IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

May 17, 2016 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JANICE DARLENE HELBERT

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County

No. S64168 James F. Goodwin, Judge

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No. E2015-02017-CCA-R9-CD – Filed March 10, 2017

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Defendant, Janice Darlene Helbert, was issued a Uniform Citation of Complaint for the 

offenses of driving under the influence and following too closely. The citation included 

the officer‟s narrative of the facts underlying the offenses. The officer also prepared an 

affidavit of complaint, which he signed under oath before a notary public. Three days 

later, the affidavit of complaint was signed by a deputy clerk. Over one year later, 

Defendant waived her right to a preliminary hearing and agreed to have her case bound 

over to the grand jury. The grand jury subsequently returned a presentment against

Defendant for the misdemeanor offenses above, as well as one count of felony reckless 

endangerment. Subsequent to the presentment, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the 

two misdemeanor counts as time barred, arguing that the affidavit of complaint was void 

because the officer did not make the oath in the presence of an authorized official capable 

of making a probable cause determination. The trial court granted Defendant‟s motion to 

dismiss the misdemeanor charges. The State sought and was granted an interlocutory 

appeal of the trial court‟s decision. On appeal, the State contends that the fact that the 

affidavit of complaint was sworn before a notary public rather than a qualified judicial 

officer was a “technical defect” that should not render it void. Following our review, we 

affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JAMES 

CURWOOD WITT, JR., and D. KELLY THOMAS,JR., JJ., joined.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Nicholas W. Spangler, Assistant 

Attorney General; Barry Staubus, District Attorney General; and Ben Rowe, Assistant 

District Attorney General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

Stephen M. Wallace, District Public Defender; and Steven D. Bagby, Assistant Public 

Defender, Blountville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Janice Darlene Helbert. 
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OPINION

Factual background

On August 2, 2013, Officer Dustin Jackson of the Kingsport Police Department 

responded to a collision in which Defendant was involved. Defendant‟s vehicle hit the 

vehicle she was following, and Defendant was injured. A citation to Defendant for 

driving under the influence and for following another vehicle too closely was issued. On 

the same day, Officer Jackson prepared a written affidavit of complaint, which he signed 

under oath before a notary public. The affidavit summarizes the facts underlying the 

offenses. On August 5, 2013, a Sullivan County clerk determined that there was probable 

cause for Defendant‟s arrest for the charges of driving under the influence and following 

too closely. The clerk indicated on the affidavit of complaint that Defendant was “given 

[a] citation or arrested without warrant” and circled the word “citation.” The clerk did 

not specify on the affidavit of complaint that an arrest warrant be issued, and no arrest 

warrant or criminal summons appears in the record on appeal. 

On September 9, 2014, with the assistance of counsel, Defendant waived a 

preliminary hearing and agreed to have her case bound over to the Sullivan County Grand 

Jury. On January 21, 2015, the grand jury returned a presentment for felony reckless 

endangerment, following too closely, and driving under the influence. On June 10, 2015, 

Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the two misdemeanor counts as time barred. She 

argued that the affidavit of complaint did not comply with Rule 3 of the Tennessee Rules 

of Criminal Procedure because the officer did not make it under oath in the presence of 

an authorized official capable of making a probable cause determination. 

The State responded, conceding that the officer did not appear in the presence of 

the clerk who made the probable cause determination, but the State argued that it did not 

render the affidavit of complaint or any resulting arrest warrant void. The State also 

asserted that Defendant waived any challenge to the affidavit of complaint by failing to 

raise the issue in general sessions court. 

On August 13, 2015, the trial court heard argument on Defendant‟s motion. The 

parties stipulated that the deputy clerk who reviewed and signed the affidavit of 

complaint was “capable of making a probable cause determination.” The State also 

stipulated that “the finding of probable cause by [the deputy clerk] did not take place in 

the presence of Officer Jackson . . . .” In a written order granting Defendant‟s motion to 

dismiss the two misdemeanor charges, the trial court found that “the officer swore to the 

affidavit of complaint before a notary public, not a magistrate or neutral and detached 

court clerk. Because there was no properly sworn statement upon which to base a 
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probable cause determination, the arrest warrants at issue were never valid.” The court 

concluded that “the prosecution was not commenced within the time allowed by the 

statute of limitations and that the prosecution is barred.” The trial court subsequently 

granted the State‟s request for an interlocutory appeal to this court. 

Analysis

The State contends that the trial court erred by concluding that the affidavit of 

complaint and/or resulting arrest warrant were void. The State argues that the lack of the 

officer‟s physical presence for a sworn examination by the deputy clerk who made the 

probable cause determination had no impact on the reliability or adequacy of the 

notarized affidavit. There is no arrest warrant contained in the record on appeal. 

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-6-201 defines what constitutes an arrest 

warrant: 

A warrant of arrest is

(1) A written order;

(2) The written order

(a) states the substance of the complaint;

(b) is directed to a proper officer;

(c) is signed by a magistrate; and

(d) commands the arrest of the defendant.

Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 4(a) provides as follows:

If the affidavit of complaint and any supporting affidavits filed with it 

establish that there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been 

committed and that the defendant has committed it, the magistrate or 

clerk shall issue an arrest warrant to an officer authorized by law to 

execute it or shall issue a criminal summons for the appearance of the 

defendant. 

(Emphasis added). 

Rule 4 further provides the following:

The arrest warrant shall:

(A) be signed by the magistrate or clerk;

(B) contain the name of the defendant or, if this name is unknown, any 

name or description by which the defendant can be identified with 

reasonable certainty;
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(C) indicate the county in which the warrant is issued;

(D) describe the offense charged in the affidavit of complaint;

(E) order that the defendant be arrested and brought before the nearest 

appropriate magistrate in the county of arrest.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 4(c) (emphasis added). 

The Advisory Commission Comment to Rule 4 notes “that the affidavit of 

complaint may be buttressed by additional affidavit(s) and that the magistrate or clerk 

may also examine under oath the complainant and any other witnesses.” In addressing 

the issuance of an arrest warrant when the defendant has already been arrested without a

warrant, the Advisory Commission Comment to Rule 4 states as follows:

The form of the arrest warrant, as set out in Rule 4(c)(1), makes no 

distinction between warrants issued for persons not yet arrested and 

those warrants issued for persons already arrested without a warrant. 

Such a warrant serves a dual function: first, as the authority for an arrest 

(where an arrest has not already been lawfully made) and, secondly, as a 

statement of the charge which the accused is called to answer. The 

commission did not recommend two separate warrant forms, one for use 

where the accused had not yet been arrested, and the second to merely 

state the charge against one already under arrested, because it is more 

utilitarian to have only the one form. The command to arrest is obviously 

surplusage where the warrant is directed against one already in custody; 

but a warrant in such cases still serves as the official charging 

instrument, issued after a judicial finding of probable cause, and gives 

notice of the charge which must be answered. 

(Emphasis added). 

The trial court‟s decision on Defendant‟s motion to dismiss was based upon an 

application of law to facts that were not in dispute. Because the issue presented for our 

review is one of law, we review it de novo with no presumption of correctness given to 

the trial court‟s conclusions. State v. Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 401 (Tenn. 2008). 

With some exceptions not applicable here, “all prosecutions for misdemeanors 

shall be commenced within twelve (12) months after the offense has been committed[.]” 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-2-102. The purpose of the limitations period “is to protect a 

defendant against delay and the use of stale evidence and to provide an incentive for 

efficient prosecutorial action in criminal cases.” State v. McCloud, 310 S.W.3d 851, 859 

(Tenn. Crim. App. 2009) (citing State v. Nielsen, 44 S.W.3d 496, 499 (Tenn. 2001)). 
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Furthermore, “[s]tatutes of limitations are construed „liberally in favor of the criminally 

accused.‟” Id. (citing and quoting State v. Ferrante, 269 S.W.3d 908, 911 (Tenn. 2008)). 

In order to determine whether the prosecution is barred by the statute of 

limitations, we must first determine when the prosecution was commenced.

A prosecution is commenced, within the meaning of this chapter, by 

finding an indictment or presentment, the issuing of a warrant, binding 

over the offender, by the filing of an information as provided for in 

chapter 3 of this title, or by making an appearance in person or through 

counsel in general sessions or any municipal court for the purpose of 

continuing the matter or any other appearance in either court for any 

purpose involving the offense.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-2-104; see also Ferrante, 269 S.W.3d at 912.

In this case, the misdemeanor offenses occurred on August 2, 2013. There is no 

arrest warrant in the record. Defendant waived her right to a preliminary hearing in 

general sessions court on September 9, 2014. The grand jury returned a presentment on 

January 21, 2015. These events occurred more than one year after the date of the 

offenses. Accordingly, they fall outside the one-year statute of limitations for 

misdemeanor offenses. 

The State recognizes that no arrest warrant appears in the record and contends that 

the affidavit of complaint commenced the prosecution in this case. In State v. Steven 

Shell, No. E2015-01103-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3679840, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., June 

29, 2016), the parties agreed that the affidavit of complaint was sworn before a notary 

public and subsequently signed by a clerk authorized to make a probable cause 

determination. In that case, a panel of this court held that the clerk‟s probable cause 

finding did not transform the affidavit of complaint into an arrest warrant sufficient to 

commence the prosecution. The panel further held that the affidavit of complaint was 

invalid because it failed to comply with the requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated 

section 40-6-203 and Rule 3 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. 

Code section 40-6-203(a) provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

(a) Upon information made to any magistrate of the commission of a 

public offense, the magistrate shall examine on oath, the affiant or 

affiants, reduce the examination to writing, and cause the examination to 

be signed by the person making it. 
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(b)(1) The examination of the affiant or affiants by the magistrate or 

lawfully authorized court clerk does not have to take place in a face-toface meeting of the parties but may be conducted through the use of 

electronic audio-visual equipment which allows the affiant and the 

examining official to both view and hear each other simultaneously.

T.C.A. § 40-6-203(a)-(b). Rule 3 of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure 

mandates that an affidavit of complaint “be made on oath before a magistrate or a neutral 

and detached court clerk authorized by Rule 4 to make a probable cause determination.” 

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 3(b). These provisions clearly contemplate that the affidavit of 

complaint will be made by the affiant to the magistrate making the probable cause 

determination at the time of the probable cause determination, either in person or via 

electronic equipment. These rules are mandatory, and the failure to comply with them 

invalidates the affidavit of complaint and resulting warrant. See Ferrante, 269 S.W.3d at

913. 

A panel of this court recently held that the signing of an affidavit of complaint 

before a notary public rather than a qualified judicial officer does not satisfy the 

applicable procedural requirements. State v. Felicia Jones, No. E2015-01101-CCA-R3-

CD, 2016 WL 3750151, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., June 29, 2016). In that case, no arrest 

warrant was issued pursuant to the affidavit of complaint. The panel held that the form 

affidavit of complaint did not conform to the requirements of an arrest warrant because it 

did not contain an “order that the defendant be arrested and brought before the nearest 

appropriate magistrate in the county of arrest.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 4(c)(1)(E). 

Accordingly, the State failed to commence prosecution against Defendant within the 

applicable one-year statute of limitations in that case. See id. at *7-8. 

We agree with the analysis expressed by the panel in Felicia Jones that the signing 

of the affidavit of complaint “before a notary public rather than a qualified judicial officer 

did not meet the requirements of [Code] section 40-6-203(a) and Rule 3” and that this 

defect rendered the affidavit of complaint invalid. Felicia Jones, 2016 WL 3750151.

The State also contends that Defendant‟s appearance in general sessions court was 

sufficient to commence the prosecution because it provided her notice of the charges 

against her. A prosecution may be commenced by the defendant‟s appearance in court if 

the underlying affidavit of complaint is valid. McCloud, 310 S.W.3d at 861 (citing 

Ferrante, 269 S.W.3d at 914-15). In Ferrante, our supreme court held that “a 

defendant‟s court appearance may serve to commence a prosecution under section 40-2-

104 so as to toll the statute of limitations only where that appearance is made in response 

to an offense that has been charged.” 269 S.W.3d at 915. When an affidavit of 

complaint is void, a defendant “has not been charged with any offense[;]” therefore, her 
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appearance in general sessions court would “not serve as a commencement of the 

prosecution for purposes of tolling the statute of limitations.” Id. Moreover, there is no 

evidence in the record to indicate that Defendant did, in fact, make any court appearance 

prior to September 9, 2014, when she waived her right to a preliminary hearing, more 

than one year after the commission of the offenses. 

We conclude that the State did not commence its prosecution against Defendant 

until after the one-year limitations period had expired. Accordingly, the trial court 

properly dismissed counts two and three of the presentment. 

CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of 

the trial court is affirmed. 

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THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE