NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

OLIN CORPORATION and PIONEER

AMERICAS LLC d/b/a OLIN CHLOR

ALKALI PRODUCTS,

 Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.

CONTINENTAL CASUALTY

COMPANY, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

No. 14-15017

D.C. Nos. 2:10-cv-00623-GMNNJK and 2:10-cv-01298-GMNNJK

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Nevada

Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 11, 2016

San Francisco, California

Before: SCHROEDER and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and ADELMAN,** District

Judge.

 

Olin Corporation and its affiliate, Pioneer Americas LLC(collectively, “Olin”),

operate a plant in Henderson, Nevada, that produces industrial chemicals. Continental

FILED

MAR 17 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The Honorable Lynn S. Adelman, District Judge for the U.S. District

Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation.
Casualty Company issued an insurance policy covering the plant’s boilers and

machinery. In late 2008, a series of incidents caused damage to the machinery. 

Continental denied coverage for damage relating to Olin's diaphragm cells, which are

tanks containing, among other things, metal cathodes covered by asbestos diaphragms. 

Continental argued that the damage to the cells was not covered because it was not

caused by an "accident" within the meaning of the policy. At summary judgment, the

district court determined that part of the policy was ambiguous and identified other

issues of fact for the jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Olin. The district

court entered judgment for Olin based on the verdict and a partial settlement

agreement in which the parties stipulated to the amount of damages. Continental

appeals. It argues that the district court's interpretation of the policy was incorrect as

a matter of Nevada law and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In the

alternative, Continental argues that it is entitled to a new trial because the court's

instructions to the jury, which were based on its erroneous interpretations of the

policy, were likewise erroneous. Continental also argues that the district court abused

its discretion in excluding certain evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 407. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

1. The first issue Continental raises pertains to the “efficient proximate cause”

doctrine. Under this doctrine, where covered and noncovered perils contribute to a

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loss, the peril that set in motion the chain of events leading to the loss or the

“predominating cause” is deemed the efficient proximate cause or legal cause of loss. 

See Fourth St. Place, LLC v. Travelers Indem. Co., 270 P.3d 1235, 1243 (Nev. 2012). 

Continental contends that, for two reasons, the district court erred by applying

this doctrine to this case. First, Continental argues that the doctrine is limited to “all

risk” policies and does not apply to specified-perils policies such as Continental’s

boiler-and-machinery policy. However, we can find no support in Nevada law (or the

law of other jurisdictions) for this argument. Nor can we identify any reason why the

doctrine would be limited to all-risk policies. Accordingly, we conclude that the

efficient proximate cause doctrine is not limited to all-risk policies.

Second, Continental contends that because its policy covers only "direct

damage" to covered property caused by a covered cause of loss, the policy language

precludes use of the efficient proximate cause doctrine. Continental contends that this

policy language means that coverage exists only when a covered peril is the last link

in the causal chain that terminates in the damage, and not when a covered peril only

sets in motion the chain of events leading to the loss. However, Continental does not

cite any cases holding that a covered peril causes “direct damage” only when it is the

last link in the causal chain that terminates in the damage. And we conclude that the

use of “direct damage” in the policy is consistent with the efficient proximate cause

doctrine.

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2. Continental next contends that the district court erred in determining that the

word “corrosion” in the policy is ambiguous as applied to the facts of this case. An

insurance policy is ambiguous if “it creates multiple reasonable expectations of

coverage as drafted.” Century Sur. Co. v. Casino West, Inc., 329 P.3d 614, 616 (Nev.

2014) (alteration omitted). “A seemingly clear policy can be rendered ambiguous

when applying the policy to the facts leads to multiple reasonable interpretations.” Id.

In this case, the issue is whether the term “corrosion” includes the penetration

of magnetite dendrites into asbestos diaphragms that are baked onto metal cathodes

inside the cells. We conclude that the district court correctly determined that whether

this process was “corrosion” is ambiguous. The policy does not define “corrosion.”

Moreover, the asbestos diaphragms did not themselves corrode. Rather, the metal

cathodes corroded, and byproducts of this corrosion (i.e., the magnetite dendrites)

penetrated the diaphragms, causing them damage. On the one hand, it would be

reasonable to understand the policy as meaning that the damage to the diaphragms was

“corrosion” because the damage was caused by a corrosion byproduct. On the other

hand, it would be reasonable to understand the policy as meaning that the damage to

the diaphragms was not “corrosion” because the diaphragms did not themselves

corrode. Thus, the word “corrosion” as applied to this case leads to multiple

reasonable interpretations, and the district court correctly determined that the term is

ambiguous.

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3. The remaining issue is whether district court committed prejudicial error

when it excluded evidence of Olin’s having changed its policy governing the use of

sodium bisulfite during emergency system shutdowns in 2010, two years after the

incidents that gave rise to this suit. We will reverse a district court’s evidentiary ruling

only if the court abused its discretion and the error was prejudicial. Harper v. City of

Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008). The court may affirm a district

court’s evidentiary ruling on any grounds supported by the record. United States v.

Orm Hieng, 679 F.3d 1131, 1141 (9th Cir. 2012).

The district court excluded evidence of the policy change on the ground that it

was evidence of a subsequent remedial measure. See Fed. R. Evid. 407. Continental

argues that it did not seek to introduce evidence of the policy change to prove Olin’s

negligence or for any other of the other prohibited reasons in Rule 407. Rather, it

sought to introduce the evidence to impeach the testimony of Continental’s expert

witnesses. We agree with Continental that if this was the purpose of introducing the

evidence, the evidence would not have been inadmissible under Rule 407. See Fed.

R. Evid. 407 (“the court may admit [evidence of a subsequent remedial measure] for

another purpose, such as impeachment”). However, we conclude the evidence had no

impeachment value. Although one expert during his testimony mentioned the original

policy, the fact that Olin later changed the policy would not have undercut his

testimony. The expert testified that adding sodium bisulfite during the emergency

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shutdown would have made no difference because the magnetite would have “already

formed” before the bisulfite had taken effect. 5 E.R. 523–24 (testifying that adding

sodium bisulfite “wasn’t going to do anything except provide additional satisfaction

that, well, if you had it you did it. But it was not effective.”). The fact that Olin later

changed its policy to make the addition of sodium bisulfite mandatory during

emergency shutdowns does not imply that adding it in 2008 would have prevented the

magnetite damage. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in excluding evidence of this fact.

AFFIRMED.

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