1 

NOTICE

Decision filed 2/10/06. The text of 

this decision may be changed or 

corrected prior to the filing of a 

Petition for Rehearing or the 

disposition of the same.

 NO. 5-05-0488 

 IN THE 

 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

 FIFTH DISTRICT 

___________________________________________________________________

________ 

In re PARENTAGE OF ANDREW KALANI ) Appeal from the 

TAVARES, a Minor ) Circuit Court of 

) St. Clair County. 

(Shane Tavares, ) 

) 

 Petitioner-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 01-F-590 

) 

Veronica Rangel, ) Honorable 

 ) William C. Norton, 

 Respondent-Appellant and Cross-Appellee). ) Judge, presiding. 

___________________________________________________________________

_______ 

JUSTICE WELCH delivered the opinion of the court: 

The respondent, Veronica Rangel, appeals a judgment by the circuit court of 

St. Clair County that denied her petition to modify visitation and denied her petition 

for leave to remove her son Andrew Tavares from the State of Illinois. The 

petitioner, Shane Tavares, cross-appeals the circuit court's order that denied his 

petition to modify custody. Because we believe that the circuit court had no authority 

to deny Veronica's petition for leave to remove and because we believe that the 

circuit court's denial of Veronica's petition to modify visitation and Shane's petition to 

modify custody was based on its denial of Veronica's petition for leave to remove, 

we vacate in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings. 

 Background 

The parties in this case met while they were members of the military and 
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stationed at Scott Air Force Base in Belleville, Illinois. Although the parties did not 

marry, their relationship produced one child, Andrew, who was born October 30, 

1999. 

On May 30, 2001, Veronica filed a petition under the Illinois Parentage Act of 

1984 (Parentage Act) (750 ILCS 45/1 et seq. (West 2000)) to determine the 

existence of the father-child relationship. Shane admitted parentage and the parties 

entered into a joint-parenting agreement, in which the parties agreed to share the 

joint custody of Andrew. The agreement further provided that Andrew's "primary 

residence and legal residence (for purposes of schooling and other such matters 

where it is necessary for the child to have a legal residence) would be the residence 

of" Veronica. The agreement also provided Shane with visitation on every other 

weekend, on every other holiday, and for four weeks during the summer. The circuit 

court entered an agreed-upon order incorporating the joint-parenting agreement. 

Toward the end of 2002, Veronica received orders from the Air Force 

transferring her from Scott Air Force Base in Illinois to Eielson Air Force Base in 

Alaska effective February 1, 2003. In light of the transfer, the parties agreed to 

modify the joint-parenting agreement to the extent that the visitation schedule be 

changed to provide Shane with four consecutive months of visitation each calendar 

year. All the remaining provisions of the joint-parenting agreement remained in full 

force and effect. An agreed-upon order was entered by the circuit court on January 

2, 2003. 

On February 1, 2003, Andrew and Veronica began their new life in Alaska. 

For the following three months, Andrew resided with Veronica in Alaska. In May 

2003, Andrew returned to Illinois to visit Shane for the summer. Andrew then 

returned to Alaska sometime in mid-August 2003 and stayed there until May 2004, 
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with the exception of spending 32 weeks in Illinois around the Christmas holidays. 

In May 2004, Andrew returned to Illinois, where he visited Shane for the summer. 

On June 23, 2004, Shane filed a petition to modify custody. His petition 

alleged that a substantial change of circumstances had occurred in that Andrew was 

"scheduled to begin school in the Fall of 2004." The petition claimed that once 

school started, "the current physical custody schedule will be impractical and not in 

the best interest of [Andrew]." Shane requested that the parties continue to have 

joint custody but that he be awarded primary residential custody and that Veronica 

be awarded reasonable periods of visitation when Andrew is not attending school. 

On November 19, 2004, Veronica responded to Shane's petition by filing a 

petition of her own. Her petition was also titled as a petition to modify custody and 

was identical to Shane's petition in every aspect except that the names of the parties 

had been changed. For example, Veronica's petition alleged that a substantial 

change in circumstances had occurred in that Andrew was scheduled to begin 

school in the fall of 2004. The petition further alleged that once Andrew began 

school, the existing visitation schedule would be impractical and not in the best 

interests of Andrew. Finally, Veronica's petition requested that the parties continue 

to have joint custody but that she be awarded primary residential custody and that 

Shane be awarded reasonable periods of visitation when Andrew is not attending 

school. 

Even though Veronica's petition was titled as a petition to modify custody, she 

was already the primary residential custodian, so she was clearly not seeking a 

modification of custody. However, the petition did ask for a modification of visitation, 

and hence, we shall treat her petition as a petition for a modification of visitation and 

refer to the petition that way throughout this disposition. 
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On May 25, 2005, a bifurcated hearing on the parties' pending petitions 

began. On the first day of the hearing, Shane presented evidence to support his 

petition to modify custody. The evidence included Shane's testimony that he 

believed that a substantial change in circumstances had occurred in that Veronica 

planned to leave the military and move to Texas with Andrew. Upon hearing that 

Veronica planned to move to Texas with Andrew, the circuit court directed Veronica 

to file a petition to remove. The hearing was continued to June 29, 2005. On May 

27, 2005, Veronica filed a petition for leave to remove Andrew to the State of Texas. 

On June 29, 2005, the hearing reconvened. Prior to hearing any evidence, 

the circuit court asked Shane's attorney where he stood on the petition for leave to 

remove. Shane's attorney responded: "[I]t seems to me thatBthat once [Veronica] 

took the child out ofBout of the State of Illinois, that that's deemed a consent by my 

client. I justBI'd like to say that I could find law to the contrary, but I could not." 

Veronica's attorney then informed the court that the only reason she filed the petition 

for leave to remove was that the circuit court had requested her to do so in order to 

ensure that all her pleadings were in order. She continued: "My feeling is the same 

as [Shane's attorney], that it is not a necessary pleading, but *** in case [the circuit 

court] disagree[s] or the Appellate Court would disagree, I intend to prove my case 

on the Leave to Remove becauseBsince there's a lesser burden for that than the 

custody, I was going to go ahead and do it. Not because I necessarily think I have 

to, but just in case somebody else feels that way ***." The circuit court then heard 

Veronica's evidence and both sides rested. 

On August 19, 2005, the circuit court delivered a 29-page handwritten order. 

In its order, the circuit court found, "[N]either the Petitioner nor the Respondent has 

proven by clear and convincing evidence on the basis of facts that have arisen since 
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the prior orders of the Court[] that a modification of custody is necessary to serve the 

best interests of [Andrew]." The circuit court denied both petitions to modify and 

ruled that the parties should continue with the joint custody of Andrew, while 

Veronica remained the primary residential custodian. 

The circuit court then turned to the petition to remove. The circuit court noted 

that Veronica sought leave to remove Andrew from the State of Illinois to the State of 

Texas. The circuit court noted that Veronica had the burden of proving that a 

removal from Illinois would be in Andrew's best interests. The circuit court then 

found that when the parties entered into the joint-parenting agreement, they both 

anticipated that they would "play an active role in the daily life of their son." The 

circuit court found that to allow Veronica to move with Andrew to Texas would 

"interfere [with] and disrupt the ability of [Shane] to have involvement and visitation 

with [Andrew] on a regular basis." The circuit court referenced section 609 of the 

Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/609 (West 2004)) and 

analyzed the evidence presented in light of the factors set forth in In re Marriage of 

Eckert, 119 Ill. 2d 316 (1988). The circuit court found that Veronica had failed to 

prove that a removal from Illinois would be in the best interests of Andrew. The 

circuit court then concluded that it would be in the best interests of Andrew for his 

physical custody to remain in the Belleville area, where he would be in his familiar 

surroundings, attend the same school, and be allowed to have regular contact and 

involvement with Shane. Accordingly, the circuit court denied the petition to remove. 

The circuit court then proceeded to modify the visitation schedule. In so 

doing, the circuit court modified visitation to the extent that Shane was awarded 

visitation on the first, third, and fourth weekends of each month from Friday at 6 p.m. 

until Sunday at 6 p.m. and on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m. 
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during the school year. The circuit court further ordered that during the summer, 

Shane would have visitation from June 1 at 6 p.m. through August 10 at 6 p.m. but 

that, during this period, Veronica would have visitation on every Wednesday from 4 

p.m. to 8 p.m. and every other weekend from Friday at 6 p.m. until Sunday at 6 p.m. 

 The circuit court added that each party would be entitled to 14 consecutive days 

with Andrew during the summer. Finally, the circuit court ordered Veronica to take 

the necessary steps to immediately ensure that Andrew was enrolled in school for 

the 2005-2006 school year at the Washington School in Belleville, Illinois. Both 

parties appeal. 

 Issues 

On appeal, Veronica raises two issues. The first issue is whether the circuit 

court had the authority to consider and deny her petition for leave to remove. 

Assuming that the circuit court had the authority to deny her petition for leave to 

remove, the second issue is whether the circuit court's denial of the petition was 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. On cross-appeal, Shane argues that 

the circuit court's denial of his petition to modify custody was against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. We turn first to the removal issue. 

The parties in this case were never married, and hence the issues are 

controlled by the Parentage Act (750 ILCS 45/1 et seq. (West 2004)). All actions 

brought under the Parentage Act are statutory in origin, and the circuit court's 

authority is limited to that granted to it under the Parentage Act. In re Stella, 353 Ill. 

App. 3d 415, 417 (2004). The circuit court has no inherent power under the 

Parentage Act. In re Stella, 353 Ill. App. 3d 415, 417 (2004). 

In the instant case, we believe that the circuit court erred in directing Veronica 
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to file a petition for leave to remove, in considering the petition for leave to remove, 

and in denying the petition for leave to remove. Nothing in the Parentage Act or the 

custody provisions of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Marriage 

Act) (750 ILCS 5/601 et seq. (West 2004)) requires a parent who has previously 

removed a child from the State of Illinois, with the permission of the court, to seek 

leave to move that child to another state. Furthermore, nothing in the Parentage Act 

or the Marriage Act gives the court the authority to grant or deny leave to a parent 

who has already removed a child from the State of Illinois to move that child to 

another state. The Marriage Act, and now the Parentage Act through a 2003 

amendment, only provides the court with the authority to grant or deny leave to 

remove a child "from Illinois." 750 ILCS 45/16 (West 2004); 750 ILCS 5/609 (West 

2004). Accordingly, the circuit court erred in directing Veronica to file a petition for 

leave to remove, in considering the petition for leave to remove, and in denying the 

petition for leave to remove. 

Next, to the extent that the circuit court considered Veronica's petition as a 

petition for leave to remove Andrew "from Illinois," the circuit court also erred. 

Nowhere in Veronica's petition does she request leave to remove Andrew "from 

Illinois." Furthermore, Veronica had already removed Andrew from Illinois in 2003 

with the court's permission. Because Veronica and Andrew became residents of 

Alaska and because the Parentage Act and the Marriage Act address only petitions 

to remove a child "from Illinois," the circuit court erred in considering the petition to 

be a petition under section 609 of the Marriage Act for leave to remove Andrew 

"from Illinois." Therefore, because the circuit court had no authority to direct 

Veronica to file a petition for leave to remove, to consider a petition for leave to 

remove, or to deny a petition for leave to remove, we vacate that portion of the circuit 
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court's order denying Veronica's petition for leave to remove. 

Our decision in the instant case is consistent with the appellate court's 

decision in In re Marriage of Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d 303, 305 (1999). In In re 

Marriage of Lange, Susanna Lange had been granted leave to remove her children 

to Indiana. She subsequently filed a petition in an Illinois court to remove her 

children from Indiana to Texas. The circuit court denied the petition and Susanna 

appealed, arguing that the trial court had no authority to deny the petition. On 

appeal, the appellate court held as follows: 

"The premise for the argument that the trial court did not have the authority to 

enter its order was based on the belief that the only statute authorizing the 

trial court to address removal of children was section 609 of the Marriage Act 

[citation]. Here, Susanna's motion in the trial court did not recite that it was 

made pursuant to section 609 of the Marriage Act. Although her argument in 

this court suggests Susanna has accepted the trial court's finding that this 

matter is controlled by section 609(a), this court need not accept the trial 

court's reasoning since it is the trial court's judgment, not its reasoning, that is 

being reviewed." In re Marriage of Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 309. 

In In re Marriage of Lange, the appellate court acknowledged that the trial court did 

not have the authority to consider a petition for leave to remove filed under section 

609 of the Marriage Act but that it did have the authority to consider the move 

through its inherent authority to enforce the custody and visitation provisions of the 

judgment of dissolution. In re Marriage of Lange, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 310. 

This brings us to the remaining issues before this court, which include the 

circuit court's denial of Shane's petition to modify custody, the circuit court's denial of 

Veronica's petition to modify visitation, and the court's modification of the visitation 
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schedule. Because it is clear to this court that the circuit court's denial of Shane's 

petition to modify custody, the circuit court's denial of Veronica's petition to modify 

visitation, and the circuit court's decision to modify the visitation schedule, including 

its order that Andrew be enrolled in school at the Washington School in Belleville, 

were based on its belief that it had the authority to deny Veronica's petition for leave 

to remove Andrew from the State of Illinois and essentially compel Veronica to 

remain in Illinois, these decisions are reversed, and this cause is remanded for 

reconsideration. 

 Conclusion 

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of St. Clair County 

is vacated in part and reversed in part, and this cause is remanded for further 

proceedings. 

Vacated in part and reversed in part; cause remanded. 

SPOMER, P.J., and HOPKINS, J., concur. 
 NO. 5-05-0488 

 IN THE 

 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

 FIFTH DISTRICT 

___________________________________________________________________________________

In re PARENTAGE OF ANDREW KALANI ) Appeal from the 

TAVARES, a Minor ) Circuit Court of 

) St. Clair County. 

(Shane Tavares, ) 

) 

 Petitioner-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 01-F-590 

) 

Veronica Rangel, ) Honorable 

 ) William C. Norton, 

 Respondent-Appellant and Cross-Appellee). ) Judge, presiding. 

___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed: February 10, 2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J. 

Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, P.J., and 

Honorable Terrence J. Hopkins, J., 

Concur 

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Susan Parnell Wilson, 14 South Second Street, Belleville, IL 62220; Clyde Kuehn, 

for 23 Public Square, Suite 450, Belleville, IL 62220 

Appellant 

___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorney P.K. Johnson V, Johnson & Johnson, 11 South High Street, Belleville, IL 62220 

for Appellee 

___________________________________________________________________________________