*

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the

determination of this appeal. See FED. R. APP. P. 34 (a)(2); 10TH CIR. R. 34.1(G). 

The case therefore is ordered submitted without oral argument.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 6 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 02-5190

v. (N.D. Oklahoma)

ANDRE TERRELL ROWLAND,

Defendant-Appellant.

 (02-CR-67-H)

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Oklahoma

(02-CR-67-H)

Submitted on the briefs: *

Paul D. Brunton (with Julia L. O’Connell and Barry L. Derryberry on the briefs),

Office of the Federal Public Defender, Northern and Eastern Districts of

Oklahoma, for the Appellant.

David E. O’Meilia (with Kevin Danielson), United States Attorney, Northern

District of Oklahoma, for the Appellee.

Before HENRY , BALDOCK , and HARTZ , Circuit Judges.
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HENRY , Circuit Judge.

Andre Rowland appeals his sentence for possession of a firearm by a

previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). 

Specifically, he appeals the district court’s determination that his prior state

conviction for sexual battery constituted a prior conviction for a “crime of

violence” within the meaning of USSG § 4B1.2(a), resulting in a base offense

level of 24 under USSG § 2K2.1(a)(2) and a sentence of ninety-six months’

imprisonment. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Rowland was charged in a one-count indictment with possession of a

firearm and ammunition after former conviction of a felony, in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(1). The indictment also alleged that Mr. Rowland

had been convicted of the following three felonies: (1) sexual battery, (2)

feloniously pointing a weapon, and (3) concealing stolen property. Mr. Rowland

pleaded guilty to the charge. 

The probation officer concluded that the sexual battery conviction and the

felonious pointing of a weapon conviction were “crimes of violence” under the

guidelines. Under § 2K2.1(a)(2), two or more previous felony convictions for
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“crimes of violence” result in a base level of 24. After a downward adjustment of

three points for acceptance of responsibility, the district court applied an offense

level of 21 and criminal history category VI, and sentenced Mr. Rowland to the

maximum ninety-six months in custody, to be followed by three years of

supervised release.

Mr. Rowland challenges the district court’s enhancement of his sentence

under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) (the “ACCA”). 

Specifically, Mr. Rowland contests the characterization of the prior conviction for

sexual battery as premised upon conduct constituting a crime of violence. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

The district court’s determination that the felony of sexual battery in

Oklahoma is a crime of violence under the Guidelines is a legal ruling that we

review de novo. See United States v. Vigil, 334 F.3d 1215, 1218 (10th Cir. 2003). 

We hold that Mr. Rowland has the two requisite convictions for crimes of

violence for the application of the ACCA.

B. Analysis

Mr. Rowland objected to the presentence report’s characterization of sexual

battery as a crime of violence. Application Note 5 of USSG § 2K2.1(2) explains
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that the term “crime of violence” has the identical meaning given to the term in §

4B1.2(a) and its Application Note 1. Section 4B1.2 has alternative tests for

determining whether an offense is a crime of violence. Mr. Rowland contends

that sexual battery does not meet either definition.

Section 4B1.2(a)(1) states that a crime of violence includes any offense 

that “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force

against the person of another.” USSG § 4B1.2(a)(1). The second category

includes any offense that “is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves

use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential

risk of physical injury to another.” Id. § 4B1.2(a)(2) (emphasis added).

Under the analytic approach mapped out in Taylor v. United States , 495

U.S. 575 (1990), the sentencing court, when applying § 924(e), must “look only to

the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the prior offense.” Id. at

602; see United States v. Zamora , 222 F.3d 756, 764 (10th Cir. 2000)

(considering definition of “crime of violence” under USSG § 4B1.2). If there is

any ambiguity, we may “look beyond the statute to certain records . . . , such as

the charging documents, the judgment, any plea thereto, and findings by the

court.” Zamora , 222 F.3d at 764; see Taylor , 495 U.S. at 602 (outlining inquiry

as to state statute’s definition of “burglary” under § 924(e)); USSG § 4B1.2 cmt.,
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n.2 (“[T]he offense of conviction (i.e., the conduct of which the defendant was

convicted) is the focus of inquiry.”).

 Because the enhancement statute does not specifically list the crime of

sexual battery as a violent felony, we look to whether sexual battery “is a crime

that either has an element of use, attempted use[,] or threatened use of physical

force against the person of another, or whether that crime involves conduct that

presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” United States v.

Phelps , 17 F.3d 1334, 1342 (10th Cir. 1994). Under Oklahoma law:

Sexual battery shall mean the intentional touching, mauling or

feeling of the body or private parts of any person sixteen (16) years

of age or older, in a lewd and lascivious manner and without the

consent of that person.

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 1123(B).

The government concedes that sexual battery does not satisfy § 

4B1.2(a)(1), because it does not have “as an element the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” USSG §

4B1.2(a)(1). However, the government urges us to hold that § 4B1.2(a)(2)

encompasses Oklahoma’s definition of sexual battery because sexual battery

“presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” Id. § 4B1.2(a)(2).

Mr. Rowland counters by emphasizing the ambiguity of the statute: sexual

battery can be the mere nonconsensual touching of an arm or a leg in a lewd and

lascivious manner. Such contact entails neither violence nor serious potential risk
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of injury. To allow “[a]n inference of violence from mere unconsented-to

physical contact . . . . would transform any unconsented-to touching . . . into a

crime of violence.” United States v. Shannon, 110 F.3d 382, 385 (7th Cir. 1997)

(en banc). He urges us to look to the charging documents and examine the

“‘nature’ of the criminal conduct in reaching an answer.” Aplt’s Br. at 8 (citing

United States v. Mitchell , 113 F.3d 1528, 1533 (10th Cir. 1997) (after looking at

the charging documents, we held that defendant’s “two prior escape convictions

by their nature involved conduct that presented a serious potential risk of physical

injury”); and United States v. Gosling , 39 F.3d 1140, 1142 n.3 (10th Cir. 1994)

(examining the charging documents and concluding that the offense of escape “by

its nature presented a serious potential risk of physical injury to another and thus

is properly characterized as a crime of violence”)). Mr. Rowland also suggests

that, unlike the Ohio statute referred to by the district court, the Oklahoma statute

requires no deception, and thus carries with it no serious potential risk of

violence. See Rec. vol. III, at 18-19 (Sentencing Hr’g, dated Oct. 10, 2002)

(citing United States v. Mack , 53 F.3d 126, 128 (6th Cir. 1995)). We reject Mr.

Rowland’s arguments.

We find the reasoning of, and the difficult analysis encountered by, the

Seventh Circuit’s en banc opinion instructive, although we note that Shannon is

not controlling here. In Shannon , the defendant had previously been convicted of
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second-degree sexual assault of a child. Second degree sexual assault of a child

constitutes a felony under Wisconsin law, and is committed by anyone who “has

sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a person who has not attained the age of

16.” 110 F.3d at 384 (quoting Wis. Stat. § 948.02(2)). The Seventh Circuit

recognized that the statute covered conduct that might not present a serious risk

of physical injury, in that it “cover[ed] a lot of ground, and some of it may not be

a crime of violence ground.” Id. at 387. Specifically, the court rejected the

government’s argument that “every felonious sexual act with a minor is per se a

crime of violence.” Id. at 385. Judge Posner, writing for the court, noted that

such a holding “would transform any unconsented-to touching that the law has

made a felony into a crime of violence.” Id. The court stated that “a serious risk

of physical injury cannot automatically be inferred from the existence of a

statutory-rape law.” Id. at 386.

The second-degree sexual assault statute was not limited to sexual

intercourse, but also included sexual contact, “which can be as noninvasive as

fondling a breast or buttock through clothing for the purpose of arousing the

fondler sexually.” Id. at 387. “Such contact might disturb a young person, but it

would be highly unlikely to cause physical injury.” Id.

In determining that the court must look beyond the statute at the

information, the Seventh Circuit held:
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To make the answer to the question whether felonious sex with a

minor is a crime of violence a mechanical function of the laws of the

different states would be arbitrary because it would make distinctions

unsupportable on the basis of the risk of physical injury, that risk

being a constant across states and the only relevant criterion (once

the use of force is set to one side) in the guideline; would undermine

the guidelines’ goal of bringing about a reasonable uniformity in

federal sentencing; and would treat “crime of violence” as a question

of state rather than federal law.

Id. at 386.

In Shannon , the Seventh Circuit did not examine the “goals or grounds”

behind the passage of the Wisconsin statute, but instead looked at the facts

charged in the indictment or information, and in so doing, noted that the court

was not bound by the “minimum conduct that would create the offense.” Id. at

387. The defendant pleaded guilty to sexual intercourse with a girl who was 13

years and 10 months old at the time of the act. The court ultimately concluded,

although with some uncertainty, that “any reasonable test would classify sexual

intercourse with a 13 year old as conduct that creates a serious risk of physical

injury and hence as a crime of violence within the meaning that the sentencing

guidelines give the term.” Id. at 389. In so doing, the court “urge[d] the

Sentencing Commission to clarify the crime of violence guideline,” id., because

the decision left certain questions unresolved, such as the proper treatment of

cases in which the victim of the statutory rape is above the age of 13.
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Although we encounter some similar tensions as the court faced in

Shannon , in that the Oklahoma statute arguably makes the unconsented to

touching of any body part a sexual battery and therefore a crime of violence, we

have little difficulty distinguishing this case from the statute at issue in Shannon. 

Here, we are confronted with sexual battery of a victim over the age of sixteen,

which encompasses the intentional sexual touching of another with a particular

mental state and without consent. Such unconsented to touching represents a

particular subset of battery. See Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 642 (“A battery is any

willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon the person of another.”).

We confronted this issue with respect to a similar Utah statute regarding

forcible sexual abuse in McCann v. Bryon L. Rosquist, D.C., P.C., 185 F.3d 1113,

1119-20 (10th Cir. 1999), vacated on other grounds by 529 U.S. 1126 (2000). In

determining that forcible sexual assault was a crime of violence within the

meaning of the Gender Motivated Violence Act (the Violence Against Women

Act’s civil liability provision), we “conclude[d] that nonconsensual physical

sexual abuse implicates substantial risk of physical force, even when

unaccompanied by rape, bodily injury, or extreme forms of coercion.” Id. at

1121. Because the statute at issue here presupposes a lack of consent, it

necessarily carries with it a risk of physical force. See id. , 185 F.3d at 1120

(concluding that “the relationship between lack of consent and the substantial risk
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of the application of physical force . . . . is significant regardless of the age of

the victim”); cf. Phelps , 17 F.3d at 1342 (concluding that “it is plausible, and

indeed even likely, that a non-consensual, unlawful kidnapping under the

Missouri statute could potentially result in physical injury to an involved party”); 

Mack , 53 F.3d at 128 (holding that sexual battery, as defined under Ohio statute,

constituted a crime of violence, because it “carries with it the ever-present

possibility that the victim may figure out what’s really going on and decide to

resist, in turn requiring the perpetrator to resort to actual physical restraint ”)

(internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis supplied).

As we noted in Vigil , § 4B1.2 “speaks in terms of probability–a ‘risk’–not

certainty.” 334 F.3d at 1223. “‘[R]isk is by definition probable not certain;

hence potential rather than actual.’” Id. (quoting Shannon , 110 F.3d at 385). One

certainly need not impose a physical injury to be convicted of sexual battery. As

we have stated previously, “physical injury need not be a certainty for a crime to

pose a serious risk of physical injury. Accordingly, the possibility that a crime

may be completed without injury is irrelevant to the determination of whether it

constitutes a crime of violence within the meaning of § 4B1.2.” Id.; see id. at

1224 (holding that “aggravated incest, as defined by section 18-6-302 of the

Colorado Revised Statutes, constitutes a crime of violence within the meaning of

USSG § 4B1.2”); see Mack, 53 F.3d at 128. We agree with the district court’s
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conclusion that Oklahoma’s statutory definition of sexual battery presents the

“serious possibility[] of risk of physical injury.” Rec. vol. III, at 18 (Sentencing

Hr’g, dated Oct. 10, 2002); see Mack , 53 F.3d at 128. 

Unlike the statute at issue in Shannon , there is little room for an arbitrary

classification of sexual battery to be deemed a crime of violence, and thus there is

no threat to the uniform application of the federal sentencing laws. The serious

risk of bodily injury is a constant in cases involving sexual battery. We thus

reject Mr. Rowland’s unsound assertion that because no “deception” is required

under the Oklahoma statute, there is “no premise for assuming that the perpetrator

will resort to actual physical restraint in order to force compliance.” Aplt’s Br. at

8, and we hold that sexual battery, as defined under Oklahoma law, implicates a

concomitant serious risk of physical injury. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM Mr. Rowland’s conviction and

sentence.