1 Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section

references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for 2001,

the taxable year in issue. All monetary amounts are rounded to

the nearest dollar.

T.C. Summary Opinion 2005-62

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

THOMAS RICHARD WHITE AND DONNA ESTES WHITE, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 1815-04S. Filed May 23, 2005.

Thomas Richard White and Donna Estes White, pro sese.

Martha J. Weber, for respondent.

ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to

the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in

effect at the time that the petition was filed.1 The decision to
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2 Petitioners concede that they neglected to report

interest income in the amount of $36 that they received from

Employee Resources Credit Union.

be entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion

should not be cited as authority.

Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioners’ Federal

income tax for the taxable year 2001 in the amount of $1,671.

After a concession by petitioners,2 the issues for decision 

are as follows:

(1) Whether the unpaid balance on a loan obtained by

petitioner Thomas Richard White (Mr. White) from his 401(k) plan

constitutes a taxable distribution under section 72(p). We hold

that it does.

(2) Whether petitioners are liable for the 10-percent

additional tax under section 72(t) by virtue of such

distribution. We hold that they are.

Background

Some of the facts have been stipulated, and they are so

found. 

At the time that the petition was filed, petitioners resided

in St. Joseph, Tennessee.

For a number of years, Mr. White was employed by Graphic

Packaging Corp. of Lawrenceburg, Tennessee (Graphic Packaging). 

As an employee of Graphic Packaging, Mr. White maintained a

401(k) account, which was administered by Fidelity Investments.
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In 1998, Mr. White borrowed $12,321 from his 401(k) account 

to help finance his oldest daughter’s college education. The

amount borrowed was one-half of the account balance. The terms

of the loan required repayment within 5 years based on level

amortization through direct deduction from Mr. White’s paycheck

on a semimonthly basis.

On September 7, 2000, petitioners filed a voluntary petition

in bankruptcy under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. Following

the meeting of creditors on November 13, 2000, the Bankruptcy

Court issued an order, which was entered on the court’s docket on

November 14, 2000, confirming the chapter 13 plan and providing

notice of a 25-day period within which to object. An objection

filed by one creditor was subsequently withdrawn. Accordingly,

the court’s order became final, pursuant to its terms, upon

expiration of the 25-day period.

During the initial phase of the bankruptcy proceeding,

Graphic Packaging continued to deduct loan payments from Mr.

White’s paychecks. However, after notification in mid-December

2000 by the bankruptcy trustee regarding the finality of the

court’s order confirming petitioners’ chapter 13 plan, Graphic

Packaging stopped deducting loan payments from Mr. White’s

paychecks. 
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At the time that Graphic Packaging stopped deducting loan

payments from Mr. White’s paychecks, the unpaid loan balance was

$6,662. No further loan payments were ever made. After

expiration of the “cure” period in 2001, the loan was treated by

the plan administrator as having been defaulted.

Fidelity Investments issued a Form 1099-R, Distributions

From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans,

IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc., for 2001 reporting a gross

distribution to Mr. White in the amount of $6,662. Petitioners

did not report this distribution on their return. 

In the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that

petitioners were required to include the $6,662 distribution in

income. Respondent also determined that the distribution was

subject to the 10-percent additional tax under section 72(t) on

early distributions from qualified retirement plans.

Discussion

Issue 1.

Section 402(a) provides generally that distributions from a

qualified plan are taxable to the distributee in the taxable year

in which the distribution occurs, pursuant to the provisions of

section 72. Accordingly, we turn our attention to section 72

and, in particular, to section 72(p)(1)(A), the section of the

Internal Revenue Code that treats certain loans from a qualified

employer plan to a participant or beneficiary as taxable
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distributions. See generally Plotkin v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2001-71; Patrick v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-30, affd. per

curiam without published opinion 181 F.3d 103 (6th Cir. 1999); 

Prince v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-324; Estate of Gray v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-421. For purposes of section

72(p), a “qualified employer plan” includes a plan described in

section 401(a) that includes a trust exempt from tax under

section 501(a), and therefore includes Mr. White’s 401(k) plan.

See sec. 72(p)(4)(A)(i)(I).

Section 72(p)(1)(A) provides, as a general rule, that if a

participant or beneficiary receives, directly or indirectly, any

amount as a loan from a qualified employer plan, then such amount

shall be treated as having been received by such individual as a

distribution under such plan. Thus, under the general rule of

section 72(p)(1)(A), the making of a loan from a qualified

employer plan gives rise to a deemed distribution that is taxable

in the year in which the loan is received.

However, section 72(p)(2)(A) provides an exception for

certain loans. Thus, as relevant herein, the mere making of a

loan that does not exceed one-half of the nonforteitable accrued

benefit of the employee under the plan, that is repayable within

5 years, and that provides for substantially level amortization

does not give rise to a deemed distribution. See sec.

72(p)(2)(A)(ii), (B)(i), and (C).
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3 Our analysis is based on the statute. We note that the

relevant regulation, sec. 1.72(p)-1, Income Tax Regs., is

generally applicable to assignments, pledges, and loans made on

or after Jan. 1, 2002. Sec. 1.72(p)-1, Q&A-22(b), Income Tax

Regs.; see Molina v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-258. Thus,

the regulation is inapplicable to the present case; however, were

we to apply it, our analysis would remain the same. See sec.

1.72(p)-1, Q&A-1(a), Q&A-4(a), Q&A-10, Income Tax Regs.

Although a loan may initially satisfy the requirements of

section 72(p)(2)(A) at the time that it is made, a deemed

distribution may nevertheless occur subsequently because of the

failure to repay the loan consistent with the loan agreement,

e.g., because of the failure to amortize the loan on a

substantially level basis. Sec. 72(p)(2)(C). Accordingly, if a

default occurs, a distribution is deemed to occur at that time in

the amount of the then outstanding balance of the loan.3

In the present case, there is no dispute that Mr. White

defaulted on the 401(k) loan in 2001 upon his failure to make the

requisite installment payment within the specified cure period. 

The record demonstrates that the balance due at the time of the

default was $6,662. Thus, pursuant to section 72(p)(1)(A), a

distribution is deemed to have been made at such time and in such

amount, and, pursuant to section 402(a), the distribution is

taxable. 

Petitioners contend that they did not receive a taxable

distribution because Mr. White was merely borrowing his own

money. Although it is true that loan proceeds do not generally
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4 Mr. White’s 401(k) account constitutes a qualified

retirement plan for purposes of sec. 72(t). See sec. 4974(c)(1). 

constitute gross income, and although the loan was for a laudable

purpose, petitioners’ contention ignores the fact that Mr. White

borrowed pretax dollars, i.e.; compensation that had not

previously been taxed. Accordingly, the defaulted loan from Mr.

White’s 401(k) account became taxable (pursuant to section

72(p)(1)(A)) in the same manner that a distribution from such

account would have been taxable if Mr. White had simply closed

the account and withdrawn the balance therein. In each instance,

the amount distributed would be taxable (pursuant to section

402(a)) because such amount represented income that had not

previously been taxed.

Consistent with the foregoing, we hold for respondent on

this issue.

Issue 2.

Section 72(t)(1) imposes an additional tax on an early

distribution from a qualified retirement plan equal to 10 percent

of the portion of such distribution that is includable in gross

income.4 As previously discussed, failure to make an installment

payment when due in accordance with the terms of a loan from a

qualified retirement plan may result in a taxable distribution.

Sec. 72(p)(1). Accordingly, a loan balance that constitutes a

taxable distribution is subject to the 10-percent additional tax
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5 See also sec. 72(t)(2)(E), which excepts from the

additional tax, under sec. 72(t), certain distributions for

higher education expenses. However, the exception does not apply

to distributions from all qualified retirement plans but rather

only to distributions from “individual retirement plans”, i.e.,

individual retirement accounts and individual retirement

annuities (IRAs). See secs. 7701(a)(37), sec. 4974(c)(4) and

(5); see also Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105-34, sec.

203(a), 111 Stat. 788, 809; H. Rept. 105-148 at 288-289 (1997),

1997-4 C.B. (Vol. 1) 319, 610-611. Because the deemed

distribution in this case came from Mr. White’s 401(k) account,

which is not an IRA plan, the exception set forth in sec.

72(t)(2)(E) does not apply.

under section 72(t) on early distributions. See Plotkin v.

Commissioner, supra.

The additional tax under section 72(t) does not apply to

certain distributions from qualified retirement plans. For

example, the additional tax does not apply to distributions that

are made on or after the date on which the employee attains the

age of 591⁄2, that are made to a beneficiary on or after the death

of the employee, that are attributable to the employee’s being

disabled, or that are made to an employee after separation from

service after attainment of age 55. See sec. 72(t)(2).5

Petitioners do not contend that any of the statutory exceptions

apply to their case. Rather, they contend that the additional

tax should not be imposed because they were precluded from making

loan repayments to Mr. White’s 401(k) plan by virtue of the

chapter 13 bankruptcy plan.

The short answer to petitioners’ contention is that there is

no specific exception under section 72(t)(2) that addresses
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petitioners’ situation. Rather, this Court has repeatedly held

that we are bound by the list of statutory exceptions set forth

in section 72(t)(2). Arnold v. Commissioner, 111 T.C. 250, 255

(1998); Schoof v. Commissioner, 110 T.C. 1, 11 (1998); Clark v.

Commissioner, 101 T.C. 215, 224-225 (1993); Swihart v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-407. Although the Court is

sympathetic to petitioners’ position, we are constrained to

sustain respondent’s determination on this issue. Reviewed and

adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case Division.

To reflect our disposition of the disputed issue, as well as

petitioners’ concession, see supra note 2, 

Decision will be entered

for respondent.