenever there may exist agreed upon material changes in a contract is likely to be an unwarranted formality, the cost of which is probably not outweighed by any tangible benefit to the existing franchisee. In any event, franchise agreement modifications, most obviously those without any new payment, would not constitute a “sale.” The definition of “sale of a franchise,” therefore, need not be revised to address this concern. H&H further contended that disclosure is never warranted for renewals, asserting that a renewing franchisee makes no investment decision: “His decision relates to whether to continue a relationship, with which he should be intimately familiar at that point, under the terms of a new form of franchise agreement. The UFOC does little to help him understand the terms of that agreement.”[235]
                        
                         After considering this suggestion, we are unconvinced that renewals should always be excluded from the definition of “sale of a franchise.” As discussed in greater detail below in connection with section 436.5(q)—Item 17’s renewal disclosure—franchisees and their representatives have voiced concern about renewals, arguing that franchisors control the governing terms and conditions and offer renewals on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.[236]
                        
                         Franchisees, they have asserted, not only lack bargaining power over the renewal agreement, but also often must accept new onerous terms because they are frequently subject to covenants not to compete that effectively prevent them from continuing in the same business independently. Especially in an age of new technologies and changes in franchise marketing, renewal contracts may be significantly different from original contracts that franchisees signed 10 to 20 years ago. A renewing franchisee, for example, may reasonably wish to see Item 20 closure rates for franchises operating under the new franchise agreement. Accordingly, the Commission concludes that where the franchise agreement contains terms and conditions materially different from the original agreement, the renewing franchisee needs advance disclosures in order to make an informed renewal decision.[237] 21. Section 436.1(u): Signature The original Rule contained no definition of “signature.” To facilitate the use of electronic signatures, however, section 436.1(u) of the final amended Rule updates the UFOC Guidelines by adding such a definition: “a person’s affirmative step to authenticate his or her identity. It includes a person’s handwritten signature, as well as a person’s use of security codes, passwords, electronic signatures, and similar devices to authenticate his or her identity.” No comments were submitted on this definition, but the Commission has refined the language of the proposed definition to achieve greater precision and clarity, expressly including the descriptor “handwritten,” substituting “electronic” for “digital,“ and adding the phrase “to authenticate his or her identity.” 22. Section 436.1(v): Trademark Section 436.1(v) of the final amended Rule defines the term “trademark.” The original Rule did not define this term. Consistent with long-standing Commission interpretation of the term and the UFOC Guidelines, the final amended Rule definition is broad, including “trademarks, service marks, names, logos, and other commercial symbols.”[238]
                        
                         No comments were submitted on this definition, and it is identical to the version of the definition published in the Franchise NPR. 23. Section 436.1(w): Written or in writing The final amended Rule updates the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines to permit the use of electronic disclosures.[239]
                        
                         To that end, section 436.1(w) of the final amended Rule defines the term “written or in writing” to include not only printed documents, but: [240] No comments were submitted on the Franchise NPR’s proposed definition, and only minor non-substantive changes in language were made to improve clarity. B. Section 436.2: Obligation To Furnish Documents Section 436.2 of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s requirement that franchisors provide prospective franchisees with advance written disclosures.[241]
                        
                         It also retains, in streamlined form, elements of the original Rule’s requirement that a franchisor “furnish the prospective franchisee with a copy of the franchisor’s franchise agreement . . . prior to the date the agreements are to be executed.”[242]
                        
                         The final amended Rule provision follows the basic concepts of the corresponding provision of the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, but, as explained below, it reflects important refinements suggested by the comments, and its language has been reorganized to improve clarity. Section 436.2 of part 436 covers four issues relating to the basic obligation to provide a disclosure document. First, it describes the geographical scope within which the disclosure obligation applies. Second, it establishes the time frame for fulfilling that obligation. Third, it limits the obligation of the franchisor to furnish to the prospective franchisee an advance copy of the completed franchise agreement—apart from the disclosure document—to only those circumstances when the franchisor makes material unilateral changes to the agreement while the offer is still under consideration. Fourth, and finally, the provision sets forth the specific actions 
                        ( print page 15468)
                        that constitute the furnishing of disclosures. Each of these aspects of section 436.2 generated comments. The following sections discuss those issues and the various views of the commenters. 1. Geographical scope of the Rule’s application Section 436.2 of the final amended Rule makes clear that the part 436 disclosure requirements and prohibitions are limited to “the offer or sale of a franchise to be located in the United States of America or its territories.”[243]
                        
                         This provision of part 436 is substantively identical to the corresponding provision in the proposed Rule. The original Rule did not address whether pre-sale disclosure is required for sales of franchises to be located outside the United States and its territories, and this issue has remained an unsettled area of franchise law. This issue was raised early in the proceeding and, based upon the record developed, the Commission concludes that application of part 436 to franchises to be located outside the United States and its territories is unwarranted at this time.[244] The record reveals overwhelming support among various franchise interests for limiting the reach of the part 436 to sales of domestic franchises.[245]
                        
                         Among other things, the commenters noted that foreign franchise purchasers are large sophisticated investors represented by counsel and do not need the Rule’s protections. Some commenters made the point that the Commission developed the Franchise Rule in response to problems occurring in the domestic market.[246]
                        
                         Indeed, a disclosure document addressing the American market may be irrelevant and potentially misleading when applied to a purchase of a franchise to be located outside the United States, due to the vast differences between American and foreign markets, cultures, and legal systems.[247]
                        
                         Further, many risks to the prospective franchisee arise from economic conditions and cultural values in those countries, not in the United States. To be relevant, a franchisor arguably would have to prepare individual disclosure documents tailored to each specific foreign market. Not only would such a requirement put American franchisors at a competitive disadvantage with franchisors from countries lacking comparable disclosure regulations, but it is likely that any possible benefits of such a requirement would not outweigh the extraordinary costs and burdens involved.[248] At the same time, the Commission has rejected suggestions to limit the scope of the Rule further to exclude sales of franchises to be located in American territories.[249]
                        
                         The FTC Act gives the Commission authority to promulgate trade regulation rules involving unfair or deceptive acts or practices[250]
                        
                         “in or affecting commerce.”[251]
                        
                         The FTC Act includes multiple references to territories in its definition of commerce,[252]
                        
                         including commerce “in any territory of the United States.”[253]
                        
                         The record does not suggest any convincing rationale for contraction of the exercise of that authority as expressed through part 436 of the final amended Rule. Residents of American territories rely on American law for protection, and the Franchise Rule is part of that protection. 2. Section 436.2(a): Time frame for making disclosures Part 436 of the final amended Rule substantially revises the original Rule’s timing for making franchise disclosures. Under the original Rule, franchisors and brokers had to furnish prospective franchisees with disclosure documents at the earlier of two time periods: (1) the first personal (face-to-face) meeting; or (2) “the time for making disclosures,” which was defined as 10 business days before the execution of the franchise agreement or payment of any fees in connection with the franchise sale.[254]
                        
                         The final amended Rule streamlines the timing provision in two respects. First, part 436 eliminates the first personal meeting disclosure trigger. Second, part 436 replaces the original 10-business day trigger with a 14 calendar-day disclosure trigger. Both of these revisions were included in the Rule proposed in the Franchise NPR, but have been slightly revised for clarification and better organization. Each is discussed in greater detail below. a. Elimination of the first personal meeting trigger The Franchise NPR’s proposal to eliminate the first personal meeting disclosure trigger prompted overwhelming support from franchisors and their representatives, as well as NASAA.[255]
                        
                         These commenters asserted 
                        ( print page 15469)
                        that the first personal meeting trigger has become obsolete in the electronic age, where even large investments are made by telephone or via the Internet.[256] Some franchisees and their advocates, however, maintained that the first personal meeting trigger continues to serve a useful purpose. For example, one franchisee representative asserted that there is no basis to believe that personal meetings will completely become a thing of the past, and warned that eliminating the current first personal meeting disclosure trigger would enable franchisors to induce a high level of commitment on the part of prospects through protracted discussions without providing the disclosure document, with the result that “the 14 day cooling off period will then start when the franchisee has already decided to make the investment.”[257] The Commission believes that a first personal meeting trigger alone does little to ensure that a prospective franchisee will receive disclosures early in the sales process.[258]
                        
                         While at the time the Rule was promulgated it may have been routine, or perhaps necessary, to have a face-to-face meeting early on, that is no longer true. Nowadays, a franchisor and a prospect may have numerous telephone conversations or send documents to each other via fax or email long before any personal meeting occurs. Therefore, after carefully considering the comments, the Commission is persuaded that the first personal meeting trigger has become largely obsolete and should be deleted. Nonetheless, the Commission shares commenters’ concern about a franchisor influencing a prospective franchisee’s decision before the prospect receives the franchisor’s disclosures.[259]
                        
                         To address this concern, the Staff Report recommended adoption of a new provision to prohibit franchise sellers from refusing to honor a prospective franchisee’s reasonable request for a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document during the sales process.[260]
                        
                         The Commission has determined to follow this recommendation. Accordingly, 436.9(e) of the final amended Rule specifies that it is an unfair or deceptive practice to “[f]ail to furnish a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document to a prospective franchisee earlier in the sales process than required under § 436.2 of this part, upon reasonable request.” This prohibition does not mean that a franchisor must tender a disclosure document to any person who may desire a copy. Rather, it applies where the parties have already conducted specific discussions or negotiations or otherwise taken steps to begin the sales process. This promotes the goal of early disclosure in the sales process without reliance on the obsolete personal meeting trigger. It also is likely to impose only a 
                        *de minimis*
                         burden, if any, on franchisors, who presumably have a disclosure document already prepared when discussing a sale with a prospective franchisee. b. Fourteen calendar-days Section 436.2(a) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to furnish disclosures “at least 14 calendar-days before the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement with, or makes any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale.” The Franchise NPR proposed this modification of the original Rule’s “10 business day” disclosure trigger. Commenters who addressed this issue unanimously agreed that a 14 calendar-day disclosure trigger is clearer than the original Rule’s “10 business day” trigger.[261]
                        
                         One commenter, however, urged the Commission to clarify further how to count the 14 days to “resolve any question as to whether or not the day on which the documents are delivered, or the day on which they are signed, may be counted for purposes of compliance with the Rule.”[262]
                        
                         The Commission intends that the 14 days commence the day after delivery of the disclosure document and that the signing of any agreement or receipt of payment can take place on the 15[th]
                         day after delivery. This ensures that prospective franchisees have at least a full 14 days in which to review the disclosures.[263] Section 436.2(a) of the final amended Rule also tightens the language used in the proposed version of this provision to describe the events that trigger the 14-day disclosure requirement.[264]
                        
                         The original Rule required a franchisor to provide its disclosure document: [265] In the proposed Rule, section 436.2(a) would have altered this formulation by eliminating the franchisor’s knowledge as a triggering factor, and rephrasing the remaining factors. Specifically, the proposed provision would have conditioned the disclosure obligation on either “the prospective franchisee sign[ing] a binding agreement or pay[ing] any fee in connection with the proposed franchise sale.” Several commenters, focusing on the use of the terms “binding agreement” and “pays any fee,” criticized the perceived overbreadth of this proposed provision. For example, H&H and 
                        ( print page 15470)
                        Tricon urged inclusion of the phrase “with the franchisor or an affiliate of the franchisor,” arguing that these limiting words are needed because “the franchisor cannot control whether a prospective franchisee proceeds to commit with independent third parties (
                        *e.g.*
                        , lessor of real estate) before expiration of the cooling off period.”[266] On the other hand, Howard Bundy urged broadening the Rule so that a franchisor would be required to provide the disclosure document at least 14 days before the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement, pays any fee in connection with the proposed franchise sale, or is required to travel or make other financial commitments as a precondition to receiving additional information.[267]
                        
                         Mr. Bundy’s concern was that prospective franchisees may risk losing significant sums of money to pursue a franchise before they receive any disclosures about the franchise offer. The Commission believes that the concern that prompts Mr. Bundy’s suggestion is adequately addressed by section 436.9(e) —the new prohibition barring franchisors from failing to furnish disclosures earlier in the sales process upon reasonable request. A prospect can always ask the franchisor for a disclosure document before undertaking such obligations as signing a binding agreement, paying any fee in connection with the proposed franchise sale, or incurring travel or other costs. Thus, a broad disclosure trigger such as Mr. Bundy advocates is not necessary. Furthermore, the Commission agrees with the commenters who suggested that this provision should be more carefully tailored so as not to be overly inclusive or imprecise. Accordingly, the final provision specifies that disclosure must be made at least 14 calendar-days “before the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement 
                        *with, or makes any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale*.” Addition of the underscored language adds clarity and precision, and puts appropriate limits on the provision’s reach. 3. Section 436.2(b): Modified contract review period Part 436 of the final amended Rule significantly narrows the circumstances under which a franchisor must furnish a prospective franchisee with a copy of the completed franchise agreement in advance of the date of execution. The original Rule required that franchisors and brokers furnish prospective franchisees with a copy of the completed franchise and related agreements at least five business days before the date of execution.[268]
                        
                         The proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR retained this requirement.[269]
                        
                         During the Rule amendment proceeding, several franchisors and their supporters, as well as NASAA, urged the Commission to eliminate the contract review period.[270]
                        
                         PMR&W, for example, asserted that the delay resulting from the mandatory disclosure period often harms prospective franchisees: [271] Similarly, Marriott noted that the timing of closing the deal is often critical to the franchisee: [272] The Staff Report recommended that the contract review period be restricted to instances where the franchisor unilaterally modifies its standard franchise agreement. It also recommended substituting “seven calendar-days” for the Franchise NPR provision’s “five days,” to be consistent with the revision of the former 10-day disclosure trigger to 14 calendar-days.[273]
                        
                         After careful consideration of the record, the staff recommendation, and the rationale for that recommendation, the Commission has decided to modify the text of this Rule requirement in the manner recommended in the Staff Report. Section 436.2(b) of the final amended Rule specifies that it is a Rule violation for any franchisor: The Commission intended the original Rule’s five business day review requirement to advance two goals: (1) to ensure that prospective franchisees would have time to review and understand the franchise and any related agreement before undertaking significant financial and legal obligations; and (2) to prevent fraud by discouraging a franchisor from unilaterally substituting pages or 
                        ( print page 15471)
                        otherwise altering agreements presented to the prospective franchisee for signing. The first concern—providing time to study the franchise and related agreements—is already served by the Rule’s basic disclosure requirement.[274]
                        
                         Attached to each disclosure document is a copy of the franchisor’s basic agreement and any related agreements. At the very least, these documents enable prospects to review the basic terms and conditions governing the franchise system. Based upon the Commission’s experience in enforcing and administering the Rule, it also appears that franchisors routinely use standardized franchise agreements. Last-minute changes to a franchise agreement, therefore, most likely arise at the franchisee’s initiation. When a prospective franchisee is the party introducing contract modifications, redisclosure by the franchisor is hardly warranted. Thus, section 436.2(b) expressly states that “[c]hanges to an agreement that arise out of negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee do not trigger this seven calendar-day period.” Further, the Commission does not believe that the Rule should impede a prospective franchisee’s ability to negotiate agreement changes. The delay inherent in a mandatory contract review period may discourage negotiations if a prospective franchisee believes that he or she will suffer as a result of the delay. As Marriott noted, the timely signing of a franchise agreement may be a prerequisite for other parts of the overall deal, such as obtaining leases and loans. Indeed, in most instances a prospective franchisee is in the best position to judge how much review time is warranted and, as a practical matter, can seek additional review time, if desired. Nonetheless, the possibility of fraud remains a concern. To prevent a franchisor from substituting at the last minute provisions that differ materially from those in the agreements previously attached to the disclosure document, the final amended Rule includes two safeguards. First, section 436.2(b) retains a mandatory contract review period of seven full days[275]
                        
                         in situations where the franchisor has materially altered the terms and conditions of the standard agreements attached to the disclosure document.[276]
                        
                         The Commission intends that this not include situations where the only differences between the standard agreements and the completed agreements are “fill-in-the-blank” provisions, such as the date, name, and address of the franchisee.[277]
                        
                         Nor does it include instances where deviations from the standard agreement are initiated at the prospective franchisee’s request. Second, the final amended Rule targets potential fraud directly by adopting a new prohibition, section 436.9(g), which prohibits a franchisor from unilaterally substituting provisions or pages in a franchise agreement resulting in a material change unless the franchisor first alerts the prospective franchisee about the change seven days before execution of the franchise agreement. This approach remedies deceptive unilateral modification of franchise agreements in a material way without imposing additional disclosure burdens. In response to the Staff Report, a few commenters asked for additional clarification of the meaning of the term “negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee.” For example, Gust Rosenfeld urged the Commission to make clear in the Compliance Guides that negotiated changes will be considered initiated by the prospective franchisee even where some of the changes favor the franchisor.[278]
                        
                         In the same vein, Marriott urged the Commission to change the Staff Report’s proposed language “Changes to a franchise agreement that result solely from negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee . . . .” to “Changes to a franchise agreement that arise out of negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee. . .”[279]
                        
                         Marriott contended that the original language—“result solely from negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee”—could be read narrowly to exclude instances where both parties receive benefits during the negotiation. The Commission recognizes that a negotiated franchise or related agreement may result in some changes favoring the franchisor. Whether or not a particular change benefits a particular party, however, is irrelevant. What is determinative is whether the prospective franchisee has knowledge of the change before signing the agreement. As long as the prospective franchisee opens the door to changing documents that previously have been presented for signing, any discussions about changes and any agreed upon changes are clearly made with the prospective franchisee’s knowledge. Under these circumstances, redisclosure would be unwarranted. To make this point clear, the final amended Rule adopts an edited form of Marriott’s suggested language noted above: “Changes to an agreement that arise out of negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee do not trigger this seven calendar-day period.” 4. Section 436.2(c): Actions that constitute the furnishing of disclosures Section 436.2(c) of the final amended Rule specifies what actions constitute furnishing required documents. Although the original Rule did not include such a provision, such specificity is needed now, given the wide array of disclosure formats and delivery mechanisms available in today’s marketplace. Accordingly, a franchisor will be considered to have furnished a disclosure document if: [280] 
 
 The basic concepts of the final amended Rule provision track those in the corresponding provision proposed in the Franchise NPR, but the language has been revised, reorganized, and in some cases, expanded, to achieve greater clarity and specificity.[281] C. Sections 436.3-436.5: The Disclosure Document Sections 436.3-436.5 of part 436 set forth the substantive disclosures and attachments that franchisors must include in their disclosure documents, beginning with the cover page. 1. Section 436.3: Cover page The cover page informs prospective franchisees that the disclosure document they are receiving contains important information about the franchise offer. The proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR incorporated each item of information required in the original Rule’s counterpart,[282]
                        
                         with a few exceptions discussed below.[283]
                        
                         The final amended Rule provision follows the cover page proposed in the Franchise NPR, with minor editing for clarity. The proposed cover page set forth in the Franchise NPR generated little comment. The few comments received generally suggested various improvements to the text of the cover page, many of which have been incorporated into the final amended Rule.[284]
                        
                         The substantive revisions to the cover page requirement fall into four broad categories. First, final amended Rule section 436.3(e)(4) requires that the cover page reference sources of additional background information that prospective franchisees can use in conducting their due diligence investigations, such as the FTC’s website and its 
                        *Consumer Guide to Buying a Franchise*
                        .[285]
                        
                         This will enable prospective franchisees to find additional background information on franchising, including information on how to use a disclosure document. Second, final amended Rule section 436.3(b) updates the cover page to embrace electronic disclosure. It requires franchisors to include on the cover page their email and primary home page addresses, so that prospective franchisees can communicate with the franchisor electronically. In the same vein, section 436.3(f) permits franchisors to state on the cover page how prospective franchisees may receive a copy of the disclosure document in an alternative medium.[286] Third, final amended Rule section 436.3, like the proposed version published in the Franchise NPR, eliminates information from the original Rule’s cover page that might be misinterpreted as implying greater Commission oversight of franchising than is the case. Several franchisees contended that phrases in the original cover page—such as “information . . . required by the Federal Trade Commission” and “to protect you”—are misleading because they imply greater federal oversight of franchise offerings than actually exists.[287] Fourth, to promote greater uniformity with state disclosure laws, final amended Rule section 436.3 has been revised to track more closely the UFOC Guidelines’ cover page elements.[288]
                        
                         For example, section 436.3 includes the franchisor’s name, logo, brief description of the franchised business, total purchase price as reflected in Item 5 (initial fees) and in Item 7 (estimated initial investment), and a notice that states may be able to provide sources of information about franchising. With respect to cover page disclosure of the total purchase price, final amended section 436.3(e)(1) revises slightly the comparable UFOC Guidelines requirement,[289]
                        
                         based on the record developed here. Specifically, BI asserted that the total purchase price disclosure on the UFOC Guidelines cover page can be misleading. According to the firm, the cover page should put prospects on notice of the initial franchise fee that must be paid for the right to commence business under the mark. BI argued that the inclusion of the broader Item 5 initial fees would cloud the issue, making comparisons of initial franchise fees among competitors difficult: “For example, in cases where a franchisor sells or leases the premises of the franchised business to the franchisee, this payment would need to be included in Item 5, but would severely distort the amount of the initial franchise fee disclosed on the cover page.”[290] The Commission’s view, however, is that the purpose of the cover page’s 
                        ( print page 15473)
                        price disclosure is not simply to indicate the fee paid to the franchisor for using the franchisor’s mark, but to disclose the total costs paid to the franchisor associated with commencing business operations. In fact, limiting the disclosure to the initial franchise fee alone could be misleading because that could understate the totality of fees that must be paid to the franchisor in order to start the business. The cover page price disclosures will better enable prospective franchisees to assess their full potential business costs, and ultimately their financial risk, than a disclosure limited to the initial franchise fee alone.[291]
                        
                         Nevertheless, the Commission recognizes that it is possible to achieve the goal of informing prospective franchisees about the investment by referring to Item 7 alone—Initial Investment. Indeed, Item 5 is basically a subset of Item 7. Therefore, to maximize consistency between federal and state law, section 436.3 incorporates a modified version of the UFOC cover page references to Item 5 and Item 7, as follows: “The total investment necessary to begin operation of a [franchise system name] franchise is [the total amount of Item 7 (§ 436.5(g))]. This includes [the total amount in Item 5 (§ 436.5(e))] that must be paid to the franchisor or affiliate.” In addition, section 436.3 diverges from the UFOC Guidelines in that it does not call for the two cover page risk factor disclosures required by the UFOC Guidelines regarding choice of venue and choice of law.[292]
                        
                         These two risk factors essentially repeat what franchisors already must disclose in Item 17 of the disclosure document.[293]
                        
                         Moreover, mandating the disclosure of these two risk factors on the cover page might incorrectly signal prospective franchisees that these are the most important risk factors to consider.[294]
                        
                         Nonetheless, section 436.3(g) of the final amended Rule expressly permits franchisors to “include additional disclosures on the cover page . . . to comply with state pre-sale disclosure laws.” This provision effectively permits franchisors to include state mandated risk factors on the cover page, without adopting risk factor requirements into the final amended Rule.[295] The Commission has decided not to make further revisions in the cover page requirements that would call for additional education messages, notwithstanding several comments urging us to do so. For example, the AFA suggested that the Commission warn prospective franchisees that they are not purchasing their own business. To that end, the AFA would include the following warning on the cover page: “You will not own your own business. You will lease the rights to sell [company’s name] goods [services] to the public under the [company’s name] tradename and trademarks. This agreement will expire and you will have no rights to continue in operation upon expiration.”[296] The Commission agrees in principle with the AFA’s broad point that prospective franchisees should be fully informed about the nature of franchising. However, the appropriate vehicle for educating prospects is through educational materials, not the final amended Rule itself. Indeed, the cover page advances this goal because it will reference the Commission’s 
                        *Consumer Guide to Buying a Franchise*, which contains the advice the AFA wants communicated. 2. Section 436.4: Table of contents The final amended Rule section 436.4 retains the original Rule’s requirement for a table of contents, but, like the version of this provision proposed in the Franchise NPR, conforms to the UFOC Guidelines in the wording and the ordering of required disclosure items listed.[297]
                        
                         This provision generated minimal comment. The final amended provision revises the proposed Rule provision’s use of the UFOC Guidelines headings in only a few instances to reflect more accurately the Rule requirements, as follows: (1) Item 1 is changed from “The Franchisor, its Predecessors, and Affiliates” to “The Franchisor and any Parents, Predecessors, and Affiliates;”[298]
                        
                         (2) Item 5 is changed from “Initial Franchise Fees” to “Initial Fees;”[299]
                        
                         (3) Item 7 is changed from “Initial Investment” to “Estimated Initial Investment;” (3) Item 11 is changed from “Franchisor’s Obligations” to “Franchisor’s Assistance, Advertising, Computer Systems, and Training;” (4) Item 19 is changed from “Earnings Claims” to “Financial Performance Representations;” (5) Item 20 is changed from “List of Outlets” to “Outlets and Franchisee Information;” and (6) Item 23 is changed from “Receipt” to “Receipts.” 3. Section 436.5(a) (Item 1): The franchisor and any parents, predecessors, and affiliates Section 436.5(a) of part 436 sets forth the first of the final amended Rule’s substantive disclosure requirements. As 
                        ( print page 15474)
                        proposed in the Franchise NPR,[300]
                        
                         it retains the original Rule’s requirement that franchisors disclose background information on the franchisor and any parents and affiliates.[301]
                        
                         It also expands the original Rule in three respects to maximize consistency with the UFOC Guidelines.[302]
                        
                         First, franchisors must now disclose information about their predecessors for the 10-year period immediately before the close of the franchisor’s most recent fiscal year.[303]
                        
                         This will prevent unscrupulous franchisors from hiding prior misconduct and avoiding disclosure obligations simply by assuming a new corporate identity.[304]
                        
                         Second, franchisors must disclose any regulations specific to the industry in which the franchise business operates, such as any necessary licenses or permits,[305]
                        
                         that may affect the franchisee’s operating costs and ability to conduct business.[306]
                        
                         Third, franchisors must describe the general competition prospective franchisees are likely to face.[307]
                        
                         This disclosure better ensures that the prospective franchisee can understand the likely economic risks in purchasing a franchise.[308] The final amended rule provision tracks the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, but is more narrowly tailored in its treatment of required disclosures about affiliates. Slight non-substantive modifications in the provision’s language and organization have also been made to improve clarity and precision. Two aspects of section 436.5(a) that prompted comment are discussed in the following sections: the required parent disclosures, and the required predecessor disclosures. Finally, various suggestions advanced by commenters but not adopted in the final amended Rule are discussed in the final part of this section.[309] a. Parent disclosures The retention of the original Rule’s parent disclosure requirement was not controversial for the vast majority of commenters, including NASAA.[310]
                        
                         A few comments, however, raised two concerns about it. First, a few franchisor representatives asserted that a separate parent disclosure is unnecessary because a parent, in most instances, would already be covered by the Rule’s broad definition of “affiliate”[311]
                        
                        — “an entity controlled by, controlling, or under common control with another entity.”[312]
                        
                         Other commenters questioned the relevance of a parent’s information, asserting that a parent is a legally distinct entity and that disclosing a parent may mislead prospective franchisees into believing that the parent exercises greater oversight or gives financial backing to the franchisor than actually exists. These commenters add that a parent disclosure simply clutters an already lengthy disclosure document.[313] On the other hand, the materiality of parent information was demonstrated by Dr. Spencer Vidulich, a Pearle Vision franchisee. He related that his franchisor was bought by Cole National Corporation, which operates company-owned optical departments in Sears stores. In this instance, the disclosure of parent information would have alerted prospective Pearle Vision franchisees that their franchisor is owned by a company that operates competing outlets.[314] Also, contrary to some commenters’ assertions, part 436 will not reach all parents when, for example, section 436.5(a) reaches only those affiliates that “offer franchises in any line of business or provide products or services to the franchisees of the franchisor.” As Dr. Vidulich suggested, it is possible that a parent does not sell franchises at all—falling outside the scope of the section’s coverage of “affiliates”—but nonetheless could operate competing company-owned outlets. A requirement 
                        ( print page 15475)
                        that a franchisor identify any parent, therefore, is necessary to ensure that any parent not falling within Item 1’s limited use of affiliate will be disclosed. Moreover, the Item 1 parent disclosure is significantly limited: franchisors must simply 
                        *identify*
                         a parent.[315]
                        
                         In contrast with the Item 1 disclosures for affiliates and predecessors,[316]
                        
                         a franchisor need not disclose, for example, the parent’s business background, length of time selling franchises or engaging in other lines of business.[317]
                        
                         The Commission concludes that this limited disclosure will, at most, impose a minor burden for most franchise systems that is outweighed by the potential benefit to prospective franchisees. b. Predecessor disclosures Part 436 of the final amended Rule adopts the UFOC Guidelines’ requirement that franchisors disclose background information about any predecessors for 10 years.[318]
                        
                         During the rulemaking process, no commenters objected to the basic principle that predecessor information should be disclosed.[319]
                        
                         A few commenters, however, questioned the scope of the disclosure. One commenter asserted that the 10-year reporting period is too long, noting that Item 2 establishes only a five-year disclosure period for business experience of company officers and managers.[320]
                        
                         Another commenter urged the Commission to narrow the focus of Item 1 to require the disclosure of information about only any immediate predecessor.[321]
                        
                         The Commission is not convinced, however, that the burden of supplying 10 years of predecessor information—as the majority of franchisors already do to comply with the UFOC Guidelines—is so great as to justify deviating from the UFOC Guidelines on this issue. c. Suggestions for additional disclosure requirements that the Commission has not adopted IL AG urged the Commission to expand the scope of Item 1 in several respects. First, IL AG would expand the types of business organizations that must be disclosed under section 436.5(a)(5) to include “members with a controlling interest in the franchisor.” In its view, this is necessary to cover limited liability companies.[322]
                        
                         The Commission declines to adopt this suggestion because the examples of different types of entities included there is intended to be illustrative, not exhaustive, and additional examples of business organizations are unnecessary. In addition, IL AG suggested that Item 1 be expanded to include the date when the franchisor was organized.[323]
                        
                         The Commission also declines to adopt this suggestion. The franchisor already must disclose how long it has been in business and has offered franchises. We believe that time period, not the date of organization, is most relevant to a prospective franchisee. Moreover, neither the original Rule nor the UFOC Guidelines requires this information, and the Commission is reluctant to introduce an inconsistency with the Guidelines on this point. Finally, IL AG suggested that a description of the competition should include competitors of the franchisor’s affiliates.[324]
                        
                         We note that the UFOC Guidelines require only a “general description of the competition.” Depending upon the franchise system, competition of affiliates could be sizeable, especially with respect to large, publicly traded franchisors. We are not inclined to diverge from the UFOC Guidelines in the absence of evidence showing a problem on this point. 4. Section 436.5(b) (Item 2): Business experience Consistent with the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines, section 436.5(b) of the final amended Rule requires the disclosure of the business experience of the franchisor’s directors, trustees, general partnerships, and certain executives.[325]
                        
                         It differs from the UFOC Guidelines’s Item 2, however, in two respects. First, it does not require a franchisor to disclose brokers.[326]
                        
                         Second, it expands the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines to prevent fraud by requiring the disclosure of prior experience of not only directors and executives, but other individuals who do not necessarily possess a title, but nonetheless will exercise management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises being offered for sale. Additionally, this final amended Rule provision is narrower than its counterpart as proposed in the Franchise NPR, in that it deletes the proposed requirement to disclose prior experience of the officers or executives 
                        ( print page 15476)
                        of any parent of the franchisor. Each of these issues is discussed in detail below. a. Brokers The original Rule did not require disclosure of brokers. The proposed Rule, however, tracking the UFOC Guidelines, required that franchisors “list all brokers.”[327]
                        
                         As noted above, based upon the comments, the final amended Rule does not include the UFOC Guidelines’ provision that franchisors identify its brokers in Item 2.[328]
                        
                         During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters asserted that such disclosure is unnecessary.[329]
                        
                         For example, Frannet, a franchise broker, voiced concern that the proposed inclusion of brokers in Item 2 would require franchisors to disclose immaterial information about “literally hundreds of business brokers each of whom will receive a commission in the event that a prospect referred by any such person ultimately purchases a franchise,” resulting in a “voluminous” UFOC, with “no value to the prospective franchisee.”[330] On the other hand, Michael Seid, a franchise industry consultant, strongly objected to the deletion of broker information from Item 2 because prospective franchisees often rely on statements made by brokers in deciding whether to purchase a franchise. In his view, prospective franchisees perceive brokers as being independent, third-party experts. He opined that listing them in a disclosure document would dispel that notion, making it clear that brokers are authorized agents of the franchisor.[331] Some prospective franchisees may rely on a broker’s statements in the course of purchasing a franchise, and some brokers may make false claims—such as false financial performance representations. Nonetheless, the Commission is not convinced that broker disclosures are warranted in a franchise disclosure document. Item 2 appropriately requires franchisors to disclose the background of those individuals who 
                        *control*
                         the franchisor and those who actually 
                        *manage*
                         franchisees. That information is material because prospective franchisees need to know the identity and business experience of the individuals in command of the franchisor in order to assess whether these individuals are likely to be able to perform as promised under the franchise agreement. Unlike franchisors, brokers do not create or implement franchisor policy, nor do they oversee performance of post-sale obligations to the franchisee. Accordingly, prospective franchisees are less likely to give decisive weight to an individual broker’s expertise or background in assessing the merits of purchasing a franchise. Moreover, even if a broker were to make false claims, the prospective franchisee has the benefit of the franchisor’s disclosure document to assess those claims before purchasing a franchise. For example, a franchisor statement in Item 19 that it does not authorize the making of financial performance claims should raise doubts about a broker’s veracity if the broker were to make his or her own performance claims. Similarly, a franchisor’s statement in Item 3 that it has been sued by franchisees would dispel any claim by a broker that the franchisor has not been previously sued. The counteractive effect of the disclosure document gives the Commission reason to doubt that the inclusion of broker information among the required Item 2 disclosures would yield more than a scant benefit to prospective franchisees. Further, the disclosure of brokers would also be cumbersome, especially for large franchise systems that may employ hundreds of brokers nationally. Thus, the Commission concludes that this benefit would not likely outweigh the corresponding compliance costs and burdens. Finally, the deletion of brokers from Item 2 as had been proposed in the Franchise NPR obviously does not curtail brokers’ liability for false claims. Franchise brokers, like virtually all other individuals conducing interstate commerce, remain liable under Section 5 of the FTC Act for their own misrepresentations. In short, while the Commission favors adopting UFOC Guidelines approach to the fullest extent possible, we believe this is one area where an exception is warranted. b. Individuals with management responsibility Section 436.5(b) of part 436 requires a franchisor to disclose not only the background of the franchisor’s directors and executives, but also “individuals who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document.”[332]
                        
                         Individuals listed in Item 2 must also disclosure their litigation (Item 3) and bankruptcy (Item 4) histories as well. This provision ensures that franchisors cannot conceal a manager’s lack of experience, prior litigation, or bankruptcy history by simply avoiding giving the manager a formal title.[333]
                        
                         Although the language has been revised to achieve greater clarity and specificity, this aspect of this provision is conceptually very similar to the rule as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[334]
                        
                         The breadth of this provision is intended to leave no doubt that franchisors must disclose all individuals who in fact exercise management responsibility over the sale or operation of franchises being offered for sale, regardless of any formal title.[335] 
 
 c. Parents Part 436 as proposed in the Franchise NPR required franchisors to disclose the prior experience of a parent’s officers or executives.[336]
                        
                         This proposal, however, was criticized on the grounds that such a broad disclosure about directors and officers of a parent would clutter Item 2 with information “of marginal relevance and importance to prospective franchisees.”[337]
                        
                         In response to commenters’ persuasive arguments, the Commission has determined to omit the requirement from section 436.5(b). The Commission has come to the view that the disclosure of prior experience of individuals associated with a parent of a franchisor is generally unnecessary. While in many instances a parent’s officers may exercise general management responsibilities that may affect the franchisor, they are not necessarily involved in managing the franchisor or its franchises. Because of their lack of direct control over the franchisor, background information on them is unlikely to be material to a prospective franchisee. Accordingly, the minimal benefit that might accrue to prospective franchisees from a disclosure of the prior experience of individuals associated with the franchisor’s parent would not likely outweigh the compliance costs and burdens. 5. Section 436.5(c) (Item 3): Litigation Section 436.5(c) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s requirements to disclose certain pending and prior litigation, as well as current injunctive or restrictive orders. Like the original Rule, the final amended Rule requires disclosure, in some instances, of litigation involving the franchisor’s parent.[338]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, however, part 436 expands on the original Rule by requiring franchisors to disclose actions involving not only the franchisor, its directors and officers, and affiliates, but predecessors as well.[339]
                        
                         In addition, section 436.5(c)(1)(i)(B), in accord with the UFOC Guidelines, now requires the disclosure of routine litigation that may impact the franchisor’s financial condition or ability to operate the business.[340]
                        
                         At the same time, as also proposed in the Franchise NPR, the Commission has determined that section 436.5(c)(1)(B)(ii) of the final amended Rule should expand on both the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines by requiring franchisors to disclose material franchisor-initiated litigation against franchisees involving the franchise relationship. The comments on Item 3 focused on five broad topics: (1) whether and to what extent disclosures about a franchisor’s parent should be required; (2) to what extent disclosures about a franchisor’s affiliates should be required; (3) whether disclosure about out-of-court settlements favorable to the franchisor or settlements that by their terms are confidential should be required; (4) whether the Rule as proposed in the Franchise NPR needed clarification to avoid implying that dismissed actions should be disclosed in cases when no liability is imposed upon or accepted by the franchisor; and (5) whether and to what extent disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation would be required. Each of these topics is discussed in the sections that follow. a. Parent disclosures The original Rule required the disclosure of litigation relating to a franchisor’s parent.[341]
                        
                         Part 436 as proposed in the Franchise NPR retained this broad approach. The Commission, however, has decided that the final amended Rule should narrow considerably the scope of the franchisor’s obligation to disclose litigation relating to a parent. As recommended in the Staff Report, the final amended Rule requires the disclosure of litigation relating to a franchisor’s parent only in the case of a “parent . . . who guarantees the franchisor’s performance.”[342] The narrowed scope of the parent litigation disclosure responds to persuasive comments challenging the value of broad parent litigation disclosures to prospective purchasers and complaining of the burden to franchisors. Typical of these comments are those submitted by PMR&W, arguing that the parent litigation disclosure is confusing at best and offers little if any benefit to prospective franchisees, and noting that a publicly-traded parent may face countless securities fraud claims, for example, that would have to be disclosed, “overflowing [the disclosure document] with largely irrelevant parent litigation summaries, obscuring and diverting readers from the more important disclosures of franchisor litigation, and greatly increasing compliance burdens and costs.”[343] Based upon review of the record, including the Staff Report, the Commission is persuaded that litigation involving a parent (which may be voluminous in the case of a publicly-traded parent) may have little bearing on the operation of the franchise system itself. Yet, the Commission does not believe that complete elimination of the parent litigation disclosure is justified. Rather, the Commission has determined to narrowly tailor the parent litigation disclosure to those circumstances where the parent guarantees the franchisor’s performance, as recommended in the 
                        ( print page 15478)
                        Staff Report.[344]
                        
                         Where a parent, for whatever reason, induces franchise sales by promising to back the franchisor financially or otherwise guarantees the franchisor’s performance, the parent’s prior litigation history becomes material to the prospective franchisee and must be disclosed.[345]
                        
                         As noted throughout this document, background information on all parties having post-sale performance obligations is material to a prospective franchisee. There is no meaningful distinction between parents who make performance guarantees and franchisors with various contractual performance obligations. b. Affiliates As noted, the original Rule did not require the disclosure of litigation involving a franchisor’s affiliate. The proposed rule published in the Franchise NPR incorporated the UFOC Guidelines’ requirement that franchisors disclose litigation involving an “affiliate who offers franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark.” Section 436.5(c) of the final amended Rule retains this concept, but modestly broadens the requirement, consistent with the Staff Report and Staff Report comments, to encompass: (1) litigation involving not only affiliates who offer franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark, but also any affiliate who “guarantees the franchisor’s performance;” and (2) with respect to the requirement to disclose government injunctions or restrictive orders, actions involving an affiliate “who has offered or sold franchises in any line of business within the last 10 years.”[346] The affiliate litigation disclosure provision generated limited comment.[347]
                        
                         One commenter urged the Commission to broaden Item 3’s scope to include litigation involving 
                        *all*
                         affiliates, not just those under the franchisor’s principal trademark. The UFOC Guidelines’ narrow reach extends only to instances where affiliates offer franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark. Arguably, this restrictive approach could allow a franchise system to hide derogatory facts about its litigation history by acquiring and operating a competing franchise system that uses a different mark. In such an instance, the newly-acquired franchisor would have no obligation to disclose its past litigation, falling outside the definition of both “predecessor” and “affiliate.” On the other hand, the record contains no suggestion that such instances are common. Thus, the Commission does not believe it warranted to require franchisors to disclose all affiliate litigation to address that hypothetical concern. Such a measure would be broader than necessary to address concerns documented in the record, would be burdensome, especially for large companies with multiple brands, and would not likely yield commensurate benefits to prospective franchisees. Nevertheless, as noted above, the Commission has determined to expand the requirement to disclose affiliate litigation in two respects in order to provide prospects with material information. First, for currently effective government injunctive or restrictive orders delineated in section 436.5(c)(2), the final amended Rule adopts the Staff Report recommendation to broaden Item 3 affiliate coverage to include any affiliate who has offered or sold franchises in any line of business within the last 10 years.[348]
                        
                         In the Commission’s view, a government injunction or comparable order[349]
                        
                         (with or without a civil penalty or other redress), may be an indicator of fraud or other unlawful conduct.[350]
                        
                         Accordingly, a franchisor with a history of fraud or Rule violations should not be able to avoid disclosure of government actions against it merely by establishing a new corporation or switching trademarks. We believe this approach will result in the disclosure of material litigation history, without unduly burdening large, multi-brand franchise networks. Second, section 436.5(c)(1) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose litigation involving not only affiliates that offer franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark, but also any affiliate that guarantees performance. This responds to NASAA’s comment, urging the Commission to make clear that the term “affiliate” in Item 3 includes those guaranteeing performance, similar to the parent disclosure noted above.[351]
                        
                         As NASAA noted, there is no practical distinction between a parent and an affiliate who guarantees performance. In both instances, the prospective franchisee may rely on the guarantee in considering whether to purchase the franchise. Therefore, the litigation history of both parents and affiliates 
                        ( print page 15479)
                        who guarantee performance is material and should be disclosed. c. Settlements With respect to settled actions, the original Rule required disclosure of any civil action a person subject to the provision “has settled out of court” in the previous seven fiscal years. It did not distinguish between confidential and nonconfidential settlements.[352]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, the Franchise NPR proposed that franchisors disclose the terms of any settled actions, expressly including confidential settlements.[353]
                        
                         Several commenters voiced concern about the requirement to disclose settlements—including confidential settlements. *Settlements Favorable to the Franchisor.*
                         PMR&W and Warren Lewis observed that Item 3 in the Rule as proposed in the Franchise NPR did not allow franchisors to omit settled litigation where the settlement is favorable to the franchisor or neutral.[354]
                        
                         Both commenters cited to the UFOC Guidelines,[355]
                        
                         which state that “settlement of an action does not diminish its materiality if the franchisor agrees to pay material consideration or agrees to be bound by obligations which are materially adverse to its interests.”[356]
                        
                         The point these commenters were making is that the UFOC Guidelines, by implication, would deem favorable or neutral settlements to a franchisor not material and would not call for their disclosure. The Commission believes this interpretation is correct, and intends that result in adopting the final version of this provision. Item 3, therefore, permits franchisors to omit settled litigation where a settlement is favorable to the franchisor or otherwise neutral.[357] *Confidential Settlements*
                        . With respect to the disclosure of confidential settlements, David Gurnick commented that the disclosure of any settlement terms that the parties agreed to keep confidential is bad policy because confidential settlements benefit both parties and the “opportunity for confidentiality is often an important dynamic to resolve a dispute.”[358]
                        
                         He urged that the Rule permit the disclosure of material facts about confidential settlements in the aggregate, so that the franchisor could make the disclosure about a group of cases, without violating the confidentiality of any one or more cases. For example, a franchisor could state: “we have settled 10 cases with confidentiality agreements. In each of these cases, we made payments to the franchisee in the mid five figure range.”[359] Similarly, John Baer questioned the disclosure of exact dollar amounts or other confidential settlement terms. “This often can expose the franchisor to the choice of not being able to register its franchise in a particular state or making a disclosure and possibly breaching the terms of the confidential settlement agreement.”[360]
                        
                         He suggested that the Commission allow franchisors to disclose approximate dollar amounts, such as “the low four figures,” or, in the alternative, a range of figures.[361] In keeping with the goal of reducing inconsistencies with the UFOC Guidelines, the Commission is disinclined, based on this record, to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines with respect to the scope of the confidential settlements disclosure. This issue was debated when NASAA revised the UFOC Guidelines in 1993, with input from many interested parties. Moreover, franchisors using the UFOC Guidelines format have been living under this policy on the state level for more than 10 years, apparently without much hardship. Further, NASAA has recognized that the disclosure requirements concerning confidential settlements might raise breach of contract issues. Accordingly, the NASAA Commentary on the UFOC Guidelines specifically limited the disclosure to those settlements that were entered into after the adoption of the UFOC Guideline revisions on April 25, 1993. Item 3 of the final amended Rule incorporates a similar concept. The Commission recognizes that some small or regional franchisors who use the Franchise Rule format exclusively have not had the opportunity to phase-in confidential settlement disclosures. Based on this consideration, the Commission has added a footnote 2 to section 436.5(c)(3)(ii) of the final amended rule that specifies that “any franchisor who has historically used only the Franchise Rule format, or who is new to franchising, need not disclose confidential settlements entered prior to the effective date of this Rule.” Thus, franchisors historically using only the Franchise Rule format need not disclose confidential settlements entered into prior to the effective date of the final amended Rule, and only franchisors who have used the UFOC Guidelines format in the past must continue to disclose confidential settlements, as is the current practice. John Baer raised a related point that the Commission finds persuasive. He asserted that it would be unfair to require the disclosure of confidential settlement agreements “if they were entered into by a company at a time when it was not yet engaged in franchise activities.”[362]
                        
                         It would be unreasonable to expect a non-franchisor to negotiate settlements with an eye toward the possibility that it may engage in franchise sales in the future. Accordingly, footnote 2 to section 436.5(c) of the final amended Rule provides that “franchisors need not disclose the terms of confidential settlements entered into before commencing franchise sales.” d. Dismissed actions As noted above, Item 3 requires a franchisor to disclose certain prior actions in which it has been “held liable.” Under this standard, a dismissal without any imposition or acceptance of liability on the franchisor’s part, would not have to be disclosed.[363] In response to the Staff Report, two commenters observed that this 
                        ( print page 15480)
                        limitation on prior actions is undercut by the inclusion in the proposed Franchise NPR version of Item 3 of a broad provision requiring franchisors and others to disclose if they have “been a defendant in a material action.” They observed that while dismissals without liability need not be disclosed under the “held liable” requirement of Item 3, they would have to be disclosed under the second more general “defendant in a material action” requirement. They urged the Commission to delete the “defendant in a material action” element of Item 3, to limit prior litigation disclosures to only those actions in which the defendant incurred liability.[364]
                        
                         In response to these comments, the Staff Report concluded that the drafting of the Franchise NPR’s version of Item 3 resulted in overbreadth, and therefore recommended that Item 3 be narrowed accordingly.[365] The Commission has carefully considered this point. As noted above, the UFOC Guidelines clearly permit franchisors to limit the disclosure of prior actions to matters in which they were “held liable.” This approach is also consistent with the original Rule, which limited prior litigation to matters in which the franchisor “has been held liable . . . resulting in a final judgment or has settled out of court.”[366]
                        
                         Moreover, the language “been a defendant in a material action” is arguably redundant: if a defendant was not held liable in a prior action, then the underlying suit was not material. For these reasons, the phrase “been a defendant in a material action” included in the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR has been deleted from the final amended Rule.[367] e. Franchisor-initiated litigation One of the most important ways part 436 of the final amended Rule differs from both the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines is that part 436 includes a requirement that franchisors disclose franchisor-initiated litigation.[368]
                        
                         Specifically, section 436.5(c)(1)(ii) requires a franchisor to disclose litigation in which it: [369] This final amended Rule provision is substantially the same as its counterpart proposed in the Franchise NPR.[370]
                        
                         Throughout the Rule amendment proceeding, franchisees and their representatives,[371]
                        
                         as well as the Small Business Administration,[372]
                        
                         urged the Commission to adopt such a requirement, asserting that franchisor-initiated litigation is material because it is a clear indicator of: (1) the quality of the franchisor-franchisee relationship; and (2) the extent to which the franchisor may be litigious. Others added that the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines compelled franchisors to disclose franchisor-initiated litigation only if a franchisee subsequently filed a counterclaim. Yet, as these commenters noted, franchisees often do not have the financial resources to initiate a suit or to pursue a counterclaim.[373]
                        
                         Therefore, according to their argument, disclosure of franchise relationship litigation should not depend upon which party happens to have the resources to file a suit. Typical of these comments is the one submitted by NFA, an association of Burger King franchisees, stating that the disclosure of such information: [374] A few commenters also maintained that compliance costs arising from such a disclosure are not great. For example, Seth Stadfeld observed that “once the initial changes are made [to the disclosure document], all that must be done is to update the disclosed litigation annually or sooner if material changes take place.”[375]
                        
                         The AFA was more blunt in its assessment: 
 
 [376] In contrast, franchisors generally opposed the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation. Among other things, they asserted that franchisor-initiated litigation is immaterial[377]
                        
                         and would unnecessarily “bulk up” disclosure documents, thereby increasing compliance costs.[378]
                        
                         Others opined that the disclosure was unnecessary because, in their view, a franchisee aggrieved by a franchisor-initiated suit will surely file a counterclaim, which clearly must be disclosed under the original Rule.[379]
                        
                         Other franchisors asserted that the disclosure document already informs prospective franchisees about the state of the relationship.[380]
                        
                         Still others asserted that Item 3 litigation should be limited to suits that imply wrongdoing on the franchisor’s part: franchisor-initiated suits simply demonstrate that the franchisor is enforcing its rights under the franchise agreement.[381]
                        
                         Indeed, some franchisors argued that the disclosure could be misleading, wrongly implying that the franchisor has engaged in illegal or other misconduct.[382]
                        
                         In the same vein, some franchisors feared that a mandatory franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure might actually discourage franchisors from bringing suits, even meritorious suits, that are needed to maintain the integrity of the franchise system.[383] Based upon the record developed in this proceeding, the Commission is convinced that franchisor-initiated litigation is material information that prospective franchisees need in order to assess a critical aspect of the franchise relationship—the nature of disputes and the level of litigation within a franchise system.[384]
                        
                         We recognize that the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 3, in limiting required disclosures to instances where a franchisee has filed a counterclaim, may have focused more narrowly on suits where arguably there was a greater probability of wrongdoing on a franchisor’s part. We now believe that this should be broadened to include additional information about the state of the franchise relationship. For example, we agree with the commenters who made the point that franchisor suits to enforce system standards could be viewed as a positive attribute, showing that the franchisor is willing to maintain uniformity for the benefit of the entire system. A franchisor’s willingness to protect its system is a material fact about the franchise relationship that should be disclosed to prospective franchisees. Nevertheless, the Commission declines to broaden further the franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure of part 436, as some have suggested, to include litigation involving another franchise system owned by the franchisor, as well as litigation involving affiliates and third-party suppliers.[385]
                        
                         The core concern underlying the franchisor-initiated litigation requirement is the status of the relationship between the franchisor and its franchisees in the offered system.[386]
                        
                         Accordingly, the Commission has weighed the modest potential benefit of a broader litigation disclosure against the compliance costs and burdens, and decided not to require disclosures about litigation initiated by the franchisor’s affiliates, third-party suppliers, or other systems. At the same time, the Commission also has considered various alternatives that franchisors assert would reduce franchisors’ compliance burdens. The alternative that garnered the most support was to tie the disclosure to a threshold level of suits.[387]
                        
                         For example, John Baer suggested a 5% threshold, under which a franchisor would not 
                        ( print page 15482)
                        have to disclose litigation it initiated unless it has filed suit against at least 5% of the franchisees in its system.[388]
                        
                         Others suggested a higher percentage, such as 10%,[389]
                        
                         15%,[390]
                        
                         or 20%,[391]
                        
                         while the IL AG suggested a lower percentage, such as 2%.[392] The Commission is reluctant to tie the franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure of part 436 to a threshold. We believe it is impossible, given the limited record on this issue, to fashion a “one size fits all” approach for every franchise system in all industries. Moreover, any threshold would focus on the quantity of suits, suggesting that the sole purpose of the provision is to reveal litigiousness. When it comes to the state of the relationship, however, even a small number of suits initiated by a franchisor could be material to a prospective franchisee because they may reveal the nature of problems in the franchise system or show the franchisor’s willingness to enforce system standards.[393]
                        
                         With full disclosure, prospects can review the number and types of franchisors’ suits for themselves and draw their own conclusions about whether those suits are significant. Turning more generally to Item 3 of the final amended Rule, it includes several refinements to the proposed rule that were offered during the proceeding, and that were recommended in the Staff Report. These refinements preserve the utility of the disclosure, while reducing compliance costs.[394]
                        
                         First, in order to minimize compliance burdens, the franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure requirement is limited to suits filed in the previous one-year period.[395]
                        
                         We believe this “snap-shot” in time is sufficient to reveal the franchisor’s practice of initiating litigation, as well as to reveal the types of franchise relationship problems that typically arise in the franchise system.[396] Second, Item 3 permits franchisors to report franchisor-initiated litigation annually, not quarterly. That is, a franchisor would disclose all material litigation to which it was a party in the last fiscal year. This is intended to make it clear that quarterly updating requirements do not demand disclosure of franchisor-initiated actions filed in the 12 months prior to the date of the updated document. This approach improves on the proposed Rule’s “pending litigation” approach.[397]
                        
                         It also would have the additional benefit of reducing more frequent quarterly updating, which may be burdensome and perhaps impracticable in franchise registration states with more frequent updating requirements.[398] Third, Item 3 incorporates a “materiality” standard.[399]
                        
                         This is consistent with both the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines.[400]
                        
                         Indeed, immaterial information, by definition, is unlikely to influence a prospective franchisee’s investment decision, while imposing unwarranted costs and unnecessarily lengthening disclosure documents. As noted above in the discussion of section 436.1(d), materiality is determined from the viewpoint of the reasonable prospective franchisee. Accordingly, any franchisor-initiated litigation that goes to the quality of the franchise relationship being offered for sale is likely to be material. Indeed, the Commission intends the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation to be interpreted broadly to cover most suits. Nonetheless, we believe a requirement that franchisors disclose literally all franchisor-initiated suits goes too far. There may be instances where a franchisor-initiated suit might have no bearing on the specific franchise relationship being offered for sale. For example, franchisors may offer for sale “non-traditional” outlets operating a unique franchise agreement—such as the operation of an outlet on a military base. Franchisor-initiated litigation involving unique franchise agreements may be immaterial to the sale of “traditional” outlets operating under the franchisor’s standard franchise agreement. A blanket provision requiring disclosure of suits involving unique agreements might be overbroad and might unnecessarily increase the size of the Item 3 disclosure to the disadvantage of both prospective franchisees who must read it, as well as the franchisors who must prepare the disclosure. A “materiality” standard, therefore, will ensure that only suits shedding light on the type of relationship being offered for sale must be disclosed. 
                        ( print page 15483) Fourth, as recommended in the Staff Report, Item 3 permits a franchisor to provide basic, summary information on its initiated litigation, without the need for long discussions on each and every case.[401]
                        
                         In addition, franchisors may list individual suits under one common heading, which will serve as the summary (for example, royalty collection suits). The franchisor would then merely list each applicable suit (case name, court, file number), without the need to provide any additional explanation. Fifth, and finally, the final amended Rule clarifies the relationship between the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation and the disclosure of counterclaims. Staff Report comments by Wiggin & Dana noted that the rule proposed in the Franchise NPR did not explicitly address the filing of a franchisee counterclaim after a franchisor initiates a suit.[402]
                        
                         The firm questioned whether a franchisor-initiated case followed by a counterclaim would be treated as a franchisor-initiated case only—receiving the more narrow disclosure treatment—or whether the counterclaim would be considered like all other counterclaims—receiving the more extensive disclosure treatment.[403] The Commission intends the franchisor-initiated litigation provision of the final amended Rule to expand upon the approach taken by the original Rule, not constrict it. Accordingly, franchisors must disclose any counterclaims in the same manner as they would have done under the original Rule, providing complete case summaries. Only in those instances where a franchisor initiates a suit—absent the filing of any subsequent counterclaim filed by the franchisee—does the franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure requirement apply. The final amended Rule makes this point clear as follows. First, section 436.5(c)(3) provides instructions for all litigation that must be disclosed in Item 3. It requires, for each suit, the disclosure of the case title, number or citation, initial filing date, names of the parties, the forum, and the relationship of the opposing party to the franchisor. Following these basic disclosures are more specific disclosures (
                        *e.g.*, summaries of legal and factual claims, relief sought, conclusions of law) that pertain to all suits, except for franchisor-initiated litigation, which is covered in a separate section (section 436.5(c)(4)). Any counterclaim filed by a franchisee in a suit would be covered by the section 436.5(c)(3) disclosure requirements. The next section—section 436.5(c)(4)—sets forth the instructions for “any other franchisor-initiated suit identified” in Item 3.[404]
                        
                         The use of the phrase “any other franchisor-initiated suit” is intended to limit the provision to suits in which no franchisee counterclaim has been filed. This section makes clear that, in lieu of the more comprehensive disclosure instructions of section 436.5(c)(3), a franchisor may disclose franchisor-initiated litigation “by listing individual suits under one common heading.” Accordingly, Item 3 affords the franchisor flexibility, permitting the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation either through the comprehensive disclosures of section 436.5(c)(3) or the more abbreviated disclosures of section 436.5(c)(4). 6. Section 436.5(d) (Item 4): Bankruptcy Section 436.5(d) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s disclosure of prior bankruptcies, including any parent’s bankruptcy.[405]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, it extends the original Rule by requiring franchisors to disclose bankruptcy information about predecessors and affiliates, to disclose foreign proceedings comparable to bankruptcy, and to make bankruptcy disclosures for 10 years, instead of the original Rule’s seven years limitation.[406] Item 4 of the final amended Rule also incorporates several refinements based upon the record developed in this proceeding. The Rule as proposed in the Franchise NPR, at Item 4, would have required the disclosure of an affiliate’s prior bankruptcy only if the affiliate currently offers franchises under the franchisor’s trademark.[407]
                        
                         One commenter suggested that the bankruptcy disclosure should apply to all affiliates, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines.[408]
                        
                         We agree. It is clear that the UFOC Guidelines require franchisors to disclose the bankruptcy of any affiliate of the franchisor, not just those affiliates who offer franchises under the franchisor’s principal mark.[409]
                        
                         In order to reduce inconsistencies between part 436 and the UFOC Guidelines, we have revised the disclosure of an affiliate’s bankruptcy accordingly.[410] In its response to the Staff Report, J&G also contended that the introductory paragraph of both the proposed Rule in the Franchise NPR and the Staff Report are unclear.[411]
                        
                         As recommended in the Staff Report, for example, this paragraph would require a franchisor to disclose “whether the franchisor, any parent, predecessor, affiliate, officer, general partner . . . filed for bankruptcy.”[412]
                        
                         J&G contended that it is unclear whether this language requires a franchisor to disclose the bankruptcy history of officers or affiliates of a predecessor, as well as officers of a parent or affiliate. To eliminate confusion on this point, the final amended Rule reads as follows: 
                        ( print page 15484)
                        “Disclose whether the franchisor; any parent; predecessor; affiliate; officer, or general partner of the franchisor, or any other individual who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document . . .” The Commission has rejected, however, other suggestions to modify Item 4. Several commenters questioned the need to require predecessor and parent bankruptcy disclosures. They asserted that the additional disclosure burden is not outweighed by any benefit to prospective franchisees.[413]
                        
                         Consistent with our discussions in connection with Items 1-3, we believe that information about predecessors and parents is material and should be disclosed. Where a parent is in bankruptcy, for example, its assets include any franchisor-subsidiary. Under such circumstances, a prospective franchisee should be made aware that the franchisor in which it is considering investing might be sold, possibly to a competitor or to a company lacking prior franchise experience. Further, David Gurnick suggested that the time period for reporting a bankruptcy should be reduced from 10 to five years.[414]
                        
                         J&G also observed that a 10-year obligation would compel the disclosure of a bankruptcy that was actually filed significantly earlier: [415] Although the 10-year reporting period may, in rare instances, result in the disclosure of a bankruptcy filed more than 10 years earlier, the Commission has determined that the 10-year reporting period is reasonable in order to give prospective franchisees a complete picture of the franchisor’s bankruptcy history. We are not inclined to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point. Finally, NaturaLawn urged the Commission to exclude from Item 4 the disclosure of personal bankruptcies. The company noted that personal bankruptcies can be filed for a variety of reasons, such as divorces, medical issues, or insurance claims.[416]
                        
                         The Commission believes that the disclosure of personal bankruptcy information is necessary to prevent deception or fraud. In many instances, prospective franchisees entrust considerable initial fees and ongoing funds to franchise managers for training and advertising, among other forms of post-sales assistance. Accordingly, prospective franchisees may rely to their detriment on claims made by such managers. The disclosure of a franchisor manager’s bankruptcy, therefore, would shed light on that manager’s ability to safeguard and use those funds properly. Under the circumstances, we see no compelling reason to omit a personal bankruptcy, especially since such an approach would also deviate from the UFOC Guidelines. 7. Section 436.5(e) (Item 5): Initial fees Section 436.5(e) of the final amended Rule requires the disclosure of initial fees.[417]
                        
                         This disclosure is substantively similar to the comparable disclosure provision found in the original Rule at 16 CFR 436.1(a)(7). The final amended Rule, like the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, follows the UFOC Guidelines in explicitly permitting franchisors to provide a range of fees, whereas the original Rule implicitly contemplated a fixed fee. Item 5 of the final amended Rule is substantially similar to Item 5 in the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, but it incorporates several technical revisions that the commenters suggested. One commenter recommended that the title of Item 5 should refer to “Initial Fees” instead of the proposed title, “Initial Franchise Fee,” recognizing that a prospective franchise may pay more than just one fee in order to acquire a franchise.[418]
                        
                         Consistent with that revision, references to “fee” in Item 5 have been revised as follows: (1) “these fees are refundable,” in place of “this fee is refundable;” and (2) “Initial fees mean,” in place of “initial fee means.”[419] Second, another commenter correctly noted that the Franchise NPR version of Item 5 did not expressly define “initial fees” to include commitments to make payments to the franchisor. Rather, Item 5 as proposed in the Franchise NPR would have defined an initial fee only in terms of cash actually paid at the time of the sale.[420]
                        
                         The commenter’s point is well-taken. The “initial fees” disclosure requirements of Item 5 relate to the required payment element in the definition of the term “franchise.”[421]
                        
                         Under that definition, a “required payment” is not limited to cash, but expressly includes commitments to make payments to the franchisor at a later date. Otherwise, a franchisor could seriously undercut the Item 5 cost disclosure by requiring prospects to sign notes or other obligations in lieu of immediate payment. Accordingly, Item 5 of the final amended Rule expressly includes not just fees that are actually paid, but commitments to pay as well.[422] Commenters also offered various proposals for modifying Item 5 that we believe are unwarranted. While Item 5 requires disclosure of “the range or formula used to calculate the initial fees paid in the fiscal year before the issuance date,” Howard Bundy urged that it require the disclosure of any contractual formulas for determining the current initial fee. Mr. Bundy opined that it is “important to have disclosure of any contractual formulas that will 
                        ( print page 15485)
                        result in this prospect paying a different initial fee than the historic information would suggest.”[423] The Commission’s view, however, is that as long as the prospect is aware of the amount to be paid before the sale, the method the franchisor used to derive that amount is not necessarily material. The Commission notes that Item 5 ensures that a prospective franchisee knows whether fees are uniform and, where they are not, enables the prospect to bargain for a lower rate. Item 5 supplies the prospect with some historical information that can aid in gauging the parameters of the franchisor’s willingness to negotiate fees. We believe that this is more useful by far than including in the disclosure document current contractual formulas. Thus, there is no reason to diverge from the UFOC Guidelines on this issue. Three other commenters voiced concern about Item 5 as it relates to the negotiation of fees. The NFC asserted that Item 5 implies that a franchisee can seek to negotiate initial fees only if the franchisor already disclosed in its Item 5 a range of previously accepted fees. Such a result, in its view, restricts prospective franchisees’ ability to initiate fee negotiations.[424]
                        
                         The Commission’s intention is to promote the parties’ ability to negotiate terms and conditions, including fees and other costs. Full and accurate prior disclosure furthers that goal. Accordingly, nothing in Item 5 or any other provision of part 436 of the final amended Rule prevents the parties from negotiating fees. David Gurnick suggested that the Rule permit a franchisor to disclose whether or not it will negotiate fees, and if it does so, permit disclosure of the conditions that may affect the negotiation.[425]
                        
                         Similarly, BI urged that franchisors be permitted to disclose that they may lower the initial fees.[426] As noted above, however, Item 5 ensures that prospects know when fees may vary. This is sufficient to prompt them, if they wish, to negotiate for a fee level that suits them. A more extensive or detailed disclosure on this issue would only introduce needless nonconformity with the UFOC Guidelines without producing any appreciably increased benefit to prospective franchisees. BI also urged that when the initial fee is negotiated rather than established by applying a formula or fixed calculation, the range of such negotiated initial fees in the prior fiscal year need not be disclosed.[427]
                        
                         The Commission’s view, however, is that providing a range of fees, regardless of how or why these ranges came about, is useful to prospective franchisees in the negotiation process. Such disclosure compels neither party to reach agreement on unacceptable terms: franchisors and prospective franchisees remain free to negotiate in and outside of any disclosed range. Accordingly, we see no reason to deviate from the UFOC Item 5 approach in this regard.[428] 8. Section 436.5(f) (Item 6): Other fees Section 436.5(f) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose recurring or occasional fees associated with operating a franchise (
                        *e.g.*, royalties, advertising fees, and transfer fees). This requirement recognizes that a prospective franchisee’s investment is not limited to the initial franchise fee alone. Rather, a franchisee may incur considerable costs in the operation of the business, which will significantly impact upon his or her ability to continue in business and ultimately be successful. This provision covers payments made directly to the franchisor or an affiliate, or collected by the franchisor or affiliate for the benefit of a third party. This disclosure is substantially similar to the comparable original Rule disclosure found at 16 CFR 436.1(a)(8).[429]
                        
                         Following the UFOC Guidelines, the Rule, as proposed in the Franchise NPR, expanded the scope of this original Rule provision by requiring a disclosure about the existence of advertising and purchasing cooperatives from which franchisees may be required to purchase goods or services. The proposed Rule also required disclosure about the voting power of any franchisor-owned outlets in the cooperative and, if company store voting power is controlling, the range of required fees charged by the cooperative. This is material information about restrictions on prospective franchisees’ independence in operating the offered franchise, as well as the total costs of doing so. The Commission has determined to adopt proposed Item 6 from the Franchise NPR, with some fine tuning. Accordingly, Item 6 of the final amended Rule incorporates a suggestion from both Warren Lewis and NASAA that the proposed title of Item 6 taken from the UFOC Guidelines (“Recurring or Occasional Fees”) be replaced with “Other Fees,” the term actually used throughout the disclosure.[430]
                        
                         The Commission believes this change improves the clarity of the Rule’s text and Item 6. In addition, to conform more closely to the UFOC Guidelines, Item 6 of the final amended Rule requires that franchisors state explicitly what fees are non-refundable (rather than just stating the conditions when a fee is refundable).[431]
                        
                         Again, to conform more closely with the UFOC Guidelines, Item 6 requires franchisors to disclose whether continuing fees currently being charged are uniformly imposed on all franchisees.[432] The Staff Report recommended expansion of Item 6 to require franchisors to disclose required payments made to third parties.[433]
                        
                         The Commission has decided not to adopt that recommendation. Early in the Rule amendment proceeding, NASAA urged this expansion of Item 6.[434]
                        
                         Another commenter supported this suggestion, noting that in the “vast majority of the franchise cases we see, the franchisee’s ongoing legal obligations to third parties far exceed the franchisee’s ongoing legal obligations to the franchisor. However, the franchisee cannot obtain the franchise without incurring the third-party obligations.”[435] Eight Staff Report comments, however, opposed the proposed expansion of Item 6 to require the 
                        ( print page 15486)
                        disclosure of payments made to third parties. Gust Rosenfeld’s comment is typical, noting that a franchisor may require franchisees to lease premises, obtain necessary licenses, and operate in compliance with applicable laws. “All of the payments to do these things are technically ‘required,’ but they are generally applicable to all businesses, and the franchisor does not control when they are made, to whom they are made, or what the amount is.”[436]
                        
                         Similarly, Piper Rudnick and IFA asserted that a required listing of all possible third-party suppliers of goods or services would expose a franchisor to liability if it forgot to include one or more.[437] The Commission agrees that the disclosure of third-party fees in Item 6 would be overbroad, resulting in the mandatory disclosure of information that might not be readily obtainable by the franchisor and unnecessarily increasing franchisor’s compliance burden without any commensurate benefit to prospective franchisees. Moreover, estimates of initial payments to third parties are already covered by Items 7 and 8, as discussed below. Specifically, Item 7 requires franchisors to disclose estimates of pre-sale expenses paid during the initial period—typically the first three months—and also requires franchisors to “[l]ist separately and by name any other specific required payments (for example, additional training, travel, or advertising expenses) that the franchisee must make to begin operations.[438]
                        
                         Franchisors must also include an “additional funds” category to capture “any other required expenses the franchisee will incur before operations begin and during the initial phase of operations.”[439]
                        
                         Item 8 already requires franchisors to disclose franchisee obligations to make purchases from required or approved suppliers. These include obligations to purchase items such as supplies, equipment, inventory, computer hardware and software, and real estate. The Commission is persuaded that the Item 7 and Item 8 part 436 disclosures are more than sufficient to advise prospective franchisees of the likely purchase obligations incurred in operating a franchise. 9. Section 436.5(g) (Item 7): Estimated initial investment Section 436.5(g) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to set out in an easy-to-read table all the expenses necessary to commence business (
                        *e.g.*, rent, equipment, and inventory)—not just the initial fees covered by Item 5 and other fees covered by Item 6. It also requires franchisors to disclose any refund conditions. Comparable cost disclosures are found in the original Rule at 16 CFR 436.1(a)(7).[440]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines,[441]
                        
                         Item 7 also extends the original Rule by requiring a franchisor to disclose not only payments that the franchisee must make to the franchisor or its affiliates, but also estimated payments the franchisee must make to third parties in some instances. For example, franchisors must estimate payments for utility deposits and business licenses. It also requires franchisors to include an “additional funds” category[442]
                        
                         that captures other expenses franchisees will incur during the “initial period” of operations.[443] Item 7 generated little comment. In response to the Staff Report, Howard Bundy asserted that Item 7 is insufficient, failing to reveal a franchisee’s total initial investment because it does not include various payments to third parties beyond the first 90 days. Specifically, it misses real estate costs and equipment financing and leasing. Mr. Bundy urged the Commission to adopt the following: [444] The Commission declines to adopt this proposal. By its terms, Item 7 of the UFOC Guidelines is designed to furnish prospective franchisees with material information about the likely expenses faced in the start-up phase of the franchise. Armed with such information, a prospective franchisee will know whether or not he or she has the financial ability to get the franchised outlet operational. Item 7 is not intended to capture all expenses made over the life of the franchise, which may vary depending upon such factors as the franchisee’s choice of suppliers and the terms he or she negotiates with them. For example, Item 7 recognizes that a franchisor may not know the exact amount of real property expenses. Rather than requiring an exact figure, Item 7 permits franchisors to give an estimate or a low-high range. If neither can be determined, Item 7 permits franchisors to simply describe property requirements, such as property size and type, and location. Moreover, prospective franchisees may be able to get more detailed estimates of long-term expenses by speaking directly with existing franchisees in their location, or with trademark-specific franchisee associations. For these reasons, the Commission is not inclined to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines Item 7 on this issue. Item 7 of the final amended Rule is substantially similar to its counterpart in the Franchise NPR, but has been modified in a number of ways to adhere more closely to the UFOC Guidelines. For example, the Franchise NPR proposed that the Item 7 table be titled: “YOUR ESTIMATED INITIAL INVESTMENT FOR THE FIRST [REASONABLE INITIAL PHASE] MONTHS.”[445]
                        
                         As one commenter noted, however, the language proposed in the Franchise NPR is unnecessarily inconsistent with title of Item 7 table of the UFOC Guidelines, which is titled “YOUR ESTIMATED INITIAL INVESTMENT.”[446]
                        
                         Moreover, the “initial phase” referenced in UFOC Guidelines Item 7 pertains only to the 
                        ( print page 15487)
                        “additional funds” category, not to the entire table.[447] In addition, Item 7 as proposed in the Franchise NPR would have required franchisors to disclose “additional funds” required before operations begin and during the initial phase of the franchise.”[448]
                        
                         The Commission noted in the Franchise NPR that this language was intended to require a working capital disclosure that could assist prospective franchisees in understanding their break-even point. Several commenters opposed the Franchise NPR’s intention to capture working capital and a break-even point; they pointed out that such an approach goes beyond what the UFOC Guidelines require and asserted that this could be misleading without more detailed earnings information, such as in an earnings claim statement.[449]
                        
                         Indeed, one commenter argued persuasively that the Franchise NPR’s proposal could create a “back-door” mandatory earnings claim, a position contrary to the Commission’s view that earnings claims should be voluntary.[450]
                        
                         The Commission finds these arguments persuasive. Accordingly, the final amended Rule tracks the language of UFOC Guidelines Item 7 more closely, eliminating any implication that the Commission intends for franchisors to disclose either a working capital or breakeven point. 10. Section 436.5(h) (Item 8): Restrictions on sources of products and services The original Rule required franchisors to disclose obligatory purchases, restrictions on sources of products and services, and the amount of any revenue the franchisor may receive from required suppliers.[451]
                        
                         The final amended Rule requires more detailed and extensive disclosures on these topics, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines. Specifically, section 436.5(h) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose whether it makes the criteria for approving suppliers available to franchisees.[452]
                        
                         In addition, franchisors must state whether, by contract or practice, the franchisor provides material benefits to franchisees who use designated or approved suppliers (
                        *e.g.*, permitting renewals or additional outlets). Finally, it requires franchisors to disclose the existence of purchasing or distribution cooperatives, and whether the franchisor negotiates purchase agreements with suppliers on behalf of franchisees. These highly material disclosures inform prospective franchisees about critical restrictions on how they will have to operate the franchise, which comprise a vitally important aspect of the franchise relationship. During the course of the Rule amendment proceeding, franchisee advocates raised various concerns about Item 8. For example, several franchisees voiced concern about source restrictions that prevent them from obtaining supplies at lower market rates.[453]
                        
                         Commenters generally did not allege that franchisors fail to disclose source restrictions, but complained about the “abusive nature” of such restrictions.[454]
                        
                         Nevertheless, franchisee advocates questioned the sufficiency of the Item 8 disclosures. Specifically, Andrew Selden urged the Commission to expand the disclosure of supplier restrictions to require franchisors to disclose more information about their practices and intentions with respect to the provision of competitive alternative sources of supply.[455]
                        
                         Mr. Selden, however, offered no specific language for the Commission’s consideration. Robert Zarco urged the Commission to require franchisors to warn prospective franchisees that: [456] The Commission agrees that full disclosure of source restrictions and purchasing obligations is warranted. To that end, the final amended Rule adopts the broader UFOC Guidelines’ Item 8 disclosures. Item 8 strikes the right balance between pre-sale disclosure and compliance costs and burdens. It is sufficient to warn prospective franchisees about source restrictions, purchase obligations, and approval of alternative suppliers, without requiring franchisors to disclose their past practices regarding approving alternative suppliers (which may be irrelevant to their current practices) or their future intentions (which may be proprietary information or misleading if the franchisor abandons the intended direction). Moreover, prospective franchisees can always ask existing franchisees or trademark-specific franchisee associations about a franchisor’s history of approving alternative suppliers, if this issue is important in their decision-making process. With respect to the disclosure of revenues received from suppliers, Howard Bundy suggested that franchisors should disclose the dollar amount of any revenues received during some stated period, such as during the 
                        ( print page 15488)
                        last year.[457]
                        
                         The disclosure of revenues from suppliers serves an “anti-conflict of interest” purpose, putting prospective franchisees on notice that the franchisor, by benefitting materially from a relationship with a supplier, may be motivated to require franchisees obtain goods or services from that supplier. Accordingly, the highly material fact is that the franchisor receives revenues from suppliers it requires franchisees to use, not the exact dollar amount received. By requiring franchisors to disclose the percentage of revenue derived from suppliers, Item 8 achieves that purpose, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines. Finally, in response to the Staff Report, a few commenters offered various technical refinements to Item 8.[458]
                        
                         First, Piper Rudnick noted that Item 8 of the Staff Report would require disclosures about purchases from “suppliers . . . under the franchisor’s specifications[, including] obligations to purchase imposed by written agreement or by the franchisor’s practice.” The firm interpreted the phrase “imposed by written agreement” as modifying the word “supplier.” If so, it maintained that a franchisor would have no reason to know if a supplier has a written agreement.[459]
                        
                         We believe this is a strained reading of the provision: “written agreement” is intended to refer to “franchisor,” not to a “supplier.” Nevertheless, in order to avoid any confusion, we have modified Item 8 in the final amended Rule now to read as follows: “Include obligations to purchase imposed by the franchisor’s written agreement or by the franchisor’s practice.”[460] Second, NASAA addressed the placement of footnote 5. Item 8, as proposed in the Staff Report, would require franchisors to disclose “whether the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive revenue or other material consideration from required purchases or leases by franchisees,” and “if so describe the precise basis by which the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive that consideration by stating . . .” Footnote 5 added: “Take figures from the franchisor’s recent annual audited financial statement . . . If audited statements are not yet required, or if the entity deriving the income is an affiliate, disclose the sources of information used in computing revenues.” NASAA observed that the footnote incorrectly seems to modify “precise basis,” when it should modify “franchisor’s total revenue.” It suggested moving the footnote to the end of section 436.5(h)(6)(i) so that it will modify “the franchisor’s total revenue.”[461]
                        
                         The final amended Rule adopts that suggestion. 11. Section 436.5(i) (Item 9): Franchisee’s Obligations Section 436.5(i) of the final amended Rule adopts UFOC Item 9, as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[462]
                        
                         This disclosure gives prospective franchisees an easy-to-understand guide to 25 enumerated contractual obligations that are common in franchise relationships, with cross references to the specific sections of the franchise agreement and disclosure document that discuss each obligation in greater detail. There is no counterpart in the original Rule. Item 9 generated only a few comments during the Rule amendment proceeding. One franchisor representative maintained that the disclosure is unnecessary. He urged that a franchisor be permitted to opt out of Item 9 if the franchisor provides prospective franchisees with a detailed table of contents or index to its franchise agreement.[463]
                        
                         Similarly, another franchisor representative suggested that the Item 9 disclosures should apply only to franchise agreements, but not to any accompanying “licenses, leases, subleases, guarantees, security agreement, load documents, software agreements, etc.”[464]
                        
                         According to this commenter, references to these ancillary agreements are burdensome and of little value to prospective franchisees. On the other hand, a franchisee representative asserted that Item 9 does not go far enough: “As currently structured, this disclosure is not worth the time and effort largely because it provides no benefit to the prospect.”[465]
                        
                         He suggested that franchisors use a remarks column to describe briefly the nature of each obligation. The Commission believes that Item 9 serves a useful purpose. As stated throughout this document, franchisee complaints submitted during the Rule amendment proceeding supported better pre-sale disclosure about the nature of the franchise relationship.[466]
                        
                         Item 9 addresses that concern by providing a detailed table of contents to the franchise agreement, with the additional benefit of cross references to the relevant sections of the disclosure document. It facilitates review of a franchise offering by enabling a prospective franchisee to find and review the contractual provisions detailing their legal obligations, better ensuring that prospective franchisees are not mislead about the nature of the franchise relationship. Moreover, many franchisors already use the UFOC Guidelines and prepare an Item 9 table. Further, Item 9 should impose few costs or compliance burdens because franchisors need only reference existing materials, most likely the franchise agreement and disclosure document. To the extent that legal obligations are spelled out in any ancillary agreements, franchisors must direct prospects to those provisions as well.[467] 12. Section 436.5(j) (Item 10): Financing Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines Item 10, section 436.5(j) of the final amended Rule requires a franchisor to disclose all the material terms and conditions of any financing agreements, which encompass: the rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis; the number of payments; penalties upon default; and any consideration received by the franchisor for referring a prospective franchisee to a lender. This disclosure is comparable to the original Rule provision found at 16 CFR 436.1(a)(12).[468]
                        
                         The final 
                        ( print page 15489)
                        amended Rule’s Item 10 closely tracks the version of this provision as proposed in the Franchise NPR, revised to improve the clarity and overall consistency of the Rule.[469] Section 436.5(j), like UFOC Guidelines Item 10, extends the original Rule disclosures by requiring franchisors to disclose any interest on the financing in terms of the rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis, consistent with such disclosures required in consumer credit transactions.[470]
                        
                         It also requires more disclosure than the original Rule about what the financing covers, waiver of defenses, and the franchisor’s practice or intent to sell or assign the obligation to a third party.[471] Three commenters voiced concerns about Item 10. First, H&H suggested that leases referred to in Item 10 should be called “‘finance leases,’ a well-established term in commercial law.”[472]
                        
                         The Commission declines to adopt this suggestion. While “finance leases” may be a term of art used in commercial law, we do not believe that the UFOC Guidelines Item 10—upon which section 436.5(j) is based—is ambiguous or otherwise unclear. Deviating from the UFOC Guidelines on this point, therefore, is unwarranted. Second, David Gurnick suggested that the Rule expressly permit negotiation of financial terms, and require disclosure indicating “that there are other sources of financing, such as banks, which the franchisee should consider.”[473]
                        
                         The Commission, of course, intends that franchisees be free to negotiate financing terms. The Commission does not believe that the text of the final amended Rule at Item 10 can be read to imply that negotiation of financial terms is not permitted, or that Item 10 contemplates any restriction of a franchisee’s choice of lender. Therefore, we believe it unnecessary to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point.[474] Finally, in response to the Staff Report, IL AG raised a technical issue about the sample Item 10 Financing Table, noting that “Equip. Lease” and “Equip. Purchase” have separate lines, while “Land/Constr.” has a single line. The form of the Item 10 Financing Table in the final amended Rule, however, is taken directly from the UFOC Guidelines, and the record does not reflect that this format has caused difficulty for franchisors or confusion on the part of prospective franchisees. We therefore decline to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point. 13. Section 436.5(k) (Item 11): Franchisor’s assistance, advertising, computer systems, and training Section 436.5(k) retains the original Rule’s disclosure of franchisor’s assistance obligations, including pre-opening assistance (
                        *e.g.*, site selection), as well as ongoing assistance (
                        *e.g.*
                        , training).[475]
                        
                         Item 11 of the final amended Rule expands the original Rule, however, based upon the UFOC Guidelines’ more detailed assistance disclosure requirements, including disclosures relating to advertising assistance and computer system requirements.[476] Section 436.5(k) requires franchisors to begin their Item 11 disclosure with the statement, in bold type, that “[e]xcept as listed below, [the franchisor] is not required to provide you with any assistance.” This alert counters any express misrepresentations to the contrary and corrects any misconception on the prospective franchisee’s part that a minimum degree of assistance is inherent in any franchise offer.[477]
                        
                         Item 11 also requires franchisors to explain in detail the franchisor’s site selection criteria and the franchisor’s training program. As noted above, this provision also requires franchisors to disclose the extent of any advertising assistance and the operation of local, regional, and national advertising councils or co-ops. These disclosures address a common franchisee complaint, namely, that franchisees do not get the quality or quantity of advertising they pay for.[478] 
 
 Section 436.5(k) also addresses major technological changes in franchising since the original Rule was promulgated in 1978. Based upon UFOC Item 11, this provision requires material disclosure about the required use of computers and electronic cash registers.[479]
                        
                         For example, it requires franchisors to disclose whether they will have independent access to information and data stored on electronic cash register systems or software programs that the franchisee is required to use or buy.[480] Item 11, as proposed in the Franchise NPR, would have adopted the UFOC Guidelines requirement that franchisors identify each piece of hardware and software by brand, type, and principal function, or to identify compatible equivalents and whether they have been approved by the franchisor.[481]
                        
                         The computer system disclosure was the only Item 11 issue that generated significant comment during the Rule amendment proceeding. Several comments asserted that the UFOC Guidelines Item 11 computer system disclosures are burdensome, not helpful to prospective franchisees, and are unnecessary because the costs associated with purchasing computers and related equipment are already disclosed in Items 5, 7, and 8.[482]
                        
                         Marriott, for example, explained that its Item 11 computer usage disclosure “results in four to five pages of disclosure in each of Marriott’s offering circulars yet provides little or no benefit to franchisees.”[483]
                        
                         In addition, one franchisor representative noted that many start-up franchisors are “not certain which computer system or software they expect to have the franchisees use. Provision should be made for these new franchisors.”[484] The Commission believes that Item 11’s computer systems disclosures, which track the UFOC Guidelines’ disclosures, serve a useful purpose. There is no question that the costs a franchisee must incur to purchase or lease computer and related equipment or software, as well as any continuing maintenance or upgrade obligations and their associated costs, comprise information that is material to the prospective franchisee’s purchasing decision. Information about whether the franchisor will have access to information stored on the franchisee’s computers or electronic cash registers also is material, because such access very likely would be a key component of the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. As noted throughout this document, the Commission is convinced that additional disclosures are warranted where they will likely prevent deception about the nature of the franchise relationship a prospective franchisee is deciding to enter. Nonetheless, the computer usage disclosures as set forth in the UFOC Guidelines appear to go beyond what is material in some instances and likely would impose unwarranted compliance burdens. Specifically, we are disinclined to require a franchisor to identify each and every piece of hardware and software by brand, type, and principal function, or to identify compatible equivalents and whether they have been approved by the franchisor. We agree with the Franchise NPR commenters who observed that some franchisors (start-up franchisors in particular) may not have decided upon specific systems at the time of sale or, even if they did, that the technology very likely will change over the course of the franchise agreement. Thus, the compliance burden to prepare component-specific disclosures would not likely outweigh any tangible benefits to prospective franchisees.[485]
                        
                         We are persuaded that it is sufficient for franchisors to describe generally the computer systems to be used, if any; any required purchase and maintenance costs and obligations; and whether the franchisor will have access to information contained in those systems. This information not only will enable prospects to weigh the costs and benefits of purchasing a specific franchise, but will better enable prospects to learn if they will be at a technological disadvantage compared to other franchise systems in the industry. On the other hand, one franchisee advocate, Howard Bundy, firmly defended the materiality and usefulness of detailed itemized disclosures about required computer systems. Specifically, Mr. Bundy voiced concern about franchisors that require franchisees to use proprietary technology that the franchisor has developed or plans to develop. Mr. Bundy asserted that this may negatively impact upon franchisees’ ability to fix flaws in software, for example. He contended that prospective franchisees should have the right to know whether they can use “off-the-shelf” products, and whether software can interface with common systems such as Microsoft Office or Outlook. Similarly, they should know whether accounting software complies with IRS standards or if they will get periodic updates.[486] Mr. Bundy’s concern about the potential limitations of franchisor-developed software has merit. However, we believe the final amended Rule already addresses this issue. As noted above, section 436.5(k) requires franchisors to “describe the systems (which includes hardware and software components) generally in non-technical language, including the types of data to be generated or stored in these systems.” Thus, the “general description” requirement is broad enough to cover proprietary systems that can be obtained only from the franchisor. Moreover, section 436.5(k) will require the franchisor to disclose any obligation to provide ongoing maintenance, repair, upgrades, or updates. Taken together, these provisions are sufficient to capture instances where franchisors require the use of their own software. Finally, we note that in response to the Staff Report, Gust Rosenfeld raised a technical point about the Item 11 disclosure of the franchisor’s operating manual. The firm noted that, under the UFOC Guidelines, franchisors must include the Table of Contents of the operating manual in the disclosure 
                        ( print page 15491)
                        document, unless “the prospective franchisee views the manual before purchase of the franchise.”[487]
                        
                         The firm asserted that the Staff Report erred in recommending that the alternative to providing the Table of Contents be revised to permit a franchisor to “offer a prospective franchisee the opportunity to review the manual before buying the franchise.” The Commission believes the Staff Report is correct. As a practical matter, we question how it could be proven that a prospective franchisee actually reviewed a manual. Even if a franchisor had a prospective franchisee initial each page of a manual, there is no assurance that the prospect actually “reviewed” the manual. For that reason, at most we can require a franchisor to afford a prospective franchisee 
                        *the opportunity*
                         to review the manual. At the same time, we stress that the “opportunity to review” a manual must be a reasonable one. A franchisor would not satisfy its disclosure obligation if, for example, it offered to show the manual to a prospect only if the prospect agreed to fly across country to the franchisor’s corporate headquarters. In that regard, the opportunity to review a manual means that the franchisor must show the manual to the prospect (for example in person or online) and permit the prospect sufficient time to review it. 14. Section 436.5(l) (Item 12): Territory Section 436.5(l) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s disclosures concerning exclusive territories and sales restrictions.[488]
                        
                         Like the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR, the final amended Rule is closely modeled on the UFOC Guidelines. It therefore expands the original Rule’s disclosure requirements regarding territories in several respects. These new disclosure requirements cover: (1) the conditions, if any, under which a franchisor will approve the relocation of the franchisee’s business and the franchisee’s establishment of additional outlets; (2) any present plans on the part of the franchisor to operate a competing franchise system offering similar goods or services; and (3) in instances when a franchisor does not offer an exclusive territory, a prescribed warning about the consequences of purchasing a non-exclusive territory. In response to some comments, the Commission also has decided to make additional modifications to the text of Item 12 in order to update both the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines to address new technologies and market developments, such as the Internet and alternative channels for distributing a franchisor’s goods.[489] The Item 12 territory disclosures generated several comments. First, franchisees and their advocates urged the Commission to address “encroachment,” the practice by which a franchisor essentially competes with its franchisees by establishing franchisor-owned or new franchised-outlets in the same market territory, by purchasing and operating a competing franchise system, or by selling the same goods or services through alternative channels of distribution. Second, other commenters questioned the scope of Item 12, urging the Commission to require franchisors to disclose more information about their past expansion practices, as well as future expansion plans. Third, some commenters questioned the terminology used to describe territories, urging the Commission to avoid implying that a protected territory is inherent in the concept of franchising. Finally, several commenters offered different views on the form of warning that might be appropriate where a franchisor sells franchises without an exclusive territory. Each of these issues is discussed below. a. Encroachment Throughout the Rule amendment proceeding, franchisees and their advocates urged the Commission to address “encroachment.”[490]
                        
                         The commenters contended that encroachment may have a devastating effect upon an individual franchisee who does not have a contractually protected exclusive territory,[491]
                        
                         and some urged the Commission to ban encroachment as “an abusive and unfair” trade practice under Section 5 of the FTC Act.[492] The Commission’s view is that the granting of a protected territory is fundamentally a private contractual matter for the parties to determine for themselves.[493]
                        
                         While the record establishes franchisees’ concerns about encroachment, it falls far short of supporting a conclusion that not granting a protected territory in a franchise agreement constitutes an unfair practice within the meaning of the FTC Act. Nor does the record support a conclusion that a franchisor’s expansion where there are existing franchisees is an unfair practice. Section 5(n) of the FTC Act provides that an “unfair” practice is one that “causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition.” While the record suggests that some franchisees in several franchise systems may have been harmed by franchisor encroachment, the record leaves open the question whether encroachment is prevalent and whether the injury resulting from encroachment is substantial, when viewed from the standpoint of the franchising industry as 
                        ( print page 15492)
                        a whole,[494]
                        
                         not just from a few franchise systems.[495]
                        
                         Second, assuming a regulatory regime of full and truthful pre-sale disclosure on the issue of territories, prospective franchisees can avoid potential harm from encroachment by shopping for a franchise opportunity that offers an exclusive territory. Finally, the record does not support a finding that harm to franchisees resulting from encroachment necessarily outweighs potential benefits (expansion of markets and increased consumer choice) to consumers or to competition. For these reasons, the Commission has determined that the criteria for an industry-wide prohibition on encroachment has not been met. Thus, the Commission declines to mandate specific contractual terms regarding territories. b. Scope of the Item 12 disclosures A few commenters urged the Commission to require franchisors to disclose more information about their past practices with regard to expansion into franchisees’ areas or their future plans to do so.[496]
                        
                         For example, Andrew Selden, a franchisee representative, suggested that “Item 12 should be elaborated to require full disclosure of past practice, current intention or future possibility of franchisor-sponsored competitive activities that have the prospect of impacting the franchisee’s business.”[497] Franchisors addressing current development plans uniformly opposed any disclosure. H&H’s comment is typical. Most franchisors consider current development plans to be proprietary information “that would place them at a competitive disadvantage if they were to be made publicly available.”[498]
                        
                         The firm also stressed that franchisors need flexibility to adapt development plans to market realities. “Disclosure of development plans could lead to possible claims by franchisees who anticipated greater or lesser franchise development in a particular area.”[499] Based on review of the record as a whole, the Commission has determined that requiring disclosure of past and planned future expansion is unwarranted. With respect to past expansion, prospective franchisees arguably can discover such information on their own by directly observing the number and location of outlets in their community and by speaking with current and former franchisees. Moreover, past practices are not necessarily a predictor of future intent. It is also unreasonable to require franchisors to disclose hypothetical possibilities about their future expansion. Indeed, by not granting an exclusive territory, the franchisor has effectively reserved to itself the unrestricted right to expand into new or existing locations or to sell its products or services via alternative channels of distribution. The UFOC Guidelines require a franchisor to disclose only if the franchisor “may establish” other outlets in the area; it does not require the franchisor to disclose its specific plans for the franchisee’s territory. Franchisors need to elaborate on their expansion plans only if they have “present plans to operate or franchise a business under a 
                        *different trademark*
                         and that business sells goods or services similar to those to be offered by the franchisee.”[500]
                        
                         Moreover, the Commission is inclined to the view that a franchisor’s development plan is proprietary information that a franchisor should not be required to make public.[501]
                        
                         It could also subject franchisors to future liability for fraud or misrepresentation should the franchisor alter, abandon, or delay its stated expansion plans. Further, requiring a franchisor to disclose plans to develop a territory may be costly and burdensome because the franchisor conceivably would have to prepare multiple Item 12 disclosures to focus on each franchise location. The disclosures already contained in Item 12 are sufficient to warn prospects about likely competition because any prospective franchisee who buys a franchise without any protected territory is essentially taking the risk that the franchisor will further develop the market area. For these reasons, we have determined not to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point. c. Terminology The final amended Rule fine-tunes the terminology and organization of Item 12. As proposed in the Franchise NPR, Item 12 would have required that franchisors disclose information “concerning the franchisee’s market area with or without an exclusive territory.” It also referred to the franchisee’s “defined area.”[502]
                        
                         Several commenters raised concerns about the use of these terms. First, BI opposed the use of the term “exclusive territory” in the Franchise NPR, urging the Commission to use the term “protected territory” instead. It asserted that the term “protected territory” is more descriptive of a franchisee’s typical contractual rights regarding its territory, if any.[503]
                        
                         Similarly, the firm opposed the use of the term franchisee’s “market area.” It maintained that the term “market area” is undefined and imprecise. BI advocated use of the term “location.”[504] The NFC agreed, asserting that the term “market area” is a “charged word.”[505]
                        
                         According to the NFC, under franchisee agreements, franchisees have, at most, a right only to a specified location or narrowly defined geographic area. Use of the term “market area” may advance the false notion that the grant of a franchise inherently “confers upon a franchisee exclusive rights within the franchisee’s economic ‘market area,’ despite the terms of the subject franchise agreement.”[506]
                        
                         Similarly, the NFC opposed the use of the term “defined area.” In its view, the appropriate term should be “limited protected territory,” noting that an area is almost never granted unconditionally by a franchisor. The NFC advised that by using the phrase “limited protected territory” in lieu of “defined area,” the Commission could “actually reduce the misconception which otherwise may be engendered in the minds of prospective franchisees over what territorial protections, if any, they can expect to receive.”[507] 
 
 The Commission agrees that terms such as “market area” and “defined area” are potentially misleading. Such terms inaccurately imply an inherent right to a territory, where, in fact, the right to a territory, protected or otherwise, is purely a matter of contract. Accordingly, we believe the term “exclusive territory”—as used in the UFOC Guidelines[508]
                        
                        —is more precise. While the term “exclusive territory” is, perhaps, not as “descriptive” as the terms “protected area,” or “limited protected territory,” its use is clarified for prospective franchisees through the disclosures set forth in paragraphs (5) and (6) of section 436.5(l). Accordingly, in the absence of a stronger showing that alternatives to “exclusive territory” are more accurate, the Commission has determined to revise Item 12 to adhere more closely to the UFOC Guidelines on this point, as recommended in the Staff Report.[509]
                        
                         Thus, the final amended Rule substitutes the words “location” or “exclusive territory” for “market area,” “area,” and “defined” area, as appropriate. d. Warning Item 12 of the final amended Rule fine-tunes and expands slightly the standard warning proposed in the Franchise NPR that is required in those instances when franchisors do not offer exclusive territories: “You will not receive an exclusive territory. You may face competition from other franchisees, from outlets that we own, or from other channels of distribution or competitive brands that we control.”[510] Given the potential financial risks associated with a non-exclusive territory, the Commission believes that franchisors who do not offer an exclusive territory should warn prospective franchisees about such possible risks.[511]
                        
                         The Commission generally disfavors the use of warnings that merely repeat what is already expressly stated in the franchise agreement, but believes that a specific warning regarding exclusive territories is warranted in light of the volume and persuasiveness of franchisee complaints regarding territory issues.[512]
                        
                         As noted previously, the Commission is convinced that additional disclosures are warranted where they will likely prevent deception about the nature of the franchise relationship. 15. Section 436.5(m) (Item 13): Trademarks The original Rule required a franchisor to list the trademark identifying the goods or service to be sold by the prospective franchisee.[513]
                        
                         Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, section 436.5(m) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose whether the trademark is registered with the United States Patent & Trademark Office; the existence of any pending litigation, settlements, agreements, or superior rights that may limit the franchisee’s use of the trademark; and any contractual obligations to protect the franchisee’s right to use the mark against claims of infringement or unfair competition. These expanded disclosures are consistent with the Commission’s long-standing policy of requiring franchisors to disclose the material costs and benefits of the franchise sale. One of the principal reasons that one may wish to purchase a franchise—as opposed to starting one’s own business—is the right to use the franchisor’s mark, which presumably creates an instant market for the franchisees’ goods or services.[514]
                        
                         For that reason, trademark usage is one of three definitional elements of the term franchise. Any pending litigation, settlement restrictions, or other potential limitations on the use of the trademark are material because they will necessarily affect the value of the trademark to a prospective franchisee and ultimately may impact the franchisee’s ability to continue operating the business. Item 13 generated little comment. Howard Bundy suggested that franchisors should disclose not only pending trademark litigation, but all such litigation in the last 10 years.[515]
                        
                         The Commission declines to adopt this suggestion. The fact that the franchisor may have been involved in a trademark dispute a decade ago is not inherently material.[516]
                        
                         What influences a decision to purchase a franchise is whether there are any 
                        *current*
                         restrictions or disputes over the trademark license. Obviously, any existing trademark restrictions or challenges not only may decrease the value of the mark and the goodwill associated with it, but may increase franchisees’ costs if they must switch to a different mark. Accordingly, we decline to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines by requiring more extensive disclosures on this point. The Commission has determined to adopt staff’s recommendation to adhere more closely to the UFOC Guidelines on Item 13 than did the proposed Rule on two points. First, the Franchise NPR proposed that franchisors disclose how any infringement, opposition, or cancellation proceeding “affects the franchised business.”[517]
                        
                         This is unnecessarily inconsistent with the wording of the UFOC Guidelines, which state: “affects the ownership, use, or licensing” of the trademark.[518] Second, the Franchise NPR included a footnote addressing the use of summary opinions of counsel: “Franchisors may include a summary opinion of counsel concerning any action if a consent to use the summary opinion is included as part of the disclosure document.”[519]
                        
                         The footnote, however, did not address the discretionary use of a full opinion letter, nor the need to attach the full opinion letter if a summary is used. On this point, the UFOC Guidelines state: 
 
 [520] The Commission adopts the UFOC Guidelines language in both instances. In addition, the final amended Rule improves on the clarity and precision of the proposed Rule’s standard disclosure required when the franchisor’s trademark is not registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The proposed disclosure reads as follows: “If the trademark is not registered on the Principal Register of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, state: ‘By not having a Principal Register federal registration for [name or description of symbol], [name of franchisor] does not have certain presumptive legal rights granted by a registration.’”[521] The final amended Rule’s disclosure is: [522] 16. Section 436.5(n) (Item 14): Patents, copyrights, and proprietary information Section 436.5(n) of the final amended Rule adopts the UFOC Guidelines’ requirement for disclosure of information about the franchisor’s intellectual property. There is no comparable provision in the original Rule. Item 14 elicited no comment during the amendment proceeding. Item 14 requires franchisors to describe in general terms the types of intellectual property involved in the franchise and any legal proceedings, settlements, and restrictions that may impact the franchisee’s ability to use such property.[523]
                        
                         If counsel permits, Item 14 allows a franchisor to include a counsel’s opinion or a summary of the opinion about legal actions, if the full opinion is attached.[524] The final amended Rule differs from the Franchise NPR proposal, however, in several non-substantive respects to add precision and improve organization of the provision. Specifically, Item 14 of the final amended Rule separates those disclosures pertaining to patents from those pertaining to patent applications. At the same time, it also groups closely related disclosures—those for patents, patent applications, and copyrights—under a single common direction. For example, section 436.5(n)(1) of the Franchise NPR stated: “For each patent or copyright: (i) 
                        *Describe*
                         the patent or copyright and its relationship to the franchisee; (ii) 
                        *State*
                         the duration of the patent of copyright.” Section 436.5(n)(1) of the final amended Rule simplifies this language by eliminating the use of multiple directions. Instead, it says: “(1) Disclose whether the franchisor owns rights in, or licenses to, patents or copyrights that are material to the franchise. Also, disclose whether the franchisor has any pending patent applications that are material to the franchise. If so, 
                        *state*. . .” followed by the specific disclosure requirement for patents, patent applications, and copyrights. Similarly, section 436.5(n)(1), as proposed in the Franchise NPR, referred to the “issue date.” The final amended Rule instead uses the correct language: “issuance date.” In the same vein, Item 14 of the final amended Rule corrects imprecise language that would have required the disclose of material determinations pending in “the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.” In fact, patent and copyright determinations can be made in courts other than the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, as noted in other sections of Item 14 (“Describe any current material determination of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Copyright office, or a court regarding the patent or copyright.”). The language now reads more broadly “pending in the United States Patent and Trademark Office or any court.” Finally, Item 14, as proposed in the Franchise NPR, would have required franchisors to disclose the “length of time of any infringement.” However, it is possible that a franchisor may not know how long a third party has been infringing its rights. Accordingly, Item 14 of the final amended Rule adds the qualifying phrase “to the extent known.” 17. Section 436.5(o) (Item 15): Obligation to participate in the actual operation of the franchise business Section 436.5(o) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule requirement that franchisors disclose whether franchisees are required to participate personally in the direct operation of the franchise.[525]
                        
                         Like the corresponding provision in the Franchise NPR’s proposed rule, this section of the final amended Rule closely tracks the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 15. It therefore expands the original Rule on this point by requiring franchisors to disclose: (1) participation obligations arising not only from the parties’ franchise agreement, but from other agreements or as a matter of practice; (2) whether direct participation is recommended; and (3) any limitations on whom the franchisee can hire as a supervisor and any restrictions that the franchisee must place on his or her manager. If the franchisee operates as a business entity, the franchisor must also disclose the amount of equity interest, if any, that the supervisor must have in the franchise. Item 15 generated little comment. In response to the Staff Report, NASAA and Washington Securities noted an inconsistency between the proposed final amended Rule and the UFOC Guidelines on the disclosure of whom a franchisee may hire as an on-premises supervisor and that person’s training. Whereas the UFOC Guidelines provide that these disclosures pertain to all franchisees, the Franchise NPR suggested that these disclosures should be limited to franchisees who are individuals, but not to business entities.[526]
                        
                         We agree with the commenters that the Franchise NPR’s proposed limitation was based upon an erroneous reading of the UFOC 
                        ( print page 15495)
                        Guidelines, and the final amended Rule makes the appropriate correction. NASAA also urged the Commission to consider expanding Item 15 to include the disclosure of “operating hours and the method used by franchisors to notify franchisees of changes in required operating hours.”[527]
                        
                         The Commission, however, declines to adopt this suggestion. While this information might be useful for prospective franchisees, it does not rise to the level of materiality such that non-disclosure of it may put prospective franchisees in jeopardy of being deceived. Moreover, no other commenter raised this point, and in the absence of a record dictating that we deviate from the UFOC Guidelines, the Commission is reluctant to do so. Finally, NASAA and Washington Securities recommended that the Commission require franchisors to disclose in Item 15 all agreements regarding the franchise that apply to the owners of the franchise.[528]
                        
                         While this suggestion is rooted in the NASAA Commentary on the UFOC Guidelines, nothing in Item 15 of the UFOC Guidelines says that franchisors must present copies of the actual agreements to prospective franchisees. The Commission believes such a requirement would be duplicative and burdensome. Franchisors already must include in Item 22 copies of “all agreements proposed for use or in use . . . regarding the offering of a franchise, including the franchise agreement, leases, options, and purchase agreements.” Presumably, contracts with franchise owners would already be disclosed in Item 22. Thus, this suggested modification is unnecessary. 18. Section 436.5(p) (Item 16): Sales restrictions Section 436.5(p) of part 436 retains the original Rule’s disclosures on sales restrictions. Like other disclosure requirements addressing how a franchisee may conduct business, this provision requires franchisors to disclose any restrictions limiting the goods or services that the franchisee may offer for sale or the customers to whom a franchisee may sell goods or services.[529]
                        
                         Consistent with UFOC Guidelines, Item 16 also extends the original Rule disclosures by requiring a franchisor to disclose whether the franchisor has the right to change the types of goods or services authorized for sale, as well as any limits on the franchisor’s right to make such changes. These disclosures better enable a prospective franchisee to understand the extent to which the franchisor has the contractual right to control sales, which may directly affect the prospect’s ability to conduct business, its independence from the franchisor, and ultimately, its profitability. No comments were submitted on the Item 16 sales restrictions disclosures, and the adopted version is almost identical to the version proposed in the Franchise NPR.[530] 19. Section 436.5(q) (Item 17): Renewal, termination, transfer, and dispute resolution Section 436.5(q) adopts UFOC Item 17, which requires franchisors to summarize in tabular form 23 enumerated terms and conditions of a typical franchise relationship, such as the duration of the franchise agreement, rights and obligations upon expiration of the franchise agreement, post-term covenants not to compete, and assignment and transfer rights. The final amended Rule provision is almost identical to the proposed rule in the Franchise NPR, with only a slight modification, described below, with respect to the treatment of the term “renewal.” The approach taken in the final amended Rule greatly streamlines the original Rule, which required franchisors to detail the rights and obligations already spelled out in the franchise agreement.[531]
                        
                         Item 17, therefore, reduces compliance burdens, while providing prospective franchisees with a detailed road map to the franchise contract, where they can read the various provisions in greater detail. At the same time, Item 17 expands on the original Rule by requiring disclosures pertaining to dispute resolution, including any arbitration or mediation requirements, as well as forum-selection and choice of law provision disclosures. For each enumerated contract term, the franchisor must cross reference the applicable franchise agreement provisions and briefly summarize the governing terms.[532] Most of the comments submitted on Item 17 concerned the use of the term “renewal.” Franchisee advocates asserted that the term “renewal” is misleading.[533]
                        
                         In their view, the term implies that a franchisee, upon expiration of the franchise term, can continue operating the franchise under substantially similar terms and conditions. They observed, that in practice, franchisees who wish to continue operating their franchises at the end of the franchise term must often sign new contracts that impose materially different terms and conditions, such as higher royalty payments or the elimination of an exclusive territory. They asserted that renewing franchisees, in many instances, have no choice but to sign even the most abusive, one-sided renewal contracts because they have a substantial economic investment in their franchises and simply cannot walk away without incurring significant economic loss.[534]
                        
                         Worse, when a 
                        ( print page 15496)
                        franchisee does walk away, he or she is often bound by a covenant not to compete, which restricts his or her ability to operate a similar business for a number of years. Several franchisor representatives supported the view that the term “renewal” may be inappropriate. The NFC, for example, stated that the term “renewal” is somewhat ambiguous: it could mean either “a simple extension of the existing agreement under the same terms or—as is far more common—the grant of a ‘successor franchisor’ under the terms being offered at the time that the existing agreement expires.”[535]
                        
                         However, the NFC did not believe that the term “renewal” is misleading, and it was uncertain whether the ambiguity compels a revision of the Rule. J&G asserted that the term is potentially misleading,[536]
                        
                         and Tricon urged the Commission to avoid its use entirely.[537] On the other hand, several commenters maintained that the term “renewal” is clear and requires no modification. For example, John Baer stated that “renewal” is a term of art in franchising and should not be changed. He also observed that the various state relationship laws use that term and “to revise it for disclosure purposes is likely to cause more confusion than clarity.”[538]
                        
                         Seth Stadfeld, a franchisee advocate, agreed, explaining that the term “renewal” refers to the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee, not to the underlying contract. He also shared Mr. Baer’s concern that the term is used in state relationship statutes and should not readily be changed.[539] Several commenters suggested that the Commission adopt various disclosures or warnings for prospective franchisees that would explain the concept of renewal in greater detail. The IL AG, for example, suggested that franchisors make the following statement: “You should learn what changes in your agreement might occur and what rights you have when your contract expires. Renewal may change important contract terms.”[540] While the record reveals that there may be confusion over the use of the term “renewal,” it does not show that use of the term is inherently deceptive. The Commission concludes that the term “renewal” is a franchising term of art, meaning that upon the expiration of a contract, the franchisees may have the right to enter into a new contract, where materially different terms and conditions may apply. Moreover, as several commenters noted, the term “renewal” is used in various state relationship laws, in addition to the UFOC Guidelines. In light of that background, the Commission is disinclined to mandate use of a different term or prohibit use of “renewal.” At any rate, a prospective franchisee may be just as prone to misinterpret the substitute language (
                        *e.g.*, “re-license”) as the term “renewal.” It short, any term may be misleading if prospective franchisees fail to understand the underlying concept that a franchisor may require a change in contract terms and conditions upon expiration of the original agreement as a condition of renewal. Therefore, the Commission has determined not to introduce nonconformity between federal and state approaches on the use of this term. Nonetheless, the record is persuasive that many prospective franchisees may not appreciate the legal import of the term “renewal.” Indeed, franchisees often are surprised to discover that “renewal” means the continuation of their franchise relationship under potentially vastly different terms. To prevent potential deception with respect to use of the term “renewal,” Item 17 of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to explain their renewal policy in the summary field for provision Item 17(c) (requirements for franchisee to renew or extend).[541]
                        
                         We do not suggest any particular form of explanation, however, because that will depend upon the individual policies of each franchisor.[542]
                        
                         If applicable, the franchisor must also state that franchisees “may be asked to sign a contract with materially different terms and conditions than their original contract.”[543]
                        
                         While we are reluctant to add consumer education notices to the disclosure document, especially where the UFOC Guidelines require no parallel notice, we believe it is warranted in this instance, given the continued concern raised by franchisee advocates and others about renewals.[544] 20. Section 436.5(r) (Item 18): Public figures Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, Item 18 requires franchisors to disclose the involvement of a public figure in the franchise system, including his or her management responsibilities, total investment made in the franchise system, and compensation, if any. This section is substantively similar to the comparable disclosure provision of the original Rule found at 16 CFR 436.1(a)(19).[545]
                        
                         The final amended Rule adopts Item 18 as proposed, with only minor language changes for the sake of clarity and improved organization.[546] Item 18 generated few comments during the Rule amendment proceeding. 
                        ( print page 15497)
                        Two commenters questioned the utility of the disclosure. H&H noted that this Item is seldom, if ever, applicable and urged the Commission to delete it.[547] The Commission has determined that the information required under Item 18 remains material in those instances, relatively uncommon though they may be, when a public figure creates his or her own franchise system or when a franchisor uses a public figure pitchman. A public figure’s ownership or management of a franchise system could create the impression of greater oversight or influence in the operation of the system, making the franchise offering appear to be a less risky investment. Similarly, a public figure pitchman’s endorsement of a franchise system may create the impression that the franchise system is sound or a low risk. How much weight a prospect may give a public figure endorser’s pitch may vary with the level of compensation received from the franchisor. If, for example, a pitchman is paid a nominal sum, then a prospective franchisee may be inclined to give the pitch more weight because the pitchman has little to gain financially and thus little motive to fabricate his or her pitch. Accordingly, the public figure disclosures concerning level of involvement and compensation are material and their potential benefits to prospective franchisees would outweigh their costs. To that limited degree, these disclosures still serve a useful purpose. In those more typical instances when no public figure is involved, Item 18 entails no additional compliance burden. On balance, therefore, the Commission is disinclined to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point. 21. Section 436.5(s) (Item 19): Financial performance representations Section 436.5(s) of part 436, a key anti-fraud provision, addresses the making of financial performance representations.[548]
                        
                         Consistent with the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines, the final amended Rule permits, but does not require, franchisors to make such representations under limited circumstances. When a franchisor elects to make a financial performance claim, the franchisor must, among other things, have a reasonable basis for the representation[549]
                        
                         and disclose the basis and assumptions underlying the representation.[550]
                        
                         Franchisors also must include an admonition that a prospective franchisee’s actual earnings may differ.[551] Bringing the original Rule’s provisions on financial performance representations into closer alignment with the UFOC Guidelines entailed several deletions or departures from the original Rule. Specifically, the final amended Rule differs from the original Rule in that: It eliminates the requirement that franchisors who decide to make financial performance claims provide prospective franchisees with a separate financial performance claim document.[552]
                        
                         Instead, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, it requires any performance claim to appear in Item 19 of the disclosure document itself; It eliminates the requirement that all financial performance claims be geographically relevant to the franchise offered for sale;[553] It eliminates the requirement that any historical financial performance claims must be based upon generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”);[554] It permits franchisors, under specific circumstances, to disclose, apart from the disclosure document, the actual operating results of a specific unit being offered for sale;[555]
                        
                         and It permits franchisors to furnish supplemental performance information directed at a particular location or circumstance.[556] For the reasons explained below, the final amended Rule provision, however, diverges from Item 19 of the UFOC Guidelines by permitting greater disclosure of financial information about subsets of franchisor-owned or franchised outlets, provided the franchisor discloses specified information about the subset at issue. With certain additional refinements described in the following paragraphs of this section, including the preamble requirements, Item 19 of the final amended Rule closely tracks Item 19 as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[557] Nearly all comments on the Item 19 disclosure requirements focused on four issues: (1) whether financial performance disclosures should be mandatory or voluntary; (2) whether the Rule should permit disclosure of financial performance information about geographical or other subsets of franchisor-owned or franchised outlets; (3) whether the Rule should retain the requirement that historical financial performance data be prepared according to GAAP; and (4) whether the Rule should require prescribed preambles. Each of these issues is discussed in the sections immediately below.[558] a. Voluntary disclosure of financial performance information The Franchise NPR proposed that the making of financial performance representations remain voluntary, as was the case under the original Rule[559]
                        
                         and UFOC Guidelines.[560]
                        
                         Many 
                        ( print page 15498)
                        franchisees and their representatives, however, urged the Commission to mandate the disclosure of financial performance information.[561]
                        
                         In support of this recommendation, these commenters advanced a number of arguments: (1) that financial performance information is the most material information prospective franchisees need to make an informed investment decision;[562]
                        
                         (2) that franchisors already have performance information and it is a deceptive omission for them to fail to disclose this information; (3) that franchisors are in the best position to collect and disseminate performance information; (4) that a mandated financial performance disclosure would reduce the level of false and unsubstantiated oral and written financial performance claims; and (5) that more disclosure regarding performance would benefit the marketplace and competition.[563] In contrast, franchisors and their advocates uniformly opposed mandatory financial performance disclosures, based on the following arguments: (1) it is impossible for the Commission to create a single performance disclosure format that will be relevant for all industries; (2) not all franchisors have the contractual right to collect extensive financial information with which to prepare a reasonable performance disclosure; (3) financial performance data collected from existing franchisees is not necessarily complete and accurate; (4) a mandatory performance disclosure would be misinterpreted as a guarantee of future performance, thus increasing litigation; and (5) mandating financial performance disclosures would have a negative impact upon the franchisor-franchisee relationship, subjecting franchisees to more extensive accounting oversight and audits.[564] Based upon its assessment of the record as a whole, the Commission concludes that financial performance representations should remain voluntary. In reaching this conclusion, we recognize that false or misleading financial performance claims are the most common allegation in Commission franchise law enforcement actions.[565]
                        
                         However, there is no assurance that mandating performance claims will in fact reduce the level of false claims. Given that many different industries are affected by part 436, what makes a financial performance disclosure reasonable, complete, and accurate is quite varied. Thus, the Commission will not mandate a particular set of financial performance disclosures. However, if a franchisor chooses to make such disclosures, they, of course, must be reasonable, non-misleading, and accurate. Mandating financial performance disclosures would also impose substantial new accounting, data collection, and review costs on all franchise systems. At the same time, it potentially could expose existing franchisees, upon whose data the franchisor would rely, to more extensive audits. In addition, existing franchisees might be subject to potential liability for indemnification should a franchisor, relying on the franchisees’ performance data, be found to have violated the Rule by failing to furnish accurate financial performance data. Further, the record reveals that approximately 20% or more of franchisors choose to make financial performance disclosures.[566]
                        
                         Accordingly, prospective franchisees can find franchise systems that voluntarily disclose such information. If prospective franchisees were to seek out such franchise systems, or demand the disclosure of such information from franchisors, ordinary market forces might compel an increasing number of franchisors to disclose earnings information voluntarily, without a federal government mandate. More important, a disclosure document is not the only potential source of financial performance information. Prospective franchisees can obtain financial performance information from a variety of third-party sources. For example, typical expenses, such as labor and rent, may be available from industry trade associations and industry trade press. Prospective franchisees may be able to discuss earnings and other financial performance issues directly with current and former franchisees, as well as with trademark-specific franchisee associations. For these reasons, we conclude that financial performance representations should remain voluntary, consistent with the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines. b. Geographic relevance and subgroups As noted above, Item 19 of the final amended Rule eliminates the original Rule’s geographic relevance requirement for financial performance representations.[567]
                        
                         This brings the Rule’s financial performance disclosure requirements into closer alignment with Item 19 of the UFOC Guidelines,[568]
                        
                         as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[569] At the same time, the final amended Rule deviates from the Franchise NPR by omitting the UFOC Guidelines’ requirement that franchisors disclose the number and percentage of 
                        *all*( print page 15499)
                        existing outlets known to have attained a represented performance level.[570]
                        
                         Rather, for the reasons explained below, Item 19 of the amended Rule is consistent with the original Rule in requiring franchisors to disclose the number and percentage of existing outlets known to have attained the represented performance level in the area that formed the basis for the representation.[571] The UFOC Guidelines require a franchisor to compare the number of franchisees who have performed at a claimed level against all franchisees in its system, not just against franchisees it has measured or against franchisees in a subgroup. For example, a franchisor may have statistics showing that nine out of 10 franchised stores in a particular location (such as Seattle) average $100,000 net profit a year. Yet, the UFOC Guidelines prevent the franchisor from disclosing truthful information about the universe the franchisor had measured—the 10 franchised outlets in Seattle. Rather, the franchisor would be forced instead to state 9 out of the entire number of all franchises nationwide (
                        *e.g.*, 9 out of 1,000) have earned the $100,000 claimed. This approach can mislead a prospective franchisee because it suggests that the franchisor has in fact measured the financial performance of all franchisees, when that may not be true. It also may deflate franchisees’ actual performance records. More important, a franchisor may decline to disclose performance information if, in order to do so, it must first incur the expense of conducting a system-wide franchisee performance analysis. To correct this problem, Item 19 of the revised Rule permits franchisors to disclose truthful financial performance information about a subgroup of existing franchisees under limited conditions.[572]
                        
                         Specifically, the financial information furnished to prospective franchisees must have a reasonable basis and the franchisor must disclose: (1) the nature of the universe of outlets measured; (2) the total number of outlets in the universe measured; (3) the number of outlets from the universe that were actually measured; and (4) any characteristics of the measured outlets that may differ materially from the outlet offered to the prospective franchisee (
                        *e.g.*
                        , location, years in operation, franchisor-owned or franchisee-owned, and likely competition).[573] Few commenters addressed the revision of Item 19. Among those that commented on Item 19, a few specifically supported the elimination of the separate geographic relevance prerequisite.[574]
                        
                         On the other hand, IL AG voiced concern that eliminating the geographic relevance requirement would not prevent franchisors from “cherry picking” their best performing franchise locations and then allowing prospects to assume that their performance results will be similar.[575] At the same time, other commenters supported allowing financial performance claims based on franchisee subgroups with the specified substantiation requirements. John Baer, for example, maintained that the disclosures for subgroups “provide franchisors with sufficient guidance about what characteristics of the outlets must be disclosed and how they may differ materially from outlets offered to a prospective franchisee.”[576]
                        
                         Similarly, Marriott observed that allowing disclosure of subgroup performance is laudable “especially when franchisors are frequently adopting new business strategies which may result in different [financial performance representations], depending upon whether the old or new system format is followed by the franchisees.”[577] Based upon the record, the Commission has concluded that eliminating the geographic relevance requirement, coupled with permitting broader disclosure of financial performance of subgroups, will remove obstacles that discourage franchisors from making financial performance data available to prospective franchisees. At the same time, Item 19 prevents franchisors from “cherry picking” their best locations as a basis for financial performance representations. Specifically, Item 19’s substantiation requirements ensure that franchisors disclose how they derived the performance results of subgroups, so that prospective franchisees can assess for themselves the sample size, the number of franchisees responding, and the weight of the results. In addition, these provisions require franchisors to disclose the material differences between the subgroup-units tested and the units being offered for sale, so that prospects can avoid drawing unreasonable inferences from the representations. c. GAAP As noted, Item 19 of the final amended Rule eliminates the original Rule requirement that historical financial performance data must be prepared according to GAAP.[578]
                        
                         The Franchise NPR proposed retention of this requirement.[579]
                        
                         Without exception, the commenters who addressed this issue opposed the GAAP requirement. For example, NASAA advised that GAAP goes beyond what the UFOC Guidelines require and the accounting rules would discourage the making of financial performance representations: 
 
 [580] Based upon an assessment of the record, the Commission has determined that the GAAP requirement is unnecessary and may impede franchisors’ ability to disclose performance information, to the detriment of both franchisors and prospective franchisees. GAAP is not the only approach to ensure the accuracy of historic performance data. Franchisors making historical performance representations should have the flexibility to formulate such representations, provided that such representations are truthful and reasonable. Indeed, franchisors always have the burden to establish that any financial performance representations are reasonable. Moreover, it is apparent that some franchisors using the UFOC format have disseminated non-GAAP compliant historic performance representations, without any pattern of deception identified by the states. Finally, eliminating the GAAP requirement is likely to reduce compliance burdens, while bringing greater uniformity to federal and state disclosure law. d. Preambles As noted above, Item 19 of the final amended Rule differs from the original Rule and the UFOC Guidelines by requiring franchisors to include prescribed preambles in their Item 19 disclosures. The preamble requirements are incorporated in Item 19 as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[581]
                        
                         The preamble requirements address two concerns. First, there is evidence in the record that some franchisors falsely state that the Commission or the Franchise Rule prohibits franchisors from making financial information available.[582]
                        
                         Second, our law enforcement experience tells us that prospective franchisees may rely on unsubstantiated financial performance representations.[583] To prevent deception arising from these two practices, Item 19 requires franchisors to include in their Item 19 disclosures a prescribed preamble stating that the Rule permits the making of financial performance representations, if the representations are set forth in the franchisor’s disclosure document.[584]
                        
                         This statement counters any suggestion that the Franchise Rule prohibits franchisors from disclosing financial performance information. Armed with such material information, prospective franchisees could question why a franchisor does not provide financial performance data, if they wish, or shop for a system that discloses financial performance information. In addition, this preamble will discourage prospects from relying on unauthorized financial performance claims made outside of the disclosure document. For those franchisors who elect not to disclose financial performance information, Item 19 requires a second preamble, warning prospective franchisees not to rely on unauthorized performance representations and to report the making of such unauthorized representations to the franchisor, the Commission, and appropriate state agencies.[585] Several commenters supported the inclusion of preambles in Item 19 in order to clarify the state of the law regarding the making of financial performance representations. In particular, the first preamble would correct the common misstatement that the Rule actually prohibits the making of such representations. According to the AFA, for example, a clarification of the law is crucial: “[T]he great untruth that franchise salespeople have been allowed to perpetrate over the years is the following statement in one form or another—the federal government prohibits us from giving you information regarding the financial performance of [name of our] franchises.”[586] Other commenters asserted that the preambles, coupled with market forces, will encourage the disclosure of financial data. For example, 7-Eleven stated: “We believe this approach—affirmatively informing would-be investors about the requirements under the Rule and the manner in which such information should be disclosed—when combined with the competitive force of the marketplace, ensures that earnings information can be identified and properly appraised by franchise investors.”[587] 
 
 At the same time, the Commission has rejected various suggestions to require more strongly worded preambles. For example, Eric Karp would amplify the second preamble to warn prospects that, although the franchisor collects financial information, it does not disclose any, and he suggested including the phrase, “Consider why we are unwilling to do so.”[588]
                        
                         In effect, these commenters would turn the absence of a financial performance claim into a risk factor. The Commission rejects this approach. It does not necessarily follow that the absence of a financial performance disclosure necessarily signals a riskier investment. It could well be that a company bent on defrauding prospective franchisees would manipulate its numbers to create a stronger success image, while a successful but punctilious system might choose not to disclose numbers because it may not believe that it can make a reasonable disclosure that would be applicable to all potential buyers. In addition, any concern that prospective franchisees need to see actual earnings figures in order to judge success is mitigated by Item 20, which compels the disclosure of franchise turnover rates, as well as the names and addresses of current and former franchisees, who can be contacted for information. 22. Section 436.5(t) (Item 20): Outlets and franchisee information Section 436.5(t) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s requirement that franchisors disclose the number of franchised and franchisor-owned outlets; the names, business addresses, and business telephone numbers of current franchised outlets, and statistical information on franchise turn-over rates, in particular the number of franchises voluntarily and involuntarily terminated, not renewed, and reacquired by the franchisor.[589]
                        
                         To align the final amended Rule more closely to the UFOC guidelines, it also extends the original Rule by requiring franchisors to disclose the names, business addresses, and business telephone numbers of at least 100 current franchised outlets (as opposed to the original Rule requirement of at least 10 franchised outlets).[590]
                        
                         It also requires the disclosure of some contact information for former franchisees[591]
                        
                         who have left the franchise system in the last fiscal year. Finally, it also makes the disclosure more user-friendly than it was in the original Rule by requiring the statistical information to be presented in a tabular format. Item 20 of the final amended Rule differs from the UFOC Guidelines model in several respects. First, it corrects a double-counting problem brought to the Commission’s attention during the Rule Review. Second, it requires more limited disclosure of personal contact information of former franchisees.[592]
                        
                         Third, when a franchisor resells a specific outlet it has reacquired, it mandates that the franchisor disclose the outlet’s prior franchisee-owners during the franchisor’s last five fiscal years. Fourth, it addresses franchisors’ use of “confidentiality clauses,” which effectively restrict franchisees from discussing their experiences with prospective franchisees. Finally, it requires the disclosure of trademark-specific franchisee associations.[593]
                        
                         We address each of these issues below. a. Double-counting As proposed in the Franchise NPR, the final amended rule avoids a problem with the UFOC Guidelines’ version of Item 20.[594]
                        
                         Like the UFOC Guidelines, the final amended Rule Item 20 requires disclosure of information about franchisees who have recently left the franchise system, as well as changes in ownership of franchised outlets. During the Rule amendment proceeding, no commenters opposed this requirement in principle, but commenters almost unanimously voiced concern that UFOC Item 20 is seriously flawed and needs to be fixed.[595]
                        
                         Specifically, UFOC Item 20 often results in franchisors “double-counting” changes in franchised outlet ownership, resulting in inflated turnover rates. The Commission believes that the UFOC Guidelines’ “double-counting” problem is attributable to at least two factors. First, UFOC Item 20 requires franchisors to report changes in 
                        ( print page 15502)
                        franchised outlet ownership according to five enumerated categories: (1) transferred; (2) canceled or terminated; (3) not renewed; (4) reacquired by the franchisor; or (5) reasonably known to have “ceased to do business.” The terms describing these categories, however, are undefined. The absence of precise definitions blurs the line between categories, resulting in a double-counting of outlet closures.[596]
                        
                         For example, a single transaction can quite correctly be characterized as either a transfer or a reacquisition. They are often two sides of the same coin: a franchisor’s assumption of control of a franchised outlet that has gone out of business reasonably could be captured either as a transfer by the franchisee, or as a reacquisition by the franchisor. Second, even if the definitions were clear, UFOC Item 20 can be interpreted to require the disclosure of each of a series of events associated with a single outlet ownership change.[597]
                        
                         For example, after terminating a franchise agreement, the franchisor may reacquire the outlet. The franchisor could then either operate the outlet as a franchisor-owned store, or sell it to a new franchisee. In such a case, UFOC Item 20 arguably calls for the franchisor to report a termination followed by a reacquisition as two separate events. Similarly, a franchisee may abandon an outlet, and, in response, the franchisor may send the franchisee a termination letter, reacquire the outlet, and then transfer it to a new franchisee. Although the outlet has changed franchisee-ownership only once, the franchisor conceivably would report this event four times as a ceased to do business, termination, reacquisition, and transfer.[598] The final amended Rule remedies the imprecision that characterized the delineated reporting categories. Item 20 of the final amended Rule sets forth precise definitions to avoid overlapping categories. Specifically, “termination” means “the franchisor’s termination of a franchise agreement prior to the end of its term and without paying consideration to the franchisee (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt).” “Non-renewal” occurs “when the franchise agreement for a franchised outlet is not renewed at the end of its term.” “Reacquisition” means “the franchisor’s acquisition of an outlet for consideration (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt) of a franchised outlet during its term.” “Transfer” means “the acquisition of a controlling interest in a franchised outlet during its term by a person other than the franchisor or an affiliate.”[599] Beyond better defined reporting categories, commenters offered various suggestions to improve Item 20.[600]
                        
                         The approach suggested by NASAA garnered the most support. NASAA asserted that UFOC Item 20 needs to be revised in its entirety and, as noted above, submitted for the Commission’s consideration an alternative that was produced with the assistance of an Industry Advisory Committee.[601]
                        
                         Several other commenters submitted the same proposal or endorsed the NASAA proposal.[602]
                        
                         The Staff Report recommended that the NASAA suggestion be incorporated into the final amended Rule. After careful consideration, the Commission has determined to adopt NASAA’s proposal. It is the best way to solve the Item 20 double-counting problem. It will be easily understood by those in the industry, and it will provide prospective franchisees with the information they need without imposing undue compliance burdens on franchisors. Accordingly, Item 20 of the final amended Rule contains five tables. Table No. 1 indicates the status of a franchisor’s system. It shows the number of franchised and company-owned outlets at the beginning and end of each of the last three fiscal years, and the total net change.[603] Table No. 2 shows transfers, treating them separately from terminations and non-renewals. This is appropriate because, as NASAA observed, transfers do not affect the total number of outlets in a franchise system, and the mere fact that an outlet has been transferred tells nothing about the reason for the transfer: “While some transfers are 
                        ( print page 15503)
                        problematic for franchisees or prompted from disputes, many other transfers simply reflect a desire on the part of the franchisee to cease operating a franchise or to pursue other opportunities.”[604]
                        
                         Nonetheless, the total number of transfers within a system is material because it goes to the stability within the franchise system over time. Table No. 2 indicates the number of franchise transfers in each state over the last three fiscal years. Table No. 3 tracks the turnover rate of franchised outlets.[605]
                        
                         Franchisors must report, by state and for each of the last three fiscal years, the outlets at the start of the year, new outlets opened, terminations, non-renewals, reacquisitions by the franchisor, outlets that ceased to do business,[606]
                        
                         and outlets at the end of the year. Table No. 4 tracks the turnover at company-owned outlets. Franchisors must disclose, for each of the last three fiscal years, the number of their outlets at the start of the year, new outlets, reacquired outlets, closed outlets, outlets sold to franchisees, and outlets at the end of the year. Finally, Table No. 5 retains the current UFOC projected openings table. This table gives prospective franchisees insight into anticipated growth within the system by requiring the disclosure of both projected franchised and company-owned openings in the next fiscal year. It also reveals the number of franchise agreements signed in the previous year where a store has not yet been opened. This information is material because it enables a prospective franchisee to gauge how long it may take before his or her store actually becomes operational. During the Rule amendment proceeding, Eric Karp submitted a variation of the NASAA proposal for the Commission’s consideration that would greatly expand the NASAA proposal. For example, according to the Karp proposal, Table No. 2 would require franchisors to disclose not only the number of transfers in each of the last three fiscal years, but also the number of completed transfers, requests for transfer that were denied, and those transfers in progress at the end of the fiscal year. His Table No. 3 would divide new outlets into two categories: new outlets that are newly developed and new outlets that were purchased from a franchisor. Mr. Karp also proposed a new table that would calculate a specific turnover rate, expressed as a percentage, by comparing the number of outlets at the beginning of a fiscal year with the number of outlets during the year that were terminated by the franchisor, non-renewed, repurchased by the franchisor, transferred to another franchisee, or ceased operations for other reasons. Finally, Mr. Karp would revise the new growth projection chart, requiring franchisors to disclose for each of the last three fiscal years: previously projected franchised new outlets; actual number of franchised new outlets; franchise agreements signed but outlets not in operation; and projected franchised new outlets for next fiscal year.[607] The Commission is not persuaded to expand Item 20 as Mr. Karp suggested. The additional proposed disclosures would greatly increase the size of the already extensive Item 20 disclosure, potentially overwhelming prospective franchisees while increasing franchisor compliance costs. Further, to streamline the Rule and reduce inconsistencies with the UFOC Guidelines, we are disinclined to add new Item 20 charts that merely restate information that can already be gleaned from the existing charts. For example, the amended Item 20 disclosures enables prospective franchisees to calculate turnover rates for themselves from the data contained in Tables 1 and 3 by comparing outlets at the beginning of a fiscal year with the number of outlets closed during the year. b. Identification of former franchisees Section 436.5(t)(5) of the final amended Rule adopts the Franchise NPR proposal that franchisors disclose contact information for franchisees who have exited the franchise system in the most recently completed fiscal year, consistent with the UFOC Guidelines.[608]
                        
                         This disclosure, like the parallel disclosure of contact information for current franchisees, prevents fraud by giving prospective franchisees additional sources of material information about the franchisor, the nature of the franchise system and the franchisor-franchisee relationship. As explained below, the final amended Rule provision differs from the UFOC Guidelines and the Franchise NPR proposal, however, to address privacy concerns regarding the disclosure of personal contact information.[609] The Franchise NPR, incorporating UFOC Guidelines Item 20, would have required franchisors to disclose the name and last known home address and telephone number of every franchisee that exited the system within the last fiscal year.[610]
                        
                         While the Commission believes that such information serves a valuable anti-fraud purpose—enabling prospective franchisees to obtain material information from those with hands-on experience with the franchise system—it can be achieved in a more limited fashion that also protects former franchisees’ privacy—notwithstanding that this type of information may be available in the public domain from such sources as telephone directories. To that end, the final amended Rule provision requires franchisors to disclose only the name, city and state, and current business telephone number, or, if unknown, the last known home telephone number of former franchisees. Further, to give prospective franchisees notice that their contact information may be disclosed even after they leave the franchise system, franchisors must state the following language in immediate conjunction with the list of former franchisees: “If you buy this franchise, your contact information may be disclosed in the future to other buyers when you leave the franchise system.”[611]
                        
                         To allow for greater flexibility, footnote 10 to the final amended Rule provides that franchisors may substitute alternative contact 
                        ( print page 15504)
                        information at the request of the former franchisee, such as a home address, post office address, or a personal or business email address. c. Identification of former franchisee-owners of a specific outlet being resold Section 436.5(t)(6) of the final amended Rule extends the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines Item 20 by addressing turnover at a specific outlet. When a franchisor resells an outlet under its control that was previously owned by a franchisee,[612]
                        
                         Item 20 requires the franchisor to disclose contact information for each previous owner of that outlet, the time period when the previous owner controlled the outlet; the reason for each previous ownership change; and the time period(s) when the franchisor retained control of the outlet. As explained below, this provision is designed to prevent fraud in the resale of a specific franchised outlet, by giving prospective purchasers of that outlet sources of information with hands-on experience operating the outlet.[613] During the Rule amendment proceeding, the IL AG asserted that a number of successive sales of a franchised outlet could indicate “churning,” the practice whereby a franchisor turns a blind eye to franchisee failures—or worse, encourages them—in order to sell the same outlet repeatedly. The IL AG urged the Commission to require franchisors to provide a prospect with a detailed site history when a buyer is being directed to a particular location. “This could be a three year history that would chart prior franchisees, their dates of operation, dates of store management by the franchisor for the site, and the reasons previous franchisees departed from that site.”[614] The Commission agrees, but is convinced that a five-year reporting period is warranted in order to allow sufficient time to identify a trend.[615]
                        
                         As noted throughout this document, the Commission believes that more disclosure is warranted to give prospective franchisees information about the quality of the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. Information about franchise operations at a specific unit advances that goal. Surely, significant turnover at a particular location might indicate a lack of promised support for the location, or worse, as the IL AG explained, a possible franchisor strategy to have the franchisee fail in order to resell the unit. We believe any compliance costs to the franchisor, therefore, are outweighed by the countervailing benefits to prospective franchisees. In response to the Staff Report, two commenters raised questions about the application of this provision. Specifically, they observed that a franchisor might not have a particular unit in mind when it begins negotiations with a prospective franchisee. They speculated as to whether this provision would be triggered if a franchisor were to direct a prospect to a particular unit after the franchisor has furnished the prospect with a disclosure document. In particular, they noted that it would be an open question under state law as to whether a franchisor would have to redisclose including unit-specific disclosures, and whether redisclosure would trigger an additional 14 days before signing the agreement.[616] The commenters urged that a franchisor be permitted to furnish the unit-specific disclosures outside the disclosure document, just as a franchisor may make supplemental financial performance claims outside of the disclosure document without triggering a redisclosure obligation.[617]
                        
                         The Commission believes these comments are well-taken. The purpose of this provision is to provide prospective franchisees with material information about a specific unit being considered for purchase. The need for furnishing this information must be balanced against the legitimate concerns of franchisors about compliance costs. On balance, the Commission is persuaded that a franchisor who recommends a specific unit after having made proper disclosure should have the option of providing the unit-specific information in a supplement to the disclosure document, if it so chooses. Accordingly, Item 20 provides: “This information may be attached as an addendum to a disclosure document, or, if disclosure has already been made, then in a supplement to the previously furnished disclosure document.”[618] d. Confidentiality clauses Section 436.5(t)(7) addresses franchisors’ uses of confidentiality clauses, as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[619]
                        
                         This is a new provision that is not in the original Rule or UFOC Guidelines. If, during the last three fiscal years, franchisees signed a confidentiality clause in a franchise agreement, settlement, or in any other contract with the franchisor, the franchisor must insert in their Item 20 disclosure the following prescribed statement: “In some instances, current and former franchisees sign provisions restricting their ability to speak openly about their experience with [name of franchise system]. You may wish to 
                        ( print page 15505)
                        speak with current and former franchisees, but be aware that not all such franchisees will be able to communicate with you.” In addition, a franchisor may, at its option, also disclose the number and percentage of current and former franchisees who signed confidentiality agreements, as well as the circumstances under which such clauses were signed. This provision was prompted by numerous comments from franchisees and their advocates urging the Commission to address the use of confidentiality clauses in franchising. Indeed, one quarter of the ANPR commenters (42 out of 166 commenters) and several speakers at public workshop conferences addressed the confidentiality clause issue, the majority opposing their use.[620]
                        
                         The most poignant example was a franchisee of an undisclosed franchise system who related that she had to speak quickly because she was on her way to sign a final agreement terminating her relationship with her franchisor. The agreement she was about to sign included a confidentiality clause.[621]
                        
                         These commenters complained that the use of confidentiality clauses is widespread,[622]
                        
                         and several commenters urged the Commission to ban the use of confidentiality clauses as a deceptive or unfair trade practice.[623] Other opponents of confidentiality clauses—including state regulators and some franchisors—asserted that such provisions inhibit prospective franchisees from learning the truth as they conduct their due diligence investigation of a franchise offer. As noted above, current and former franchisees are often a valuable source of information about the franchise investment and can often verify or discredit the franchisor’s claims, especially financial performance representations.[624]
                        
                         Attempts to restrict franchisee speech through confidentiality provisions may deceive prospects by effectively eliminating one crucial source of information, namely those current and former franchisees who may have a dispute with the franchisor or are otherwise disgruntled.[625]
                        
                         Indeed, a franchisor, if it wished to do so, could attempt to use confidentiality provisions to ensure that prospects speak with only those franchisees who are successful or otherwise inclined to give a positive report.[626]
                        
                         In addition, one franchisee representative, contended that the harm flowing from confidentiality provisions goes beyond individual franchise sales, noting that such provisions intimidate franchisees into not testifying before legislative committees and public agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission.[627] On the other hand, several franchisors and their representatives opposed banning the use of confidentiality clauses. For example, David Kaufmann asserted that confidentiality provisions prevent disgruntled franchisees from inflaming others and enable franchisors to end bad relationships with problem franchisees without spending considerable resources. He contended that banning confidentiality provisions would discourage informal settlements with franchisees.[628]
                        
                         Others added that franchisors must have the ability to protect their trade secrets from disclosure.[629] The Commission believes that the record does not support an outright ban 
                        ( print page 15506)
                        on confidentiality clauses. Clearly there are instances where both franchisors and franchisees enter into such clauses voluntarily. As Marriott noted, franchisees in contract modification negotiations may seek or at least agree to confidentiality in order to gain certain advantages.[630]
                        
                         Under the circumstances, we cannot conclude that harm to franchisees from confidentiality clauses necessarily outweighs the potential benefits to franchisees, as well as franchisors. Nevertheless, based upon the record, the Commission is persuaded to adopt a balanced provision requiring franchisors to disclose their use of confidentiality clauses over the last three years. The Commission is convinced that franchisees often sign post-sale agreements containing confidentiality clauses in connection with dispute settlements and terminations. This practice may impede prospective franchisees’ ability to conduct due diligence investigations of franchise offerings, undercutting the primary goal of pre-sale disclosure.[631] The Commission believes that the final amended Rule’s confidentiality clause disclosure requirement strikes the appropriate balance between informing prospective franchisees that franchisees in the system may not be able to share information with them, and minimizing compliance burdens. Of the various proposals offered by the commenters, a general disclosure notifying prospects about the franchisor’s use of a confidentiality provision garnered the most support. For example, Howard Bundy told us that “[i]n a perfect world I would have a list of those that are subject to [confidentiality provisions], so I didn’t have to make all those extra 75 calls. But I could live with or without that. It’s more important to disclose the fact that they do exist.”[632] Other than the required statement explaining the nature of confidentiality clauses to prospects who may be unfamiliar with their use, any other disclosures—such as number and percentage or the reasons for the clauses—are entirely voluntary.[633]
                        
                         Moreover, we are unpersuaded that this approach would discourage settlements. Franchisors opting to pursue litigation in lieu of settlement in order to avoid the confidentiality disclosure would most likely have to disclose even more revealing information about the suit in their Item 3 disclosure. Further, the confidentiality disclosure does not reach confidentiality clauses addressing specific contract negotiation terms and conditions.[634]
                        
                         We recognize that there may be instances where both franchisors and franchisees may not wish to discuss specific terms of an arrangement, such as the price paid for a franchise, or other concessions made to a franchisee. The confidentiality clause disclosure would be unwarranted, therefore, where the parties agree to a limited restriction that still enables franchisees to discuss their overall experience in the franchise system.[635] In reaching our conclusion to adopt the confidentiality clause disclosure, we have carefully weighed suggestions to expand or to narrow the disclosure requirement. For example, we reject the suggestion that franchisors identify specific individual franchisees listed in Item 20 who are subject to a confidentiality clause.[636]
                        
                         We are persuaded that this suggestion goes beyond what is reasonably necessary to address the use of confidentiality clauses. No doubt a prospective franchisee’s due diligence investigation of the franchise offering would be more efficient if the prospect could eliminate from its contact list those franchisees under a confidentiality agreement. However, we believe this approach would impose an unnecessary burden on those franchise systems that list all of their franchisees in Item 20 on a national basis. Presumably, franchisors would have to update records continually on each individual franchisee. Moreover, a requirement that franchisors note which specific franchisees are subject to a confidentiality clause may have the unintended consequence of actually encouraging large franchisors to eliminate from their list of 100 franchisees those who are subject to confidentiality clauses, thereby leaving a biased list of only those franchisees who are most successful or satisfied with the system. We also reject suggestions to limit the disclosure to only those circumstances where franchisees have signed broad provisions restricting all speech[637]
                        
                         or where a threshold level of franchisees have signed confidentiality clauses.[638]
                        
                         If the purpose of the confidentiality clause disclosure were primarily to shed light on the extent of problems in the franchise relationship, then we might agree. As noted above, however, the disclosure aims to make prospective franchisees aware of the use of confidentiality clauses. Armed with such knowledge, prospective franchisees would understand that: (1) a refusal by one or more existing franchisees to speak is not necessarily benign; and (2) that the sample of 
                        ( print page 15507)
                        franchisees listed in the disclosure document might actually be skewed. More important, adopting a threshold would not address the use of confidentiality clauses to restrict speech by a minority of franchisees (such as franchisees located in a particular city), which might be the most relevant universe of existing franchisees to an individual prospective franchisee. e. Franchisee associations One important difference between the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines, on the one hand, and the final amended Rule, on the other, is the new requirement that franchisors disclose trademark-specific franchisee associations.[639]
                        
                         The obligation to disclose such associations differs depending upon whether the association is sponsored or endorsed by the franchisor or is an independent association. Section 436.5(t)(8) provides that identifying information—name, address, telephone number, email address and Web address, to the extent known—must be included for each association “created, sponsored, or endorsed by the franchisor.” For independent associations, the same identifying information must disclosed only if the independent association: [640] During the Rule amendment proceeding, several franchisees and their representatives urged the Commission to adopt a trademark-specific franchisee association disclosure requirement. For example, one franchisee representative stated: [641] Some franchisors did not oppose a disclosure of franchisee associations, especially franchisor-sponsored franchisee advisory councils. However, they voiced concern about any mandate to disclose all independent franchisee associations. In their view, independent associations are often small, informal groups of individual franchisees that may come and go at any time, and are often formed on the local or regional level without the knowledge or involvement of the franchisor.[642]
                        
                         In short, they fear liability for failing to disclose a franchisee association that they did not know exists. Based upon the record developed in this proceeding, the Commission is convinced that a trademark-specific association disclosure is warranted under certain circumstances. The disclosure of trademark-specific franchisee associations—both those sponsored or endorsed by the franchisor and independent franchisee associations—will greatly assist prospective franchisees in their due diligence investigation of the franchise offering, thereby preventing misrepresentations in the offer and sale of franchises. We recognize that Item 20 already requires franchisors to disclose the names of, and some contact information for, franchisees in their systems. This disclosure requirement, however, is limited to not more than 100 franchisees. This is true even for medium and large franchise systems with several hundred, if not several thousand, franchisees. Therefore, it is possible for some franchisors to hand-select franchisees listed in their disclosure documents, revealing only successful franchisees who maintain a good relationship with their franchisor.[643]
                        
                         Moreover, a franchisor 
                        ( print page 15508)
                        could use confidentiality clauses to achieve the same goal. Therefore, the Item 20 list of franchisees may not be a random sample or otherwise representative of franchisees within a particular system. One approach to counter any franchisor-bias in Item 20 is to require that franchisors disclose the existence of certain franchisee associations, providing prospective franchisees with an alternative view of the franchise system. The record also suggests that individual franchisees often are reluctant to share information with prospective franchisees. For example, Howard Bundy told us that he often instructs his franchisee-clients to state only their “name, rank, and serial number and refer [the prospect] back to the franchisor for everything else.”[644]
                        
                         In his view, franchisees who speak in connection with a franchise sale might be deemed franchise brokers under state law and could be liable for any claims or damages resulting from the sale. Franchisees who volunteer information also might be subject to a defamation suit by the franchisor.[645]
                        
                         The trademark-specific franchisee association disclosure, therefore, is an important alternative source of information about the franchise system.[646] Finally, a franchisee association disclosure is particularly important given that the final amended Rule does not mandate financial performance disclosures. One rationale for not mandating performance information is that prospects can contact franchisees directly to obtain such information. Indeed, franchisees are the best source of information about their own earnings. If true, then prospective franchisees, at the very least, should be able to contact as many existing and former franchisees as possible to learn about franchisee performance. A franchisee association disclosure may greatly assist prospective franchisees in their effort to obtain and review franchisees’ financial performance by providing an independent source of information. At the same time, the disclosure of franchisee associations is very narrowly tailored to address franchisors’ concerns about the disclosure of independent franchisee associations. Specifically, Item 20 of the final amended Rule provides that a franchisor must list in its disclosure document independent trademark-specific associations only to the extent such associations make their existence known to the franchisor on an annual basis. This will reduce franchisors’ burdens by requiring franchisors to disclose only those independent associations actually known to them. It requires no special research or recordkeeping or updating requirements on a franchisor’s part. Accordingly, the compliance burden imposed by disclosing independent franchisee associations is minimal. The final Rule amendment differs from the Franchise NPR, however, to add more precision. Specifically, Item 20 of the final amended Rule: (1) broadens the types of associations that qualify for inclusion as a trademark-specific franchisee association; (2) requires franchisee associations to request inclusion in the franchisor’s disclosure document within 60 days of the end of the franchisor’s fiscal year end; and (3) permits franchisors to add qualifying language alerting prospective franchisees that the associations listed in its disclosure document are independent associations. Each of these modifications is discussed in the section immediately below. Item 20 of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose only those independent franchisee associations that are incorporated or otherwise organized under state law. This differs slightly from the Franchise NPR and Staff Report, which recommended that only 
                        *incorporated*
                         franchisee associations qualify for inclusion in a disclosure document.[647]
                        
                         The Commission is persuaded that informal, unorganized groups of franchisees are more akin to individual franchisees, than an association. In such instances, additional disclosure is unwarranted because a prospective franchisee can already speak with individual franchisees, whose contact information is also provided in Item 20. At the same time, the Commission agrees with Staff Report commenters that Item 20 should be read broadly to enable any 
                        *organized*
                         independent franchisee association to seek inclusion in the franchisor’s disclosure document.[648]
                        
                         Accordingly, any organized independent association—whether it is incorporated, a partnership, limited liability company, or trust, among other forms of association—qualifies for inclusion under Item 20. Item 20 of the final amended Rule makes explicit that an independent franchisee association’s request for inclusion in a disclosure document must be renewed annually by submitting a request for inclusion no later than 60 days after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year. This is more precise than the Franchise NPR, which contains no specific time frame during which independent associations should submit their request to the franchisor.[649] Third, Item 20 of the final amended Rule permits franchisors to include a limited disclaimer, if they wish. Specifically, Item 20 provides that a franchisor can add to the independent franchisee association disclosure the following statement: “The following independent franchisee associations have asked to be included in this disclosure document.”[650]
                        
                         We believe 
                        ( print page 15509)
                        this statement makes clear that the franchisor is not necessarily endorsing or supporting the associations listed. This statement, coupled with the requirement that only an organized independent association must be disclosed and only upon the association’s request, strikes the right balance between pre-sale disclosure and compliance burdens. At the same time, the Commission has rejected the suggestion offered by some commenters that independent franchisee associations seeking inclusion in the franchisor’s disclosure document should be representative of a significant number of franchisees in the franchise system.[651]
                        
                         These commenters urged the Commission to apply a threshold qualification test whereby a franchisor would not have to disclose an independent franchisee association unless the association represented a portion of system franchisees, such as 25% of system franchisees.[652] The Commission recognizes that Item 20 may result in the disclosure of independent franchisee associations that are not necessarily representative of franchisees as a whole. However, we believe there is value in enabling prospective franchisees to speak with an association representing similar interests, even if not representative of the entire system. For example, a small independent association of franchisees in Anchorage, Alaska, might provide prospective franchisees with valuable information about local labor costs, financial performance data, as well as information about third-party suppliers. For this reason, we reject the notion that an independent association should be forced to establish that they represent a specific percentage of franchisees in a system. Rather, prospective franchisees can determine for themselves whether to contact independent franchisee associations and what weight to give any information such associations provide. 23. Section 436.5(u) (Item 21): Financial statements Section 436.5(u) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s basic requirement that franchisors disclose three years of audited financial statements prepared according to generally accepted accounting principals (“GAAP”).[653]
                        
                         To maximize consistency with the UFOC Guidelines, it expands the original Rule by incorporating the UFOC Guidelines’ requirement that financial disclosures be in a tabular format that compares at least two fiscal years. This provides prospective franchisees with information with which to assess financial trends, rather than just an isolated snap-shot of the franchisor’s finances. The final amended Rule provision differs from UFOC Guidelines Item 2, however, in three respects. First, while it requires the use of GAAP, it also recognizes that what currently is “GAAP” may change by federal government oversight of the accounting profession. Accordingly, it provides that franchisors must use GAAP, as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles. It also allows flexibility by permitting accounting standards recognized by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Second, consistent with other provisions of the final amended Rule, it requires the disclosure of a parent’s financial information in limited circumstances. Specifically, a franchisor must include a parent’s financial statements if the parent has post-sale performance obligations or guarantees the franchisor’s performance. Third, Item 23 retains the Commission’s long-standing policy of permitting franchisors to phase-in audited financial statements over three years.[654] Four aspects of section 436.5(u) that prompted comment are discussed in the following section: (1) the required use of GAAP in preparing financial statements; (2) the scope of a parent’s obligation to disclose financial information; (3) the obligation of subfranchisors to disclose financial information; and (4) the phase-in of audited financial statements. We discuss each of these issues below. a. The requirement to prepare financial statements according to GAAP Section 436.5(u)(1) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to prepare financial statements according to “United States generally accepted accounting principles, as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.” This differs from the Franchise NPR, which proposed that franchisors use United States GAAP only in preparing their financial statements, consistent with the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines.[655] During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters opposed the Franchise NPR’s proposed requirement that foreign franchisors prepare financial statements according to United States GAAP only. These commenters asserted that this requirement would impose expenses and burdens on foreign corporations entering the American market. H&H’s comment was typical: “For companies located in many foreign countries, . . . a requirement to convert to US accounting standards would be enormously expensive.”[656]
                        
                         H&H urged the Commission to permit foreign franchisors to prepare financial statements that “conform to U.S. GAAP or otherwise to generally accepted accounting principles established in the country of the company’s domicile.”[657]
                        
                         IL AG, however, argued that foreign companies should follow United States GAAP or be permitted to reconcile their financial statements to United States 
                        ( print page 15510)
                        GAAP through footnotes and explanations.[658] As noted in our discussion of section 436.2 concerning the scope of the Rule, the sale of franchises outside the United States was not an important issue when the Commission promulgated the Franchise Rule in 1978. The Commission recognizes, however, that application of only United States GAAP in today’s global economy may impede competition from foreign franchisors. Accordingly, a more flexible approach is warranted, especially in the absence of any evidence in the record that financial statements prepared by foreign franchisors to date have been deceptive or misleading. In determining whether to maintain the original Rule’s stance on the use of GAAP in Item 21 financial statements, the Commission focuses strongly on the primary purpose of a disclosure document, which is to provide prospective franchisees with material information in a clear and conspicuous manner. Consistent with that principle, the Commission believes that franchisors must present financial data in a format that is meaningful to American prospective franchisees, as well as to their advisors. To that end, the suggestion offered by IL AG—that foreign franchisors use United States GAAP or reconcile their financial statements to United States GAAP—adds needed flexibility, while reducing costs and burdens on foreign franchisors. As noted in the Staff Report, this is the very position adopted by the SEC for the registration of securities by foreign companies.[659] The SEC permits foreign companies registering securities to prepare financial statements using accounting procedures other than United States GAAP under limited circumstances. The first prerequisite is that such statements be prepared “according to a comprehensive body of accounting principles.”[660]
                        
                         The company must also disclose the specific comprehensive body of accounting principles used to prepare the statements and explain material differences between the principles and United States GAAP. The company must also reconcile its statements with United States GAAP. For example, through additional notes, franchisors must reconcile figures for net income and total shareholders’ equity for the period presented. Finally, the statements must provide all additional disclosures required by United States GAAP and applicable SEC regulations.[661] The Staff Report recommended that the final amended Rule permit foreign financial statements that satisfy the SEC criteria. The Commission has determined that that recommendation is sound. As a starting point, application of the SEC accounting standards ensures against deception by requiring foreign franchisors to establish that their financials are prepared “according to a comprehensive body of accounting principles.” Further, it adds flexibility and minimizes costs and burdens on foreign franchisors, while ensuring that prospective franchisees receive the same material financial information as they would receive from a domestic franchisor. The Commission has determined to adopt this flexible approach, given the absence of any showing or suggestion in the record that reconciled foreign financial statements are inherently deceptive or misleading.[662]
                        
                         At the same time, we recognize the possibility exists that American accounting principles may evolve over time. Under the circumstances, Item 21 updates the original Rule by adding language designed to ensure that financial statements are prepared according to United States GAAP, “as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.”[663] b. Parent financial information Section 436.5(u)(iv) of the final amended Rule requires a franchisor to disclose a parent’s financial statements in two circumstances: (1) when the parent commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor; or (2) when the parent guarantees obligations of the franchisor. This narrows the Franchise NPR proposal, which would have required disclosure of parent financial information in all instances.[664]
                        
                         As with other Rule provisions, several commenters questioned the routine inclusion of parent information in a disclosure document. For example, PMR&W observed that the UFOC Guidelines specify only that state examiners may ask for audited financials of a parent, but the Guidelines do not mandate it. In its view, parent financial statements are not relevant and are rarely requested.[665]
                        
                         Warren Lewis suggested that the Commission require the disclosure of parent financial statements “only if (i) the company with the control chooses to guarantee the obligations of the franchisor or subfranchisor to the franchisee in writing, and (ii) a copy of the written guarantee is included in Item 21 or an exhibit.”[666] 
 
 The Commission believes these points are well-taken and are consistent with our view expressed in other sections of this document that a franchisor need not disclose parent information in all instances. Therefore, proposed Item 21 has been modified to limit a parent’s financial information to those circumstances when the parent either: (1) commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor; or (2) guarantees obligations of the franchisor. To the extent that a prospective franchisee is asked to rely on a parent to perform post-sale contractual obligations,[667]
                        
                         or relies on a parent’s guarantee, the financial stability of the parent becomes a material fact that should be disclosed.[668] c. Subfranchisor financial information Section 436.5(u)(iv) of the final amended Rule also requires the disclosure of financial information of any subfranchisor. During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters opined that it is unnecessary to require routine financial statements of subfranchisors: financial statements should be provided only by the entity with whom the franchisee will have a contractual relationship.[669]
                        
                         The commenters, however, interpreted the term “subfranchisor” more broadly than it is used in the final amended Rule. As noted in our discussion of the term “franchisor” above, the term “subfranchisor” is limited in the Rule to circumstances where the subfranchisor steps into the shoes of the franchisor by selling and performing post-sale obligations. It does not reach those individuals who may be called “subfranchisors,” but who act like brokers, having no post-sale commitments to franchisees.[670]
                        
                         Where a person—be it subfranchisor or parent —commits to perform under the franchise agreement, its financial information becomes material in order to provide prospective franchisees with the opportunity to assess the person’s financial stability before risking their own investment. d. Phase-in of audited financial statements Section 436.5(u)(2) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule provision permitting start-up franchise systems to phase-in audited financial statements within three years.[671]
                        
                         However, the final amended Rule streamlines the phase-in. Under the original Rule’s phase-in, a franchisor could furnish a balance sheet for “the first full fiscal year following the date on which the franchisor must first comply with [the Rule.]”[672]
                        
                         This can be problematic because it is often unclear when the franchisor’s first fiscal year ends. For example, a franchisor may have started selling franchises three months into its first fiscal year (e.g., in March 1, 2006, using a calendar fiscal year). At the conclusion of that fiscal year (December 31, 2006), the franchisor would have sold franchises for ten months. Yet, under the original Rule’s phase-in, the franchisor’s first fiscal year would not end until December 31, 2007, because the phase-in uses the language “first 
                        *full*
                         fiscal year” after starting to sell franchises.[673] To clarify the timing of the phase-in, section 436.5(u)(2) of the final amended Rule replaces the word “full” with “first 
                        *partial or full*
                         fiscal year” so that a franchisor’s first fiscal year will end consistent with its general accounting practices, regardless of when the franchisor may have started offering franchises within that year.[674]
                        
                         Under this revised approach, the Commission will look to the close of the franchisor’s first fiscal year after selling franchises, regardless of whether that time period was a partial or full year.[675] The phase-in of audited financial statements generated little comment during the Rule amendment proceeding. Franchisors, the AFA, and IL AG supported the phase-in.[676]
                        
                         One franchisee advocate, however, noted, among other things, that the states do not have a comparable provision. He also cited Small Business Administration statistics showing that only 25% of franchisors survive five years. “If we excuse audited financial statements for the first two years, for all practical purposes, even more investors will risk losing everything.”[677]
                        
                         On the other hand, John Baer not only supported the phase-in, as drafted in the Franchise NPR, but urged the Commission to make it preemptive.[678] NASAA supported the phase-in generally, but raised two concerns. First, NASAA observed that the phase-in section of the Rule does not specifically reference GAAP, possibly leading franchisors to conclude that unaudited financial statements need not be prepared according to GAAP. It urged 
                        ( print page 15512)
                        the Commission to apply GAAP to all financial statements, audited or unaudited.[679]
                        
                         We agree. There are two prerequisites for financial statements: (1) the data underlying the statement must be prepared according to GAAP (or according to SEC standards), and (2) the financials must be audited according to United States generally accepted audited standards (“GAAS”).[680]
                        
                         The phase-in of audited financials addresses only the second prerequisite—audits. Where a franchisor takes advantage of the phase-in, it nonetheless must satisfy the first prerequisite, preparing its financial data according to GAAP (or SEC standards). Nevertheless, we believe that the final amended Rule already is clear on this point. As noted above, the introduction to Item 21 starts with the first prerequisite—that financial statements must be prepared according to “United States generally accepted accounting principles, as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.” Item 21 then discusses the second prerequisite—audits: with the exception of the phase-in of audited financials, “financial statements must be audited . . . using generally accepted United States auditing standards.” Thus, the Rule makes clear that the phase-in modifies the GAAS prerequisite only; the accounting prerequisite still continues to apply to all financial statements prepared under Item 21.[681] NASAA also questioned the reference to “start-ups” in the phase-in provision. It voiced concern that: “[i]f a major corporation that has been in business for many years and then begins to franchise, that corporation should not enjoy the same exemption from disclosing audited financial statements as a new company that just organized as a true ‘start up’ franchise system.”[682]
                        
                         The NASAA Project Group suggested that franchisors that have been in any type of business for three years or more, not just the business of selling franchises, should be required to provide audited financial statements.[683] The Commission believes NASAA’s point is well-taken, and, therefore we wish to clarify that for Item 21 purposes, the term “start-up” is to be read narrowly, meaning entities that are new to franchising and that ordinarily have not prepared audited financials statements to date. Any non-franchise company that has prepared audited financials in the ordinary course of business must include such audited financials in its disclosure documents if it decides to begin offering franchises.[684]
                        
                         The phase-in is also not intended for spin-offs, affiliates, or subsidiaries of a franchisor, where the franchisor has been engaged in franchising or has prepared audited financial statements for any other purpose. 24. Section 436.5(v) (Item 22): Contracts Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, section 436.5(v) requires franchisors to attach to the disclosure document a copy of all relevant agreements, such as the franchise agreement, leases, options, or purchase agreements.[685]
                        
                         This is substantively similar to the original Rule requirement that franchisors provide prospective franchisees with copies of relevant documents at least five business days prior to the date of execution.[686]
                        
                         The final amended Rule’s Item 22 is identical to the Item 22 proposed in the Franchise NPR. Only one comment was submitted on Item 22. In response to the Franchise NPR, David Gurnick expressed concern that the term “contract” could be misinterpreted to suggest that Item 22 requires the disclosure of post-sale settlement agreements. He suggested that Item 22 should expressly state that “the contracts to be attached do not include forms of negotiated settlement agreements,” especially since the terms of any such agreements are unknown at the time of sale.[687]
                        
                         While it is possible that a franchisor may misread Item 22 to include future settlement negotiations, we do not believe this is likely. Item 22 refers to those contracts that involve the franchise offering at the time of the sale. Clearly, franchisors cannot disclose something that may only exist at some future date. Therefore, we decline to revise Item 22, as this commenter suggested. 25. Section 436.5(w) (Item 23): Receipts Section 436.5(w) of the final amended Rule reduces inconsistencies with the UFOC Guidelines by adopting the UFOC Guidelines Item 23 requirement that franchisors include an acknowledgment of receipt in the disclosure document.[688]
                        
                         The original Rule has no counterpart. Like the cover page, the receipt serves an important educational purpose,[689]
                        
                         informing prospects that they have 14 calendar-days to review the disclosures, that they should receive certain attachments, and that they can report possible law violations.[690] At the same time, Item 23 is flexible, affording franchisors and franchisees greater latitude in demonstrating receipt than the comparable UFOC Guidelines provision. Whereas UFOC Item 23 requires franchisors to acknowledge receipt with a handwritten signature, Item 23 updates the Rule by allowing the parties to use electronic acknowledgments of receipt. As discussed in the definitions section above, the term “signature” includes not only written signatures, but electronic 
                        ( print page 15513)
                        signatures, passwords, security codes, and other devices that enable a prospective franchisee to easily acknowledge receipt, confirm his or her identity, and submit the information to the franchisor.[691] Item 23 of the final amended Rule also incorporates several suggestions offered by commenters. For example, Warren Lewis advised that the title of Item 23 should be “receipts,” observing that the current industry practices is to have two receipts at the end of the disclosure document, one the franchisee retains as part of the disclosure document and the other returned to the franchisor.[692]
                        
                         He also urged the Commission to replace “franchisee’s signature” used in the Franchise NPR version of Item 23 with “prospective franchisee’s signature,” noting that some prospective franchisees object to signing receipts as “franchisees,” since this designation is inaccurate until they have actually signed the franchise agreement.[693]
                        
                         NASAA also suggested that the Commission clarify that the acknowledgment page must be placed as the last two pages of the disclosure document. It observed that “[t]he States that review franchise offerings have noted many instances where this page was buried in the middle of the disclosure document.”[694]
                        
                         We believe these suggestions are sound, and Item 23 of the final amended Rule reflects these changes. Another commenter addressed the second paragraph of the Item 23 receipt. As proposed in the Franchise NPR, this paragraph stated, in relevant part: “If [name of the franchisor] offers you a franchise, it must provide this disclosure document to you 14 days before the earlier of: (1) the signing of a binding agreement; or (2) any payment to [name of franchisor or affiliate].” H&H urged the Commission to substitute “binding agreement” with “binding agreement with the franchisor or any of its affiliates.” The firm asserted that the franchisor cannot control whether a prospective franchisee proceeds to commit with independent, third parties before expiration of the 14 day period.[695]
                        
                         As noted in our discussion of the disclosure trigger above, we agree with this approach and have revised Item 23 of the final amended Rule accordingly.[696] At the same time, we reject several suggestions offered in response to the Staff Report to modify Item 23. Four commenters noted that Item 23, as recommended in the Staff Report, requires franchisors to state the name, principal business address, and telephone number of each “franchise seller” in the receipt.[697]
                        
                         These commenters maintained that this disclosure requirement is a carry-over from the UFOC Item 2 requirement, now eliminated in the final amended Rule, that franchisors disclose brokers. They urged the Commission to delete the reference to “sellers” in Item 23 as well, asserting that this requirement would result in franchisors having to disclose potentially hundreds of names.[698] As a preliminary matter, we note that UFOC Item 2 requires not only the naming of brokers, but a statement about their prior experience. Also, once an individual is named in Item 2, the franchisor must also disclose their litigation history in UFOC Item 3 and their bankruptcy history in UFOC Item 4. As discussed previously, we believe such extensive disclosures are unnecessary with respect to brokers. Nonetheless, we believe that a prospective franchisee should have contact information for any seller with whom he or she is dealing.[699]
                        
                         Accordingly, the disclosure of “sellers” in the Item 23 receipt is to be read narrowly, referring to the specific individual(s) dealing with the prospective franchisee. This approach is also helpful for law enforcement purposes, identifying who may be responsible for furnishing the disclosures. Accordingly, we believe there are sufficient grounds for retaining the seller disclosure in Item 23. D. Section 436.6: General Instructions Section 436.6 of part 436 sets forth the basic instructions for preparing a disclosure document. In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed two new sections that would set forth the basic instructions for preparing a disclosure document. The first section—Franchise NPR section 436.6—set forth general instructions applicable to all disclosure documents.[700]
                        
                         Specifically, the Franchise NPR proposed retaining the original Rule’s three basic instructions: (1) that disclosures be prepared clearly, legibly, and concisely in a single document; (2) that franchisors respond positively or negatively to each disclosure item; and (3) that franchisors do not add any materials to a disclosure document, except for information required or permitted by non-preempted state law. The proposed instructions also contained the Commission’s current policy that subfranchisors should provide disclosures about the franchisor, and, to the extent applicable, about themselves. Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines, disclosure documents would also have to be written in plain English.[701]
                        
                         None of these basic instructions generated any significant comment in response to the Franchise NPR or Staff Report. In a second section—Franchise NPR section 436.7—the Franchise NPR proposed specific instructions pertaining to electronic disclosures.[702]
                        
                         In order to prevent fraud and circumvention of the Rule’s pre-sale disclosure requirements, the Franchise NPR proposed, among other things, that: (1) prospective franchisees consent to receiving electronic disclosures; and (2) franchisors using electronic media provide prospective franchisees with a paper summary document containing an expanded cover page, table of contents, and acknowledgment of receipt. In addition, it called for all disclosures to be in a form that would permit each prospective franchisee to download, print, or otherwise maintain the document for future reference. Multimedia features—such as audio, video, “pop-up” screens, and external links—would be prohibited in all disclosure documents. In order to facilitate the reading of an electronic disclosure document, however, the Franchise NPR proposed permitting franchisors to include navigational tools, such as internal links, scroll bars, and search features. Finally, the Franchise NPR proposed that franchisors furnishing disclosure documents electronically retain a 
                        ( print page 15514)
                        specimen copy of their disclosures for a period of three years. On June 30, 2000, Congress enacted the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (“E-SIGN”).[703]
                        
                         E-SIGN eliminates barriers to ecommerce by, among other things, giving legal effect to electronic transactions, including pre-sale disclosure, and permitting electronic signatures. Further, E-SIGN preserves certain consumer rights. Specifically, it provides that consumers must give their informed consent before engaging in electronic transactions and requires companies to disclose any rights consumers may have to receive paper records and to withdraw previously-given consent to receive electronic records. E-SIGN, however, limits such rights to “consumer” transactions, defining “consumer” to mean an “individual who obtains, through a transaction, products or services which are used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.”[704]
                        
                         Thus, by its terms, E-SIGN may have prohibited restrictions such as those proposed in the Franchise NPR for electronic franchise disclosure. In light of E-SIGN, the Commission has reconsidered the Franchise NPR proposals. As explained below, the final amended Rule eliminates the Franchise NPR’s proposed electronic disclosure instructions—Franchise NPR section 436.7. In lieu of specific electronic disclosure instructions, the final amended Rule contains a broad general instructions section that covers the furnishing of all disclosure documents, paper and electronic alike. We discuss each general instruction immediately below. 1. Section 436.6(a): Requirement to follow the Rule’s disclosure and updating provisions Section 436.6(a) of the final amended Rule provides that it is an “unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act for any franchisor to fail to include the information and follow the instructions for preparing disclosure documents set out in Subpart C (basic disclosure requirements) and Subpart D (updating requirements) of the Rule. The Commission will enforce this provision according to the standards of liability applicable in actions under Sections 5, 13(b), and 19 of the FTC Act.”[705] The original Rule specified that franchisors and franchise brokers are jointly and severally liable for furnishing disclosure documents. However, it did not specifically address who would be liable for a disclosure document’s content. During the Rule amendment proceeding, the Commission sought to clarify liability for preparing disclosures, proposing in the Franchise NPR that franchise sellers would be liable for the contents of a disclosure document if they knew or should have known of the violation.[706] A few commenters voiced concern about the proposed standard. John Baer, for example, stated that the Franchise NPR proposal imposed an “impossible” standard of liability: [707] He suggested that the Commission revise the standard to “make it a violation for a franchisor to fail to use ‘commercially reasonable good faith efforts’ to disclose the required information.”[708]
                        
                         Similarly, Tricon stated that the proposal would result in all employees being potentially liable for Rule violations, even those employees who are not involved in any franchise sales. According to Tricon, an employee should not be liable, even if that person had actual knowledge, unless that person: [709] In contrast, NASAA supported the view that franchisors and individual owners of franchisors should be held liable for Rule violations “regardless of whether they knew or should have known of the violation.”[710] Based upon the comments, the staff recommended a revised liability standard in the Staff Report. The staff noted that all Commission trade regulation rules implement Section 5 of the FTC Act and, therefore, the final amended Rule should incorporate the standard of liability developed in Section 5 cases. Under Section 5 law, individuals can be enjoined in connection with a corporation’s law violations if they participated directly in them or had the authority to control them.[711]
                        
                         Applying this standard to the Franchise Rule, the Staff recommended that franchise sellers (for example, third-party brokers and franchisor employees) be liable for the content of a disclosure document if they either directly participated in the document’s creation or had authority to control it. Several commenters voiced concern about the Staff Report’s proposed “direct participation or control” liability standard. In particular, the commenters asserted that the “authority to control” language is too broad. For example, David Kaufmann noted that all senior officers of a corporate franchisor technically could be deemed to have the authority to control the contents of a disclosure document and, therefore, could be deemed liable, even if they were unaware of the particular violation, or had no responsibility for it.[712]
                        
                         Mr. Kaufmann opined, however, that it is appropriate to hold an individual liable for directly participating in a content violation.[713] J&G criticized the Staff Report’s proposed liability standard as imposing strict liability for all sellers even where their “control” is limited, attenuated, or indirect. According to J&G, under the standard recommended in the Staff Report, liability could be found for employees, advisors, consultants, attorneys, and accountants of a franchisor who “participate” in the preparation of a disclosure document or in the sales process in some manner. Outside consultants, advisors, and attorneys could be held liable even if 
                        ( print page 15515)
                        they had no knowledge of the facts underlying the violation.[714] On the other hand, Howard Bundy argued that those in a corporate structure who have “authority to control” content should be liable for conduct of the corporation. “This is consistent with what Congress and the SEC have mandated in the post-Enron world with regard to officers of a public corporation.”[715]
                        
                         Mr. Bundy stated that a broad standard is important to force responsibility for accuracy and completeness to the highest levels in the franchisor’s organization. Because violations of part 436 constitute violations of Section 5, the Commission is persuaded that liability for the content of a disclosure document must be based upon liability standards applicable in FTC enforcement actions under Sections 5, 13(b), and 19. In that regard, there is a distinction between the standard of liability for injunctive relief and that for redress. In general, case law establishes that an individual may be enjoined for corporate misconduct if he or she participated directly in the wrongful practice or had the authority to control the corporate defendant.[716]
                        
                         In the franchise context, an officer or director of a franchisor may be enjoined against violating the Rule if the officer or director, for example, has authority to control or directly prepared, or directed others to prepare, false or otherwise inaccurate disclosure documents.[717] In order to hold an individual liable to pay consumer redress, however, the Commission must show more than just authority to control the corporation. It must show the individual possessed some level of knowledge or awareness of the misrepresentations.[718]
                        
                         The Commission may establish the requisite knowledge by showing that the individual had “actual knowledge of material misrepresentations, or an awareness of a high probability of fraud along with an intentional avoidance of the truth.”[719]
                        
                         For example, an officer or director of a franchisor would be liable for redress if he or she directed the franchisor’s employees to prepare false or misrepresented disclosures, or failed to stop the company from using a faulty disclosure document that one or more states had previously rejected as insufficient.[720]
                        
                         Similarly, a franchisor’s sales manager could be held individually liable for redress where the sales manager has authority to control those preparing disclosure documents, and has knowledge that the disclosures are false, or otherwise inaccurate.[721] 2. Section 436.6(b): Formatting requirements As proposed in the Franchise NPR, section 436.6(b) of the final amended Rule specifies that all disclosures must be prepared “clearly, legibly, and concisely in a single document.”[722]
                        
                         At the same time, it includes the UFOC Guidelines requirement that disclosures must be prepared using plain English. It also updates the UFOC Guidelines to address electronic disclosure: section 436.6(b) provides that disclosures must be in a form that “permits each prospective franchisee to store, download, print, or otherwise maintain the document for future reference.” This prevents deception, ensuring that prospective franchisees can review the disclosure document at will, as well as show a copy of the disclosure document to their advisors, if they wish to do so.[723]
                        
                         Thus, for example, a franchisor would violate section 436.6(b) if it sought to provide disclosures merely by permitting a prospect to glance at a paper copy of its disclosure document, providing a continuous loop video of its disclosure document at a trade show, or transmitting its disclosures via email or the Internet in a format that was incapable of being downloaded or printed. No comments addressed this issue. Accordingly, the final amended Rule adopts this provision as proposed in the Franchise NPR. 3. Section 436.6(c): Affirmative responses Consistent with the original Rule and Franchise NPR, section 436.6(c) of the final amended Rule specifies that franchisors must respond affirmatively or negatively to each disclosure item.[724]
                        
                         If a disclosure item is not applicable, then the franchisor must respond negatively, including a reference to the type of information required to be disclosed by the Item. For example, a franchisor without any litigation would state something to the effect: “The franchisor has no litigation required to be disclosed by Item 3.” In addition, each disclosure item must contain the appropriate heading.[725]
                        
                         No comments addressed this issue. Accordingly, the final amended Rule adopts this provision as proposed in the Franchise NPR. 4. Section 436.6(d): Additional materials The final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s policy prohibiting franchisors from including additional materials in their disclosures, except for information “required or permitted by this Rule or by state law not pre-empted 
                        ( print page 15516)
                        by this Rule.”[726]
                        
                         This prohibition is necessary to ensure that franchisors do not include information that is non-material, confusing, or distracting from the core disclosures.[727]
                        
                         As proposed in the Franchise NPR, the final amended Rule also updates the original Rule by prohibiting the use of new technological developments, such as audio, video, and “pop-up” screens, and external links,[728]
                        
                         which could be used to call attention to favorable portions of a disclosure document or to distract prospective franchisees from damaging disclosures.[729]
                        
                         The Commission recognizes, however, that navigational features may benefit prospective franchisees by making it easier to read an electronic disclosure document.[730]
                        
                         To that end, the final amended Rule, consistent with the Franchise NPR, specifically permits the use of “scroll bars, internal links, and search features.” The prohibition against adding to a disclosure document generated a number of comments during the Rule amendment proceeding. Several commenters voiced concern that the prohibition against adding to a disclosure document “is an unfair trap for franchisors and subfranchisors.” For example, Warren Lewis asserted: [731] The Commission believes that its long-standing policy limiting disclosures to only authorized or permitted materials is sound. As discussed above, this limitation is necessary to ensure that a franchisor does not bulk-up a disclosure document with unnecessary information or features that will discourage a prospective franchisee from reading the document or distract a prospective franchisee’s attention from negative disclosures. For example, it is entirely proper to prohibit a franchisor from including general advertising, testimonials, or— in the case of electronic media— multimedia tools, in its disclosure documents. On the other hand, the Commission recognizes that unique features of electronic media, such as scroll bars, internal links, and search features that may aid prospective franchisees in reviewing their disclosures. Such features serve a useful purpose in an electronic environment, and the final amended Rule specifically permits their use.[732] In reaching this conclusion, we agree with the commenters’ concern that it may be desirable to include additional material information in a disclosure document to ensure that required disclosures are accurate. The prohibition on adding to a disclosure document should be read narrowly to prohibit the inclusion of materials that are not specifically required or permitted by the Rule.[733]
                        
                         Where the Rule requires a franchisor to make a disclosure, however, the franchisor always may add brief footnotes or other clarifications to ensure that the disclosure is complete and not misleading. Finally, in response to the Staff Report, David Kaufmann asserted that the prohibition against adding to a disclosure document set forth at section 436.6(d) creates an inconsistency with state anti-fraud laws that require a disclosure document to contain all material information.[734] Section 436.6(d) is not intended to preempt state law. As previously discussed, a franchisor can always include information in a disclosure document that is required by state law. Typically, such state disclosures will arise in two circumstances. First, state law may require specific disclosures that go beyond those required by the Franchise Rule, or may contain a broad anti-fraud provision requiring franchisors to include in their disclosure document all material information. Second, a state franchise examiner may require, as a matter of discretion, on a case-by-case basis, a particular disclosure in order to prevent deception by a franchisor. In either instance, the final amended Rule accommodates state interests by permitting the franchisor to add state 
                        ( print page 15517)
                        information to its basic disclosure document. 5. Section 436.6(e): Multi-state documents As proposed in the Franchise NPR, section 436.6(e) of the final amended Rule permits franchisors to “prepare multi-state disclosure documents by including non-preempted, state-specific information in the text of the document or in Exhibits attached to the disclosure document.”[735]
                        
                         This instruction will decrease compliance costs significantly, by enabling franchisors to use one, united disclosure document for both federal and state purposes. No comments were submitted on this issue. Accordingly, the final amended Rule adopts this provision, as proposed in the Franchise NPR. 6. Section 436.6(f): Subfranchisor disclosures Consistent with the original Rule, section 436.6(f) makes clear that subfranchisors must disclose the required information about the franchisor, and, to the extent applicable, the same information concerning the subfranchisor.[736] The Franchise NPR proposed that subfranchisors “should” disclose the required information. Howard Bundy suggested that the subfranchisor instructions be revised to replace “should disclose” with “shall disclose.”[737]
                        
                         He noted that the word “should” implies an advisory only, that is, that a subfranchisor has the discretion to include its own information in the disclosure document. We agree, and section 436.6(f) of the final amended Rule is revised accordingly. At the same time, H&H voiced concern about subfranchisors’ disclosure obligations, correctly observing that “subfranchising” takes many different forms. For example, a subfranchisor may in fact function as a franchisor by signing a franchise agreement with a subfranchisee, or the franchisor may sign the franchise agreement, but delegate many support functions to the subfranchisor. In the first “example, the proposed [disclosure] requirement may lead to disclosure about the franchisor in a subfranchise offering that is irrelevant and, in some circumstances, could be misleading to prospective franchisees.”[738]
                        
                         As discussed above in connection with the definition of “franchisor,” subfranchisors are treated the same as franchisors under the Rule in narrow circumstances only: where the subfranchisor steps into the shoes of the franchisor by both granting franchises, as well as by performing post-sale disclosure obligations.[739]
                        
                         Accordingly, we believe that the subfranchisor instructions set forth at section 436.6(f) are clear and no additional revision is necessary. 7. Section 436.6(g): Disclosure of any prerequisites to receiving or reviewing disclosure documents Section 436.6(g) requires that, before a franchisor furnishes a disclosure document, it must “advise the prospective franchisee of the formats in which the disclosure document is made available, any prerequisites for obtaining the disclosure document in a particular format, and any conditions necessary for reviewing the disclosure document in a particular format.”[740] This provision was not previously noted in the Franchise NPR.[741]
                        
                         It is intended to prevent deception, by ensuring that prospective franchisees, prior to disclosure, know whether or not they will receive a disclosure document in a form they can easily review.[742]
                        
                         For example, a franchisor would disclose if it furnishes disclosures via CD-ROM only. In addition, the franchisor must disclose if there are any special conditions to reviewing a disclosure document. The franchisor would disclose, for example, whether the prospective franchisee’s computer must be capable of reading pdf files or whether any specific applications are necessary to view the disclosures (such as Windows 2000 or DOS, or a particular Internet browser). No comments were submitted on this proposed Rule amendment. Accordingly, the Commission adopts this provision in the final amended Rule.[743] 8. Section 436.6(h): Disclosure document recordkeeping Section 436.6(h) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to “retain, and make available to the Commission upon request, a sample copy of each materially different version of their disclosure documents for three years after the close of the fiscal year when it was last used.” This provision modifies slightly the language used in the Franchise NPR—which limited the recordkeeping instruction to electronic disclosure documents.[744]
                        
                         Section 436.6(h) now applies to all disclosure documents, regardless of the medium 
                        ( print page 15518)
                        used.[745]
                        
                         This is consistent with E-SIGN, which generally prohibits discriminating between paper and electronic commerce. It is also consistent with standard business practices and state law requirements, and, therefore, should impose only a 
                        *de minimis*
                         burden on franchisors. At the same time, a three-year recordkeeping provision will greatly assist the Commission in its law enforcement work, by ensuring the availability of evidence in rule enforcement actions.[746] During the Rule amendment proceeding, a few commenters urged the Commission to adopt a longer recordkeeping requirement.[747]
                        
                         A longer recordkeeping provision, no doubt, might also assist franchisees who wish to bring common law actions with longer limitations periods. However, we believe such a step is unnecessary in light of the other Rule instructions ensuring that prospective franchisees can retain copies of their disclosures for future reference. In short, franchisees should safeguard their disclosure documents post-sale, and the Rule instructions, as noted above, accommodate that interest. 9. Section 436.6(i): Receipt recordkeeping Finally, section 436.6(i) of the final amended Rule requires franchisors to “retain a copy of the signed receipt for at least three years.”[748]
                        
                         This section was proposed in the Franchise NPR in connection with the Item 23 receipt requirement. However, because this recordkeeping requirement is not a disclosure, but is more akin to an instruction, it has been moved to the final amended Rule’s general instructions section. Section 436.6(i)’s three-year record retention period is consistent with the statute of limitations for trade regulation rule enforcement actions brought under Section 19 of the FTC Act.[749]
                        
                         Further, many franchise registration states already require franchisors to maintain complete records involving each franchise sales transaction.[750]
                        
                         Therefore, franchisors routinely ask for and retain some kind of receipt in the ordinary course of business to protect themselves from any future allegations that they sold franchises without disclosure. Thus, a recordkeeping requirement is likely to foster compliance with the Rule’s disclosure obligation without imposing significant compliance costs.[751] E. Section 436.7: Updating Requirements Section 436.7 of the final amended Rule specifies three updating requirements to ensure that franchisors’ disclosures are timely. In most respects, the updating requirements are identical to those set forth in the original Rule and Franchise NPR, and have generated few comments. First, section 436.7(a) of the final amended Rule retains the current requirement that franchisors prepare annual updates after the close of their fiscal year,[752]
                        
                         but it has expanded the number of days in which franchisors are permitted to prepare updates from 90 to 120 days. Second, sections 436.7(b) and (c) retain the requirement that franchisors update their disclosures within a reasonable time after the close of each quarter to reflect any material changes.[753] Third, section 436.7(d) continues the original Rule’s policy that franchise sellers, when furnishing their disclosures, must notify prospective franchisees of any material changes that the seller knows or should have known in any Item 19 financial performance representations.[754]
                        
                         We discuss each of these provisions immediately below. 1. Section 436.7(a): Annual updates As noted above, section 436.7(a) expands the time period proposed in the Franchise NPR for making annual updates from 90 to 120 days after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year.[755]
                        
                         In response to the Franchise NPR, several commenters urged the Commission to adopt a 120-day requirement. For example, PMR&W stated that many franchisors have difficultly obtaining annual audited financial statements from their auditors within the current 90-day period. Because most franchisors use the calendar fiscal year, company auditors are usually overwhelmed at the beginning of the fiscal year, given the busy tax season. Recognizing this problem, many state franchise regulators allow franchisors 120 days to prepare updated disclosures.[756]
                        
                         For these reasons, the Commission is persuaded that the updating requirement should be expanded from the original Rule’s 90 days to 120 days. This revision has the potential of reducing franchisors’ compliance burdens, while potentially reducing inconsistencies with state updating policies.[757] 2. Sections 436.7(b)-(c): Quarterly updates Sections 436.7(b) and (c) of the final amended Rule retain the original Rule and Franchise NPR requirement that franchisors update their disclosures at least quarterly to reflect any material changes.[758]
                        
                         This requirement generated no significant comment during the Rule amendment proceeding.[759]
                        
                         We believe it 
                        ( print page 15519)
                        strikes the right balance between ensuring the timeliness of disclosures and reducing compliance burdens. Franchisors need to prepare quarterly updates only if there is a material change, and they may include the quarterly update in an addendum. In short, franchisors need not prepare new disclosure documents each quarter as a matter of course. We believe the current quarterly update requirement establishes a clear, bright line tied to each franchisor’s fiscal year. It has worked well and has generated few, if any, complaints during the 20 years that the Rule has been in existence. Section 436.7(c) modifies the quarterly update provision proposed in the Franchise NPR, however, to accommodate the extension of the annual update from 90 to 120 days, as previously discussed. The obligation to update disclosures quarterly necessarily precedes the conclusion of the 120-day annual update period. Accordingly, additional clarification of the interrelationship between the annual and quarterly update requirements is warranted. To that end, section 436.7(c) provides that a franchisor’s annual update (120 days after the close of the fiscal year) “shall include the franchisor’s first quarterly update, either by incorporating the quarterly update information into the disclosure document itself, or through an addendum.” The following tables illustrate the point, by comparing procedures under the original Rule with those under section 436.7(c). Hypothetical Using Procedures Under the Original Rule
December 31, 2005
Fiscal year ends.January-March, 2006
First quarter of new fiscal year.April 1, 2006
Franchisor must use annual updated disclosure document.Reasonable time after April 1, 2006
Franchisor amends annual update with a quarterly update, if warranted.Reasonable time after July 1, 2006
Franchisor amends annual update (and any previous quarterly update) with a quarterly update, if warranted.Reasonable time after October 1, 2006
Franchisor amends annual update (and any previous quarterly update(s)) with a quarterly update, if warranted.Reasonable time after January 1, 2007
Franchisor amends 2006 annual update (and any previous quarterly updates(s)) with a quarterly update, if warranted.
 Hypothetical Using Final amended Rule Procedures
December 31, 2005
Fiscal year ends.January-March, 2006
First quarter of new fiscal year.May 1, 2006
Franchisor must use annual updated disclosure document containing any first quarter update either integrated in the body of the disclosure document itself or in an addendum.Reasonable time after July 1, 2006
Franchisor amends annual update with a quarterly update, if warranted.Reasonable time after October 1, 2006
Franchisor amends annual update (and any previous quarterly update(s)) with a quarterly update, if warranted.Reasonable time after January 1, 2007
Franchisor amends annual update (and any previous quarterly updates(s)) with a quarterly update, if warranted.
 3. Section 436.7(d): Material changes to financial performance information Section 436.7(d) retains the original Rule requirement that a franchisor notify prospective franchisees of any material changes to previously furnished financial performance information.[760]
                        
                         The Franchise NPR proposed a broader updating requirement that would have compelled franchisors to notify prospects of 
                        *any*
                         material changes before delivery of the disclosure document.[761]
                        
                         This proposal generated several comments, both supporting and opposing the expanded updating proposal. IL AG and Howard Bundy favored the broader updating requirement, but they would require all such updates to be in writing. The IL AG, for example, stated that “[o]ral notification is the ammunition for rescission litigation.”[762] On the other hand, several franchisors opposed the updating requirement for various reasons. Marriott, for example, asserted the proposal would be extremely burdensome, imposing “an impossible burden on large franchisors, especially if they actually operate the business that they franchise because of the uncertainty of what constitutes ‘any material change’ and the requirement of ‘real time’ ongoing disclosure.”[763]
                        
                         Marriott would eliminate the proposed expanded update provision in its entirety.[764] PMR&W and the NFC advised that the proposal is confusing. In particular, PMR&W found the relationship between the basic quarterly update provision and the proposed continuing update provision less than clear: 
 
 [765] In a similar vein, the NFC questioned whether a franchisor must provide a prospective franchisee with each and every quarterly update, as long as the prospect is in the sales cycle. If so, it asked how franchisors should determine whether prospects are no longer in the sales cycle.[766] It is clear from the comments that there are two competing concerns. On the one hand, prospective franchisees should have all material information they need to make an informed purchase decision, regardless of when they entered the sales process. On the other hand, there are practical considerations, including the costs and burdens on franchisors to update each franchisee on a continuing basis, as Marriott observed. Indeed, at some point, the burden and cost to franchisors (which inevitably will be passed along to prospective franchisees or other consumers) outweighs the potential benefit of more frequent updating. Based upon the record, the Commission is persuaded that, on balance, a continuing update requirement is unwarranted. We are convinced that franchisors should have a bright-line directive when they can be assured that they have complied with the Rule’s disclosure requirements. We believe that the original Rule’s quarterly update requirement is sufficient to ensure timely disclosures, while minimizing compliance costs. Further, any prospective franchisee who has been in the sales cycle can always request a copy of the franchisor’s most recent disclosure document before he or she agrees to execute the franchise agreement. To facilitate that goal, the Commission has adopted a new prohibition that would bar franchisors from failing to honor a prospective franchisee’s reasonable request for a copy of the franchisor’s most recent disclosure document and/or quarterly update before he or she signs a franchise agreement.[767]
                        
                         We believe this prohibition is unlikely to increase franchisor’s compliance costs and burdens. Franchisors most likely will have updated disclosures documents prepared in the ordinary course of their business. With the advent of electronic communications, emailing a copy of the updated disclosure document to a prospective franchisee, or otherwise permitting a prospective franchisee to see a copy of the updated disclosure document on the franchisor’s website, would impose only a small cost. At the same time, we are persuaded that the final amended Rule should retain the original Rule’s continuing update requirement for financial performance information.[768]
                        
                         The original Rule required franchisors to notify prospective franchisees of any material changes in a financial performance representation before the prospective franchisee pays a fee or signs the franchise agreement.[769]
                        
                         We believe this provision is sound, recognizing the particular materiality of financial data to prospective franchisees. Any false impression created by stale data at the time of sale is likely to cause significant injury to prospective franchisees who rely on financial data in making their investment decision.[770] F. Section 436.8: Exemptions Section 436.8 of part 436 sets forth exemptions from the final amended Rule. In the original Rule, the exemptions were set out in the middle of the Rule’s definitions, where they modified the term “franchise.”[771]
                        
                         To make the exemptions easier to find, the Commission has decided to move them to a separate “exemptions” section in the final amended Rule.[772] Section 436.8 retains the original Rule exemptions for: (1) franchise sales under $500;[773]
                        
                         (2) fractional franchises;[774]
                        
                         (3) leased departments;[775]
                        
                         and (4) oral contracts.[776]
                        
                         Section 436.8 also adds two new exemptions, one for franchise sales involving petroleum marketers, and one for three categories of “sophisticated investors.” Finally, the final amended Rule deletes the original Rule’s four exclusions found at 16 CFR 436.2(a)(4)(i)-(iv) for non-franchise relationships involving: (1) employer-employees and general partnerships; (2) cooperative organizations; (3) testing or certification services; and (4) single trademark licenses.[777] The final amended Rule section 436.8 is substantially similar in both form and content to its counterpart proposed in the Franchise NPR.[778]
                        
                         The principal difference is a lowering of the dollar threshold for the sophisticated investor “large investment” exemption from $1.5 million to $1 million. This and the other substantive differences between the proposed and final amended Rules are explained below. 1. Section 436.8(a)(1): Minimum payment exemption Section 436.8(a)(1) retains the original Rule’s $500 required minimum payment exemption found at 16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(iii). This exemption ensures that the Rule “focus[es] upon those franchisees who have made a personally significant monetary investment and who cannot extricate themselves from the unsatisfactory relationship without suffering a financial setback.”[779]
                        
                         As explained below, the Commission believes the exemption and its $500 
                        ( print page 15521)
                        threshold continue to serve a useful purpose. During this Rule amendment proceeding, no commenter recommended eliminating or reducing the $500 minimum payment threshold. Several commenters, however, urged the Commission to raise the $500 minimum threshold, with some commenters suggesting a $1,000 threshold,[780]
                        
                         while others suggested a $2,500,[781]
                        
                         or a $5,000 threshold.[782]
                        
                         These commenters maintained that an upward adjustment is warranted to reflect the increase in costs since the Rule was promulgated in 1978. In addition, two commenters also urged the Commission to increase the thresholds periodically, perhaps every four years, to reflect the rate of inflation.[783] In contrast, the IL AG urged the Commission to retain the $500 threshold in order to protect small investors.[784]
                        
                         In a similar vein, a franchisee representative urged the Commission to modify the minimum payment exemption to provide that the $500 threshold includes “both amounts the franchisee actually pays, but also any amounts that the franchisee, during the first six months, agrees to pay in the future—either by contract or by practical necessity.”[785] The Commission has determined to retain the original Rule’s $500 minimum payment exemption. The original Rule included a threshold dollar amount to exclude transactions where the prospective franchisee was at risk to lose an amount of money too small to justify imposition of the expense and burden of preparing a disclosure document upon sellers. This is particularly true with less complex business opportunities, which, even today, may cost under $500. However, with the extraction of business opportunity regulation to a new rule separate from the Franchise Rule, it can be argued that 
                        *any*
                         investment in a franchise, as a practical matter, will be a significant investment risk. This may suggest that the exemption may no longer serve a useful purpose. We note that the Staff Report described research exploring the relevance of the $500 threshold to the amounts actually charged for initial franchise fees in the current market. The staff examined over 1,000 franchise profiles listed in Bond’s Franchise Guide (13[th]
                         ed. 2001).[786]
                        
                         All but 41 of the franchise systems responding to Bond’s survey reported initial franchise fees of $5,000 or more (approximately 96% of reporting systems). Indeed, only 22 systems reported that an initial fee was “not applicable,” or that they charged an initial franchisee fee of $1,000 or less.[787]
                        
                         Thus, even a $5,000 threshold would not reduce significantly the number of franchisors that must comply with the Rule’s disclosure obligations. Given the significant investment required to purchase nearly any franchise, a plausible argument could be made for eliminating the threshold altogether. However, the minimum payment exemption continues to serve a very narrow, but important, purpose: To the extent that a less complex business opportunity might come close to satisfying the elements of a franchise, the $500 threshold would help to make it clear that such opportunities are exempt from the Franchise Rule. Thus, the final amended Rule retains the minimum payment exemption.[788] 2. 436.8(a)(4): Petroleum marketers and resellers exemption Section 436.8(a)(4) of the final amended Rule expressly exempts petroleum marketers and resellers covered by the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act (“PMPA”).[789]
                        
                         Although this exemption was not part of the original Rule, in 1980 the Commission granted a petition for an exemption from the Rule filed by several oil companies and oil jobbers, pursuant to Section 18(g) of the FTC Act.[790] In considering the petition, the Commission noted that the most frequently cited complaint about the petroleum franchise industry concerned termination and renewal practices. The Commission also noted that, after the close of the original franchise rulemaking record, Congress had passed the PMPA, which specifically addressed those complaints, requiring, among other things, pre-sale disclosure of franchisees’ termination and renewal rights. In light of that legislation, the Commission concluded that the Franchise Rule was largely duplicative of the PMPA and related federal regulations. In granting the petition, the Commission stated that the Rule “shall not apply to the advertising, sale or other promotion of a [petroleum] ‘franchise,’ as the term ‘franchise’ is defined by the [PMPA].”[791]
                        
                         The final amended Rule incorporates the 1980 exemption as an express Rule exemption. Two commenters voiced concern about this exemption. J&G maintained that the exemption leaves unanswered whether disclosure is warranted when other businesses—such as convenience stores, fast food, and ice cream shops—operate in these exempt gasoline franchise establishments.[792]
                        
                         In the same vein, Chevron noted that the PMPA covers agreements not only for gasoline sales, but for other refiner-branded services or products at a gasoline station. For example, a Chevron gasoline station may also have a Chevron branded (or no brand) car wash, repair 
                        ( print page 15522)
                        center, or mart. According to Chevron, all of these services or products are sold as part of a unified deal when the prospective franchisee purchases the franchised gasoline outlet. Therefore, the Commission should also exempt the sale of such tangential services or goods sold along with a gasoline station under a unified agreement.[793] In response to these comments, the Commission intends that it be clear that the PMPA exemption should be read broadly to cover other branded services and products (such as a car wash or mart) sold to the prospective franchisee under the same franchise agreement as the gasoline station. The Commission believes that, as a practical matter, it may be impossible to divide a single franchise agreement for gasoline and other services into its component parts for disclosure purposes, and such an approach is inconsistent with the PMPA. Nevertheless, separate or subsequent sales of a franchise to a gasoline station owner, such as a 7-Eleven or Subway outlet, fall outside of the exemption. An individual who operates a gasoline station is just as much in need of pre-sale disclosure for the purchase of a non-related franchise, such as an ice cream store, as any other prospective franchisee. 3. Sections 436.8(a)(5) and (a)(6): Sophisticated investor exemptions Sections 436.8(a)(5) and (a)(6) add three new exemptions to the final amended Rule, collectively referred to as the “sophisticated investor exemptions.” As noted, the sophisticated investor exemptions as adopted are substantially similar to their counterparts as proposed in the Franchise NPR.[794] Franchisors enthusiastically supported the creation of sophisticated investor exemptions.[795]
                        
                         They maintained that franchising today often involves heavily-negotiated, multi-million dollar deals between franchisors and highly sophisticated individuals and corporate franchisees with highly competent counsel. In the course of such deals, prospective franchisees often demand and receive material information from the franchisor that equals or exceeds the disclosures required by the Rule. These commenters asserted that such business arrangements are not the kinds of franchise sales that the Commission originally intended to cover. On the other hand, several franchisees and their advocates opposed the exemptions, or expressed reservations about them.[796]
                        
                         Some feared that while prospective franchisees may appear to be sophisticated—either because of their net worth or general prior business experience—they actually may have limited knowledge of the risks inherent in operating the specific franchise being offered. In short, these commenters advised the Commission to protect the wealthy, but inexperienced.[797] Section 436.8(a)(5)(i)—the “large franchise investment” exemption—exempts franchise sales where the initial investment is at least $1 million, exclusive of unimproved land and franchisor financing. Section 436.8(a)(5)(ii)—the “large franchisee” exemption—exempts franchise sale to ongoing entities—such as airports, hospitals, and universities—with at least $5 million net worth and five years of prior business experience. Section 436.8(a)(6)—the “insiders” exemption—exempts franchise sales to the owners, directors, and managers of an entity before it becomes a franchisor.[798]
                        
                         Each of these exemptions is discussed in the section below. a. Section 436.8(a)(5)(i): Large investment exemption Section 436.8(a)(5)(i) exempts from the Rule franchise sales where the prospective franchisee makes an initial investment totaling at least $1 million, excluding the cost of unimproved land.[799]
                        
                         To ensure that the large investment exemption is not overly broad and does not create a loophole, section 436.8(a)(5)(i) sets forth additional safeguards beyond the $1 million threshold to preserve protection for the average investor.[800]
                        
                         First, section 436.8(a)(5)(i) makes clear that funds obtained from the franchisor (or an affiliate) cannot be counted toward the $1 million initial investment threshold. Second, section 436.8(a)(5)(i) requires the prospective franchisee to sign an acknowledgment that the franchise sale is exempt from the Franchise Rule because the prospective franchisee will be making an initial investment of at least $1 million. i. Need for the large initial investment exemption As noted above, franchisors urged the Commission to adopt a large initial investment exemption,[801]
                        
                         while franchisees either opposed it or offered suggestions to limit it.[802]
                        
                         Specifically, several franchisee commenters asserted that wealth or ability to make a large franchise investment does not necessarily equate with business sophistication. They urged the Commission to focus instead on the investor and his or her business background, rather than ability to pay alone.[803] For example, Eric Karp criticized the notion of a large investment exemption because it does not consider the source of the prospective franchisee’s funds: 
 
 [804] In lieu of the “investment” model offered by the Commission, Mr. Karp urged the Commission to consider SEC Regulation D,[805]
                        
                         which “properly focuses on the qualifications of the investor, not the size of the investment.” In his view, the large franchise exemption does the opposite. “The fact that a franchisee may be ready to invest a highly leveraged $1.5 million franchise investment does not prove that such a person is so sophisticated that a disclosure document would be of no benefit.”[806] Mr. Karp also discounted the potential benefit of the large investment exemption to franchisors. According to Mr. Karp, the exemption would be of little benefit to the franchisor unless 100% of its franchise sales involved transactions over the threshold level. If so, he insisted, there is no additional compliance burden imposed by requiring disclosures be given to all prospective franchisees because the franchisor has to prepare the disclosures in any event.[807] After reviewing the comments, we are persuaded that a large investment exemption is warranted. Since the Rule’s inception, the Commission has considered a prospective franchisee’s level of investment as one measure of sophistication. For example, in granting the Automobile Importers of America’s petition for exemption from the Rule under Section 18(g), the Commission observed: [808] Accordingly, it is clear that investment level is one indicium of sophistication. More important, we are convinced that franchisors should have a bright-line standard that will clearly indicate when and under what circumstances the sophisticated investor exemption will apply. An exemption based upon the specific business experience of each individual prospective franchisee would be burdensome to administer. For example, in some instances franchisors would not be able to take advantage of the exemption unless they first verified each prospective franchisee’s business background. Similarly, absent such verification, law enforcers would not be able to discern whether any specific franchise relationship was covered by the Rule. This approach could create a regulatory nightmare for both franchisors and franchise law enforcers. We are also convinced that the large investment exemption offers tangible benefits to franchisors. Clearly, there are franchise systems, such as lodging, where the typical franchise investment is likely to exceed the large investment exemption’s monetary threshold. Accordingly, the large investment exemption will provide regulatory relief at least in those instances. We recognize that the large franchise investment exemption, however, will provide only limited relief for franchisors that sell franchises both above and below the threshold. In such instances, the franchisor must prepare disclosure documents in order to sell at levels below the threshold. Accordingly, the costs of providing disclosures to all franchisees, including those above the threshold, may not be large, but neither is the potential benefit to the purchaser. Indeed, the argument that sophisticated investors could benefit from disclosure misses the mark. The basis for the large investment exemption is not that “sophisticated” investors do not need pre-sale disclosure, but that they will demand and obtain material information with which to make an investment decision regardless of the application of the Rule. Where prospective franchisees are likely to demand and obtain pre-sale material information regardless of external prompting or compulsion, then the case for federal intervention is not compelling. Further, the Rule’s costs and burdens are unwarranted in situations where the likelihood of abuse is low. This concept is incorporated into the statutory provision of the FTC Act that gives franchisors the right to petition the Commission for a trade regulation rule exemption, including an exemption limited to a specific set of facts.[809]
                        
                         Thus, a franchisor, if it wished, could petition the Commission for an exemption only for sales above a certain dollar figure (although to date none has done so). The large investment exemption need not be “all or nothing” to benefit franchisors. The very fact that franchisors uniformly supported the large investment exemption tends to confirm that it will provide them with some desired regulatory relief. On balance, we believe that a narrowly crafted large investment exemption offers the potential for reducing franchisors’ regulatory burdens and preserving Commission resources by reducing the number of exemption petitions, without sacrificing protections for the average investors the Franchise Rule was originally promulgated to protect. ii. The $1 million investment threshold Section 436.8(a)(5)(i) provides that franchise sales involving an investment of $1 million —excluding the cost of unimproved land and franchisor financing—qualify for the large investment exemption. We are convinced that a $1 million threshold strikes the right balance between providing relief for sophisticated investors and protecting consumers. The large investment exemption proposed in the Franchise NPR incorporated a higher $1.5 million threshold, based upon the Commission staff’s analysis of the costs to purchase more than 1,350 franchises listed in various trade publications, including Enterprise Magazine’s 
                        *The Franchise 
                            ( print page 15524)
                            Handbook*; (“
                        *Franchise Handbook*
                        ”); Entrepreneur Magazine’s 
                        *Franchise 500*, and the International Franchise Organization’s 
                        *Franchise Opportunities Guide*
                        .[810] Very few single-unit franchises cost more than $1.5 million: the maximum estimated cost of establishing a franchise exceeded $1.5 million in only about 3% of the listed systems. Thus, an investment of $1.5 million most likely would involve the purchase of several units. For example, more than 90% of the franchise systems listed in the cited sources involve a maximum investment totaling less than $500,000. Thus, in order to qualify for the $1.5 million exemption, an investment in the vast majority of systems would involve the purchase of either a single large franchise—such as a hotel or the most expensive restaurant location—or multiple units.[811]
                        
                         Of the 12 restaurant systems listed in the 
                        *Franchise Handbook*
                         with maximum investments of $1.5 million or above, all listed a minimum investment below $1.5 million to establish a location. Three listed less than $1 million as the minimum investment, and seven estimated the minimum investment to be between $1 million and $1.2 million, or the purchase of three or more units.[812] During this proceeding no consensus emerged on the appropriate investment threshold for the large investment exemption. Several commenters supported the Franchise NPR’s proposed $1.5 million threshold.[813]
                        
                         Other commenters urged the Commission to increase the threshold. For example, NASAA recommended a $3 million threshold. In its view, a $1.5 million threshold may place too many transactions outside the Rule’s protections, because, according to NASAA, even unsophisticated investors may have access to $1.5 million to invest in a franchise.[814]
                        
                         On the other hand, several commenters suggested that the threshold should be lower. For example, McDonald’s suggested that the threshold should be set at $1 million.[815]
                        
                         The IFA proposed a variation on this theme. It supported a $1 million threshold, excluding land.”[816]
                        
                         It observed that a 1997 update to the 
                        *Profile of Franchising*
                         identified 52 franchise companies offering franchises with an initial investment exceeding $1 million, excluding land. This equates to 4.4% or less of all franchise systems.[817]
                        
                         Thus, at a $1 million threshold for the exemption, more than 95% of all franchise systems would remain within the ambit of the Rule.[818]
                        
                         Some commenters recommended an even lower threshold. PMR&W, for example, recommended $500,000.[819] The Commission gives particular weight to the statements offered by franchisors such as McDonald’s and Marriott that, in their experience, a $1 million investment is likely to involve sophisticated investors.[820]
                        
                         The Commission believes that a $3 million dollar threshold would be too high, effectively restricting the exemption to only the rarest of instances, mostly large hotel franchises. On the other hand, the suggested $500,000 threshold, in our view, is too low. There is insufficient record support for the proposition that investors at the $500,000 level are sophisticated. Thus, the Commission has adopted a $1 million threshold for the exemption. *Exclusion of unimproved land*. The $1 million threshold for the large investment exemption excludes payments for unimproved land. The Commission believes that the inclusion of unimproved land in the exemption would have two negative consequences. First, inclusion of unimproved land would tend to inflate the initial cost of a franchise investment and place too many transactions outside the ambit of the Rule’s protections. As the IFA noted, approximately 52 franchise systems, or less than 5% of the universe of franchise systems, would qualify for an exemption with a threshold investment of $1 million, excluding unimproved land. Second, the Commission has a strong preference for a bright-line standard that can be readily applied across franchise systems. It seems unworkable to require a franchisor to calculate on an offer-by-
                        ( print page 15525)
                        offer basis the cost of land, which could vary widely depending on local market conditions. A single, clear threshold is vastly superior, in our view. Accordingly, for these reasons, we believe that $1 million, excluding unimproved land, strikes the appropriate balance. Finally, we note that the Staff Report, adopting language offered by the IFA in response to the Franchise NPR, proposed to exclude “real estate.” In response to the Staff Report, three commenters urged the Commission to clarify the meaning of the term “real estate” either in the Rule or in Compliance Guides. The IFA, for example, noted that the term “real estate” may encompass “raw land, buildings, leasehold improvements, fixtures, and the like.”[821]
                        
                         The IFA asserted that the value of the exemption would be diminished if all such items were excluded from consideration in determining whether an initial investment totals $1 million. It suggested that the term “real estate” be defined to exclude only the franchisee’s investment in unimproved land.[822]
                        
                         Similarly, Starwood urged that only “land” should be excluded, but “all real estate improvements and fixtures should be counted in the sum invested.”[823]
                        
                         Piper Rudnick offered yet a different version: “any real property acquired to establish and operate the franchised business.”[824] After considering the comments, the Commission has concluded that the phrase “unimproved land” is more appropriate than “real estate.” As IFA noted, the exclusion of fixtures, equipment, and other improvements to property from the $1 million threshold would leave the exemption so narrow, that it would be useless in all but the most expensive franchise offerings, defeating the very purpose of the exemption. Excluding “real estate”—which is significantly broader than the more limited term “unimproved land”—would also impact disproportionately real estate-intensive companies—such as hotels and restaurants. The justification for a large investment exemption is that individuals investing $1 million or more are sufficiently sophisticated that they do not need the Rule’s protections. This rationale applies equally whether the prospective franchisee invests $1 million to purchase a building or the prospective franchisee buys equipment or other assets. Accordingly, excluding unimproved land from the large investment exemption’s $1 million threshold strikes the appropriate balance between providing franchisors with a clear threshold, while ensuring regulatory relief for large investments. *Exclusion of franchisor financing*. Section 436.8(5)(i) does not count monies that are obtained through franchisor (or affiliate) financing toward the large initial investment exemption’s $1 million threshold. The exclusion of franchisor financing adds a measure of protection to the prospective franchisee because traditional lenders are very likely to require a due diligence investigation of the offering, whereas the franchisor or its affiliate likely would not. A few commenters opposed the exclusion of franchisor-financing when calculating a prospective franchisee’s initial investment. For example, Marriott asserted that it does not believe that there are inherent risks that would justify excluding financing from the franchisor. Indeed, it feared that this exclusion might have the unintended effect of harming franchisees by discouraging franchisors from offering financing to prospects in order to qualify for the exemption.[825] After careful assessment of the comments, the Commission has concluded that financing obtained from the franchisor or an affiliate should not be counted toward the large investment exemption threshold. Otherwise, a franchisor could be tempted to increase the cost of the initial investment to qualify for the large investment exemption, while simultaneously offering to finance the deal itself, all without proper pre-sale disclosures. In that regard, the Commission agrees with Eric Karp, who observed that the assumption that a prospective franchisee will have a sufficient level of equity tends to disappear “where a franchisee obtains financing from the franchisor or its affiliates or from a selling franchisee; in such instances, far less equity may be required.”[826] Further, it is reasonable to assume that a lender, in order to minimize its own financial risk, will ensure that a prospective franchisee will conduct a due diligence investigation of the franchise offering. Indeed, by involving a lender, the prospective franchisee effectively ensures that there is an independent, sophisticated entity inserted into the sales process. This additional safeguard would be lost if sources of financing for purposes of the exemption included the franchisor and its affiliates. iii. Acknowledgment To take advantage of the large investment exemption, section 436.8(5)(i) requires the franchisor to obtain the prospective franchisee’s signed acknowledgment that the investment satisfies the $1 million threshold. This will reduce the opportunity for fraud by enabling the prospect to verify that the investment meets or exceeds the exemption threshold. Therefore, it will reduce the probability that the franchisor will misrepresent the initial cost of the franchise to qualify for the exemption, as well as provide a paper trail in the event an enforcement action becomes necessary. Several commenters failed to understand the purpose of the acknowledgment or believed that it would serve no useful purpose. For example, BI stated: “We do not understand the purpose or the importance of the acknowledgment by the prospective franchisee of the application of the exemption. The acknowledgment does not protect the prospective franchisee, except, perhaps to put the prospect on notice that it may be entitled to receive a disclosure document.”[827] Seth Stadfeld asserted that the acknowledgment requirement could be abused. “[F]ranchisors could further a fraud by playing up to and flattering the prospective franchisee into thinking that he is so sophisticated that he doesn’t need the disclosures that the little people need.”[828]
                        
                         On the other hand, Howard Bundy advised that the acknowledgment should be expanded. He would revise the Rule to read: “The franchisee’s estimated investment, excluding any affiliate financing, totals at least $1.5 million and the prospective franchisee signs an acknowledgment stating the basis for the exemption from the Rule and providing the CFR citation to the Rule and verifying the grounds for the exemption . . .”[829] The Commission is convinced that the acknowledgment requirement serves a useful purpose. As previously noted, the acknowledgment will ensure that a 
                        ( print page 15526)
                        prospective franchisee receives notice that the transaction is exempt from the Rule. This would tend to prevent fraud by enabling the prospective franchisee to verify the applicability of the exemption. Further, we believe that abuse of the acknowledgment requirement is unlikely. A prospective franchisee’s signing of the acknowledgment does not give rise to the exemption. A franchisor must furnish disclosures unless the specific criteria for the exemption is satisfied. Thus, whether a prospective franchisee is flattered into signing an acknowledgment is irrelevant. At the same time, we agree with Mr. Bundy that the acknowledgment should reference the Franchise Rule itself. This would enable a prospective franchisee to review the Rule, understand the exemption, and, ultimately, verify the exemption’s application. Accordingly, the acknowledgment requirement of the final amended Rule has been revised to incorporate these revisions. iv. Meaning of “initial investment” During the Rule amendment proceeding, several commenters voiced concerns about how to define “investment” for purposes of the large investment exemption. For example, J&G questioned: “Is it the initial investment described in Item 7? Is it the amount of the investment over the term of the franchise? Or is it some other calculation?”[830]
                        
                         The NFC voiced similar concerns and urged the Commission to clarify that the term “investment” means the franchisee’s estimated investment, as set out in Item 7 of the disclosure document.[831] The Commission’s intent is that, for purposes of the large investment exemption, the level of a prospective franchisee’s investment should be limited to the “initial investment,” as set forth in Item 7. For that reason, the phrase “estimated investment” has been replaced in the Rule’s text with the phrase “initial investment.” Focusing on Item 7 when applying the exemption brings needed certainty to all parties, while ensuring that the exemption is narrowly focused to protect prospective franchisees making smaller investments. It is not farfetched to assume that a large universe of franchisees investing $100,000 or less today might actually pay more than $1 million (excluding unimproved land) to the franchisor during the course of a lengthy franchise agreement, especially when royalty and advertising fees, as well as ongoing product purchases, are considered. For that reason, a broad large investment exemption would effectively eviscerate the Rule’s protection.[832] The term “initial investment,” however, need not be limited to a single unit. The Commission notes with approval the comments of H&H and the NFC, urging revision of the Rule to clarify that the threshold includes the total projected investment, whether in single- or multiple-unit transactions. As the NFC noted: “A multi-unit franchisee investing the threshold amount (or more) in a number of units is just as sophisticated as another franchisee investing a like amount in a single unit.”[833] The Commission has carefully considered the Staff Report recommendation to place limits on the large investment exemption to protect investors who pool their resources to purchase a franchise at or above the threshold level.[834]
                        
                         The Commission shares the staff’s concern. Clearly there is a significant difference between a single individual purchasing a franchise for $1 million, versus a group of 10, for instance, each contributing $100,000. Obviously, the larger the group of investors, the smaller each individual investor’s risk. In such a circumstance, the level of each individual investment provides no indicium of sophistication. Accordingly, the Commission has added footnote 11 to the Rule to provide that the large franchise exemption applies only if at least one individual in an investor-group qualifies as “sophisticated” by investing at the threshold level. Several commenters assessed this issue differently. IL AG suggested that 
                        *each*
                         member of an investment group should be required to satisfy the $1 million investment threshold in order to be deemed “sophisticated.[835]
                        
                         In contrast, Marriott asserted that franchisees in large transactions typically form joint ventures or obtain financing from outside equity investors. Marriott maintained that there is little benefit in requiring a franchisee to break down the relative financial responsibilities of each equity investor in order to determine the application of the large investment exemption.[836]
                        
                         Marriott also noted that the list of investors may change over the course of contract negotiations, making it difficult to determine at the time of sale whether any single investor qualifies for the exemption. The Commission has concluded, however, that the limitation in footnote 11 is necessary to ensure that the large investment exemption strikes the right balance between providing relief for franchisors where the likelihood of abuse is reduced, and ensuring continued protection for those prospective franchisees who, although wealthy, may lack business experience. As explained above, the large investment exemption is premised on the Commission’s assumption that ability to pay indicates sophistication. That assumption fails when no one investor standing alone is investing at the requisite threshold level. In short, sophistication does not arise merely by aggregating otherwise unsophisticated investors. v. Conversion franchises and transfers During this proceeding, several commenters questioned whether the large investment exemption would cover business arrangements such as conversion franchises and transfers. In a conversion franchise, a business owner has already invested in his or her existing business and now seeks to associate with a particular franchisor’s brand by entering into a franchise agreement with that franchisor. H&H stated that the term “‘investment’ should include the fair market value of an existing facility as part of the investment, so as to include an existing facility that is being converted to the franchise system.”[837] In a similar vein, the NFC questioned whether a transfer of a franchise directly from a franchisee to a new purchaser 
                        ( print page 15527)
                        can qualify for the exemption. It urged the Commission to include transfers in the definition of “investment,” where the purchasing franchisee pays an existing franchisee the threshold amount and then enters into a new franchise agreement with the franchisor. “[W]e . . . submit that franchisees making such an investment prior to the execution of the subject franchise agreement are as ‘sophisticated’ as their brethren who make the investment after executing that agreement.”[838] The Commission’s view is that the definition of “initial investment” is broad enough to include conversion franchises and transfers without sacrificing necessary protection for franchise purchasers. Specifically, when considering a conversion franchisee’s “initial investment” in a franchise, it is reasonable to consider the conversion franchisee’s previous investment in the unit. Indeed, a strong argument can be made that a conversion franchisee is even more sophisticated than a new franchisee, having worked in the business for a period of time. Similarly, the sale of an existing franchise would qualify for the large investment exemption in a transfer. The fact that a transferee will assume an existing contract or may renegotiate an existing contract with the franchisor should have no bearing on his or her level of sophistication as an investor, as long as he or she satisfies the monetary threshold. b. Section 436.8(a)(5)(ii): Large franchisee exemption Section 436.8(a)(5)(ii) exempts from the final amended Rule franchise sales to large entities; namely, those who have been in any business for at least five years and have a net worth of at least $5 million.[839]
                        
                         The Commission is persuaded that large entities negotiating franchise deals—such as airports, hospitals, and universities—can obtain the benefits of the amended Rule without federal government intervention. i. Need for the large franchisee exemption In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed exempting franchise sales to large “corporate” franchisees.[840]
                        
                         For example, a fast food franchisor may sell a number of franchised outlets to a hotel chain. Such transactions often are heavily negotiated by sophisticated counsel who have significant experience in the franchise industry. Even if a large entity does not have prior experience in franchising, or in the franchised business in particular, it is reasonable to assume that it can nevertheless protect its own interests when negotiating a franchise deal. Indeed, the Commission stated in the Franchise NPR that a large franchisee exemption is a logical extension of the original Rule’s fractional franchise exemption. To qualify as a fractional franchisee, among other things, a prospect must have two years of experience in the same line of business. Thus, the fractional franchise exemption is very narrowly tailored, focusing only on persons who wish to expand their existing product lines. While the fractional franchise exemption is appropriate for individuals and small businesses seeking to expand, it may be unnecessarily narrow for larger, more sophisticated corporations seeking to become franchisees.[841] The Staff Report proposed a large franchisee exemption identical to that in the Franchise NPR. Five franchisor representatives continued to support the proposed exemption,[842]
                        
                         while three franchisees opposed it for the same reasons previously voiced in response to the Franchise NPR.[843] ii. Covered entities The large franchisee exemption is intended to cover franchisees that are “entities.” In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed that the large franchisee exemption be limited to 
                        *corporations*
                        . Many commenters supported the proposed exemption, but criticized its narrow application.[844]
                        
                         Specifically, several commenters urged the Commission to consider exempting other large entities, such as partnerships, finding no rationale for restricting the exemption only to corporations. The Commission agrees, and has expanded the provision in the final amended Rule to encompass corporations, partnerships, and similar arrangements.[845] iii. Net worth To qualify for the large franchisee exemption, section 436.8(a)(5)(ii) specifies that the prospective franchisee-entity must have a net worth of $5 million.[846]
                        
                         During the Rule amendment proceeding, several commenters opined that the exemption’s net worth prerequisite is overly restrictive.[847]
                        
                         H&H, for example, contended that a $5 million net worth threshold is too high, limiting the exemption to a small number of publicly-traded companies. “Many successful private companies do not seek to accumulate equity, but instead to maximize cash flow to their owners. Thus, such a high net worth requirement would prevent the exemption of many sophisticated investors.”[848]
                        
                         The firm urged a net worth requirement of $1 million.[849]
                        
                         On the other hand, Howard Bundy asserted that the $5 million net worth requirement is too low, sweeping in many very small companies. “That is a 
                        ( print page 15528)
                        small enough net worth to not be indicative of the level of sophistication that would indicate no need for mandatory disclosures.”[850]
                        
                         The Commission believes that the $5 million net worth requirement strikes the right balance, granting relief to sophisticated entities, while protecting those entities for whom the purchase of a franchise would be a significant financial risk. iv. Prior experience In addition to requiring $5 million net worth, section 436.8(a)(5)(ii) requires large franchisees to have five years of prior business experience in any line of business, as proposed in the Franchise NPR. A few commenters opined that the prior experience prerequisite is unnecessary, and urged the Commission to focus only on the large franchisee’s net worth. The NFC, for example, asserted that: “Even if a large corporation does not have prior experience in franchising specifically, it is reasonable to assume that it can protect its own interests when negotiating for the purchase of a franchise.”[851] On the other hand, Triarc urged the Commission to focus on prior experience in lieu of net worth. It noted that it is possible that a franchisee with 10 years of experience and 50 units may wish to finance its operation with debt rather than equity. Under the circumstances, this presumably sophisticated franchisee would fail the net worth test: [852] After considering these arguments, the Commission concludes that both the $5 million net worth and five years experience prerequisites are necessary to ensure that the Rule continues to protect businesses with limited experience, limited assets, and, by inference, limited prior success. For example, a small sandwich shop franchisee is not necessarily sophisticated enough to purchase a hotel merely because the franchisee has operated one or more sandwich shops for five years. Similarly, several wealthy individuals who form a partnership without any prior 
                        *business experience*
                         are not necessarily sophisticated merely because of their net worth. Both prerequisites are necessary to ensure that the large franchisee exemption does not create a loophole, putting small and unsophisticated entities at an unacceptable financial risk. v. Affiliates and parents Finally, section 436.8(a)(5)(ii) refines the proposed exemption published in the Franchise NPR, which used the term “corporation” and made no mention of parents or affiliates. As revised, a franchisor may consider the prior experience and net worth of the franchisee’s affiliates and parents when determining whether the franchisee qualifies as a “large franchisee.” A few commenters noted that the prior experience and net worth prerequisites would essentially disqualify new corporations. They asserted that there are legitimate tax and liability reasons why an experienced franchisee may wish to establish a separate corporation for a particular franchise transaction. For example, according to Marriott, it is not unusual in the lodging and restaurant industries to form “special purpose entities (SPEs) . . . to insulate either a parent company or the individual investors from liability.”[853]
                        
                         If so, then such a new corporation would not meet the exemption’s net worth and prior experience prerequisites.[854]
                        
                         These commenters urged the Commission to permit the franchisor to consider the consolidated net worth and experience of franchisee affiliates and parents.[855]
                        
                         The Commission is persuaded that the net worth and prior experience prerequisites may not make sense when applied to franchisee spin-off subsidiaries or affiliates that are formed primarily for tax or limited-liability purposes. Accordingly, section 436.8(5)(ii) makes clear that a franchisor may aggregate commonly-owned franchisee assets in determining the availability of the large entity exemption:[856] [857] c. Section 436.8(a)(6): Officers, owners, and managers exemption Section 436.8(a)(6) of the final amended Rule adds a new exemption for officers, owners,[858]
                        
                         and managers of a business before it becomes a franchisor.[859]
                        
                         In such circumstances, it reasonably can be assumed that the prospective franchisee already is familiar with every aspect of the business system and the associated risks. Thus, disclosure would serve little purpose. Indeed, in some instances, a company may wish to offer units only to its owners, officers, and managers. If not exempt from the Rule, these companies would have to go through the burden and expense of creating a disclosure document for isolated sales to company insiders. To ensure that individuals qualifying for the exemption have recent and sufficient experience with the business, however, section 436.8(a)(6) is limited to individuals who have been associated with the company within 60 days of the sale and who have been involved for at least two years with the company. Section 436.(8)(a)(6) refines the proposed Rule’s “insiders” exemption which would have limited the exemption to owners and officers. During the Rule amendment proceeding, several commenters urged the Commission to broaden the exemption to include “trustees, general partners and any individual who has or had management responsibility for the offer 
                        ( print page 15529)
                        and sale of the franchisor’s franchises or the administration of the franchised network.”[860]
                        
                         In short, these comments urged that the exemption parallel the list of company insiders disclosed in Item 2. Seth Stadfeld, however, questioned the need for the exemption if the company is already providing disclosures to others.[861]
                        
                         Howard Bundy urged the Commission to limit the exemption to 
                        *bona fide*
                         officers, fearing that a franchisor could attempt to skirt disclosure obligations by putting a prospective franchisee on the board of directors, for example, for a few days or weeks before the sale and removing him or her shortly thereafter.[862] Based upon the record, the Commission has adopted the NFC’s suggestion that the exemption should cover not just owners and officers of a franchise system, but others with direct management experience.[863]
                        
                         It is reasonable to assume that managers and others with at least two years of direct experience in the business should be well-informed about its operations.[864]
                        
                         Where a non-franchised company wishes to sell a limited number of outlets to experienced company personnel only, it would be overly burdensome to force the company to create a disclosure document when the only beneficiaries of the disclosures are already knowledgeable individuals. The Commission notes that the exemption is company-specific: we do not mean to suggest that a manager of one company is deemed sophisticated for all franchise sales. Rather, the exemption would apply only to a manager or other officer seeking to purchase a franchise of that very company. Howard Bundy’s concern that franchisors may abuse the exemption in an effort to skirt the Rule is adequately addressed. Specifically, in order to qualify for the exemption, the prospective franchisee must have served in one of the enumerated positions for at least two years. Moreover, their relationship with the company must be current: within 60 days of the sale. These prerequisites are likely to ensure that the prospect is in fact a 
                        *bona fide*
                         officer or owner. d. Section 436.8(b): Inflation adjustment Section 436.8(b) of the final amended Rule provides that the Commission shall adjust the size of the monetary thresholds for the exemptions listed in section 436.8 every fourth year based upon the Consumer Price Index.[865]
                        
                         This would affect the minimum payment exemption,[866]
                        
                         as well as the three sophisticated investor exemptions. As explained below, this approach differs from the proposed inflation adjustment published in the Franchise NPR in two respects: (1) it sets a specific time period when the adjustments must occur (every fourth year); and (2) adds specificity by tying the adjustment to the Consumer Price Index. In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed revising the amended Rule’s monetary thresholds once every four years to adjust for inflation.[867]
                        
                         The Commission believed that a four-year adjustment is necessary to ensure that the thresholds reasonably keep up with inflation. The Franchise NPR proposal garnered three comments. PMR&W and John Bear agreed with the need for a threshold adjustment and supported the Franchise NPR proposal. The NFC supported the inflation adjustment, but offered a slightly different approach. It suggested that the Commission tie the threshold amounts automatically to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index, while placing the burden on the franchisor to prove that it qualified for the exemption at the time in question.[868] The Commission is persuaded that the final amended Rule should contain bright-line thresholds that are clear to both franchisor and franchisee alike. Thus, any adjustment to the Rule thresholds should be imposed only after an announcement to the public, where the effective date of the adjustment and the adjustment amount is clear. The most effective way to provide such notice is through 
                        **Federal Register**
                         announcements and that the adjustments should be based upon a clear standard—the Consumer Price Index.[869]
                        
                         Accordingly, the Commission intends to publish every fourth year adjustments to the amended final Rule’s monetary thresholds based upon the Consumer Price Index. Finally, to add greater specificity, the final amended Rule makes clear that the term “Consumer Price Index” means “the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers published by the Department of Labor.”[870] 4. Exclusions Finally, the final amended Rule removes the four exclusions for non-franchise relationships found in the original Rule: (1) employer-employee and general partners; (2) cooperative associations; (3) certification and testing services; and (4) single trademark licenses.[871]
                        
                         In the original SBP, the Commission stressed that these four relationships are 
                        *not*
                         franchises, but might be perceived as falling within the definition of a franchise.[872]
                        
                         To avoid any confusion, the Commission expressly excluded these four relationships from Rule coverage. During the Rule amendment proceeding, several commenters opposed the removal of the exclusion for cooperatives for various reasons.[873]
                        
                         According to these commenters, the exclusion helps to distinguish between franchises and cooperatives, a distinction that may not be apparent to new cooperative members.[874]
                        
                         Second, removing the cooperative exclusion from the Rule could lead to costly 
                        ( print page 15530)
                        litigation over Rule coverage issues.[875]
                        
                         Third, retaining an express exclusion in the Rule itself is needed to ensure that the Commission does not change its view and seek to enforce the Rule against cooperatives in the future.[876]
                        
                         Fourth, the value of retaining the exclusion outweighs any benefit from streamlining the Rule.[877] The Commission appreciates the concern raised by these commenters. Nonetheless, we see no compelling reason to keep the exclusions in the Rule itself. As a preliminary matter, removing the exclusions from the Rule should not be equated with expanding the scope of part 436 to cover entities currently dealt with in these exclusions: the Commission continues to hold that these business relationships do not meet the criteria for such coverage. They simply do not satisfy the definitional elements of the term “franchise.” Removal of the exclusions from the Rule is part of the Commission’s effort to streamline the Rule. Nevertheless, the Commission included the exclusions in the original Rule to clarify the limits of the term “franchise,” and for that reason the concepts embodied in the exclusions continue to serve a valuable consumer education function.[878]
                        
                         However, as with other sections of this document, we are disinclined to include general consumer education materials in the text of the final amended Rule itself, absent compelling evidence that such messages are warranted to address specific problems identified in the record. While the commenters asserted that confusion exists over the definition of the term “franchise,” not a single individual cooperative member voiced any confusion over the scope of the “franchise” definition, nor any concern about the distinction between franchises and cooperatives, during the entire Rule amendment proceeding. Under the circumstances, the proper forum to discuss limits to the definition of the term “franchise” is in this document and in future Compliance Guides. To that end, the Commission reaffirms the four exclusions and specifically adopts the discussion of the exclusions set forth in the original SBP at 43 FR 59708-10. G. Section 436.9: Additional Prohibitions The final amended Rule prohibits nine acts or practices that violate Section 5 of the FTC Act. The original Rule contained four of them, namely, prohibitions against: (1) making statements that contradict the franchisor’s disclosures;[879]
                        
                         (2) making financial performance representations without a reasonable basis and without written substantiation for the representation at the time the representation is made;[880]
                        
                         (3) failing to make available written substantiation for any financial performance representations;[881]
                        
                         and (4) failing to make promised refunds.[882] Second, the final amended Rule adds two new prohibitions concerning the furnishing of disclosures. Specifically, section 436.9(e) prohibits franchise sellers from failing to furnish a copy of the basic disclosure documents to prospective franchisees early in the sales process, upon reasonable request. Section 436.9(f) prohibits franchise sellers from failing to furnish a prospect in the sales process who has already received the basic disclosure document with a copy of any updated disclosure document or quarterly update to an existing disclosure document, upon reasonable request, before the prospective franchisee signs a franchise agreement.[883] Third, the final amended Rule adds two anti-fraud prohibitions designed to preserve the integrity of the disclosure document and franchise agreement. Section 436.9(g) prohibits franchise sellers from materially altering the terms and conditions of any franchise agreement presented to a prospective franchisee for signing, unless the seller informs the prospective franchisee of the changes seven days before execution of the agreement. Section 436.9(h) prohibits franchise sellers from disclaiming or requiring a franchisee to waive reliance on any representation made in a disclosure document or its exhibits or attachments. Finally, section 436.9, based upon our law enforcement history and the obviously deceptive nature of the practice, adds a new anti-shill prohibition designed to prevent the use of paid testimonials or shill references. Specifically, section 436.9(b) prohibits franchise sellers from misrepresenting that any person has purchased a similar franchise or operated a similar franchise 
                        ( print page 15531)
                        from the franchisor, or that any person can provide an independent and reliable report about the franchise or the experiences of any current or former franchisees. Each of these prohibitions is discussed in the following sections. 1. Section 436.9(a): Inconsistent statements Section 436.9(a) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule prohibition against making statements that contradict the information required to be disclosed in the disclosure document. Such prohibited contradictory statements include those made orally, visually, or in writing. Because the information in the disclosure document must be complete and accurate, any statements contradicting that information would be false or likely to mislead prospective franchisees. Moreover, such statements would likely influence the purchasing decision of a prospect giving reasonable interpretation to such statements. This is particularly true of financial performance representations. Our law enforcement experience[884]
                        
                         and the record[885]
                        
                         show that franchisors often state in their disclosure document that they do not furnish financial performance claims, yet give prospective franchisees false or misleading financial performance data outside of the disclosure document. Thus, the purpose of this prohibition is to prevent deception and to preserve the integrity of the information disseminated to prospective franchisees by ensuring that all required information will be disclosed in the form of the disclosure document.[886] 2. Section 436.9(b): Shills Section 436.9(b) of the final amended Rule prohibits the use of fictitious references or “shills.”[887]
                        
                         Specifically, it prohibits franchise sellers from misrepresenting that any person has actually purchased or operated one of the franchisor’s franchises or that any person can give an independent and reliable report about the experience of any current or former franchisee. Because information provided by shills is inherently false, it is likely to mislead prospective purchasers. Yet, a reasonable prospective purchaser would have no reason to doubt the shill’s statements. Also, because shills are represented as having experience with the franchisor or otherwise able to give an independent and reliable report about the franchisor, their statements are likely to influence the prospect’s purchasing decision. Indeed, the Commission’s law enforcement experience[888]
                        
                         shows that shills are often the glue that holds a scam together by allaying consumers’ concerns about the investment risks.[889] The anti-shill provision generated only one comment. J&G expressed concern that actors or public figures used in a franchisor’s advertising campaigns “will need to exercise caution when making endorsements of franchises so as not to run afoul of prohibitions against misrepresenting that they are able to provide ‘an independent and reliable report about the franchise or the experiences of any current or former franchisees.’”[890] The Commission finds the rulemaking record lacks any evidence that would shed light on the extent to which franchisors use actors or public figures to sell franchises, as opposed to selling products and services to the end-user. Based upon our law enforcement experience, we believe such practices are rare. More important, our primary concern is with preventing deception: we see little difference between a franchisor paying (or otherwise inducing) unknown individuals to deceive prospective franchisees, on the one hand, and paying (or otherwise inducing) actors or celebrities to deceive prospective franchisees, on the other. In each case, a franchisor should not be able to pay (or otherwise induce) individuals to lie about their purported experience in order to lure unsuspecting consumers to buy a franchise.[891]
                        
                         We are persuaded, therefore, that the anti-shill prohibition is entirely proper. 3. Section 436.9(c): Financial performance representations Section 436.9(c) of the final amended Rule retains the original Rule’s prohibition on the making of financial performance representations, unless the franchisor has a reasonable basis and written substantiation for the representation at the time the representation is made. As discussed above in connection with Item 19, false and unsubstantiated financial performance claims have been prevalent in fraudulent sales, are highly material, and are inherently likely to mislead 
                        ( print page 15532)
                        prospective franchisees acting reasonably under the circumstances.[892]
                        
                         Indeed, our law enforcement experience demonstrates that prospects rely on financial performance claims in making their investment decision.[893]
                        
                         Thus, this prohibition is necessary to prevent deception. Section 436.9(c) of the amended Final Rule revises the original Rule, however, by permitting the franchisor to make financial representations in Item 19 of the disclosure document. This achieves greater uniformity with the UFOC Guidelines, by eliminating the original Rule’s requirement that a franchisor making financial performance claims furnish prospects with a separate earnings disclosure document. 4. Section 436.9(d): Availability of financial performance substantiation Section 436.9(d) of the final amended Rule also retains the original Rule’s prohibition against failing to make available to prospective franchisees and to the Commission, upon reasonable request, written substantiation for any financial performance representation made in Item 19.[894]
                        
                         This prohibition is tied to the previous prohibition against the making of unreasonable and unsubstantiated financial performance representations. The prohibition against failing to make available written substantiation ensures that prospective franchisees and the Commission can review and verify the data underlying any performance representation, while relieving franchisors of the burden of having to present what could be voluminous data in the disclosure document itself. Knowing that their financial performance claims are subject to Commission review—coupled with the Commission’s authority to bring Rule enforcement actions for false or unsubstantiated claims—helps discourage the making of unsubstantiated claims, thus ultimately preventing fraud. 5. Section 436.9(e): Earlier disclosure upon request Section 436.9(e) of the final amended Rule prohibits a franchise seller from failing to furnish a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document to a prospective franchisee earlier than required, upon request.[895]
                        
                         Accordingly, any prospective franchisee in the sales process can obtain a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document before the standard 14-day time for making disclosures set out in section 436.2 (14 calendar-days before the signing of a franchise agreement or payment of any fee in connection with the franchise sale). Because prospects may incur a variety of costs in determining whether to consider a particular franchise offering, a franchisor’s withholding of its disclosure document can result in economic injury. For example, as discussed above in connection with the timing of making disclosures, early disclosure may prevent injury by enabling prospects to review the franchisor’s disclosure document before agreeing to pay money to advance the sale, such as incurring travel expenses to visit company headquarters. Further, the Commission is convinced that this prohibition is also necessary in light of our decision to eliminate the original Rule’s mandatory face-to-face disclosure trigger. As discussed in connection with section 436.2 above, the Commission is persuaded that the face-to-face meeting trigger is unnecessary given the explosion of alternative media since the original Rule was promulgated in the 1970s. Nonetheless, the Commission recognizes that several commenters voiced concern that, absent early disclosure, a franchise seller could influence a prospective franchisee’s investment decision well before the prospect could verify the franchisor’s claims through the disclosure document, or before the prospect expends funds reviewing the offering.[896]
                        
                         To address these concerns, we are persuaded that it is proper to require franchise sellers to furnish disclosures earlier than the standard 14 calendar-days disclosure trigger, upon the franchisee’s reasonable request.[897]
                        
                         The Commission believes this prohibition strikes the right balance between relieving franchisors of the burden to furnish disclosures at the first face-to-face meeting in all instances, and the prospective franchisee’s desire to review disclosures early in the sales process before investing significant time, effort, and money in considering the franchise offering.[898] 6. Section 436.9(f): Furnishing updated disclosures Section 436.9(f) prohibits a franchisor from failing to furnish a prospective franchisee who has received a basic disclosure document with updated disclosures, upon the prospect’s reasonable request. Specifically, it prohibits the franchisor from failing to furnish “the franchisor’s most recent disclosure document and any quarterly updates to a prospective franchisee, upon reasonable request, before the prospective franchisee signs a franchise agreement.” 
                        ( print page 15533) Section 436.9(f) recognizes that the information contained in a disclosure document may become out-of-date by the time a prospect who relies on such information is ready to sign a franchise agreement.[899]
                        
                         It prevents deception by enabling such prospective franchisees, if they wish, to get any updated disclosures prepared by the franchisor. At the same time, section 436.9(f) imposes no continuous updating requirement on franchisors.[900]
                        
                         Rather, it strikes the appropriate balance, preventing deception by enabling a prospective franchisee to gain access to the most current updated disclosures prepared by the franchisor, while imposing no new affirmative disclosure obligations on the franchisor.[901] 7. Section 436.9(g): Unilateral modifications As previously discussed, the final amended Rule eliminates the original Rule’s requirement that franchisors in every case afford a prospective franchisee five business days to review the completed franchise agreement. The Commission concluded that the review period is unnecessary, provided that the franchise seller does not make any unilateral modifications to the basic form of the franchise agreement previously furnished to the prospective franchisee at the time of furnishing its disclosure document. Unilateral modifications of material contract terms by the franchise seller without notice to the prospective franchisee are likely to mislead a prospect who has been relying on a previous draft as setting forth the parties’ agreement. Indeed, a franchise seller could commit fraud at the time of executing a franchise agreement by substituting material contract provisions, without notice to the prospective franchisee, that differ materially from those in the original standard contract attached to the disclosure document. To prevent such deception, we adopt a new prohibition barring franchise sellers from substituting provisions or pages in the agreement without first bringing such changes to the prospective franchisee’s attention at least seven days before execution of the agreement. 8. Section 436.9(h): Disclaimers and waivers Section 436.9(h) prohibits franchise sellers from disclaiming or requiring “a prospective franchisee to waive reliance on any representation made in the disclosure document or in its exhibits or amendments.” This prohibition is intended to prevent fraud by preserving the completeness and accuracy of information contained in disclosure documents. The Franchise NPR proposal to prohibit the use of disclaimers and waivers prompted comment on three issues: (1) the need for the prohibition; (2) the scope of the prohibition; and (3) the effect of the prohibition on parties’ ability to negotiate contract terms. The following section discusses each of these issues in detail. a. Section 436.9(h) is necessary to prevent fraud by preserving the truthfulness of information contained in a disclosure document During the Rule amendment proceeding, several franchisees and their representatives observed that franchisors routinely seek to disclaim liability for statements made in their disclosure documents through the use of contract integration clauses in their franchise agreements. By signing a franchise agreement containing such a clause, franchisees effectively waive any rights they may have to rely on information contained in the disclosure document.[902]
                        
                         The use of such clauses, therefore, may lead to deception by enabling franchisors to make incomplete, inaccurate, or even false statements in their disclosure documents, while prospects effectively waive reliance on any such statements by signing the franchise agreement. To remedy this problem, several franchisee advocates and state regulators urged the Commission to prohibit the use of contract integration clauses as a means of disclaiming statements made in a disclosure document.[903]
                        
                         The IL AG, for example, asserted that such a prohibition would be a valuable addition to the Rule, noting that franchisees signing a franchise agreement may have no idea that they are waiving reliance on the disclosure document.[904]
                        
                         Similarly, the AFA stated: [905] A few commenters urged the Commission to expand on the prohibition that was proposed in the Franchise NPR. Howard Bundy, for example, urged prohibiting franchisors from disclaiming liability for any authorized statements, including those made in their written marketing material.[906]
                        
                         Seth Stadfeld advocated a ban on integration clauses in franchise agreements altogether. He asserted that such clauses are “the single greatest tool used by franchisors to evade responsibility for misrepresentations and omissions of material facts that take place in a franchise marketing program.”[907] Franchisors, on the other hand, either opposed the prohibition on disclaimers or urged limitation on the prohibition’s scope. Several franchisors strongly asserted that integration clauses are necessary for two purposes. First, as J&G 
                        ( print page 15534)
                        explained, franchisors have to be able to rely on the final franchise agreement as the manifestation of the intent of the parties. Second, franchisors must be able to disclaim liability for unauthorized statements made by a rogue salesman, such as unauthorized earnings claims.[908] PMR&W asserted that the prohibition would effectively ban the use of integration clauses. The firm, however, suggested that the Commission could limit the prohibition by applying it only “if an integration clause or other contract provision specifically disclaims representations made in the disclosure document. Alternatively, or perhaps additionally, require a representation by the franchisor at the end of Item 17 that the information contained in the disclosure document is unaffected by any integration clause.”[909] CA Bar observed that the disclaimer prohibition is likely to increase the use of legalese in disclosure documents. It opined that, if the prohibition is adopted, franchisors are likely to import legalese from their franchise agreements to the disclosure document in order to avoid any conflicting language. On the other hand, “[i]f the franchisor is able to include (and rely upon) an integration clause, it decreases that potential for problems arising from unintentional inconsistency.”[910] Finally, a few franchisors suggested that the disclaimer prohibition is unnecessary. According to John Baer, for example, the Commission could always take action if a franchisor’s disclosure document contains false information.[911]
                        
                         In the same vein, J&G asserted that the basis for the prohibition is that integration clauses may deny a franchisee a remedy when franchisees litigate against franchisors. The firm noted, however, that only the FTC is authorized to bring a claim for violation of the Franchise Rule; the Commission’s ability to address false representations in a disclosure document will survive any integration clause between the franchisor and franchisee.[912] After carefully reviewing the record, the Commission is persuaded that a limited disclaimer prohibition, rather than a total ban, is warranted. As an initial matter, the Commission is convinced that integration clauses and waivers serve valid purposes, including ensuring that a prospective franchisee relies solely on information authorized by the franchisor or within the franchisor’s control in making an investment decision. For example, a franchisor reasonably may seek to disclaim responsibility for unauthorized claims made by former or existing franchisees, or unattributed statements found in the trade press. Therefore, at the very least, integration clauses and waivers protect a franchisor from unauthorized statements or representations made by non-agent, third parties.[913] At the same time, we are persuaded that franchise sellers should not be able to use integration clauses or waivers to insulate themselves from false or deceptive statements made in a franchisor’s disclosure document. This is particularly true of those sections of the disclosure document pertaining to matters other than the terms of the franchise agreement that cannot be negotiated, such as the franchisor’s prior business experience, litigation history, financial performance representations, and financial statements. The Commission has long recognized that the integrity of a franchisor’s disclosures is critical to prospective franchisees who rely on such information in making their investment decision. For that reason, disclosure documents must be complete, accurate, legible, and current. Further, as discussed above, the original[914]
                        
                         and final amended Rules also prohibit franchisors from making statements that contradict those in their disclosure documents. The use of integration clauses or waivers[915]
                        
                         to disclaim statements in the disclosure document that the franchisor authorizes would undermine the Rule’s very purpose by signaling to prospective franchisees that they cannot trust or rely upon the disclosure document.[916] It is true that the Commission can bring law enforcement actions against false or deceptive disclosures, regardless of any contract integration clause or waiver. This encourages complete and accurate disclosure. Nevertheless, we believe that franchisees should not have to rely on Commission action post-sale to resolve conflict between a disclosure document and franchise agreement. Rather, we believe that section 436.9(h) will prevent pre-sale deception by encouraging franchisors to review their disclosures for accuracy prior to use, thereby avoiding post-sale conflicts and litigation. Further, courts have limited the circumstances where integration clauses have the most potential for harm. Where there is fraud in the inducement, courts are likely to void the contract, regardless of any integration clause or waiver.[917]( print page 15535)
                        Finally, integration clauses or waivers are not likely to protect franchisors from private suits based upon fraudulent statements made in a disclosure document, even without Commission intervention.[918] The Commission recognizes that an integration clause or waiver may be one way for a franchisor to narrow its disclosures efficiently in unique circumstances. For example, an ice cream store franchisor may make an Item 19 financial performance representation pertaining to units based in Florida. If the franchisor sells units in southern states, the Florida-based representation would be reasonable. However, if the franchisor were to sell a unit in Alaska, the franchisor might wish to use a contract integration clause to ensure that the financial performance representation is inapplicable to the particular sale in Alaska.[919] Nevertheless, franchisors could protect themselves from liability without resort to integration clauses or waivers. For example, the ice cream store franchisor noted above, at the very least, could provide the prospective Alaskan franchisee with a disclosure document that deletes the Item 19 representation. In the alternative, the statement of bases and assumptions attached to the disclosure document could make clear that the financial performance representation pertains to Florida or other southern states only. Nothing in section 436.9(h) would prevent a franchisor from having a prospective franchisee sign a clear and conspicuous acknowledgment that the Florida-based performance representation does not apply to states such as Alaska. Finally, we recognize the possibility that some franchisors may be tempted to import into their disclosure documents legalese from their franchise agreements, in an effort to avoid having conflicting provisions. Such a possibility, however, is addressed by the Rule’s requirement that disclosure documents be prepared in plain English.[920]
                        
                         On balance, however, we are persuaded that the benefit of promoting the reliability and integrity of substantive disclosures outweighs any possible loss of clarity in how the disclosures are presented. b. Scope of section 436.9(h) As noted above, section 436.9(h) is designed to address a specific problem brought to our attention during the Rule amendment proceeding: franchisors’ use of integration clauses to disclaim authorized statements made in disclosure documents or in their exhibits or attachments. By prohibiting this practice, the disclaimer prohibition preserves the integrity of the material information disclosed in a franchisor’s disclosure document, thus preventing deception. By its terms, section 436.9(h) does not reach statements made in a franchisor’s advertising materials. A few commenters urged the Commission to adopt a broader prohibition that would prevent franchisors from disclaiming 
                        *any*
                         authorized statement—whether in a disclosure document or promotional materials.[921]
                        
                         However, the Commission is persuaded that a broader prohibition would go beyond what is necessary to address the underlying issue identified in the record—the need to prevent deceptive disclosure documents. Further, franchise advertisements, like other industry advertisements, are already subject to Commission substantiation and anti-deception requirements under Section 5 of the FTC Act. Moreover, any franchisor who makes statements in promotional literature that are inconsistent with the disclosure document and franchise agreement would violate the section 436.9(a) ban on the making of contradictory statements.[922]
                        
                         Accordingly, a broader disclaimer prohibition is unwarranted to achieve the goal of preserving the integrity of franchisors’ disclosures. c. Effect of section 436.9(h) on parties’ ability to negotiate contracts Section 436.9(h) states that the disclaimer prohibition “is not intended to prevent a prospective franchisee from voluntarily waiving specific contract terms and conditions set forth in his or her disclosure document during the course of franchise sales negotiations.” This proviso is necessary because, in its absence, a franchisor might conclude that it is prohibited from agreeing to any terms or conditions not spelled out in the standard agreement attached as an exhibit to its disclosure document.[923]
                        
                         Clearly, franchise sellers and prospective franchisees should be free to negotiate the terms of the franchise agreement, as in all other commercial transactions. The Commission has no interest in preventing the parties from seeking the best deal possible, as long as the prospective franchisee understands in advance of the sale how the terms and conditions differ from the standard ones set forth in the disclosure document and has the opportunity to review the actual franchise agreement prior to the sale. In response to the Staff Report, Howard Bundy voiced concern that the section 436.9(h) contract negotiation proviso is too broad and could subsume the Rule.[924]
                        
                         He feared that a franchisor could initiate negotiations and permit a person to become a franchisee only if he or she agrees to waive essential terms. Mr. Bundy urged the Commission to limit the proviso “to negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee and that result in changes that are no less favorable to the franchisee than the standard terms.”[925] The Commission recognizes that an integration clause may facilitate negotiations by releasing the parties from restraints imposed by the contractual terms previously disclosed in the disclosure document. The use of an integration or waiver clause, however, is unnecessary to permit contract negotiations. As previously discussed, the final amended Rule addresses how franchisors and prospective franchisees may negotiate contracts without violating the Rule. Specifically, section 436.2(b) provides that no mandatory contract review period is necessary where changes are made at the request of the prospective franchisee. This recognizes that where the prospective franchisee is fully informed about the contractual terms 
                        ( print page 15536)
                        that will govern the relationship before signing the contract, no harm can result. Where changes to the contract are initiated by the franchisor, however, section 436.9(g) prohibits the franchisor from failing to point out the changes, and section 436.2(b) provides for a limited contract review period. These Rule provisions are sufficient to prevent fraud in the negotiation process, while preserving the integrity of the franchisor’s disclosures. 9. Section 436.9 (i): Refunds Section 436.9(i) prohibits franchisors from failing to make refunds as promised in their disclosure document or in a franchise or other agreement. The failure to honor refund promises is an unfair practice in violation of Section 5.[926]
                        
                         It often results in substantial injury to franchisees that they cannot reasonably avoid.[927]
                        
                         Moreover, the record is devoid of any evidence suggesting that this harm is outweighed by any countervailing benefits. Section 436.9(i) retains, but slightly revises, the original Rule’s prohibition against failing to make promised refunds. As set forth at 16 CFR 436.1(h), the original Rule prohibited franchisors and brokers from failing “to return any funds or deposits in accordance with any conditions disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of this section.” This provision was limited to instances where the franchisor or broker makes an express refund promise in the disclosure document itself. It is possible, however, that a franchise seller may not make any specific promise in the disclosure document itself, but may do so either in the franchise agreement, or in a separate contract or letter of understanding. The harm resulting from the failure to honor a promised refund is the same, regardless of where that promise is written. Accordingly, section 436.9(i) makes clear that the failure to honor any written refund promise will constitute a Rule violation.[928] H. Sections 436.10 and 436.11: Other Laws and Rules, and Severability The last sections of the final amended Rule address three additional issues: (1) the final amended Rule’s effect on other Commission laws and rules; (2) preemption of state franchise laws that may be inconsistent with the Rule; and (3) “severability.” Each of these issues is addressed below. 1. Section 436.10(a): Relationship to other laws and rules The first part of section 436.10(a) provides that the Commission does not approve or express any opinion on the legality of any matter a franchisor may be required to disclose by the Rule. At the same time, it makes clear that the Commission intends to enforce all applicable statutes and rules.[929]
                        
                         This is slightly broader than the same provision in the proposed Rule, which was limited to “trade regulation rules.”[930] This provision clarifies the relationship between Franchise Rule disclosure and other statutes and rules enforced by the Commission. As stated in the original SBP, some of the Rule’s provisions may require franchisors to disclose practices that may raise legal issues, such as antitrust issues.[931]
                        
                         By requiring disclosure, the Commission does not approve of practices that might violate other Commission laws. In short, pre-sale disclosure does not create a safe harbor for franchisors engaging in otherwise unlawful conduct.[932] During the Rule amendment proceeding, the NFC focused on the sentence that the “Commission also intends to enforce all applicable statutes and trade regulation rules.” The NFC contended that, under more recent case law, disclosure in some instances may shield a practice that otherwise might be a law violation. According to the NFC, a franchisor’s disclosure of certain product or sourcing restrictions, for example, may relieve the franchisor from antitrust “tying” liabilities.[933] The NFC’s concerns are misplaced. Section 436.10 restates the general policy that disclosure alone does not shield a franchisor from otherwise illegal conduct. Section 436.10(a) does nothing more than state that the Commission will continue to enforce the laws it administers in accordance with its legal authority. If a disclosure makes conduct legal, as the NFC asserted, then the Commission obviously would have no reason to believe the franchisor has committed a law violation. The second part of section 436.10(a) provides that “franchisors may have additional obligations to impart material information to prospective franchisees outside of the disclosure document under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act.”[934]
                        
                         During the Rule 
                        ( print page 15537)
                        amendment proceeding, a few franchisors voiced concern that this provision does not give any guidance to franchisors about what specific information needs to be disclosed. For example, Piper Rudnick stated that “no matter how thorough or detailed the franchise offering circular may be, this sentence places all franchisors at risk of violating the Revised Rule by not 
                        *also*
                         making whatever disclosure may be required by this open-ended and ambiguous disclosure obligation.”[935] No franchisor need worry that it may violate the Rule for failing to include material information not specifically required or permitted by the Rule or state law. As for every other person over which the Commission has jurisdiction, franchisors must not engage in unfair or deceptive acts or practices. For example, Section 5 would prohibit a used car seller from misrepresenting a rebate program or from misrepresenting whether a used car had previous damage, even though the seller may otherwise comply with the Used Car Rule’s warranty disclosures. 2. Section 436.10(b): Preemption Section 436.10(b) retains the original Rule’s preemption statement found at footnote 2:[936] 16 CFR Part 436, note 2.[937] During the Rule amendment proceeding, several franchisors urged the Commission to preempt the field of pre-sale disclosure to ensure a single, national, disclosure standard.[938]
                        
                         The preemptive effect of the final amended Rule, however, is not a subject of Commission discretion. Rather, the preemptive effect of any federal law is fundamentally a question of Congressional intent.[939] First, Congress can define explicitly the extent to which federal law preempts state law.[940]
                        
                         If Congress has explicitly addressed the issue of preemption in a statute, then the statutory language governs and no further analysis is required.[941]
                        
                         Even in the absence of explicit statutory language, state law is preempted where it regulates conduct in a field that Congress intended the federal government to occupy exclusively. Congressional intent to occupy a field may be inferred from a “scheme of federal regulation . . . so pervasive as to make reasonable the inference that Congress left no room for the States to supplement it,” or where an act of Congress “touch[es] a field in which the federal interest is so dominant that the federal system will be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject.”[942]
                        
                         In addition, Congress may choose to grant sufficiently broad regulatory authority to a federal agency as to permit the agency itself, by regulation, to provide expressly for the preemption of state law.[943] Finally, state law is preempted to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law. Thus, federal law will preempt state law where it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements.[944]
                        
                         In addition, preemption occurs where state law “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.”[945] The Federal Trade Commission Act does not include any clause directly preempting state law or authorizing the Commission to do so. Furthermore, the legislative history of the Act and of the 1975 amendments to the Act establishing the Commission’s rulemaking authority indicate that Congress did not intend the Act to occupy the field of consumer protection regulation.[946]
                        
                         Any preemptive effect of the Franchise Rule, therefore, is limited to instances where it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and the Commission regulations, or where application of state regulations would frustrate the purposes of the Franchise Rule.[947]
                        
                         In this regard, the Commission generally has declared the preemptive effect of Commission rules to be limited to the extent of an inconsistency only.[948]
                        
                         Accordingly, the amended Franchise Rule would not affect state laws providing greater consumer protection.[949] We further note that preemption of state franchise disclosure laws would be inconsistent with the current policy on federalism, as announced in Executive Order 13132 on August 4, 1999.[950]( print page 15538)
                        Among other things, the Executive Order provides that federal agencies should carefully assess the necessity of limiting the policymaking discretion of the states and such actions should be taken “only where there is constitutional and statutory authority for the action and the national activity is appropriate in light of the presence of a problem of national significance.” It also encourages agencies, in appropriate circumstances, to defer to the states to establish standards. As noted above, there is no statutory basis for preempting the states in the franchise pre-sale disclosure arena, nor do we find any compelling reason to limit the states’ discretion in this field. Rather, by adopting the UFOC Guidelines in large measure, which the commenters agreed is superior to the current Franchise Rule, the states have taken a leadership role in this field. Under the circumstances, we must reject any suggestion that the Commission expand the Franchise Rule’s preemptive effect. There simply is no legal or policy basis for such an expansion. 3. Section 436.11: Severability Finally, as proposed in the Franchise NPR,[951]
                        
                         section 436.11 contains a standard severability provision, stating that if any provision of this regulation is stayed or held invalid, the remainder will stay in force.[952]
                        
                         This provision is comparable to the severability provisions in other Commission trade regulation rules.[953]
                        
                         This provision generated no comments in response to both the Franchise NPR and Staff Report. Accordingly, the amended Rule adopts the severability provision proposed in the Franchise NPR. IV. SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF PART 437 As noted above, part 437 of the final amended Rule continues to cover the offer and sale of business opportunities, such as vending machine and rack display promotions.[954]
                        
                         Except for the three changes discussed immediately below, part 437 is identical to the original Rule, imposing no new substantive disclosure requirements or prohibitions. A. New definition for “business opportunity” Section 437.2(a) of the final amended Rule defines the term “business opportunity” consistent with the original Rule’s business opportunity definitional elements. In so doing, it eliminates references to franchising, which are now addressed in part 437 of the final amended Rule. First, the term “franchise” in the original Rule definitions has been eliminated and substituted with the term “business opportunity.” Second, the franchise definitional elements of the original Rule’s “franchise” definition have been eliminated. Accordingly, the definitional elements of the term “business opportunity” are now identical to those set forth in the original Rule: (a) The term 
                        *business opportunity*
                         means any continuing commercial relationship created by any arrangement or arrangements whereby: (1) A person (hereinafter “business opportunity purchaser”) offers, sells, or distributes to any person other than a “business opportunity seller” (as hereinafter defined), goods, commodities, or services which are: (i)(A) Supplied by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”); or (B) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly required to do business by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”); or (C) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly advised to do business by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”) where such third person is affiliated with the business opportunity seller; and (ii) The business opportunity seller: (A) Secures for the business opportunity purchaser retail outlets or accounts for said goods, commodities, or services; or (B) Secures for the business opportunity purchaser locations or sites for vending machines, rack displays, or any other product sales displays used by the business opportunity purchaser in the offering, sale, or distribution of said goods, commodities, or services; or (C) Provides to the business opportunity purchaser the services of a person able to secure the retail outlets, accounts, sites, or locations referred to in paragraphs (a)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section; and (2) The business opportunity purchaser is required as a condition of obtaining or commencing the business opportunity operation to make a payment or a commitment to pay to the business opportunity seller, or to a person affiliated with the business opportunity seller. B. Eliminating other references to franchising Part 437 of the final amended Rule further eliminates all other references to franchising, by substituting for the terms “franchisor,” “franchisee,” and “franchise” used throughout part 437 the terms “business opportunity seller,” “business opportunity purchaser,” and “business opportunity.” This ensures that part 437 will cover only the offer and sale of business opportunities. For example, section 437.2(a)(3) retains, but modifies, the original Rule’s exemption for fractional relationships to cover business opportunities only: the term “fractional franchise” is replaced by the term “fractional business opportunity.” C. Franchise exemption Section 437.2(a)(3)(v) adds a new exemption to part 437 of the final amended Rule for those business arrangements that comply with the Franchise Rule, or are exempt from compliance with the Franchise Rule, as set forth in part 436. Accordingly, it is designed to eliminate potential overlap and duplicative compliance burdens between the franchise rule and the business opportunity rule, parts 436 and 437, respectively. Specifically, section 437.2(a)(3)(v) exempts from coverage of part 437 all business arrangements that comply with part 436, or that satisfy one or more exemptions to part 436. For example, businesses exempt from part 436 coverage pursuant to the fractional franchise exemption would not be subjected to coverage under part 437. This is an appropriate result because the same rationale underlying exemption of these types of businesses from part 436 would also dictate that they not be covered by part 437— i.e., in the case of a fractional franchise, the franchisor is not likely to deceive the prospective franchisee or to subject the prospective franchisee to significant investment risk. Therefore, imposing the requirements of either part 436 or part 437 would not be justified. V. REGULATORY ANALYSIS AND REGULATORY FLEXIBILITY ACT REQUIREMENTS Under section 22 of the FTC Act,[955]
                        
                         the Commission must issue a regulatory analysis for a proceeding to amend a rule only when it: (1) estimates that the 
                        ( print page 15539)
                        amendment will have an annual effect on the national economy of $100,000,000 or more; (2) estimates that the amendment will cause a substantial change in the cost or price of certain categories of goods or services; or (3) otherwise determines that the amendment will have a significant effect upon covered entities or upon consumers. In general, the commenters supported the proposed franchise amendments because they reduce inconsistencies with state franchise disclosure laws, reduce compliance burdens on franchisors that are not likely to engage in abusive practices that the Rule was intended to prevent, and update the original Rule to address new technologies. Only one commenter addressed the economic impact of part 436, voicing concern generally that the original and amended Franchise Rule impose unnecessary costs.[956]
                        
                         No commenter, however, indicated that the amendments would have an annual impact of more than $100,000,000, cause substantial change in the cost of goods or services, or otherwise have a significant effect upon covered entities or consumers.[957] At the same time, some commenters questioned whether particular rule amendments pertaining to franchising might be unnecessary, or offered alternatives. Section III of this document analyzes these comments in detail. After careful consideration of the comments, and the record as a whole, the Commission has determined that there are no facts in the record, or other reasons to believe, that the part 436 amendments will have significant effects on the national economy, on the cost of goods or services, or on covered parties or consumers. In any event, to the extent, if any, these final rule amendments will have such effects, the Commission has previously explained above the need for, and the objectives of, the final amendments; the regulatory alternatives that the Commission has considered; the projected benefits and adverse economic or other effects, if any, of the amendments; the reasons that the final amendments will attain their intended objectives in a manner consistent with applicable law; the reasons for the particular amendments that the agency has adopted; and the significant issues raised by public comments, including the Commission’s assessment of and response to those comments on those issues. The Regulatory Flexibility Act (“RFA”),[958]
                        
                         requires that the agency conduct an analysis of the anticipated economic impact of proposed rule amendments on small businesses. The purpose of a regulatory flexibility analysis is to ensure that the agency considers the impact on small entities and examines regulatory alternatives that could achieve the regulatory purpose while minimizing burdens on small entities. Section 605 of the RFA provides that such an analysis is not required if the agency head certifies that the regulatory action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.[959] The Commission believes that none of the amendments to the original Franchise Rule is likely to have a significant impact on small businesses. Most small businesses covered by the original Franchise Rule are likely to be business opportunity sellers, such as vending machine and rack display route sellers. These small businesses will continue to be covered by the same substantive provisions of the original Rule, through part 437. On the other hand, the numerous amendments to the original Franchise Rule that pertain to franchising—set out in part 436—will not apply to the offer or sale of business opportunities. In short, none of the amendments to the original Franchise Rule are likely to affect a substantial number of small businesses. Accordingly, the Commission has no reason to believe that the amendments will have a significant impact upon such entities. Moreover, the Commission is adopting amendments that in large measure reduce inconsistencies with state law. In many instances, small businesses that sell franchises, especially those conducting business on a national basis, already comply with state disclosure laws in the form of the UFOC Guidelines. Accordingly, many of the amendments will impose no new compliance costs on either small or large businesses. Further, in some instances, the Commission has specifically narrowed a UFOC provision to reduce compliance costs, which will benefit small business franchisors in particular. For example, in considering the disclosure of computer systems, the Commission declined to adopt the states’ sweeping disclosure of computer system requirements, in favor of a more limited disclosure. In addition, the Commission will permit electronic compliance with the Franchise Rule, which holds the promise of reducing costs for all franchisors, including small business franchisors. In a few instances, the part 436 amendments will impose new disclosure requirements on all franchisors. These amendments are designed to provide prospective franchisees with more information about the quality of the franchise relationship. In these instances, the Commission has taken great care to keep compliance costs to a minimum. For example, with respect to the new franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure, franchisors need only report such litigation for a period of one year. This contrasts with the original Rule’s seven-year reporting period (and the UFOC Guidelines 10-year reporting period) for prior litigation against the franchisor. Similarly, a franchisor may disclose franchisor-initiated litigation by grouping any suits under a single heading, as opposed to the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines approach for other litigation, which requires full case summaries. Similarly, the Commission has narrowed the new disclosure of independent trademark-specific franchisee associations. Franchisors need not make this disclosure unless the association specifically asks to be included in the franchisor’s disclosure document. Further, such requests must be renewed by the association on an annual basis. In addition, franchisors need not update this disclosure on a quarterly basis. The Commission believes that these, and other efforts to narrow amendments to the Rule discussed throughout this document, will result in the easing of compliance burdens for all franchisors, especially small business franchisors. Accordingly, the Commission concludes that the amendments to the original Franchise Rule will not have a significant or disproportionate impact on the costs of small business, whether they sell franchises or business opportunities. Based on available information, therefore, the Commission certifies that the Franchise Rule amendments published in this document will not have significant economic impact on a substantial number of small businesses. 
                        ( print page 15540) Nonetheless, to ensure that no such impact, if any, has been overlooked, the Commission has conducted the following final regulatory flexibility analysis, as summarized below. A. Need For And Objective Of The Rule As previously discussed, the Commission is issuing these rule amendments to achieve four goals: (1) to reduce inconsistencies with state franchise disclosure laws; (2) to respond to changes in the marketing of franchises and new technological developments, in particular electronic communications; (3) to reduce compliance costs where the record and the Commission’s law enforcement experience shows that the abuses the Rule was intended to address are not likely to occur; and (4) to address the need for franchisors to disclose material information about the quality of the franchise relationship, the absence of which the record shows is a prevalent problem. B. Significant Issues Raised By Public Comment, Summary Of The Agency’s Comment, Summary Of The Agency’s Assessment Of These Issues, And Changes, If Any, Made In Response To Such Comments The Commission has reviewed the comments received during the Rule amendment proceeding and has made changes to the original Rule, as appropriate. Section III of this document contains a detailed discussion of the comments and the Commission’s responses. Among other things, the Commission, based upon the record, has narrowed the scope of part 436—the franchise section—by eliminating coverage of business opportunities, many of which are small businesses. In addition, part 436 will apply only to the sale of franchises to be located in the United States. Further, part 436 of the final amended Rule reduces many inconsistencies with state franchise laws that use the UFOC Guidelines format. Accordingly, many of the rule amendments will impose no new compliance costs on small businesses, especially those that conduct, or plan to conduct, business on a national basis. Further, in some instances, the Commission has specifically narrowed a UFOC provision to reduce compliance costs, which will benefit small businesses in particular. For example, based upon the comments, the Commission declined to adopt the states’ sweeping disclosure of computer system requirements, in favor of a more limited disclosure. Most important, part 436 of the final amended Rule permits franchisors to furnish disclosure documents electronically, which holds the promise of reducing costs for all franchisors, including small business franchisors. Where part 436 of the final amended Rule imposes new disclosure requirements, the Commission has carefully considered approaches that will reduce compliance burdens, especially on small businesses. For example, with respect to the new franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure, franchisors need only report such litigation for a period of one year. This contrasts with the original Rule’s seven-year reporting period (and the UFOC Guidelines 10-year reporting period) for prior litigation against the franchisor. Similarly, a franchisor may disclose franchisor-initiated litigation by grouping any suits under a single heading, as opposed to the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines approach for other litigation, which requires full case summaries. Similarly, the Commission has narrowed the new disclosure of independent trademark-specific franchisee associations. Franchisors need not make this disclosure unless the association specifically asks to be included in the franchisor’s disclosure document. Further, such requests must be renewed by the association on an annual basis. In addition, franchisors need not update this disclosure on a quarterly basis. The Commission believes that these, and other efforts to narrow amendments to the original Franchise Rule discussed throughout this document, will result in the easing of compliance burdens for all franchisors, especially small business franchisors. C. Description And Estimate Of Number Of Small Entities Subject To The Final Rule Or Explanation Why No Estimate Is Available The Commission cannot readily estimate the number of small entities subject to the final amended Rule. Franchising is a method of distribution, not an industry, nor an economic sector. Accordingly, businesses in a wide array of industries engage in the distribution of products or services through franchising, and the number of franchisors in any one economic sector is constantly changing. Moreover, the SBA’s standards for determining size—based on either number of employees or annual receipts—are inapplicable to franchising.[960]
                        
                         For example, the most relevant SBA standards pertaining to franchising are arguably those for the retail sales industry. The most common “small business” threshold (measured in receipts) for the retail trade industry is $6 million.[961]
                        
                         However, these standards apply to 
                        *franchisees*
                         engaging in retail sales activities, not to the franchisors that sell the underlying franchised units.[962] Nonetheless, in the Franchise NPR the Commission estimated that there are 2,500 business format and product franchisors and 2,500 business opportunities covered by the original Rule.[963]
                        
                         The Commission estimated that as many as 70% of those 5,000 franchisors are small entities, including some start-up franchise systems and most business opportunities.[964]
                        
                         The Franchise NPR specifically asked for comment on these estimates. No comments were submitted. Accordingly, our best estimate is that 3,500 franchisors covered by the original Rule were small businesses, 2,500 of which were business opportunities. Once business opportunity ventures are no longer covered by part 436 of the final amended Rule, the number of 
                        ( print page 15541)
                        “small businesses” subject to the Rule amendments will be greatly reduced. Of the remaining 2,500 franchisors covered by part 436 of the final amended Rule, many are mature, well-established franchise systems, including many publicly traded companies. In the absence of additional information on the size of franchisors, we will estimate for purposes of this analysis that 1,000 franchisors (3,500 covered by the original Rule minus the exclusion of 2,500 business opportunities) will qualify as small businesses subject to the part 436 amendments. At the same time, each of the 2,500 business opportunities covered by the original Rule—most likely small entities—will remain covered by the identical disclosure requirements, as set forth in part 437. D. Description Of The Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, And Other Compliance Requirements Of The Rule, Including An Estimate Of The Classes Of Small Entities That Will Be Subject To The Rule And The Type Of Professional Skills That Will Be Necessary To Comply As discussed in the Paperwork Reduction Act analysis of this notice (Section VI), the amendments will impose compliance requirements (e.g., disclosure) and minor recordkeeping requirements on franchisors. This may affect some small business franchisors. No additional recordkeeping or disclosure requirements are imposed on business opportunities that remain covered under part 437. The incremental cost of the part 436 amendments on franchisors is difficult to estimate. As suggested by the lack of comment on the subject, the Commission expects that the added costs of the amendments will be small. Finally, compliance with the amended Rule will require, in many instances, the professional assistance of an attorney to prepare disclosure documents.[965]
                        
                         However, franchisors (and business opportunity sellers) typically need such professional assistance in order to comply with state franchise and business opportunity disclosure laws, in particular the preparation of required financial statements. Accordingly, no new or additional professional skills are required as a result of amendments to the original Rule. E. Steps The Agency Has Taken To Minimize Any Significant Economic Impact On Small Entities, Consistent With The Stated Objectives Of The Applicable Statutes, Including The Factual, Policy, And Legal Reasons For Selecting The Alternative(s) Finally Adopted, And Why Each Of The Significant Alternatives, If Any, Was Rejected As discussed throughout this document, the Commission has considered all alternatives that would reduce compliance costs on all franchisors, including small business franchisors, while achieving the intended objectives of the Rule. For example, part 436 of the final amended Rule narrows the scope of the original Rule by eliminating coverage of business opportunities, many of which are small businesses. Part 436 of the final amended Rule, while reducing compliance with state pre-sale disclosure laws, minimizes compliance costs where possible. For example, part 436 of the final amended Rule narrows the disclosure of computer system requirements. Where a part 436 rule amendment expands the original Rule, it does so in a fashion designed to minimize compliance burdens. This is most evident regarding the new disclosures pertaining to franchisor-initiated litigation and independent, trademark-specific franchisee associations, as discussed above. Further, in many instances part 436 of the final amended Rule permits franchisors the flexibility to comply with Rule provisions in a manner that makes the most sense for their particular business. For example, franchisors can determine the best medium in which to furnish their disclosures, as well as to receive receipts from prospective franchisees. Moreover, part 436 of the final amended Rule permits disclosure and recordkeeping electronically. This offers the promise of greatly reducing compliance costs, especially for small businesses. All franchisors, including small businesses, may furnish disclosures using the approach that is most economical for their business, whether that means furnishing a paper document, an electronic disclosure document made available to prospective franchisees through a password-protected website, or through email or CD-ROM. At the same time, the Commission has rejected numerous suggestions to revise the original Rule that would result in significantly increased costs for all franchisors, in particular small business franchisors. For example, several commenters urged the Commission to mandate the disclosure of financial performance data. Other commenters urged the Commission to expand greatly the reporting of franchise turnover rates. Further, commenters suggested that the Commission incorporate into the disclosure document various risk factors or consumer education notices to prospective franchisees. As discussed above in Section III, the Commission finds that the benefits of these suggested amendments would not outweigh the compliance costs. Finally, the Commission has determined to give franchisors ample time to come into compliance with the final amended Rule. To that end, franchisors can start using the final amended Rule on July 1, 2007, if they so choose. At the very latest, all franchisors must come into compliance with the final amended Rule by July 1, 2008. This approach will benefit large and more seasoned franchisors that wish to take advantage of the improvements incorporated in part 436 of the final amended Rule. At the same time, it permits small business franchisors, in particular, ample opportunity to consider the best and most cost-effective means to comply with part 436 of the final amended Rule. VI. PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, as amended, 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520, the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) has approved the information collection requirements contained in the amended Rule through October 31, 2008, and has assigned OMB control number 3084-0107. No comments were received in response to the Franchise NPR addressing the Commission’s paperwork burden estimates. Nonetheless, the Commission staff revised its approach to calculating the burden when seeking to extend the clearance for the Rule in 2002.[966]
                        
                         Specifically, taking into account that new entries are more likely to require additional time to prepare disclosures than their more seasoned counterparts, the Commission staff distinguished between existing entities covered by the Rule and the likely number of new entries when calculating compliance burdens.[967]
                        
                         This burden analysis approach was retained when Commission staff sought an extension of the clearance for the Rule in 2005.[968]
                        
                         As with the Franchise NPR, no paperwork 
                        ( print page 15542)
                        related comments were received in response to the Commission’s 2002 and 2005 Notices.[969] As set forth in the 2005 Notices, based on a review of trade publications and information from state regulatory authorities, staff believes that, on average, from year to year, there are approximately 5,000 American franchise systems, consisting of about 2,500 business format franchises and 2,500 business opportunity sellers, with perhaps about 10% of that total (500) reflecting an equal amount of new and departing business entrants.[970] A. Part 436 Staff has calculated burdens based on the above estimates. Some franchisors, however, for various reasons, are not covered by the Rule in certain situations (e.g., when a franchisee buys bona fide inventory but pays no franchisor fees). Moreover, 15 states have franchise disclosure laws similar to the Rule. These states use a disclosure document format known as the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular (“UFOC”). In order to ease compliance burdens on the franchisor, the Commission has authorized use of the UFOC in lieu of its own disclosure format to satisfy the Rule’s disclosure requirements. Staff estimates that about 95 percent of all franchisors use the UFOC format. As noted throughout this document, revised part 436 tracks the UFOC Guidelines in large measure. Accordingly, the burden hours stated below reflects staff’s estimate of the incremental burden that part 436 may impose beyond information requirements imposed by states and/or followed by franchisors who use the UFOC. Estimated annual hours burden for part 436: 19,500 hours. As set forth in the 2005 Notices, staff estimates that, during the first year of clearance, the 250 or so new franchisors will require 32 hours to prepare their disclosure document (two more hours than under the original Rule) and the remaining 2,250 established franchisors will require six hours to update their existing disclosure document (three more hours than under the original Rule). After the first year, however, the time required for established franchisors should be the same as under the original Rule, as the new disclosure format becomes familiar. Accordingly, during the remaining two years of the clearance, staff estimates it will take three hours for established franchisors to update their existing disclosure document (same as the original Rule). Thus, the average annual hours burden for established franchisors during the three-year clearance period will be approximately 4 hours ((6 hours during first year of clearance + 3 hours during second year of clearance + 3 hours during third year of clearance) ÷ 3 years). As set forth in the 2005 Notices, under the original Rule, covered franchisors may need to maintain additional documentation for the sale of franchises in non-registration states, which could take up to an additional hour of recordkeeping per year. This yields a cumulative total of 2,500 hours per year for covered franchisors (1 hour x 2,500 franchisors). Part 436 of the amended Rule would also increase franchisors’ recordkeeping obligations. Specifically, a franchisor would be required to retain copies of receipts for disclosure documents, as well as materially different versions of its disclosure documents. Such recordkeeping requirements, however, are consistent with, or less burdensome, than those imposed by the states. Thus, staff estimates the average hours burden for new and established franchisors during the three-year clearance period will be 19,500 ((32 hours of annual disclosure burden x 250 new franchisors) + (4 hours of average annual disclosure burden x 2,250 established franchisors) + (1 hour of annual recordkeeping burden x 2,500 franchisors)). Estimated annual labor cost burden for part 436: $4,282,500. One commenter, Lance Winslow, stated in response to the Staff Report that the average total cost to prepare a franchise disclosure document is $25,000-35,000.[971]
                        
                         The Commission agrees that many franchisors typically spend $25,000-35,000 on disclosure documents. Much of these costs, however, are not imposed by part 436, but by state law. For example, a large portion of the costs that franchisors typically pay for disclosures is the result of audited financial requirements and state registration requirements, costs that would continue to exist whether or not the Commission adopted the amended Rule. As stated above, staff’s burden estimates reflect the incremental burden that part 436 may impose beyond the information requirements imposed by states. As set forth in the 2005 Notices, staff estimates that an attorney will prepare the disclosure document at $250 per hour. Accordingly, staff estimates that 250 new franchisors will annually each incur $8,000 in labor costs (32 hours x $250 per hour) and, during the first year of the clearance, established franchisors will each incur $1,500 in labor costs (6 hours x $250). During the remaining two years of clearance, staff estimates established franchisors will annually each incur $750 in labor costs (3 hours x $250 per hour). Thus, the average annual labor cost estimate for established franchisors during the three-year clearance period will be approximately $1,000 (($1,500 in labor costs during first year of clearance + $750 in labor costs during second year of clearance + $750 in labor costs during third year of clearance) ÷ 3 years). Further, staff anticipates that recordkeeping under part 436 will be performed by clerical staff at approximately $13 per hour. Thus, at 2,500 hours of recordkeeping burden per year for all covered franchisors will amount to a total annual cost of $32,500 (2,500 hours x $13 per hour). Thus, the total estimated labor costs under part 436 is $4,282,500 (($8,000 attorney costs x 250 new franchisors) + ($1,000 attorney costs x 2,250 established franchisors) + ($13 clerical costs x 2,500 franchisors)). Estimated non-labor costs for part 436: $8,000,000. In response to the Staff Report, Mr. Winslow stated that the costs of printing documents for his franchise system exceed $24,000 without postage.[972]
                        
                         Mr. Winslow further indicated that the number of disclosure documents sent out each year will increase under the amended Rule.[973]
                        
                         Finally, Mr. Winslow stated that franchisors will incur significant costs if they send disclosure documents electronically, including bandwidth fees and fees associated with hiring a contractor to create a searchable website.[974] As an initial matter, in developing cost estimates, Commission staff consulted with practitioners who prepare disclosure documents for a cross-section of franchise systems. Accordingly, the Commission believes that its cost estimates are representative of the costs incurred by franchise systems generally. In addition, Mr. Winslow fails to provide a basis for his 
                        ( print page 15543)
                        assertion that the demand for disclosure documents will increase as a result of the amended Rule. Finally, many franchisors establish and maintain websites for ordinary business purposes, including advertising their goods or services and to facilitate communication with the public. Accordingly, any costs franchisors would incur specifically as a result of electronic disclosure under part 436 appear to be low. As set forth in the 2005 Notices, staff estimates that the non-labor burden incurred by franchisors under part 436 will differ based on the length of the disclosure document and the number of disclosure documents produced. Staff estimates that 2,000 franchisors (80% of total franchisors covered by the Rule) will print 100 disclosure documents at $35 each. Thus, staff estimates that 80% of covered franchisors will each incur $3,500 in printing and mailing costs ($35 for printing and mailing x 100 disclosure documents). Staff estimates that the remaining 20% of franchisors (500) will send 50% of the 100 documents electronically, with a cost of $5 per electronic disclosure. Thus, staff estimates that 20% of covered franchisors will each incur $2,000 in distribution costs (($250 for electronic disclosure [$5 for electronic disclosure x 50 disclosure documents] + $1,750 for printing and mailing [$35 for printing and mailing x 50 disclosure documents])). Thus, the cumulative annual hours burden for part 436 of the amended Rule is approximately 19,500 hours ((32 hours of annual disclosure burden x 250 new franchisors) + (4 hours of average annual disclosure burden x 2,250 established franchisors) + (1 hour of annual recordkeeping burden x 2,500 total business format franchisors)). The cumulative annual labor costs for part 436 of the amended Rule is approximately $4,282,500 (($8,000 attorney costs x 250 new franchisors) + ($1,000 attorney costs x 2,250 established franchisors) + ($13 clerical costs x 2,500 total business format franchisors)). Finally, the cumulative annual non-labor costs for part 436 of the amended Rule is approximately $8,000,000 (($3,500 printing and mailing costs x 2,000 franchisors) + (($250 electronic distribution costs + $1,750 printing and mailing costs) x 500 franchisors)). B. Part 437 As noted throughout this document, business opportunities covered by the original Franchise Rule will remain covered, without any substantive change, under part 437 of the amended Rule. Part 437 of the amended Rule imposes no additional disclosures, recordkeeping, or prohibitions.[975] Estimated annual hours burden for part 437: 16,750 hours. The burden estimates for compliance with part 437 will vary depending on the business opportunity sellers’ prior experience with the Franchise Rule. As set forth in the 2005 Notices, staff estimates that 250 or so new business opportunity sellers will enter the market each year, requiring approximately 30 hours each to develop a Rule-compliant disclosure document. Thus, staff estimates that the cumulative annual disclosure burden for new business opportunity sellers will be approximately 7,500 hours (250 new business opportunity sellers x 30 hours). Staff further estimates that the remaining 2250 established business opportunity sellers will require no more than approximately 3 hours each to update the disclosure document. Accordingly, staff estimates that the cumulative annual disclosure burden for established business opportunity sellers will be approximately 6,750 hours (2250 established business opportunity sellers x 3 hours). Business opportunity sellers may need to maintain additional documentation for the sale of business opportunities in some states, which could take up to an additional hour of recordkeeping per year. Accordingly, staff estimates that business opportunity sellers will cumulatively incur approximately 2,500 hours of record keeping burden each year (2,500 business opportunity sellers x 1 hour). Thus, the total burden for business opportunity sellers is approximately 16,750 hours ((7,500 hours of disclosure burden for new business opportunity sellers + 6,750 hours of disclosure burden for established business opportunity sellers + 2,500 of recordkeeping burden for all business opportunity sellers)). Estimated annual labor cost burden for part 437: $3,595,000. Labor costs are determined by applying applicable wage rates to associated burden hours. Staff presumes an attorney will prepare or update the disclosure document at $250 per hour. Accordingly, staff estimates that business opportunity sellers incur approximately $3,562,500 in labor costs due to compliance with the Rule’s disclosure requirements ((250 new business opportunity sellers x $250 per hour x 30 hours per business opportunity) + (2,250 established business opportunity sellers x $250 per hour x 3 hours per business opportunity)). Staff anticipates that recordkeeping would be performed by clerical staff at approximately $13 per hour. At 2,500 hours per year for all affected business opportunities, this would amount to a total cost of $32,500 (2,500 hours for recordkeeping x $13 per hour). Thus, the combined labor costs for recordkeeping and disclosure for business opportunity sellers is approximately $3,595,000 ($3,562,500 for disclosures + $32,500 for recordkeeping). Estimated non-labor cost for part 437: $3,887,500. Business opportunity sellers must also incur costs to print and distribute the disclosure document. These costs vary based upon the length of the disclosures and the number of copies produced to meet the expected demand. Staff estimates that 2,500 business opportunity sellers print and mail 100 documents per year at a cost of $15 per document, for a total cost of $3,750,000 (2,500 business opportunity sellers x 100 documents per year x $15 per document). Business opportunity sellers must also complete and disseminate an FTC-required cover sheet that identifies the business opportunity seller, the date the document is issued, a table of contents, and a notice that tracks the language specifically provided in part 437 of the Rule. Although some of the language in the cover sheet is supplied by the government for the purpose of disclosure to the public, and is thus excluded from the definition of “collection of information” under the PRA, 
                        *see*5 CFR 1320.3(c)(2), there are residual costs to print and mail these cover sheets, including within them the presentation of related information beyond the supplied text. Staff estimates that 2,500 business opportunity sellers 
                        ( print page 15544)
                        complete and disseminate 100 cover sheets per year at a cost of approximately $0.55 per cover sheet, or a total cost of approximately $137,500 (2,500 business opportunity sellers x 100 cover sheets per year x $0.55 per cover sheet). Accordingly, the cumulative non-labor cost incurred by business opportunity sellers each year due to compliance with part 437 will be approximately $3,887,500 ($3,750,000 for printing and mailing documents + $137,500 for completing and mailing cover sheets). Thus, the cumulative annual hours burden for part 437 of the amended Rule is approximately 16,750 hours ((30 hours of average annual disclosure burden x 250 new business opportunity sellers) + (3 hours of annual disclosure burden x 2,250 established business opportunity sellers) + (1 hour of annual recordkeeping burden x 2,500 total business opportunity sellers)). The cumulative annual labor costs for part 437 of the amended Rule is approximately $3,595,000 (($7,500 attorney costs x 250 new business opportunity sellers) + ($750 attorney costs x 2,250 established business opportunity sellers) + ($13 clerical costs x 2,500 total business opportunity sellers)). Finally, the cumulative annual non-labor costs for part 437 of the amended Rule is approximately $3,887,500 (($1,500 printing and mailing costs x 2,500 business opportunity sellers) + ($55 cover sheet costs x 2500 business opportunity sellers)). List of Subjects in 16 CFR Part 436 and 437
 Advertising, Business and industry, Franchising, Trade practices. VII. FINAL RULE LANGUAGE For the reasons set out in this document, the Commission revises 16 CFR Part 436 as follows: PART 436—DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS AND PROHIBITIONS CONCERNING FRANCHISING Subpart A—Definitions436.1
                                    Definitions.
                                Subpart B—Franchisor’s Obligations436.2
                                    Obligation to furnish documents.
                                Subpart C—Contents of a Disclosure Document436.3
                                    Cover page.
                                    436.4
                                    Table of contents.
                                    436.5
                                    Disclosure items.
                                Subpart D—Instructions436.6
                                    Instructions for preparing disclosure documents.
                                    436.7
                                    Instructions for updating disclosures.
                                Subpart E—Exemptions436.8
                                    Exemptions.
                                Subpart F—Prohibitions436.9
                                    Additional prohibitions.
                                Subpart G—Other Provisions436.10
                                    Other laws and rules.
                                    436.11
                                    Severability.
                                    Appendix A to Part 436—Sample Item 10 Table—Summary of Financing Offered 
                                    Appendix B to Part 436—Sample Item 20(1) Table—Systemwide Outlet Summary 
                                    Appendix C to Part 436—Sample Item 20(2) Table —Transfers of Franchised Outlets 
                                    Appendix D to Part 436—Sample Item 20(3) Table—Status of Franchise Outlets 
                                    Appendix E to Part 436—Sample Item 20(4) Table—Status of Company-Owned Outlets 
                                    Appendix F to Part 436—Sample Item 20(5) Table—Projected New Franchised Outlets
 Authority:
                                15 U.S.C. 41-58. Subpart A—Definitions § 436.1
  Unless stated otherwise, the following definitions apply throughout part 436: (a) 
                                        *Action*
                                         includes complaints, cross claims, counterclaims, and third-party complaints in a judicial action or proceeding, and their equivalents in an administrative action or arbitration. (b) 
                                        *Affiliate*
                                         means an entity controlled by, controlling, or under common control with, another entity. (c) 
                                        *Confidentiality clause*
                                         means any contract, order, or settlement provision that directly or indirectly restricts a current or former franchisee from discussing his or her personal experience as a franchisee in the franchisor’s system with any prospective franchisee. It does not include clauses that protect franchisor’s trademarks or other proprietary information. (d) 
                                        *Disclose*, 
                                        *state*, 
                                        *describe*, and 
                                        *list*
                                         each mean to present all material facts accurately, clearly, concisely, and legibly in plain English. (e) 
                                        *Financial performance representation*
                                         means any representation, including any oral, written, or visual representation, to a prospective franchisee, including a representation in the general media, that states, expressly or by implication, a specific level or range of actual or potential sales, income, gross profits, or net profits. The term includes a chart, table, or mathematical calculation that shows possible results based on a combination of variables. (f) 
                                        *Fiscal year*
                                         refers to the franchisor’s fiscal year. (g) 
                                        *Fractional franchise*
                                         means a franchise relationship that satisfies the following criteria when the relationship is created: (1) The franchisee, any of the franchisee’s current directors or officers, or any current directors or officers of a parent or affiliate, has more than two years of experience in the same type of business; and (2) The parties have a reasonable basis to anticipate that the sales arising from the relationship will not exceed 20% of the franchisee’s total dollar volume in sales during the first year of operation. (h) 
                                        *Franchise*
                                         means any continuing commercial relationship or arrangement, whatever it may be called, in which the terms of the offer or contract specify, or the franchise seller promises or represents, orally or in writing, that: (1) The franchisee will obtain the right to operate a business that is identified or associated with the franchisor’s trademark, or to offer, sell, or distribute goods, services, or commodities that are identified or associated with the franchisor’s trademark; (2) The franchisor will exert or has authority to exert a significant degree of control over the franchisee’s method of operation, or provide significant assistance in the franchisee’s method of operation; and (3) As a condition of obtaining or commencing operation of the franchise, the franchisee makes a required payment or commits to make a required payment to the franchisor or its affiliate. (i) 
                                        *Franchisee*
                                         means any person who is granted a franchise. (j) 
                                        *Franchise seller*
                                         means a person that offers for sale, sells, or arranges for the sale of a franchise. It includes the franchisor and the franchisor’s employees, representatives, agents, subfranchisors, and third-party brokers who are involved in franchise sales activities. It does not include existing franchisees who sell only their own outlet and who are otherwise not engaged in franchise sales on behalf of the franchisor. (k) 
                                        *Franchisor*
                                         means any person who grants a franchise and participates in the franchise relationship. Unless otherwise stated, it includes subfranchisors. For purposes of this definition, a “subfranchisor” means a person who functions as a franchisor by engaging in both pre-sale activities and post-sale performance. (l) 
                                        *Leased department*
                                         means an arrangement whereby a retailer licenses or otherwise permits a seller to conduct 
                                        ( print page 15545)
                                        business from the retailer’s location where the seller purchases no goods, services, or commodities directly or indirectly from the retailer, a person the retailer requires the seller to do business with, or a retailer-affiliate if the retailer advises the seller to do business with the affiliate. (m) 
                                        *Parent*
                                         means an entity that controls another entity directly, or indirectly through one or more subsidiaries. (n) 
                                        *Person*
                                         means any individual, group, association, limited or general partnership, corporation, or any other entity. (o) 
                                        *Plain English*
                                         means the organization of information and language usage understandable by a person unfamiliar with the franchise business. It incorporates short sentences; definite, concrete, everyday language; active voice; and tabular presentation of information, where possible. It avoids legal jargon, highly technical business terms, and multiple negatives. (p) 
                                        *Predecessor*
                                         means a person from whom the franchisor acquired, directly or indirectly, the major portion of the franchisor’s assets. (q) 
                                        *Principal business address*
                                         means the street address of a person’s home office in the United States. A principal business address cannot be a post office box or private mail drop. (r) 
                                        *Prospective franchisee*
                                         means any person (including any agent, representative, or employee) who approaches or is approached by a franchise seller to discuss the possible establishment of a franchise relationship. (s) 
                                        *Required payment*
                                         means all consideration that the franchisee must pay to the franchisor or an affiliate, either by contract or by practical necessity, as a condition of obtaining or commencing operation of the franchise. A required payment does not include payments for the purchase of reasonable amounts of inventory at bona fide wholesale prices for resale or lease. (t) 
                                        *Sale of a franchise*
                                         includes an agreement whereby a person obtains a franchise from a franchise seller for value by purchase, license, or otherwise. It does not include extending or renewing an existing franchise agreement where there has been no interruption in the franchisee’s operation of the business, unless the new agreement contains terms and conditions that differ materially from the original agreement. It also does not include the transfer of a franchise by an existing franchisee where the franchisor has had no significant involvement with the prospective transferee. A franchisor’s approval or disapproval of a transfer alone is not deemed to be significant involvement. (u) 
                                        *Signature*
                                         means a person’s affirmative step to authenticate his or her identity. It includes a person’s handwritten signature, as well as a person’s use of security codes, passwords, electronic signatures, and similar devices to authenticate his or her identity. (v) 
                                        *Trademark*
                                         includes trademarks, service marks, names, logos, and other commercial symbols. (w) 
                                        *Written*
                                         or 
                                        *in writing*
                                         means any document or information in printed form or in any form capable of being preserved in tangible form and read. It includes: type-set, word processed, or handwritten document; information on computer disk or CD-ROM; information sent via email; or information posted on the Internet. It does not include mere oral statements.
 Subpart B—Franchisors’ Obligations § 436.2
  In connection with the offer or sale of a franchise to be located in the United States of America or its territories, unless the transaction is exempted under Subpart E of this part, it is an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act: (a) For any franchisor to fail to furnish a prospective franchisee with a copy of the franchisor’s current disclosure document, as described in Subparts C and D of this part, at least 14 calendar-days before the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement with, or makes any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale. (b) For any franchisor to alter unilaterally and materially the terms and conditions of the basic franchise agreement or any related agreements attached to the disclosure document without furnishing the prospective franchisee with a copy of each revised agreement at least seven calendar-days before the prospective franchisee signs the revised agreement. Changes to an agreement that arise out of negotiations initiated by the prospective franchisee do not trigger this seven calendar-day period. (c) For purposes of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the franchisor has furnished the documents by the required date if: (1) A copy of the document was hand-delivered, faxed, emailed, or otherwise delivered to the prospective franchisee by the required date; (2) Directions for accessing the document on the Internet were provided to the prospective franchisee by the required date; or (3) A paper or tangible electronic copy (for example, computer disk or CD-ROM) was sent to the address specified by the prospective franchisee by first-class United States mail at least three calendar days before the required date.
 Subpart C—Contents of a Disclosure Document § 436.3
  Begin the disclosure document with a cover page, in the order and form as follows: (a) The title “
                                        **FRANCHISE DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT**
                                        ” in capital letters and bold type. (b) The franchisor’s name, type of business organization, principal business address, telephone number, and, if applicable, email address and primary home page address. (c) A sample of the primary business trademark that the franchisee will use in its business. (d) A brief description of the franchised business. (e) The following statements: (1) The total investment necessary to begin operation of a [franchise system name] franchise is [the total amount of Item 7 (§ 436.5(g))]. This includes [the total amount in Item 5 (§ 436.5(e))] that must be paid to the franchisor or affiliate. (2) This disclosure document summarizes certain provisions of your franchise agreement and other information in plain English. Read this disclosure document and all accompanying agreements carefully. You must receive this disclosure document at least 14 calendar-days before you sign a binding agreement with, or make any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale. [The following sentence in bold type] 
                                        **Note, however, that no governmental agency has verified the information contained in this document.** (3) The terms of your contract will govern your franchise relationship. Don’t rely on the disclosure document alone to understand your contract. Read all of your contract carefully. Show your contract and this disclosure document to an advisor, like a lawyer or an accountant. (4) Buying a franchise is a complex investment. The information in this disclosure document can help you make up your mind. More information on franchising, such as “
                                        *A Consumer’s Guide to Buying a Franchise*,” which 
                                        ( print page 15546)
                                        can help you understand how to use this disclosure document, is available from the Federal Trade Commission. You can contact the FTC at 1-877-FTC-HELP or by writing to the FTC at 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, D.C. 20580. You can also visit the FTC’s home page at www.ftc.gov for additional information. Call your state agency or visit your public library for other sources of information on franchising. (5) There may also be laws on franchising in your state. Ask your state agencies about them. (6) [The issuance date]. (f) A franchisor may include the following statement between the statements set out at paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section: “You may wish to receive your disclosure document in another format that is more convenient for you. To discuss the availability of disclosures in different formats, contact [name or office] at [address] and [telephone number].” (g) Franchisors may include additional disclosures on the cover page, on a separate cover page, or addendum to comply with state pre-sale disclosure laws.
 § 436.4
  Include the following table of contents. State the page where each disclosure Item begins. List all exhibits by letter, as shown in the following example. **Table of Contents** 1. The Franchisor and any Parents, Predecessors, and Affiliates 2. Business Experience 3. Litigation 4. Bankruptcy 5. Initial Fees 6. Other Fees 7. Estimated Initial Investment 8. Restrictions on Sources of Products and Services 9. Franchisee’s Obligations 10. Financing 11. Franchisor’s Assistance, Advertising, Computer Systems, and Training 12. Territory 13. Trademarks 14. Patents, Copyrights, and Proprietary Information 15. Obligation to Participate in the Actual Operation of the Franchise Business 16. Restrictions on What the Franchisee May Sell 17. Renewal, Termination, Transfer, and Dispute Resolution 18. Public Figures 19. Financial Performance Representations 20. Outlets and Franchisee Information 21. Financial Statements 22. Contracts 23. Receipts **Exhibits** A. Franchise Agreement
 § 436.5
  (a) 
                                        *Item 1*: 
                                        *The Franchisor, and any Parents, Predecessors, and Affiliates*. Disclose: (1) The name and principal business address of the franchisor; any parents; and any affiliates that offer franchises in any line of business or provide products or services to the franchisees of the franchisor. (2) The name and principal business address of any predecessors during the 10-year period immediately before the close of the franchisor’s most recent fiscal year. (3) The name that the franchisor uses and any names it intends to use to conduct business. (4) The identity and principal business address of the franchisor’s agent for service of process. (5) The type of business organization used by the franchisor (for example, corporation, partnership) and the state in which it was organized. (6) The following information about the franchisor’s business and the franchises offered: (i) Whether the franchisor operates businesses of the type being franchised. (ii) The franchisor’s other business activities. (iii) The business the franchisee will conduct. (iv) The general market for the product or service the franchisee will offer. In describing the general market, consider factors such as whether the market is developed or developing, whether the goods will be sold primarily to a certain group, and whether sales are seasonal. (v) In general terms, any laws or regulations specific to the industry in which the franchise business operates. (vi) A general description of the competition. (7) The prior business experience of the franchisor; any predecessors listed in § 436.5(a)(2) of this part; and any affiliates that offer franchises in any line of business or provide products or services to the franchisees of the franchisor, including: (i) The length of time each has conducted the type of business the franchisee will operate. (ii) The length of time each has offered franchises providing the type of business the franchisee will operate. (iii) Whether each has offered franchises in other lines of business. If so, include: (A) A description of each other line of business. (B) The number of franchises sold in each other line of business. (C) The length of time each has offered franchises in each other line of business. (b) 
                                        *Item 2*: 
                                        *Business Experience*. Disclose by name and position the franchisor’s directors, trustees, general partners, principal officers, and any other individuals who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document. For each person listed in this section, state his or her principal positions and employers during the past five years, including each position’s starting date, ending date, and location. (c) 
                                        *Item 3*: 
                                        *Litigation*. (1) Disclose whether the franchisor; a predecessor; a parent or affiliate who induces franchise sales by promising to back the franchisor financially or otherwise guarantees the franchisor’s performance; an affiliate who offers franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark; and any person identified in § 436.5(b) of this part: (i) Has pending against that person: (A) An administrative, criminal, or material civil action alleging a violation of a franchise, antitrust, or securities law, or alleging fraud, unfair or deceptive practices, or comparable allegations. (B) Civil actions, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, which are material in the context of the number of franchisees and the size, nature, or financial condition of the franchise system or its business operations. (ii) Was a party to any material civil action involving the franchise relationship in the last fiscal year. For purposes of this section, “franchise relationship” means contractual obligations between the franchisor and franchisee directly relating to the operation of the franchised business (such as royalty payment and training obligations). It does not include actions involving suppliers or other third parties, or indemnification for tort liability. (iii) Has in the 10-year period immediately before the disclosure document’s issuance date: (A) Been convicted of or pleaded nolo contendere to a felony charge. (B) Been held liable in a civil action involving an alleged violation of a franchise, antitrust, or securities law, or involving allegations of fraud, unfair or deceptive practices, or comparable allegations. “Held liable” means that, as a result of claims or counterclaims, the person must pay money or other consideration, must reduce an indebtedness by the amount of an 
                                        ( print page 15547)
                                        award, cannot enforce its rights, or must take action adverse to its interests. (2) Disclose whether the franchisor; a predecessor; a parent or affiliate who guarantees the franchisor’s performance; an affiliate who has offered or sold franchises in any line of business within the last 10 years; or any other person identified in § 436.5(b) of this part is subject to a currently effective injunctive or restrictive order or decree resulting from a pending or concluded action brought by a public agency and relating to the franchise or to a Federal, State, or Canadian franchise, securities, antitrust, trade regulation, or trade practice law. (3) For each action identified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section, state the title, case number or citation, the initial filing date, the names of the parties, the forum, and the relationship of the opposing party to the franchisor (for example, competitor, supplier, lessor, franchisee, former franchisee, or class of franchisees). Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, summarize the legal and factual nature of each claim in the action, the relief sought or obtained, and any conclusions of law or fact.[1]
                                        
                                         In addition, state: (i) For pending actions, the status of the action. (ii) For prior actions, the date when the judgment was entered and any damages or settlement terms.[2] (iii) For injunctive or restrictive orders, the nature, terms, and conditions of the order or decree. (iv) For convictions or pleas, the crime or violation, the date of conviction, and the sentence or penalty imposed. (4) For any other franchisor-initiated suit identified in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, the franchisor may comply with the requirements of paragraphs (c)(3)(i) through (iv) of this section by listing individual suits under one common heading that will serve as the case summary (for example, “royalty collection suits”). (d) 
                                        *Item 4*: 
                                        *Bankruptcy*. (1) Disclose whether the franchisor; any parent; predecessor; affiliate; officer, or general partner of the franchisor, or any other individual who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document, has, during the 10-year period immediately before the date of this disclosure document: (i) Filed as debtor (or had filed against it) a petition under the United States Bankruptcy Code (“Bankruptcy Code”). (ii) Obtained a discharge of its debts under the Bankruptcy Code. (iii) Been a principal officer of a company or a general partner in a partnership that either filed as a debtor (or had filed against it) a petition under the Bankruptcy Code, or that obtained a discharge of its debts under the Bankruptcy Code while, or within one year after, the officer or general partner held the position in the company. (2) For each bankruptcy, state: (i) The current name, address, and principal place of business of the debtor. (ii) Whether the debtor is the franchisor. If not, state the relationship of the debtor to the franchisor (for example, affiliate, officer). (iii) The date of the original filing and the material facts, including the bankruptcy court, and the case name and number. If applicable, state the debtor’s discharge date, including discharges under Chapter 7 and confirmation of any plans of reorganization under Chapters 11 and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. (3) Disclose cases, actions, and other proceedings under the laws of foreign nations relating to bankruptcy. (e) 
                                        *Item 5*: 
                                        *Initial Fees.*
                                         Disclose the initial fees and any conditions under which these fees are refundable. If the initial fees are not uniform, disclose the range or formula used to calculate the initial fees paid in the fiscal year before the issuance date and the factors that determined the amount. For this section, “initial fees” means all fees and payments, or commitments to pay, for services or goods received from the franchisor or any affiliate before the franchisee’s business opens, whether payable in lump sum or installments. Disclose installment payment terms in this section or in § 436.5(j) of this part. (f) 
                                        *Item 6*: 
                                        *Other Fees*.  Disclose, in the following tabular form, all other fees that the franchisee must pay to the franchisor or its affiliates, or that the franchisor or its affiliates impose or collect in whole or in part for a third party. State the title “
                                        **OTHER FEES**
                                        ” in capital letters using bold type. Include any formula used to compute the fees.[3] Item 6 Table
**OTHER FEES**
Column 1 
                                                 Type of fee
Column 2 
                                                 Amount
Column 3 
                                                 Due Date
Column 4 
                                                 Remarks
 (1) In column 1, list the type of fee (for example, royalties, and fees for lease negotiations, construction, remodeling, additional training or assistance, advertising, advertising cooperatives, purchasing cooperatives, audits, accounting, inventory, transfers, and renewals). (2) In column 2, state the amount of the fee. (3) In column 3, state the due date for each fee. (4) In column 4, include remarks, definitions, or caveats that elaborate on the information in the table. If remarks are long, franchisors may use footnotes instead of the remarks column. If applicable, include the following information in the remarks column or in a footnote: (i) Whether the fees are payable only to the franchisor. (ii) Whether the fees are imposed and collected by the franchisor. (iii) Whether the fees are non-refundable or describe the circumstances when the fees are refundable. (iv) Whether the fees are uniformly imposed. (v) The voting power of franchisor-owned outlets on any fees imposed by 
                                        ( print page 15548)
                                        cooperatives. If franchisor-owned outlets have controlling voting power, disclose the maximum and minimum fees that may be imposed. (g) 
                                        *Item 7*: 
                                        *Estimated Initial Investment*. Disclose, in the following tabular form, the franchisee’s estimated initial investment. State the title “
                                        **YOUR ESTIMATED INITIAL INVESTMENT**
                                        ” in capital letters using bold type. Franchisors may include additional expenditure tables to show expenditure variations caused by differences such as in site location and premises size. Item 7 Table:
**YOUR ESTIMATED INITIAL INVESTMENT**
Column 1 
                                                 Type of expenditure
Column 2 
                                                 Amount
Column 3 
                                                 Method of payment
Column 4 
                                                 When due
Column 4 
                                                 To whom payment is to be madeTotal.
 (1) In column 1: (i) List each type of expense, beginning with pre-opening expenses. Include the following expenses, if applicable. Use footnotes to include remarks, definitions, or caveats that elaborate on the information in the Table. (A) The initial franchise fee. (B) Training expenses. (C) Real property, whether purchased or leased. (D) Equipment, fixtures, other fixed assets, construction, remodeling, leasehold improvements, and decorating costs, whether purchased or leased. (E) Inventory to begin operating. (F) Security deposits, utility deposits, business licenses, and other prepaid expenses. (ii) List separately and by name any other specific required payments (for example, additional training, travel, or advertising expenses) that the franchisee must make to begin operations. (iii) Include a category titled “Additional funds— [initial period]” for any other required expenses the franchisee will incur before operations begin and during the initial period of operations. State the initial period. A reasonable initial period is at least three months or a reasonable period for the industry. Describe in general terms the factors, basis, and experience that the franchisor considered or relied upon in formulating the amount required for additional funds. (2) In column 2, state the amount of the payment. If the amount is unknown, use a low-high range based on the franchisor’s current experience. If real property costs cannot be estimated in a low-high range, describe the approximate size of the property and building and the probable location of the building (for example, strip shopping center, mall, downtown, rural, or highway). (3) In column 3, state the method of payment. (4) In column 4, state the due date. (5) In column 5, state to whom payment will be made. (6) Total the initial investment, incorporating ranges of fees, if used. (7) In a footnote, state: (i) Whether each payment is non-refundable, or describe the circumstances when each payment is refundable. (ii) If the franchisor or an affiliate finances part of the initial investment, the amount that it will finance, the required down payment, the annual interest rate, rate factors, and the estimated loan repayments. Franchisors may refer to § 436.5(j) of this part for additional details. (h) 
                                        *Item 8*: 
                                        *Restrictions on Sources of Products and Services*
                                        . Disclose the franchisee’s obligations to purchase or lease goods, services, supplies, fixtures, equipment, inventory, computer hardware and software, real estate, or comparable items related to establishing or operating the franchised business either from the franchisor, its designee, or suppliers approved by the franchisor, or under the franchisor’s specifications. Include obligations to purchase imposed by the franchisor’s written agreement or by the franchisor’s practice.[4]
                                        
                                         For each applicable obligation, state: (1) The good or service required to be purchased or leased. (2) Whether the franchisor or its affiliates are approved suppliers or the only approved suppliers of that good or service. (3) Any supplier in which an officer of the franchisor owns an interest. (4) How the franchisor grants and revokes approval of alternative suppliers, including: (i) Whether the franchisor’s criteria for approving suppliers are available to franchisees. (ii) Whether the franchisor permits franchisees to contract with alternative suppliers who meet the franchisor’s criteria. (iii) Any fees and procedures to secure approval to purchase from alternative suppliers. (iv) The time period in which the franchisee will be notified of approval or disapproval. (v) How approvals are revoked. (5) Whether the franchisor issues specifications and standards to franchisees, subfranchisees, or approved suppliers. If so, describe how the franchisor issues and modifies specifications. (6) Whether the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive revenue or other material consideration from required purchases or leases by franchisees. If so, describe the precise basis by which the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive that consideration by stating: (i) The franchisor’s total revenue.[5] (ii) The franchisor’s revenues from all required purchases and leases of products and services. (iii) The percentage of the franchisor’s total revenues that are from required purchases or leases. (iv) If the franchisor’s affiliates also sell or lease products or services to franchisees, the affiliates’ revenues from those sales or leases. (7) The estimated proportion of these required purchases and leases by the franchisee to all purchases and leases by the franchisee of goods and services in establishing and operating the franchised businesses. 
                                        ( print page 15549) (8) If a designated supplier will make payments to the franchisor from franchisee purchases, disclose the basis for the payment (for example, specify a percentage or a flat amount). For purposes of this disclosure, a “payment” includes the sale of similar goods or services to the franchisor at a lower price than to franchisees. (9) The existence of purchasing or distribution cooperatives. (10) Whether the franchisor negotiates purchase arrangements with suppliers, including price terms, for the benefit of franchisees. (11) Whether the franchisor provides material benefits (for example, renewal or granting additional franchises) to a franchisee based on a franchisee’s purchase of particular products or services or use of particular suppliers. (i) 
                                        *Item 9*: 
                                        *Franchisee’s Obligations*. Disclose, in the following tabular form, a list of the franchisee’s principal obligations. State the title “
                                        **FRANCHISEE’S OBLIGATIONS**
                                        ” in capital letters using bold type. Cross-reference each listed obligation with any applicable section of the franchise or other agreement and with the relevant disclosure document provision. If a particular obligation is not applicable, state “Not Applicable.” Include additional obligations, as warranted. Item 9 Table:
**FRANCHISEE’S OBLIGATIONS**
[In bold] 
                                            **This table lists your principal obligations under the franchise and other agreements. It will help you find more detailed information about your obligations in these agreements and in other items of this disclosure document.**
**Obligation**
**Section in agreement**
**Disclosure document item**a. Site selection and acquisition/leaseb. Pre-opening purchase/leasesc. Site development and other pre-opening requirementsd. Initial and ongoing traininge. Openingf. Feesg. Compliance with standards and policies/operating manualh. Trademarks and proprietary informationi. Restrictions on products/services offeredj. Warranty and customer service requirementsk. Territorial development and sales quotasl. Ongoing product/service purchasesm. Maintenance, appearance, and remodeling requirementsn. Insuranceo. Advertisingp. Indemnificationq. Owner’s participation/management/staffingr. Records and reportss. Inspections and auditst. Transferu. Renewalv. Post-termination obligationsw. Non-competition covenantsx. Dispute resolutiony. Other (describe)
 
 
 (j) 
                                        *Item 10*: 
                                        *Financing*
                                        . (1) Disclose the terms of each financing arrangement, including leases and installment contracts, that the franchisor, its agent, or affiliates offer directly or indirectly to the franchisee.[6]
                                        
                                         The franchisor may summarize the terms of each financing arrangement in tabular form, using footnotes to provide additional information. For a sample Item 10 table, see Appendix A of this part. For each financing arrangement, state: (i) What the financing covers (for example, the initial franchise fee, site acquisition, construction or remodeling, initial or replacement equipment or fixtures, opening or ongoing inventory or supplies, or other continuing expenses).[7] (ii) The identity of each lender providing financing and their relationship to the franchisor (for example, affiliate). (iii) The amount of financing offered or, if the amount depends on an actual cost that may vary, the percentage of the cost that will be financed. (iv) The rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis. If the rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis, may differ depending on when the financing is issued, state what that rate was on a specified recent date. (v) The number of payments or the period of repayment. (vi) The nature of any security interest required by the lender. (vii) Whether a person other than the franchisee must personally guarantee the debt. (viii) Whether the debt can be prepaid and the nature of any prepayment penalty. (ix) The franchisee’s potential liabilities upon default, including any: (A) Accelerated obligation to pay the entire amount due; (B) Obligations to pay court costs and attorney’s fees incurred in collecting the debt; (C) Termination of the franchise; and (D) Liabilities from cross defaults such as those resulting directly from non-payment, or indirectly from the loss of business property. (x) Other material financing terms. (2) Disclose whether the loan agreement requires franchisees to waive defenses or other legal rights (for example, confession of judgment), or bars franchisees from asserting a defense against the lender, the lender’s assignee or the franchisor. If so, describe the relevant provisions. (3) Disclose whether the franchisor’s practice or intent is to sell, assign, or discount to a third party all or part of the financing arrangement. If so, state: (i) The assignment terms, including whether the franchisor will remain primarily obligated to provide the financed goods or services; and (ii) That the franchisee may lose all its defenses against the lender as a result of the sale or assignment. (4) Disclose whether the franchisor or an affiliate receives any consideration for placing financing with the lender. If such payments exist: (i) Disclose the amount or the method of determining the payment; and (ii) Identify the source of the payment and the relationship of the source to the franchisor or its affiliates. (k) 
                                        *Item 11: Franchisor’s Assistance, Advertising, Computer Systems, and Training*. Disclose the franchisor’s principal assistance and related obligations of both the franchisor and franchisee as follows. For each obligation, cite the section number of the franchise agreement imposing the obligation. Begin by stating the following sentence in bold type: “
                                        **Except as listed below, [the franchisor] is not required to provide you with any assistance.**
                                        ” (1) Disclose the franchisor’s pre-opening obligations to the franchisee, including any assistance in: (i) Locating a site and negotiating the purchase or lease of the site. If such assistance is provided, state: (A) Whether the franchisor generally owns the premises and leases it to the franchisee. (B) Whether the franchisor selects the site or approves an area in which the franchisee selects a site. If so, state further whether and how the franchisor must approve a franchisee-selected site. (C) The factors that the franchisor considers in selecting or approving sites (for example, general location and neighborhood, traffic patterns, parking, size, physical characteristics of existing buildings, and lease terms). (D) The time limit for the franchisor to locate or approve or disapprove the site and the consequences if the franchisor and franchisee cannot agree on a site. (ii) Conforming the premises to local ordinances and building codes and obtaining any required permits. (iii) Constructing, remodeling, or decorating the premises. (iv) Hiring and training employees. (v) Providing for necessary equipment, signs, fixtures, opening inventory, and supplies. If any such assistance is provided, state: (A) Whether the franchisor provides these items directly or only provides the names of approved suppliers. (B) Whether the franchisor provides written specifications for these items. (C) Whether the franchisor delivers or installs these items. (2) Disclose the typical length of time between the earlier of the signing of the franchise agreement or the first payment of consideration for the franchise and the opening of the franchisee’s business. Describe the factors that may affect the time period, such as ability to obtain a lease, financing or building permits, zoning and local ordinances, weather conditions, shortages, or delayed installation of equipment, fixtures, and signs. (3) Disclose the franchisor’s obligations to the franchisee during the operation of the franchise, including any assistance in: (i) Developing products or services the franchisee will offer to its customers. (ii) Hiring and training employees. (iii) Improving and developing the franchised business. (iv) Establishing prices. (v) Establishing and using administrative, bookkeeping, accounting, and inventory control procedures. (vi) Resolving operating problems encountered by the franchisee. (4) Describe the advertising program for the franchise system, including the following: (i)The franchisor’s obligation to conduct advertising, including: (A) The media the franchisor may use. (B) Whether media coverage is local, regional, or national. (C) The source of the advertising (for example, an in-house advertising department or a national or regional advertising agency). (D) Whether the franchisor must spend any amount on advertising in the area or territory where the franchisee is located. (ii) The circumstances when the franchisor will permit franchisees to use their own advertising material. (iii) Whether there is an advertising council composed of franchisees that advises the franchisor on advertising policies. If so, disclose: (A) How members of the council are selected. (B) Whether the council serves in an advisory capacity only or has operational or decision-making power. 
                                        ( print page 15551) (C) Whether the franchisor has the power to form, change, or dissolve the advertising council. (iv) Whether the franchisee must participate in a local or regional advertising cooperative. If so, state: (A) How the area or membership of the cooperative is defined. (B) How much the franchisee must contribute to the fund and whether other franchisees must contribute a different amount or at a different rate. (C) Whether the franchisor-owned outlets must contribute to the fund and, if so, whether those contributions are on the same basis as those for franchisees. (D) Who is responsible for administering the cooperative (for example, franchisor, franchisees, or advertising agency). (E) Whether cooperatives must operate from written governing documents and whether the documents are available for the franchisee to review. (F) Whether cooperatives must prepare annual or periodic financial statements and whether the statements are available for review by the franchisee. (G) Whether the franchisor has the power to require cooperatives to be formed, changed, dissolved, or merged. (v) Whether the franchisee must participate in any other advertising fund. If so, state: (A) Who contributes to the fund. (B) How much the franchisee must contribute to the fund and whether other franchisees must contribute a different amount or at a different rate. (C) Whether the franchisor-owned outlets must contribute to the fund and, if so, whether it is on the same basis as franchisees. (D) Who administers the fund. (E) Whether the fund is audited and when it is audited. (F) Whether financial statements of the fund are available for review by the franchisee. (G) How the funds were used in the most recently concluded fiscal year, including the percentages spent on production, media placement, administrative expenses, and a description of any other use. (vi) If not all advertising funds are spent in the fiscal year in which they accrue, how the franchisor uses the remaining amount, including whether franchisees receive a periodic accounting of how advertising fees are spent. (vii) The percentage of advertising funds, if any, that the franchisor uses principally to solicit new franchise sales. (5) Disclose whether the franchisor requires the franchisee to buy or use electronic cash registers or computer systems. If so, describe the systems generally in non-technical language, including the types of data to be generated or stored in these systems, and state the following: (i) The cost of purchasing or leasing the systems. (ii) Any obligation of the franchisor, any affiliate, or third party to provide ongoing maintenance, repairs, upgrades, or updates. (iii) Any obligations of the franchisee to upgrade or update any system during the term of the franchise, and, if so, any contractual limitations on the frequency and cost of the obligation. (iv) The annual cost of any optional or required maintenance, updating, upgrading, or support contracts. (v) Whether the franchisor will have independent access to the information that will be generated or stored in any electronic cash register or computer system. If so, describe the information that the franchisor may access and whether there are any contractual limitations on the franchisor’s right to access the information. (6) Disclose the table of contents of the franchisor’s operating manual provided to franchisees as of the franchisor’s last fiscal year-end or a more recent date. State the number of pages devoted to each subject and the total number of pages in the manual as of this date. This disclosure may be omitted if the franchisor offers the prospective franchisee the opportunity to view the manual before buying the franchise. (7) Disclose the franchisor’s training program as of the franchisor’s last fiscal year-end or a more recent date. (i) Describe the training program in the following tabular form. Title the table “
                                        **TRAINING PROGRAM**
                                        ” in capital letters and bold type. Item 11 Table
**TRAINING PROGRAM**
Column 1 
                                                 Subject
Column 2 
                                                 Hours of Classroom Training
Column 3 
                                                 Hours of On-The-Job Training
Column 4 
                                                 Location
 (A) In column 1, state the subjects taught. (B) In column 2, state the hours of classroom training for each subject. (C) In column 3, state the hours of on-the-job training for each subject. (D) In column 4, state the location of the training for each subject. (ii) State further: (A) How often training classes are held and the nature of the location or facility where training is held (for example, company, home, office, franchisor-owned store). (B) The nature of instructional materials and the instructor’s experience, including the instructor’s length of experience in the field and with the franchisor. State only experience relevant to the subject taught and the franchisor’s operations. (C) Any charges franchisees must pay for training and who must pay travel and living expenses of the training program enrollees. (D) Who may and who must attend training. State whether the franchisee or other persons must complete the program to the franchisor’s satisfaction. If successful completion is required, state how long after signing the agreement or before opening the business the training must be completed. If training is not mandatory, state the percentage of new franchisees that enrolled in the training program during the preceding 12 months. (E) Whether additional training programs or refresher courses are required. (l) 
                                        *Item 12*: 
                                        *Territory*. Disclose: (1) Whether the franchise is for a specific location or a location to be approved by the franchisor. (2) Any minimum territory granted to the franchisee (for example, a specific radius, a distance sufficient to encompass a specified population, or another specific designation). (3) The conditions under which the franchisor will approve the relocation of the franchised business or the franchisee’s establishment of additional franchised outlets. 
                                        ( print page 15552) (4) Franchisee options, rights of first refusal, or similar rights to acquire additional franchises. (5) Whether the franchisor grants an exclusive territory. (i) If the franchisor does not grant an exclusive territory, state: “You will not receive an exclusive territory. You may face competition from other franchisees, from outlets that we own, or from other channels of distribution or competitive brands that we control.” (ii) If the franchisor grants an exclusive territory, disclose: (A) Whether continuation of territorial exclusivity depends on achieving a certain sales volume, market penetration, or other contingency, and the circumstances when the franchisee’s territory may be altered. Describe any sales or other conditions. State the franchisor’s rights if the franchisee fails to meet the requirements. (B) Any other circumstances that permit the franchisor to modify the franchisee’s territorial rights (for example, a population increase in the territory giving the franchisor the right to grant an additional franchise in the area) and the effect of such modifications on the franchisee’s rights. (6) For all territories (exclusive and non-exclusive): (i) Any restrictions on the franchisor from soliciting or accepting orders from consumers inside the franchisee’s territory, including: (A) Whether the franchisor or an affiliate has used or reserves the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing sales, to make sales within the franchisee’s territory using the franchisor’s principal trademarks. (B) Whether the franchisor or an affiliate has used or reserves the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing, to make sales within the franchisee’s territory of products or services under trademarks different from the ones the franchisee will use under the franchise agreement. (C) Any compensation that the franchisor must pay for soliciting or accepting orders from inside the franchisee’s territory. (ii) Any restrictions on the franchisee from soliciting or accepting orders from consumers outside of his or her territory, including whether the franchisee has the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing, to make sales outside of his or her territory. (iii) If the franchisor or an affiliate operates, franchises, or has plans to operate or franchise a business under a different trademark and that business sells or will sell goods or services similar to those the franchisee will offer, describe: (A) The similar goods and services. (B) The different trademark. (C) Whether outlets will be franchisor owned or operated. (D) Whether the franchisor or its franchisees who use the different trademark will solicit or accept orders within the franchisee’s territory. (E) The timetable for the plan. (F) How the franchisor will resolve conflicts between the franchisor and franchisees and between the franchisees of each system regarding territory, customers, and franchisor support. (G) The principal business address of the franchisor’s similar operating business. If it is the same as the franchisor’s principal business address stated in § 436.5(a) of this part, disclose whether the franchisor maintains (or plans to maintain) physically separate offices and training facilities for the similar competing business. (m) 
                                        *Item 13*: 
                                        *Trademarks*.  (1) Disclose each principal trademark to be licensed to the franchisee. For this Item, “principal trademark” means the primary trademarks, service marks, names, logos, and commercial symbols the franchisee will use to identify the franchised business. It may not include every trademark the franchisor owns. (2) Disclose whether each principal trademark is registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. If so, state: (i) The date and identification number of each trademark registration. (ii) Whether the franchisor has filed all required affidavits. (iii) Whether any registration has been renewed. (iv) Whether the principal trademarks are registered on the Principal or Supplemental Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. (3) If the principal trademark is not registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, state whether the franchisor has filed any trademark application, including any “intent to use” application or an application based on actual use. If so, state the date and identification number of the application. (4) If the trademark is not registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, state: “We do not have a federal registration for our principal trademark. Therefore, our trademark does not have many legal benefits and rights as a federally registered trademark. If our right to use the trademark is challenged, you may have to change to an alternative trademark, which may increase your expenses.” (5) Disclose any currently effective material determinations of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, or any state trademark administrator or court; and any pending infringement, opposition, or cancellation proceeding. Include infringement, opposition, or cancellation proceedings in which the franchisor unsuccessfully sought to prevent registration of a trademark in order to protect a trademark licensed by the franchisor. Describe how the determination affects the ownership, use, or licensing of the trademark. (6) Disclose any pending material federal or state court litigation regarding the franchisor’s use or ownership rights in a trademark. For each pending action, disclose:[8] (i) The forum and case number. (ii) The nature of claims made opposing the franchisor’s use of the trademark or by the franchisor opposing another person’s use of the trademark. (iii) Any effective court or administrative agency ruling in the matter. (7) Disclose any currently effective agreements that significantly limit the franchisor’s rights to use or license the use of trademarks listed in this section in a manner material to the franchise. For each agreement, disclose: (i) The manner and extent of the limitation or grant. (ii) The extent to which the agreement may affect the franchisee. (iii) The agreement’s duration. (iv) The parties to the agreement. (v) The circumstances when the agreement may be canceled or modified. (vi) All other material terms. (8) Disclose: (i) Whether the franchisor must protect the franchisee’s right to use the principal trademarks listed in this section, and must protect the franchisee against claims of infringement or unfair competition arising out of the franchisee’s use of the trademarks. (ii) The franchisee’s obligation to notify the franchisor of the use of, or claims of rights to, a trademark identical to or confusingly similar to a trademark licensed to the franchisee. (iii) Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to take 
                                        ( print page 15553)
                                        affirmative action when notified of these uses or claims. (iv) Whether the franchisor or franchisee has the right to control any administrative proceedings or litigation involving a trademark licensed by the franchisor to the franchisee. (v) Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to participate in the franchisee’s defense and/or indemnify the franchisee for expenses or damages if the franchisee is a party to an administrative or judicial proceeding involving a trademark licensed by the franchisor to the franchisee, or if the proceeding is resolved unfavorably to the franchisee. (vi) The franchisee’s rights under the franchise agreement if the franchisor requires the franchisee to modify or discontinue using a trademark. (9) Disclose whether the franchisor knows of either superior prior rights or infringing uses that could materially affect the franchisee’s use of the principal trademarks in the state where the franchised business will be located. For each use of a principal trademark that the franchisor believes is an infringement that could materially affect the franchisee’s use of a trademark, disclose: (i) The nature of the infringement. (ii) The locations where the infringement is occurring. (iii) The length of time of the infringement (to the extent known). (iv) Any action taken or anticipated by the franchisor. (n) 
                                        *Item 14*: 
                                        *Patents, Copyrights, and Proprietary Information*. (1) Disclose whether the franchisor owns rights in, or licenses to, patents or copyrights that are material to the franchise. Also, disclose whether the franchisor has any pending patent applications that are material to the franchise. If so, state: (i) The nature of the patent, patent application, or copyright and its relationship to the franchise. (ii) For each patent: (A) The duration of the patent. (B) The type of patent (for example, mechanical, process, or design). (C) The patent number, issuance date, and title. (iii) For each patent application: (A) The type of patent application (for example, mechanical, process, or design). (B) The serial number, filing date, and title. (iv) For each copyright: (A) The duration of the copyright. (B) The registration number and date. (C) Whether the franchisor can and intends to renew the copyright. (2) Describe any current material determination of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Copyright Office, or a court regarding the patent or copyright. Include the forum and matter number. Describe how the determination affects the franchised business. (3) State the forum, case number, claims asserted, issues involved, and effective determinations for any material proceeding pending in the United States Patent and Trademark Office or any court.[9] (4) If an agreement limits the use of the patent, patent application, or copyright, state the parties to and duration of the agreement, the extent to which the agreement may affect the franchisee, and other material terms of the agreement. (5) Disclose the franchisor’s obligation to protect the patent, patent application, or copyright; and to defend the franchisee against claims arising from the franchisee’s use of patented or copyrighted items, including: (i) Whether the franchisor’s obligation is contingent upon the franchisee notifying the franchisor of any infringement claims or whether the franchisee’s notification is discretionary. (ii) Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to take affirmative action when notified of infringement. (iii) Who has the right to control any litigation. (iv) Whether the franchisor must participate in the defense of a franchisee or indemnify the franchisee for expenses or damages in a proceeding involving a patent, patent application, or copyright licensed to the franchisee. (v) Whether the franchisor’s obligation is contingent upon the franchisee modifying or discontinuing the use of the subject matter covered by the patent or copyright. (vi) The franchisee’s rights under the franchise agreement if the franchisor requires the franchisee to modify or discontinue using the subject matter covered by the patent or copyright. (6) If the franchisor knows of any patent or copyright infringement that could materially affect the franchisee, disclose: (i) The nature of the infringement. (ii) The locations where the infringement is occurring. (iii) The length of time of the infringement (to the extent known). (iv) Any action taken or anticipated by the franchisor. (7) If the franchisor claims proprietary rights in other confidential information or trade secrets, describe in general terms the proprietary information communicated to the franchisee and the terms for use by the franchisee. The franchisor need only describe the general nature of the proprietary information, such as whether a formula or recipe is considered to be a trade secret. (o)
                                        *Item 15*: 
                                        *Obligation to Participate in the Actual Operation of the Franchise Business*. (1) Disclose the franchisee’s obligation to participate personally in the direct operation of the franchisee’s business and whether the franchisor recommends participation. Include obligations arising from any written agreement or from the franchisor’s practice. (2) If personal “on-premises” supervision is not required, disclose the following: (i) If the franchisee is an individual, whether the franchisor recommends on-premises supervision by the franchisee. (ii) Limits on whom the franchisee can hire as an on-premises supervisor. (iii) Whether an on-premises supervisor must successfully complete the franchisor’s training program. (iv) If the franchisee is a business entity, the amount of equity interest, if any, that the on-premises supervisor must have in the franchisee’s business. (3) Disclose any restrictions that the franchisee must place on its manager (for example, maintain trade secrets, covenants not to compete). (p) 
                                        *Item 16*: 
                                        *Restrictions on What the Franchisee May Sell*. Disclose any franchisor-imposed restrictions or conditions on the goods or services that the franchisee may sell or that limit access to customers, including: (1) Any obligation on the franchisee to sell only goods or services approved by the franchisor. (2) Any obligation on the franchisee to sell all goods or services authorized by the franchisor. (3) Whether the franchisor has the right to change the types of authorized goods or services and whether there are limits on the franchisor’s right to make changes. (q) 
                                        *Item 17*: 
                                        *Renewal, Termination, Transfer, and Dispute Resolution*. Disclose, in the following tabular form, a table that cross-references each enumerated franchise relationship item with the applicable provision in the franchise or related agreement. Title the table “
                                        **THE FRANCHISE RELATIONSHIP**
                                        ” in capital letters and bold type. (1) Describe briefly each contractual provision. If a particular item is not applicable, state “Not Applicable.” (2) If the agreement is silent about one of the listed provisions, but the 
                                        ( print page 15554)
                                        franchisor unilaterally offers to provide certain benefits or protections to franchisees as a matter of policy, use a footnote to describe the policy and state whether the policy is subject to change. (3) In the summary column for Item 17(c), state what the term “renewal” means for your franchise system, including, if applicable, a statement that franchisees may be asked to sign a contract with materially different terms and conditions than their original contract. Item 17 Table:
**THE FRANCHISE RELATIONSHIP**
[In bold] 
                                            **This table lists certain important provisions of the franchise and related agreements. You should read these provisions in the agreements attached to this disclosure document.**
**Provision**
**Section in franchise or other agreement**
**Summary**a. Length of the franchise termb. Renewal or extension of the termc. Requirements for franchisee to renew or extendd. Termination by franchiseee. Termination by franchisor without causef. Termination by franchisor with causeg. “Cause” defined—curable defaultsh. “Cause” defined—non-curable defaultsi. Franchisee’s obligations on termination/non-renewalj. Assignment of contract by franchisork. “Transfer” by franchisee—definedl. Franchisor approval of transfer by franchiseem. Conditions for franchisor approval of transfern. Franchisor’s right of first refusal to acquire franchisee’s businesso. Franchisor’s option to purchase franchisee’s businessp. Death or disability of franchiseeq. Non-competition covenants during the term of the franchiser. Non-competition covenants after the franchise is terminated or expiress. Modification of the agreementt. Integration/merger clauseu. Dispute resolution by arbitration or mediationv. Choice of forumw. Choice of law
 (r) 
                                        *Item 18*: 
                                        *Public Figures*. Disclose: (1) Any compensation or other benefit given or promised to a public figure arising from either the use of the public figure in the franchise name or symbol, or the public figure’s endorsement or recommendation of the franchise to prospective franchisees. (2) The extent to which the public figure is involved in the management or control of the franchisor. Describe the public figure’s position and duties in the franchisor’s business structure. (3) The public figure’s total investment in the franchisor, including the amount the public figure contributed in services performed or to be performed. State the type of investment (for example, common stock, promissory note). (4) For purposes of this section, a public figure means a person whose name or physical appearance is generally known to the public in the geographic area where the franchise will be located. (s) 
                                        *Item 19*: 
                                        *Financial Performance Representations*. (1) Begin by stating the following: 
 
 (2) If a franchisor does not provide any financial performance representation in Item 19, also state: (3) If the franchisor makes any financial performance representation to prospective franchisees, the franchisor must have a reasonable basis and written substantiation for the representation at the time the representation is made and must state the representation in the Item 19 disclosure. The franchisor must also disclose the following: (i) Whether the representation is an historic financial performance representation about the franchise system’s existing outlets, or a subset of those outlets, or is a forecast of the prospective franchisee’s future financial performance. (ii) If the representation relates to past performance of the franchise system’s existing outlets, the material bases for the representation, including: (A) Whether the representation relates to the performance of all of the franchise system’s existing outlets or only to a subset of outlets that share a particular set of characteristics (for example, geographic location, type of location (such as free standing vs. shopping center), degree of competition, length of time the outlets have operated, services or goods sold, services supplied by the franchisor, and whether the outlets are franchised or franchisor-owned or operated). (B) The dates when the reported level of financial performance was achieved. (C) The total number of outlets that existed in the relevant period and, if different, the number of outlets that had the described characteristics. (D) The number of outlets with the described characteristics whose actual financial performance data were used in arriving at the representation. (E) Of those outlets whose data were used in arriving at the representation, the number and percent that actually attained or surpassed the stated results. (F) Characteristics of the included outlets, such as those characteristics noted in paragraph (3)(ii)(A) of this section, that may differ materially from those of the outlet that may be offered to a prospective franchisee. (iii) If the representation is a forecast of future financial performance, state the material bases and assumptions on which the projection is based. The material assumptions underlying a forecast include significant factors upon which a franchisee’s future results are expected to depend. These factors include, for example, economic or market conditions that are basic to a franchisee’s operation, and encompass matters affecting, among other things, a franchisee’s sales, the cost of goods or services sold, and operating expenses. (iv) A clear and conspicuous admonition that a new franchisee’s individual financial results may differ from the result stated in the financial performance representation. (v) A statement that written substantiation for the financial performance representation will be made available to the prospective franchisee upon reasonable request. (4) If a franchisor wishes to disclose only the actual operating results for a specific outlet being offered for sale, it need not comply with this section, provided the information is given only to potential purchasers of that outlet. (5) If a franchisor furnishes financial performance information according to this section, the franchisor may deliver to a prospective franchisee a supplemental financial performance representation about a particular location or variation, apart from the disclosure document. The supplemental representation must: (i) Be in writing. (ii) Explain the departure from the financial performance representation in the disclosure document. (iii) Be prepared in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (s)(3)(i)-(iv) of this section. (iv) Be furnished to the prospective franchisee. (t) 
                                        *Item 20*: 
                                        *Outlets and Franchisee Information*. (1) Disclose, in the following tabular form, the total number of franchised and company-owned outlets for each of the franchisor’s last three fiscal years. For purposes of this section, “outlet” includes outlets of a type substantially similar to that offered to the prospective franchisee. A sample Item 20(1) Table is attached as Appendix B to this part. Item 20 Table No. 1
**Systemwide Outlet Summary**
**For years [ ] to [ ]**
Column 1 
                                                 Outlet Type
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at the Start of the Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets at the End of the Year
Column 5 
                                                 Net ChangeFranchised
200420052006Company-Owned
200420052006( print page 15556)Total Outlets
200420052006
 (i) In column 1, include three outlet categories titled “franchised,” “company-owned, and “total outlets.” (ii) In column 2, state the last three fiscal years. (iii) In column 3, state the total number of each type of outlet operating at the beginning of each fiscal year. (iv) In column 4, state the total number of each type of outlet operating at the end of each fiscal year. (v) In column 5, state the net change, and indicate whether the change is positive or negative, for each type of outlet during each fiscal year. (2) Disclose, in the following tabular form, the number of franchised and company-owned outlets and changes in the number and ownership of outlets located in each state during each of the last three fiscal years. Except as noted, each change in ownership shall be reported only once in the following tables. If multiple events occurred in the process of transferring ownership of an outlet, report the event that occurred last in time. If a single outlet changed ownership two or more times during the same fiscal year, use footnotes to describe the types of changes involved and the order in which the changes occurred. (i) Disclose, in the following tabular form, the total number of franchised outlets transferred in each state during each of the franchisor’s last three fiscal years. For purposes of this section, “transfer” means the acquisition of a controlling interest in a franchised outlet, during its term, by a person other than the franchisor or an affiliate. A sample Item 20(2) Table is attached as Appendix C to this part. Item 20 Table No. 2
**Transfers of Outlets from Franchisees to New Owners (other than the Franchisor)**
**For years [ ] to [ ]**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Number of Transfers200420052006200420052006Total
200420052006
 (A) In column 1, list each state with one or more franchised outlets. (B) In column 2, state the last three fiscal years. (C) In column 3, state the total number of completed transfers in each state during each fiscal year. (ii) Disclose, in the following tabular form, the status of franchisee-owned outlets located in each state for each of the franchisor’s last three fiscal years. A sample Item 20(3) Table is attached as Appendix D to this part. 
                                        ( print page 15557) Item 20 Table No. 3
**Status of Franchised Outlets**
**For years [ ] to [ ]**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at Start of Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets Opened
Column 5 
                                                 Terminations
Column 6 
                                                 Non-Renewals
Column 7 
                                                 Reacquired by Franchisor
Column 8 
                                                 Ceased Operations-Other Reasons
Column 9 
                                                 Outlets at End of the Year200420052006200420052006Totals
200420052006
 (A) In column 1, list each state with one or more franchised outlets. (B) In column 2, state the last three fiscal years. (C) In column 3, state the total number of franchised outlets in each state at the start of each fiscal year. (D) In column 4, state the total number of franchised outlets opened in each state during each fiscal year. Include both new outlets and existing company-owned outlets that a franchisee purchased from the franchisor. (Also report the number of existing company-owned outlets that are sold to a franchisee in Column 7 of Table 4). (E) In column 5, state the total number of franchised outlets that were terminated in each state during each fiscal year. For purposes of this section, “termination” means the franchisor’s termination of a franchise agreement prior to the end of its term and without providing any consideration to the franchisee (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt). (F) In column 6, state the total number of non-renewals in each state during each fiscal year. For purposes of this section, “non-renewal” occurs when the franchise agreement for a franchised outlet is not renewed at the end of its term. (G) In column 7, state the total number of franchised outlets reacquired by the franchisor in each state during each fiscal year. For purposes of this section, a “reacquisition” means the franchisor’s acquisition for consideration (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt) of a franchised outlet during its term. (Also report franchised outlets reacquired by the franchisor in column 5 of Table 4). (H) In column 8, state the total number of outlets in each state not operating as one of the franchisor’s outlets at the end of each fiscal year for reasons other than termination, non-renewal, or reacquisition by the franchisor. (I) In column 9, state the total number of franchised outlets in each state at the end of the fiscal year. (iii) Disclose, in the following tabular form, the status of company-owned outlets located in each state for each of the franchisor’s last three fiscal years. A sample Item 20(4) Table is attached as Appendix E to this part. Item 20 Table No. 4
**Status of Company-Owned Outlets**
**For years [ ] to [ ]**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at Start of Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets Opened
Column 5 
                                                 Outlets Reacquired From Franchisee
Column 6 
                                                 Outlets Closed
Column 7 
                                                 Outlets Sold to Franchisee
Column 8 
                                                 Outlets at End of the Year200420052006200420052006Totals
2004( print page 15558)20052006
 (A) In column 1, list each state with one or more company-owned outlets. (B) In column 2, state the last three fiscal years. (C) In column 3, state the total number of company-owned outlets in each state at the start of the fiscal year. (D) In column 4, state the total number of company-owned outlets opened in each state during each fiscal year. (E) In column 5, state the total number of franchised outlets reacquired from franchisees in each state during each fiscal year. (F) In column 6, state the total number of company-owned outlets closed in each state during each fiscal year. Include both actual closures and instances when an outlet ceases to operate under the franchisor’s trademark. (G) In column 7, state the total number of company-owned outlets sold to franchisees in each state during each fiscal year. (H) In column 8, state the total number of company-owned outlets operating in each state at the end of each fiscal year. (3) Disclose, in the following tabular form, projected new franchised and company-owned outlets. A sample Item 20(5) Table is attached as Appendix F to this part. Item 20 Table No. 5
**Projected Openings As Of [Last Day of Last Fiscal Year]**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Franchise Agreements Signed But Outlet Not Opened
Column 3 
                                                 Projected New Franchised Outlet In The Next Fiscal Year
Column 4 
                                                 Projected New Company-Owned Outlet In the Next Fiscal YearTotal
 (i) In column 1, list each state where one or more franchised or company-owned outlets are located or are projected to be located. (ii) In column 2, state the total number of franchise agreements that had been signed for new outlets to be located in each state as of the end of the previous fiscal year where the outlet had not yet opened. (iii) In column 3, state the total number of new franchised outlets in each state projected to be opened during the next fiscal year. (iv) In column 4, state the total number of new company-owned outlets in each state that are projected to be opened during the next fiscal year. (4) Disclose the names of all current franchisees and the address and telephone number of each of their outlets. Alternatively, disclose this information for all franchised outlets in the state, but if these franchised outlets total fewer than 100, disclose this information for franchised outlets from contiguous states and then the next closest states until at least 100 franchised outlets are listed. (5) Disclose the name, city and state, and current business telephone number, or if unknown, the last known home telephone number of every franchisee who had an outlet terminated, canceled, not renewed, or otherwise voluntarily or involuntarily ceased to do business under the franchise agreement during the most recently completed fiscal year or who has not communicated with the franchisor within 10 weeks of the disclosure document issuance date.[10]
                                        
                                         State in immediate conjunction with this information: “If you buy this franchise, your contact information may be disclosed to other buyers when you leave the franchise system.” (6) If a franchisor is selling a previously-owned franchised outlet now under its control, disclose the following additional information for that outlet for the last five fiscal years. This information may be attached as an addendum to a disclosure document, or, if disclosure has already been made, then in a supplement to the previously furnished disclosure document. (i) The name, city and state, current business telephone number, or if unknown, last known home telephone number of each previous owner of the outlet; (ii) The time period when each previous owner controlled the outlet; (iii) The reason for each previous change in ownership (for example, termination, non-renewal, voluntary transfer, ceased operations); and (iv) The time period(s) when the franchisor retained control of the outlet (for example, after termination, non-renewal, or reacquisition). (7) Disclose whether franchisees signed confidentiality clauses during the last three fiscal years. If so, state the following: “In some instances, current and former franchisees sign provisions restricting their ability to speak openly about their experience with [name of franchise system]. You may wish to 
                                        ( print page 15559)
                                        speak with current and former franchisees, but be aware that not all such franchisees will be able to communicate with you.” Franchisors may also disclose the number and percentage of current and former franchisees who during each of the last three fiscal years signed agreements that include confidentiality clauses and may disclose the circumstances under which such clauses were signed. (8) Disclose, to the extent known, the name, address, telephone number, email address, and Web address (to the extent known) of each trademark-specific franchisee organization associated with the franchise system being offered, if such organization: (i) Has been created, sponsored, or endorsed by the franchisor. If so, state the relationship between the organization and the franchisor (for example, the organization was created by the franchisor, sponsored by the franchisor, or endorsed by the franchisor). (ii) Is incorporated or otherwise organized under state law and asks the franchisor to be included in the franchisor’s disclosure document during the next fiscal year. Such organizations must renew their request on an annual basis by submitting a request no later than 60 days after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year. The franchisor has no obligation to verify the organization’s continued existence at the end of each fiscal year. Franchisors may also include the following statement: “The following independent franchisee organizations have asked to be included in this disclosure document.” (u) 
                                        *Item 21*: 
                                        *Financial Statements*. (1) Include the following financial statements prepared according to United States generally accepted accounting principles, as revised by any future United States government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as provided in paragraph (u)(2) of this section, these financial statements must be audited by an independent certified public accountant using generally accepted United States auditing standards. Present the required financial statements in a tabular form that compares at least two fiscal years. (i) The franchisor’s balance sheet for the previous two fiscal year-ends before the disclosure document issuance date. (ii) Statements of operations, stockholders equity, and cash flows for each of the franchisor’s previous three fiscal years. (iii) Instead of the financial disclosures required by paragraphs (u)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section, the franchisor may include financial statements of any of its affiliates if the affiliate’s financial statements satisfy paragraphs (u)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section and the affiliate absolutely and unconditionally guarantees to assume the duties and obligations of the franchisor under the franchise agreement. The affiliate’s guarantee must cover all of the franchisor’s obligations to the franchisee, but need not extend to third parties. If this alternative is used, attach a copy of the guarantee to the disclosure document. (iv) When a franchisor owns a direct or beneficial controlling financial interest in a subsidiary, its financial statements should reflect the financial condition of the franchisor and its subsidiary. (v) Include separate financial statements for the franchisor and any subfranchisor, as well as for any parent that commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor or guarantees the franchisor’s obligations. Attach a copy of any guarantee to the disclosure document. (2) A start-up franchise system that does not yet have audited financial statements may phase-in the use of audited financial statements by providing, at a minimum, the following statements at the indicated times: (i) The franchisor’ first partial or full fiscal year selling franchises.
An unaudited opening balance sheet.(ii) The franchisor’ second fiscal year selling franchises.
Audited balance sheet opinion as of the end of the first partial or full fiscal year selling franchises.(iii) The franchisor’ third and subsequent fiscal years selling franchises.
All required financial statements for the previous fiscal year, plus any previously disclosed audited statements that still must be disclosed according to paragraphs (u)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section.
 (iv) Start-up franchisors may phase-in the disclosure of audited financial statements, provided the franchisor: (A) Prepares audited financial statements as soon as practicable. (B) Prepares unaudited statements in a format that conforms as closely as possible to audited statements. (C) Includes one or more years of unaudited financial statements or clearly and conspicuously discloses in this section that the franchisor has not been in business for three years or more, and cannot include all financial statements required in paragraphs (u)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section. (v) 
                                        *Item 22*: 
                                        *Contracts*. Attach a copy of all proposed agreements regarding the franchise offering, including the franchise agreement and any lease, options, and purchase agreements. (w) 
                                        *Item 23*: 
                                        *Receipts*. Include two copies of the following detachable acknowledgment of receipt in the following form as the last pages of the disclosure document: (1) State the following: Receipt (2) Disclose the name, principal business address, and telephone number of each franchise seller offering the franchise. (3) State the issuance date. (4) If not disclosed in paragraph (a) of this section, state the name and address of the franchisor’s registered agent authorized to receive service of process. (5) State the following: I received a disclosure document dated _____ that included the following Exhibits: (6) List the title(s) of all attached Exhibits. (7) Provide space for the prospective franchisee’s signature and date. (8) Franchisors may include any specific instructions for returning the receipt (for example, street address, email address, facsimile telephone number).
 Subpart D—Instructions § 436.6
  (a) It is an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act for any franchisor to fail to include the information and follow the instructions for preparing disclosure documents set forth in Subpart C (basic disclosure requirements) and Subpart D (updating requirements) of part 436. The Commission will enforce this provision according to the standards of liability under Sections 5, 13(b), and 19 of the FTC Act. (b) Disclose all required information clearly, legibly, and concisely in a single document using plain English. The disclosures must be in a form that permits each prospective franchisee to store, download, print, or otherwise maintain the document for future reference. (c) Respond fully to each disclosure Item. If a disclosure Item is not applicable, respond negatively, including a reference to the type of information required to be disclosed by the Item. Precede each disclosure Item with the appropriate heading. (d) Do not include any materials or information other than those required or permitted by part 436 or by state law not preempted by part 436. For the sole purpose of enhancing the prospective franchisee’s ability to maneuver through an electronic version of a disclosure document, the franchisor may include scroll bars, internal links, and search features. All other features (
                                        *e.g.*, multimedia tools such as audio, video, animation, pop-up screens, or links to external information) are prohibited. (e) Franchisors may prepare multi-state disclosure documents by including non-preempted, state-specific information in the text of the disclosure document or in Exhibits attached to the disclosure document. (f) Subfranchisors shall disclose the required information about the franchisor, and, to the extent applicable, the same information concerning the subfranchisor. (g) Before furnishing a disclosure document, the franchisor shall advise the prospective franchisee of the formats in which the disclosure document is made available, any prerequisites for obtaining the disclosure document in a particular format, and any conditions necessary for reviewing the disclosure document in a particular format. (h) Franchisors shall retain, and make available to the Commission upon request, a sample copy of each materially different version of their disclosure documents for three years after the close of the fiscal year when it was last used. (i) For each completed franchise sale, franchisors shall retain a copy of the signed receipt for at least three years.
 § 436.7
  (a) All information in the disclosure document shall be current as of the close of the franchisor’s most recent fiscal year. After the close of the fiscal year, the franchisor shall, within 120 days, prepare a revised disclosure document, after which a franchise seller may distribute only the revised document and no other disclosure document. (b) The franchisor shall, within a reasonable time after the close of each quarter of the fiscal year, prepare revisions to be attached to the disclosure document to reflect any material change to the disclosures included, or required to be included, in the disclosure document. Each prospective franchisee shall receive the disclosure document and the quarterly revisions for the most recent period available at the time of disclosure. (c) If applicable, the annual update shall include the franchisor’s first quarterly update, either by incorporating the quarterly update information into the disclosure document itself, or through an addendum. (d) When furnishing a disclosure document, the franchise seller shall notify the prospective franchisee of any material changes that the seller knows or should have known occurred in the information contained in any financial performance representation made in Item 19 (section 436.5(s)). (e) Information that must be audited pursuant to § 436.5(u) of this part need not be audited for quarterly revisions; provided, however, that the franchisor states in immediate conjunction with the information that such information was not audited.
 Subpart E—Exemptions § 436.8
  (a) The provisions of part 436 shall not apply if the franchisor can establish any of the following: (1) The total of the required payments, or commitments to make a required payment, to the franchisor or an affiliate that are made any time from before to within six months after commencing operation of the franchisee’s business is less than $500. (2) The franchise relationship is a fractional franchise. (3) The franchise relationship is a leased department. (4) The franchise relationship is covered by the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 2801. (5)(i) The franchisee’s initial investment, excluding any financing received from the franchisor or an affiliate and excluding the cost of unimproved land, totals at least $1 million and the prospective franchisee signs an acknowledgment verifying the grounds for the exemption. The acknowledgment shall state: “The franchise sale is for more than $1 million—excluding the cost of unimproved land and any financing received from the franchisor or an affiliate— and thus is exempted from the Federal Trade Commission’s Franchise Rule disclosure requirements, pursuant to 16 CFR 436.8(a)(5)(i)”;[11]
                                        
                                         or (ii) The franchisee (or its parent or any affiliates) is an entity that has been in business for at least five years and has a net worth of at least $5 million. (6) One or more purchasers of at least a 50% ownership interest in the franchise: within 60 days of the sale, has been, for at least two years, an officer, director, general partner, individual with management responsibility for the offer and sale of the franchisor’s franchises or the administrator of the franchised network; or within 60 days of the sale, has been, for at least two years, an owner of at least a 25% interest in the franchisor. (7) There is no written document that describes any material term or aspect of the relationship or arrangement. (b) For purposes of the exemptions set forth in this section, the Commission shall adjust the size of the monetary thresholds every fourth year based upon the Consumer Price Index. For purposes of this section, “Consumer Price Index” means the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers published by the Department of Labor.
 Subpart F—Prohibitions § 436.9
  It is an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act for any franchise seller covered by part 436 to: (a) Make any claim or representation, orally, visually, or in writing, that contradicts the information required to be disclosed by this part. (b) Misrepresent that any person: (1) Purchased a franchise from the franchisor or operated a franchise of the type offered by the franchisor. 
                                        ( print page 15561) (2) Can provide an independent and reliable report about the franchise or the experiences of any current or former franchisees. (c) Disseminate any financial performance representations to prospective franchisees unless the franchisor has a reasonable basis and written substantiation for the representation at the time the representation is made, and the representation is included in Item 19 (§ 436.5(s)) of the franchisor’s disclosure document. In conjunction with any such financial performance representation, the franchise seller shall also: (1) Disclose the information required by §§ 436.5(s)(3)(ii)(B) and (E) of this part if the representation relates to the past performance of the franchisor’s outlets. (2) Include a clear and conspicuous admonition that a new franchisee’s individual financial results may differ from the result stated in the financial performance representation. (d) Fail to make available to prospective franchisees, and to the Commission upon reasonable request, written substantiation for any financial performance representations made in Item 19 (§ 436.5(s)). (e) Fail to furnish a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document to a prospective franchisee earlier in the sales process than required under § 436.2 of this part, upon reasonable request. (f) Fail to furnish a copy of the franchisor’s most recent disclosure document and any quarterly updates to a prospective franchisee, upon reasonable request, before the prospective franchisee signs a franchise agreement. (g) Present for signing a franchise agreement in which the terms and conditions differ materially from those presented as an attachment to the disclosure document, unless the franchise seller informed the prospective franchisee of the differences at least seven days before execution of the franchise agreement. (h) Disclaim or require a prospective franchisee to waive reliance on any representation made in the disclosure document or in its exhibits or amendments. Provided, however, that this provision is not intended to prevent a prospective franchisee from voluntarily waiving specific contract terms and conditions set forth in his or her disclosure document during the course of franchise sale negotiations. (i) Fail to return any funds or deposits in accordance with any conditions disclosed in the franchisor’s disclosure document, franchise agreement, or any related document.
 Subpart G—Other Provisions § 436.10
  (a) The Commission does not approve or express any opinion on the legality of any matter a franchisor may be required to disclose by part 436. Further, franchisors may have additional obligations to impart material information to prospective franchisees outside of the disclosure document under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The Commission intends to enforce all applicable statutes and rules. (b) The FTC does not intend to preempt the franchise practices laws of any state or local government, except to the extent of any inconsistency with part 436. A law is not inconsistent with part 436 if it affords prospective franchisees equal or greater protection, such as registration of disclosure documents or more extensive disclosures.
 § 436.11
  If any provision of this part is stayed or held invalid, the remainder will stay in force.
 Appendix A to Part 436—Sample Item 10 Table
**SUMMARY OF FINANCING OFFERED**
Item 
                                                 Financed
Source of Financing
Down Payment
Amount 
                                                 Financed
Term (Yrs)
Interest Rate
Monthly Payment
Prepay Penalty
Security Required
Liability Upon 
                                                 Default
Loss of Legal Right on DefaultInitial FeeLand/ConstrLeased SpaceEquip. LeaseEquip. 
                                                  PurchaseOpening 
                                                  InventoryOther 
                                                  Financing
 Appendix B to Part 436—Sample Item 20(1) Table
**Systemwide Outlet Summary**
**For years 2004 to 2006**
Column 1 
                                                 Outlet Type
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at the Start of the Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets at the End of the Year
Column 5 
                                                 Net ChangeFranchised
2004
859
1,062
+203( print page 15562)2005
1,062
1,296
+2342006
1,296
2,720
+1,424Company Owned
2004
125
145
+202005
145
76
-692006
76
141
+65Total Outlets
2004
984
1,207
+2232005
1,207
1,372
+1652006
1,372
2,861
+1,489
 Appendix C to Part 436—Sample Item 20(2) Table
**Transfers of Franchised Outlets from Franchisees to New Owners (other than the Franchisor)**
**For years 2004 to 2006**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Number of TransfersNC
2004
12005
02006
2SC
2004
02005
02006
2Total
2004
12005
02006
4
 Appendix D to Part 436—Sample Item 20(3) Table
**Status of Franchise Outlets**
**For years 2004 to 2006**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at Start of Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets Opened
Column 5 
                                                 Terminations
Column 6 
                                                 Non-Renewals
Column 7 
                                                 Reacquired by Franchisor
Column 8 
                                                 Ceased Operations-Other Reasons
Column 9 
                                                 Outlets at End of the YearAL
2004
10
2
1
0
0
1
102005
11
5
0
1
0
0
152006
15
4
1
0
1
2
15AZ
2004
20
5
0
0
0
0
252005
25
4
1
0
0
2
262006
26
4
0
0
0
0
30Totals
2004
30
7
1
0
0
1
352005
36
9
1
1
0
2
41( print page 15563)2006
41
8
1
0
1
2
45
 Appendix E to Part 436—Sample Item 20(4) Table
**Status of Company-Owned Outlets**
**For years 2004 to 2006**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Year
Column 3 
                                                 Outlets at Start of Year
Column 4 
                                                 Outlets Opened
Column 5 
                                                 Outlets Reacquired From Franchisees
Column 6 
                                                 Outlets Closed
Column 7 
                                                 Outlets Sold to Franchisees
Column 8 
                                                 Outlets at End of the YearNY
2004
1
0
1
0
0
22005
2
2
0
1
0
32006
3
0
0
3
0
0OR
2004
4
0
1
0
0
52005
5
0
0
2
0
32006
3
0
0
0
1
2Totals
2004
5
0
2
0
0
72005
7
2
0
3
0
62006
6
0
0
3
1
2
 Appendix F to Part 436—Sample Item 20(5) Table
**Projected New Franchised Outlets**
**As of December 31, 2006**
Column 1 
                                                 State
Column 2 
                                                 Franchise Agreements Signed But Outlet Not Opened
Column 3 
                                                 Projected New Franchised Outlets in the Next Fiscal Year
Column 4 
                                                 Projected New Company-Owned Outlets in the Current Fiscal YearCO
2
3
1NM
0
4
2Total
2
7
3
 Add a new part 437 as follows: PART 437—DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS AND PROHIBITIONS CONCERNING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
 437.1
                            The Rule.
                            437.2
                            Definitions.
                            437.3
                            Severability.
 Authority:
                            15 U.S.C. 41-58. § 437.1
  In connection with the advertising, offering, licensing, contracting, sale, or other promotion in or affecting commerce, as “commerce” is defined in the Federal Trade Commission Act, of any business opportunity, or any  relationship which is represented either orally or in writing to be a business opportunity, it is an unfair or deceptive act or practice within the meaning of Section 5 of that Act for any business opportunity seller or business opportunity broker: (a) To fail to furnish any prospective business opportunity purchaser with the following information accurately, clearly, and concisely stated, in a legible, written document at the earlier of the “time for making of disclosures” or the first “personal meeting”: (1)(i) The official name and address and principal place of business of the business opportunity seller, and of the parent firm or holding company of the business opportunity seller, if any; (ii) The name under which the business opportunity seller is doing or intends to do business; and (iii) The trademarks, trade names, service marks, advertising or other commercial symbols (hereinafter collectively referred to as “marks”) which identify the goods, commodities, or services to be offered, sold, or distributed by the prospective business opportunity purchaser, or under which 
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                                the prospective business opportunity purchaser will be operating. (2) The business experience during the past 5 years, stated individually, of each of the business opportunity seller’s current directors and executive officers (including, and hereinafter to include, the chief executive and chief operating officer, financial, business opportunity marketing, training and service officers). With regard to each person listed, those persons’ principal occupations and employers must be included. (3) The business experience of the business opportunity seller and the business opportunity seller’s parent firm (if any), including the length of time each: (i) Has conducted a business of the type to be operated by the business opportunity purchaser; (ii) has offered or sold a business opportunity for such business; (iii) has conducted a business or offered or sold a business opportunity for a business (A) operating under a name using any mark set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section, or (B) involving the sale, offering, or distribution of goods, commodities, or services which are identified by any mark set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section; and (iv) has offered for sale or sold business opportunities in other lines of business, together with a description of such other lines of business. (4) A statement disclosing who, if any, of the persons listed in paragraphs (a) (2) and (3) of this section: (i) Has, at any time during the previous seven fiscal years, been convicted of a felony or pleaded nolo contendere to a felony charge if the felony involved fraud (including violation of any business opportunity law, or unfair or deceptive practices law), embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, misappropriation of property, or restraint of trade; (ii) Has, at any time during the previous seven fiscal years, been held liable in a civil action resulting in a final judgment or has settled out of court any civil action or is a party to any civil action (A) involving allegations of fraud (including violation of any business opportunity law, or unfair or deceptive practices law), embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, misappropriation of property, or restraint of trade, or (B) which was brought by a present or former business opportunity purchaser or business opportunity purchasers and which involves or involved the business opportunity relationship; 
                                *Provided, however*, That only material individual civil actions need be so listed pursuant to this paragraph (4)(ii) of this section, including any group of civil actions which, irrespective of the materiality of any single such action, in the aggregate is material; (iii) Is subject to any currently effective State or Federal agency or court injunctive or restrictive order, or is a party to a proceeding currently pending in which such order is sought, relating to or affecting business opportunity activities or the business opportunity seller-purchaser relationship, or involving fraud (including violation of any business opportunity law, or unfair or deceptive practices law), embezzlement, fraudulent conversion, misappropriation of property, or restraint of trade. Such statement shall set forth the identity and location of the court or agency; the date of conviction, judgment, or decision; the penalty imposed; the damages assessed; the terms of settlement or the terms of the order; and the date, nature, and issuer of each such order or ruling. A business opportunity seller may include a summary opinion of counsel as to any pending litigation, but only if counsel’s consent to the use of such opinion is included in the disclosure statement. (5) A statement disclosing who, if any, of the persons listed in paragraphs (a) (2) and (3) of this section at any time during the previous 7 fiscal years has: (i) Filed in bankruptcy; (ii) Been adjudged bankrupt; (iii) Been reorganized due to insolvency; or (iv) Been a principal, director, executive officer, or partner of any other person that has so filed or was so adjudged or reorganized, during or within 1 year after the period that such person held such position in such other person. If so, the name and location of the person having so filed, or having been so adjudged or reorganized, the date thereof, and any other material facts relating thereto, shall be set forth. (6) A factual description of the business opportunity offered to be sold by the business opportunity seller. (7) A statement of the total funds which must be paid by the business opportunity purchaser to the business opportunity seller or to a person affiliated with the business opportunity seller, or which the business opportunity seller or such affiliated person imposes or collects in whole or in part on behalf of a third party, in order to obtain or commence the business opportunity operation, such as initial business opportunity fees, deposits, down payments, prepaid rent, and equipment and inventory purchases. If all or part of these fees or deposits are returnable under certain conditions, these conditions shall be set forth; and if not returnable, such fact shall be disclosed. (8) A statement describing any recurring funds required to be paid, in connection with carrying on the business opportunity business, by the business opportunity purchaser to the business opportunity seller or to a person affiliated with the business opportunity seller, or which the business opportunity seller or such affiliated person imposes or collects in whole or in part on behalf of a third party, including, but not limited to, royalty, lease, advertising, training, and sign rental fees, and equipment or inventory purchases. (9) A statement setting forth the name of each person (including the business opportunity seller) the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly required or advised to do business with by the business opportunity seller, where such persons are affiliated with the business opportunity seller. (10) A statement describing any real estate, services, supplies, products, inventories, signs, fixtures, or equipment relating to the establishment or the operation of the business opportunity business which the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly required by the business opportunity seller to purchase, lease or rent; and if such purchases, leases or rentals must be made from specific persons (including the business opportunity seller), a list of the names and addresses of each such person. Such list may be made in a separate document delivered to the prospective business opportunity purchaser with the prospectus if the existence of such separate document is disclosed in the prospectus. (11) A description of the basis for calculating, and, if such information is readily available, the actual amount of, any revenue or other consideration to be received by the business opportunity seller or persons affiliated with the business opportunity seller from suppliers to the prospective business opportunity purchaser in consideration for goods or services which the business opportunity seller requires or advises the business opportunity purchaser to obtain from such suppliers. (12)(i) A statement of all the material terms and conditions of any financing arrangement offered directly or indirectly by the business opportunity seller, or any person affiliated with the business opportunity seller, to the prospective business opportunity purchaser; and 
                                ( print page 15565) (ii) A description of the terms by which any payment is to be received by the business opportunity seller from (A) any person offering financing to a prospective business opportunity purchaser; and (B) any person arranging for financing for a prospective business opportunity purchaser. (13) A statement describing the material facts of whether, by the terms of the business opportunity agreement or other device or practice, the business opportunity purchaser is: (i) Limited in the goods or services he or she may offer for sale; (ii) Limited in the customers to whom he or she may sell such goods or services; (iii) Limited in the geographic area in which he or she may offer for sale or sell goods or services; or (iv) Granted territorial protection by the business opportunity seller, by which, with respect to a territory or area, (A) the business opportunity seller will not establish another, or more than any fixed number of, business opportunities or company-owned outlets, either operating under, or selling, offering, or distributing goods, commodities or services, identified by any mark set forth under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section; or (B) the business opportunity seller or its parent will not establish other business opportunities or company-owned outlets selling or leasing the same or similar products or services under a different trade name, trademark, service mark, advertising or other commercial symbol. (14) A statement of the extent to which the business opportunity seller requires the business opportunity purchaser (or, if the business opportunity purchaser is a corporation, any person affiliated with the business opportunity purchaser) to participate personally in the direct operation of the business opportunity. (15) A statement disclosing, with respect to the business opportunity agreement and any related agreements: (i) The term (
                                *i.e.*, duration of arrangement), if any, of such agreement, and whether such term is or may be affected by any agreement (including leases or subleases) other than the one from which such term arises; (ii) The conditions under which the business opportunity purchaser may renew or extend; (iii) The conditions under which the business opportunity seller may refuse to renew or extend; (iv) The conditions under which the business opportunity purchaser may terminate; (v) The conditions under which the business opportunity seller may terminate; (vi) the obligations (including lease or sublease obligations) of the business opportunity purchaser after termination of the business opportunity by the business opportunity seller, and the obligations of the business opportunity purchaser (including lease or sublease obligations) after termination of the business opportunity by the business opportunity purchaser and after the expiration of the business opportunity; (vii) The business opportunity purchaser’s interest upon termination of the business opportunity, or upon refusal to renew or extend the business opportunity, whether by the business opportunity seller or by the business opportunity purchaser; (viii) The conditions under which the business opportunity seller may repurchase, whether by right of first refusal or at the option of the business opportunity seller (and if the business opportunity seller has the option to repurchase the business opportunity, whether there will be an independent appraisal of the business opportunity, whether the repurchase price will be determined by a predetermined formula and whether there will be a recognition of goodwill or other intangibles associated therewith in the repurchase price to be given the business opportunity purchaser); (ix) The conditions under which the business opportunity purchaser may sell or assign all or any interest in the ownership of the business opportunity, or of the assets of the business opportunity business; (x) The conditions under which the business opportunity seller may sell or assign, in whole or in part, its interest under such agreements; (xi) The conditions under which the business opportunity purchaser may modify; (xii) The conditions under which the business opportunity seller may modify; (xiii) The rights of the business opportunity purchaser’s heirs or personal representative upon the death or incapacity of the business opportunity purchaser; and (xiv) The provisions of any covenant not to compete. (16) A statement disclosing, with respect to the business opportunity seller and as to the particular named business being offered: (i) The total number of business opportunity purchasers operating at the end of the preceding fiscal year; (ii) The total number of company-owned outlets operating at the end of the preceding fiscal year; (iii) The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of (A) The 10 business opportunity outlets of the named business opportunity business nearest the prospective business opportunity purchaser’s intended location; or (B) all business opportunity purchasers of the business opportunity seller; or (C) all business opportunity purchasers of the business opportunity seller in the State in which the prospective business opportunity purchaser lives or where the proposed business opportunity is to be located, 
                                *Provided, however*, That there are more than 10 such business opportunity purchasers. If the number of business opportunity purchasers to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a)(16)(iii)(B) or (C) of this section exceeds 50, such listing may be made in a separate document delivered to the prospective business opportunity purchaser with the prospectus if the existence of such separate document is disclosed in the prospectus; (iv) The number of business opportunities voluntarily terminated or not renewed by business opportunity purchasers within, or at the conclusion of, the term of the business opportunity agreement, during the preceding fiscal year; (v) The number of business opportunities reacquired by purchase by the business opportunity seller during the term of the business opportunity agreement, and upon the conclusion of the term of the business opportunity agreement, during the preceding fiscal year; (vi) The number of business opportunities otherwise reacquired by the business opportunity seller during the term of the business opportunity agreement, and upon the conclusion of the term of the business opportunity agreement, during the preceding fiscal year; (vii) The number of business opportunities for which the business opportunity seller refused renewal of the business opportunity agreement or other agreements relating to the business opportunity during the preceding fiscal year; and (viii) The number of business opportunities that were canceled or terminated by the business opportunity seller during the term of the business opportunity agreement, and upon conclusion of the term of the business opportunity agreement, during the preceding fiscal year. With respect to the disclosures required by paragraphs (a)(16) (v), (vi), (vii), and (viii) of this section, the disclosure statement shall also include a general categorization of the reasons 
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                                for such reacquisitions, refusals to renew or terminations, and the number falling within each such category, including but not limited to the following: failure to comply with quality control standards, failure to make sufficient sales, and other breaches of contract. (17)(i) If site selection or approval thereof by the business opportunity seller is involved in the business opportunity relationship, a statement disclosing the range of time that has elapsed between signing of business opportunity agreements or other agreements relating to the business opportunity and site selection, for agreements entered into during the preceding fiscal year; and (ii) If operating business opportunity outlets are to be provided by the business opportunity seller, a statement disclosing the range of time that has elapsed between the signing of business opportunity agreements or other agreements relating to the business opportunity and the commencement of the business opportunity purchaser’s business, for agreements entered into during the preceding fiscal year. With respect to the disclosures required by paragraphs (a)(17) (i) and (ii) of this section, a business opportunity seller may at its option also provide a distribution chart using meaningful classifications with respect to such ranges of time. (18) If the business opportunity seller offers an initial training program or informs the prospective business opportunity purchaser that it intends to provide such person with initial training, a statement disclosing: (i) The type and nature of such training; (ii) The minimum amount, if any, of training that will be provided to a business opportunity purchaser; and (iii) The cost, if any, to be borne by the business opportunity purchaser for the training to be provided, or for obtaining such training. (19) If the name of a public figure is used in connection with a recommendation to purchase a business opportunity, or as a part of the name of the business opportunity operation, or if the public figure is stated to be involved with the management of the business opportunity seller, a statement disclosing: (i) The nature and extent of the public figure’s involvement and obligations to the business opportunity seller, including but not limited to the promotional assistance the public figure will provide to the business opportunity seller and to the business opportunity purchaser; (ii) The total investment of the public figure in the business opportunity operation; and (iii) The amount of any fee or fees the business opportunity purchaser will be obligated to pay for such involvement or assistance provided by the public figure. (20)(i) A balance sheet (statement of financial position) for the business opportunity seller for the most recent fiscal year, and an income statement (statement of results of operations) and statement of changes in financial position for the franchisor for the most recent three fiscal years. Such statements are required to have been examined in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by an independent certified or licensed public accountant. *Provided, however*, That where a business opportunity seller is a subsidiary of another corporation which is permitted under generally accepted accounting principles to prepare financial statements on a consolidated or combined statement basis, the above information may be submitted for the parent if (A) the corresponding unaudited financial statements of the business opportunity seller are also provided, and (B) the parent absolutely and irrevocably has agreed to guarantee all obligations of the subsidiary; (ii) Unaudited statements shall be used only to the extent that audited statements have not been made, and provided that such statements are accompanied by a clear and conspicuous disclosure that they are unaudited. Statements shall be prepared on an audited basis as soon as practicable, but, at a minimum, financial statements for the first full fiscal year following the date on which the business opportunity seller must first comply with this part shall contain a balance sheet opinion prepared by an independent certified or licensed public accountant, and financial statements for the following fiscal year shall be fully audited. (21) All of the foregoing information in paragraphs (a) (1) through (20) of this section shall be contained in a single disclosure statement or prospectus, which shall not contain any materials or information other than that required by this part or by State law not preempted by this part. This does not preclude business opportunity sellers or brokers from giving other nondeceptive information orally, visually, or in separate literature so long as such information is not contradictory to the information in the disclosure statement required by paragraph (a) of this section. This disclosure statement shall carry a cover sheet distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the business opportunity seller, the date of issuance of the disclosure statement, and the following notice imprinted thereon in upper and lower case bold-face type of not less than 12 point size: **Information for Prospective Business Opportunity Purchasers Required by Federal Trade Commission** **To protect you, we’ve required your business opportunity seller to give you this information. We haven’t checked it, and don’t know if it’s correct. It should help you make up your mind. Study it carefully. While it includes some information about your contract, don’t rely on it alone to understand your contract. Read all of your contract carefully. Buying a business opportunity is a complicated investment. Take your time to decide. If possible, show your contract and this information to an advisor, like a lawyer or an accountant. If you find anything you think may be wrong or anything important that’s been left out, you should let us know about it. It may be against the law.** **There may also be laws on business opportunities in your state. Ask your state agencies about them.** **Federal Trade Commission,** **Washington, D.C.** *Provided*, That the obligations to furnish such disclosure statement shall be deemed to have been met for both the business opportunity seller and the business opportunity broker if either such party furnishes the prospective business opportunity purchaser with such disclosure statement. (22) All information contained in the disclosure statement shall be current as of the close of the business opportunity seller’s most recent fiscal year. After the close of each fiscal year, the business opportunity seller shall be given a period not exceeding 90 days to prepare a revised disclosure statement and, following such 90 days, may distribute only the revised prospectus and no other. The business opportunity seller shall, within a reasonable time after the close of each quarter of the fiscal year, prepare revisions to be attached to the disclosure statement to reflect any material change in the business opportunity seller or relating to the business opportunity business of the business opportunity seller, about which the business opportunity seller or broker, or any agent, representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know. Each prospective business opportunity purchaser shall have in his or her possession at the “time for making of disclosures,” the disclosure statement and quarterly revision for the period most recent to the “time for making of disclosures” and available at 
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                                that time. Information which is required to be audited pursuant to paragraph (a)(20) of this section is not required to be audited for quarterly revisions. 
                                *Provided, however*, That the unaudited information is accompanied by a statement in immediate conjunction therewith that clearly and conspicuously discloses that such information has not been audited. (23) A table of contents shall be included within the disclosure statement. (24) The disclosure statement shall include a comment which either positively or negatively responds to each disclosure item required to be in the disclosure statement, by use of a statement which fully incorporates the information required by the item. Each disclosure item therein must be preceded by the appropriate heading, as set forth in Note 3 of this part. (b) To make any oral, written, or visual representation to a prospective business opportunity purchaser which states a specific level of potential sales, income, gross or net profit for that prospective business opportunity purchaser, or which states other facts which suggest such a specific level, unless: (1) At the time such representation is made, such representation is relevant to the geographic market in which the business opportunity is to be located; (2) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such representation and the business opportunity seller has in its possession material which constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation, and such material is made available to any prospective business opportunity purchaser and to the Commission or its staff upon reasonable demand. *Provided, further*, That in immediate conjunction with such representation, the business opportunity seller shall disclose in a clear and conspicuous manner that such material is available to the prospective business opportunity purchaser; and 
                                *Provided, however*, That no provision within paragraph (b) of this section shall be construed as requiring the disclosure to any prospective business opportunity purchaser of the identity of any specific business opportunity purchaser or of information reasonably likely to lead to the disclosure of such person’s identity; and 
                                *Provided, further*, That no additional representation as to a prospective business opportunity purchaser’s potential sales, income, or profits may be made later than the “time for making of disclosures”; (3) Such representation is set forth in detail along with the material bases and assumptions therefor in a single legible written document whose text accurately, clearly and concisely discloses such information, and none other than that provided for by this part or by State law not preempted by this part. Each prospective business opportunity purchaser to whom the representation is made shall be furnished with such document no later than the “time for making of disclosure”; 
                                *Provided, however*, That if the representation is made at or prior to a “personal meeting” and such meeting occurs before the “time for making of disclosures”, the document shall be furnished to the prospective business opportunity purchaser to whom the representation is made at that “personal meeting”; (4) The following statement is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the document described by paragraph (b)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction with such representation and in not less than twelve point upper and lower-case boldface type: CAUTION **These figures are only estimates of what we think you may earn. There is no assurance you’ll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.** (5) The following information is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the document described by paragraph (b)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction with such representation: (i) The number and percentage of outlets of the named business opportunity business which are located in the geographic markets that form the basis for any such representation and which are known to the business opportunity seller or broker to have earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of corresponding length in the immediate past as those potential sales, income, or profits represented; and (ii) The beginning and ending dates for the corresponding time period referred to by paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, 
                                *Provided, however*, That any business opportunity seller without prior business opportunity experience as to the named business opportunity business so indicate such lack of experience in the document described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. *Except*, That representations of the sales, income or profits of existing business opportunity outlets need not comply with paragraph (b) of this section. (c) To make any oral, written, or visual representation to a prospective business opportunity purchaser which states a specific level of sales, income, gross or net profits of existing outlets (whether business opportunity purchaser-owned or company-owned) of the named business opportunity business, or which states other facts which suggest such a specific level, unless: (1) At the time such representation is made, such representation is relevant to the geographic market in which the business opportunity is to be located; (2) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such representation and the business opportunity seller has in its possession material which constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation, and such material is made available to any prospective business opportunity purchaser and to the Commission or its staff upon reasonable demand, 
                                *Provided, however*, That in immediate conjunction with such representation, the business opportunity purchaser discloses in a clear and conspicuous manner that such material is available to the prospective franchisee; and 
                                *Provided, further*, That no provision within paragraph (c) of this section shall be construed as requiring the disclosure to any prospective business opportunity purchaser of the identity of any specific business opportunity purchaser or of information reasonably likely to lead to the disclosure of such person’s identity; and 
                                *Provided, further*, That no additional representation as to the sales, income, or gross or net profits of existing outlets (whether business opportunity purchaser-owned or company-owned) of the named business opportunity business may be made later than the “time for making of disclosures”; (3) Such representation is set forth in detail along with the material bases and assumptions therefor in a single legible written document which accurately, clearly and concisely discloses such information, and none other than that provided for by this part or by State law not preempted by this part. Each prospective business opportunity purchaser to whom the representation is made shall be furnished with such document no later than the “time for making of disclosures,” 
                                *Provided, however*, That if the representation is made at or prior to a “personal meeting” and such meeting occurs before the “time for making of disclosures,” the document shall be furnished to the prospective business opportunity purchaser to whom the representation is made at that “personal meeting”; (4) The underlying data on which the representation is based have been 
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                                prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (5) The following statement is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the document described by paragraph (c)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction with such representation, and in not less than twelve point upper and lower case boldface type: CAUTION **Some outlets have [sold] [earned] this amount. There is no assurance you’ll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.** (6) The following information is clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the document described by paragraph (c)(3) of this section in immediate conjunction with such representation: (i) the number and percentage of outlets of the named business opportunity business which are located in the geographic markets that form the basis for any such representation and which are known to the business opportunity seller or broker to have earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of corresponding length in the immediate past as those potential sales, income, or profits represented; and (ii) The beginning and ending dates for the corresponding time period referred to by paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section, 
                                *Provided, however*, That any business opportunity seller without prior business opportunity experience as to the named business opportunity business so indicate such lack of experience in the document described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. (d) To fail to provide the following information within the document(s) required by paragraphs (b)(3) and (c)(3) of this section whenever any representation is made to a prospective business opportunity purchaser regarding its potential sales, income, or profits, or the sales, income, gross or net profits of existing outlets (whether business opportunity purchaser-owned or company-owned) of the named business opportunity business: (1) A cover sheet distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the business opportunity seller, the date of issuance of the document and the following notice imprinted thereon in upper and lower case boldface type of not less than twelve point size: **Information for Prospective Business Opportunity Purchasers About Business Opportunity [Sales] [Income] [Profit] Required by the Federal Trade Commission.** **To protect you, we’re required the business opportunity seller to give you this information. We haven’t checked it and don’t know if it’s correct. Study these facts and figures carefully. If possible, show them to someone who can advise you, like a lawyer or an accountant. Then take your time and think it over.** **If you find anything you think may be wrong or anything important that’s been left out, let us know about it. It may be against the law.** **There may also be laws on business opportunities in your State. Ask your State agencies about them.** **Federal Trade Commission,** **Washington, D.C.** (2) A table of contents. *Provided, however*, That each prospective business opportunity purchaser to whom the representation is made shall be notified at the “time for making of disclosures” of any material change (about which the business opportunity seller, broker, or any of the agents, representations, or employees thereof, knows or should know) in the information contained in the document(s) described by paragraphs (b)(3) and (c)(3) of this section. (e) To make any oral, written, or visual representation for general dissemination (not otherwise covered by paragraph (b) or (c) of this section) which states a specific level of sales, income, gross or net profits, either actual or potential, of existing or prospective outlets (whether business opportunity purchaser-owned or company-owned) of the named business opportunity business or which states other facts which suggest such a specific level, unless: (1) At the time such representation is made, a reasonable basis exists for such representation and the business opportunity seller has in its possession material which constitutes a reasonable basis for such representation and which is made available to the Commission or its staff upon reasonable demand; (2) The underlying data on which each representation of sales, income or profit for existing outlets is based have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (3) In immediate conjunction with such representation, there shall be clearly and conspicuously disclosed the number and percentage of outlets of the named business opportunity business which the business opportunity seller or broker knows to have earned or made at least the same sales, income, or profits during a period of corresponding length in the immediate past as those sales, income, or profits represented, and the beginning and ending dates for said time period; (4) In immediate conjunction with each such representation of potential sales, income or profits, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously disclosed: CAUTION These figures are only estimates; there is no assurance you’ll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well. *Provided, however*, That if such representation is not based on actual experience of existing outlets of the named business opportunity business, that fact also should be disclosed; (5) No later than the earlier of the first “personal meeting” or the “time for making of disclosures,” each prospective business opportunity purchaser shall be given a single, legible written document which accurately, clearly and concisely sets forth the following information and materials (and none other than that provided for by this part or by State law not preempted by this part): (i) The representation, set forth in detail along with the material bases and assumptions therefor; (ii) the number and percentage of outlets of the named business opportunity business which the business opportunity seller or broker knows to have earned or made at least the same sales, income or profits during a period of corresponding length in the immediate past as those sales, income, or profits represented, and the beginning and ending dates for said time period; (iii) With respect to each such representation of sales, income, or profits of existing outlets, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously disclosed in immediate conjunction therewith, printed in not less than 12 point upper and lower case boldface type: CAUTION **Some outlets have [sold] [earned] this amount. There is no assurance you’ll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.** (iv) With respect to each such representation of potential sales, income, or profits, the following statement shall be clearly and conspicuously disclosed in immediate conjunction therewith, printed in not less than 12 point upper and lower case boldface type: CAUTION **These figures are only estimates. There is no assurance you’ll do as well. If you rely upon our figures, you must accept the risk of not doing as well.** (v) If applicable, a statement clearly and conspicuously disclosing that the business opportunity seller lacks prior 
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                                business opportunity experience as to the named business opportunity business; (vi) If applicable, a statement clearly and conspicuously disclosing that the business opportunity seller has not been in business long enough to have actual business data; (vii) A cover sheet, distinctively and conspicuously showing the name of the business opportunity seller, the date of issuance of the document, and the following notice printed thereon in not less than 12 point upper and lower case boldface type: **Information for Prospective Business Opportunity Purchasers About Business Opportunity [Sales] [Income] [Profit] Required by the Federal Trade Commission** **To protect you, we’ve required the business opportunity seller to give you this information. We haven’t checked it and don’t know if it’s correct. Study these facts and figures carefully. If possible, show them to someone who can advise you, like a lawyer or an accountant. If you find anything you think may be wrong or anything important that’s been left out, let us know about it. It may be against the law. There may also be laws about business opportunities in your State. Ask your State agencies about them.** **Federal Trade Commission,** **Washington, D.C.** (viii) A table of contents; (6) Each prospective business opportunity purchaser shall be notified at the “time for making of disclosures” of any material changes that have occurred in the information contained in this document. (f) To make any claim or representation which is contradictory to the information required to be disclosed by this part. (g) To fail to furnish the prospective business opportunity purchaser with a copy of the business opportunity seller’s business opportunity agreement and related agreements with the document, and a copy of the completed business opportunity and related agreements intended to be executed by the parties at least 5 business days prior to the date the agreements are to be executed. *Provided, however*, That the obligations defined in paragraphs (b) through (g) of this section shall be deemed to have been met for both the business opportunity seller and the broker if either such person furnishes the prospective business opportunity purchaser with the written disclosures required thereby. (h) To fail to return any funds or deposits in accordance with any conditions disclosed pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of this section.
 § 437.2
  As used in this part, the following definitions shall apply: (a) The term 
                                *business opportunity*
                                 means any continuing commercial relationship created by any arrangement or arrangements whereby: (1) A person (hereinafter “business opportunity purchaser”) offers, sells, or distributes to any person other than a “business opportunity seller” (as hereinafter defined), goods, commodities, or services which are: (i)(A) Supplied by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”); or (B) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly required to do business by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”); or (C) Supplied by a third person (e.g., a supplier) with whom the business opportunity purchaser is directly or indirectly advised to do business by another person (hereinafter “business opportunity seller”) where such third person is affiliated with the business opportunity seller; and (ii) The business opportunity seller: (A) Secures for the business opportunity purchaser retail outlets or accounts for said goods, commodities, or services; or (B) Secures for the business opportunity purchaser locations or sites for vending machines, rack displays, or any other product sales displays used by the business opportunity purchaser in the offering, sale, or distribution of said goods, commodities, or services; or (C) Provides to the business opportunity purchaser the services of a person able to secure the retail outlets, accounts, sites or locations referred to in paragraphs (a)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section; and (2) The business opportunity purchaser is required as a condition of obtaining or commencing the business opportunity operation to make a payment or a commitment to pay to the business opportunity seller, or to a person affiliated with the business opportunity seller. (3) Exemptions. The provisions of this part shall not apply to a business opportunity: (i) Which is a “fractional business opportunity”; or (ii) Where pursuant to a lease, license, or similar agreement, a person offers, sells, or distributes goods, commodities, or services on or about premises occupied by a retailer-grantor primarily for the retailer-grantor’s own merchandising activities, which goods, commodities, or services are not purchased from the retailer-grantor or persons whom the lessee is directly or indirectly (A) required to do business with by the retailer-grantor or (B) advised to do business with by the retailer-grantor where such person is affiliated with the retailer-grantor; or (iii) Where the total of the payments referred to in paragraph (a)(2) of this section made during a period from any time before to within 6 months after commencing operation of the business opportunity purchaser’s business, is less than $500; or (iv) Where there is no writing which evidences any material term or aspect of the relationship or arrangement; or (v) Which complies with the franchise disclosure requirements set forth at part 436 or falls under one or more of the exemptions set forth at § 436.8 of part 436. (4) Exclusions. The term “business opportunity” shall not be deemed to include any continuing commercial relationship created solely by: (i) The relationship between an employer and an employee, or among general business partners; or (ii) Membership in a bona fide “cooperative association”; or (iii) An agreement for the use of a trademark, service mark, trade name, seal, advertising, or other commercial symbol designating a person who offers on a general basis, for a fee or otherwise, a bona fide service for the evaluation, testing, or certification of goods, commodities, or services; or (iv) An agreement between a licensor and a single licensee to license a trademark, trade name, service mark, advertising or other commercial symbol where such license is the only one of its general nature and type to be granted by the licensor with respect to that trademark, trade name, service mark, advertising, or other commercial symbol. (4) Any relationship which is represented either orally or in writing to be a business opportunity (as defined in paragraph (a) of this section) is subject to the requirements of this part. (b) The term 
                                *person*
                                 means any individual, group, association, limited or general partnership, corporation, or any other business entity. (c) The term 
                                *business opportunity seller*
                                 means any person who participates in a business opportunity relationship as a business opportunity seller, as denoted in paragraph (a) of this section. (d) The term 
                                *business opportunity purchaser*
                                 means any person (1) who participates in a business opportunity relationship as a business opportunity purchaser, as denoted in paragraph (a) 
                                ( print page 15570)
                                of this section, or (2) to whom an interest in a business opportunity is sold. (e) The term 
                                *prospective business opportunity purchaser*
                                 includes any person, including any representative, agent, or employee of that person, who approaches or is approached by a business opportunity seller or broker, or any representative, agent, or employee thereof, for the purpose of discussing the establishment, or possible establishment, of a business opportunity relationship involving such a person. (f) The term 
                                *business day*
                                 means any day other than Saturday, Sunday, or the following national holidays: New Year’s Day, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans’ Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. (g) The term 
                                *time for making of disclosures*
                                 means ten (10) business days prior to the earlier of (1) the execution by a prospective business opportunity purchaser of any business opportunity agreement or any other agreement imposing a binding legal obligation on such prospective business opportunity purchaser, about which the business opportunity seller, broker, or any agent, representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know, in connection with the sale or proposed sale of a business opportunity, or (2) the payment by a prospective business opportunity purchaser, about which the business opportunity seller, broker, or any agent, representative, or employee thereof, knows or should know, of any consideration in connection with the sale or proposed sale of a business opportunity. (h) The term 
                                *fractional business opportunity*
                                 means any relationship, as denoted by paragraph (a) of this section, in which the person described therein as a business opportunity purchaser, or any of the current directors or executive officers thereof, has been in the type of business represented by the business opportunity relationship for more than 2 years and the parties anticipated, or should have anticipated, at the time the agreement establishing the business opportunity relationship was reached, that the sales arising from the relationship would represent no more than 20 percent of the sales in dollar volume of the business opportunity purchaser. (i) The term 
                                *affiliated person*
                                 means a person (as defined in paragraph (b) of this section): (1) Which directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, a business opportunity seller; or (2) Which directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 10 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of a business opportunity seller; or (3) Which has, in common with a business opportunity seller, one or more partners, officers, directors, trustees, branch managers, or other persons occupying similar status or performing similar functions. (j) The term 
                                *business opportunity broker*
                                 means any person other than a business opportunity seller or a business opportunity purchaser who sells, offers for sale, or arranges for the sale of a business opportunity. (k) The term 
                                *sale of a business opportunity*
                                 includes a contract or agreement whereby a person obtains a business opportunity or an interest in a business opportunity for value by purchase, license, or otherwise. This term shall not be deemed to include the renewal or extension of an existing business opportunity where there is no interruption in the operation of the business opportunity business by the business opportunity purchaser, unless the new contracts or agreements contain material changes from those in effect between the business opportunity seller and business opportunity purchaser prior thereto. (l) A 
                                *cooperative association*
                                 is either (1) an association of producers of agricultural products authorized by section 1 of the Capper-Volstead Act, 7 U.S.C. 291; or (2) an organization operated on a cooperative basis by and for independent retailers which wholesales goods or furnishes services primarily to its member-retailers. (m) The term 
                                *fiscal year*
                                 means the business opportunity seller’s fiscal year. (n) The term 
                                *material*, 
                                *material fact*, and 
                                *material change*
                                 shall include any fact, circumstance, or set of conditions that has a substantial likelihood of influencing a reasonable business opportunity purchaser in the making of a significant decision relating to a named business opportunity business or that has any significant financial impact on a business opportunity purchaser or prospective business opportunity purchaser. (o) The term 
                                *personal meeting*
                                 means a face-to-face meeting between a business opportunity seller or broker (or any agent, representative, or employee thereof) and a prospective business opportunity purchaser which is held for the purposes of discussing the sale or possible sale of a business opportunity.
 § 437.3
  If any provision of this part or its application to any person, act, or practice is held invalid, the remainder of the part or the application of its provisions to any person, act, or practice shall not be affected thereby.
 Note 1: The Commission expresses no opinion as to the legality of any practice mentioned in this part. A provision for disclosure should not be construed as condonation or approval with respect to the matter required to be disclosed, nor as an indication of the Commission’s intention not to enforce any applicable statute. Note 2: By taking action in this area, the Federal Trade Commission does not intend to annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this part from complying with the laws or regulations of any State, municipality, or other local government with respect to business opportunity practices, except to the extent that those laws or regulations are inconsistent with any provision of this part, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency. For the purposes of this part, a law or regulation of any State, municipality, or other local government is not inconsistent with this part if the protection such law or regulation affords any prospective business opportunity purchaser is equal to or greater than that provided by this part. Examples of provisions that provide protection equal to or greater than that provided by this part include laws or regulations which require more complete record keeping by the business opportunity seller or the disclosure of more complete information to the business opportunity purchaser. Note 3: [As per § 437.1(a)(24) of this part]: DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Pursuant to 16 CFR 437.1 et seq., a Trade Regulation Rule of the Federal Trade Commission regarding Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions Concerning Business Opportunities, the following information is set forth on [name of business opportunity seller] for your examination: 1. Identifying information as to the business opportunity seller; 2. Business experience of the business opportunity seller’s directors and executive officers. 3. Business experience of the business opportunity seller. 4. Litigation history. 5. Bankruptcy history. 6. Description of business opportunity. 7. Initial funds required to be paid by a business opportunity purchaser. 8. Recurring funds required to be paid by a business opportunity purchaser. 9. Affiliated persons the business opportunity purchaser is required or advised to do business with by the business opportunity seller. 10. Obligations to purchase. 11. Revenues received by the business opportunity seller in consideration of purchases by a business opportunity purchaser. 12. Financing arrangements. 13. Restriction on sales. 
                                ( print page 15571) 14. Person participation required of the business opportunity purchaser in the operation of the business opportunity. 15. Termination, cancellation, and renewal of the business opportunity. 16. Statistical information concerning the number of business opportunity purchasers (and company-owned outlets). 17. Site selection. 18. Training programs. 19. Public figure involvement in the business opportunity. 20. Financial information concerning the business opportunity seller. By direction of the Commission. Donald S. Clark, Secretary.
 Note: Attachment A is published for information purposes only and will not be codified in Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations. ATTACHMENT A. TABLE OF COMMENTERS **Rule Review Commenters** RR 1. Robert E. Mulloy, Jr. (“Mulloy”) RR 2. Stanley M. Dub, Dworken & Bernstein (“Dub”) RR 3. Marvin J. Migdol, Nationwide Franchise Marketing Services (“Migdol”) RR 4. SCPromotions, Inc. (“SCPromotions”) RR 5. R. Dana Pennell (“Pennell”) RR 6. Robin Day Glenn (“Glenn”) RR 7. Jack McBirney, McGrow Consulting (“McBirney”) RR 8. SRA International (“SRA International”) RR 9. Harold Brown, Brown & Stadfeld (“Brown”) RR 10. Ronald N. Rosenwasser (“Rosenwasser”) RR 11. Louis F. Sokol (“Sokol”) RR 12. J. Howard Beales III, Professor, George Washington University (“Beales”) RR 13. Peter Lagarias (“Lagarias”) RR 14. Harold L. Kestenbaum (“Kestenbaum”) RR 15. Walter D. Wilson, Better Business Bureau of Central Georgia, Inc. (“Wilson”) RR 16. Connie B. D’Imperio, Color Your Carpet, Inc. (“D’Imperio”) RR 17. Q.M. Marketing, Inc (“Q.M. Marketing”) RR 18. David Gurnick, Kindel & Anderson (“Gurnick”) RR 19. U-Save Auto Rental (“U-Save Auto Rental”) RR 20. The Longaberger Co. (“Longaberger”) RR 21. Direct Selling Association (“DSA”) RR 22. American Bar Association, Section on Antitrust Law (“ABA AT”) RR 23. Dennis E. Wieczorek, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Wieczorek”) RR 24. Real Estate National Nework (“RENN”) RR 25. Attorney General Jim Ryan (“General Ryan”), State of Illinois RR 26. Alan S. Nopar (“Nopar”) RR 27. Snap-On, Inc. (“Snap-On”) RR 28. Steven Rabenberg, Explore St. Louis (“Rabenberg”) RR 29. Douglas M. Brooks, Martland & Brooks (“Brooks”) RR 30. Robert N. McDonald (“Commissioner McDonald”), Securities Commissioner, State of Maryland RR 31. Little Ceasars (“Little Ceasars”) RR 32. International Franchise Association (“IFA”) RR 33. Brownstein, Zeidman & Lore (“Brownstein Zeidman”) RR 34. Jere W. Glover (“Glover”), Counsel for Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA Advocacy”) RR 35. Jan Meyers, Chair, House Committee on Small Business (“Representative Myers”) RR 36. Neil A. Simon, Hogan and Hartson (“Simon”) RR 37. Deborah Bortner (“Bortner”), Washington State Department of Financial Institutions, Securities Division RR 38. American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) RR 39. American Association of Franchisees & Dealers (“AAFD”) RR 40. Warrren Lewis, Lewis & Trattner (“Lewis”) RR 41. Century 21 Real Estate Corp. (“Century 21”) RR 42. John Hayden (“Hayden”) RR 43. North American Securities Administrators Association (“NASAA”) RR 44. Robert L. Perrry (“Perry”) RR 45. The State Bar of California, Business Law Section (“CA BLS”) RR 46. Mike Gaston, Barkely & Evergreen (“Gaston”) RR 47. The Southland Corp. (“Southland”) RR 48. Medicap Pharmacies, Inc. (“Medicap”) RR 49. Rochelle B. Spandorf (“Spandorf”), ABA Forum on Franchising, Andrew C. Selden (“Selden”), David J. Kaufman (“Kaufmann”) RR 50. Joyce G. Mazero, Locke Pernell Rain Harrell (“Mazero”) RR 51. Mark B. Forseth, Locke Pernell Rain Harrell (“Forseth”) RR 52. Forte Hotels (“Forte Hotels”) RR 53. R.A. Politte (“Politte”) RR 54. Politte (
                        *see supra*, RR 53). RR 55. Brown (
                        *see supra*, RR 9). RR 56. Wieczorek (
                        *see supra*, RR 23). RR 57. Scott Shane, Georgia Institute of Technology (“Shane”) RR 58. Friday’s (“Friday’s”) RR 59. Carl E. Zwisler, Keck, Mahin & Cate (“Zwisler”) RR 60. Wieczorek (
                        *see supra*, RR 23) RR 61. Enrique A. Gonzalez, Gonzalez Cavillo Y Forastierei (“Gonzalez”) RR 62. Pepsico Restaurants (“Pepsico”) RR 63. IFA (
                        *see supra*, RR 32) RR 64. Atlantic Richfield Co (“ARCO”) RR 65. David Clanton (“Clanton”) RR 66. Leonard Swartz, Arthur Andersen & Co. (“Swartz”) RR 67. John R.F. Baer, Keck, Mahin & Cate (“Baer”) RR 68. Lynn Scott (“Scott”) RR 69. Eversheds (“Eversheds”) RR 70. Brownstein Zeidman (
                        *see supra*, RR 33) RR 71. Penny Ward, Baker & McKenzie (“Ward”) RR 72. Matthias Stein (“Stein”) RR 73. Byron Fox, Hunton & Williams (“Fox”) RR 74. Papa John’s Pizza (“Papa Johns”) RR 75. Harold L. Kestenbaum (
                        *see supra*, RR 14) **Rule Review September 1995 Public Workshop Conference** **Panelists** Harold Brown, Brown & Stadfeld (“Brown”) Sam Damico, Q.M. Marketing, Inc. (“Damico”) Connie B. D’Imperio, Color Your Carpet, Inc. (“D’Imperio”) Eric Ellman (“Ellman”), Direct Selling Assocation (“DSA”) Mark B. Forseth, Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (“Forseth”) Mike Gason, Barkely & Evergreen (“Gaston”) Susan Kezios, American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) (“Kezios”) William Kimball, Iowa Coalition for Responsible Franchising (“Kimball”) Warren Lewis, Lewis & Trattner (“Lewis”) Steven Maxey (“Maxey”), North American Securities Administrators Association (“NASAA”) Joyce G. Mazero, Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (“Mazero”) Barry Pineles (“Pineles”), U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA Advocacy”) Robert Purvin, American Association of Franchisees & Dealers (“AAFD”) (“Purvin”) Steven Rabenberg, Explore St. Louis (“Rabenberg”) Matthew R. Shay (“Shay”), International Franchise Association (“IFA”) Neil A. Simon, Hogan & Hartson (“Simon”) Robin Spencer (“Spencer”), representing American Franchisee Association 
                        ( print page 15572) Leonard Swartz, Arthur Anderson & Co. (“Swartz”) John Tifford, Brownstein Zeidman & Lore Ronnie Volkening (“Volkening”), The Southland Corp. (“Southland”) Dennis E. Wieczorek, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Wieczorek”) William J. Wimmer (Wimmer”), Iowa Coalition for Responsible Franchising **Public Participants** Peter Denzen (“Denzen”) Bob Hessler, Wendy’s (“Hessler”) Chris Huke, SC Promotions (“Huke”) Michael Jorgensen (“Jorgensen”) Robert L. Perry (“Perry”) Brian Schnell, Gray, Plant Mooty (“Schnell”) **March 1996 Public Workshop Conference** **Panelists** Kay M. Ainsley, Ziebart Intl, Corp. (“Ainsley”) John R.F. Baer, Keck, Mahin & Cate (“Baer”) Michael Brennan, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Brennan”) Joel R. Buckberg, HFA, Inc. (“Buckberg”) David A. Clanton, Baker & McKenzie (“Clanton”) Kenneth R. Costello, Loeb & Loeb (“Costello”) Edward J. Fay, Kwik Kopy Corp. (“Fay”) Mark B. Forseth, Locke Purnell Rain Harrell (“Forseth”) Byron E. Fox, Hunton & Willaims (“Fox”) Bruce Harsh, International Trade Specialist, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Harsh”) Arnold Janofsky, Precision Tune (“Janofsky”) Susan P. Kezios (“Kezios”), American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) Alex S. Konigsberg, QC (“Konigsberg”), Lapoint Rosenstein Andrew P. Loewinger, Abraham Pressman & Bauer (“Loewinger”) H. Bret Lowell, Brownstein Zeidman (“Lowell”) John Melle, Office of U.S. Trade Representative (“Melle”) Raymond L. Miolla, Burger King Corp. (“Miolla”) Alex Papadakis, Hurt Sinisi Papadakis (“Papadakis”) Matthew R. Shay (“Shay”), International Franchise Association (“IFA”) Neil A. Simon, Hogan & Hartson (“Simon”) Leonard Swartz, Arthur Anderson & Co. (“Swartz”) Greg L. Walther, Outback Steakhouse Intl (“Walther”) Dennis E. Wieczorek, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Wieczorek”) Erik B. Wulff, Hogan & Hartson (“Wulff”) Philip F. Zeidman (“Zeidman”) Carl Zwisler, Keck, Mahin & Cate (“Zwisler”) **Public Participants** Jeff Brams, Sign-A-Rama and Shipping Connections (“Brams”) Pamela Mills, Baker & McKenzie (“Mills”) **Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Commenters** ANPR 1. Kevin Brendan Murphy, Mr. Franchise (“Murphy”) ANPR 2. Murphy (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 1). ANPR 3. Mike Bruce, The Michael Bruce Fund (“Bruce”) ANPR 4. Harold Brown, Brown & Stadfeld (“Brown”) ANPR 5. Frances L. Diaz (“Diaz”) ANPR 6. Brown (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 4). ANPR 7. Diaz (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 5). ANPR 8. Marian Kunihisa (“Kunihisa”) ANPR 9. Kevin Bores, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Bores”) ANPR 10. Terrence L. Packer, Supercuts Franchisee (“Packer”) ANPR 11. John Delasandro (“Delasandro”) ANPR 12. William Cory (“Cory”) ANPR 13. Joseph Manuszak, Domino’s Franchisee (“Manuszak”) ANPR 14. Daryl Donafin, Taco Bell Franchisee (“Donafin”) ANPR 15. David Muncie, National Claims Service, Inc. (“Muncie”) ANPR 16. Patrick E. Meyers, The Quizno’s Corp. (“Quizno’s”) ANPR 17. David Weaver, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Weaver”) ANPR 18. Karen M. Paquet, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Paquet”) ANPR 19. Gary R. Duvall Graham & Dunn (“Duvall”) ANPR 20. Andrew J. Sherman, Greenberg & Tauris (“Sherman”) ANPR 21. S. Beavis Stubbings (“Stubbings”) ANPR 22. Jim & Evalena Gray, Pearle Vision Franchisee (“J&E Gray”) ANPR 23. Ernest Higginbotham (“Higginbotham”) ANPR 24. Henry C. Su & Bryon Fox (“Su”) ANPR 25. John R. F. Baer, Keck, Mahin & Cate (“Baer”) ANPR 26. Clay Small & Lowell Dixon, Nat’l Franchise Mediation Program Steering Committee (“NFMP”) ANPR 27. Richard T. Catalano (“Catalano”) ANPR 28. Neil Simon & Erik Wulff, Hogan & Hartson (“H&H”) ANPR 29. Glenn A. Mueller, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Mueller”) ANPR 30. Doug Bell et al. Supercuts Franchisees (“Supercut Franchisees”) ANPR 31. Michael L. Bennett, Longaberger Co. (“Longaberger”) ANPR 32. John Rachide, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Rachide”) ANPR 33. David J. Kaufmann, Kaufmann, Feiner, Yamin, Gildin & Robbins (“Kaufmann”) ANPR 34. Joseph N. Mariano, Direct Selling Association (“DSA”) ANPR 35. Linda F. Golodner & Susan Grant, National Consumers League (“NCL”) ANPR 36. Jere W. Glover & Jennifer A. Smith, U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Chief Counsel for Advocacy (“SBA Advocacy”) ANPR 37. Robert Chabot, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Chabot”) ANPR 38. Teresa Maloney, National Coalition of 7-Eleven Franchisees (“Maloney”) ANPR 39. BLANK ANPR 40. Harold L. Kestenbaum (“Kestenbaum”) ANPR 41. Samuel L. Sibent, KFC Franchisee (“Sibent”) ANPR 42. Oren C. Crothers, KFC Franchisee (“Crothers”) ANPR 43. Matthew Jankowski, KFC Franchisee (“Jankowski”) ANPR 44. Rodney A. DeBoer, KFC Franchisee (“DeBoer”) ANPR 45. Liesje Bertoldi, KFC Franchisee (“L. Bertoldi)” ANPR 46. Steve Bertoldi, KFC Franchisee (“S. Bertoldi”) ANPR 47. Charles Buckner, KFC Franchisee (“Buckner”) ANPR 48. Walter J. Knezevich, KFC Franchisee (“Knezevich”) ANPR 49. Jeffrey W. Gray, KFC Franchisee (“J. Gray”) ANPR 50. Fred Jackson, KFC Franchisee (“Jackson”) ANPR 51. Ronald L. Rufener, KFC Franchisee (“Rufener”) ANPR 52. Tim Morris, KFC Franchisee (“Morris)” ANPR 53. Scarlett Norris Adams, KFC Franchisee (“Adams”) ANPR 54. Calvin G. White, KFC Franchisee (“White”) ANPR 55. Nick Iuliano, KFC Franchisee (“N. Iuliano”) ANPR 56. Dolores Iuliano, KFC Franchisee (“D. Iuliano”) ANPR 57. Ralph A Harman, KFC Franchisee (“R. Harman”) ANPR 58. Saundra S. Harman, KFC Franchisee (“S. Harman”) ANPR 59. Richard Braden, KFC Franchisee (“Barden”) ANPR 60. K.F. C. of Pollys, KFC Franchisee (“Pollys”) 
                        ( print page 15573) ANPR 61. Joan Fiore, McDonalds Franchisee (“Fiore”) ANPR 62. Susan P. Kezios, American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) ANPR 63. Kenneth R. Costello, Loeb & Loeb (“Costello”) ANPR 64. AFA (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 62) ANPR 65. Susan Rich, KFC Franchisee (“Rich”) ANPR 66. Fiore (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 61) ANPR 67. Mike Johnson, Subway Franchisee (“Johnson”) ANPR 68. Laurie Gaither, GNC Franchisee (“L. Gaither”) ANPR 69. Greg Gaither, GNC Franchisee (“G. Gaither”) ANPR 70. Greg Suslovic, Subway Franchisee (“Suslovic”) ANPR 71. Richard Colenda, GNC Franchisee (“Colenda”) ANPR 72. Bob Gagliati, GNC Franchisee (“Gagliati”) ANPR 73. Pat Orzano, 7-Eleven Franchisee (“Orzano”) ANPR 74. Linda Gaither, GNC Franchisee (“Li Gaither”) ANPR 75. Kevin 100 (“Kevin 100”) ANPR 76. Robert James, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services (“James”) ANPR 77. Robert A. Tingler, Office of the Attorney General, State of Illinois (“IL AG”) ANPR 78. John M. Tifford, Rudnick, Wolfe, Epstien & Zeidman (“Tifford”) ANPR 79. Robert L. Purvin, Jr. (“Purvin”) ANPR 80. Teresa Heron, My Favorite Muffin Franchisee (“Heron”) ANPR 81. Purvin (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 79) ANPR 82. Matthew R. Shay, International Franchise Association (“IFA”) ANPR 83. Duvall (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 19) ANPR 84. Lance Winslow, Car Wash Guys (“Winslow”) ANPR 85. Winslow (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 84) ANPR 86. Rick Gue, The Pampered Chef, (“Pampered Chef”) ANPR 87. John M. Tifford, Coverall North America (“Coverall”) ANPR 88. John M. Tifford, Merchandise Mart Properties (“Merchanise Mart”) ANPR 89. Dirk C. Bloemendaal, Amway Corproation (“Amway”) ANPR 90. Winslow (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 84) ANPR 91. Winslow (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 84) ANPR 92. Winslow (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 84) ANPR 93. Winslow (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 84) ANPR 94. Andrew A. Caffey (“Caffey”) ANPR 95. Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (“Entrepreneur”) ANPR 96. Brown (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 4) ANPR 97. Raymond & Robert Buckley, Scorecard Plus Franchisees (“Buckley”) ANPR 98. Mark A. Kirsch, Rudnick, Wolfe, Epstien & Zeidman (“Kirsch”) ANPR 99. Dale E. Cantone, Maryland Division of Securities, Office of the Attorney General (“Md Securities”) ANPR 100. Roger C. Haines, Scorecard Plus Franchisee (“Haines”) ANPR 101. David E. Myklebust, Scorecard Plus Franchisee (“Myklebust”) ANPR 102. Robert Larson (“Larson”) ANPR 103. Brown (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 4) ANPR 104. Mark B. Forseth, CII Enterprises (“CII”) ANPR 105. Bertrand T. Unger, PR One (“Pr One”) ANPR 106. Dennis E. Wieczorek, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Wieczorek”) ANPR 107. Gerald A. Marks, Marks & Krantz (“Marks”) ANPR 108. Brown (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 4) ANPR 109. Everett W. Knell (“Knell”) ANPR 110. Anne Crews, Mary Kay, Inc. (“Mary Kay”) ANPR 111. Carl Letts, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Letts”) ANPR 112. Kat Tidd (“Tidd”) ANPR 113. Ted Poggi, National Coalition of Associations of 7-Eleven Franchisees (“NCA 7-Eleven Franchisees) ANPR 114. Gary R. Duvall & Nadine C. Mandel (“Duvall & Mandel”) ANPR 115. Sherry Christopher, Christopher Consulting, Inc. (“Christopher”) ANPR 116. Carl C. Jeffers, Intel Marketing Systems, Inc. (“Jeffers”) ANPR 117. Deborah Bortner, State of Washington, Department of Financial Institutions, Securities Divisions (“WA Securities”) ANPR 118. Carmen D. Caruso, Noonan & Caruso (“Caruso”) ANPR 119. Howard Bundy, Bundy & Morrill, Inc.(“Bundy”) ANPR 120. Franchise & Business Opportunity Committee, North American Securities Administrations Association (“NASAA”) ANPR 121. Tifford (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 78) ANPR 122. Wieczorek (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 106) ANPR 123. John & Debbie Lopez, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Lopez”) ANPR 124. Susan R. Essex & Ted Storey, California Bar, Business Law Section (“CA BLS”) ANPR 125. Peter C. Lagarias, The Legal Solutions Group (“Lagarias”) ANPR 126. James G. Merret, Jr. (“Merret”) ANPR 127. W. Michael Garner, Dady & Garner (“Garner”) ANPR 128. Jeff Brickner (“Brickner”) ANPR 129. Bernard A. Brynda, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Brynda”) ANPR 130. Caron B. Slimak, Jacadi USA Franchisee (“Slimak”) ANPR 131. Dr. Ralph Geiderman, Pearl Vision Franchisee (“Geiderman”) ANPR 132. Felipe Frydmann, Minister of Economic & Trade Affairs, Embassy of the Argentine Republic (“Argentine Embassy”) ANPR 133. Andrew C. Selden, Briggs & Morgan (“Selden”) ANPR 134. Robert Zarco, Zarco & Pardo (“Zarco & Pardo”) ANPR 135. Jason H. Griffing, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Griffing”) ANPR 136. Erik H. Karp, Witmer, Karp, Warner & Thuotte (“Karp”) ANPR 137. William D. Brandt, Ferder, Brandt, Casebeer, Copper, Hoyt & French (“Brandt”) ANPR 138. Robert S. Keating, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Keating”) ANPR 139. A. Patel, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“A. Patel”) ANPR 140. Joel R. Buckberg, Cendant Corporation (“Cendant”) ANPR 141. Duvall (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 19) ANPR 142. NCL (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 35) ANPR 143. AFA (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 62) ANPR 144. Catalano (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 27) ANPR 145. DSA (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 34) ANPR 146. Keating (
                        *see supra*, ANPR 139) ANPR 147. Kathie & David Leap, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Leap”) ANPR 148. Ted D. Kuhn, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Kuhn”) ANPR 149. Mike S. Lee, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Lee”) ANPR 150. R. Deilal, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Deilal”) ANPR 151. Frank J. Demotto, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Demotto”) ANPR 152. Thomas Hung, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Hung”) ANPR 153. Jean Jones, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Jones”) ANPR 154. Hang, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Hang”) ANPR 155. Dilip Patel, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“D. Patel”) ANPR 156. Terry L. Glase, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Glase”) ANPR 157. R.E. Williamson, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Williamson”) ANPR 158. R. M Valum, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Valum”) ANPR 159. Rajendra Patel, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“R. Patel”) ANPR 160. Jerry & Debbie Robinett, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Robinett”) ANPR 161. Ronald J. Rudolf, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Rudolf”) 
                        ( print page 15574) ANPR 162. Kamlesh Patel, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“K. Patel”) ANPR 163. Nicholas & Marilyn Apostal, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Apostal”) ANPR 164. Patrick Sitin, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Sitin”) ANPR 165. Paul & Lisa SeLander, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“SeLander”) ANPR 166. S. Bhilnym, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Bhilnym”) ANPR 167. Mike & Kathy Denino, Baskin & Robbins Franchisee (“Denino”) **ANPR Workshop Participants** Michael Bennett, Longaberger Company (“Bennett”) Kennedy Brooks (“Brooks”) John Brown, Amway Corporation (“J. Brown”) Howard Bundy, Bundy & Morrill (“Bundy”) Delia Burke, Jenkins & Gilchrist (“Burke”) Andrew Caffey, Esq. (“Caffey”) Dale Catone, Office of the Maryland Attorney General (“Cantone”) Emilio Casillas, Washington State Securities Division (“Casillas”) Richard Catalano, Esq. (“Catalano”) Sherry Christopher, Esq. (“Christopher”) Michael W. Chiodo, Domino’s Franchisee (“Chiodo”) Martin Cordell, Washington State Securities Division (“Cordell”) Joseph Cristiano, Carvel Franchisee (“Cristiano”) John D’Alessandro, Quaker State Lube Distributor (“D’Alessandro”) Mark Deutsch, former franchisee (“Deutsch”) Steve Doe, Franchisee (“Doe”) Gary Duvall, Graham & Dunn (“Duvall”) Eric Ellman, Direct Selling Association (“Ellman”) Debbie Fetzer, Snap-On Franchisee (“Fetzer”) David Finigan, Illinois Securities Department (“Finigan”) Mark B. Forseth, Jenkens & Gilchrist (“Forseth”) Richard W. Galloway, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Galloway”) Elizabeth Garceau, Pro Design (“E. Garceau”) Michael Garceau, Pro Design (“M. Garceau”) Roger Gerdes, Microsoft Corp. (“Gerdes”) Rick Geu, The Pampered Chef (“Geu”) Judy Gitterman, Jenkens & Gilchrist (“Gitterman”) Susan Grant, National Consumers League (“Grant”) Bruce Hoar, Hanes Franchisee (“B. Hoar”) Thomas Hoar, Hanes Franchisee (“T. Hoar”) Nelson Hockert-Lotz, Domino’s Pizza Franchisee (“Hockert-Lotz”) Tee Houston-Aldridge, World Inspection Network (“Houston-Aldridge”) Robert James, Florida Dept. of Agriculture & Consumer Services (“James”) Carl Jeffers, Intel Marketing Systems (“Jeffers”) Erik Karp, Witmer, Karp, Warner & Thuotte (“Karp”) David Kaufmann, Kaufmann, Feiner, Yamin, Gildin & Robbins (“Kaufmann”) Harold Kestenbaum, Hollenbrug, Bleven, Solomon, Ross (“Kestenbaum”) Susan Kezios, American Franchisee Association (“Kezios”) Mark Kirsch, Rudnick Wolfe, Epstien & Zeidman (“Kirsch”) Charles Lay, Brite Site Franchisee (“Lay”) Mike Ludlum, Entreprenuer Media (“Ludlum”) Marge Lundquist, Franchisee (“Lundquist”) Gerald Marks, Marks & Krantz (“Marks”) Philip McKee, National Consumers League (“McKee”) Dianne Mousley, Mike Schmidt’s Phil. Hoagies Franchisee (“Mousley”) Joseph Punturo, Office of the New York Attorney General (“Punturo”) Mehran Rafizadeh, GNC Franchisee (“Rafizadeh”) David R. Raymond, Esq. (“Raymond”) Iris Sandow, Blimpie Franchisee (“Sandow”) Philip Sanson, Illinois Securities Department (“Sanson”) Matthew Shay, International Franchise Association (“IFA”) David Silverman, Sportworld Int’l (“Silverman”) Neil Simon, Hogan & Hartson (“Simon”) Caron Slimak (“Slimak”), Jacadi USA Franchisee J. H. Snow, Jenkens & Gilcrist (“Snow”) Adam Sokol, Illinois Attorney General’s Office (“Sokol”) Kat Tidd, Esq. (“Tidd”) John Tifford, Rudnick Wolfe, Epstien & Zeidman, (“Tifford”) Robert Tingler, Franchise Bureau Chief. Illinois Attorney General’s Office (“Tingler”) Bertrand Unger, PR One (“Unger”) Dr. Spencer Vidulich, Pearle Vision Franchisee (“Vidulich”) Dick Way, PR One (“Way”) Dennis Wieczorek, Rudnick & Wolfe (“Wieczorek”) Erik Wulff, Hogan & Hartson (“Wulff”) Barry Zaslav, Coverall North America (“Zaslav”) **Franchise Rule Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Commenters** NPR 1. Patrick E. Meyers, The Quizno’s Corporation (“Quizno’s”) NPR 2. Steven A. Rosen, Frannet (“Frannet”) NPR 3. Robert Tingler, Franchise Bureau Chief, Illinois Attorney General (“IL AG”) NPR 4. Dennis E. Wieczorek, Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe (“PMR&W”) NPR 5. Jack Schuessler, Wendy’s Intl, Inc. (“Wendy’s”) NPR 6. Curtis S. Gimson, Triarc Restaurant Group (“Triarc”) NPR 7. Eugene Stachowiak, McDonald’s (“McDonalds”) NPR 8. David E. Holmes (“Holmes”) NPR 9. Erik B. Wulff, John F. Dienelt, Hogan & Hartson (“H&H”) NPR 10. Ronnie R. Volkening, 7-Eleven, Inc. (“7-Eleven”) NPR 11. John R.F. Baer, Robert T. Joseph, Alan H. Silberman, Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal (“Baer”) NPR 12. Morton A. Aronson, Neil A. Simon, David J. Kaufmann, National Franchise Council (“NFC”) NPR 13. Alaska Turner (“Turner”) NPR 14. Susan P. Kezios, American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) NPR 15. Warren L. Lewis, Lewis & Kolton (“Lewis”) NPR 16. John W. Regnery, Snap-On Inc. (“Snap-On”) NPR 17. Dale E. Cantone, Stephen W. Maxey, Joseph J. Punturo, NASAA Franchise and Business Opportunity Project Group (“NASAA”) NPR 18. Howard E. Bundy, Bundy & Morrill, Inc. (“Bundy”) NPR 19. Laurie Taylor (“Taylor”) NPR 20. Jonathan Hubbell, Prudential Real Estate Affiliates (“PREA”) NPR 21. David Gurnick, Arter & Hadden (“Gurnick”) NPR 22. Don J. DeBolt, Matthew R. Shay, International Franchise Association (“IFA”) NPR 23. L. Seth Stadfeld, Weston, Patrick, Willard & Redding (“Stadfeld”) NPR 24. Eric H. Karp, Witmer, Karp, Warner & Thuotte (“Karp”) NPR 25. Janet L. McDavid, American Bar Association, Section of Antitrust Law (“ABA AT”) NPR 26. Randall Loeb, NaturaLawn of America (“NaturaLawn”) NPR 27. Tony Rolland, National Franchisee Association (“NFA”) NPR 28. Andrew P. Loewinger, Buchannan Ingersoll (“BI”) NPR 29. Jeffrey E. Kolton, Frandata (“Frandata”) NPR 30. AFC Enterprises (“AFC”) 
                        ( print page 15575) NPR 31. Howard Morrill, Bundy & Morrill, Inc. (“Morrill”) NPR 32. Carl E. Zwisler, Jenkens & Gilchrist (“J&G”) NPR 33. Diane T. Nauer, TruServ Corporation (“TruServ”) NPR 34. Brian H. Cole, Tricon (“Tricon”) NPR 35. Steven Goldman, Mark Forseth, Marriott Corp. (“Marriott”) NPR Rebuttal 36. Gurnick (
                        *see supra*, FR-NPR 21) NPR Rebuttal 37. Kezios (
                        *see supra*, FR-NPR 14) NPR Rebuttal 38. IL AG (
                        *see supra*, FR-NPR 3) NPR Rebuttal 39. Bundy (
                        *see supra*, FR-NPR 18) NPR Rebuttal 40. John W. Fitzgerald, Gray, Plant, Mooty, Mooty & Bennett (“GPM”) **Staff Report** Affiliated Foods Midwest (“Affiliated Foods”) American Association of Franchisees and Dealers (“AAFD”) American Franchisee Association (“AFA”) Briggs & Morgan (“Selden”) Bundy & Morrill, Inc. (“Bundy”) Car Wash Guys (“Winslow”) Cendant Corp. (“Cendant”) CHS, Inc. (“CHS”) Gary Duvall (“Duvall”) Frost Brown Todd (“Graber”) David Gurnick (“Gurnick”) Gust Rosenfeld (“Gust Rosenfeld”) Illinois Attorney General (“IL AG”) Independent Distributors Cooperative (“IDC”) International Franchise Association (“IFA”) Jeffrey S. Haff (“Haff”) Jenkens & Gilchrist (“J&G”) Johnson, Hearn, Vinegar, Gee & Mercer (“Gee”) Kaufmann, Feiner, Yamin, Gildin & Robbins (“Kaufmann”) A. Koutsoulis (“Koutsoulis”) Law Office of Marc N. Blumenthal (“Blumenthal”) Law Office of Peter A. Singler (“Singler”) Legal Solutions Group (“Lagarias”) Marks & Associates (“Marks”) Michael H. Seid & Assoc. (“Seid”) National Automobile Dealers Assoc. (“NADA”) National Cooperative Business Assoc. (“NCBA”) National Council of Farmer Cooperatives (“NCFC”) National Grocers Assoc. (“NGA”) North American Securities Administrators Association (“NASAA”) Pillsbury Winthrop (“Chevron”) Pillsbury Winthrop (“Pillsbury Winthrop”) Piper Rudnick (“Piper Rudnick”) Prudential Real Estate Affiliates (“PREA”) Richard Pu (“Pu”) Riezman Berger (“Riezman Berger”) Spandorf, Silberman, Joseph, and Baer (“Spandorf”) Starwood (“Starwood”) State Bar of California—Franchise Law Committee (“CA Bar”) State of California Department of Corporations (“CA Dep’t of Corps”) Paul Steinberg (“Steinberg”) Washington State Department of Financial Institutions (“WA Securities”) Wiggin & Dana (“Wiggin & Dana”) Witmer, Karp & Warner (“Karp”)


# Footnotes

1.
    
                              
                            *See*16 CFR Part 436. Provisions of the original Rule are cited in this document as 16 CFR 436.[ ]. Citations to the final amended Rule are cited simply as 436.[ ] or 437.[ ], respectively. The text of the final amended Rule is set forth in Section VII. Back to Citation
 2.
    
                             The specific definition of the term “franchise” is discussed below in connection with section 436.1(h). Back to Citation
 3.
    
                             We were assisted in the effort to reduce inconsistencies between the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines by NASAA’s submission of a document entitled “Comparison of UFOC and Proposed FTC Disclosure Requirements” (“NASAA Comparison”) (Jan. 8, 2002). A copy of this document is on the public record in this proceeding. Back to Citation
 4.
    
                             The definition of “business opportunity” is discussed below in connection with section 437.2(a). Back to Citation
 5.
    
                             71 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 2006). Back to Citation
 6.
    
                             43 FR 59614 (Dec. 21, 1978). Along with the original Rule, the Commission published a Statement of Basis and Purpose (“original SBP”), 43 FR 59621 (Dec. 21, 1978) and later Final Interpretive Guides to the Rule (“Interpretive Guides”), 44 FR 49966 (Aug. 24, 1979). Since promulgation of the original Rule in 1978, the Commission staff has also issued more than 100 advisory opinions to help assist the public in interpreting various Rule provisions. Back to Citation
 7.
    
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59625. Back to Citation
 8.
    
                              
                            *Id.*, at 59627-39. Back to Citation
 9.
    
                             The Commission used the same approach in other trade regulation rules. 
                            *See, e.g.,*
                             Funeral Rule, 16 CFR Part 453; Used Car Rule, 16 CFR Part 455. Back to Citation
 10.
    
                             60 FR 17656 (Apr. 7, 1995). Back to Citation
 11.
    
                             Written Rule Review comments are cited as: [Commenter] RR [comment number]. A list of all commenters during the Rule Review and Rule amendment proceeding, and the abbreviations used to identify each, is set forth in Attachment A to this document. Many of the comments in this proceeding are available online at: www.ftc.gov. Back to Citation
 12.
    
                             Rule Review transcripts are cited as [Commenter] RR, [Sept.95] or [Mar.96] Tr. Back to Citation
 13.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines disclosure format is similar in many respects to the original Rule’s disclosure requirements. To reduce compliance costs and burdens, the Commission has permitted franchisors to comply with the original Rule by using the UFOC Guidelines format, provided that they did so completely and accurately. 
                            *See*60 FR 51895 (Oct. 4, 1995) (authorizing states to use revised UFOC Guidelines). A copy of the UFOC Guidelines can be found at the corporate finance section of the North American Securities Administrators Association website: www.nasaa.org. It should be noted, however, that the UFOC Guidelines address only required pre-sale disclosures. Other provisions of state law applicable to franchise sales—such as the time for making disclosures, disclosure document updating provisions, and exemptions—vary according to each state’s franchise statute or regulations. Back to Citation
 14.
    
                             62 FR at 9115 (Feb. 28, 1997). Back to Citation
 15.
    
                             Written ANPR comments are cited as: [Commenter] ANPR [comment number]. Back to Citation
 16.
    
                             In general, the first day of each public workshop discussed specific issues announced in advance. Participants at these meetings were selected based upon their comments or interest in the subject matter. The second day of each conference was an open forum in which the public was invited to express their views on any franchise or business opportunity issue. ANPR workshop transcripts are cited as: [Commenter] ANPR [date] Tr. Back to Citation
 17.
    
                             64 FR 57294 (Oct. 22, 1999). Back to Citation
 18.
    
                             16 CFR 1.13. Back to Citation
 19.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57324. Back to Citation
 20.
    
                             Franchise NPR comments are cited as: [Commenter] NPR [comment number]. Back to Citation
 21.
    
                             Many commenters enthusiastically supported the Commission’s overall approach to revising the Rule. 
                            *E.g.*, IL AG, NPR 3, at 10; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 1; Holmes, NPR 8, at 1; H&H, NPR 9, at 2; Baer, NPR 11, at 1; NFC, NPR 12, at 2; Lewis, NPR 15, at 1; IFA, NPR 22, at 3; AFC, NPR 30, at 3; J&G, NPR 32, at 1; Tricon, NPR 34, at 1; Marriott, NPR 35, at 2. Back to Citation
 22.
    
                             Accordingly, no Presiding Officer was established in this proceeding. 
                            *See*
                             Rules of Practice, 16 CFR 1.13(c). Back to Citation
 23.
    
                              
                            *See*
                             Bureau of Consumer Protection, 
                            *Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission and Proposed Revised Trade Regulation Rule*
                             (16 CFR Part 436) (Aug. 2004) (“Staff Report”). The Staff Report is available at: www.ftc.gov/​os/​2004/​08/​0408franchiserulerpt.pdf. In September, 2004, the Commission published a notice in the 
                            **Federal Register**
                             announcing the availability of, and seeking comment on, the Staff Report. 
                            *See*69 FR 53661 (Sept. 2, 2004). The announcement is also available at: www.ftc.gov/​os/​2004/​08/​040825franchiserulefrn.pdf. Back to Citation
 24.
    
                             Staff Report comments are cited as “[Commenter], at ___ .” These comments simply refer to the commenter and not to a specific comment number. After the Franchise NPR, the Commission’s Secretary’s Office discontinued the practice of assigning a specific comment number to each comment. Back to Citation
 25.
    
                            *E.g.*, Bundy, at 1; Cendant, at 1 (representing Ramada, Days Inn, Howard Johnson, Travelodge, Knights Inn, Super 8 Motel, Wingate Inn, AmeriHost, Century 21, Coldwell Banker, ERA, Sotherby’s Intl Realty, Avis, and Budget); IFA, at 1; IL AG, at 1; J&G, at 1; Kaufmann, at 2 (representing Kaufmann, Feiner, Yamin, Gildin & Robbins; YUM! Brands [Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco Bell, Long John Silvers, and A&W]; 7-Eleven, Inc.; and Arby’s [Arby’s and T.J. Cinnamons Classic Bakery]); Marriott, at 2; NASAA, at 2; Piper Rudnick, at 1; Spandorf, at 1; Starwood, at 1 (representing Four Points Hotels, Sheraton Hotels,Westin Hotels, and Luxury Collection Hotels); Wiggin and Dana, at 1. Back to Citation
 26.
    
                             Fourteen comments focused solely on a single issue. For example, eight comments addressed only the original Rule’s exclusion for cooperatives (Affiliated Foods; CHS; Graber; IDC; NCBA; NCFC; NGA; Riezman Burger). Additional one-issue comments were received on: the disclosure of franchisee associations (AAFD); the single trademark exclusion (Pillsbury Winthrop); the sophisticated investor exemptions (NADA); the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act (Chevron); the disclosure of parent information (PREA); and integration clauses (Lagarias). Two comments were beyond the scope of the Staff Report: Marks (urging Commission to adopt franchise arbitration standards); Koutsoulis (opposing the proposed merger of two franchisors). Back to Citation
 27.
    
                             Compliance Guides, which the Commission anticipates staff will issue on part 436, would update existing Interpretive Guides issued in 1979. 
                            *See generally*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR 49966. Compliance Guides on part 437 will be issued by staff once any rulemaking on business opportunity ventures is concluded. Back to Citation
 28.
    
                            *E.g.*, Selden, at 2; Haff, at 1-3; Blumenthal, at 1; Karp, at 2; Steinberg, at 1. Back to Citation
 29.
    
                            *E.g.*, Blumenthal, at 1; Karp, at 3; Steinberg, at 1-2. Back to Citation
 30.
    
                             As of the date of this Notice, the Commission has filed more than 210 suits against more than 650 defendants (both franchises and business opportunities) for Franchise Rule violations since the Rule was promulgated in 1978. 
                            *See also*
                             Business Opportunity NPR, 71 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 2006) (discussing the Commission law enforcement history in combating business opportunity covered by the Franchise Rule). Back to Citation
 31.
    
                            *E.g.*, H&H, ANPR 28, at 2; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 2; NCL, ANPR 35, at 2; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 2-3; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 1. 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Report, at notes 15-16. 
                            *But see, generally*, Winslow (opposing the Rule). Back to Citation
 32.
    
                            *E.g.*, Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 3 (“Both the Rule and . . . state franchise laws have gone a long way toward eradicating massive franchise frauds and, by doing so, have restored franchising’s reputation for integrity and thus cleared the marketplace for the offerings of legitimate franchisors.”). Back to Citation
 33.
    
                            *E.g.*, Marks, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 8-9, 29; Wieczorek, RR, Sept.95 Tr., at 62-63. 
                            *But see*
                             Winslow, at 21. Back to Citation
 34.
    
                            *E.g.*, H&H, ANPR 28, at 2; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 1; ABA Antitrust, RR 22, at 7. Back to Citation
 35.
    
                            *E.g.*, WA Securities, ANPR 117; Shay, RR, Sept.95 Tr., at 104. Back to Citation
 36.
    
                             Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 3. Back to Citation
 37.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 3; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Slimak, ANPR 130; Leap, ANPR 147; Vidulich, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 21. Back to Citation
 38.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 2; Donafin, ANPR 14; AFA, ANPR 62, at 1; Buckley, ANPR 97; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 2. Back to Citation
 39.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 2; Weaver, ANPR 17; Colenda, ANPR 71; Haines, ANPR 100; Chiodo, ANPR, 21 Nov. 97 Tr., at 293-94. Back to Citation
 40.
    
                            *See*
                             AFA, ANPR 62, at 1 (“Our members feel so strongly about the Commission’s inability to deal with substantive issues of concern to them, they would rather work to abolish the FTC rule than suffer the abuses of both a government agency 
                            *and*
                             their franchisors.”). Back to Citation
 41.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 45(n). Back to Citation
 42.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 57a. Back to Citation
 43.
    
                             There are many factors that influence the success or failure of a franchisee, including downturns in the economy, shifting consumer preferences, or even franchisees’ own conduct. Accordingly, franchisor conduct post-sale may be only one factor that leads to injury to franchisees. The record is inconclusive, with respect to the franchising overall, as to whether franchisor acts or practices are a direct and primary cause of poor performance or failure by franchisees. In this regard, it is noteworthy that in its 2001 audit of the Commission’s Franchise Rule Program, the General Accounting Office (“GAO”) concluded that there are “no readily available, statistically reliable data on the overall extent and nature of [franchise relationship] problems.” United States General Accounting Office, 
                            *GAO Report to Congressional Requesters, Federal Trade Commission Enforcement of the Franchise Rule*, GAO-01-776, at 29 (July 31, 2001). 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Report, at 10-11. Back to Citation
 44.
    
                            *See FTC v. J.K. Publ’ns, Inc.*, 99 F. Supp. 2d 1176, 1201 (C.D. Cal. 2000) (“With regard to [avoidability], the focus is on ‘whether consumers had a free and informed choice that would have enabled them to avoid the unfair practice.’”). Back to Citation
 45.
    
                             The Commission notes that it has voiced concern that government-mandated contractual terms may result in affirmative harm to consumer welfare. Contractual terms that are driven by market forces and forged by private parties acting in their own self-interest are the ones most likely to result in products being brought to market quickly and efficiently. The Commission therefore has authorized its staff to file a number of advocacy comments recommending against proposed state bills that would have unduly limited manufacturers in managing their distribution systems, such as by requiring exclusive territories, prohibiting or seriously burdening wholesaler terminations, or limiting the ability to reorganize a distribution system in response to changing competitive conditions. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Letter from Maureen Ohlhausen, Dir., Office of Policy Planning, et al., to the Hon. Wesley Chesbro, Cal. State Senate (Aug. 24, 2005) (comment on proposed beer franchise act); Letter from C. Steven Baker, Dir., Chicago Regional Office, to the Hon. Dan Cronin, Ill. State Senate (Mar. 31, 1999) (comment on proposed legislation on wine and spirits distribution); 
                            *cf*. Testimony of Jerry Ellig, Deputy Dir., Office of Policy Planning, before joint committee hearings of the Haw. state legislature (recommending against gasoline price control legislation, in part on grounds that repeal of anti-encroachment statute would be a more effective means of reducing prices (Jan. 28, 2003)). Back to Citation
 46.
    
                             Authorization to use the UFOC Guidelines to comply with the original Rule’s disclosure requirements was first granted by the Commission in the Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49970-71, on the grounds that the UFOC Guidelines, taken in their entirety, provide equal or greater consumer protection as the original Rule. The Commission ratified this position following subsequent amendments to the UFOC requirements by the NASAA, most recently in 1993, 58 FR 69224 (Dec. 30, 1993). Beginning on July 1, 2008, however, franchisors may use part 436 of the final amended Rule only. Permission to use the UFOC Guidelines will be withdrawn on that date because those Guidelines will no longer afford prospective franchisees equal or greater protection as part 436. This would not preclude consideration of any new or revised UFOC Guidelines promulgated by the states in the future. Back to Citation
 47.
    
                            *E.g.*, H&H, ANPR 28, at 5-6; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 3; Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 1; WA Securities, ANPR 117, at 1. Back to Citation
 48.
    
                            *E.g.*, IFA, NPR 22, at 4-5; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 2; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 90. Back to Citation
 49.
    
                             NASAA, ANPR 120, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             WA Securities, ANPR 117, at 1. Back to Citation
 50.
    
                            *E.g.*, PMR&W, NPR 4, at 1; H&H, NPR 9, at 2; 7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 2; Lewis, NPR 15, at 5; NASAA, NPR 17, at 2-4; Bundy, NPR 18, at 6; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 2; IFA, NPR 22, at 4-5; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 2; J&G, NPR 32, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 2; Brown, ANPR 4, at 1; Duvall, ANPR 19, at 1; Baer, ANPR 25, at 2; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 3; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 3; Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 1; AFA, ANPR 62, at 2; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 1; WA Securities, ANPR 117, at 1; Selden, ANPR 133, at 1; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134; at 1; Cendant, ANPR 140, at 2. Back to Citation
 51.
    
                             A decision to retain any portion of the original Rule may be based upon evidence gathered during the original rulemaking and the Commission’s subsequent enforcement experience, as well as evidence adduced during the current rulemaking. Indeed, to the extent that nothing supplements evidence from the initial rulemaking, there is a presumption that the existing rule should be retained. 
                            *See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.*, 463 U.S. 29, 42 (1983). Back to Citation
 52.
    
                             The Commission’s Rules of Practice prescribe procedures to follow in seeking such advice. 16 CFR 1.3. Back to Citation
 53.
    
                             Throughout the Rule amendment proceeding, commenters have requested that the Commission explain or interpret various provisions in Compliance Guides. The Commission anticipates that staff will respond affirmatively to those requests. Compliance Guides on part 437 (the business opportunity section) will be issued after the conclusion of the business opportunity rulemaking proceeding. Back to Citation
 54.
    
                             The Commission also recognizes that over the course of the years, franchisors have developed specific language approved by the states for compliance with the UFOC Guidelines. The Commission anticipates that part 436 of the final amended Rule will be interpreted, where consistent with the public interest, in a manner that conforms with historic industry practices. Back to Citation
 55.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 57a(d)(2)(B). The Commission’s rulemaking standards applicable to the promulgation and amendment of a Section 18 rule require a preponderance of reliable evidence. 
                            *See*
                             Statement of Basis and Purpose, Funeral Rule, 59 FR 1592 (Jan. 11, 1994); Credit Practices Rule, 49 FR 7740 (Mar. 1, 1984). Back to Citation
 56.
    
                             Rules of Practice, 16 CFR 1.14(a)(1)(i)-(iv). In addition, the SBP must specify how the public may obtain a copy of the Rule’s final regulatory analysis. 16 CFR 1.14(a)(v). The current notice does not set forth a separate regulatory analysis. Instead, it incorporates the Commission’s regulatory analysis throughout the SBP portion of the notice. This notice, including the SBP, is being published in the 
                            **Federal Register**
                             and posted on the FTC’s website at: www.ftc.gov. Back to Citation
 57.
    
                             Support in the record for each factor is set forth in the substantive discussion of each provision of the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 58.
    
                             As noted above, part 437 (the business opportunity section) of the final amended Rule is identical in all respects to the original Rule, except for its scope of coverage. Accordingly, the amendments to the original Rule set forth in part 437 will have no effect on state or local business opportunity laws. Back to Citation
 59.
    
                             The Commission intends to continue working with NASAA and individual states after the final amended Rule goes into effect in order to harmonize federal and state franchise disclosure laws. The Commission recognizes that the states have a wealth of experience in interpreting the UFOC Guidelines that form the basis of the final amended Rule. Accordingly, the Commission anticipates that the staff will coordinate with NASAA and the states in issuing future Compliance Guides and informal staff advisory opinions, in keeping with our goal of federal and state harmonization. Back to Citation
 60.
    
                             As noted above, part 437 (the business opportunity section) of the final amended Rule is identical in all respects to the original Rule, except for its scope of coverage. Accordingly, there are no amendments in part 437 that must be addressed here. Back to Citation
 61.
    
                             In so doing, the Commission specifically rejected the suggestion that franchisors should prepare individual disclosure documents tailored to each specific foreign market. Not only would such a requirement put American franchisors at a competitive disadvantage with franchisors from countries lacking comparable disclosure regulations, the minimal benefits of such a requirement would not likely outweigh the extraordinary costs and burdens involved. Back to Citation
 62.
    
                             The Commission is also considering amendments to the original Rule as they pertain to business opportunity sales. 
                            *See*
                             Business Opportunity NPR, 71 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 2006). Back to Citation
 63.
    
                             Multiple franchisor-initiated suits could indicate franchisees’ inability to comply with royalty payment obligations, or possibly a royalty boycott by franchisees. Suits to enforce system standards, on the other hand, could show active involvement by the franchisor in maintaining standards for the benefit of all franchisees within its system. In either case, this is information material to prospective franchisees attempting to determine the nature of the franchisor’s relationship with its franchisees. Back to Citation
 64.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(f). Back to Citation
 65.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(g). Back to Citation
 66.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(o). The original Rule required franchisors to provide disclosure documents at the earlier of the first “personal meeting” or “the time for making disclosures,” which generally meant 10 business days before the prospective franchisee paid any fee or signed any contract in connection with the franchise sale. The final amended Rule streamlines this requirement by eliminating those timing provisions in favor of a clear, bright-line 14 calendar-day provision. Accordingly, the terms “time for making disclosures,” “personal meeting,” and “business day” are obsolete. Back to Citation
 67.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(l). Cooperative associations are one of four non-franchise relationships that the Commission has excluded from the final amended Rule. Unlike Rule exemptions (which are substantive limitations on the Rule’s scope), the original Rule exclusions are explanatory, helping the public better distinguish between franchise and non-franchise relationships. Accordingly, the Commission anticipates that staff will address non-franchise relationships—including the four exclusions—in the Compliance Guides instead of in the text of the amended Rule. Back to Citation
 68.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(4). Back to Citation
 69.
    
                             This definition is also consistent with the Commission’s interpretation of the term “action,” as discussed in the Interpretive Guides to the Franchise Rule. Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49973. Back to Citation
 70.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 3 Definitions, ii. Back to Citation
 71.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 25. Back to Citation
 72.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 7. Back to Citation
 73.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Joseph Hayes*, No. 4:96CV02162SNL (E.D. Mo. 1996). Back to Citation
 74.
    
                             IL AG, at 2. Back to Citation
 75.
    
                            *E.g.*, Sections 436.5(a) (Item 1); 436.5(c) (Item 3); 436.5(d) (Item 4); 436.5(h) (Item 8). Back to Citation
 76.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(i). Back to Citation
 77.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA Commentary on the Uniform Franchise Offering Circular Guidelines (1999), Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 5790, at 8466 (“NASAA Commentary” or “Commentary”). The Commentary notes that this general definition of affiliate should be used throughout a UFOC, unless a particular disclosure Item defines it differently or limits its use. The record contains no indication that the UFOC Guidelines’ narrower definition is deficient or would impede the Commission’s ability to target affiliates in law enforcement actions, where warranted. Back to Citation
 78.
    
                            *See*
                             Triarc, NPR 6, at 2. The Staff Report recommended that the term “affiliate” mean “controlled by, controlling, or under common control with, the 
                            *franchisor or a franchisee*.” 
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 21 (emphasis added). While this version was intended to capture franchisee affiliates, for purposes of the “large franchisee” exemption, it also had the unintended consequence of broadening affiliate disclosures generally. For example, section 436.5(d) (Item 4) requires a franchisor to disclose a prior bankruptcy of an affiliate. Defining “affiliate” expressly to include “franchisee” would arguably require a franchisor to list in its Item 4 bankruptcy disclosures the bankruptcy history of its franchisees’ affiliates. The final amended Rule does not follow this problematic recommendation. Back to Citation
 79.
    
                             Section 436.5(t)(7). Back to Citation
 80.
    
                             Originally, the Commission proposed using the term “gag clause” to refer to such provisions. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57332. Several commenters, however, opposed the term “gag clause” because, in their view, it is pejorative. They prefer a neutral term, such as “confidentiality agreement,” “confidentiality clause,” “nondisclosure clause,” or “privacy clause.” 
                            *E.g.*, NFC, NPR 12, at 26; BI, NPR 28, at 10. Accordingly, the Commission has adopted the term “confidentiality clause.” Back to Citation
 81.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.5(t)(5). 
                            *See also*
                             UFOC Guidelines Item 20 B. Back to Citation
 82.
    
                             At the same time, the confidentiality clause disclosure requirement is not designed to cover specific settlement terms if the franchisee is otherwise free to discuss his or her experience within the franchise system, including the existence of a litigated action with the franchisor. Back to Citation
 83.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 15. Back to Citation
 84.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 33. Back to Citation
 85.
    
                            *E.g.*, Baer, ANPR 25, at 3; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 4. Back to Citation
 86.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 3. Back to Citation
 87.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, General Instruction 150. The phrase “plain English” is defined separately in section 436.1(o), consistent with the UFOC Guidelines. Back to Citation
 88.
    
                             This presentation requirement would be consistent with the Commission’s approach in the original Rule. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(4). Back to Citation
 89.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 2-3; Wiggin & Dana, at 6-7. Back to Citation
 90.
    
                             J&G, at 2. Back to Citation
 91.
    
                             IL AG, at 2. Back to Citation
 92.
    
                             Bundy, at 3; Cendant, at 3; IL AG, at 3. The Staff Report recommended deletion of this definition based on use of the term in the Rule text in at least two distinguishable ways, creating unnecessary confusion. Staff Report, at 68-9. Back to Citation
 93.
    
                            *See*
                             Cendant, at 3. Back to Citation
 94.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(n). Back to Citation
 95.
    
                            *See generally Federal Trade Commission Policy Statement on Deception*, appended to 
                            *Cliffdale Assocs.*, 103 FTC 110 (1984). Back to Citation
 96.
    
                             The part 436 definition is nearly identical to the definition as proposed in the Franchise NPR, with slightly modified language in some places to improve clarity and precision. No commenter raised any concerns about the basic “financial performance representation” definition. Nevertheless, IL AG posed a number of questions about how the definition would be applied in various situations, such as representations based upon earnings of a franchisor’s affiliates or representations based upon industry data. IL AG, at 2. Questions such as these are best addressed in the Compliance Guides or in staff advisory opinions, where they can be analyzed in the context of specific facts. Back to Citation
 97.
    
                             The final amended Rule uses the broad term “financial performance representation,” rather than the original Rule’s more limited term “earnings claim.” This modification recognizes that some industries, such as hotels, use variables other than earnings to measure performance, such as room occupancy rates. 
                            *See*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57297. Back to Citation
 98.
    
                             The original Rule described performance information as “any oral, written, or visual representation to a prospective franchisee which states a specific level of potential sales, income, gross, or net profit for the prospective franchisee, or which states other figures which suggest such a specific level.” 16 CFR 436.1(b) and (c). Back to Citation
 99.
    
                             To address implied claims, the original Rule used the term “suggests.” The proposed definition of “financial performance representation” published in the Franchise NPR similarly used that term. One franchisee representative observed that the word “suggests” in this context is flawed: it would not reach the furnishing of fragments of financial data from which a prospect may readily estimate or calculate earnings. Bundy, NPR 18, at 1. The Commission agrees that a franchisor can imply a performance claim by giving a prospect a few pieces of financial information from which the prospect can fill in the blanks and draw his or her own conclusion about a specific level of potential earnings. In addition, a franchisor can imply that a prospect can earn a specific level of income, such as by using a proxy for earnings (for example, “You will do so well that you can buy that Porsche.”). 
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49982. Both types of implied claims constitute financial performance representations that are, and should be, covered by the final amended Rule. To clarify this policy, the final amended Rule uses the phrase “states, expressly or by implication.” This phrase is widely used, for example, in connection with representations challenged under Section 5. 
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Prophet 3H, Inc.*, 06 CV 1692 (N.D. Ga. 2006); 
                            *FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002). Back to Citation
 100.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(e). Back to Citation
 101.
    
                             This streamlines the original Rule, which addressed historical performance representations and projections in two distinct Rule provisions, 16 CFR 436.1(b) (projections) and 436.1(c) (historical information). Back to Citation
 102.
    
                             The staff of the Commission has adopted the same position in several informal advisory opinions. 
                            *E.g.*, Handy Hardware Centers, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6426 (1980) (The Rule’s “earnings claim requirements are applicable to ‘any oral, written, or visual representation.’”); Diet Center, Inc., Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6437 (1983) (table with arithmetic calculations uniformly demonstrating net profits constitutes a financial performance representation). Back to Citation
 103.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR 49982. Back to Citation
 104.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49984-85. Back to Citation
 105.
    
                             Neither the original Rule nor the final amended Rule includes mention of expenses in the definition of “financial performance representation,” but the Commission indicated its intended interpretation in the Franchise NPR’s discussion of the definition of the term. Specifically, it stated that “[w]hile the Commission does not consider the disclosure of such expense information alone to constitute the making of a financial performance claim, others arguably may interpret some expense information as implying a financial performance representation, such as a break-even point. To avoid any confusion, the proposed definition of ‘financial performance representation’ . . . specifically omits expense information.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57329. This interpretation is a departure from the Commission’s former policy, as articulated in the Interpretive Guides. The Guides expressed the view that cost information alone could be a financial performance claim because a prospective franchisee could use such information to calculate likely profits by simply selecting arbitrary sales figures. Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49982. It also departs from UFOC Guidelines Item 19, which expressly lists costs among the items of information that constitute an earnings claims. 
                            *See also*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 19, Instructions i. Nevertheless, in light of the comments and the Commission’s long law enforcement history, the Commission, reiterating its Franchise NPR statement quoted immediately above, states its intent that expense information not be included in the part 436 definition of “financial performance representation.” As discussed above, the states agree. 
                            *See*
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 2. Back to Citation
 106.
    
                            *E.g.*, IL AG, NPR 3, at 3; Baer, NPR 11, at 7; NFC, NPR 12, at 13; NASAA, NPR 17, at 2; BI, NPR 28, at 10. 
                            *But see*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 2 (arguing that expense disclosures inevitably will lead prospective franchisees to extrapolate earnings without the protection of an Item 19 disclosure). Back to Citation
 107.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 8-9. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 7. Back to Citation
 108.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 13. The NFC also suggested that the Commission modify the Rule to exclude from the definition of “financial performance representation” financial data furnished to existing franchisees. 
                            *Id*. The Commission concludes, however, that part 436 need not be revised to address this issue. A franchisor is always free to furnish truthful information about its system to 
                            
                            existing franchisees, especially if no additional franchise sales are contemplated. If the franchisor contemplates an additional franchise sale under materially different terms and conditions than the franchisee’s original purchase, then the existing franchisee, like any prospective franchisee, could be misled and therefore should receive financial performance disclosures in the form of an Item 19 disclosure. For example, an Item 19 disclosure will assist an existing franchisee operating in a shopping mall or urban area in the northeast to understand an earnings projection for an additional stand-alone outlet or outlet to be located in a rural section of the southwest. Back to Citation
 109.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49982. Back to Citation
 110.
    
                             At any rate, according to NASAA, franchisors do not routinely disseminate individualized expense information geared to a specific offering that might be used to insinuate an earnings level. NASAA, 17 NPR, at 2. Back to Citation
 111.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(5)(i); 436.1(c)(6)(i); 436.1(e)(5)(ii). Unlike other financial performance claims, a claim made in the general media need not be geographically relevant to the market in which franchises are being offered for sale. Back to Citation
 112.
    
                             Although the UFOC Guidelines do not address general media claims, many of the states with disclosure laws require franchisors to register their advertisements in advance of their use. 
                            *E.g.*, Cal. Corp. Code § 31156 (1997) (franchisor must register advertising at least three business days before first publication); Md. Code Ann., Bus. Reg. § 14-225 (1998) (franchisor must register advertising at least seven business days before publication). Back to Citation
 113.
    
                             In the proposed Rule, the term “financial performance representation” expressly included “a representation disseminated in the general media 
                            *and Internet*.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57297, 57332. (emphasis supplied.) In accordance with the discussion in this section of the SBP, the Commission has deleted this phrase to dispel potential readings that financial information posted on the Internet is 
                            *per se*
                             a financial performance representation. Back to Citation
 114.
    
                            *E.g.*, PMR&W NPR 4, at 16; H&H, NPR 9, at 14; NFC, NPR 12, at 23-24. Back to Citation
 115.
    
                            *E.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 7; Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 3; PRM&W, NPR 4, at 16; NFC, NPR 12, at 24; BI, NPR 28, at 9. Back to Citation
 116.
    
                            *E.g.*, Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             BI, NPR 28, at 9. Back to Citation
 117.
    
                            *E.g.*, Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 3; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 16; H&H, NPR 9, at 14; BI, NPR 28, at 9. Back to Citation
 118.
    
                             Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 3. Back to Citation
 119.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49984-85. The Commission excluded, however, “communications to financial journals or the trade press in connection with bona-fide news stories, or directly to lenders in connection with arranging financing for the franchisee.” 
                            *Id*. at 49985. Back to Citation
 120.
    
                             Kaufmann, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             Cendant, at 2. Back to Citation
 121.
    
                             Indeed, the staff previously has advised that the dissemination of financial performance information through bona fide news stories may generate benefits to the public that outweigh potential harm to prospective franchisees. “For example, such information may be useful to potential suppliers seeking growing businesses as customers; shopping center or mall developers seeking promising franchised systems as tenants; and financial analysts who follow market or industry trends. Accordingly, the exemption from the general media earnings claims disclosure requirements ensures that the Rule does not chill the free flow of newsworthy information about franchising or particular franchise systems.” Advisory 97-5, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6485 at 9687 (July 31, 1997). Back to Citation
 122.
    
                            *See*
                             Advisory 97-5, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) at 9687 (“By disseminating copies of [news articles containing earnings claims], the franchisor effectively ratifies the journalist’s words as its own and, in so doing, converts the article into an advertising piece designed to solicit prospective franchisees.”). Back to Citation
 123.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49984-85 (“‘General media claim’ does not include communications to financial journals or the trade press in connection with bona-fide news stories, or directly to lenders in connection with arranging financing for franchisees.”). Back to Citation
 124.
    
                            *E.g.*, section 436.5(a) (Item 1); section 436.5(c) (Item 3); section 436.5(e) (Item 5); section 436.5(t) (Item 20); section 436.5(u) (Item 21). Back to Citation
 125.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(m). Back to Citation
 126.
    
                             The fractional franchise is one of several exemptions contained in the original Rule that are retained in the final amended Rule. In contrast, the UFOC Guidelines contain no exemptions. State exemptions, which vary from state to state, are set out in state statutes or regulations. In general, state franchise laws do not exempt franchisors from the basic obligation to furnish prospects with UFOCs. At most, states may exempt franchisors from state registration requirements. Back to Citation
 127.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission reasoned, with respect to fractional franchisees, that pre-sale disclosure is unwarranted where the prospective franchisee already is familiar with the products and services to be sold through the franchise and where the prospective franchisee faces a minimal investment risk. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59707. Back to Citation
 128.
    
                             The Commission believes that greater precision in the Rule text is warranted in light of numerous requests for advisory opinions on the scope of the fractional franchise exemption since the original Rule was promulgated. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Advisory 93-5, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH),¶ 6449 (1993); Advisory 94-4, 
                            *id*., at ¶ 6460 (1994); Advisory 95-2, 
                            *id*., at ¶ 6467 (1995); Advisory 96-1, 
                            *id*., at ¶ 6476 (1996); Advisory 97-1, 
                            *id*., at ¶ 6481 (1997). Back to Citation
 129.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49968. Back to Citation
 130.
    
                             The proposed definition in the Franchise NPR formulated this as “The parties reasonably anticipate . . .” The final language is more precisely in line with basic concepts of FTC jurisprudence. Back to Citation
 131.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 4 (suggesting experience in the same basic industry should suffice); H&H, NPR 9, at 4 (complementary experience should suffice). Back to Citation
 132.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49968. Back to Citation
 133.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(h). Back to Citation
 134.
    
                             Marriott, at 4. Back to Citation
 135.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32. Back to Citation
 136.
    
                             The Commission recognizes, however, that in some instances, prior experience or the ability to consult those with prior experience, can be assumed. That is the basis of the new large investment exemption from the final amended Rule, discussed below. 
                            *See*
                             section 436.8(a)(5)(i). Where an investment is sufficiently large—$1 million excluding the cost of unimproved land and any franchisor financing—we believe that the prospective franchisee is sophisticated and can obtain the information necessary to assess the franchise offering without our mandating that it be provided. Back to Citation
 137.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(1)(i) and 436.2(a)(2). The UFOC Guidelines do not define what constitutes a franchise. Rather, definitions of the term “franchise” are set forth in individual state statutes. For a discussion of state definitions of the term “franchise,” see Staff Report, at 37-41, available online at: www.ftc.gov/​os/​2004/​08/​0408franchiserulerpt.pdf. Back to Citation
 138.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(1)(ii) and 436.2(a)(2). Back to Citation
 139.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49966. 
                            *See also FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002). The staff has provided the same advice in several informal advisory opinions. 
                            *E.g.*, Con-Wall Corp. Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6427 (1981). Back to Citation
 140.
    
                             This is not a change of policy. The original definition of “franchise” added that “[a]ny 
                            
                            relationship which is represented . . . to be a franchise (as defined in the original Rule) is subject to the requirements of this part.” 16 CFR 436.2(a)(5). However, this provision was set out in the original “franchise” definition 
                            *after*
                             exemptions and exclusions, and, therefore, was largely overlooked or ignored. The final amended Rule makes the definition of “franchise” more precise by including this policy in the introductory part of the amended definition. 
                            *See also United States v. Protocol, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1996-97 Transfer Binder], ¶ 11184 at 29550, 29555 (D. Minn. 1997); 
                            *FTC v. Wolf*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 10401 (S.D. Fla. 1994); 
                            *FTC v. Int’l Computer Concepts*, No. 1:94cv1678 (N.D. Ohio 1994); 
                            *FTC v. Sage Seminars, Inc.*, No. C-95-2854-SBA (N.D. Cal. 1995). The staff of the Commission has provided the same advice in several informal advisory opinions. 
                            *E.g.*, Real America Real Estate Corp., Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6428 (1982) (“the applicability of the rule will not be defeated by a franchisor’s subsequent failure to live up to any such commitment”). Back to Citation
 141.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 7. Back to Citation
 142.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 37-41. Back to Citation
 143.
    
                             Holmes, NPR 8, at 1. 
                            *See also*
                             Gurnick, NPR 21A; IL AG, NPR 3. Back to Citation
 144.
    
                            *Id*., at 2. Back to Citation
 145.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1 (“any relationship which is represented . . . to be a franchise”); 436.2(a)(5) (“Any relationship which is represented either orally or in writing to be a franchise [as defined in the Rule] is subject to the requirements of this part.”). Back to Citation
 146.
    
                             With respect to required payments, the Commission will also consider any obligation to make a payment imposed by the franchisor post-sale, as long as the payment must be made within six months after the franchisee commences operation of the business. 
                            *See*
                             section 436.8(a)(1) (minimum payment exemption). Back to Citation
 147.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(d). Back to Citation
 148.
    
                             The phrase “granted a franchise” is intended to be interpreted consistent with ordinary contract law principles. Accordingly, a prospective franchisee becomes a “franchisee” at the point when he or she enters into a valid and enforceable contractual relationship. This clarification is necessary to avoid circumvention of the Rule, especially the Rule’s financial performance requirements. In our experience, we are aware of instances where a franchisor obtains full payment from a prospective franchisee before the prospective franchisee actually enters into a franchise agreement. Once payment is made, the franchisor then proceeds to furnish the individual with earnings information without the accompanying disclosures on the mistaken belief that the individual has become a franchisee, to whom earnings information can be provided without the benefit of an Item 19 disclosure. An individual becomes a “franchisee,” however, only after the franchise is “granted,” meaning both payment of consideration and the signing or acceptance of the franchise agreement. Otherwise, any franchisor could avoid the Rule’s financial performance requirements by simply delaying the furnishing of financial performance data until after the prospective franchisee either makes a “payment to the franchisor” or simply agrees to the terms of the franchise arrangement. Back to Citation
 149.
    
                            *E.g.*, H&H, NPR 9, at 25; BI, NPR 28, at 2. The phrase “an interest in a franchise” has been deleted elsewhere in the final amended Rule text for the same reason. Back to Citation
 150.
    
                            *E.g.*, Mich. Comp. Laws. 445.1502(4); Wis. Stat. Ann. 553.03(5). In response to the Staff Report, one commenter, IL AG, suggested that the definition of “franchisee” make clear that a franchisee who sells franchises is also a subfranchisor. IL AG, at 3. This is unnecessary. The definition of “franchisor” includes a subfranchisor, which is defined as any person who functions as a franchisor by engaging in both pre-sale activities and post-sale performance. Section 436.1(k). By its terms, this would include a franchisee that also engages in franchise sales activities, if he or she also has post-sale performance obligations. Back to Citation
 151.
    
                             The original Rule uses the terms “franchisor” and “franchise broker” throughout the Rule, and, in some instances, references employees and agents. 
                            
                            The term “franchise seller” streamlines the Rule by referencing all such individuals, where appropriate, through the use of a single term. 
                            *But see*
                             Winslow, at 85 (suggesting that the term “seller” in the context of franchising is inappropriate). Back to Citation
 152.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretative Guides, 44 FR at 49969. Back to Citation
 153.
    
                            *See*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57298. Back to Citation
 154.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969. Back to Citation
 155.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines provide that “[i]n offerings by a subfranchisor, ‘franchisor’ means both the franchisor and subfranchisor.” UFOC Guidelines, General Instructions 240. Back to Citation
 156.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 3. Back to Citation
 157.
    
                            *See*
                             IL AG, at 3. Back to Citation
 158.
    
                             Tricon, NPR 34, at 3. Back to Citation
 159.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32. 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, at 2; Michael Seid. Back to Citation
 160.
    
                            *See also*
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 8 (“broker” definition should not “include a franchisee merely because the franchisee receives a payment from the franchisor or subfranchisor in consideration of the referral or a prospective franchisee to the franchisor or subfranchisor, if the franchisee does not otherwise participate in the sale of the franchise to the prospective franchisee. A franchisee does not participate in the sale of a franchise merely by participating in initial conversations or communications with a prospective franchisee about a franchise.”). Back to Citation
 161.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 10. 
                            *But see*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 9 (“If any party offers to sell a franchise on behalf of a franchisor, that person should be considered a franchise seller.”). Back to Citation
 162.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969. Back to Citation
 163.
    
                             Moreover, the final amended Rule includes a separate definition of “franchisor,” to whom the affirmative disclosure requirements apply. Back to Citation
 164.
    
                             Section 436.9(a). Back to Citation
 165.
    
                             Frannet, NPR 2, at 1. Back to Citation
 166.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(j). Back to Citation
 167.
    
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59717 and nn. 176 and 178. Staff advisory opinions have interpreted the term “arranges” to include, for example, discussions with prospective franchisees about their specific business interests, pre-screening prospects through interest questionnaires, recommending specific franchise options, and assisting prospects in completing a franchisor’s application form. These opinions are based upon the original SBP, in which the Commission stated that group discussions about franchising and pre-screening of prospects may constitute a first personal meeting that would require a franchisor or broker to furnish disclosure documents. 
                            *See*
                             Informal Staff Advisories 99-6 and 99-7, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶¶ 6503-04 (1999). Back to Citation
 168.
    
                            *See generally FTC v. Entrepreneur Media, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 10583 (C.D. Cal. 
                            
                            1994); 
                            *FTC v. Shulman Promotions, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 10584 (S.D. Ohio 1994) (trade show promoters held jointly and severally liable as brokers under the original Rule for financial performance claims made by franchisor-exhibitors on the trade show floor). Back to Citation
 169.
    
                            *See*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 2 (supporting the above-noted interpretation of the term “broker”). This interpretation is sufficiently narrow to exclude existing franchisees who may refer potential franchisees to the franchisor because they are not under contract with the franchisor to sell franchises. In most instances, it also would exclude trade show promoters and the media who, typically, are not under contract with the franchisor, do not receive compensation from the franchisor for franchise selling, and who do not pre-screen or otherwise assist prospects in identifying specific franchise systems, or otherwise advance the franchise sale. Back to Citation
 170.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(c). Back to Citation
 171.
    
                             The Franchise NPR proposed that a franchisor include a person who grants an “interest in a franchise.” The reference to granting “an interest” is deleted. As BI observed, granting an interest is too broad, arguably including a franchisee who sells an ownership interest in her own business. BI, NPR 28, at 2. The amended definition is also consistent with the language used in several state franchise statutes, namely “grants a franchise,” or “grants or offers to grant a franchise.” 
                            *E.g.*, Mich. Comp. Laws. 445.1502(5); Wash. Rev. Code 19.100.010(8). Back to Citation
 172.
    
                            *See*
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 11 (suggesting that the definition address “subfranchisors,” noting comparable language in the Illinois and California Franchise Acts). Back to Citation
 173.
    
                             Spandorf, at 2. Back to Citation
 174.
    
                             NASAA, at 4; NASAA, NPR 17, at 3. Back to Citation
 175.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (naming Stephen D. Aleardi and John J. Morrone, III, individually and as officers of corporate defendants); 
                            *FTC v. Car Wash Guys Int’l, Inc.*, No. 00-8197 ABC (RNBx) (C.D. Cal. 2000) (naming Lance Winslow, III, individually and as an officer of the corporate defendants). Back to Citation
 176.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(ii). Back to Citation
 177.
    
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59708. 
                            *See also*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49968. Back to Citation
 178.
    
                             Originally, the Commission proposed in the Franchise NPR a much more streamlined version of the definition, as follows: 
                            *Leased department*
                             means “an arrangement whereby a retailer licenses or otherwise permits an independent seller to conduct business from the retailer’s premises.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR 57332. However, one commenter voiced concern that this proposed definition could be misinterpreted as broadening the exemption to include even arrangements where the retailer-grantor requires the retailer-lessee to purchase goods from, for example, a specific third-party supplier. J&G, NPR 32, Attachment 6, at 13. This was not the Commission’s intent, and the revised definition corrects that possible misinterpretation. Back to Citation
 179.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, Attachment at 6, 13. Two other commenters suggested that the Commission provide more guidance about co-branding generally, but not in the leased department context. Selden, at 3; Quizno’s, ANPR 16, at 2. None of these commenters identified specific problems posed by co-branding arrangements—other than noting that co-branded arrangements can be complex—nor did they offer any solutions for the Commission’s consideration. Back to Citation
 180.
    
                             In the ANPR, the Commission noted its uncertainty as to whether the purchaser of a co-branded franchise acquires two individually-trademarked franchises (and thus should receive separate disclosures from each franchisor) or acquires a hybrid franchise arrangement that has its own risks and, thus, should receive a single unified document that discloses information specific to the co-branding arrangement. The ANPR asked whether franchisors have sufficient guidance under the Rule to determine their disclosure obligations with respect to the sale of co-branded franchises and whether new or different disclosures should apply to the sale of co-branded franchises. ANPR, 62 FR at 9122. Ten ANPR commenters addressed co-branding. Quizno’s, ANPR 16, at 2; Baer, ANPR 25, at 7; H&H, ANPR 28, at 9; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 16; Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 2-3; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 4-5; IFA, ANPR 82, at 4; Kirsch, ANPR 98; Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 9; WA Securities, ANPR 117, at 4. With the exception of Quizno’s, the ANPR commenters maintained that the Commission’s current pre-sale disclosure approach is sufficient to address co-branded franchise arrangements. Back to Citation
 181.
    
                            *E.g.*, Kirsch, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 176; Wieczorek, 
                            *id*., at 177-78; Kestenbaum, 
                            *id*., at 178-79; Simon, 
                            *id*., at 179. Back to Citation
 182.
    
                             For example, Dale Cantone, of Maryland Securities, stated: “We haven’t had too many problems on the issue of co-branding. We’ve had franchisors file disclosures and we really haven’t had too many issues with it.” Cantone, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 182. Back to Citation
 183.
    
                             To the extent that franchisors may be uncertain how to apply the final amended Rule in a specific co-branded arrangement, they can always seek further guidance from Commission staff through an informal advisory opinion. To date, no such requests have been submitted, suggesting limited, if any, confusion over this issue. Back to Citation
 184.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.5(a) (Item 1); section 436.5(c) (Item 3); section 436.5(d) (Item 4). Back to Citation
 185.
    
                            *E.g.*, PMR&W, NPR 4, at 9; H&H, NPR 9, at 12. Back to Citation
 186.
    
                             The final amended Rule’s definition of “parent” is consistent with the definition of the term “parent” in the Interpretive Guides: “an entity that controls the franchisor directly, or indirectly through one or more subsidiaries.” Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49972. However, because the term parent is also used in the final amended Rule to refer to a franchisee’s parent—
                            *e.g.*, section 436.8 (Exemptions)—the definition of “parent” deletes the reference to “franchisor” and replaces it with the broader term “another entity.” This is the identical approach taken in defining the term “affiliate.” 
                            *See*
                             section 436.1(b) above. Back to Citation
 187.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 9. This suggested definition appears to derive from the following language in UFOC Item 21: “a company controlling 80% or more of a franchisor may be required to include its financial statements.” Item 21, however, does not specifically purport to define the term “parent.” Rather, it merely suggests that a large controlling interest may give rise to financial disclosure obligations. Back to Citation
 188.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49972. Back to Citation
 189.
    
                             The Staff Report’s discussion of the “parent” definition generated one comment. Gust Rosenfeld suggested that a second sentence should be added to the definition to the effect that a parent entity is an affiliate, but is separately defined because certain requirements apply to a parent, but not to other types of affiliates. Gust Rosenfeld, at 2. We agree, but believe issues such as this are more appropriately addressed in Compliance Guides. Back to Citation
 190.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(b). Back to Citation
 191.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 10. Back to Citation
 192.
    
                             IL AG, at 3; J&G, NPR 32, Attachment, at 14. Back to Citation
 193.
    
                            *E.g.*, Telemarketing Sales Rule, 16 CFR 310.2(v). Back to Citation
 194.
    
                             Section 436.6(a). Back to Citation
 195.
    
                             This definition is based upon the definition of “plain English” used in the securities context. 
                            *See*
                             Registration Form Used by Open-Ended Management Investment Companies, SEC Release No. 33-7512, 63 FR 13916, at 13939 (Mar. 23, 1998). 
                            *See also*
                             UFOC General Instruction 150. Back to Citation
 196.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1 Instructions, iii. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA Commentary, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 5790, at 8465 (“The definition of predecessor in instruction iii to Item 1 should be applied throughout the UFOC.”). Back to Citation
 197.
    
                            *E.g.*, section 436.5(a)(2) (Item 1); section 436.5(c) (Item 3); section 436.5(d) (Item 4). Back to Citation
 198.
    
                             Initially, the Commission proposed in the Franchise NPR a broader definition that would include as a predecessor a person “from whom the franchisor obtained a license to use the trademark or trade secrets in the franchise operation.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57332. This proposal was widely criticized as overbroad, H&H, NPR 9, at 15; BI, NPR 28, at 2, and would result in burdensome disclosures that are immaterial to prospective franchisees, PMR&W, NPR 4, at 8; Baer, NPR 11, at 11; NFC, NPR 12, at 3-4; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 13-14. 
                            *See also*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 2. Commenters also observed that information about the franchisor’s trademark is already disclosed in Items 12-13. 
                            *E.g.*, Baer, NPR 11, at 10; Lewis, NPR 15, at 10. The staff of the Commission agreed. Accordingly, the proposal was deleted in the revised proposed Rule set forth in the Staff Report. Back to Citation
 199.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Wolf*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10401 (S.D. Fla. 1994); 
                            *FTC v. Inv. Dev., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9326 (E.D. La. 1989). 
                            *See also United States v. Lasseter*, No. 3:03-01177 (M.D. Tenn. 2003). Back to Citation
 200.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.5(a). Back to Citation
 201.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1C, Instructions, i. Back to Citation
 202.
    
                             J&G, at 2. Back to Citation
 203.
    
                             The final amended Rule definition uses the term “franchise seller” in lieu of “franchisor, or franchise broker, or any representative, agent, or employee thereof.” 
                            *See*
                             section 436.1(i). Back to Citation
 204.
    
                             BI, NPR 28, at 3. Back to Citation
 205.
    
                            *See also*
                             Piper Rudnick, at 5 (seeking clarification in the Compliance Guides on whether the phrase “agent, representative, or employee” also includes an individual on behalf of a family member (spouse, children, siblings), other general and limited partners, shareholders, and/or the individual’s corporate employer). Back to Citation
 206.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 7. Back to Citation
 207.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.1(h)(3). Back to Citation
 208.
    
                             The “required payment” definition incorporates the Commission’s long-standing policy that a payment can be required by contract or by practical necessity. 
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967. Back to Citation
 209.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, Attachment, at 15 (questioning whether “consideration” excludes royalty payments). Back to Citation
 210.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967 (“Among the forms of required payments are . . . continuing royalties on sales.”). Back to Citation
 211.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 8. Back to Citation
 212.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967. Back to Citation
 213.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 214.
    
                            *See*
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59703 and note 51 (discussing problem of “indirect or disguised” franchise fees). Back to Citation
 215.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967. In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed incorporating the inventory exemption into the current minimum payment exemption. 
                            *See*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. The minimum payment exemption applies where the total required payment made by the franchisee “from any time before to within six months after commencing operation of the franchisee’s business, is less than $500.” 16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(iii). Accordingly, the amount of any “required payment” must be known before determining the applicability of the minimum payment exemption. Because the inventory exemption helps to define what constitutes a “required payment,” we conclude that it should be included directly in the definition of “required payment.” 
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 61-62. Back to Citation
 216.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21A, at 10. Back to Citation
 217.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 8. Back to Citation
 218.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967. Back to Citation
 219.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 4. Back to Citation
 220.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 221.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR Rebuttal 36, at 2. Back to Citation
 222.
    
                            *Id*., at 3. Back to Citation
 223.
    
                            *Id*., at 3-4. Mr. Gurnick also disputed the view that franchisors entice prospects to incur costs, such as airline tickets. “No data is [sic] provided to support this claim, and frankly I question whether companies really have an interest in enticing prospects to buy, for example, airline tickets.” 
                            *Id*., at 4. Back to Citation
 224.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49967. Back to Citation
 225.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.9(e). Back to Citation
 226.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.2. Back to Citation
 227.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(k). 
                            *See also*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969. Back to Citation
 228.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57333. Back to Citation
 229.
    
                            *See*
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 11. Back to Citation
 230.
    
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969. Back to Citation
 231.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969-70. In contrast, a franchisor who actively participates in a franchise transfer must make disclosures to a potential transferee, no less than to a prospective franchisee. In such an event, the prospective transferee may rely on the franchisor’s representations in deciding to purchase the franchise, and therefore, should receive the benefit of pre-sale disclosure. Back to Citation
 232.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 9-10. Back to Citation
 233.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 10. Back to Citation
 234.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 235.
    
                            *Id*., at 11. Back to Citation
 236.
    
                             See discussion of section 436.5(q) below. 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Report, at 153-156; Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57308-09. Back to Citation
 237.
    
                             This assumes, of course, that there is a “sale,” meaning the existing franchisee makes a 
                            *required payment*
                             for the right to enter into a 
                            *new*
                             franchise agreement. Entering into a new franchise agreement without any required payment or extending an existing franchise agreement for a fee would not be deemed a “sale of a franchise” for Rule purposes. Back to Citation
 238.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49966-967. 
                            *See also*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 13 Instructions, i. Back to Citation
 239.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.6 of the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 240.
    
                            *See also*
                             section 436.8(a)(7), which retains the original Rule’s exemption for oral statements at 16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(iv). Back to Citation
 241.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a). Back to Citation
 242.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(g). Back to Citation
 243.
    
                             Limitation of the geographic scope of part 436 of the final amended Rule is not intended to limit the FTC’s jurisdiction, as set forth in section 5(a) of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. 45(a), and section 3 of the U.S. SAFE WEB Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-455, 120 Stat. 3372. Back to Citation
 244.
    
                             The Staff Report recommended limitation of the Rule’s scope to sales of franchises to be located in the United States. Staff Report, at 72-5. Back to Citation
 245.
    
                            *E.g.*, MSA, at 3-4; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 1; 7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 1; IFA, NPR 22, at 5; AFC, NPR 30, at 1-2; Duvall, ANPR 19, at 2-3; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 9; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 7; NASAA, ANPR 120, at 8-9. Five commenters, however, urged the Commission to enforce the Rule with respect to foreign franchises, raising essentially three points. First, many American foreign franchise sales contracts require disputes to be resolved in the United States. It would be inconsistent for a franchisor to subject a foreigner to American law and American courts without simultaneously extending the benefits of American law, namely pre-sale disclosure. Brown, ANPR 6; Argentine Embassy, ANPR 132; Selden, ANPR 133, at 2-3. Second, limiting the Rule’s applicability to sales of domestic franchises would mean that American citizens who purchase a franchise to be located abroad from an American franchisor would not be protected by American law. Stadfeld, ANPR 23, at 3; Selden, ANPR 133, at 2-3. 
                            *See also*
                             Stubbings, ANPR 21. Third, the Commission has jurisdiction over sales of foreign franchises and should not willingly restrict its own jurisdiction. Brown, ANPR 4. None of the commenters, however, have shown that limiting the reach of part 436 to franchises to be located in the United States or its territories, as a matter of policy, compromises the Commission’s jurisdiction over foreign sales under the FTC Act. The Commission retains its jurisdiction over such sales, and may exercise its discretion to bring an action in appropriate cases. Back to Citation
 246.
    
                             As H&H observed, a close reading of the text of both the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines indicates an intent to require disclosures involving only domestic franchises. For example, UFOC Item 20 refers to the number of franchise sales “in this state.” The firm added: “Other disclosures about the franchise offering, including litigation and bankruptcy history, franchisor’s and franchisee’s obligations, royalty rates, initial investment, fees, and trademarks, are U.S.-specific.” H&H, ANPR 28, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 247.
    
                            *E.g.*, Miolla, 11 Mar.96 Tr., at 74-79; Shay, 
                            *id*., at 84-85; Forseth, 
                            *id*., at 103; Papadakis, 
                            *id*., at 139; Zwisler, 
                            *id*., at 163-64. 
                            *See also*
                             Konigsberg, 
                            *id*., at 97 (franchisees in foreign countries look to their own laws, not to anything contained in an American disclosure document). Back to Citation
 248.
    
                            *See*
                             Cendant, ANPR 140, at 4-5 (“Creating a disclosure document for . . . international master license transactions . . . would be nightmarish. . . . The cost of compliance would be high and American franchisors placed at an extreme disadvantage when competing with foreign franchisors.”). 
                            *See also*
                             Winslow, at 140. Back to Citation
 249.
    
                             For example, Marriott asserted that the same policy concerns about applying the Rule to franchises located abroad are also relevant to Puerto Rico. Marriott apparently treats Puerto Rico as a foreign country. It contended that furnishing prospective franchisees in this context with a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document may be irrelevant or misleading. Marriott, NPR 35, at 4-5. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 3. Back to Citation
 250.
    
                            *See*
                             section 18(a)(1) of the FTC Act (“The Commission may prescribe . . . rules which define with specificity acts or practices which are unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce (within the meaning of section 45(a)(1) of this title).” Back to Citation
 251.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 45(a). Back to Citation
 252.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 44 (“‘Commerce’” means commerce . . . in any Territory of the United States . . ., or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory and any State or foreign nation, or between the District of Columbia and any State or Territory or foreign nation.”). Back to Citation
 253.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 44. Back to Citation
 254.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a), 436.2(g), and 436.2(o). Back to Citation
 255.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, PMR&W, NPR 4, at 1; Holmes, NPR 8, at 3; NFC, NPR 12, at 13; NASAA, NPR 17, at 3; Marriott, NPR 35, at 9. The Commission also raised this issue in the ANPR, prompting favorable 
                            
                            franchisor comment. 
                            *See*
                             Duvall, ANPR 19, at 3; Baer, ANPR 25, at 6; Tifford, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 158-59; Staff Report, at 76-8. Back to Citation
 256.
    
                            *E.g.*, IFA, NPR 22, at 9; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 4. Kennedy Brooks, for example, observed that franchise sales can occur entirely electronically “where the contact is made over the Web, where E-mail is exchanged, where telephone [calls] are exchanged, where documents are sent out by Federal Express, and where, in fact, there never is a face-to-face meeting.” Brooks, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 160. 
                            *See also*
                             NCL, ANPR 35, at 4-5; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 9; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 257.
    
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 5-6. 
                            *See also*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 5-6; Turner, NPR 13, at 1. Back to Citation
 258.
    
                             In the Interpretive Guides, the Commission acknowledged that the term “first personal meeting” is imprecise: “Even where a face to face meeting occurs, it is not necessarily a “first” personal meeting. In interpreting this term, the Commission will consider such factors as whether the franchisor clearly indicated at the outset of the discussion that it was not prepared to discuss the possible sale of a franchise at that time, whether the meeting was initiated by the prospective franchisee rather than the franchisor, whether the meeting was limited to a brief and generalized discussion and whether earnings claims were made. The Commission believes that by using common sense precautions, franchisors can defer the first personal meeting until such time as they are prepared to provide the required disclosures.“ Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49970. Back to Citation
 259.
    
                             Karp, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59639 (“[O]nce a prospect has been ‘hooked,’ it is difficult, if not impossible, to ‘extricate himself.’”). Back to Citation
 260.
    
                             Staff Report, at 77-8. Back to Citation
 261.
    
                            *E.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 3; Baer, NPR 11, at 10; NFC, NPR 12, at 13; AFC, NPR 30, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 9. 
                            *See also*
                             Winslow, at 76. Back to Citation
 262.
    
                             Holmes, NPR 8, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 10. Back to Citation
 263.
    
                             This approach is consistent with current industry practice. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, www.msaworldwide.com/​index.cfm/​franchise/​calendar (2006). 
                            *But see*
                             J&G, at 2 (noting that this approach is inconsistent with the approach used in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). Back to Citation
 264.
    
                             The Commission also has decided to clarify the provision further by specifying that the described time period is measured in “calendar-days” rather than the possibly ambiguous “days.” Back to Citation
 265.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(g). 
                            *See also*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49970. Back to Citation
 266.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 21. 
                            *See also*
                             Tricon, NPR 34, at 3-4. In a related but distinct vein, Piper Rudnick urged the Commission to clarify in the Compliance Guides that the 14-day deadline for disclosure is not triggered by a confidentiality agreement. The firm maintained that prospective franchisees often sign confidentiality agreements in the course of negotiations with franchisors. Piper Rudnick, at 5. While the signing of a confidentiality agreement is “in connection with the proposed franchise sale,” it does not bind the prospective franchisee to purchase the franchise or to undertake other obligations, such as the signing of a lease. The firm urged clarification that the term “binding agreement” in the 14-day rule is limited to franchise agreements or other agreements that commit the prospective franchisee to purchase a franchise. 
                            *Id*. The Commission agrees. A confidentiality agreement—often signed by prospective franchisees before being granted access to the franchisor’s operations manual and other proprietary information—may be a necessary initial step in the sales process, but is not the type of agreement that triggers disclosure obligations. This assumes, however, that the confidentiality agreement contains no other agreements that, in the absence of the confidentiality agreement, would trigger disclosure, such as a lease agreement. Back to Citation
 267.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 5. Back to Citation
 268.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(g). Back to Citation
 269.
    
                             The proposed rule provision used the term “days” instead of the original Rule’s “business days.” Back to Citation
 270.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines contain no comparable provision requiring advanced disclosure of the completed franchise agreement. Back to Citation
 271.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             IFA, NPR 22, at 9; J&G, NPR 32, at 6; Marriott, NPR 35, at 9; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 2. Back to Citation
 272.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 9-10. 
                            *See also*
                             Marriott, at 4. Back to Citation
 273.
    
                             Staff Report, at 80-2. As a practical matter, five business days typically amounts to seven calendar-days. Back to Citation
 274.
    
                            *See*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 3. Gust Rosenfeld noted, however, that while the original Rule referred to franchise and related agreements, the Staff Report’s proposed Rule focused narrowly on franchise agreements. 
                            *Id*. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, at 3. The final amended Rule appropriately broadens the contract review provision to refer to franchise and related agreements. Back to Citation
 275.
    
                             As previously noted, part 436 of the final amended Rule provision substitutes “seven calendar-days” for the Franchise NPR provision’s “five days” to be consistent with the revision of the former 10 business-day disclosure trigger to 14 calendar-days. Back to Citation
 276.
    
                            *See*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 3; IL AG, NPR 3, at 5; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 4. Back to Citation
 277.
    
                             J&G questioned whether “fill-in-the-blank” provisions include “things such as the specific radius or geographic area comprising a protected territory, or the actual number of stores to be opened pursuant to an area development agreement, . . . or the specific interest rate payable by the franchisee.” J&G at 3. The Commission will interpret “fill-in-the-blank” provisions narrowly to include non-contractual items, such as the parties’ names, addresses, and dates. To the extent that substantive contractual details—such as geographic area of a protected territory and interest rates—are not disclosed in the basic disclosure document or its attachments, then the completed document must be disclosed seven calendar days before signing. Back to Citation
 278.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 3. Back to Citation
 279.
    
                             Marriott, at 4-5. 
                            *See also*
                             Spandorf, at 2. Back to Citation
 280.
    
                             One commenter urged the Commission to require franchisors to prove that an electronic disclosure document was actually delivered. Bundy, at 4. He fears that a franchisor could furnish a disclosure document using slow bandwidth or other procedures, making it difficult for a franchisee to actually read the disclosure document. In the same vein, another commenter also urged the Commission to spell out what specific documents or types of evidence would qualify as valid evidence of the mailing date. BI, NPR 28, at 4-5. 
                            
                            As an initial matter, franchisors always have the burden of proof to show that they have complied with the Rule’s obligation to furnish disclosures. We also believe that the Rule should be as flexible as possible, allowing franchisors to keep records and to offer proof, in the format that is most convenient to them. Nonetheless, to prevent any potential abuse in this area, the final amended Rule sets forth several safeguards. Among other things, a franchisor must notify the prospective franchisee in advance of any prerequisites for obtaining a disclosure document. Section 436.6(g). That would include any unusual bandwidth requirements. In addition, the franchisor must ensure that its disclosures not only can be downloaded, but preserved for future use. Section 436.6(b). Finally, the final amended Rule retains a receipt requirement, which will effectively prove delivery. Section 436.5(w). Back to Citation
 281.
    
                             For example, where the Franchise NPR version said “has been delivered,” the final Rule provision says “was hand-delivered, faxed, emailed, or otherwise delivered,” to remove any doubt that the alternative modes of delivery are acceptable. Similarly, where the Franchise NPR version said “if a copy has been sent . . . by first class mail,” the final amended provision states “a paper or tangible electronic copy (for example, computer disk or CD-ROM) was sent . . . by first-class United States mail” to make it clear that a disclosure document in an electronic format is considered equivalent to paper. Back to Citation
 282.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a)(21). Back to Citation
 283.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57302. Back to Citation
 284.
    
                             In addition, some non-substantive refinements have been made to improve the clarity, consistency, and organization of the Rule’s text. For example, the text now specifies that the various required elements of the cover page are to be presented “in the order and form as follows.” Similarly, section 436.3(a) now specifically instructs franchisors that the title is to appear “in capital letters and bold type,” not merely giving franchisors a model that depicts the words “FRANCHISE DISCLOSURE DOCUMENT” in capitals in the Rule’s text, as proposed in the Franchise NPR. In addition, the cover page disclosure informing the prospective franchisee that he or she must be given 14 days to review the document has been conformed to the convention, adopted elsewhere in the Rule text, to state time frames in calendar days. 
                            *See*
                             section 436.2(a) (setting forth the 14 calendar-day time frame within which a franchisor must provide disclosure documents). Thus, the required cover page disclosure now states that a franchisor must furnish its disclosures at least 14 calendar-days before the prospective franchisee signs a binding agreement with, or makes any payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale. 
                            *See*
                             J&G, at 4 (noting a wording inconsistency in the Staff Report’s recommended Rule text between the cover page disclosure and the substantive timing requirement). Similarly, the Commission has adopted the staff recommendation to adapt the UFOC Guidelines cover page disclosure requirement on the total investment necessary to begin operations (as explained more fully in the text), but has modified the staff’s recommended version by changing the phrase “including [the total amount in Item 5] that must be paid to the franchisor” to “This includes [the total amount in Item 5 (§ 436.5(e))] that must be paid to the franchisor or affiliate.” 
                            *See*
                             NASAA; WA Securities (noting a wording inconsistency in the Staff Report’s recommended Rule text between the cover page disclosure of total investment necessary to begin operation and Item 5 initial fee disclosure requirements in proposed section 436.5(e)). Back to Citation
 285.
    
                            *See*
                             Heron, ANPR 80. A copy of the 
                            *Consumer Guide to Buying a Franchise*
                             is currently available at the Commission website: www.ftc.gov. Back to Citation
 286.
    
                             In drafting this provision, we have recognized the NFC’s concern that franchisors have flexibility in directing prospects to particular individuals who can assist the prospects in receiving an alternatively formatted disclosure document. NFC, NPR 12, at 27. To provide as much flexibility as possible, the provision permits franchisors to designate either a specific individual or office as a contact. Back to Citation
 287.
    
                             Kezios, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 10. 
                            *See also*
                             Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 89-90. Back to Citation
 288.
    
                            *See generally*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Cover Page, Instructions. As explained below, however, the Commission has not adopted the UFOC Guidelines’ cover page risk factors. Back to Citation
 289.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Cover Page, 5 (requiring franchisors to state the total amounts in Item 5 (initial fees and payments to the franchisor) and Item 7 (initial investment). Back to Citation
 290.
    
                             BI, NPR 28, at 5. Back to Citation
 291.
    
                             BI’s concern would be valid if the cover page required the disclosure of only Item 5 (initial fees), but not Item 7 (estimated initial investment). For example, in such a scenario, a franchisor who leased premises to a franchisee would include the lease payment in the Item 5 initial fees, whereas a franchisor who required a franchisee to lease premises from a third party would not include such payment in Item 5. Arguably, this would distort the first franchisor’s Item 5 initial fees. However, lease payments to third parties would nonetheless appear in Item 7. Accordingly, Item 5 and Item 7, considered together, enable prospective franchisees to compare initial expenses across franchise systems. Back to Citation
 292.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Cover Page, Instructions, iv. Back to Citation
 293.
    
                            *See*
                             Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3 (suggesting that risk factors belong in the Item 17 disclosures on franchise relationship issues). Back to Citation
 294.
    
                             Other commenters suggested additional risk factors. For example, Greg Gaither, a GNC franchisee, suggested that the cover page include a warning that encroachment—marketing in a franchisee’s territory—is a risk that might severely affect a franchised outlet’s performance. Michael Garner would require franchisors to disclose how their contracts may be imbalanced: “[I]sn’t it better to have an unbalanced franchisor/franchisee relationship disclosed as such early on rather than buried in the legalese of a franchise agreement?” Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 3. Mr. Garner recommended that franchisors disclose up-front on the cover page: (1) if franchisees have no protected territory; (2) if franchisees can be terminated upon failing to comply with the franchise agreement; (3) if franchisees cannot transfer without prior approval; and (4) if the franchisor reserves the right to receive royalty payments even if it breaches obligations to provide support services. Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 3. We conclude that each of these issues, for the most part, already is addressed in the substantive rule disclosure items, or is better handled in Commission consumer education materials. Back to Citation
 295.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA, at 3-4; WA Securities, at 2 (Commission should permit state risk factors). 
                            *See also*
                             Tifford, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 15-16 (suggesting that the Commission accommodate risks factors developed by the individual states). One commenter, GPM, opposed permitting states to add additional risk factors on the cover page. The firm suggested that a state should be permitted to require additional information only in a state-specific addendum. GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 4. We reject this suggestion. As discussed below, the final amended Rule does not preempt state laws that afford greater or equal protection to prospective franchisees. Indeed, states enjoy great latitude in fashioning franchise disclosure laws, including how and when state-specific information is to be included in disclosure documents. Therefore, franchisors must be permitted to add to an FTC disclosure document in order to comply with non-preempted state law. Back to Citation
 296.
    
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 4. Back to Citation
 297.
    
                             In the original Rule, the table of contents was set forth in a footnote at the back of the Rule. 
                            *See*16 CFR Part 436, note 3. Back to Citation
 298.
    
                             This recognizes the final amended Rule’s retention of parent disclosures from the original Rule. See discussion of section 436.5(a)(1) below. Back to Citation
 299.
    
                             Responding to a comment urging that the title of Item 5 be changed from “Initial Franchise Fee” (as proposed in the Franchise NPR) to “Initial Fees” so that it would more accurately describe the actual subject matter of the Item, the Staff Report recommended that the title of Item 5 be “Initial Fees Paid to the Franchisor.” Staff Report, at 121. However, Howard Bundy’s Staff Report comment correctly noted that the recommended reference to “franchisor” is inaccurate because the disclosure applies to fees paid to affiliates as well. Accordingly, the final amended Rule deletes the phrase “paid to the franchisor” in favor of simply “initial fees.” Back to Citation
 300.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57302-03. Back to Citation
 301.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(1), (3), and (6). The Commission historically has emphasized the materiality of franchisor background information. In the original SBP, the Commission concluded that: “the failure to disclose such material information . . . may mislead the franchisee as to the business experience of the parties with whom he or she is dealing and . . . could readily result in economic injury to the franchisee because of the franchisee’s dependence upon the business experience and expertise of the franchisor.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59642. Back to Citation
 302.
    
                             The final amended Rule also corrects an apparent oversight in the UFOC Guidelines. Item 1 requires franchisors to disclose the address of the franchisor’s agent, but does not specifically require the franchisor to identify the agent. IL AG, at 4. Section 436.5(a)(4) of the final amended Rule now requires franchisors to both identify the agent and state the agent’s principal business address. Back to Citation
 303.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1. Back to Citation
 304.
    
                            *See FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (company allegedly reincorporated as a “licensor” following an adverse arbitration decision); 
                            *FTC v. Inv. Dev., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 9326 (E.D. La. 1989) (company allegedly reincorporated after filing of Commission law enforcement action). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC. v. Jani-King, Int’l*, No. 3-95-CV-1492-G (N.D. Tex. 1995) (company allegedly conducted business through multiple regional corporations thereby avoiding certain disclosures). Back to Citation
 305.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1E Instructions, vi. Back to Citation
 306.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Car Checkers of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-623 (mlp) (D.N.J. 1993) (failure to disclose state restrictions on the sale of service contracts); 
                            *United States v. Lifecall Sys., Inc.*, No. 90-3666 (D.N.J. 1990) (failure to disclose state registration requirements). 
                            *Cf*. Funeral Rule, 16 CFR 453.3 (it is a misrepresentation to mischaracterize state or local funeral industry laws). Back to Citation
 307.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1E Instructions, v. 
                            *Cf*. SEC Regulations-K (Standard Instructions for Filing Forms Under Securities Act of 1933, Securities Act of 1934, and Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975), 17 CFR 229.101(c)(1)(x) (requiring registrants to list, where material, “the identity of the particular market in which the registrant competes, an estimate of the number of competitors, and the registrant’s competitive position, if known or reasonably available to the registrant.”). This disclosure is intended to aid prospective franchisees in their decision whether to enter a proposed relationship. It is neither intended nor interpreted to be a complete antitrust analysis. Indeed, such a goal would be impractical in light of the number and variety of relevant local antitrust markets that might be involved. Back to Citation
 308.
    
                             Franchisors need only state the types of businesses that sell competing goods or services. They need not identify specific businesses. 
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 1, Sample Answer 1 (“Your competitors include department store service departments, service stations, and other national chains of muffler shops.”). This provision is designed to prevent deception by ensuring that prospective franchisees understand whether the business they are entering is unique. While the potential benefit of this provision is limited, the compliance burden is small. Throughout the original SBP, the Commission emphasized that potential economic risks to prospective franchisees are material. 
                            *E.g.*, Original SBP, 43 FR at 59650-651 (bankruptcy); at 59662 (sales restrictions); at 59668 (post-term covenants not to compete). A competition disclosure is also warranted in light of several franchisee comments about competition issues. 
                            *E.g.*, Packer, ANPR 10 (franchisor has opened franchisor-owned stores to compete with its own franchisees); Manuszak, ANPR 13 (competition from encroachment); Gray, ANPR 22 (franchisor sold to competing system); Lopez, ANPR 123 (competition from franchisor’s co-branded outlets). Back to Citation
 309.
    
                             The Commission declines to adopt one additional recommendation in the Staff Report. Specifically, staff recommended that, in addition to the disclosure of the general competition a franchisor may face, the Rule should also require franchisors to disclose “any competition from any entity in which an officer of the franchisor owns an interest.” Staff Report, at 98. The purpose of this recommendation was to require franchisors to disclose any potential conflicts of interest by their officers. 
                            *See*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 6. 
                            *But see*
                             Piper Rudnick, at 5 (contending that such a provision would be overbroad, sweeping in even minority ownership of mutual funds); J&G, at 4 (suggesting that such a provision would be overbroad, and should be limited to only “material interests” in a competitor). However, the Commission believes that ordinary corporate fiduciary and conflicts of interest law principles are sufficient to resolve any potential harm when officers of a franchisor own interests in competitors. 
                            *See generally*
                             American Law Institute, Principles of Corporate Governance: Analysis and Recommendations (2005). Back to Citation
 310.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(1)(i). The Commission stated in the original SBP that parent information is material and that it would require the disclosure of information about a parent, even though it recognized that the UFOC Guidelines contained no comparable disclosure requirement. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59639. Back to Citation
 311.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 2; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 9; H&H, NPR 9, at 15-16; J&G, NPR 32, at 9. Back to Citation
 312.
    
                             Section 436.1(b). Back to Citation
 313.
    
                            *E.g.*, IFA, at 3; Prudential Financial, at 1; Spandorf, at 3. Back to Citation
 314.
    
                             Vidulich, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 16-17. Similarly, a franchise system with a poor financial record or significant litigation could, for example, seek to shield itself from disclosure by establishing a new subsidiary that will offer identical franchises, but under a different trademark. Back to Citation
 315.
    
                             Section 436.5(a)(1). Back to Citation
 316.
    
                             Section 436.5(a)(7). Back to Citation
 317.
    
                             Despite the narrow Item 1 parent disclosure in section 436.5(a)(1), one commenter asserted that the parent disclosure could be a significant burden on some franchisors with elaborate corporate structures. Spandorf, at 3. She contended that the final amended Rule would require a franchisor to disclose “all non-affiliate parents, including all intermediate parents, not just the ultimate parent.” 
                            *Id*. Accordingly, she urged the Commission to limit the parent disclosure to those parents with ultimate control “and any intermediate parent that guarantees the franchisor’s obligations to franchisees.” 
                            *Id*. The Commission rejects these suggestions. Item 1 requires franchisors to disclose the identity of parents to ensure that a prospective franchisee understands who may control or influence the franchisor’s operations. As noted above in the example of Pearle Vision, it is highly material to a prospective Pearle Vision franchisee that Pearle Vision is owned and controlled by a competing system—Cole Vision. That information would escape disclosure, however, if Cole Vision did not guarantee Pearle Vision’s performance or if Cole Vision were, in turn, a subsidiary of a larger corporate parent. Back to Citation
 318.
    
                             One commenter suggested that the Commission address in the Compliance Guides an inconsistency between the Item 1 disclosure set forth in the Staff Report and the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 1 disclosure. Whereas the UFOC Guidelines clearly limit the predecessor disclosures—the predecessor’s name and address and prior experience—to a 10-year reporting period, the Staff Report’s proposed revised Rule could have been read as limiting the application of the time period to only the predecessor’s name and address. Piper Rudnick, at 5. The Commission agrees that the 10-year reporting should also limit the reporting of a predecessor’s experience, and the final amended Rule is revised accordingly by adding a cross-reference that limits the applicability of the experience disclosures in section 436.5(a)(7) to only those predecessors covered by section 436.5(a)(2). The commenter also suggested that the prior experience of affiliates should similarly be limited to 10 years. 
                            *Id*. This suggestion goes too far and would introduce an unnecessary inconsistency between the final amended Rule and the UFOC Guidelines, which does not so limit affiliate disclosures. Back to Citation
 319.
    
                             As noted above, this provision prevents franchisors from hiding prior misconduct and avoiding disclosure obligations simply by assuming a new corporate identity. 
                            *See FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (company allegedly reincorporated as a “licensor” following an adverse arbitration decision); 
                            *FTC v. Inv. Dev., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 9326 (E.D. La. 1989) (company allegedly reincorporated after filing of Commission law enforcement action). Back to Citation
 320.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 16. Back to Citation
 321.
    
                             GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 4. Back to Citation
 322.
    
                             IL AG, at 4. Back to Citation
 323.
    
                             IL AG, at 4. Back to Citation
 324.
    
                             IL AG, at 4. Back to Citation
 325.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(2). In the original SBP, the Commission explained that a franchisor’s failure to disclose its business experience violates Section 5 because “it (1) misleads the prospective franchisees as to the business experience of the parties with whom they are dealing, and (2) could readily result in economic injury to franchisees due to their heavy dependence upon the experience of those persons associated with the franchisor.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59642. 
                            *See*
                             Buckley, ANPR 97, at 1 (“franchisor represented his company as highly trained in all phases of the business and capable of supporting a franchise system”); 
                            *FTC v. Nat’l Consulting Group, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 11335 (N.D. Ill. 1998) (claims regarding medical billing expertise and contacts with medical community are material); 
                            *FTC v. Richard L. Levinger*, No. 94-0925-PHX RCB (D. Ariz. 1994) (earnings claims tied to purported expertise in the restaurant industry are material); 
                            *FTC v. Car Checkers of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-623 (mlp) (D.N.J. 1993) (claims regarding car inspection business expertise are material). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC v. Goddard Rarities, Inc.*, No. CV93-4602-JMI (C.D. Cal. 1993) (representations of expertise in coin investments are material). Back to Citation
 326.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 2 and Instructions, v. Back to Citation
 327.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57334. Back to Citation
 328.
    
                             Franchisors, of course, would still be required to include broker information, if mandated by state law. Back to Citation
 329.
    
                            *E.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 4; J&G, NPR 32, at 10. Back to Citation
 330.
    
                             Frannet, NPR 2, at 2. In this regard, it is noteworthy that, had the broker disclosure requirement been retained in the final amended Rule, broker information also would have been required in Items 3 and 4 disclosures. 
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at note 320. Back to Citation
 331.
    
                             Seid, at 5-7. 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, at 4. Back to Citation
 332.
    
                             One commenter voiced concern that Item 2 could be misinterpreted to include owners with a controlling interest and asked the Commission to clarify this point in the Compliance Guides. Gust Rosenfeld, at 3-4. We note that neither the original Rule nor the final amended Rule focuses on ownership. Rather, the determining factor is control over the franchise operations. Accordingly, an owner/investor in a franchise system would not ordinarily have to be disclosed in Item 2, unless that owner/investor also manages or otherwise exercises control over the franchise operation. Back to Citation
 333.
    
                            *See FTC v. P.M.C.S., Inc.*, No. 96-5426 (E.D.N.Y. 1996) (franchisor failed to disclose control figure with prior bankruptcy); 
                            *FTC v. The Building Inspector of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-10838Y (D. Mass. 1993) (alleging that the franchisor failed to disclose the franchisor’s current executive officers and their business experience, litigation history concerning fraud or misrepresentation, and bankruptcy history); 
                            *FTC v. Why USA, Inc.*, No. 92-1227-PHX-SMM (D. Ariz. 1992) (alleging that franchisor failed to disclose officers and their prior litigation). During the Chicago public workshop, a former franchisee related that his franchisor did not disclose that the franchisor’s director of franchising (who was not a titled corporate officer) had been discharged in bankruptcy. The franchisee stated that, because the franchisor was small, operated by only five or six people, such a disclosure was “critical, even though this person was not formally an officer.” Lay, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 3 (“The law enforcement experience of some members of the [NASAA] Franchise Project Group reflects that franchisors and sellers of business opportunities have attempted to avoid litigation disclosures . . . by purposefully not giving the title ‘officer’ to individuals who, in fact, exercise significant management responsibility over a business.”). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC v. Netfran Dev. Corp.*, No. 05-CV-22223 (S.D. Fla. 2005) (failure to disclose that executive was subject to a Commission order involving fraud or deceptive practices); 
                            *FTC v. Int’l Bartending Inst.*, No. 94-1104-A (E.D. Va. 1994) (franchisor failed to disclose that chairman was subject to a Commission order involving fraud or deceptive practices). Back to Citation
 334.
    
                             The Franchise NPR’s version of Item 2 also referenced subfranchisors. As one commenter noted, however, a reference to subfranchisors is unnecessary because the term “franchisor,” as set forth in the Rule’s definitions (and the UFOC Guidelines’ definition), already includes the term “subfranchisor.” Gust Rosenfeld, at 4. Therefore, that reference has been deleted. Back to Citation
 335.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 101-02. In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed achieving this goal by including within the definition of “officer,” any 
                            
                            “
                            *de facto*
                             officer,” “namely any individual with significant management responsibility for the marketing and/or servicing of franchisees whose title does not reflect the nature of the position.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57332. Some commenters agreed with the Commission that it is necessary to capture individuals who, without an appropriate title, in fact function as officers or directors. 
                            *E.g.*, NASAA, NPR 17, at 3. Others asserted that the term “
                            *de facto*
                             officer” is “nebulous,” creating more problems than it would solve. 
                            *E.g.*, Snap-on, NPR 16, at 2; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 3-4; J&G, NPR 32, at 8; Marriott, NPR 35, at 12. Another voiced concern about application to large corporations, where there may be many directors or managers, each of whom would now have to be disclosed. Tricon, NPR 34, at 3. Based upon the Franchise NPR comments, the Commission has determined to delete the term and description of “
                            *de facto*
                             officer” from the final amended Rule. At the same time, Item 2 requires a franchisor to identify all individuals who have management responsibility over the franchises, regardless of any formal title. This is true even if the individual happens to be an officer of a parent or an affiliate. Back to Citation
 336.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57334. Back to Citation
 337.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 12. 
                            *See also*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 4. BI, NPR 28, at 5. 
                            *But see*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 6-7 (Item 2 should cover not only officers and executives of parents, but affiliates as well). Back to Citation
 338.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(4). In the original SBP, the Commission stated that a franchisor’s litigation history is material because it bears directly on the “integrity and financial standing of the franchisor.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59649. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *United States v. We The People Forms and Serv. Centers USA, Inc.*, No. CV 04 10075 GHK FMOx (C.D. Cal. 2004) (full disclosure would have revealed lawsuits and injunctions involving the franchisor’s bankruptcy petition preparation services); 
                            *FTC v. WhiteHead, Ltd.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10062 (D. Conn. 1992) (full disclosure would have revealed a $10 million judgment in a fraud action brought by former franchisees); 
                            *FTC v. Joseph Hayes*, No. 4:96CV02162SNL (E.D. Mo. 1996) (full disclosure would have revealed prior state fines and injunctions); 
                            *FTC v. Inv. Dev., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9326 (full disclosure would have revealed insurance fraud convictions). 
                            *See also*
                             Marks, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 8 (“I always counsel clients . . . to look at the litigation section among one of the first sections.”). Back to Citation
 339.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 3. 
                            *See*
                             AFA, at 2. Back to Citation
 340.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 3 A. 
                            *See also*
                             AFA, at 2. Under this provision, a fast-food restaurant franchisor, for example, would have to disclose a product liability class action suit that, if successful, might materially affect its financial condition or ability to maintain its business operations. This disclosure is consistent with long-standing Commission policy that a franchisor’s continued financial viability and ability to perform as promised is material to a potential investor. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Original SBP, 43 FR at 59649. Back to Citation
 341.
    
                             As noted previously, this is one area where the original Rule was broader than the UFOC Guidelines, which require no disclosure of parent information, unless the parent is an affiliate. Back to Citation
 342.
    
                             Staff Report, at 104. Back to Citation
 343.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 9. 
                            *See also*
                             IFA, at 3; PREA, at 1-2; Spandorf, at 4; Triarc, NPR 6, at 2; NFC, NPR 12, at 28; PREA, NPR 20, at 1. Back to Citation
 344.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 104. The Staff Report recommendation that the parent litigation disclosure be narrowed to instances where the parent guarantees the franchisor’s performance prompted few comments. PREA and Spandorf opined that parent disclosures have merit where the franchisor has few assets or a prior history such that the prospect is looking to the parent for assurance of continued financial viability, and advocated an exemption from the Item 3 parent litigation disclosure if the franchisor has sufficient net worth and experience. They proposed a net worth of not less than $5 million and a requirement that the franchisor has had at least 25 franchisees for each of the preceding five years. PREA, at 1-2; Spandorf, at 4-7. 
                            *See also*
                             PREA, NPR 20, at 1. The Commission finds this suggestion unworkable. As noted throughout this document, the Commission favors bright-line provisions that enable franchisors to determine easily where the Rule applies to a franchise sale. Moreover, the Commission is disinclined to adopt exemptions from specific required disclosures—as opposed to exemptions from the Rule itself. On balance, the Commission believes that the narrowly-tailored parent litigation disclosure included in the final amended Rule strikes the appropriate balance, reducing compliance costs and burdens without depriving prospective franchisees of material information necessary to make an informed investment decision. Back to Citation
 345.
    
                            *But see*
                             PREA, at 1-2; Spandorf, 4-7 (asserting that prior litigation of a parent who guarantees performance may be irrelevant, and urging the Commission to adopt a net worth standard). As an alternative, PREA and Spandorf suggested that the Commission adopt an approach similar to that of the SEC for the disclosure of legal proceedings to securities investors: a guarantor need only disclose material legal proceedings other than ordinary routine litigation. PREA, at 2. We noted, however, that Item 3 is already limited to material suits, or individual suits which, in the aggregate, are material. This is sufficient to limit Item 3’s reach with respect to guarantors. Back to Citation
 346.
    
                             Item 3 of the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR required disclosure of government enforcement actions only for an affiliate “who 
                            *offers*
                             franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark.” The final amended Rule requires such disclosure for “an affiliate 
                            *who has offered or sold*
                             franchises in any line of business 
                            *within the last 10 years*.” Section 436.5(c)(2) (emphasis added). Back to Citation
 347.
    
                             Piper Rudnick urged the Commission to clarify in the Compliance Guides that disclosures involving affiliates and predecessors—in Items 1, 3 and 4 —should be limited to the time period when the affiliates or predecessors were “associated” or “affiliated with the franchisor.” Piper Rudnick, at 5-6. The Commission disagrees. As an initial matter, depending upon the facts, a predecessor entity and successor franchisor may not exist contemporaneously and thus may never be “associated” or “affiliated” with each other. As for affiliates, Piper Rudnick’s suggestion could seriously undermine the very purpose for the disclosure itself. The affiliate disclosures in Items 1, 3, and 4 ensure that a prospective franchisee understands fully the background of the franchisor’s affiliates. Significant litigation or a prior bankruptcy, for example, may signal that the affiliate lacks business acumen and, therefore, poses a potential risk, especially if franchisees of the system are contractually required to conduct business with the affiliate. For that reason, the history of the affiliate as a business entity, not its history of association with the franchisor, is material to a prospective franchisee and should be disclosed. Back to Citation
 348.
    
                             Staff Report, at 104-5. Back to Citation
 349.
    
                             The Item 3 disclosure of currently effective injunctive or restrictive orders and decrees is also broader than the other Item 3 disclosures in that it covers Canadian orders and decrees. This is consistent with the UFOC Guidelines. 
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 3, C. Back to Citation
 350.
    
                             We note that there is no private right of action to enforce the Franchise Rule. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *Holloway v. Bristol*
                            -Meyers Corp., 485 F.2d 986 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (no implied private right of action under the FTC Act); 
                            *Days Inn of Am. Franchising, Inc., v. Windham,*
                             699 F. Supp. 1581 (N.D. Ga. 1988) (no private right of action exists to enforce the Franchise Rule). Back to Citation
 351.
    
                             NASAA, at 5. Back to Citation
 352.
    
                             16 CFR at 436.1(a)(4)(ii). Back to Citation
 353.
    
                             Footnote 4 in the proposed Rule stated, in relevant part: “If a settlement agreement must be disclosed in this Item, all material settlement terms must be disclosed, whether or not the agreement is confidential.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57334. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA Commentary, Item 3. Back to Citation
 354.
    
                             Footnote 2 in the proposed rule stated: “Franchisors are not required to disclose actions that were dismissed by final judgment without liability or entry of an adverse order. However, franchisors must disclose dismissal of a material action in connection with a settlement.” Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57334. As explained in the text above, this footnote has been deleted from the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 355.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 3 Definitions, iv. Back to Citation
 356.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 10; Lewis, NPR 15, at 13. According to Mr. Lewis, without such a limitation, the Rule would penalize franchisors and subfranchisors who achieve favorable settlements, thereby discouraging settlement of litigation. 
                            *See also*
                             Snap On, NPR 16, at 3. Back to Citation
 357.
    
                             Section 436.5(c)(1)(iii)(B) of the final amended Rule specifies that “held liable” as used in Item 3 means that “as a result of claims or counterclaims, the person must pay money or other consideration, must reduce an indebtedness by the amount of an award, cannot enforce its rights, or must take action adverse to its interests.” In other words, a franchisor need not disclose a settlement if the franchisor neither pays any material consideration, nor is bound by obligations that are materially adverse to its interests. Back to Citation
 358.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 10-11; Marriott, NPR 35, at 15. Back to Citation
 359.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 5. 
                            *But see*
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 12 (urging the Commission to keep the UFOC requirement of disclosing specific payments in settlements regardless of confidentiality agreements). Back to Citation
 360.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 11. Back to Citation
 361.
    
                             Mr. Baer also suggested that where a case has been settled by purchase or re-purchase of a franchised business and the amount does not exceed the fair market value of the business, a franchisor should be permitted to state: “The settlement included a purchase of the franchise . . . for an amount which, in our judgment, does not exceed its fair market value.” Baer, NPR, 11, at 11. Back to Citation
 362.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 11. Back to Citation
 363.
    
                            *See*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57334, note 2. Back to Citation
 364.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 1; Duvall, at 1. Back to Citation
 365.
    
                             Additionally, H&H opined that Item 3 of the proposed Rule published in the Franchise NPR seemed to suggest that a franchisor must disclose all material civil litigation in which the defendant was held liable in the 10-year time period, but only the enumerated list of actions if named in civil litigation. H&H suggested that the disclosure of civil litigation should be limited to the enumerated list regardless of whether the franchisor was named or was held liable in a prior suit. H&H, NPR 9, at 17-18. 
                            *See also*
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 28. H&H also suggested that the word “material” be substituted for “significant.” H&H, NPR 9, at 18. The final amended Rule incorporates these suggestions. Back to Citation
 366.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a)(4)(ii). Back to Citation
 367.
    
                             IL AG asserted that franchisors should be permitted to disclose settled litigation in its favor or which is neutral. It explains that a state franchise examiner would question why a case previously listed as pending in one version of a disclosure document would then disappear upon settlement or dismissal from later versions without explanation. IL AG, at 5. We do not find this rationale sufficient to justify retaining a redundancy in the final amended Rule. As noted throughout this document, however, states have the power to include additional disclosures, if they so choose, provided it is possible simultaneously to comply with both the state rule and a corresponding final amended Rule provision. Back to Citation
 368.
    
                             Section 436.5(c)(1)(ii) requires disclosure of litigation to which a covered person “was a party,” and therefore reaches more than just actions where the franchisor or other covered person was a plaintiff. As a practical matter, however, because other elements of Item 3 cover various actions where the franchisor or other covered person was or is the defendant, the significance of this new part 436 section is that it reaches actions initiated by the franchisor or other covered person. Back to Citation
 369.
    
                            *See*
                             Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3 (noting that in vicarious liability cases—where a customer sues the franchisor for alleged wrongdoing by the individual franchisee—the franchisor often must sue the franchisee to protect its interests and to obtain indemnification. Such suits, therefore, are essentially between the customer and the franchisee and are not indicative of franchise system performance.). Back to Citation
 370.
    
                             The only difference is that the time frame of the requirement has been tightened, now covering only actions “within the past fiscal year,” instead of “pending actions.” This topic is addressed in greater detail near the end of the Item 3 discussion. Back to Citation
 371.
    
                            *See*
                             AFA, at 2; Gee, at 2; Bundy, at 5; Karp, at 2; AFA, ANPR 62, at 2; Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 3; Selden, ANPR 133, Attachment at 2; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 98. Back to Citation
 372.
    
                             SBA, ANPR 36, at 5-6. 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, ANPR 77, at 2. Back to Citation
 373.
    
                             Peter Lagarias observed that “[f]ranchisors are often able to wield the threat of litigation, especially by threatening to seek attorneys’ fees, to deter franchisees from suing or maintaining lawsuits against them. Thus while loss of a single lawsuit is seldom significant to franchisors, loss of a lawsuit against their franchisor is often fatal for franchisees.” Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             Merret, ANPR 126; Brandt, ANPR 137; Doe, ANPR, 7 Nov. 97 Tr., at 267. Back to Citation
 374.
    
                             NFA, NPR 27, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 4; NASAA, NPR 17, at 4; Bundy, NPR 18, at 7; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 11; Karp, NPR 24, at 19. Back to Citation
 375.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 11. 
                            *See also*
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 20 (disclosure costs pale in comparison with litigation costs). Back to Citation
 376.
    
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 4. Back to Citation
 377.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 17 (little value in requiring franchisors to disclose garden variety litigation involving franchisees, such as debt collection actions). 
                            *See also*
                             Cendant, at 3; Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 1; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 5; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 4. Back to Citation
 378.
    
                            *E.g.*, Baer, ANPR 25, at 3; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 4; Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 1-2; Forseth, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 20. In addition, several franchisors voiced concern about the interplay between the franchisor-initiated litigation disclosure and state registration laws. Specifically, they opposed the disclosure because it might trigger burdensome state updating requirements. For example, Quizno’s asserted that if the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation is deemed material by the Commission, it also would be deemed material by the states and, therefore, franchisors would have to stop selling in a state every time they filed a suit until they could amend their registrations. Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 1. 
                            *See also*
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 13 (franchisor would have to amend their disclosure documents); J&G, NPR 32, at 10 (would prevent sales in states that require sales to stop until amendments are filed and approved). Back to Citation
 379.
    
                            *E.g.*, Quizno’s NPR 1, at 1; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 9; Holmes, NPR 8, at 4; Quizno’s, ANPR 16, at 1; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 4; IFA, ANPR 82, at 1-2; Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3. 
                            *But see*
                             Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 3. Back to Citation
 380.
    
                             J&G, for example, contended that any material information about the franchise relationship can be determined from the Item 20 termination rates, as well as through the franchisor’s financial statements. J&G, NPR 32, at 10. 
                            *See also*
                             GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 4-5. Back to Citation
 381.
    
                            *E.g.*, Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 1; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 3. PMR&W asserted that Item 3 has a limited intent, namely, to: “inform the franchisee about proven or alleged franchisor actions which may reflect poorly on the franchisor; disclosure also is required for franchisor-initiated litigation where a defendant files a counterclaim containing specified claims. A franchisor’s lawsuit against the franchisee, in the absence of a relevant counterclaim, does not reflect any adverse conduct by the franchisor.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 10. 
                            *See also*
                             Winslow, at 77; H&H, NPR 9, at 17; J&G, NPR 32, at 10; Marriott, NPR 35, at 14. 
                            *But see*
                             Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 1-2 (franchisor-initiated suits could be viewed as a “positive attribute,” showing that the franchisor is willing to enforce its standards and trademark, and is willing to aggressively eliminate continuing violations of its franchise agreement). Back to Citation
 382.
    
                             Snap-On, NPR 16, at 2. 
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, Gurnick, NPR 21, at 5; NaturaLawn, NPR 26, at 1; J&G, NPR 32, at 10; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 4-5; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 4; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 3; Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3. Back to Citation
 383.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 9. 
                            *See also*
                             Snap-On, NPR 16, at 2; J&G, NPR 32, at 10; Marriott, NPR 35, at 14. Back to Citation
 384.
    
                             For example, a pattern of franchisor-initiated lawsuits, such as royalty collection suits, may indicate franchisees’ unwillingness or inability to pay. Such information would be material to a prospective franchisee because it may be an indicator of risk in purchasing a franchise and in the quality of the relationship with the franchisor. Back to Citation
 385.
    
                            *See*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 7; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 13. Eric Karp urged the Commission to broaden the disclosure further to include franchisor-initiated litigation against third-party suppliers: “If a franchisor were to sue a supplier of goods or services it sells to franchisees, over issues relating to quality or efficiency of supply or to block sales not authorized by the franchisor, the prospective franchisee would have good reason to want to know about the claim.” Karp, NPR 24, at 20. The Commission has rejected this suggestion because it goes beyond the goal of providing material information to prospective franchisees about the quality of the franchisor-franchisee relationship. Back to Citation
 386.
    
                             Piper Rudnick also urged the Commission to clarify in the Compliance Guides the definition of the term “franchisor relationship.” In particular, the firm would limit “franchise relationship” to a matter arising from the franchise contract. Piper Rudnick, at 6. We believe a definition is unnecessary. Since the promulgation of the original Rule, franchisors have had to disclose franchisee-initiated litigation and counterclaims involving the franchise relationship. Accordingly, such disclosures are not new. Moreover, we disagree that the franchise relationship is as narrow as Piper Rudnick suggests. Surely, a dispute that arises from a lease agreement or promissory note, for example, falls within the purview of a relationship issue that should be disclosed. Back to Citation
 387.
    
                             Other suggested alternatives failed to garner significant support, including the following. PMR&W suggested requiring a franchisor to disclose, on an annual basis, the number of litigation and arbitration proceedings it has pending against franchisees, along with a general summary of the types of claims involved. PMR&W, NPR 4, at 10. Wendy’s suggested that the disclosure should be limited to “specifically enumerated types of claims which are significant to the entire franchised system,” as well as a significant dollar amount. Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2. Wendy’s, however, failed to identify a list of appropriate types of suits or an appropriate dollar figure. David Holmes would limit the disclosure by eliminating counterclaims filed by a franchisor merely in response to a franchisee-initiated suit. In his view, this is appropriate if the Commission’s concern is “with franchisors having a practice of suing their franchisees, not merely defending themselves.” Holmes, NPR 8, at 4-5. We disagree because a counterclaim may shed light on issues in the franchise relationship to the same extent as the franchisee’s complaint. Back to Citation
 388.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 11. 
                            *See also*
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 12; BI, NPR 28, at 11; Tricon, NPR 34, at 6. NASAA stated that if the Commission were to limit the disclosure by imposing a threshold, it would support a 5% threshold. NASAA, NPR 17, at 4. Not everyone agreed, however, on the proposal to establish a threshold. Eric Karp, for example, stated: “the prospective franchisee should make his or her own determination as to whether the number of lawsuits is at a level that indicates a problematic franchise system.” Karp, NPR 24, at 19-20. According to Howard Bundy, the imposition of a threshold number of cases before an obligation to disclose arises “invites abuse.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 7. Seth Stadfeld also argued that a threshold prerequisite would “discriminate[] arbitrarily in favor of large mature franchise systems to the detriment of small franchise systems.” Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 13. Back to Citation
 389.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 28. Back to Citation
 390.
    
                             Holmes, NPR 8, at 4. Back to Citation
 391.
    
                             AFC, NPR 30, at 3. Back to Citation
 392.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 6 (also recommending no threshold for smaller systems, such as those with fewer than 25 franchisees). Back to Citation
 393.
    
                             One commenter asserted that the Commission should require litigation disclosures only when there have been three consecutive fiscal years of lawsuits, regardless of the number of such suits. NaturaLawn, NPR 26, at 1. The purpose of the disclosure, however, is not limited to litigiousness. As discussed above, any number of suits initiated by the franchisor against its franchisees is material because it sheds light on the quality of the franchise relationship. Back to Citation
 394.
    
                             In addition to the refinements noted below, the Commission considered, but rejected, several others that find no additional support in the rulemaking record and which would be unnecessarily inconsistent with the UFOC Guidelines. For example, Duvall urged limiting the disclosure of pending actions to franchise disputes only, eliminating the reference to actions for fraud, unfair and deceptive trade practices, and the like. Duvall, at 1. IL AG urged expansion of the scope of the affiliate disclosure to cover all affiliates in any line of business. IL AG, at 5. Pu advocated a requirement to disclose the name, address, and telephone number of the lawyer for the franchisee in any litigation. Pu, at 1. Back to Citation
 395.
    
                             Initially, the Commission proposed that the disclosure of franchisor-initiated litigation be limited to pending litigation. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57303-04. Several commenters opposed that approach. For example, Howard Bundy would require the disclosure of all franchise relationship suits by the franchisor or an affiliate commenced during at least the last three years. “Just giving the ‘pending’ cases is like giving only one month of financial statements. It does not permit the prospect to see and evaluate trends and developments.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 7. 
                            *See also*
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 13. We agree that focusing on pending litigation is insufficient to achieve the goal of shedding light on the quality of the franchise relationship. However, we believe that a one-year time period is sufficient for that purpose, giving a prospective franchisee a snap-shot in time of the franchise system. 
                            *But see*
                             Karp, at 2 (contending that suits filed in one year are not necessarily representative of the problems that arise in the system or the propensity of the franchisor to sue its franchisees). Back to Citation
 396.
    
                             One commenter suggested that the Commission permit a franchisor to explain in Item 3 that this disclosure is limited to only certain types of actions and only updated annually. Gust Rosenfeld, at 4. To the extent that a franchisor finds that its compliance with any particular disclosure item may result in inaccurate or misleading information being furnished to a prospective franchisee, the franchisor may add footnotes to ensure accuracy or to avoid misleading statements. This applies to any misleading Item 3 litigation disclosure as well. Back to Citation
 397.
    
                             This disclosure approach also would be more representative of franchisor-initiated litigation than “pending litigation,” which would omit suits that may have been settled during the year, or which took less than a year to resolve. Back to Citation
 398.
    
                             States typically require immediate updating upon a material change. Back to Citation
 399.
    
                             The Commission declines to adopt suggested expansion of section 436.5(c)(1)(ii) to encompass 
                            *all*
                             suits, regardless of their materiality. Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 13. Back to Citation
 400.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(4) (only material actions need be disclosed); UFOC Guidelines, Item 3 Definitions at iii (“Included in the definition of material is an action or an aggregate of actions if a reasonable prospective franchisee would consider it important in making a decision about the franchised business.”). Back to Citation
 401.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 117-18. The Staff Report proposal permitting franchisors to limit the description of each disclosed suit generated no comment. Back to Citation
 402.
    
                             Under the original Rule, a counterclaim must be disclosed for 10 years and the franchisor must provide more detailed information about the nature and status of the action. 16 CFR 436.1(a)(4)(ii) (actions “brought by a present or former franchisee or franchisees and which involves or involved the franchise relationship”). Back to Citation
 403.
    
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 1-2. Back to Citation
 404.
    
                            *See*
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 2. Back to Citation
 405.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(5). In the original SBP, the Commission found that bankruptcy information is material because it bears directly on the “integrity and managerial ability of the parties with whom [the franchisee] is dealing and . . . could readily result in drastic economic injury to the franchisee because it could lead him or her to invest substantial amounts of money in a bankrupt business.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59650-51. Back to Citation
 406.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 4. Back to Citation
 407.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57304. Back to Citation
 408.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 7. 
                            *See*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 6. Back to Citation
 409.
    
                             As previously noted, the definition of “affiliate” in the UFOC Guidelines varies for purposes of specific disclosure items. For example, “affiliate” for Item 3 (litigation) purposes is limited to “an affiliate offering franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark.” UFOC Guidelines, Item 3. The more limited Item 3 definition of affiliate reduces franchisors’ compliance burdens significantly. A franchisor may have numerous affiliates, any of which may have been involved in, or is currently involved in, litigation. The disclosure of such affiliate information arguably might impose significant compliance costs that may not outweigh any benefits to prospective franchisees. Therefore, the Item 3 litigation disclosure—limited to affiliates offering franchises under the franchisor’s principal trademark—strikes the right balance between pre-sale disclosure and costs. On the other hand, where any affiliate has a current or prior bankruptcy, that fact is highly material because the affiliate’s parent may wish to divert funds away from the franchisor to the affiliate, thereby depriving the franchisor of advertisements, training, or other services. Under the circumstances, a broader definition of affiliate in the Item 4 bankruptcy disclosure is warranted. Back to Citation
 410.
    
                             Consistent with Item 2, the final amended Rule at Item 4 also extends the UFOC Guidelines by requiring the bankruptcy disclosures not only for officers or general partners, but for any “other individual who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document.” This is necessary to prevent franchisors from hiding prior bankruptcies of individuals who in fact will manage the franchises, but who do not have a formal title. Back to Citation
 411.
    
                             J&G, at 4. IL AG advocated that the Commission deviate from the UFOC Guidelines by including in the list of persons needing to disclose bankruptcy information “members,” to make it clear that limited liability companies are included. IL AG, at 5. This is also unnecessary because nothing in part 436 would prevent a limited liability company from qualifying as a parent, predecessor, or affiliate, as those terms are used in part 436. Back to Citation
 412.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, proposed section 436.5(d)(1). Back to Citation
 413.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 11; Marriott, NPR 35, at 15; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 5. Back to Citation
 414.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 6. Back to Citation
 415.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 11. Back to Citation
 416.
    
                             NaturaLawn, NPR 26, at 1. Back to Citation
 417.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission recognized that the disclosure of complete and accurate information about initial franchise fees is material. The failure to disclose such information pre-sale is deceptive because “it (1) misleads, or at least confuses prospective franchisees as to the amount of the required initial franchise investment and (2) could readily result in economic injury to a franchisee unable to fully obtain all such funds or unable to recoup the full amount of such funds in the course of the franchise business.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59653. Back to Citation
 418.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 14. CA Bar, however, asserted that the term “initial fee,” as opposed to “initial franchise fee” may have negative consequences for franchisors selling company-owned stores. CA Bar explained that “initial fees” or ranges of “initial fees” paid to a franchisor for a company-owned store may be proprietary information, especially if fees charged are not uniform. CA Bar, at 9. We disagree. Under the current UFOC Item 5, all franchisors must disclose the “initial franchise fee,” which is defined to include “all fees and payments for services or goods received from the franchisor before the franchisee’s business opens.” UFOC, Item 5. Accordingly, the Item 5 disclosure is not limited to payments marked “franchise fee.” We decline to introduce a distinction between “initial fees” and “initial franchise fees,” as CA Bar suggested, which would be inconsistent with the UFOC Guidelines. Back to Citation
 419.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 14. 
                            *But see*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 8 (suggesting the broader “initial payments” than “fees,” which may be misconstrued narrowly to refer only to any upfront franchise fee). Back to Citation
 420.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 7. (“It should include any amounts that the franchisee becomes obligated to pay before entering into the franchise. For example, if the entire initial franchise fee is deferred into a promissory note, that does not change the fact that it is an ‘initial fee.’”). Back to Citation
 421.
    
                             Section 436.1(h). Back to Citation
 422.
    
                             The Commission has also clarified the language of Item 5 in two respects. First, the final amended Rule makes clear that the term “initial fees” includes payments or commitments to pay an affiliate of the franchisor. 
                            *See*
                             NASAA, at 3. This is consistent with the NASAA Commentary on the UFOC Guidelines. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 7. Second, the final amended Rule adds, at the end of Item 5, the following sentence: “Disclose installment payment terms in this subsection or in paragraph 436.5(j) of this section.” Back to Citation
 423.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 7. Back to Citation
 424.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 10-11. Back to Citation
 425.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 6. Back to Citation
 426.
    
                             BI, NPR 28, at 6. Back to Citation
 427.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 428.
    
                             The Commission has decided not to adopt various suggested revisions to Item 5 offered by the IL AG. For example, IL AG suggested that the Rule require franchisors to disclose specific information about the amount of fees that are refundable. IL AG, at 5. The Commission believes that Item 5 adequately covers this by requiring a franchisor to state “any conditions under which these fees are refundable.” Clearly, this language is flexible enough to permit a franchisor to state in its Item 5 disclosure whether it offers a full or partial refund. Back to Citation
 429.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission noted that the failure to disclose continuing costs violates Section 5 because it “(1) misleads or at least confuses the franchisee as to the required amount of his or her total investment; and (2) could readily result in economic injury to the franchisee unable to meet such continuing obligations.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59654-55. Back to Citation
 430.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 14; NASAA, NPR 17, at 4. Back to Citation
 431.
    
                             As previously noted, NASAA has urged the Commission throughout the Rule amendment proceeding to reduce inconsistencies with the UFOC Guidelines to the fullest extent possible. To that end, it has submitted into the record a comparison between the original Rule and UFOC Guidelines. 
                            *See*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 8; UFOC Guidelines, Item 6, Instructions vi. As noted throughout this Statement, a primary objective in revising this Rule is to align it more closely with the UFOC Guidelines. Back to Citation
 432.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 8. Back to Citation
 433.
    
                             Staff Report, at 126. Back to Citation
 434.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 4. Back to Citation
 435.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 8, at 8. Mr. Bundy also suggested that franchisees need to understand that third-party obligations continue even if the franchise is terminated. 
                            *Id*. We agree, but believe that this raises a consumer education issue, not a pre-sale disclosure one, that is best handled by Commission and industry educational efforts. Back to Citation
 436.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 4-5. 
                            *See also*
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 2 (questioning whether the proposed disclosure of payments to third parties in Item 6 would cover employee wages, uniform dry cleaning, or accountant fees to prepare taxes). Several commenters recommended that Item 6 be limited to ongoing payment made to the franchisor or its affiliates. Piper Rudnick, at 2; Spandorf, at 7. Back to Citation
 437.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 2; IFA, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, at 5 (asserting that the provision would cover not only garden variety fees, but an “infinite plethora of potential and unpredictable (or unknowable as a practical matter) payments and fees that may vary by locality, such as license and permit fees, or may arise due to unpredictable events.”); Duvall, at 1-2 (a franchisor cannot know all the required payments made to hundreds of vendors and accounts). Back to Citation
 438.
    
                             Section 436.5(g)(1)(ii). Back to Citation
 439.
    
                             Section 436.5(g)(1)(iii). Back to Citation
 440.
    
                             “Since . . . fees frequently involve substantial sums of money, it must be assumed that if they were fully disclosed, they would play a significant role in a prospective franchisee’s decision of whether to enter into a franchise relationship.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59652. The “[f]ailure to disclose material information as to the true cost of the franchise” is an unfair and deceptive trade practice in violation of Section 5. 
                            *Id*., at 59653. Back to Citation
 441.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 7. Back to Citation
 442.
    
                             PMR&W asserted that the additional funds category is too broad. Citing the NASAA Commentary, the firm noted that owners’ salary, for example, should be excluded. PMR&W, NPR 4, at 10-11. We agree, but believe this issue is best addressed by staff in the Compliance Guides, which will explain the term “additional funds” in greater detail. Back to Citation
 443.
    
                             The term “initial period” means at least three months or some other reasonable period for the industry. A franchisor seeking to apply an initial phase other than three months has the burden of showing the reasonableness of the phase selected. Back to Citation
 444.
    
                             Bundy, at 5. Back to Citation
 445.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57335. Back to Citation
 446.
    
                            *See*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 10-11. Back to Citation
 447.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 448.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57305. Back to Citation
 449.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 3; Holmes, NPR 8, at 6. Back to Citation
 450.
    
                             Homes, NPR 8, at 6. 
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 159-62. Back to Citation
 451.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(9)-(11). In the original SBP, the Commission noted that buying restrictions are common in franchise agreements and are material because they will “have a significant impact on the sources of supplies and prices which a franchisee will pay for his or her supplies and thus also on the profitability of the franchise.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59655. Similarly, required purchases “limit the independence of the franchisee, affect the profitability of the franchisee, and constitute a potential source of hidden profit for the franchisor.” 
                            *Id*., at 59656-57. Back to Citation
 452.
    
                             In the Franchise NPR, the Commission proposed that franchisors disclose the actual criteria for evaluating, approving, or disapproving of alternative suppliers. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57336. Two Franchise NPR commenters voiced concern that this proposal goes well beyond what the UFOC Guidelines require, forcing franchisors to disclose proprietary information. PMR&W, NPR 4, at 1; NFC, NPR 12, at 29. 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Report, at 130-31. The Commission agrees. Consistent with the UFOC Guidelines Item 8, the final amended Rule requires franchisors to disclose only a general description of its selection criteria. Back to Citation
 453.
    
                            *E.g.*, Manuszak, ANPR 13; Weaver, ANPR 17; Mueller, ANPR 29; Colenda, ANPR 71; Gagliati, ANPR 72; Buckley, ANPR 97; Haines, ANPR 100; Myklebust, ANPR 101; Rafizadeh, ANPR, 7 Nov. 97, at 288-89; Slimak, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 26. 
                            *See also*
                             Kezios, ANPR 64. Back to Citation
 454.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brickner, ANPR 128; Buckley, ANPR 97, at 3; Myklebust, ANPR 101. A few franchisees reported that their franchisor failed to approve alternative suppliers or made it difficult for franchisees to find alternative sources of supplies. 
                            *E.g.*, Chiodo, ANPR, 21 Nov. 97 Tr., at 308; Hockert-Lotz, 
                            *id*., at 325-27. Back to Citation
 455.
    
                             Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B, at 1. Back to Citation
 456.
    
                             Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 2. In the same vein, the AFA asserted that it is insufficient to require a franchisor to disclose whether a franchisee can purchase products from unaffiliated suppliers. It urged the Commission to require franchisors to disclose how long it actually takes for the franchisor to approve alternative suppliers, by stating the following: “We have been known to take up to one year or more to approve a non-franchisor-affiliated vendor; or We have been known to change the specifications for [specific product] during the approval process. This has caused delays of between [number of days/weeks/months/years] to [number of days/weeks/months/years].” AFA, NPR 14, at 4. While the Commission understands that some franchisees have experienced difficulties in obtaining franchisor approval to use alternative supply sources, the record is insufficient to justify a sweeping consumer warning that assumes delay in the approval process as a matter of course. Rather, advice concerning the approval of alternative suppliers can be addressed in consumer education materials. Back to Citation
 457.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 8. 
                            *See also*
                             Brown, ANPR 4, at 3 (urging the Commission to prohibit direct and indirect “kick-backs” from third-party vendors to the franchisor). Back to Citation
 458.
    
                             The IL AG also urged the Commission to add “affiliates” to the list of suppliers. IL AG, at 5. This is unnecessary. Franchisors already must disclose purchasers from “the franchisor, its designee, or suppliers approved by the franchisor, or under the franchisor’s specifications.” Accordingly, “designee, or suppliers approved by the franchisor” would cover any required purchases from affiliates. Back to Citation
 459.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 6. Back to Citation
 460.
    
                             Piper Rudnick also recommended that the Compliance Guides clarify the phrase “obligations to purchase imposed by . . . the franchisor’s practice.” Piper Rudnick, at 6. As far as we are aware, this phrase, taken from the UFOC Guidelines, has not previously raised any interpretive issues. At the very least, “franchisor’s practice” may include purchases that are recommended by the franchisor, or purchases that are prevalent among franchisees, even if not required by contract. Back to Citation
 461.
    
                             NASAA, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             WA Securities, at 3. Back to Citation
 462.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57305. Back to Citation
 463.
    
                             Duvall, ANPR 19, at 2. Back to Citation
 464.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 11. Back to Citation
 465.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 14. Back to Citation
 466.
    
                             Item 9 is consistent with other trade regulation rules where the Commission has recognized that information about legal risks to consumers is material. 
                            *E.g.*, Negative Option Rule, 16 CFR 425.1(a)(ii) (minimum purchase obligations); Door-to-Door Sales Rule, 16 CFR 429.1 (obligations regarding cancellations). Back to Citation
 467.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines clearly contemplate that franchisors should reference other ancillary agreements, where appropriate. For example, the beginning of UFOC Item 9 reads: “Disclose the principal obligations of the franchisee under the franchise and other agreements after the signing of these agreements.” The express reference to “other agreements” and the use of the words “these agreements,” clearly indicate that the drafters directed franchisors to reference all applicable agreements. We see no compelling reason to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this point. Back to Citation
 468.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission found that a prospective franchisee’s ability to obtain sufficient funding on reasonable terms is a critical 
                            
                            element in determining whether to enter into a franchise relationship. Accordingly, it concluded that it is both unfair and deceptive for a franchisor to fail to disclose or misrepresent financing terms and conditions, and to fail to disclose rebates received in connection with franchise financing. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59659-60. Back to Citation
 469.
    
                             The disclosures required by Item 10 are modeled on the disclosures lenders make under the Federal Reserve’s Regulation M (Consumer Leasing),12 CFR Part 213, and Regulation Z (Truth in Lending), 12 CFR Part 226. Because these regulations cover personal property leases and credit transactions that are “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes,” however, they generally do not apply directly with respect to lease and financing transactions undertaken in connection with the purchase of a franchise. Sales of franchises generally are not undertaken to advance personal, family, or household purposes. The version of Item 10 proposed in the NPR, following Item 10 in the UFOC Guidelines, expressly referenced the Consumer Credit Protection Act’s Truth in Lending (“TILA”) provisions, 15 U.S.C. 1605-1606. While not intending to depart unnecessarily from the UFOC Guidelines, the Commission believes that this reference is potentially confusing, because the TILA likely does not apply to transactions within the scope of the amended Rule. Nevertheless, franchisors can look to TILA and to the Consumer Leasing Act for guidance in crafting their disclosures under Item 10. The Commission anticipates that staff Compliance Guides will illuminate this topic further. Back to Citation
 470.
    
                             It is worth noting that interest rates or finance charges may fluctuate between the time when the prospective purchaser receives the disclosure document and the time when he or she actually executes the financing agreement. Section 436.5(j)(1)(iv) requires disclosure of what the rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis, was on a specified recent date. In situations where the rate may change during the life of the loan, disclosure of this fact would be required under the catch-all requirement of section 436.5(j)(x), which calls for disclosure of “other material financing terms.” Of course, Item 22—section 436.5(v)—requires that any financing agreement be attached to the disclosure document, and the Item 10 disclosures merely summarize key terms. Back to Citation
 471.
    
                             The introduction to UFOC Item 10 makes clear that franchisors are permitted to provide this information in summary table format, and Appendix A to the final amended Rule offers a sample table. Back to Citation
 472.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 18. Back to Citation
 473.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 6-7. Back to Citation
 474.
    
                             The Commission will ensure that the Compliance Guides reiterate the point made here: nothing in Item 10 restricts the parties’ ability to negotiate over financing terms. Back to Citation
 475.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(17) and (18). The offer of business assistance is one of the hallmarks of a franchise system. In the original SBP, the Commission stated that promises of assistance made to induce prospective franchisees to purchase a franchise are material, especially to those prospects with “little or no experience at running a business.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59676-77. Back to Citation
 476.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 11. Back to Citation
 477.
    
                             Our law enforcement experience demonstrates that misrepresentation about the level of support and assistance is one of the most common problems in franchise cases. 
                            *See*
                             Staff Program Review, at 24-26 (next to earnings claims, support problems are the second most frequent issue raised by franchisee complainants). 
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Car Wash Guys Int’l, Inc.*, No. 00-8197 ABC (RNBx) (C.D. Cal. 2000); 
                            *FTC v. Indep. Travel Agencies of Am., Inc.*, No. 95-6137-CIV Gonzalez (S.D. Fla. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Sage Seminars, Inc.*, No. C-95-2854-SBA (N.D. Cal. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Skaife*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9555 (C.D. Cal. 1990). Indeed, misrepresentations about support and assistance continue to be a source of numerous franchisee complaints. For example, one franchisee-commenter reported that her outlet failed, in part, because the franchisor did not adhere to its own criteria in selecting a store. Based upon her experience, she asserted that it is very important to have full disclosure on site selection criteria. Lundquist, ANPR, 22Aug. 97 Tr., at 45. 
                            *See also*
                             Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 4; Mousey, ANPR, 29 July 97 Tr., at 4-7. Back to Citation
 478.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Car Checkers of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-623 (mlp) (D.N.J. 1993) (misrepresenting that advertising expenses would be minimal or low); 
                            *United States v. Fed. Energy Sys., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 8180 (C.D. Cal. 1984) (misrepresenting extent of company advertising assistance); 
                            *United States v. Ferrara Foods, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 7926 (W.D. Mo. 1983) (misrepresenting availability of national media advertising). The issue of advertising funds continues to generate concerns on the part of franchisees and their advocates. 
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 3 (favoring restrictions on franchisor’s unreasonable use of advertising funds); Manuszak, ANPR 13 (franchisor refuses to account for use of franchisees’ advertising funds); Weaver, ANPR 17 (no discretion on use of advertising funds); Rachide, ANPR 32 (mismanagement of advertising funds); Colenda, ANPR 71 (alleging inappropriate use of advertising payments); Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 5 (“A franchisor should be required to disclose the extent of its veto power over the allocation of 
                            
                            any franchisee-generated funds, such as advertising cooperatives.”). Back to Citation
 479.
    
                             In response to the ANPR, a few commenters voiced concerns about obligations to purchase computers or related equipment. 
                            *E.g.*, Fetzer, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 42 (needed to purchase a computer converter, an additional $7,000 expense); Rafizadeh, ANPR, 7 Nov. 97 Tr., at 292 (GNC unilaterally forcing franchisees to pay a new $80 monthly maintenance fee on computer equipment purchased from GNC). Back to Citation
 480.
    
                            *See*
                             NCA 7-Eleven Franchisees, ANPR 113, at 2 (noting 7-Eleven’s use of “point-of-sale” cash registers, which enable headquarters to monitor sales). Back to Citation
 481.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57338. Back to Citation
 482.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 13; J&G, NPR 32, at 11. Back to Citation
 483.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 15-16. Back to Citation
 484.
    
                             Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 2. In response to the Franchise NPR—which proposed adopting the UFOC Item 11’s detailed computer systems disclosures—H&H suggested that a franchisor should be required to disclose the specifications of any mandatory computer system to the extent known or available, observing that start-up franchisors may not have identified software systems before they start franchising. The firm suggested that a franchisor should be permitted to satisfy the Item 11 requirements by disclosing that specifications are not known or available. H&H, NPR 9, at 23. 
                            *Cf*. Bundy, NPR 18, at 9 (suggesting that a start-up franchisor disclose some guidelines it will follow in selecting a computer system). We agree. Accordingly, the Commission intends that, for start-up franchisors, the computer system disclosures of Item 11 should be read to allow flexibility: a start-up franchisor may indicate that computer requirements are yet unknown, or otherwise state its policy concerning computer usage, as is warranted. As Mr. Bundy noted, the lack of selected computer systems by the franchisor itself reveals material information: that the franchisor is not yet computerized, which may “plac[e] the franchisee at a disadvantage in many, if not most industries.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 9. Back to Citation
 485.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 137-38. It is noteworthy that NASAA has not opposed this substantive revision to Item 11 of the UFOC Guidelines. Back to Citation
 486.
    
                             Bundy, at 6-7. Back to Citation
 487.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 5 (
                            *citing*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 11, at B. vii.). Back to Citation
 488.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(13). In the original SBP, the Commission recognized that sales restrictions and limited territories affect a franchisee’s ability to conduct business and are, therefore, material. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59662. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Am. Legal Distrib., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1987-1989 Transfer Binder] ¶ 9090 (N.D. Ga. 1988); 
                            *United States v. C.D. Control Tech. Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 9851 (E.D.N.Y. 1985); 
                            *United States v. Fed. Energy Sys, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1983-85 Transfer Binder] ¶ 8180 (C.D. Cal. 1984); 
                            *FTC v. Nat’l Bus. Consultants, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9365 (E.D. La. 1989). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC v. Vendors Fin. Serv., Inc.*, No. 98-N-1832 (D. Colo. 1998); 
                            *FTC v. Int’l Computer Concepts, Inc.*, No. 1:94cv1678 (N.D. Ohio 1994); 
                            *FTC v. O’Rourke*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10243; 
                            *FTC v. Am. Safe Mktg., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9350 (N.D. Ga. 1989). Back to Citation
 489.
    
                             Specifically, Item 12 of the final amended Rule extends the original Rule by providing a prospective franchisee with material information about competition not only through outlets within the prospective franchisee’s intended location, but through alternative channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, and direct marketing. In the same vein, it addresses any restrictions on a franchisee’s ability to conduct business outside of his or her territory through traditional sales and alternative channels of distribution. The Staff Report recommended this modification to the proposed Rule. Staff Report, at 144-45. 
                            *See*
                             PRM&W, NPR 4, at 11 (supporting need to update the original Rule to address new technologies and marketing practices). Back to Citation
 490.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 2; Packer, ANPR 10; Manuszak, ANPR 13; Donafin, ANPR 14; Weaver, ANPR 17; Rachide, ANPR 32, at 3; AFA, ANPR 62, at 1; Orzano, ANPR 73; Buckley, ANPR 97, at 3; Marks, ANPR 107, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 2. Back to Citation
 491.
    
                             For example, Laurie Gaither, an owner of a GNC franchise, reported that the company opened a franchisor-owned outlet in a mall within two miles from her store. She claimed that this development has reduced her profits by 50%. L. Gaither, ANPR 68. Back to Citation
 492.
    
                            *E.g.*, AFA, ANPR 62, at 1 (putting up a new outlet to compete with an existing franchisee is an unfair trade practice); Bell, ANPR 30 (FTC needs to prohibit franchisors from devaluing assets through encroachment); Rachide, ANPR 32 (encroachment among practices that FTC should prohibit); Marks, ANPR 107 (FTC should consider prohibiting franchisor encroachment, unless franchisee compensated). Back to Citation
 493.
    
                             Absent an express grant of a protected territory, a franchisor is generally free to establish as many outlets (franchisor-owned or franchised) in any particular market as it wishes. A few state courts (or federal courts applying state law), however, have held that encroachment violates state implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *In re Vylene Enterprises, Inc.*, 90 F.3d 1472 (9th Cir. 1996). Back to Citation
 494.
    
                             As discussed above in the overview of the final rule above (section I.D. of this document), the Commission has voiced concern that government-mandated contractual terms may result in affirmative harm to consumer welfare. Accordingly, the Commission has authorized staff to file a number of advocacy comments recommending against proposed state bills that would have unduly limited manufacturers in managing their distribution systems, such as by requiring exclusive territories. Back to Citation
 495.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Program Review, at 59. Back to Citation
 496.
    
                             One commenter in the Rule amendment proceeding advocated broadening the scope of the Rule to require more expanded disclosures covering competition by affiliates, the franchisor’s officers, and franchise sellers. Bundy, NPR 18, at 9. In the absence of persuasive record evidence that competition by franchisor officers or sellers is a prevalent problem, however, the Commission has determined not to deviate from the UFOC Guidelines on this issue. Back to Citation
 497.
    
                             Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B. 
                            *See also*
                             Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 4 (“Explicit statements about the nature and extent of protection against same-brand competition that will or will not be provided is essential to an informed buying decision.”). Back to Citation
 498.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 23. Back to Citation
 499.
    
                            *Id*. 
                            *See also*
                             Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2; Baer, NPR 11, at 13 ; Lewis, NPR 15, at 15; BI, NPR 28, at 11; J&G, NPR 32, at 12; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 6. Back to Citation
 500.
    
                             UFOC Item 12C (emphasis added). Back to Citation
 501.
    
                            *E.g.*, Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2. Back to Citation
 502.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57339. Back to Citation
 503.
    
                             BI, NPR 28, at 6 (“[E]xclusive . . . is ambiguous and often misleading.”). Back to Citation
 504.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 505.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 19. Back to Citation
 506.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 19. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 12. Back to Citation
 507.
    
                            *Id*. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 12. Back to Citation
 508.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, UFOC Item 12 (“Describe any exclusive territory granted the franchisee. Concerning the franchisee’s location (with or without exclusive territory, disclose . . .”). 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA Comparison at Item 12. Back to Citation
 509.
    
                             In response to the Staff Report, no commenters raised any concerns about the recommended choice of terminology used in Item 12. Back to Citation
 510.
    
                             This language, with minor editing, was suggested by PMR&W, which observed that the proposed version of the warning focused only on sales from outlets. PMR&W argued convincingly that such a warning could be misleading because it fails to take into consideration competition from other sources, such as the Internet, direct mail, and mail order. PMR&W, NPR 4, at 11. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 12; IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 3. Back to Citation
 511.
    
                             Indeed, several franchisee advocates urged the Commission to strengthen the existing UFOC Guidelines’ encroachment risk factor. For example, Robert Zarco suggested that franchisors be required to state: “The company reserves the right to increase the number of franchised or company-owned units in an area. In the past, we have been known to put another outlet in close proximity to an existing unit. This action generally has a negative impact on the gross and/or net sales of the pre-existing unit.” Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 3 (suggesting: “You have no protected area. Your franchisor, without any compensation to you, may place another store in a location that may completely erode your profitability.”). Back to Citation
 512.
    
                            *E.g.*, Brown, ANPR 4, at 2; Parker, ANPR 10; Manusak, ANPR 13, at 1; Donaphin, ANPR 14; Weaver, ANPR 17; Rachide, ANPR 32, at 3; AFA, ANPR 62, at 1; L. Gaither, ANPR 68; Orzano, ANPR 73, at 1; Buckely, ANPR 97, at 3; Marks, ANPR 107, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 2; Vidulich, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 17; Christiano, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 50; Bundy, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 135; Cordell, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 136; Kezios, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 142. 
                            *See also FTC v. Fax Corp. of Am., Inc.*, No. 90-983 (D. N.J. 1990); 
                            *FTC v. Nat’l Bus. Consultants, Inc.*, No. 89-1740 (E.D. La.1989); 
                            *FTC v. Am. Legal Distrib., Inc.*, No. 1:89-CV-462-RLV (N.D. Ga. 1989). Back to Citation
 513.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(1)(iii). Back to Citation
 514.
    
                             In the original SBP, for example, the Commission noted that a key feature of franchising is the right to use the franchisor’s trademark. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59623. Back to Citation
 515.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 9. Back to Citation
 516.
    
                             On this issue, the UFOC Guidelines specifically note that a franchisor need not disclose historical challenges to registrations of trademarks that were resolved in the franchisor’s favor. UFOC Guidelines, Item 13B Instructions, iv. Back to Citation
 517.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57339. Back to Citation
 518.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 17. Back to Citation
 519.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57339. Back to Citation
 520.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 13B Instructions, v. Back to Citation
 521.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57339. Back to Citation
 522.
    
                             Arguing that many prospective franchisees would not understand the standard disclosure prescribed in the Franchise NPR’s proposed Rule—particularly the phrase “presumptive legal rights”—the Staff Report recommended that the Commission simplify it. The simplified version recommended by staff, however, was criticized by two commenters on the ground that it was not entirely accurate from a legal standpoint. Gust Rosenfeld, at 6; Piper Rudnick, at 2. The version adopted here corrects the problems pointed out by these commenters. Back to Citation
 523.
    
                             Restrictions on the use of the franchisor’s intellectual property are material because they not only may seriously diminish the value of the franchise, but could undermine the franchisee’s ability to operate the business. Item 14 also may improve the relationship between franchisors and franchisees by preventing any misunderstanding about the value or use of the franchisors’ intellectual property. Back to Citation
 524.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA Comparison, at 20. Back to Citation
 525.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(14). In the original SBP, the Commission noted that the degree of personal participation required of a franchisee is a material fact in the franchise relationship. Accordingly, the omission of such information is an unfair or deceptive practice in violation of Section 5. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59663. Back to Citation
 526.
    
                             NASAA, at 5; WA Securities, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 527.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 4. Back to Citation
 528.
    
                             NASAA, at 5; WA Securities, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 529.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(13). In the original SBP, the Commission recognized that sales restrictions are material because they can limit the scope of the franchisee’s market and ultimately the franchisee’s profitability. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59661. The sales restriction disclosures are comparable to other Commission trade regulation disclosures concerning restrictions on the use of goods and services. 
                            *E.g.*, Telemarketing Sales Rule, 16 CFR 310.3(a)(1) (requiring disclosure of all material restrictions, limitations, or conditions to purchase, receive, or use the goods or services); Negative Option Rule, 16 CFR 425.1(a)(1)(ii) (requiring disclosure of post-sale minimum purchase requirements); Disclosure of Warranty Terms and Conditions, 16 CFR 701.3(a)(8) (requiring material disclosures of limitations and exclusions on warranty coverage). Back to Citation
 530.
    
                             The final amended Item 16 is reorganized for greater precision and uses more precise language. For example, the final amended Item 16 eliminates a redundancy in the Franchise NPR regarding the disclosure of any restrictions on customers, which appeared in both the introduction to the Item (disclose . . . any franchisor-imposed restrictions . . . that limit the franchisee’s customers) and in the main text (disclose . . . any restrictions on the franchisee’s customers). The final amended Item 16 also uses more precise language, substituting “disclose [any restrictions] . . . that limit access to customers,” rather than the Franchise NPR’s inaccurate language “any restrictions on the franchisee’s customers.” Back to Citation
 531.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(15) (requiring franchisors to describe 14 categories of terms and conditions). Back to Citation
 532.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission stated that the terms and conditions of the franchise relationship—such as those governing transfers, renewals, and terminations—are material because they “may limit what the franchisee may do with his or her capital asset.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59664. Given the length and complexity of the typical franchise agreement, prospective franchisees may overlook, or do not fully appreciate, such terms and conditions. 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 533.
    
                             For example, the AFA stated: “‘Renewal’ is a misnomer. ‘Re-license,’ ‘rewrite’ or even ‘re-franchise’ is a more accurate description of what actually happens at the end of the initial contract term. Most franchisees find that when it is time to ‘renew,’ they are not ‘renewing’ their existing franchise agreement, but are entering into a wholly new franchise agreement, often with materially different financial and operational terms. They are presented these ‘renewal’ contracts on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis and are under enormous coercion pressures to sign—especially if the old agreement contains a post-termination covenant not to compete. This is truly ‘holding a gun to the head’ of the ‘renewing’ franchisee.” AFA, ANPR 62, at 2. Back to Citation
 534.
    
                            *E.g.*, AFA, NPR 14, at 5; Bundy, NPR 18, at 4; Karp, NPR 24, at 20-21; Morrell, NPR 31, at 2; Bores, ANPR 9, at 1; Rachide, ANPR 32; Chabot, 
                            
                            ANPR 37; Rich, ANPR 65; Orzano, ANPR 73; Geiderman, ANPR 131; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 83; Chiodo, ANPR, 21 Nov. 97 Tr., at 303-04. Back to Citation
 535.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 30. Back to Citation
 536.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 13. Back to Citation
 537.
    
                             Tricon, NPR 34, at 6-7. Back to Citation
 538.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 13. 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 7. Back to Citation
 539.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 15-16. 
                            *See also*
                             NaturaLawn, NPR 26, at 2. Back to Citation
 540.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 7. Similarly, the AFA urged the Commission to adopt the following warning: “You do not own your own business. You are leasing the rights to sell our goods/services to the public under our trade name. At the end of your initial [number of years] term, your current contract will expire [terminate]. You will have the choice of signing a new contract written by us at the time of expiration [termination]. The new contract will be written by us with no input from you and will contain materially different financial and operational terms.” AFA, NPR 14, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             Bundy, at 7; Bundy, NPR 18, at 5 (urging the Commission to require franchisors to disclose the consequences of renewal). Back to Citation
 541.
    
                             In response to the Staff Report, Spandorf opined that Item 17 as recommended by staff was still confusing, asserting that it could mean that a franchisor would have to make the statement about renewal even if the franchisor does not offer renewals. Spandorf, at 7. We do not believe this is a serious concern. Item 17 clearly states that franchisors need only address those issues listed in Item 17 if applicable. “If a particular item is not applicable, state ‘Not Applicable.’” Back to Citation
 542.
    
                             One example of a renewal explanation may be: “If you seek to renew your franchise agreement upon expiration, know that royalty payments and the size of your exclusive territory may change” or “Upon expiration, you will renegotiate the terms and conditions of your contract. Be aware that these terms and conditions may be different from those in your original agreement.” Back to Citation
 543.
    
                             Section 436.5(q)(3). Back to Citation
 544.
    
                             In response to the Staff Report, Howard Bundy urged the Commission to adopt a negative disclosure whenever a franchisor does not offer renewal on the same exact terms as the original agreement: “We do not give you the right to renew or extend your franchise on the same terms as your current franchise agreement. You should consult your franchise attorney about the consequences of this.” Bundy, at 7. We believe the Item 17 requirement that franchisors explain what they mean by “renewal” is sufficient to address this concern. Back to Citation
 545.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission stated that this information is material because it helps prospective franchisees understand the extent of any financial and managerial commitments from the public figure, as well as any obligations to the public figure. Prospective franchisees can then decide for themselves whether an association with a public figure is valuable to them. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59677-78. Back to Citation
 546.
    
                             For example, Item 18 of the Franchise NPR used the language: “Disclose . . . any compensation 
                            *paid*
                             or promised to the public figure.” The final amended Rule substitutes the word “given” for “paid,” recognizing that a public figure may be “given” tangible benefits, such as a car, not just a cash payment. Accordingly, the term “given” is more precise and broader. The final amended Rule also improves the organization of Item 18. As proposed in the Franchise NPR, Item 18 included the definition of “public figure” upfront, where it interrupted the flow of the basic disclosure requirements. Accordingly, Item 18 of the final amended Rule is easier to read. Back to Citation
 547.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 18. Howard Bundy agreed, proposing instead that the space be used for more important issues: “It would make more sense to elevate the renewal issue, the gag order issue, and the integration clause issue, and perhaps even the arbitration clause issue to full Item status and move the public figure information elsewhere.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 10. Of the franchisees who participated in the Rule amendment proceedings, only one voiced concerns about a public figure. Dianne Mousley purchased a Mike Schmidt’s Philadelphia Hoagies franchise, in part based upon the representation that Mike Schmidt, a former baseball player, would be actively involved in the franchise system. However, Ms. Mousley’s primary concerns did not involve Mr. Schmidt. Rather, she complained about delays in constructing the store and lack of promised training and support. 
                            *See generally*
                             Mousley, 29 July 97 Tr., at 1-32. Back to Citation
 548.
    
                             In the original SBP, the Commission found that one of the most frequent abuses occurring in the marketing of franchises is the use of deceptive past and potential franchise sales, income, and profits claims. Indeed, the Commission stated that the “use of deceptive and inaccurate profit and loss statements by franchisors has resulted in a legion of ‘horror stories.’” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59684. Back to Citation
 549.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.(1)(b)(2); 436.(1)(c)(2); 436.1(e)(2); UFOC Guidelines, Item 19A. Back to Citation
 550.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(3); 436.1(c)(3); 436.1(e)(5)(i); UFOC Guidelines, Item 19B. Back to Citation
 551.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(4); 436.1(c)(5); 436.1(e)(5)(iii); UFOC Guidelines, Item 19B Instructions, (c). Back to Citation
 552.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(d). Back to Citation
 553.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(1); 436.1(c)(1). Back to Citation
 554.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(c)(4); 436.1(e)(2). Back to Citation
 555.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 19 Instructions i. Back to Citation
 556.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 19 Instructions ii. Back to Citation
 557.
    
                             The greatest difference between Item 19 as proposed in the Franchise NPR and Item 19 in the final amended Rule is the elimination of the GAAP requirement, discussed in greater detail, 
                            *infra*. Back to Citation
 558.
    
                             Piper Rudnick’s comment on the Staff Report raised an issue on a separate topic that the Commission has decided to address. The firm noted that there is a problem with section 436.5(s)(3)(ii)(A) as proposed in the Franchise NPR (and as recommended in the Staff Report). Specifically, that provision required that the material bases for a financial performance representation include a statement of “the degree of competition in the market area.” Piper Rudnick observed that there may be no single “market.” If national performance claims are made, it would be extremely difficult to describe the “market.” As a result, franchisors are likely to adopt “some meaningless boilerplate” to comply. Accordingly, the firm recommended dropping the entire quoted phrase. Piper Rudnick, at 3. The Commission has carefully considered this point, and has determined that competition is a factor that may impact upon a prospective franchisee’s ability to achieve represented financial performance. A reference to competition generally, therefore, is warranted. Nevertheless, the phrase “market area” may be so problematic as to render the particular disclosure element meaningless, as the firm predicts. Therefore section 436.5(s)(3)(ii)(A) of Item 19 as adopted refers simply to “degree of competition,” without reference to a “market area.” Back to Citation
 559.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR 57309-10. Back to Citation
 560.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 19. Back to Citation
 561.
    
                            *E.g.*, AFA, at 2; Bundy, at 7-8; Karp, at 3; Selden, at 2; Haff, at 2; Blumenthal, at 1. Back to Citation
 562.
    
                             Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 100-03. Quoting several business texts, Mr. Karp asserted that historical financial performance information is critical to any evaluation of a business. Internal Revenue Service Ruling 59-60, Item D, for example, provides that: “detailed profit and loss statements should be obtained and considered for a representative period immediately prior to the required date of appraisal, preferably five or more years.” According to Mr. Karp, the failure of franchisors to disclose historical performance information deprives prospects of material information that is essential in evaluating the franchise offering. Back to Citation
 563.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 159-60; ANPR, 62 FR at 9118. 
                            *See also*
                             Brown, ANPR 4, at 4; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 8; Purvin, ANPR 79; Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 1-2; Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 1-2; and Selden, ANPR 133, at 1-2 and Appendix C; Lundquist, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 46-47. Back to Citation
 564.
    
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 161-62. 
                            *E.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 6; Duvall, ANPR 19, at 2; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 7; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 5; Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 3 (suggesting that a typical franchisor would be hard-pressed to generate financial performance information without “very extensive and significant effort.”). In addition, a few commenters urged the Commission to coordinate its financial performance disclosure policy with NASAA to promote uniformity. For example, John Tifford stated: “Federal and state regulators must develop a coherent and compatible earnings claim policy in order to ensure that franchisors will not be exposed to risks caused by inconsistent and uncoordinated federal and state policies.” Tifford, ANPR 78, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             AFA, ANPR 62, at 4; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 2; IFA, ANPR 82, at 3. On the other hand, Cendant, representing several major franchise systems, suggested that the FTC prohibit states from mandating financial performance disclosures by preempting the field. Cendant, ANPR 140, at 2. Back to Citation
 565.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Minuteman Press, Int’l*, 93-CV-2494 (DRH) (E.D.N.Y.) (1998 Order) (finding that the making of false gross sales and profit representations to prospective franchisees was pervasive in the Minuteman and Speedy Sign-A-Rama franchise systems). 
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Car Wash Guys, Int’l*, No. 00-8197 ABD (RNBx) (C.D. Cal. 2000); 
                            *FTC v. Tower Cleaning Sys., Inc.*, No. 96 58 44 (E.D. Pa. 1996); 
                            *FTC v. Majors Med. Supply*, No. 96-8753-Zloch (S.D. Fla. 1996); 
                            *FTC v. Indep. Travel Agencies of Am., Inc.*, No. 95-6137-CIV-Gonzalez (S.D. Fla. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Mortgage Serv. Assoc., Inc.*, No. 395-CV-1362 (AVC) (D. Conn. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Robbins Research Int’l, Inc.*, No. 95-CV-627-H(AJB) (S.D. Cal. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Sage Seminars, Inc.*, No. C-95-2854-SBA (N.D. Cal. 1995). 
                            *See generally*
                             Vidulich, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 18-19; Marks, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 2-3; Fetzer, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 40-41. Back to Citation
 566.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Bortner, ANPR 37, at 3; NASAA, ANPR 43, at 3. Back to Citation
 567.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(1); 436.1(c)(1). The original Rule’s geographic relevance prerequisite was designed to ensure that a financial performance representation was reasonable in light of the opportunity being offered for sale. In short, geographic relevance “helps to ensure that the representation reflects what the franchisee is likely to achieve.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59691. Back to Citation
 568.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines, for example, permit a franchisor selling a franchise in Florida to disclose that franchised outlets in urban areas of Oregon and Washington have averaged a specific profit level. In contrast, the original Rule barred such a performance claim because such claim is not geographically relevant to the prospective franchisee’s territory—Florida. Back to Citation
 569.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57310. Back to Citation
 570.
    
                             Item 19B ii of the UFOC Guidelines instructions requires “a concise summary of the basis for the claim including a statement of whether the claim is based upon actual experience of franchised units and, if so, the 
                            *percentage of franchised outlets in operation for the period covered by the earnings claims that have actually attained or surpassed the stated results*.” The original Rule did not include any counterpart requirement. The original Rule contained the same broad number and percentage requirements only for financial performance claims made in the general media. 16 CFR 436.1(e)(5)(ii). Back to Citation
 571.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(b)(5)(i); 16 CFR 436.1(c)(6)(i). Back to Citation
 572.
    
                             This approach to financial performance substantiation, as proposed in the Franchise NPR and recommended in the Staff Report, prompted few comments from any of the participants in this proceeding. Back to Citation
 573.
    
                            *See*
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 6 (supporting option of marking financial performance representations based upon sub-group data). Back to Citation
 574.
    
                             “[T]he omission of the geographic relevancy requirement represents the removal of a substantial impediment to franchisors who might wish to provide financial performance data to prospective franchisees, because it will lower the obstacles to, and cost of, compiling the data necessary to produce a meaningful representation. We believe it is unlikely to have any material effect on the quality of such representation, as geographic relevancy is often quite attenuated.” BI, NPR 28, at 11. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 13. Back to Citation
 575.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 7. Back to Citation
 576.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 14. Back to Citation
 577.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 11. 
                            *But see*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4 (suggesting that these provisions may deter the dissemination of financial performance information). Back to Citation
 578.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(c)(4) and 436.1(e)(2). The Commission adopted the original GAAP requirement to address concerns about the validity of franchisee financial statements used by franchisors to make historical financial performance representations. Not only may some franchisees understate profits, but each could have his or her own accounting system. “Differences between franchisees also occur due to such factors as variations in the drawing accounts of principals, fringe benefits of principals, salaries charged to income, and preparation of statements on a cash rather than an accrual basis.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59691. To minimize the potential dangers inherent in using franchisee performance data, the Commission determined that historical performance claims and the data underlying them must have been prepared according to GAAP. Back to Citation
 579.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57341, note 13: “If a financial performance representation is a representation concerning historical financial performance or if historical financial performance data are used as the basis for a forecast of future earnings, the historical data must be prepared according to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.” Back to Citation
 580.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             Bundy, at 7; Gust Rosenfeld, at 6; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 12; H&H, NPR 9, at 13; NFC, NPR 12, at 31; Lewis, NPR 15, at 15; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 3; J&G, NPR 32, at 7; Marriott, NPR 35, at 12; IL AG, Rebuttal NPR 38, at 5. Based on the comments, particularly those submitted by NASAA, the Staff Report recommended elimination of the GAAP requirement. Staff Report, at 166-67. Back to Citation
 581.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR 57311 and 57341. Slight wording changes have been made to improve overall clarity and consistency, and the sentence “If you are purchasing an existing outlet, however, we may provide you with the actual records of that outlet,” to conform with the Rule’s substantive liberalization on this point. Back to Citation
 582.
    
                            *E.g.*, Bundy, at 7; CA BLS, ANPR 124, at 1; Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             H&H, ANPR 28, at 8; SBA Advocacy, ANPR 36, at 8; AFA, ANPR 62, at 5; Purlin, ANPR 79, at 2; Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 5. Back to Citation
 583.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Minuteman Press, Int’l*, No. 93-CV-2494 (DRH) (E.D.N.Y. 1998). 
                            *See also*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57311; ANPR, 62 FR at 9118. Back to Citation
 584.
    
                             The first preamble reads: “The FTC’s Franchise Rule permits a franchisor to provide information about the actual or potential financial performance of its franchised and/or franchisor-owned outlets, if there is a reasonable basis for the information, and if the information is included in the disclosure document. Financial performance information that differs from that included in Item 19 may be given only if: (1) a franchisor provides the actual records of an existing outlet you are considering buying; or (2) a franchisor supplements the information provided in this Item 19, for example, by providing information about possible performance at a particular location or under particular circumstances.” Back to Citation
 585.
    
                             The second preamble reads: “We do not make any representations about a franchisee’s future financial performance or the past financial performance of company-owned or franchised outlets. We also do not authorize our employees or representatives to make any such representations either orally or in writing. If you are purchasing an existing outlet, however, we may provide you with the actual records of that outlet. If you receive any other financial performance information or projections of your future income, you should report it to the franchisor’s management by contacting [name and address], the Federal Trade Commission, and the appropriate state regulatory agencies.” Back to Citation
 586.
    
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 3. Several commenters confirmed that such misrepresentations are prevalent and urged the Commission to clarify the Rule to combat them. For example, the CA BLS stated: “Franchisees have reported to certain members of the California Franchise Legislative Committee that franchisor salespersons informed them during the pre-sale discussions in the offer and sale of a franchise that the FTC Rule prohibited them from making earnings claims. Based on these reports, we agree that there is a need to clarify the Rule to make clear that neither the Commission nor the Rule prohibits franchisors from making earnings representations.” CA BLS, ANPR 124, at 1. Peter Lagarias, a franchisee representative, similarly told us: “I am personally aware of franchisors (and sometimes even their lawyers) stating that earnings claims are forbidden by the Commission’s Rule. The Commission should clarify in the Rule that the franchisor could elect to make earnings claims but has elected not to make earnings claims.” Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 4. Back to Citation
 587.
    
                             7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             IFA, NPR 22, at 11; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 17; H&H, ANPR 28, at 8; Duvall, ANPR 19, at 2; Jeffers, ANPR 116; CA BLS, ANPR 124, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 6. 
                            *But see*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 7 (admonition to 
                            
                            prospective franchisees to notify the FTC and an appropriate state agency of an unauthorized earnings claim seems a bit excessive). Back to Citation
 588.
    
                             Karp, at 3. In the same vein, Howard Bundy would strengthen the second preamble to read: “Financial Performance Information is material to any decision to invest. [Franchisor] does not provide you with Financial Performance Information. The absence of such information makes it very difficult for you to estimate your prospects of success in the business. You should proceed with caution and consult your franchise attorney and other business advisors.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 10. Back to Citation
 589.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(16). In the original SBP, the Commission explained that the required statistical information gives prospective franchisees material information about the size of the franchise system they are contemplating joining and goes to the prospect’s likelihood of success. “Providing a prospective franchisee with an accurate statement of the number of units operated by his or her franchisor will convey information relating to the financial success of the particular franchise business since the franchisee’s ultimate success depends in large measure on public recognition of the franchisor’s name.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59670. 
                            *See also*
                             ANPR, 62 FR at 9118. In addition, the disclosure of contact information for current franchisees prevents fraud by arming prospects with a valuable alternative source of information with which to verify franchisor’s representations. 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 590.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 20B. Back to Citation
 591.
    
                             Current and former franchisees often have widely different experiences. For that reason, in 
                            *Blenheim Expositions, Inc.*, 120 FTC 1078 (1995), the Commission challenged as a violation of Section 5, franchisee success claims based upon a Gallup Poll study of current franchisees only. Back to Citation
 592.
    
                             The UFOC Guidelines require the disclosure of names, last known home address, and telephone number of each franchisee who left the system within the last fiscal year. UFOC Guidelines, Item 20E. The purpose of the disclosure is to reduce fraud by enabling prospective franchisees to learn about the nature of the franchise system and, most important, the nature of the franchise relationship from those who recently exited the system, voluntarily or involuntarily. To reduce inconsistencies between with the UFOC Guidelines, the Franchise NPR followed the same approach. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57343. As explained below, however, Item 20, as proposed in the Franchise NPR, would require the disclosure of personal information, raising privacy concerns. For that reason, the Commission has adopted a more limited approach in the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 593.
    
                             The provision does not require franchisors to disclose the existence of broad-based organizations that represent franchisee interests generally, such as the American Franchisee Association, the American Association of Franchisees & Dealers, or the International Franchise Association. Back to Citation
 594.
    
                             The problems with the UFOC Guidelines’ Item 20 first surfaced during the Rule review that preceded initiation of the rule amendment proceeding. Simon, RR Tr., at 223-24; Maxey, RR Tr., at 224-25. To develop a record on this issue, the ANPR solicited comment on whether UFOC Guidelines Item 20 accurately reflects franchisees’ performance history and, if it does not, how the Commission could modify the Item 20 disclosures to reflect performance history more accurately. ANPR, 62 FR at 9116. In response to the ANPR, several commenters confirmed that Item 20 results in “double-counting” of franchise turnover rates. 
                            *E.g.*, H&H, ANPR 28, at 6; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 2; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 4; IFA, ANPR 82, at 2; Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3; Karp, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 91. Accordingly, in the Franchise NPR, the Commission attempted to address the identified problems with the UFOC version. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57342-44. However, commenters criticized proposed Item 20 of the Franchise NPR as inadequate to solve the problem. 
                            *E.g.*, IL AG, NPR 3, at 7; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 13-14; H&H, NPR 9, at 19; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 4; NASAA, NPR 17, at 5; Karp, NPR 24, at 11; Frandata, NPR 29, at 10. At that time, NASAA, in consultation with an Industry Advisory Committee, developed a comprehensive revamping of Item 20, which it submitted in its Franchise NPR comments. NASAA, NPR 17, at 5-10. Several additional commenters either submitted the same proposal or endorsed the NASAA proposal. PMR&W, NPR 4, at 14-66 and Exhibit A; NPC, NPR 12, at 31-32; Frandata, NPR 29, at 11. The Staff Report recommended adoption of NASAA’s suggested revamping of Item 20. Staff Report, at 180. No Staff Report comments offered further criticism of the staff’s recommendation for revising Item 20. Back to Citation
 595.
    
                            *E.g.*, H&H, ANPR 28, at 6; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 2; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 4; IFA, ANPR 82, at 2; Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 91; Simon, RR, Sept.95 Tr., at 223-24. Back to Citation
 596.
    
                            *See*
                             UFOC Item 20D. 
                            *See also*
                             Wieczorek, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 31. Back to Citation
 597.
    
                             For a detailed discussion of this issue, see Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57312; Staff Report, at 173-77. Back to Citation
 598.
    
                             While the UFOC Item 20 instructions provide that the franchisor can add footnotes to clarify the numbers, the use of multiple explanatory footnotes removes the benefit of presenting information in a readily accessible tabular format. In addition, prospective franchisees may not read or fully appreciate the import of the footnotes. 
                            *See*
                             Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 6-7 (“If the [Item 20] information becomes too complicated, the potential franchisee will not know how to interpret the data and thus, derive no benefit from the increased efforts at meaningful disclosure.”). Back to Citation
 599.
    
                             Staff Report, at 48-53. The definitions of the terms “transfer” and “reacquisition” are the same as those proposed in the Franchise NPR, with minor reorganization for clarity. The definitions of the terms “termination” and “non-renewal,” however, have been revised for greater precision. Specifically, the Franchise NPR defined the terms “termination” and “non-renewal” as occurring when the franchisor sends out an “unconditional notice of intent” to exercise its rights to terminate or not to renew, respectively. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57343. One commenter noted, however, that these proposed definitions are inaccurate, noting that “intent to exercise” rights does not “necessarily result in the completion of the event.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 13. The Commission agrees. In addition, the final amended Rule deletes the proposed definition for “cancellation”—which would have been similar to the definition for “termination”—because the “cancellation” reporting category has been deleted from Item 20 because it is duplicative of other reporting categories (termination, non-renewal, or ceased operations). No commenters raised any concerns in response to the Staff Report’s revised definitions of the terms “termination” and “non-renewal.” Back to Citation
 600.
    
                             Three commenters suggested that the Commission address double-counting by adding additional reporting categories to the Item 20 disclosure. For example, Robert Zarco recommended that the Commission create multiple categories to capture various combinations of ownership changes. Transfers, for instance, would be divided into four distinct categories: (1) transfers by the franchisee to the franchisor; (2) transfers by franchisees to the franchisor, but ultimately re-franchised; (3) transfers by franchisee directly to new franchisee; and (4) transfers by franchisee directly to new franchisee more than once. Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 6-7. 
                            *See also*
                             Karp, ANPR 136 (suggesting that the Commission add columns for newly developed outlets and outlets converted from franchisor-owned, as well as distinguish between units not renewed by franchisor and units not renewed by franchisee). Similarly, the AFA recommended that franchisors create as many categories as needed to capture all combinations of ownership changes that might occur at each outlet during the course of the year. For example, a termination followed by a transfer to a new owner would be reported as a “termination and transfer,” while a termination followed by a reacquisition to the franchisor and then a transfer to a new franchisee would be reported as a “termination, reacquisition, transfer.” AFA, ANPR 62, at 3. Another franchisor representative opined that most double-counting problems are attributable to the inclusion of transfers and reacquisitions in the table summarizing the status of franchised outlets. He advised that transfers and reacquisitions usually follow an initial closing, such as a termination or non-renewal. He suggested that transfers and reacquisitions—which are the consequence of an outlet closure—be offset from the outlet closing statistics. To that end, he proposed that transfers be removed from the main body of the franchisee statistics table and placed in a separate column located on the side of the franchisee statistics table. Further, he suggested that reacquisitions should be moved to the second Item 20 table concerning franchisor-owned outlets. Wieczorek, ANPR 122, at 3-4. Mr. Wieczorek attached sample tables for the Commission’s consideration. 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 601.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 5-10. Back to Citation
 602.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 6; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 14-66 and Exhibit A; NFC, NPR 12, at 31-32; Frandata, NPR 29, at 11. Back to Citation
 603.
    
                             The instructions to Table No. 1—section 436.5(t)(1)—defines “outlet” to include “outlets of a type substantially similar to that offered to the prospective franchisee.” Piper Rudnick urged the Commission to clarify the phrase “substantially similar” further in the Compliance Guides. Specifically, the firm recommended that “substantially similar” should be limited to where the outlet does “business under the same trademark and system.” Piper Rudnick, at 6. We disagree. Section 436.5(t)(1)’s “substantially similar” outlet disclosure serves an important anti-fraud purpose, ensuring that a franchise system does not simply sell outlets under a new name in order to hide a poor growth record or high turnover history. For that reason, the focus of the disclosure is properly on the similarities between the goods or services sold at the outlets, not the name under which the outlets conduct business. Back to Citation
 604.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 8. Back to Citation
 605.
    
                             To reduce double-counting, Item 20 specifies that multiple events are to be reported using a “last-in-time” approach. 
                            *See*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 13-14. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 5-10; Frandata, NPR 29, at 11. During the Rule amendment proceeding, other commenters offered other options, such as a “first-in-time” approach, or establishing an order of priority among events. We are persuaded that a last-in-time approach is appropriate, for the reasons noted in the PMR&W comment: “A last-in-time prioritization is appropriate for at least three reasons: (1) it allows for an easily ascertainable confirmation of the event; (2) it represents a fact, rather than an intention (
                            *e.g.*, a termination notice) or a proposal (
                            *e.g.*, a transfer rather than request); (3) in dispute situations, it labels the event in a manner consistent with the parties’ settlement of their dispute.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 13-14. Back to Citation
 606.
    
                             The instructions accompanying Table No. 3 include the statement that the franchisor must, in column 8 of the table, “state the total number of outlets in each state not operating as one of the franchisor’s outlets at the end of each fiscal year for reasons other than termination, non-renewal, or reacquisition by the franchisor.” Back to Citation
 607.
    
                             Karp, at 4; Karp, NPR 24, at 14-19. Back to Citation
 608.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines Item 20 E. In contrast, the comparable provision of the original Rule required the disclosure of only the 
                            *number*
                             of franchisees who left the system within the last fiscal year. 16 CFR 436.1(a)(16). Back to Citation
 609.
    
                             No commenter—including current and former franchisees—raised any privacy concerns during the course of the Rule amendment proceeding. Accordingly, this was not addressed in the Staff Report. Back to Citation
 610.
    
                             In contrast, the disclosure of current franchisees’ contact information is limited to their business address and business telephone number. Back to Citation
 611.
    
                             This approach is similar to the proposed disclosure of current business opportunity buyers’ contact information in recently published Business Opportunity Rule Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 71 FR 19054, 19071 (Apr. 12, 2006). Back to Citation
 612.
    
                             This modifies slightly the version of Item 20 set forth in the Staff Report, which stated: “If a franchisor is selling an existing franchised outlet, disclose the following additional information . . .” Staff Report, at 181 and proposed revised Rule, 64 FR at 57342-44. Two commenters correctly noted that this language is ambiguous because ordinarily a franchisor does not sell an existing franchised outlet. Rather, a franchisor may sell an outlet in its control that was previously owned by a franchisee. Wiggin & Dana, at 3; J&G, at 6. We agree. This provision applies only where the franchisor has reacquired or otherwise gained control of an outlet. It would not apply where an existing franchisee merely asks for the franchisor’s assistance in transferring an outlet to a new owner. Back to Citation
 613.
    
                             As discussed in the previous section in connection with the disclosure of contact information for former franchisees, the disclosure of contact information for former franchisees of a specific outlet differs from the Franchise NPR proposal to address privacy issues. To protect the privacy of former franchisee-owners of a specific outlet, the amended Item 20 requires the disclosure of only the name, city and state, business telephone number, or, if unknown, last known home telephone number of the former franchisee-owners. Back to Citation
 614.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 7. 
                            *See also*
                             Singler, at 1. This provision also complements Item 19 provision that permits a franchisor to provide supplemental financial performance information about a specific unit being offered for sale. In order to prevent misrepresentation, a prospective franchisee should be able to speak with former owners of a specific unit being offered for sale when a franchisor provides financial performance information about that specific unit. Back to Citation
 615.
    
                             We note that the Staff Report urged the Commission to adopt a three-year reporting period, while the text of the proposed revised Rule attached to the Staff Report stated a five-year reporting period. 
                            *Compare*
                             Staff Report, at 181 
                            *with*
                             proposed revised Rule, at 56. Some commenters urged the Commission to adopt a three year reporting period, Wiggin & Dana, at 3, while others said that even a five-year period is insufficient to “discern the most egregious trends”). Singler, at 2. We are convinced that a three-year reporting period is too short to expose a trend of specific unit sales. For example, a single unit could be resold three times: once immediately before a three-year reporting period, a second time during a three-year period, and a third time immediately after the three-year period. In such a scenario, a three-year reporting period would capture only one resale. We believe a five-year reporting period strikes the right balance between ensuring material disclosure and reducing compliance burdens. Back to Citation
 616.
    
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 4; J&G, at 6. Back to Citation
 617.
    
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 4. Back to Citation
 618.
    
                             Indeed, this approach is consistent with UFOC Guidelines Item 19, which permits franchisors who have made an Item 19 financial performance disclosure to provide prospective franchisees with supplemental data “directed to a particular location or circumstance, apart from the [disclosure document.]” UFOC Guidelines, Item 19A, Instructions (ii). Back to Citation
 619.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57312-14. As set forth in the definitions section, the term “confidentiality clause” means “any contract, order, or settlement provision that directly or indirectly restricts a current or former franchisee from discussing his or her personal experience as a franchisee in the franchisor’s system with any prospective franchisee. It does not include clauses that protect franchisor’s trademarks or other proprietary information.” Section 436.1(c). Back to Citation
 620.
    
                            *E.g.*, Manuszak, ANPR 13; Paquet, ANPR 18; Rachide, ANPR 32; Sibent, ANPR 41 (and 19 identical ANPR commenters); AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Buckley, ANPR 97; Marks, ANPR 107, at 2; NASAA, ANPR 120, at 4; Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 2; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 95. Opponents included several franchisor representatives. 
                            *E.g.*, Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 2. Cendant opposed the use of confidentiality clauses, except to protect trade secrets or other proprietary information. Cendant, ANPR 140, at 3. Back to Citation
 621.
    
                             The franchisee stated: “I am at this point not going to state the franchise because I am on my way at 1:00 to sign the final divorce papers, as such, the papers that separate us legally. There’s a gag order there. So, if you are planning on putting this on the Internet, that could be a problem. . . [T]he gag order . . . prohibits me from being able to answer questions, you know, and give cautionary remarks to other people who might be considering the franchise that I was with.” Lundquist, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 42-43. 
                            *See also*
                             Maloney, ANPR 38, at 2 (“When it became apparent to both me and Southland Corporation that it was time to terminate our business relationship, we began negotiating my exit from the system. We came to a mutually acceptable agreement, however, the agreement contained a confidentiality clause. Even if my name appears in a UFOC as a former Franchisee, how much help can I give to anyone asking a question?”). Back to Citation
 622.
    
                             For example, Susan Kezios of the AFA stated that “the use of gag orders is almost 100 percent in some franchise systems.” Kezios, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 241. 
                            *See also*
                             NASAA, at 6 (noting “continued prevalence of confidentiality clauses in franchising”); Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 3 (“I have found that in most of the actions I have settled, the defendant franchisors and their counsel insist on confidentiality.”); Selden, ANPR 133, at Appendix B (“[Confidentiality clauses] are becoming increasingly problematic to franchisees.”). 
                            *See also*
                             Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 92-93. Several franchisor representatives, on the other hand, insisted that confidentiality clauses are rare. 
                            *E.g.*, Tifford, ANPR 78, at 3; Duvall, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 240. It is apparent that franchisee and franchisor commenters addressed two different types confidentiality clauses: pre-sale and post-sale confidentiality clauses. The record indicates that franchisors do not routinely require franchisees to sign confidentiality agreements at the time of sale. 
                            *See*
                             Wieczorek, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 50. Indeed, no franchisees who commented on confidentiality clauses reported that they were required to sign a confidentiality provision in their initial franchise agreement. Nonetheless, it is clear that franchisors often require franchisees to sign post-sale confidentiality provisions in dispute settlements or as a condition to termination. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Slimak, NPR 130; Maloney, ANPR 38, at 2; D’Alessandro, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 40; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Doe, ANPR, 7 Nov. 97 Tr., at 276; Rafizadeh, 
                            *id*., at 299-300; Lundquist, ANPR, 22 Aug. 97 Tr., at 42-43; Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 3. Franchisors’ forceful defense of confidentiality clauses on the grounds that they promote informal settlement of disputes also tends to support the view that such clauses are common in settlements. 
                            *See*
                             Forseth, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 40. 
                            *See also*
                             Marks, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 8-9. Back to Citation
 623.
    
                            *See*
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 3 (“The ability of a prospective franchisee to freely discuss a present or former franchisee’s experience with the franchisor may be the single most important step in a buyer’s due diligence investment evaluation.”). 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 3; Manuszak, ANPR 13, at 1; Rachide, ANPR 32, at 3; Sibent, ANPR 41, at 1 (and 19 identical ANPR comments). Three franchisees— Raymond Buckley, Roger C. Haines, and David E. Myklebust—believed that they were kept in the dark about the failure of their franchisor’s system due to confidentiality clauses imposed on current and former franchisees. Buckley, ANPR 97, at 1; Haines, ANPR 100, at 2; Myklebust, ANPR 101, at 1. Back to Citation
 624.
    
                             For example, the AFA stressed that confidentiality clauses “typically release the franchisor from legal liability and bar the franchisee (under threat of legal action) from making any oral or written statements about the franchise system or their experience with the franchised business. The purpose of such clauses is to shut down any negative public comment about the franchise system.” AFA, NPR 14, at 3. 
                            *See also*, NCL, ANPR 35, at 3; Baer, ANPR 25, at 3; Karp, ANPR, 19 Sept. 97 Tr., at 95-96. Back to Citation
 625.
    
                             For example, Roger Haines, a Scorecard Plus franchisee, related: “I had spoken to some of the franchisees that had left the system. I now feel certain that they painted a picture that was not close to being the truth based on the gag order that [the franchisor] imposed. Had I gotten the truth from these people, my decision certainly would have been different. Every franchisee leaving the system has had a gag order placed on them, making it impossible for current and future franchisees to get the facts.” Haines, ANPR 100, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             Cantone, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 50 (“[T]he whole concept of a gag order is really destructive and . . . needs to be addressed.”). Back to Citation
 626.
    
                            *See*
                             NASAA, ANPR 120, at 4. Back to Citation
 627.
    
                             Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B. Back to Citation
 628.
    
                            *E.g.*, Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 5-6. 
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 2; H&H, NPR 9, at 20; Baer, NPR 11, at 14; NaturaLawn, NPR 26, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 16; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 4 (urging the Commission either not to adopt the proposed disclosure or to revise it in a manner to accommodate franchisors’ interests in fostering early and amicable settlements). J&G added that a confidentiality clause disclosure is unnecessary because the Rule already sheds light on the franchise relationship. “If efforts at obtaining additional information are unsuccessful because of confidentiality agreements, a reasonable prospective franchisee should be able to take that fact into its evaluation of whether to buy the franchise. And additional disclosure about ‘gag clauses’ is not helpful.” J&G, NPR 32, at 14. Back to Citation
 629.
    
                            *E.g.*, Baer, ANPR 25, at 3. Franchisee advocates also recognized franchisor’s legitimate need for trademark protection. 
                            *E.g.*, Singler, at 2; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 4. For that reason, the definition of “confidentiality clause” specifically excludes confidentiality agreements to protect trademarks and other proprietary information. Back to Citation
 630.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 16. 
                            *But see*
                             Karp, at 8 (“It incorrectly implies that the franchisee that signed the confidentiality provision had a choice whether to do so or not.”). Back to Citation
 631.
    
                            *See*
                             AFA, at 3; Karp, at 8. 
                            *See also FTC v. Orion Prods.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10970 (N.D. Cal. 1997) and 
                            *United States v. Tutor Time Child Care Sys., Inc*., No. 96-2603 (N.D. Cal. 1996). While in these two cases the Commission did not challenge the defendants’ use of confidentiality clauses as either a Rule or Section 5 violation in its complaints, it did obtain fencing-in provisions in settlements that prohibited the defendants from enforcing or entering into confidentiality provisions for a limited time. Back to Citation
 632.
    
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 249. 
                            *See also*
                             AFA, at 3; Gee, at 2; Pu, at 1-2; Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 4; Jeffers, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 251-52; Wieczorek, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 260. 
                            *But see*
                             Singler, at 2 (permitting disclosure, but accepting that individuals may be contractually forbidden to discuss the franchisor makes little sense). Back to Citation
 633.
    
                             Several commenters generally supported this provision. 
                            *See*
                             NFA, NPR 27, at 1. 
                            *See also*
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 3; Bundy, NPR 18, at 3; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 5; Karp, NPR 24, at 21-22. 
                            *But see*
                             NASAA, at 6; WA Securities, at 4-5; Singler, at 2 (asserting that franchisor should be required to disclose number and percentage information concerning their use of confidentiality agreements). Back to Citation
 634.
    
                            *See*
                             Tricon, NPR 34, at 3 (urging the Commission to exclude settlement details—such as the price paid to reacquire a franchised outlet—from the disclosure if the franchisee is otherwise free to discuss his or her personal experience as a franchisee). 
                            *See also*
                             Quizno’s, NPR 1, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 16. Marriott asserted that the disclosure will create a disincentive for franchisors to accommodate franchisees’ needs in non-standard deals. It noted that franchisors “make a variety of concessions to franchisees in connection with workouts or in connection with sales, or purchasing or conversion of multiple units, among others, in exchange for which the franchisor will request the terms of such arrangements to be kept confidential.” 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 635.
    
                             The extent to which franchisors must disclose confidential settlement terms and conditions is spelled out in Item 3. Back to Citation
 636.
    
                             Commenters maintained that such a requirement would accomplish two goals simultaneously. It would alert prospective franchisees that the franchisor may require franchisees to sign a confidentiality provision and would save prospects the time and trouble of trying to contact franchisees who are not free to speak. 
                            *See*
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 3; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 6; Cordell, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 247-48; Kezios, 
                            *id*., at 256. 
                            *But see*
                             GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 7 (opposing release of names); Wieczorek, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 258-59 (this approach would be unnecessarily burdensome: franchisors would have to update their disclosures more frequently, especially in franchise registration states). Back to Citation
 637.
    
                             PMR&W, for example, “acknowledge[s] the FTC’s concern about prospects being unable to raise questions with current or former franchisees who are subject to confidentiality requirements. The FTC’s position is particularly understandable if a gag clause prevents 
                            *all*
                             franchisee communication about the franchise system.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 15. Rather, the firm urged the Commission to limit the disclosure’s application to only broad “non-communication on any subject” prohibitions. 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 638.
    
                             The NFC advised that the disclosure should apply “where either all franchisees, or at least twenty percent of the franchisee population, is barred from communicating with third parties.” NFC, NPR 12, at 33. 
                            *See*
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 249 and Jeffers, 
                            *id*., at 251-52 (arguing in favor of a threshold). Back to Citation
 639.
    
                             The growth of trademark-specific system franchisee associations is a recent development in franchising. These associations are comprised of franchisees who operate a franchisor’s particular brand. In some instances, these associations are franchisor sponsored or endorsed councils, where franchisee-participants are either selected by the franchisor or are elected by franchisees themselves. In other instances, the associations are independent of the franchisor. The emergence of independent franchisee associations is not always well-received by the franchisor. 
                            *See*
                             Winslow, at 141 (“I believe franchisors ought to be allowed to put in the contract that if any franchisees get together and form a franchise association to use as a collective bargaining power against the franchisor, other than an association approved by the franchisor, then the franchisor should have the right to terminate the franchise contract with all franchisees in that region immediately and shut down further operations under the brand name in that area indefinitely.”). Some commenters reported that, in some instances, franchisors have filed suit to stop the formation of an independent group or have retaliated against individuals who have participated in such groups. 
                            *E.g.*, Donafin, ANPR 14 (noting pending federal lawsuit alleging franchisor interference with franchisees’ right to form organizations). 
                            *Cf*. Mueller, ANPR 29 (“The FTC should take actions against franchisors who intimidate or retaliate against franchisees for getting together for any legitimate business purpose.”); Rachide, ANPR 32 (“[The FTC should prohibit [t]he use of retaliation against franchisees involved in franchisee organizations that work to educate or rally the franchise group.”). 
                            *See also*
                             Karp, at 4; Karp, NPR 24, Appendix A (listing cases addressing franchisee organizations). A few states, including California, Illinois, and Washington, have addressed this issue by specifically prohibiting franchisors from restricting franchisees from freely associating or joining franchisee organizations. 
                            *See*
                             Cal. Corp. Code 31220; 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 705/17; Wash. Rev. Code 19.100.180(2)(a). Back to Citation
 640.
    
                             As discussed below, section 436.5(t)(8) also makes clear that the franchisor has no obligation to verify the association’s continued existence at the end of each fiscal year. Franchisors may also include the following statement in conjunction with the disclosure of independent franchisee associations: “The following independent franchisee associations have asked to be included in this disclosure document.” Back to Citation
 641.
    
                             Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B. Similarly, Martin Cordell, a franchise examiner for the State of Washington, observed that disclosing trade associations could “be a much more ready source of information as opposed to individual franchisees who have to take time out of their businesses to share information with the prospective franchisee.” Cordell, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 168-69. Susan Kezios of the AFA added that these associations “have a collective memory of what has been going on historically in the franchise system that one or another individual franchisees may or may not have.” 
                            *Id*., at 176. 
                            *See also*, NFA, NPR 27, at 2; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 14; Karp, NPR 24, at 9; Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 173; Manuszak, ANPR 13; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 3. Back to Citation
 642.
    
                            *See*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 14; Shay, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 71; Wieczorek, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 169-70; Duvall, 
                            *id*., at 171. J&G asserted that independent franchisee associations should qualify for inclusion only if they are representative of system franchisees and meet or communicate with the franchisor at least twice annually for the purpose of addressing franchise relationship issues. Further, the firm would require the association to: “provide written notice to the franchisor no later than 30 days after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year end identifying the organization, its mission, its form of organization and the number of franchisees and franchised units which are dues-paying members or otherwise accredited members of the organization. If some franchisees are not dues-paying members, standards used for accreditation should be enclosed in the notice.” J&G, NPR 32, at 13. 
                            *See also*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 15; Marriott, NPR 35, at 16. Back to Citation
 643.
    
                             While 100 franchisees may know about franchisor-sponsored associations, they would not necessarily know about independent associations, such as those in particular locations, or about associations for specific-use franchisee groups (
                            *e.g.*, those operating kiosks in malls). Further, there is also evidence in the record that franchisors do not readily inform prospects about the existence of independent associations. For example, Michael W. Chiodo, the executive director of the Domino’s Franchisee Organization, explained that Domino’s does not inform franchisees about the existence of 
                            
                            the Organization, nor does Domino’s inform the Organization about new franchisees. Chiodo, ANPR, 21 Nov. 97 Tr., at 294-95. Back to Citation
 644.
    
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 236-37. 
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, Hayden, RR 42; Spencer, RR, Sept.95 Tr., at 74. Back to Citation
 645.
    
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 237. Back to Citation
 646.
    
                             Chiodo, ANPR, 21 Nov. 97 Tr., at 294-95. 
                            *See also*
                             Galloway, 
                            *id*., at 317-18; Manuszak, ANPR 13. Back to Citation
 647.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57344; Staff Report, at 58. The original approach was taken in response to commenters’ concerns that requiring the disclosure of independent associations would be too broad, requiring the disclosure of even informal groups of franchisees, as noted above. However, several comments contended that the incorporation requirement was too restrictive, asserting that the Commission should permit the inclusion of all franchisee association that make their existence known to the franchisor. Bundy, at 9; Gust Rosenfeld, at 6-7; Singler, at 2-3; Stadfield, NPR 23. Back to Citation
 648.
    
                             In response to the Staff Report, AAFD, in particular, noted that it is organized as a trust and its member franchisee associations form as chapters of that trust. It asserted that such association members, although not incorporated, are organized and should qualify for inclusion in a disclosure document. AAFD. 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, at 8. Back to Citation
 649.
    
                             The Staff Report recommended that the Commission add precision to the Rule by requiring franchisee associations to submit their requests 90 days after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year. Staff Report, at 197. The staff’s thinking was that a 90-day period would afford franchisors sufficient time to include any franchisee association information well before the expiration of the 120-day annual update period. 
                            *Id*. This view, however, was based on the assumption that a significant number of franchisors need 120 days to complete their annual updates. One commenter, however, argued that 60 days would be sufficient, noting that many franchisors complete their annual updates earlier than 120 days. Wiggin & Dana, at 4. In determining the appropriate time period for inclusion requests, it is appropriate not to interfere with franchisor’s ordinary business practices. In particular, requiring franchisors ready to disseminate their updated disclosure documents to wait 90 days on the mere chance that a franchisee association may ask for inclusion in their document is unwarranted. Independent franchisee associations seeking inclusion should make their requests known to the franchisor as soon as possible. Surely, a franchisee association can submit its request before the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year or soon thereafter. We are convinced that a 60-day period is a more balanced approach, enabling franchisee associations to request inclusion, while minimizing franchisor’s compliance burden. Back to Citation
 650.
    
                             This revises the disclaimer recommended in the Staff Report, which added the following additional sentence: “We do not endorse these associations and their members may not represent all franchisees in the [name of franchisor] franchise system.” Several commenters criticized this additional statement on the grounds that no association is going to represent 100% of all franchisees in a system. AFA, at 3-4. The 
                            
                            commenters also noted that the proposed additional sentence is unnecessarily negative in tone. It should suffice that a franchisor simply notes that the independent associations have asked to be included, without implying that the independent association is a renegade group. AFA, at 3-4; Blumenthal, at 1-2; Bundy, at 9; Karp, at 5. While we are persuaded that an introductory statement may be warranted before listing independent associations—to distinguish them from franchisor endorsed or sponsored associations—the statement should be neutral and not imply any opinion on the merits of the independent associations. This is the same approach taken with respect to franchisor-endorsed or sponsored associations, where no such disclaimer is required. Accordingly, Item 20 of the final amended Rule deletes the last sentence from the Staff Report’s version of the trademark-specific franchisee association voluntary disclaimer. Back to Citation
 651.
    
                            *See*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 15; BI, NPR 28, at 13. Back to Citation
 652.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 14-15. 
                            *See also*
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 20-21 (if the organization represents 30% of franchisees); NFC, NPR 12, at 33 (if the organization represents 20% of the franchisees); BI, NPR 28 (unspecified threshold). 
                            *But see*
                             IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 4 (“Setting a minimum percentage of franchisees to be a qualified association is virtually unworkable.”). Back to Citation
 653.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a)(20). In the original SBP, the Commission noted that a franchisee is purchasing, “along with the franchise itself, some assurance of the financial stability of the franchisor, of the franchisor’s ultimate ability to meet its obligations to its franchisees.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59679. For that reason, the Commission concluded that the disclosure of basic financial information by all franchisors “is essential.” Back to Citation
 654.
    
                             “Without the auditing requirement, the financial statements remain nothing more than the franchisor’s own representation of its financial condition.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59679-680. Nonetheless, the costs associated with preparing audited financial statements might create a barrier to entry by start-up franchisors. In the original SBP, the Commission made it clear that, as a matter of policy, franchisors can use unaudited financials during a phase-in period. 
                            *Id*., at 59681. Back to Citation
 655.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57344. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(20); UFOC Item 21. 
                            *See also*
                             Advisory 02-4, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH), ¶ 6515 (Nov. 18, 2002). Back to Citation
 656.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 13. 
                            *See also*
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 33. Back to Citation
 657.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 13. Warren Lewis suggested that the Commission permit foreign franchisors to “use financial statements prepared according to their countries’ GAAPs, provided that those GAAPs are comparable to US GAAP.” Lewis, NPR 15, at 17. Mr. Lewis, however, provided no criteria or examples that would help us determine what GAAP are or are not “comparable.” Back to Citation
 658.
    
                             IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 5. Back to Citation
 659.
    
                             Staff Report, at 201. Back to Citation
 660.
    
                             We noted that NASAA, in response to the Staff Report, suggested that the Rule simply mandate United States GAAP, or a reconciliation to United States GAAP, without referencing the SEC. NASAA, at 7. 
                            *See also*
                             WA Securities, at 5. The Commission concludes that referencing the SEC is appropriate. Given the absence of any indication in the record that foreign accounting principles are inherently deceptive, flexibility in preparing financial statements is warranted. As long as the SEC would permit foreign accounting standards or foreign financial statements, we see no policy reason to differ. This is particularly true of financial statements prepared according to Canadian GAAP, which receives more lenient treatment under SEC law. 
                            *See*
                             Spandorf, at 8 (recommending an accommodation to permit the use of Canadian GAAP). Back to Citation
 661.
    
                            *See*
                             SEC Form 20-F, Part III, Items 17 and 18. The SEC has also made clear that even if a foreign company reconciles its financial statements to United States GAAP, it must audit the financials according to United States generally accepted auditing standards (United States GAAS) and the auditor must comply with the United States standards for auditor independence. 
                            *See*
                             Id., General Instruction E(c). Back to Citation
 662.
    
                             Of course, the Commission retains its Section 5 authority to challenge any deceptive foreign statements. Back to Citation
 663.
    
                             This modifies the version of Item 21 in the Staff Report, which would permit financial statements prepared according to “United States generally accepted accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles.” One comment questioned whether the third part—revised by any future government mandated accounting principles—was a third option distinct from the other two. Piper Rudnick, at 3-4. The language “or as revised by any future government mandated accounting principles” recognizes that what is currently considered United States GAAP may be modified in the future by government mandate, especially by regulations or rulings of the Federal Accounting Standards Board. Accordingly, it is not intended to comprise a separate option, but should be read to modify “United States generally accepted accounting principles.” The final amended Rule adopts this revised language. Back to Citation
 664.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57315. We also note that the Staff Report recommended that franchisors disclose financial statements of any parent “or other entity” with post-sale performance obligations or which guarantees the franchisor’s performance. The inclusion of the phrase “other entity” prompted three comments voicing concern that it would sweep in suppliers that provide goods or services to franchisees. Piper Rudnick, at 3; Spandorf, at 8-9; Starwood, at 3. The Commission agrees that a reference to “other entity” would be an unwarranted expansion of Item 21. According, the reference to “other entity” has been deleted from the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 665.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 16. 
                            *See also*
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 18; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 4; PREA, NPR 20, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 17. Similarly, J&G opposed consolidated financial statements of affiliates where the franchisor has included its own financial statements. “The increased cost and potential liability of other affiliates is unwarranted.” J&G, NPR 32, at 13. Back to Citation
 666.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 18. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 5; IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 4. In the same vein, Howard Bundy suggested that a franchisor should be permitted to use an affiliate’s financial statements only “if the affiliate guarantees 
                            *all*
                             of the duties and obligations of the franchisor 
                            *in writing*
                             and 
                            *for the entire*
                             term of the franchise, including any renewals and extensions” and a copy of the 
                            
                            written guarantee is included in the disclosure document. Bundy, NPR 18, at 11 (emphasis in original). Back to Citation
 667.
    
                             Two commenters voiced concern about the “post-sale performance obligation” language set forth in the Staff Report. Specifically, they contended that sections 436.5(u)(1)(ii) and 436.5(u)(1)(iv) of the Staff Report are inconsistent. In their view, section 436.5(u)(1)(iv) requires a franchisor to furnish financial statements if the franchisor has post-sale performance obligations. They then noted that is it highly unlike that a franchisor would ever enter into a franchise relationship without some post-sale obligations to the franchisee. The commenters concluded therefore that section 436.5(u)(1)(iv) requires franchisor financials in all instances. This interpretation is in direct conflict with section 436.5(u)(1)(ii), however, that expressly permits a franchisor to use the financials of an affiliate-guarantor. Piper Rudnick, at 3-4; Spandorf, at 8-9. The commenters misread section 436.5(u)(1)(iv) of the Staff Report. Under that section of the Staff Report, a franchisor must provide financial statements “for the franchisor, subfranchisor, and any parent . . . that commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor or guarantees the franchisor’s obligations.” The reference to “post-sale obligations” refers to “parent,” not to the “franchisor.” If the commenter’s reading of section 436.5(u)(1)(iv) were correct, then the section would have the following absurd meaning: “a franchisor must provide financial statements for the franchisor . . . that commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor.” To avoid any confusion on this point, section 436.5(u)(1)(iv) of the final amended Rule has been revised to read: “Include separate financial statements for the franchisor and subfranchisor, as well as for any parent that commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor or guarantees the franchisor’s obligations.” Back to Citation
 668.
    
                             Where a parent guarantees performance, Item 21 also requires a franchisor to attach a copy of the guarantee to the disclosure document. Although the UFOC Guidelines are not clear on this point, we believe that Item 21, Instruction v. contemplates this requirement. Moreover, it is sound policy. Before a prospective franchisee is asked to invest in a franchise, he or she should be able to assess the extent of any performance or financial guarantees. Back to Citation
 669.
    
                             Bundy, at 9; H&H, NPR 9, at 21; Lewis, NPR 15, at 17. Back to Citation
 670.
    
                             This approach parallels the UFOC Guidelines, which require subfranchisor financial statements only when the subfranchisor is the applicant for franchise registration. Back to Citation
 671.
    
                             There is no comparable provision in the UFOC Guidelines. The extent to which any state may permit a phase-in of audited financial statements is a matter of individual state law. For example, California and Illinois permit a phase-in of audited financial statements under limited conditions set forth in their franchise regulations. On the other hand, Virginia and Minnesota, for example, always require audited financial statements. Back to Citation
 672.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a)(20)(ii). Back to Citation
 673.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 674.
    
                            *See*
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57315. Back to Citation
 675.
    
                             No comments were submitted on this modification of the original Rule’s phase-in of audited financial statements. Back to Citation
 676.
    
                            *E.g.*, Duvall, ANPR 19, at 1; Baer, ANPR 25, at 4; Kaufmann, ANPR 33, at 6; Kestenbaum, ANPR 40, at 2; AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; IL AG, ANPR 77, at 3; Tifford, ANPR 78, at 4; IFA, ANPR 82, at 1; Jeffers, ANPR 116, at 2. Back to Citation
 677.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 11. Mr. Bundy also noted that an audit gives a franchisee a potential remedy that otherwise would be unavailable. “[T]here is no doubt that the auditor has liability to the franchisee if the auditor did not follow proper procedures and provide the appropriate warnings—including notes to the effect that the company may not be solvent or may be reliant upon selling more franchises for its economic survival.” Bundy, NPR 18, at 11. Back to Citation
 678.
    
                             “The Commission should be aware that several of the states require the use of audited opening balance sheets in order to register a start-up franchisor. We believe that this is another example of why the Franchise Rule should preempt inconsistent state law requirements. One set of financials should be acceptable throughout the country.” Baer, NPR 11, at 15. Back to Citation
 679.
    
                             NASAA, at 7. 
                            *See also*
                             WA Securities, at 6; CA Dept of Corps., at 2. Back to Citation
 680.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(a)(20)(i) (“such statements are required to have been examined in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by an independent certified or licensed public accountant). 
                            *See also*
                             IL AG, at 9. Back to Citation
 681.
    
                             NASAA also noted that the Staff Report referred incorrectly to “United States auditing principles,” when the proper accounting term is “United States auditing standards” or “GAAS.” NASAA, at 7-8. 
                            *See also*
                             WA Securities, at 6. Item 21 of the amended Rule makes that correction. Back to Citation
 682.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 11. Back to Citation
 683.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 684.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49981 (“Franchisors may use unaudited financial statements . . . if they lack audited statements for the fiscal years to be reported when they are first required to furnish a basic Disclosure Document.”). Back to Citation
 685.
    
                             UFOC Guidelines, Item 22. Back to Citation
 686.
    
                             See 16 CFR 436.1(g). The attached documents would enable prospective franchisees to compare a franchisor’s disclosure about the parties’ legal obligations with the actual agreements that will govern the franchise relationship. In the original SBP, the Commission recognized that this requirement “will therefore have a remedial effect in that it will encourage accurate discussion of the required information in the disclosure statement.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59696. Back to Citation
 687.
    
                             Gurnick, NPR 21, at 7. Back to Citation
 688.
    
                             Item 23 of the final amended Rule differs from the Franchise NPR in one respect. It deletes the Franchise NPR proposal that franchisors obtain a signed copy of the Item 23 receipt five days in advance of a prospective franchisee’s signing the franchise agreement or payment of a fee in connection with the franchise sale. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57344. The Commission proposed this requirement in the Franchise NPR to ensure that the prospective franchisee in fact received the disclosures before the franchisor finalized the franchise sale. This proposal prompted comments both for and against the proposal. 
                            *Compare*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 5 
                            *with*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 15. The Staff Report recommended that this provision be deleted. Staff Report, at 207-08. For the reasons stated in the Staff Report, we agree. Franchisors always have the burden of proof to establish compliance with the Rule’s disclosure and timing provisions. In addition, the amended Rule’s general recordkeeping requirements at section 436.6—requiring franchisors to retain a copy of each signed receipt for at least three years—are sufficient to prove compliance. Finally, given the elimination of the automatic contract review waiting period from the final amended Rule, the addition of another waiting period would add an unnecessary compliance burden. Back to Citation
 689.
    
                             Other Commission trade regulation rules contain similar messages. 
                            *E.g.*, Energy Guides, 16 CFR Part 305, App. L. (“Compare the energy use . . . with others before you buy.”); Cooling-Off Rule, 16 CFR 429.1 (Notice of right to cancel); Used Car Rule, 16 CFR 455.2 ( “Below is a list of some major defects that may occur in used motor vehicles.”). Back to Citation
 690.
    
                            *See*
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 9 (“If no disclosure document is provided we would hope it would make the franchisee refuse to sign the receipt. . . . [T]he receipt is an extremely important document when a franchisee later alleges that disclosure was never effected.”). 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 15. Back to Citation
 691.
    
                             Item 23 also provides that franchisors may include specific instructions on how prospects should submit the receipt, such as via facsimile or email. This enables the parties to determine for themselves the most efficient and cost-effective way for the prospective franchisee to transmit the acknowledgment. Back to Citation
 692.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 18. Back to Citation
 693.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 18. Back to Citation
 694.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 11. Back to Citation
 695.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 21. Back to Citation
 696.
    
                             At the same time, the final amended Rule prohibits a franchisor from failing to furnish disclosures earlier in the sale process, upon reasonable request. 
                            *See*
                             section 436.9(e). Back to Citation
 697.
    
                             The version of Item 23 proposed in the Franchise NPR referenced “any subfranchisor or broker.” Staff recommended instead “franchise seller,” and the Commission has adopted this approach. Back to Citation
 698.
    
                             Wiggin & Dana, at 4; Piper Rudnick, at 4; J&G, at 7; Duvall, at 2. Back to Citation
 699.
    
                             This does not mean that a franchisor must create individualized disclosure documents for each franchise sale. Clearly, a franchisor could create a receipt with a fill-in-the-blank for the seller’s information. The company or its agent could fill in the blank with the appropriate information prior to furnishing the disclosure document. Back to Citation
 700.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. Back to Citation
 701.
    
                             The Staff Report proposed the same general instructions. Staff Report, at 208-09. Back to Citation
 702.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. Back to Citation
 703.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 7001. Back to Citation
 704.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 7006(1). Back to Citation
 705.
    
                             15 U.S.C 45(a); 53(b); 57b. Back to Citation
 706.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57301, 57333. A showing of knowledge is necessary when seeking to hold an individual liable for redress for a corporation’s law violations in Section 5 matters, as discussed further below. Back to Citation
 707.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 10. Back to Citation
 708.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 709.
    
                             Tricon, NPR 34, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 10. Back to Citation
 710.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 3. Back to Citation
 711.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Amy Travel Servs., Inc.*
                            , 875 F.2d 564, 573 (7th.
    
                             Cir.), 
                            *cert denied*, 439 U.S. 954 (1989); 
                            *FTC v. Atlantex Assocs.*, 1987-2 Trade Cas. (CCH), ¶ 67788 at 59255 (S.D. Fla. 1978), 
                            *aff’d*
                            , 872 F.2d 966 (11th.
    
                             Cir. 1989); 
                            *FTC v. Kitco of Nevada*, 612 F. Supp. 1282, 1292 (D. Minn. 1985). Under Section 5 case law, it is also clear that individual franchise salespersons are also directly liable for their own misrepresentations in connection with franchise sales. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. J.K. Publ’ns, Inc.*, 99 F. Supp. 2d 1176, 1203 and note 67 (C.D. Cal. 2000). Back to Citation
 712.
    
                             Mr. Kaufmann observed that the New York Franchise Act imposes liability upon any officer, director, or management employee who materially aids in the act or transaction constituting the violation of the Act. Lack of knowledge after due diligence is a defense. Kaufmann, at 7-8. Back to Citation
 713.
    
                            *See also*
                             Cendant, at 2-3 (suggesting that the following liability standard: “Any other franchise seller will be liable for the violations . . . if he or she directly participated in preparation of the disclosure document.”). Back to Citation
 714.
    
                             J&G, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 715.
    
                             Bundy, at 2. Back to Citation
 716.
    
                            *FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc.*
                            , 104 F.3d 1168, 1170 (9th.
    
                             Cir. 1997). 
                            *See also FTC v. J.K. Publ’ns, Inc.*, 99 F. Supp. 2d at 1203; 
                            *FTC v. Am. Standard Credit Sys., Inc.*, 874 F. Supp. 1080, 1087 (C.D. Cal. 1994). Authority to control the company can be evidenced by active involvement in business affairs and the making of corporate policy, including assuming the duties of a corporate officer. 
                            *FTC v. Amy Travel Serv., Inc.*, 875 F.2d at 573. Similarly, an individual’s status as a corporate officer and authority to sign documents on behalf of the corporate defendant can be sufficient to demonstrate the requisite control. 
                            *FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc.*, 104 F.3d at 1170. Back to Citation
 717.
    
                            *See FTC v. Five*
                            -Star Auto Club, Inc., 97 F. Supp. 2d 501 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (individual defendant participated directly in the deceptive acts or practices by, among other things, drafting and/or approving marketing materials); 
                            *FTC v. Atlantex Assocs.*,1987-2 Trade Cas. (CCH), ¶ 67788 (individual defendant liable because he had the authority to control the company’s actions, including the authority to control representations made by salespeople). Back to Citation
 718.
    
                            *FTC v. Amy Travel Serv., Inc.*, 875 F.2d at 574. 
                            *See also FTC v. J.K. Publ’ns, Inc.*, 99 F. Supp. 2d 1176 at 1204; 
                            *FTC v. Atlantex Assocs*., 1987-2 Trade Cas. ¶ 67788; 
                            *FTC v. Kitco of Nevada, Inc.*, 612 F. Supp. at 1282. For the Commission to obtain civil penalties against a defendant, the standard of knowledge is even higher: “actual knowledge or knowledge fairly implied on the basis of objective circumstances that [the] act or practice is unfair or deceptive and is prohibited by such rule.” 15 U.S.C. 45(m)(1)(A). Back to Citation
 719.
    
                            *FTC v. Publ’g Clearing House*,104 F.3d at 1171; 
                            *FTC v. Am. Standard Credit Sys., Inc.*, 874 F. Supp. at 1089; 
                            *FTC v. Minuteman Press, Int’l*, 53 F. Supp. 2d 248, 259-260 (E.D.N.Y. 1998); 
                            *FTC v. Int’l Diamond Corp.*, 1983-2 Trade Cas., ¶ 65725 at 69707 (N.D. Cal. 1983). It is axiomatic that the Commission need not show intent to defraud, or bad faith. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. World Travel Vacation Brokers, Inc.*
                            , 861 F.2d 1020, 1029 (7th.
    
                             Cir. 1988) (
                            *citing Beneficial Corp. v. FTC*
                            , 542 F.2d 611, 617 (3rd.
    
                             Cir. 1976), 
                            *cert denied*, 430 U.S. 983 (1977)); 
                            *Removatron Int’l Corp. v. FTC*
                            , 884 F.2d 1489, 1495 (1st.
    
                             Cir. 1989) (
                            *citing Chrysler Corp. v. FTC*, 561 F.2d 357, 363 (D.C. Cir. 1977)); 
                            *Regina Corp. v. FTC*
                            , 322 F.2d 765, 768 (3rd.
    
                             Cir. 1963); 
                            *FTC v. Patriot Alcohol Testers, Inc.*, 798 F. Supp. 851, 855 (D. Mass. 1992). Back to Citation
 720.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Five*
                            -Star Auto Club, 97 F. Supp. 2d at 501 (failure to reform program in light of extensive state law enforcement cease and desist orders shows reckless indifference to the truth, or an awareness of high probability of fraud coupled with an intentional avoidance of the truth); 
                            *FTC v. Safety Plus, Inc.*, No. 91-352 (E.D. Ky. 1992) (taking affirmative steps to remedy deceptive practices shows knowledge of the deceptive practices). Back to Citation
 721.
    
                            *See FTC. v. H.N. Singer, Inc.*
                            , 668 F.2d 1107 (9th.
    
                             Cir. 1982) (sales manager liable for restitution because of his authority to control and knowledge of the deceptive acts and practices of his salespeople). Back to Citation
 722.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a) and 436.1(a)(21). The “single document” requirement prevents “piecemeal and confusing disclosures by the franchisor.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59682. Back to Citation
 723.
    
                            *See*
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 129 (disclosures need to be either downloaded onto disk or provided in paper form). Back to Citation
 724.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(24). This instruction is intended to “aid the franchisee in using the disclosure document and [is] intended as a remedial measure to prevent franchisors’ violations of the rule and the [FTC] Act.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59684. Back to Citation
 725.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(24). Back to Citation
 726.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(21). The Franchise NPR referred to “any materials or information other than that required by this Rule or by state law not preempted by this Rule.” One commenter noted that because some of the proposed Rule’s disclosures are optional (such as the Item 19 financial performance disclosures), the prohibition on additional information should read “any materials or information other than that required or permitted by this Rule . . .” Lewis, NPR 15, at 19. We agree, and the final amended Rule reflects this change. Back to Citation
 727.
    
                            *See*
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59682. Accordingly, franchisors may include information expressly required or expressly permitted by state law or information requested by a state franchise examiner. This provision is not intended to permit franchisors to include any information (such as testimonials or general promotional materials) in a disclosure document on the ground that it is not specifically prohibited by state law. Back to Citation
 728.
    
                             The prohibition on external links, like the requirement that a disclosure be a single document, effectively prevents franchisors from furnishing disclosures through a series of linked, but separate, documents. This ensures that electronic disclosures, in particular, can be downloaded and printed in their entirety. 
                            *See*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 13 (suggesting that the Rule should expressly require that all exhibits and attachments must be part of the single disclosure document and it should prohibit external links). If not, a prospective franchisee downloading or printing an electronic disclosure document may only capture isolated sections. This would violate the very concept of full disclosure underlying the Rule. Back to Citation
 729.
    
                             BI commented that a prohibition on the use of multimedia features “appears to be overly broad.” BI, NPR 28, at 8. It proposed that the Commission consider that some features may assist a prospective franchisee in reading a disclosure document. BI, however, did not specify which features it had in mind or how those features might assist prospective franchisees. Back to Citation
 730.
    
                             Frandata, for example, observed that internal links will enable a prospective franchisee to shift between the disclosure document and corresponding agreement provisions, “thus affording a franchisee a more intelligent and efficient review of a disclosure document.” Frandata, NPR 29, at 4. Indeed, Frandata suggested that the Commission formulate a specific set of cross-links and features in order to ensure that all electronic disclosure documents are uniform. In its view, uniformity would foster comparison shopping among franchise offers. In addition, it would avoid stigmatizing those franchise systems that fail to incorporate features in their electronic disclosure documents. “For example, viewing a document with extensive search features keyed to words in the disclosure document might predispose a prospect to envision that 
                            *all*
                             electronic versions contained such a feature, and would therefore create a negative impression (or customer service issues) for other systems which have not incorporated such a feature, while simultaneously confusing the prospect.” 
                            *Id*. We would not go so far. Rather than dictate the features that a franchisor should use in preparing disclosure documents, we believe the Rule should allow for maximum flexibility, enabling franchisors to incorporate those navigational features it believes are warranted. Back to Citation
 731.
    
                             Lewis, NPR 15, at 19. 
                            *See also*
                             Holmes, NPR 8, at 9; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 15; BI, NPR 28, at 8. Back to Citation
 732.
    
                             Section 436.6(d), however, makes clear that navigational tools must be for the prospective franchisee’s benefit. Accordingly, a franchisor’s selective use of navigational tools for its own benefit (
                            *i.e.,*
                             to draw the prospect’s attention to, or away from, certain disclosure items) is prohibited. Back to Citation
 733.
    
                             We note that nothing in the Rule prohibits a franchisor from furnishing prospective franchisees with non-deceptive and non-contradictory information outside of its disclosure document. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(21) (“This does not preclude franchisors . . . from giving other nondeceptive information orally, visually, or in separate literature so long as such information is not contradictory to the information in the disclosure statement.”). Back to Citation
 734.
    
                             Kaufmann, Attachment 1, at 10-11. In the same vein, Howard Bundy recommended that the Commission create a separate, miscellaneous section of a disclosure document, where a franchisor can add other material disclosures necessary to make the disclosure document non-deceptive. Bundy, at 2-3. Back to Citation
 735.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. Back to Citation
 736.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49969. While the Commission has allowed some flexibility in how franchisors and subfranchisors should prepare disclosure documents, it also made clear that both “the franchisor and the subfranchisor are responsible for each other’s compliance with the rule, and are jointly and severally liable for each other’s violations.” 
                            *Id*. The Commission also stated that it expects franchisors and subfranchisors to provide the required background information, litigation, and bankruptcy disclosures of both parties, and that subfranchisors should provide franchisee statistical information in all instances. 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 737.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 11. Back to Citation
 738.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 6. Back to Citation
 739.
    
                             In our view, a new definition to address subfranchising is unnecessary because the term “franchisor” adequately addresses the issue. The Commission anticipates that staff will also explain subfranchising more fully in the Compliance Guides, with hypothetical examples. Back to Citation
 740.
    
                             This instruction is an alternative to the originally proposed prior-consent mandate for electronic disclosures. Several commenters opposed a prior consent requirement. 
                            *See*
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 15; Frandata, NPR 29, at 5; AFC, NPR 30, at 2. The NFC, for example, feared that an advance consent precondition would stifle new technological advances that would enable franchisors and prospective franchisees to conduct business online “seamlessly,” without any additional contacts or discussions. NFC, NPR 12, at 15. 
                            *See also*
                             McDonalds, NPR 7, at 2. We agree. Section 436.6 permits a wide variety of disclosure formats, provided that the prospective franchisee is made aware of any prerequisites to using them. Back to Citation
 741.
    
                             As noted above, the Franchise NPR proposed a new section—section 436.7—that set forth comprehensive electronic disclosure instructions. Among other things, that proposed section would have permitted prospective franchisees to furnish disclosures electronically only with the prospective franchisee’s “express consent.” Proposed section 436.7(a). While an “express consent” requirement is now prohibited by E-SIGN, the underlying concepts—that a prospective franchisee should know the formats in which disclosure documents will be provided, and any prerequisites to obtaining one—nonetheless continue to apply, regardless of the media (i.e., paper document or electronic document) selected by the franchisor to comply with the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 742.
    
                             This is consistent with section 436.3(f) of the final amended Rule, allowing franchisors to state in the cover page whether alternative disclosure formats are available and how prospective franchisees may obtain one. Back to Citation
 743.
    
                             One commenter, however, observed that this section does not specify how or when the franchisor should communicate this information to the prospect. Kaufmann, at 3. He suggested that the Commission advise in the Compliance Guides that franchisors may communicate this information in any fashion and at any time prior to furnishing the disclosure document it chooses— in person, telephonically, in writing, in email, in its marketing materials, or applications. 
                            *Id*. 
                            *But see*
                             Bundy, at 10 (asserting that the provision does not provide sufficient guidance, recommending that the Commission specify which formats are preferred). We agree that the final amended Rule should be as flexible as possible. Section 436.6(g) is not intended to be a new trigger or timing for disclosures provision. As long as the franchisor has communicated this information before the 14 calendar-days for disclosure starts running, the franchisor has complied with this provision. Flexibility is also called for, provided that the franchisor can demonstrate that it has communicated the required information. For many systems, the easiest way to impart this information will be in the franchisor’s initial application form, or in the first written contact after acceptance of the application when the issue of furnishing the disclosure document first arises. Back to Citation
 744.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. Back to Citation
 745.
    
                             Many states require franchisors to keep records on franchise sales transactions. 
                            *E.g.,*
                             Cal. Corp. Code at 31150; Haw. Rev. Stat. at 482E-5; 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. at 705/36; Md. Code Ann, Bus. Reg. at 14-224; Minn. Stat. at 80C.10; N.D. Cent. Code at 51-19-16; Or. Rev. Stat. at 650.010; R.I. Gen. Laws at 19-28.1-13; Wash. Rev. Code at 19.100.150. Back to Citation
 746.
    
                             Rule enforcement actions brought under Section 19 of the FTC Act have a three-year statute of limitations. 15 U.S.C. 57b. Reliance on franchisees for copies of disclosure documents in law enforcement work is impracticable. Franchisees may not retain copies or may not have complete copies. Moreover, large franchise systems may use multiple versions of their disclosures over time and in different states. Obtaining all relevant copies from franchisees may be unworkable. Therefore, for law enforcement purposes, it is essential that franchisors retain copies of their disclosures for some length of time, consistent with state practices. Back to Citation
 747.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 13; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 5. Back to Citation
 748.
    
                            *See*
                             BI, NPR 28, at 7-8 (This “provides useful clarification regarding the minimum time period the Commission expects franchisors to maintain such records.”). Back to Citation
 749.
    
                             Several Commission trade regulation rules also require a three-year recordkeeping requirement. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Wool Labeling Rule, 16 CFR 300.31(c); Fur Labeling Rule, 16 CFR 301.41(b); Textile Labeling Rule, 16 CFR 303.39(c); Alternative Fuel Labeling Rule, 16 CFR 309.23; R-Value Rule, 16 CFR 460.9. Back to Citation
 750.
    
                            *E.g.*, Cal. Corp. Code at 31150; Haw. Rev. Stat. at 482E-5; 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. at 705/36; Md. Code Ann, Bus. Reg. at 14-224; Minn. Stat. at 80C.10; N.D. Cent. Code at 51-19-16; Or. Rev. Stat. at 650.010; R.I. Gen. Laws at 19-28.1-13; Wash. Rev. Code at 19.100.150. Back to Citation
 751.
    
                             No comments were submitted on this proposed Rule section. Back to Citation
 752.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(22). Back to Citation
 753.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(22). Back to Citation
 754.
    
                            *See*
                             16 CFR §§ 436.1(d)(2) and (e)(6). Section 436.7(e) also retains the Commission’s current policy that audited information in a disclosure document need not be re-audited on a quarterly basis. Rather, a franchisor can update its audited disclosures by including unaudited information, provided the franchisor discloses that the information is unaudited. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(22). Back to Citation
 755.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345 (retaining the original Rule’s 90-day annual update requirement). Back to Citation
 756.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 5. 
                            *See also*
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 4; Lewis, NPR 15, at 19-20; IFA, NPR 22, at 11; J&G, NPR 32, Attachment, at 3. Back to Citation
 757.
    
                             In response to the Staff Report, however, Gust Rosenfeld suggested that “120 days” should be expressed as “four months.” The firm noted that during leap years, 120 days would fall on April 29, or if the franchisor’s fiscal year end is June 30th.
    
                            , 120 days would fall on October 28. Gust Rosenfeld, at 7. While we recognize there may be rare instances where 120 days does not fall at the end of a month, we are reluctant to change the language of section 436.7(a) to be inconsistent with state law. Back to Citation
 758.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. 
                            *See also*16 CFR 436.1(a)(22). Back to Citation
 759.
    
                             PMR&W, for example, noted that the original Rule’s quarterly update requirement is a bright-line rule that “is clear and intelligible to franchisors and their counsel.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 6. Similarly, the NFC states that a quarterly update requirement is consistent with long-standing Commission policy. NFC, NPR 12, at 16. One commenter, responding to the comparable provision in the Staff Report, noted that the Franchise NPR would have required a franchisor to update information quarterly “relating to the franchise business of the franchisor.” J&G, at 
                            
                            7. The firm asserted that this language could require the disclosure of more information than is required by the actual disclosure Items. It suggested that the Commission adopt the alternative language: any material change to “the disclosures included, or required to be included, in the disclosure document.” We agree, and section 436.7(b) of the final amended Rule reflects that change. Back to Citation
 760.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(d)(2) and 436.1(e)(6). Back to Citation
 761.
    
                             NPR, 64 at 57319. Back to Citation
 762.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 13; BI, NPR 28, at 8-9. On the other hand, the NFC praised the Commission’s flexibility in permitting notification by any means. NFC, NPR 12, at 16. Back to Citation
 763.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 3-4. Marriott noted that it, and other large corporations, may have several thousand employees in different departments. Each department (e.g., training, legal, advertising, marketing) may have a different person responsible for a portion of the information that is in a disclosure document for each different brand offered. A continuous updating requirement: “would place an unfair burden on franchisors like Marriott. For example, it will be virtually impossible for the Training Department (every time they change a subject or the hours allotted to a particular subject in the training program) . . . to contact Legal and for Legal to determine if the change is material and to then contact development to make sure before the closing of every franchise deal that there is not a particular piece of information that must be notified to a franchisee. This requirement will cause complete havoc in the franchise sales process. Franchisors will not be able to close sales without notifying every department out of fear that some minute change in fact may later be deemed to be material.” Marriott, NPR 35, at 4. Back to Citation
 764.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 6. Back to Citation
 765.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 6. Back to Citation
 766.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 16. Back to Citation
 767.
    
                            *See*
                             section 436.9(f). This provision also address the commenters’ concerns about permitting franchisors to furnish updates orally. Back to Citation
 768.
    
                            *But see*
                             IL AG, at 10 (suggesting that the Rule state that franchisors may have other disclosure obligations under Section 5 of the FTC Act); Bundy, at 3 (suggesting a continuous updating requirement for “materially adverse events.”). The quarterly update provision specifies when a franchisor must prepare revised disclosures to ensure that they are timely. It does not address whether a franchisor may have other obligations to notify prospective franchisees of material changes under state common law fraud or misrepresentation principles. Back to Citation
 769.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(d)(2) and 436.1(e)(6). Like the original Rule, the final amended Rule requires the franchisor to “notify” the prospective franchisee of any material change in financial performance information. It does not require a franchisor to update its disclosures more often than quarterly, nor does it require a franchisor to re-disclose to a prospective franchisee. Rather, “notification” means that the franchisor must inform the prospective franchisee, which can be accomplished outside of the disclosure document. How a franchisor “notifies” a prospective franchisee is within the sound discretion of the franchisor. Notification can be made in writing, or by telephone call, email, or other electronic transmission, provided that the franchisor can prove that it has informed the prospective franchisee about the material change to the performance data. Back to Citation
 770.
    
                            *But see*
                             J&G, at 11 (asserting that financial performance information should be updated only quarterly). Back to Citation
 771.
    
                             16 CFR 436.2(a)(3). Back to Citation
 772.
    
                             This approach is consistent with other Commission rules, including the Telemarketing Sales Rule, 16 CFR 310.6; the Care Labeling Rule, 16 CFR 423.8, and the Cooling-Off Period Rule, 16 CFR 429.3. The UFOC Guidelines do not contain any exemptions. Rather, at most, some of the 15 franchise disclosure states may exempt franchisors from registration requirements as a matter of statute or regulation. 
                            *See generally*
                             Duvall & Mandel, ANPR 114. Thus, franchisors exempted from disclosure under the final amended Rule may nonetheless have to prepare and disseminate UFOCs for state law purposes. Back to Citation
 773.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(iii). Back to Citation
 774.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(i). Back to Citation
 775.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(ii). Back to Citation
 776.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(3)(iv). Back to Citation
 777.
    
                             As discussed below, although the Commission is deleting the exclusions from the final amended Rule text, it is retaining the exclusions as a matter of policy and incorporating them by reference in this Document. Back to Citation
 778.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. The final amended Rule provision, however, has been renumbered as section 436.8. In the Franchise NPR, it was numbered section 436.9. Back to Citation
 779.
    
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59704. Back to Citation
 780.
    
                             Typical of these comments was H&H, which urged the Commission to raise the threshold to $1,000 in order to recognize the fact that costs in general have increased substantially since the Rule was initially promulgated. H&H, NPR 9, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             Gurnick, NPR 21A, at 8; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 9. Back to Citation
 781.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 15-16. In the alternative, Mr. Baer suggested that the threshold should be set at 1% of the amount of average retail sales achieved by outlets using the franchise system in the United States in the most recent year for which data is available. Mr. Baer asserted that if “a system has average retail sales of $1 million, $10,000 is not a number which should trigger concerns. There is no need for the Commission to regulate 
                            *de minimis*
                             investments with this type of burdensome and costly disclosure obligation.” 
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 782.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 14. Back to Citation
 783.
    
                            *See*
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 4; Baer, NPR 11, at 15-16. Back to Citation
 784.
    
                             IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 2 (“To exempt franchises that do not have an initial fee, or ones that have what appears to be a modest fee of $1,000 or $2,500, would put too many “small” investors at risk.”). Back to Citation
 785.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 14. Back to Citation
 786.
    
                             Bond’s keeps files on 2,500 American and Canadian franchise systems. Of these, Bond’s surveyed 2294 systems that it identified as current and active. Detailed profiles of the 1050 systems responding to the survey appear in Bond’s 2001 edition. Back to Citation
 787.
    
                             The Staff Report noted that Bond’s does not report “required payments,” but initial franchisees fees and total investments. Therefore, it is likely that at least some franchise systems charging a minimum fee or even no initial fee (14 systems) actually collect other required payments (e.g., royalties, equipment), making the overall financial risk in purchasing a franchise significant. Back to Citation
 788.
    
                             Howard Bundy opined that the $500 minimum payment exemption should reference payments by contract or by practical necessity. Bundy, NPR 18, at 4. The $500 minimum payment exemption, however, already references the term “required payment,” which in turn is defined to include both payments by contract and by practical necessity. Accordingly, no further refinement of the Rule is necessary on this point. Back to Citation
 789.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 2801. Back to Citation
 790.
    
                             45 FR 51765 (Aug. 5, 1980). Back to Citation
 791.
    
                             45 FR at 51766. In reaching its conclusion, the Commission nonetheless recognized that circumstances may change in the industry that would warrant a fresh review: “[I]f circumstances change in the future and evidence of renewed misrepresentations in the sale of petroleum franchises reappears on a significant scale, a new rulemaking proceeding may be undertaken that is tailored to the specific needs of the industry. In the interim, if isolated abuses occur, they will be subject to the adjudicative procedures and remedies provided by Section 5 of the FTC Act.” 45 FR at 51766. Since 1980, the Commission has received only isolated complaints regarding abuses in the relationship between petroleum company franchisors and their franchisees, and has no reason to believe that a pattern of abuse is likely to develop in the near future. Back to Citation
 792.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, Attachment at 6. Back to Citation
 793.
    
                            *See*
                             Pillsbury Winthrop (on behalf of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.). Back to Citation
 794.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57345. Back to Citation
 795.
    
                            *E.g.*, Gust Rosenfeld, at 7; J&G, at 7; Marriott, at 2-4; Starwood, at 2-3; 7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 2; NFC, NPR 12, at 17; IFA, NPR 22, at 7; AFC, NPR 30, at 2-3; Marriott, NPR 35, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             Kaufmann, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 165; Wieczorek, 
                            *id*., at 187-88; Tifford, 
                            *id*., at 194 (noting that the Rule imposes unnecessary costs on sophisticated franchisees and adds unwarranted delay in the high-paced negotiation process, where parties often are anxious to cement their deals quickly to beat out the competition). Back to Citation
 796.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Bundy, NPR 18, at 14; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 7-8; Karp, NPR 24, at 6-8. 
                            *But see*
                             Caruso, ANPR 118 (“[F]ranchisees in the larger successful systems are themselves fairly sophisticated and in less need of protection by the FTC or any other government agency.”). Back to Citation
 797.
    
                            *See*
                             Selden, at 1; Gee, at 2; Karp, at 6-7; Pu, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 4-5; Kezios, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 47-48; Bundy, 
                            *id*., at 48-49; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 8; Karp, NPR 24, at 6-8; NFA, NPR 27, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             NADA (urging the Commission to consider exemptions on a case-by-case basis only). Back to Citation
 798.
    
                             Two commenters noted that the inclusion of the three sophisticated investor exemptions in the final amended Rule could be misleading because a franchisor may still have obligations to make disclosures under state law. Bundy, at 3; IL AG, at 10. Howard Bundy, for example, urged the Commission to include a warning in the final amended Rule itself that exemption from the Franchise Rule does not necessarily mean exemption from state disclosure law. While this observation is true, the Commission believes the appropriate place to delineate the relationship between the final amended Rule and state law is in anticipated Compliance Guides and other business and consumer education materials. Back to Citation
 799.
    
                             At least two states provide some form of exemption for transactions involving large initial investments. Illinois permits a franchisor to apply for an exemption from both registration and disclosure where the investment for a single franchise unit exceeds $1 million. Maryland exempts franchises that require an initial investment of $750,000 or more from registration, but not from disclosure. Back to Citation
 800.
    
                             These safeguards were included in the proposed version of this provision. Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57321 and 57345. Back to Citation
 801.
    
                            *E.g.*, PMRW, NPR 4, at 3; Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2; McDonalds, NPR 7, at 2; H&H, NPR 9, at 4; Baer, NPR 11, at 16; NFC, NPR 12, at 20. Marriott, for example, stated that not only are sophisticated franchisees able to protect their own interests, but the self-interest of others involved in the project, such as bankers, is sufficient to protect those interests as well. Marriott, NPR 35, at 6. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Baer, NPR 11, at 16; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 3; J&G, NPR 32, at 3. Back to Citation
 802.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 8; Karp, NPR 24, at 6. Back to Citation
 803.
    
                             Karp, at 7; Karp, NPR 24, at 6-7. 
                            *See also*
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 7-8 (“Being wealthy should not be a basis for being screwed.”). Back to Citation
 804.
    
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 7. 
                            *See also*
                             Selden, at 2 (“The idea that disclosure becomes unnecessary when the investment exceeds an arbitrary threshold, because scale is a proxy for sophistication or bargaining power, is an oxymoron.”); Gee, at 3 (“The FTC should focus on the capabilities of the investor as opposed to the size of the investment.”). Mr. Selden also asserted that franchisors are not always forthcoming with information, suggesting that had the Commission solicited the views of franchisees of large hotel systems, for example, we would have a different impression. 
                            *Id*. We note, however, that not a single hotel franchisee or large restaurant franchisee submitted any comment in response to the large investment exemption discussed in the ANPR, NPR, and Staff Report. Accordingly, we are unconvinced that Mr. Selden’s concerns raise a serious issue. Back to Citation
 805.
    
                            *See*17 CFR 230.501(5), (6), and (8). 
                            *See also*
                             Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2. Back to Citation
 806.
    
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 8. Back to Citation
 807.
    
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             Bundy, ANPR, 6 Nov. 97 Tr., at 21-22; Jeffers, 
                            *id*., at 23-24; Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 8. Back to Citation
 808.
    
                             45 FR 51763-64 (Aug. 5, 1980). Back to Citation
 809.
    
                             Section 18(g) of the FTC Act. 15 U.S.C. 57a(g). One commenter observed that while franchisors can file individual petitions for exemptions from the Rule under Section18(g) of the FTC Act, the process is costly and the delay involved often renders this approach an unviable option. Duvall & Mandel, ANPR 114, at 16. Section 18(g) of the FTC Act provides a mechanism for parties to petition for relief from Commission trade regulation rules where potential abuse is unlikely. Section 18(g) exemption petitions are placed on the public record for comment. The entire process of reviewing and granting such a petition may take several months to more than one year, depending on any comments received. Back to Citation
 810.
    
                             For a detailed discussion of staff’s analysis, see Staff Report, at 238. Back to Citation
 811.
    
                             In light of the management demands on operating multiple units, it is reasonable to believe that purchasers of multiple units may be persons with significant prior business experience. Back to Citation
 812.
    
                             We also assume that in many instances this universe of sophisticated investors will include existing franchisees with significant “hands-on” experience with the franchisor. In its Franchise NPR comment, NFC describes at length the changing nature of franchising in the United States. Specifically, NFC notes that: “While franchising’s roots may be traced to the grant of an individual franchise to one entrepreneur (or a small group of entrepreneurs) possessing no prior knowledge of or experience in the subject industry . . . it is nevertheless the case that over the decade many of America’s oldest and largest franchisors do not follow that paradigm. Instead, they find it far more efficient and profitable for all concerned to largely restrict the grant of United States franchises to: (i) sophisticated corporations with the resources and background necessary to optimally operate subject franchises and (ii) existing franchisees whose experience, profitability, and mastery of the franchisor’s system strongly suggest future success.” NFC, NPR 12, at 17. Accordingly, at least some franchisees purchasing multiple units are existing franchisees with prior “hands-on” experience with the franchisor. Back to Citation
 813.
    
                            *E.g.*, Baer, NPR 11, at 16; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 3; Marriott, NPR 35, at 6. Back to Citation
 814.
    
                             NASAA, NPR 17, at 12. Seth Stadfeld added that it is not difficult to invest $1.5 million when there is a down payment plus financing of a substantial portion of the investment. “Indeed, because they are taking on larger obligations, there is all the more reason and urgency why they should get the material, factual and contractual information that is otherwise available under the Rule.” Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 8. 
                            *See also*
                             NFA, NPR 27, at 3. Back to Citation
 815.
    
                             “In our considerable experience, individuals purchasing franchises involving a $1 million investment have a clear understanding of the terms and conditions of the business arrangements and have obtained professional financial and/or legal advice before entering into the franchise agreement.” McDonald’s, NPR 7, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             7-Eleven, NPR 10, at 3; NFC, NPR 12, at 20; BI, NPR 28, at 13. Wendy’s suggested that the threshold be lowered, but did not offer any specific amount. Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2. Back to Citation
 816.
    
                             As discussed below, IFA initially stated that “real estate” should be excluded in calculating the large investment threshold. IFA, NPR 22, at 7. In its Staff Report comment, however, the IFA clarified that by “real estate,” it mean raw, unimproved land. 
                            *See*
                             IFA, at 3. Back to Citation
 817.
    
                             IFA, NPR 22, at 7. Back to Citation
 818.
    
                             The Staff Report recommended a $1 million threshold for the exemption, excluding land and franchisor financing, as discussed below. Staff Report, at 240. Back to Citation
 819.
    
                             PMR&W opined that the $1.5 million threshold would benefit only: “a very few franchised businesses, typically lodging facilities and perhaps the most expensive restaurant franchises. We suggest a $500,000 threshold as a more reasonable alternative based on the franchisee’s likely resort to sophisticated advisory services from accountants and/or attorneys and the probable need for financing, and resulting due diligence oversight, from a financial institution.” PMR&W, NPR 4, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             Cendant, ANPR 140, at 4 (suggesting a $750,000 threshold); H&H, NPR 9, at 4 (advocating a lowered threshold, but not specifying an amount); Duvall & Mandel, ANPR 114, at 21 (suggesting a $250,000 threshold provided there is a showing that the purchaser, alone or with counsel, can understand the merits and risks of the investment). The Commission rejects this approach as unworkable, because it would require franchisors to make subjective judgments about each purchaser’s business acumen. Back to Citation
 820.
    
                             The Commission has a history of considering and granting petitions for exemption to the Franchise Rule under section 18(g) of the FTC Act. In numerous exemption petition proceedings, the Commission has considered the size of investment as an indicium of sophistication. 
                            *E.g.,*
                             Paccar, Inc., 68 FR 67442 (Dec. 2, 2003); Rolls-Royce Corp., 68 FR 67443 (Dec. 2, 2003); Austin Rover Cars of North America, 52 FR 6612 (Mar. 4, 1987); Volkswagen of America, Inc., 49 FR 13677 (Apr. 6, 1984); Automobile Importers of America, Inc., 45 FR 51783 (Aug. 5, 1980). Based upon this experience in analyzing various franchise systems, the Commission believes that a large investment typically entails a sophisticated purchaser: “As a practical matter, investments of this size and scope typically involve knowledgeable investors, the use of independent business and legal advisors, and an extended period of negotiation that generates the exchange of information necessary to ensure that investment decisions are the product of an informed assessment of the potential risks and benefits.” Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc., 57 FR 1745 (Jan. 15, 1992) (granting petition for exemption). Back to Citation
 821.
    
                             IFA, at 3. Back to Citation
 822.
    
                             IFA, NPR 22, at 7. Back to Citation
 823.
    
                             Starwood, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             Marriott, at 2 (an “investment” should include buildings). Back to Citation
 824.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 6-7. Back to Citation
 825.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 6. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 4. At the same time, Eric Karp disputed the view expressed in the Franchise NPR that lenders may act as an effective check, requiring a prospect to have sufficient equity capital before granting a loan. He contended that there is “no support in the record as to what amount of equity a bank might require on a franchise investment of $1.5 Million.” Karp, NPR 24, at 7. Back to Citation
 826.
    
                             Karp, NPR 24, at 7. Back to Citation
 827.
    
                             BI, NPR 28, at 13. Back to Citation
 828.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 8. Back to Citation
 829.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 14. Back to Citation
 830.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, Attachment, at 6. Back to Citation
 831.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 20. 
                            *See also*
                             CA Bar, at 7; Marriott, at 2; Marriott, NPR 35, at 6 (“‘Investment’ for purposes of the exemption should be defined as the initial investment as set forth in Item 7, plus credit extended by any lender and commitments for real property (not just mortgage or lease payments for the first few months.”)). Others raised alternative calculation approaches. For example, Wendy’s observed that the focus on the franchisee’s investment should “exclude those expenses to be incurred during the first three months of operation which are not offset by sales. . . . [This] artificially raises the threshold.” Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 2. Similarly, J&G urged the Commission to include all commitments for real property over the life of the contract, not just mortgage or lease payments for the first few months. J&G, NPR 32, at 4. Back to Citation
 832.
    
                             CA Bar, at 7 (including expenses over the life of the franchise term “would likely render the $1 million threshold meaningless . . . because the accumulated expenditures over a 10 or 20 year period could easily exceed $1 million dollars.”). Back to Citation
 833.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 21. 
                            *See also*
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 4. Back to Citation
 834.
    
                             Staff Report, at 243. Back to Citation
 835.
    
                             IL AG, at 11. Back to Citation
 836.
    
                             Marriott, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             Starwood, at 2. Back to Citation
 837.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 4. The NFC noted that conversion franchise activity is the “dominant form of franchise activity extant in the guest lodging and real estate brokerage arenas, and is common in other sectors as well. While new construction of franchised hotels does transpire, much franchising activity in the guest lodging sector involves the conversion of existing hotels . . . to the name, mark, and system of a guest lodging franchisor.” NFC, NPR 12, at 20. 
                            *See also*
                             Starwood, at 2; PREA, NPR 20, at 3; Marriott, NPR 35, at 6. Back to Citation
 838.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 21. Back to Citation
 839.
    
                             No state has a comparable disclosure exemption. Several states—including California, Indiana, Maryland, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington—have an exemption from registration for “experienced franchisors.” To qualify for the exemption, a franchisor must typically have a net worth of at least $5 million and have had 25 franchise locations in operation during the previous five years. Back to Citation
 840.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57321. 
                            *See*
                             Kaufmann, ANPR, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 190. 
                            *But see*
                             Kezios, 18 Sept. 97 Tr., at 191-92 (opposing exemption for large institutions, suggesting that they need franchise advice and counsel as well). Back to Citation
 841.
    
                             For example, in 1997, FTC staff was asked for an advisory opinion on whether a travel services company would be covered by the Rule if it sold outlets to hospitals. The staff advised that the hospital could not qualify as a fractional franchisee because it did not have the requisite two years of experience in providing travel-related services. Advisory 97-7, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 6487 (1997). Hospitals and other large institutions such as airports and universities, however, are hardly unsophisticated prospective franchisees. Back to Citation
 842.
    
                             Gust Rosenfeld, at 7; J&G, at 7; Marriott, at 2; Piper Rudnick, at 6-7; Starwood, at 3. Back to Citation
 843.
    
                             Selden, at 1 (large franchisee exemption thresholds are too low); Gee, at 2; Pu, at 2 (Commission should focus on capabilities of franchisee, not size of investment). Two franchisee associations—the AAFD and the AFA—did not comment on this issue. Back to Citation
 844.
    
                            *E.g.*, IL AG, NPR 3, at 2; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 3; Wendy’s, NPR 5, at 3; Triarc, NPR 6, at 1; H&H, NPR 9, at 5; Baer, NPR 11, at 16; NFC, NPR 12, at 22; BI, NPR 28, at 14; Tricon, NPR 34, at 7; Marriott, NPR 35, at 7. Back to Citation
 845.
    
                             Nothing prevents an “entity” under this provision from being an individual, but most individuals who have been in business for at least five years and have generated an individual net worth of at least $5 million are likely to have created a corporation or other formal organization through which to conduct business. Back to Citation
 846.
    
                             Net worth of an entity can readily be determined from the entity’s balance sheet or other financial information, typically submitted as part the application process. Back to Citation
 847.
    
                             At the same time, several franchisee representatives criticized the large franchisee exemption as inappropriate. For example, Andrew Selden asserted that the large franchisee exemption will “sweep in thousands of small business entrepreneurs who own three or four units or independent businesses, or perhaps unrelated family wealth. Personal net worth has no correlation whatsoever with the need for information to make an informed business investment decision in respect to an unfamiliar franchise.” Selden, at 1. As noted above, however, the sophisticated investor exemptions are premised not on the notion that sophisticated investors do not need pre-sale disclosure, but that they are able to obtain such information, or greater information, without federal government intervention. This is particularly true of large franchisees, such as hospitals, airports, and universities, among others. Back to Citation
 848.
    
                             H&H, NPR 9, at 5. Back to Citation
 849.
    
                            *Id*. Back to Citation
 850.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 14. Back to Citation
 851.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 21-22. Similarly, J&G maintained that any “entity or group of entities with a $5 million or more net worth should, by definition, be deemed to have the requisite sophistication to satisfy the exclusion or exemption.” J&G, NPR 32, at 4. Back to Citation
 852.
    
                             Triarc, NPR 6, at 2. Back to Citation
 853.
    
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 7. Back to Citation
 854.
    
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, NFC, NPR 12, at 22; J&G, NPR 32, at 4; H&H, NPR 9, at 5. Triarc, for example, noted that one Arby’s franchisee owns 700 units and is one of the largest privately owned restaurant operators in the world. It asked “why should we have to give disclosure to that franchisee merely because he sets up a new corporate entity to own his next Arby’s store?” Triarc, NPR 6, at 1-2. Back to Citation
 855.
    
                             Starwood, at 3; NFC, NPR 12, at 22; J&G, NPR 32, at 4; H&H, NPR 9, at 5. Back to Citation
 856.
    
                             In the same vein, the definition of “affiliate” covers both franchisee and franchisor affiliates, as noted in our discussion of the definitions, above. Back to Citation
 857.
    
                             This modifies slightly an earlier version of the large franchisee exemption which would have required the purchaser 
                            *and*
                             its parent or affiliates to satisfy the net worth and prior experience prerequisites. 
                            *See*
                             Marriott, at 3-4; J&G, at 7. Back to Citation
 858.
    
                             CA Bar would limit this exemption to those with an equity ownership in the company. In its view, those with a non-equity interest, such as a lender, typically do not participate in the business, in contrast to an equity owner, and therefore should be excluded from the exemption. CA Bar, at 8. While CA Bar’s observation is correct, the Rule need not be revised to address this issue. A lender or other non-equity interest owner will be excluded from the exemption because he or she will not satisfy the exemption’s prior experience prerequisite. Back to Citation
 859.
    
                             The “insider” exemption is modeled after nearly identical language in California’s statute. Washington and Rhode Island have similar exemptions. 
                            *See*
                             Duvall & Mandel, ANPR 114, at 21 (suggesting a narrower approach). Back to Citation
 860.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 23. 
                            *See also*
                             AFC, NPR 30, at 3. Back to Citation
 861.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 9. Back to Citation
 862.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 14. Back to Citation
 863.
    
                             For that reason, we decline to include “trustees.” Nothing in the designation “trustee” ensures that the individual will have an adequate level of experience within the system to justify an exemption from receiving pre-sale disclosures. On the other hand, if a trustee functions as an officer or manages the franchise systems, he or she will qualify for the exemption as either an officer or manager. Back to Citation
 864.
    
                             CA Bar observed that section 436.8(a)(6) refers to “purchasers” It questioned whether the insider exemption is limited to individual insiders only, or to entities formed by individual-insiders. It correctly observed that insiders who are likely to purchase a franchise are likely to do so by forming a partnership, corporation, or other entity through which to conduct business. We believe the term “purchaser” is broad enough to include an individual who intends to operate as an entity. Back to Citation
 865.
    
                             This approach is also consistent with the Commission’s procedures for adjusting thresholds or other information in Commission enforced statutes. Under the Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996, the Commission adjusted civil penalty amounts from $10,000 to $11,000 per violation to account for inflation. Those amounts must be adjusted at least once every four years. 
                            *See*61 FR 54549 (Oct. 21, 1996). Similarly, the Appliance Labeling Rule, 16 CFR Part 305, sets forth ranges of estimated annual energy costs and consumption for various appliances. Because energy cost and appliance efficiencies fluctuate, the Commission adjusts the label requirements periodically by publishing in the 
                            **Federal Register**
                             new costs and ranges, which then become part of that rule’s labeling requirements. The Commission also publishes in the 
                            **Federal Register**
                             adjustments for determining illegal interlocking directorates in connection with Section 19(a)(5) of the Clayton Act. Back to Citation
 866.
    
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, H&H, NPR 9, at 4; Baer, NPR 11, at 15-16. Back to Citation
 867.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57321-22. Back to Citation
 868.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 22. Back to Citation
 869.
    
                             The Staff Report made the same recommendation. Staff Report, at 250-51. No comments were submitted on this recommendation. Back to Citation
 870.
    
                              
                            *See*
                             Federal Maritime Commission, Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustment, 46 CFR 506.2(c) (“‘Consumer Price Index’ means the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers published by the Department of Labor.”). Back to Citation
 871.
    
                              
                            *See*16 CFR 436.2(a)(4). Back to Citation
 872.
    
                             43 FR at 59708. Back to Citation
 873.
    
                            *E.g*, Spandorf, at 12.; Duvall, at 2-3; AMF; CHS; IDS. Back to Citation
 874.
    
                            *E.g.*, CHS, at 1-2; IDS, at 2; NCBA, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             J&G, NPR 32, Attachment, at 9; TruServ, NPR 33, at 2; Baer, NPR 11, at 5; IL AG, NPR 3, at 3; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 3; H&H, NPR 9, at 3; Gurnick, NPR 21, at 7. Back to Citation
 875.
    
                            *E.g.*, NCBA, at 4; NCFC, at 2. Back to Citation
 876.
    
                            *E.g.*, AMF; CHS; NCBA, at 5. Back to Citation
 877.
    
                            *E.g.*, Spandorf, at 12; CHS; Reizman Burger, at 3-4. Back to Citation
 878.
    
                             We also note that there are many other business relationships that share some similarities with franchises, such as distributorships, multilevel marketing programs, and some work-at-home schemes. Yet, these arrangements were not expressly excluded from the Rule. Rather, the definition of the term “franchise” is sufficient to set out the parameters of the Rule’s scope. To the extent that these relationships may be confused with franchises, the Commission has provided needed clarification in the Final Interpretative Guides. The same approach is warranted for cooperatives. Nonetheless, based upon the comments, the Commission specifically reaffirms the four exemptions in this Statement and anticipates that future Compliance Guides will do the same. As in other areas of Rule interpretation, the staff of the Commission can also address future questions concerning the definition of the term “franchise” on a case-by-case basis through informal advisory opinions. Back to Citation
 879.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(f). “Without this provision, the Commission believes that the disclosures required by the rule could be contradicted in oral sales presentations and rendered of little value without violating the rule.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59695. Back to Citation
 880.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(2) and (c)(2); UFOC Item 19. Original SBP, 43 FR at 59684-690 (The earnings representation standards are “intended to prevent or minimize potential misrepresentations or distortions in the representations made by franchisors, while at the same time permitting franchisors to use informative representations as part of their marketing scheme.”). Back to Citation
 881.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(b)(2) and (c)(2); UFOC Item 19. In the original SBP, the Commission rejected the idea that franchisors should always provide a copy of their substantiation of financial performance claims to the prospective franchisee. At the same time, it found that “the benefit to be derived from permitting those prospective franchisees who so wish to review the franchisor’s substantiation far outweighs speculative harms that could arise from such disclosure.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59691. Back to Citation
 882.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(h). In the original SBP, the Commission observed that numerous consumers complained about the difficulty they experienced when they attempted to obtain refunds from their franchisors. “It is clear from the record that all franchisors do not adequately adhere to the refund policies they themselves agree to in their contracts.” Original SBP, 43 FR at 59696-97. 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Review, at 29 (some franchisees continue to experience problems with obtaining refunds). Back to Citation
 883.
    
                             We decline to adopt a third prohibition recommended in the Staff Report that would have prohibited franchisors from failing to furnish a prospective transferee of an existing franchised outlet with a copy of an existing disclosure document of the franchisor, upon request. As recommended in the Staff Report, this prohibition would not have required a franchisor to prepare a current disclosure document solely for the benefit of a transferee. Rather, a franchisor would have been permitted to give a prospective franchisee a copy of its most recent disclosure document. For example, a franchisor who stopped selling franchises and no longer possessed a current disclosure document could have complied with this prohibition by giving a prospective transferee a copy of its most recent disclosure document, even if that document were at the time out-of-date. 
                            *See*
                             Staff Report, at 264. In response to the Staff Report, five commenters opined that this proposed prohibition would have resulted in franchisors being forced to disclose information that could have been misleading to the prospective transferee, subjecting the franchisor to potential liability. CA Bar, at 10; Kaufmann, at 6; Seid, at 7; Spandorf, at 10-11; Wiggin and Dana, at 5. We agree. An “existing” disclosure document would have no relevance to a transfer unless the document were current. Moreover, a current disclosure document may not accurately portray the business arrangement entailed in the transfer, because it would explain the terms and conditions of the franchisor’s 
                            *current*
                             franchise agreement, while a transferee assumes the terms and conditions of an 
                            *ongoing*
                             franchise agreement. Moreover, to the extent that a potential transferee wishes to see a copy of the franchisor’s disclosure document, he or she can obtain a copy from a commercial service, from a franchise registration state, and more frequently online (such as through California’s Cal-Easi website). 
                            *But see*
                             Bundy, at 10. Back to Citation
 884.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Netfran Dev. Corp.*, No. 05-CV-22223 (S.D. Fla. 2005); 
                            *FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002). Back to Citation
 885.
    
                             For example, Peter Lagarias stated: “In my experience, the providing of earnings claims in contravention of . . . [Item 19] often occurs both orally and in writing. The most common written method of earnings claims is by newspaper or magazine articles about the franchise system which contain the earnings claims. These news articles are reproduced and provided to prospective franchisees in contravention of the Rule.” Lagarias, RR 13, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             Brown, ANPR 4, at 4 (“There have therefore been endless variations of supposedly ‘indirect’ franchisor representations of profitability, [ranging] from the proverbial notation on a napkin or envelope, to prearranged referrals to ‘typical” franchisees, to use of ‘company store’ figures with plain implications of comparability, and to the required preparation of a ‘business plan’ by the prospective franchisee and its ‘review’ and ‘oral adjustment’ by franchisor or personnel.”); Bundy, ANPR 119, at 1 (“I have never met a franchisee who had been in operation more than a few weeks who did not receive earnings claims before investing in a franchise. It simply does not happen. They either have received them from the franchisor or its agent directly (often in writing or on floppy disk) or from third parties to whom they have been directed.”); IL AG, RR 25, at 2 (“The most common situation and opportunity for abuse is the franchisor sales representative who makes oral representations as to earnings potential when talking with prospects.”); WA Securities, RR 37, at 3 (“Our fraud investigations reveal that a substantial number of franchisors or their sales representatives are making written or oral earnings claims to prospective franchisees even when the disclosure document states that no earnings claims are made.”); AAFD, RR 39, at 6 (“Probably less than 2% of franchisors make formal earnings disclosures, [while] the vast majority of franchisees claim they have received oral (and often informal written) earnings claims and projections.”). Back to Citation
 886.
    
                             Of course, franchisors are always free to disseminate additional truthful information to a prospective franchisee. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(21) (franchisors are not precluded from giving other nondeceptive information orally, visually, or in separate literature so long as such information is not contradictory to the information in the disclosure document). Back to Citation
 887.
    
                             The anti-shill prohibition is also broad enough to cover the use of “institutional shills,” companies that purport to act like a Better Business Bureau that provide consumers with “independent” reports on its members. 
                            *See FTC v. United States Bus. Bureau*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10865 (S.D. Fla. 1995). Back to Citation
 888.
    
                             Scam franchisors frequently use shill references in order to bolster their financial performance and success claims. 
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Car Checkers of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-623 (mlp) (D.N.J. 1993); 
                            *FTC v. Am. Legal Distrib., Inc.*, No. 1:88-CV-519-MHS (N.D. Ga. 1988). Harm resulting from the use of shills is also demonstrated by numerous Commission business opportunity law enforcement actions. 
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Am. Entertainment Distrib., Inc.*, No. 04-22431 CIV-Huck (S.D. Fla. 2004); 
                            *FTC v. Hart Mktg. Enter.*, No. 98-222-CIV-T-23 E (M.D. Fla. 1998); 
                            *FTC v. Unitel Sys., Inc.*, No. 3-97CV18780-D (N.D. Tex. 1997). Back to Citation
 889.
    
                             The NCL reported that complaints about fake references are among the most common franchisee and business opportunity complaints it receives. NCL, ANPR 35, at 2. 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Program Review at 39 (showing that false or deceptive representations pertaining to testimonials and references is the second most common Section 5 allegation (28 counts) in Commission business opportunity and franchise cases). Back to Citation
 890.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, Appendix, at 9. Back to Citation
 891.
    
                             This view is consistent with the Commission’s Guides Concerning The Use of Endorsements and Testimonials In Advertising, 16 CFR 255. These guides require that any representation in an ad that purports to represent the view of a consumer must, in fact, reflect the consumer’s actual views or experience: “Endorsements must always reflect the honest opinions, findings, beliefs, or experience of the endorser. Furthermore, they may not contain any representations which would deceive, or could not be substantiated if made directly by the advertiser.” 16 CFR at 255.2(a). Therefore, any actor or public figure who might run afoul of this provision in the Franchise Rule already risks violating the FTC Act. Back to Citation
 892.
    
                            *E.g.*, original SBP, 43 FR at 59684-85 (“The use of deceptive and inaccurate profit and loss statements by franchisors has resulted in a legion of ‘horror stories.”). 
                            *See also*
                             Staff Review, at 25 (earnings claims most frequently reported franchise problem). Back to Citation
 893.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *FTC v. Netfran Dev. Corp.*, No. 05-CV-22223 (S.D. Fla. 2005); 
                            *United States v. Robert Lasseter*, No. 3:03-1177 (M.D. Tenn. 2003); 
                            *FTC v. Morrone’s Water Ice, Inc.*, No. 02-3720 (E.D. Pa. 2002); 
                            *FTC v. Car Wash Guys Int*
                            ’l., Inc., No. 00-8197 ABC (RNBx) (C.D. Cal.); 
                            *FTC v. Tower Cleaning Sys., Inc.*, No. 96 58 44 (E.D. Pa. 1996); 
                            *United States v. Tutor Time Child Care Sys., Inc*., No. 96-2603 (N.D. Cal. 1996); 
                            *FTC v. Mortgage Serv. Assocs., Inc.*, No. 395-CV-1362 (AVC) (D. Conn. 1995); 
                            *FTC v. Sage Seminars, Inc.*, C-95-2854-SBA (N.D. Cal. 1995). Back to Citation
 894.
    
                             16 CFR 436.1(b)(2); 436.1(c)(2). Back to Citation
 895.
    
                             The prohibition on failing to give out disclosures earlier in the sales process pertains to “prospective franchisees” only. A franchisor has no obligation to furnish disclosures to competitors, the media, academicians, or researchers. It applies to prospective franchisees already in the sales process. Accordingly, a franchisor need not furnish a copy of its disclosures to individuals seeking general information on the franchisor or who do not qualify to purchase a franchise. We would expect a franchisor to furnish disclosures, upon request, to any prospective franchisees who have submitted a franchise application and who have been notified that they qualify to purchase a franchise. 
                            *See*
                             IFA, at 3. 
                            *See also*
                             Winslow, at 91. Back to Citation
 896.
    
                             Turner, NPR 13, at 1; Karp, NPR 24, at 5-6; Bundy, NPR 18, at 5-6. 
                            *See also*
                             original SBP, 43 FR at 59639 (“[O]nce a prospect has been ‘hooked,’ it is difficult, if not impossible, to ‘extricate himself.’”). Back to Citation
 897.
    
                             IFA urged the Commission to define the term “reasonable request.” IFA, at 3. We note that the similar term “reasonable demand” has long been part of the original Rule in connection with the provision of written substantiation for financial performance representations. 16 CFR 436.1(b)(2) and 1(c)(2) (“such material is made available to any prospective franchisee and to the Commission or its staff upon reasonable demand.”). Similarly, the UFOC Guidelines provide that a franchisor making financial performance claims must include a statement in its Item 19 disclosure that “substantiation of the data used in preparing the earnings claim will be made available to the prospective franchisee on reasonable request.” UFOC, Item 19d. There is no indication in the record that the use of the terms “reasonable request” or “reasonable demand” has been confusing or otherwise unclear. We believe determinations about “reasonableness” can be made only on a case-by-case basis. At a minimum, we will consider whether a request is “reasonable” based upon the timing and manner in which the request has been made. For example, it may be unreasonable for a prospective franchisee to request a copy of the disclosure document on the morning of the day a franchisor’s representative flies to the prospect’s city for a meeting. Similarly, it may not be reasonable for a prospective franchisee to make the request by leaving a message with the doorman at the franchisor’s headquarters, or at the hotel where a franchisor’s representative is staying. Back to Citation
 898.
    
                             It is noteworthy that state franchise laws, at the very least, require franchisors to file current disclosure documents before franchisors may offer franchises for sale. Franchisors typically have disclosure documents available at the time they make franchise offerings. Accordingly, this new prohibition imposes no requirement that did not already exist under the original Rule’s first face-to-face meeting disclosure requirement and under state franchise filing laws. 
                            *But see*
                             Duvall, at 2 (this prohibition negates any benefit gained from eliminating the “first personal meeting requirement”). Back to Citation
 899.
    
                             For example, a franchisor may have filed for bankruptcy after having furnished disclosures to a prospective franchisee. A bankruptcy filing, as discussed above, is clearly material because it calls into question the franchisor’s continued financial viability and, thus, ability to perform its obligations under the franchise agreement. Back to Citation
 900.
    
                             This is consistent with the original Rule, which required franchisors to update their disclosures to ensure accuracy of its current disclosure document used with new prospects, but did not require re-disclosure to prospective franchisees who have already received a basic disclosure document. 16 CFR 436.1(a)(22) (setting forth two update requirements: (1) the annual update after the close of the franchisor’s fiscal year; and (2) quarterly updates if there is a material change). Back to Citation
 901.
    
                             Franchise sellers other than the franchisor can satisfy their obligation to provide updated disclosures by promptly forwarding a prospective franchisee’s request to the franchisor, provided that the franchisor has promised to fulfill any such requests promptly. Back to Citation
 902.
    
                             For example, Peter Lagarias, a franchisee advocate, asserted: “In virtually every lawsuit I have filed for franchisees alleging fraud, franchise disclosure, or unfair or deceptive practices (under California law since the FTC rule does not provide a private right of action), counsel for the franchisor defendants have defended the action on lack of justified reliance. Franchisors and their counsel have systemically written the agreements to strip franchisees of all fraud claims and rights the minute the agreement is signed by sophisticated integration, no representation, and no reliance clauses. . . . The Commission should provide that reliance on the disclosure document and other representations made in the sale of a franchise is 
                            *per se*
                             justified.” Lagarias, ANPR 125, at 4. 
                            *See also*, 
                            *e.g.*, Manuszak, ANPR 13; Bell, ANPR 30; Sibent, ANPR 41 (and 19 identical ANPR comments); AFA, ANPR 62, at 3; Bundy, ANPR 119, at 2; Selden, ANPR 133, Appendix B, at 2; Zarco & Pardo, ANPR 134, at 3. Back to Citation
 903.
    
                            *E.g.*, AFA, at 4; Bundy, 11-12; Haff, at 3; Karp, at 7; Lagarias, at 1-3. Back to Citation
 904.
    
                             IL AG, NPR 3, at 6; IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 3. Back to Citation
 905.
    
                             AFA, NPR 14, at 6. Back to Citation
 906.
    
                             Bundy, NPR 18, at 14. 
                            *See also*
                             Haff, at 3; Singler, at 3; IL AG, NPR 3, at 6. Back to Citation
 907.
    
                             Stadfeld, NPR 23, at 9-10. In the alternative, Mr. Stadfeld suggested that the cover sheet contain an explicit warning that anything stated by the franchisor that is not in the contract should not be relied upon in any way. 
                            *Id*., at 10. Back to Citation
 908.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 4-5. 
                            *See also*
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 8; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 10-11. Back to Citation
 909.
    
                             PMR&W, NPR 4, at 17. Back to Citation
 910.
    
                             CA Bar, at 10. Back to Citation
 911.
    
                             Baer, NPR 11, at 16-17. Back to Citation
 912.
    
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 4-5. 
                            *See also*
                             Marriott, NPR 35, at 7-8. Back to Citation
 913.
    
                             The Staff Report stated that integration clauses may be warranted to enable franchisors to disclaim liability for statements made by a “rogue salesman.” Staff Report, at 258. This statement generated significant comment by franchisee representatives asserting that franchisors should always be liable for statements made by their sales force. 
                            *E.g.*, AFA, at 4 (“The franchisor must accept responsibility for the person who it authorized and directed to sell franchises to prospective franchisees.”); Bundy, at 12 (“No one can reasonably argue that the franchisor should be able to disclaim statements made by its employees or agents within the scope of their agency.”); Gee, at 2 (“Sales staff puff, exaggerate, and outright misrepresent the terms of the agreement. . . . Appropriate protection . . . for such abuses is essential.”); Haff, at 3 (“That salesperson is often the franchisee’s only connection to the franchisor.”); Lagaria, at 2 (“A franchisor should remain liable for misconduct in the sales process, particularly by its own employees and agents.”); Pu, at 2 (“The FTC should not permit franchisors to disclaim responsibility for the statements of rogue salespeople.”). While we agree that franchisors in most instances are responsible for statements made by their sales force, there may be exceptions that can be only be determined based upon the particular facts on a case-by-case basis, in light of agency law and Section 5 of the FTC Act. Back to Citation
 914.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(f). Back to Citation
 915.
    
                             Waivers of rights afforded by Commission trade regulation rules are disfavored. For example, section 455.3(b) of the Used Car Rule, 16 CFR 455.3(b), requires used car sellers to incorporate the Buyers Guide into their sales contracts. This ensures that used car sellers cannot technically comply with the Rule by affixing the Buyers Guide to a car window, and then turn around and require consumers to waive the very rights granted them under the Rule. Similar anti-waiver provisions can be found in the Credit Practices Rule, 16 CFR 444.2 (barring certain waivers in credit transactions), Cooling-Off Period Rule, 16 CFR 429.1(d) (barring inclusion in any door-to-door contract of any confession of judgment or “any waiver of any rights to which the buyer is entitled under this section”), and Ophthalmic Practices Rule, 16 CFR 456.2(d) (barring efforts to have a patient waive or disclaim the liability or responsibility of the ophthalmologist or optometrist for the accuracy of the eye examination). Back to Citation
 916.
    
                             Prospective franchisees often rely on the disclosures in making their investment decision, especially when such disclosures appear to have the backing of the Federal Trade Commission. 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC v. Minuteman Press, Int’l*, No. 93-CV-2494 (DRH) (E.D.N.Y. 1998) (holding that a reasonable consumer could “legitimately conclude that he or she was being furnished important specific earnings information . . . notwithstanding . . . general disclaimers in the UFOC”). Back to Citation
 917.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *Cummings v. HPG Int’l, Inc.*
                            , 244 F.3d 16, 21 (1st.
    
                             Cir. 2001) (a party cannot induce a contract by fraudulent misrepresentations and then use contractual devices to escape liability); 
                            *Betz Labs. v. Hines*, 647 F.2d 402 (3d Cir. 1989) (integration clause is part of the contract and if fraud taints the relationship between the parties, the integration clause itself is struck down); 
                            *Tibo Software, Inc. v. Gordon Food Serv., Inc.*, 51 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 12020 (W.D. Mich. 2003) (An explicit integration clause bars parol evidence with the exception of fraud or other grounds sufficient to set aside a contract); 
                            *Jones Distrib. Co. v. White Consol. Indus.*, 943 F. Supp. 1445, 1470-71 (N.D. Iowa 1996) (fine-print, boiler-plate integration provision is not legally enforceable when there has been fraud that has induced the making of the contract); 
                            *Ron Greenspan Volkswagen v. Ford Motor Land Dev. Corp.*, 38 Cal. Rptr. 2d 783, 790 (Ct. App. 1995) (merger clause will not insulate a seller from liability for misrepresentations, even if the clause 
                            
                            specifically disclaims such misrepresentations); 
                            *Nobles v. Citizens Mortgage Corp.*, 479 So.2d 822 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985) (under Florida law, a merger or integration clause will not bar evidence of fraud in the inducement). Back to Citation
 918.
    
                             For example, in 
                            *Alphagraphics Franchising, Inc., v. Whaler Graphics, Inc.*, 840 F. Supp. 708 (D. Ariz. 1993), the court held that there was fraud in the inducement regarding an arbitration forum selection clause, despite the presence of an integration clause in the franchise contract. “It is well-settled that a party cannot free himself from fraud by incorporating [an integration clause] in a contract.” 
                            *Id.*, at 711 (citations omitted). Back to Citation
 919.
    
                            *See*
                             J&G, NPR 32, at 5. Back to Citation
 920.
    
                             Section 436.6(b). Back to Citation
 921.
    
                             Haff, at 3; Singler, at 3. Mr. Haff, for example, asserted that it is unconscionable for the FTC to permit a franchisor to disclaim its own materials through a franchise agreement integration clause. Haff, at 3. Back to Citation
 922.
    
                             For example, a franchisor would be liable for a Rule violation if its promotional literature made financial performance claims, while its Item 19 said that no such claims are authorized, or its promotional literature stated that exclusive territories are available, while its disclosure document offered no such benefit. Back to Citation
 923.
    
                             Two franchisor representatives specifically urged the Commission to clarify the Rule to ensure that the parties are free to negotiate contract terms. 
                            *See*
                             Baer, ANPR 25, at 4-5; Duvall & Mandel, ANPR 114, at 22. They feared that if the franchisor negotiates with a prospective franchisee for different terms than what appears in the disclosure document, (
                            *e.g.*, a different initial franchise fee or royalty payment), the franchisor will effectively violate the Rule because the franchisor will not have furnished the prospective franchisee with a disclosure document spelling out the specific agreed-upon terms and conditions in advance of the sale. Back to Citation
 924.
    
                             Bundy, at 11. Back to Citation
 925.
    
                            *Id*., at 12. Back to Citation
 926.
    
                            *See FTC v. Hillary’s Servs., Inc.*, No. 94-CV-2312 (E.D. Pa. 1994); 
                            *FTC v. Richard L. Levinger*, No. 94-0925-PHXRCB (D. Ariz. 1994); 
                            *FTC v. McKleans, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9853 (D. Conn. 1989) (franchisors violated the Franchise Rule by, among other things, failing to provide promised refunds). 
                            *See also FTC v. William A. Skaife*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1989-1990 Transfer Binder] ¶ 9555 (C.D. Cal. 1990); 
                            *FTC v. Nat’l Bus. Consultants, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 9385 (E.D. La. 1989); 
                            *FTC v. Am. Legal Distrib., Inc.*, No. 1:88-CV-519-MHS (N.D. Ga. 1988); 
                            *United States v. Tuff-Tire Am., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1985-1986 Transfer Binder] ¶ 8353 (M.D. Fla. 1985); 
                            *United States v. Fed. Energy Sys., Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) [1983-85 Transfer Binder] ¶ 8180 (C.D. Cal. 1984) (franchisors misrepresented refund policy in violation of Section 5); 
                            *FTC v. Nat’l Audit Defense Network, Inc.*, No. CV-S-02-0131 LRH-PAL (D. Nev. 2002); 
                            *FTC v. Travel Bahamas Tours, Inc.*, No. 97-6181-CIV-Ferguson (S.D. Fla. 1997) (companies misrepresented refund policy in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *Philips Elecs. N. Am. Corp.*, FTC No. 022-3095 (2002); 
                            *Tim R. Wofford*, FTC No. 012 3191 (2002) (the failure to honor rebate offers as promised violates Section 5 of the FTC Act). Back to Citation
 927.
    
                            *See*
                             original SBP, 43 FR at 59696 (“Numerous consumers complained about the difficulty they experienced when they attempted to obtain refunds from their franchisors.”). Back to Citation
 928.
    
                             One commenter, Dady & Garner, suggested that franchisees should always receive a refund (excluding actual costs) if they never actually open or operate an outlet. Dady & Garner, ANPR 127, at 4. We believe the substantive terms and conditions of refunds are a matter of contract between the parties, provided the terms and conditions of any refund policy are spelled out in the disclosure document or franchise agreement. No other comments were submitted in connection with the Franchise NPR’s proposed retention of the refund prohibition. Back to Citation
 929.
    
                             This is slightly broader than the same provision in the original Rule set forth at 16 CFR 436.3, which is limited to enforcement of statutes: “A provision for disclosure should not be construed as . . . an indication of the Commission’s intention not to enforce any applicable statute.” The revised language of final amended Rule is also clearer, eliminating the use of double negatives. Back to Citation
 930.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57346. Back to Citation
 931.
    
                             Original SBP, 43 FR at 59719. Back to Citation
 932.
    
                             Howard Bundy urged the Commission to add a separate prohibition against a franchisor representing to any person that the Commission has reviewed or approved the form or content of any disclosure document. Bundy, NPR 18, at 15. While we agree with Mr. Bundy, in principle, we are not persuaded that a new prohibition is warranted. The final amended Rule already mandates that franchisors state expressly on their disclosure document cover page that the Commission has not reviewed or approved of the disclosures. This should be sufficient to correct any misrepresentation to the contrary. Moreover, any misrepresentation about Commission approval of a disclosure document is already actionable as a violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act. Back to Citation
 933.
    
                             NFC, NPR 12, at 24. Back to Citation
 934.
    
                             For example, under the original Rule, no disclosure of state or local licensing provisions was required. Nonetheless, in 
                            *United States v. Lifecall Sys., Inc.*, No. 90-3666 (D.N.J. 1990), the Commission alleged that the defendants violated Section 5 by misrepresenting that purchasers of their emergency alert system franchises would not have to register with state or local authorities. 
                            *See also FTC v. Car Checkers of Am., Inc.*, No. 93-623 (mlp) (D.N.J. 1993) (alleging that defendants violated Section 5 by failing to disclose state insurance licensing requirements); 
                            *FTC v. Claude Blanc*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10032 (alleging that defendants violated Section 5 by misrepresenting availability of medical insurance). 
                            *Cf*. 
                            *FTC v. Carribean Clear, Inc.*, Bus. Franchise Guide (CCH) ¶ 10029 (D.S.C. 1992) (permanent injunction included prohibition against future misrepresentations of the effectiveness and safety of defendants’ swimming pool water purifier). Similarly, a practice may violate the Rule and Section 5 simultaneously. For example, in numerous Franchise Rule cases the Commission has alleged that the defendants violated Section 5 by using shills (fictitious references), even though that conduct also violated the Rule’s mandate to 
                            
                            disclose completely and accurately information about existing franchisees. 
                            *See*16 CFR 436.1(a)(16). Back to Citation
 935.
    
                             Piper Rudnick, at 4. 
                            *See also*
                             Kaufmann, Attachment 1, at 9-10; H&H, NPR 9, at 8. Back to Citation
 936.
    
                             Elevating the preemption discussion from a footnote to a Rule section is consistent with other Commission trade regulations rules. 
                            *See*, 
                            *e.g.*, Appliance Labeling Rule, 16 CFR Part 305.17; Cooling-Off Rule, 16 CFR 429.2; Mail Order Rule, 16 CFR 435.3(b)(2); R-Value Rule, 16 CFR 460.23. Back to Citation
 937.
    
                             As noted previously, starting on July 1, 2007, franchisors have the option of complying with either part 436 of the final amended Rule, the UFOC Guidelines, or the original Franchise Rule. Beginning on July 1, 2008, however, franchisors may use part 436 of the final amended Rule only. Permission to use the UFOC Guidelines will be withdrawn on that date because those Guidelines will no longer afford prospective franchisees equal or greater protection as part 436. This would not preclude consideration of any new or revised UFOC Guidelines promulgated by the states in the future. Back to Citation
 938.
    
                            *E.g.*, IFA, at 4; Kaufmann, at 9-10; Spandorf, at 10; PMR&W, NPR 4, at 7-8; Baer, NPR 11, at 2; Snap-On, NPR 16, at 2; GPM, NPR Rebuttal 40, at 8. 
                            *But see*
                             IL AG, NPR Rebuttal 38, at 1-2 (“federalism has served the public well”). Back to Citation
 939.
    
                            *English v. Gen. Elec. Co.*, 496 U.S. 72, 78 (1990); 
                            *Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co.*, 485 U.S. 293, 299 (1988). Back to Citation
 940.
    
                            *Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc.*, 463 U.S. 85, 95-98 (1983). Back to Citation
 941.
    
                            *Cipollone v. Liggett Group*, 505 U.S. 504, 517 (1992). Back to Citation
 942.
    
                            *English*, 496 U.S. at 79; 
                            *Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp.*, 331 U.S. 218, 230 (1947). Where the field in question has been traditionally occupied by the states, congressional intent to supersede state laws much be “clear and manifest.” 
                            *Jones v. Rath Packing Co.*, 430 U.S. 519, 525 (1977) (quoting 
                            *Rice*, 331 U.S. at 230). Back to Citation
 943.
    
                            *City of New York v. FCC*, 486 U.S. 57, 62-68 (1988) (upholding FCC regulations preemping state and local standards for the quality of cable television signals). Back to Citation
 944.
    
                            *English*, 496 U.S. at 79; 
                            *Fla. Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc., v. Paul*, 373 U.S. 132, 141 (1963). Back to Citation
 945.
    
                            *English*, 496 U.S. at 79; 
                            *Gade v. Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n*, 505 U.S. 88, 98-99 (1992); 
                            *Hines v. Davidowitz*, 312 U.S. 52, 67 (1941). These standards apply to federal regulations as well as federal statutes. 
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta*, 458 U.S. 141, 153 (1982). Back to Citation
 946.
    
                            *E.g.*, 
                            *Am. Fin. Servs. Ass’n v. FTC*, 767 F.2d 957, 989 (1985). 
                            *See also*
                             Paul R. Verkuil, 
                            *Preemption of State Law by the Federal Trade Commission*, 1976 Duke L.J. 225. Back to Citation
 947.
    
                             Preemption would occur where there is an “actual conflict between the two schemes of regulation [such] that both cannot stand in the same area.” 
                            *Fla. Lime & Avocado Growers*, 373 U.S. at 141. 
                            *See also*, 
                            *Am. Fin. Servs.*, 767 F.2d 957 (Credit Practices Rule); 
                            *Harry and Bryant Co. v. FTC*
                            , 726 F.2d 993 (4th.
    
                             Cir. 1984) (Funeral Rule); 
                            *Am. Optometric Assoc. v. FTC*, 626 F.2d 896 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (Opthalmic Practices Rule). Back to Citation
 948.
    
                            *E.g.*, Mail or Telephone Order Merchandise Rule, 16 CFR 435.3; R-Value Rule, 16 CFR 460.23. Back to Citation
 949.
    
                             When promulgating the original Rule, the Commission authorized franchisors to use the UFOC Guidelines to comply with the original Rule’s disclosure requirements on the grounds that the UFOC Guidelines, taken in their entirety, provide equal or greater consumer protection as the original Rule. 
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, 44 FR at 49970-71. The Commission ratified this position following subsequent amendments to the UFOC requirements by the NASAA, most recently in 1993, 58 FR 69224 (Dec. 30, 1993). Examples of state and local laws not preempted by the original or amended Rule include registration of franchisors and franchise salespersons, escrow or bonding requirements, substantive regulation of the franchisor-franchisee relationship (e.g., termination practices, contract provisions, and financing arrangements), and disclosure laws requiring more extensive disclosures than those provided by the amended Rule. Back to Citation
 950.
    
                             Although the Executive Order is not binding on independent agencies, such as the Federal Trade 
                            
                            Commission, it nonetheless sets forth principles that the Commission might consider in determining the preemptive effect of its regulations. Back to Citation
 951.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57324. Back to Citation
 952.
    
                            *See*16 CFR 436.3. Back to Citation
 953.
    
                            *E.g.*, Pay-Per-Call Rule, 16 CFR 308.8; Used Car Rule, 16 CFR 455.7 Back to Citation
 954.
    
                            *See*
                             Interpretive Guides, at 49968. 
                            *See generally*
                             Business Opportunity NPR, 71 FR at 19054-57. Back to Citation
 955.
    
                             15 U.S.C. 57b. Back to Citation
 956.
    
                            *See generally*
                             Winslow. However, this commenter did not quantify the additional cost burdens arising as a result of the Rule 
                            *amendments*
                            —as opposed to those imposed by the original Rule or by state law—nor provide any data or statistics supporting his view, that would permit us to assess the economic impact of the Rule amendments. Back to Citation
 957.
    
                             As previously noted, part 437 of the final amended rule (the business opportunity section) is substantively identical to the business opportunity coverage of the original Rule. Part 437 imposes no additional disclosures, recordkeeping requirements, or prohibitions on business opportunity sellers. Accordingly, the part 437 amendments impose no economic costs or compliance burdens on business opportunities covered by the original Franchise Rule. Back to Citation
 958.
    
                             5 U.S.C. 601- 612. Back to Citation
 959.
    
                             5 U.S.C. 605. Back to Citation
 960.
    
                             The SBA size thresholds set forth what constitutes a small entity in a particular line of business, regardless of whether the entity is a franchisor, licensee, contractor, parent corporation, affiliate, agent, or other entity. For the same reason, it is difficult to estimate the number of small entities that will be subject to the business opportunity requirements set forth at part 437. Back to Citation
 961.
    
                              
                            *See generally*13 CFR Part 121. According to the SBA standards, the $6 million receipts threshold applies to retailers as diverse as automotive parts and tire stores; floor coverings and window treatment stores; camera and photography stores; hardware and garden suppliers; many food stores; health care product stores; many clothing stores; sporting good stores; florists; and pet supply stores. The $6 million threshold also is applicable to hotels; restaurants; automotive repair centers; car washes; and laundry services. While the $6 million threshold is typical of a wide cross-section of small businesses, some of which may be franchises, it sheds no light on the number of franchisors that are small businesses. Back to Citation
 962.
    
                             Industry data are also difficult to come by. In the 1990’s, the International Franchise Association produced a series of reports called 
                            *The Profile of Franchising*
                             that sought to quantify and describe franchise systems in the United States. While these reports shed light on numerous aspects of franchising—such as the number of franchise systems in various economic sectors, how long companies were in business before beginning to franchise, and how many franchisees are in the system—the reports did not purport to examine the number of staff employed by the franchisors nor franchisors’ annual receipts, factors used in a regulatory flexibility analysis. More recently, in 2004, the International Franchise Association produced a study called 
                            *Economic Impact of Franchised Businesses*. This study examined the economic impact that franchised units have in the marketplace, for example, the number of individuals employed by franchised units. This study, like the 
                            *Profiles of Franchising*, is not useful in determining the number of franchisors that are small businesses and subject to the final amended Rule. Back to Citation
 963.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57325. 
                            *See also*70 FR 51817, 51818-20 (Aug. 31, 2005). Back to Citation
 964.
    
                             Franchise NPR, 64 FR at 57325. Back to Citation
 965.
    
                             In preparing disclosure documents for franchisor clients, attorneys may also arrange for the assistance of accountants, especially to prepare audited financial statements. Back to Citation
 966.
    
                            *See*67 FR 21243 (Apr. 30, 2002); 67 FR 45734 (July 10, 2002) (“2002 Notices”). Back to Citation
 967.
    
                             67 FR at 21245; 67 FR at 45736. Back to Citation
 968.
    
                            *See*70 FR 28937, 28940 (May 19, 2005); 70 FR 51817, 51819 (Aug. 31, 2005) (“2005 Notices”). Back to Citation
 969.
    
                             One Staff Report commenter voiced concern that the Franchise Rule imposed unnecessary burdens. 
                            *See generally*
                             Winslow. Mr. Winslow’s concerns are addressed below. Back to Citation
 970.
    
                             Unless otherwise noted, “franchisors” as used in this document solely pertains to business format franchisors. Back to Citation
 971.
    
                             Winslow, at 23-35. Back to Citation
 972.
    
                             Winslow at 28. Back to Citation
 973.
    
                             Winslow at 31, 93. Back to Citation
 974.
    
                             Winslow at 28. Back to Citation
 975.
    
                             In April 2006, the Commission published the Business Opportunity NPR, 71 FR 19054 (Apr. 12, 2006). Among other things, the proposed Business Opportunity Rule would amend part 437 substantially, reducing the number of disclosures pertaining to business opportunities. At the same time, the proposed Business Opportunity Rule would expand part 437 to include a broader array of business opportunities than covered by the original Franchise Rule. In response to the business opportunity NPR, the Commission received over 17,000 comments, many opposing the inclusion of multilevel marketing companies under the proposed rule. Several comments specifically questioned the paperwork burdens that might be imposed by the part 437 amendments. 
                            *E.g.*, DSA, Business Opportunity NPR. Commission staff is currently analyzing the comments. For now, however, only those businesses opportunities covered by the original Franchise Rule—such as vending machine and rack display opportunities—remain covered under part 437. Back to Citation
 1.
    
                                             Franchisors may include a summary opinion of counsel concerning any action if counsel consent to use the summary opinion and the full opinion is attached to the disclosure document. Back to Citation
 2.
    
                                             If a settlement agreement must be disclosed in this Item, all material settlement terms must be disclosed, whether or not the agreement is confidential. However, franchisors need not disclose the terms of confidential settlements entered into before commencing franchise sales. Further, any franchisor who has historically used only the Franchise Rule format, or who is new to franchising, need not disclose confidential settlements entered prior to the effective date of this Rule. Back to Citation
 3.
    
                                             If fees may increase, disclose the formula that determines the increase or the maximum amount of the increase. For example, a percentage of gross sales is acceptable if the franchisor defines the term “gross sales.” Back to Citation
 4.
    
                                             Franchisors may include the reason for the requirement. Franchisors need not disclose in this Item the purchase or lease of goods or services provided as part of the franchise without a separate charge (such as initial training, if the cost is included in the franchise fee). Describe such fees in Item 5 of this section. Do not disclose fees already described in § 436.5(f) of this part. Back to Citation
 5.
    
                                             Take figures from the franchisor’s most recent annual audited financial statement required in § 436.5(u) of this part. If audited statements are not yet required, or if the entity deriving the income is an affiliate, disclose the sources of information used in computing revenues. Back to Citation
 6.
    
                                             Indirect offers of financing include a written arrangement between a franchisor or its affiliate and a lender, for the lender to offer financing to a franchisee; an arrangement in which a franchisor or its affiliate receives a benefit from a lender in exchange for financing a franchise purchase; and a franchisor’s guarantee of a note, lease, or other obligation of the franchisee. Back to Citation
 7.
    
                                             Include sample copies of the financing documents as an exhibit to § 436.5(v) of this part. Cite the section and name of the document containing the financing terms and conditions. Back to Citation
 8.
    
                                             The franchisor may include an attorney’s opinion relative to the merits of litigation or of an action if the attorney issuing the opinion consents to its use. The text of the disclosure may include a summary of the opinion if the full opinion is attached and the attorney issuing the opinion consents to the use of the summary. Back to Citation
 9.
    
                                             If counsel consents, the franchisor may include a counsel’s opinion or a summary of the opinion if the full opinion is attached. Back to Citation
 10.
    
                                             Franchisors may substitute alternative contact information at the request of the former franchisee, such as a home address, post office address, or a personal or business email address. Back to Citation
 11.
    
                                             The large franchise exemption applies only if at least one individual prospective franchisee in an investor-group qualifies for the exemption by investing at the threshold level stated in this section. Back to Citation


[FR Doc. E7-5829 Filed 3-29-07; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6750-01-S