JPRS 70416

4 January 19 78

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No, 410

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TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, No. 410

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JPRS 70416

4 January 1978

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No. 410

CONTENTS PAGE

POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

Hupeh Holds Conference on Cultural Work

(Hupeh Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) .. 1

Article Declares Shortcomings Must Be Acknowledged

(Shao Chun-sun; KUANG-MING JIH-PAO, 22 Nov 77) ... 3

PRC Economist Discusses Profits Under Socialism

(Hsu Ti-hsin; JEN-MIN JIH-PAO, 22 Nov 77) 5

Shansi Holds Second Meeting on Student Enrollment Work

(Shansi Provincial Service, 19 Nov 77) 8

Reporter Refutes 'Gang's' Opposition to "The 17 Years'

(NCNA Domestic Service, 2k Nov 77) *. 10

Nanchang Education Bureau Forum Criticizes 'Two Assessments'

(Kiangsi Provincial Service, 21 Nov 77) 13

Tsinghua University Leader Criticizes 'Gang'

(Ho Tung-chang; Peking Domestic Service, 21 Nov 77) .. 15

Hansi Taching Forum Urges Increased Criticism of 'Gang'

(Shansi Provincial Service, 18 Nov 77) .... 17

Kansu Holds Forum To Criticize 'Two Assessments'

(Kansu Provincial Service, 23 Nov 77) .;...... 19

Szechwan Education Workers Score 'Gang's' 'Two Assessments'

(Szechwan Provincial Service, 23 Nov 77) 22

Hopei Meeting Criticizes 'Gang's' 'Two Evaluations'

(Hopei Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) 23

-a - [Hi - CC - 80 S & T]
CONTENTS (Continued) Page

Kwangtung Paper Holds Forum Criticizing 'Two Assessments'

(Kvangtung Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) 25

Kwangtung Colleges Criticize 'Two Assessments'

(Kwangtung Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) 28

Kirin Propaganda Organs Criticize 'Gang of Four'

(Kirin Provincial Service, 15 Nov 77) 31

Tsinan Meeting Accuses 'Gang' of Fascist Crimes

(Shantung Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) 33

Luta Public Security Personnel Criticize 'Gang'

(Luta City Service, 15 Nov 77) 35

Sinkiang Article Urges Renewed Action Against 'Gang'

(Hsu Sheng-chao; Sinkiang Regional Service, 17 Nov 77) 37

Fukien Daily Calls for Continuing Criticism of 'Gang'

(Editorial; Fukien Provincial Service, l6 Nov 77) ... 39

People's Daily Attacks 'Gang's' View of Mental labor

(Fang Chih; JEN-MIN JIH-PAO, 22 Nov 77) kl

Peking Paper Raps 'Gang' for Crimes in Education

(JIN-MIN JIH-PAO, 24 Nov 77) kk

Hupeh Holds On-The-Spot Meeting on Civil Mediation Work

(Hupeh Provincial Service, 20 Nov 77) 46

Article Marks Anniversary of Hungho Prefecture

(Yunnan Provincial Service, 21 Nov 77) 48

Sian Rally Criticizes Former Municipal Leaders

(Shensi Provincial Service, 23 Nov 77) 49

Life History of Shanghai's Chen A-ta Exposed

(Shanghai City Service, 20 Nov 77) 50

Briefs

Yunnan Criticizes 'Gang of Four' 55

Changsha Criticizes 'Gang' 55

Hunan Publishing Work 55

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

Principle, Function of Anti-ICBM Warning Satellite

(T'ao Wang-p'ing; HANG-K'UNG CHIH-SHIH, Sep 77) 56

- b -
CONTENTS (Continued) Page

AGRICULTURE

Briefs

Farm Machine Operation Training 63

Agricultural Support Industries 63

Irrigation in Kiangsu 64

Food Processing Industry oilAgricultural Scientific Research 65

New Rice Varieties Developed 65

- c -
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

HUPEH HOLDS CONFERENCE ON CULTURAL WORK

Wuhan Hupeh Provincial Service in Mandarin 1300 GMT 20 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] The culture bureau of the Hupeh Provincial Revolutionary Committee

recently held a conference in Yingshan County on learning from Ta-chai in

cultural work. The participants in the conference learned and popularized

the experiences of Ta-chai and Hsi-yang in cultural work in order to greatly

promote popularization of the rural mass cultural activities in the province,

and make cultural work serve still better the mass movement to learn from

Ta-chai in agriculture and build Ta-chai-type counties everywhere.

The conference was attended by the directors of various prefectural, municipal,

and county culture bureaus, and responsible persons of literature and art

units at provincial level. During the conference, the representatives visited

Ta-chai, Hsi-yang, and Ying-shan county which is a progressive unit in learning

from Ta-chai, and which is a place where mass cultural activities have been

popularized. They were greatly educated and stimulated by their visits.

At the conference, the representatives discussed the province's experiences

in learning from Ta-chai in cultural work over the past few years. They held:

"Under the guidance of Chairman Mao's revolutionary literature and art line,

our province has unceasingly eliminated the 'gang of four's' interference in

and sabotage of mass cultural work, persisted in learning the experiences of

Ta-chai in cultural work, and brought about the new situation of greatly popularizing the mass cultural activities. Progressive units, like Ying-shan,

Tang-yang, and Tien-men counties, have emerged."

This conference laid stress on summing up and popularizing the main experiences

in the rural mass cultural activities. In compliance with the requirements of

Chairman Hua to grasp the key link in running the country well and bring about

initial success this year and great success in 3 years, the representatives

have resolved to whip up an upsurge of the revolutionary emulation to learn

from Ta-chai and Hsi-yang, and to catch up with Ying-shan and Tang-yang in

cultural work. They have set eight criteria to be used in examining units to

see whether.,or not they have done a good job in learning from Ta-chai and

bringing about success in rural mass cultural work. The conference demanded:
"Under the leadership of party committees, the cultural departments in all

places must first correctly and completely study Chairman Mao's literature

and art thought, continue to penetratingly criticize the crimes of the 'gang

of four' in opposing learning from Ta-chai in cultural work, and thoroughly

eliminate their remnant poison and influence."

"It is essential to regard mass cultural work as a component part of learning

from Ta-chai in agriculture, and make it serve the socialist economic base.

We must give full play to the battle role of mass culture in the movement to

learn from Ta-chai in agriculture."

The conference also demanded that rural cultural work be carried out in spare

time, thriftily, on a small scale, in many forms, and regularly, with production teams as the basic-level units. Mass spare-time cultural creation should

be vigorously developed. Professional literature and art workers should go to

rural areas and deep into basic-level units to provide guidance on mass cultural work.

CSO: 4005
ARTICLE DECLARES SHORTCOMINGS MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED

Peking KUANG-MING JIH-PAO in Chinese 22 Nov 77 p 3 HK

[Article by Shao Chun-sun [6730 0689 1327]: "Will the Talk of Shortcomings

Negate Achievements"?]

[Summary] "In his political report to the 11th Party Congress, wise and

brilliant leader Chairman Hua pointed out: 'We must study dialectical materialism and historical materialism and combat idealism and metaphysics.'

Recently, when going deep into the basic levels for investigation and study,

we discovered that, because some comrades did not properly grasp dialectical

materialism, there existed a kind of erroneous idea that talk of shortcomings

would negate achievements."

As part of an on-the-spot conference held by the military subdistrict on

promoting militia work "organizationally, politically and militarily," the

People's Armed Forces Department of a certain county had to write an article

on its experience in militia work. The comrades doing the writing used the

concept of one-dividing-into-two in analyzing the status of militia work, in

affirming achievements, and in summing up results, and also in pointing out

some existing problems. When this material was submitted to the leadership

for examination, some comrades believed that talking about shortcomings

negated the achievements in militia building, and advocated deleting these

references.

"Will talk of shortcomings, acknowledgement of problems, and exposure of contradictions negate achievements? Will the deletion of references to existing

problems show greater achievements and no shortcomings in actual work? We

don't think so. In his instruction 'Strive to learn from each other and don't

stick to the beaten path and be complacent' great leader Chairman Mao pointed

out: 'A communist must acquire the Marxist dialectical concept of one-dividinginto-two with regard to achievements and shortcomings, truth and falsehood.'

Dialectical materialism holds that the work of an individual, a department or

a district, invariably has both achievements and shortcomings, and may be

correct or wrong. So long as one works, shortcomings, and may be correct or

wrong. So long as one works, shortcomings will always accompany good points,
and achievements will inevitably be followed by some shortcomings and mistakes. Comrades control selected basic units in the People's Armed Forces

Department should, in accordance with the spirit of the report made by Comrade

Chen Yung-kuei at the second national conference on learning from Ta-chai in

agriculture, organize the militiamen to bring their role into play in the

movement to learn from Ta-chai in agriculture and to advance agricultural production. However, the fact that grain production here did not increase for

several consecutive years clearly shows that some problems still exist in

leading the militiamen to develop the movement to learn from Ta-chai in agriculture among the comrades leading selected basic units in the People's Armed

Forces Department. Importance should be attached to studying how to solve

them. The noble quality of a communist lies not only in working wholeheartedly

for the interests of the people, but also in not being afraid to talk about

shortcomings and mistakes in his own work, and in having the courage to study

and overcome such shortcomings and mistakes."

Will the disclosure of existing problems in leading the militiamen to develop

the movement to learn from Ta-chai in agriculture negate the achievements of

promoting militia work "organizationally, politically, and militarily"? Will

it negate the whole role played by the militiamen in the movement to learn

from Ta-chai in agriculture? So long as we respect objective facts and present

things as they are, talking about and studying shortcomings will not negate

achievements. If we do not talk about or study shortcomings and mistakes for

fear of negating achievements, and even adopt a policy of nonrecognition, that

can only result in covering up shortcomings, exaggerating achievements, and

telling lies. This could be very dangerous. Shortcomings and mistakes exist,

and they will not cease to exist because you do not discuss or study them.

Conversely, if you do not adopt the Marxist method of dialectical analysis in

dealing with achievements and shortcomings in work, then your subjective

knowledge will not correspond with objective reality. This will give rise to

one-sidedness in work, and shortcomings and mistakes in work will not be

corrected. "We should understand that achievements and shortcomings are a

unity of opposites. In certain situations, things that are contradictory and

antagonistic transform themselves into each other. Our acknowledgement and

analysis of shortcomings are for the purpose of correcting shortcomings and

transforming them into achievements. Not practicing 'one-dividing-into-two',

and seeing only achievements but not shortcomings, would be like covering up

one's eyes and blocking the road of our advance. How can we talk about making

progress and achievements this way?

"On the other hand, by talking about shortcomings, exposing contradictions,

letting the masses make analyses, eliciting serious consideration and attention

from everybody, affirming the orientation of efforts, relying on the wisdom and

strength of the masses, and diligently overcoming shortcomings and mistakes, we

can score more achievements as we work. Because of this, the idea that talking

about shortcomings will negate achievements is a sign of idealism and metaphysics.

Only by resolutely eliminating such idealist and metaphysical ideas can we achieve

a correct direction on the road of continuing the revolution, and continue to win

victories in socialist revolution and construction."

CSO: 4005
PRC ECONOMIST DISCUSSES PROFITS UNDER SOCIALISM

Peking JEN-MIN JIH-PAO in Chinese 22 Nov 77 p 2 HK

[Article by Hsu Ti-hsin [6079 3321 2450]: "On Profits Under Socialism"]

[Summary] "Socialist enterprises must yield profits and continuously increase

accumulation for the state in order to insure the rapid development of socialist construction, and to build China into a modern and powerful socialist

country as quickly as possible."

In order to usurp party and state power and restore capitalism, the 'gang of

four' equated the reasonable gains of a socialist enterprise with "putting

profits in command." This greatly impaired the sound development of our national economy. In our efforts to better implement the line of the 11th

National Party Congress, and to speed up socialist construction, we must deeply

criticize their counterrevolutionary fallacies and eliminate their remaining

poison.

What an enterprise gains under socialism is essentially different from capitalist profit. Marx told us that capitalist profit is a modified form of

surplus value. "This kind of value is based on the capitalist ownership of

the means of production, and presupposes the exploitation of laborers by the

capitalists."

Although the capitalist form of surplus labor, surplus value, and capitalist

profits are negated under the socialist mode of production, it does not mean

that surplus labor contributed by the working masses in the course of produc-

• tion should be eliminated. "Marx noted: 'Surplus labor in general,^as labor

performed over and above the given requirements, must always remain.' Without

surplus labor (surplus product), we have no way of expanding socialist reproduction and meeting the many needs of the state and society."

Under the socialist system, the surplus labor (surplus product) provided by

a worker exceeds the amount of labor required of him and his family, but this

is completely necessary for the overall and long-term interests of the proletarian state and the working people. "The overall and long-term interests of
the proletariat and the working people have confirmed the necessity and

rationality of surplus labor (surplus product) provided by the working people

in a socialist enterprise for the state and society, thereby also confirming

the necessity and rationality of the gains of an enterprise (as well as its

turnover to the state in tax) created by this kind of surplus labor." This

kind of surplus labor in socialist society is essentially different from

capitalist profit which embodies the ruthless exploitation of the proletariat

and the working masses by the bourgeoisie.

Why do we still refer to the proceeds derived from this kind of surplus labor

(surplus product) by a socialist enterprise as profits? "This is because the

commodity-money relationship still exists under the socialist system. Hence,

surplus labor (surplus product) still has to appear in the form of value."

"Marxism tells us that socialist accumulation is the only source we can count

on to expand socialist reproduction, and the net proceeds of a socialist enterprise (including its profits and turnover of tax) are the basic sources of

socialist accumulation." It can thus be seen that, in order to rapidly expand

socialist reproduction, all socialist enterprises must strive to increase

their turnover to the state in profits and tax.

Profits (and tax) derived from socialist enterprises are more than just funds

for expending socialist reproduction. Through state budgeting, a portion is

set aside as accumulation funds, the rest is earmarked as consumption funds.

"As Marx pointed out in 'Critique of the Gotha Program,' this portion of

consumption funds is used to meet 'the general cost of administration not

directly belonging to production' and 'the common satisfaction of needs, such

as schools, health services, etc,' and as 'funds for those unable to work.'"

Hence, profits and tax turned over to the state by socialist enterprises are

of extremely great significance not only for expending socialist reproduction,

but also to the existence and development of all nonproduction sectors as well

as to the various aspects of state life as a whole. "It has a vital bearing

not only on the speed of building socialism, but also on whether the dictatorship of the proletariat can be consolidated."

The 'gang of four' and their supporters also attacked socialist enterprises,

which yielded profits, of "putting profits in command." "The practice of

'putting profits in command' is a means through which the Soviet revisionist

renegade clique has restored capitalism. They make profits the central target

above all other targets in the planning of a socialist enterprise, describing

profits as the motive force for the development of a socialist enterprise.

Of course, we must resolutely oppose this revisionist sickness of 'putting

profits in command.' But still more important, we must criticize the misdeeds

performed by the 'gang of four' on the pretext of opposing 'putting profits

in command.'" They viciously equated socialist enterprises yielding profits

on the basis of having fulfilled the state plan with the practice of "putting

profits in command" in order to create confusion and disrupt production. In

fact, there are differences in principle between the two.
"1. The purpose of socialist production is to meet the growing needs of the

state and the people, whereas capitalism and revisionism regard profits as

the purpose of production. Therefore, each enterprise must regard yielding

material wealth of all kinds as its task and must not one-sidedly go after

profits and make money purely for the sake of making money." It must adhere

to the proletarian line and policy of running an enterprise, firmly follow

the socialist road, adhere to the policy of developing the economy and insuring

supplies, and fully arouse the masses to increase production and practice

economy, lower costs, and make more profits. This line of management is by

no means "putting profits in command." '

"2. Socialist enterprise produces in accordance with state plans. It practices the principle of 'planning first, price consideration second.' It still

has to abide by the state plan in circumstances in which it gets little profits,

or has to operate at a loss temporarily because some products are underpriced

by the state out of consideration for the overall interests."

"3. Every socialist enterprise must "proceed from the overall interests in

its operation and management, cooperate well with other enterprises in

accordance with state planning," and must not go an anarchistic way to pursue

its narrow interests.

"4. Every socialist enterprise must first of all guarantee the quality of its

products and, with this precondition, strive to increase production, practice

economy, lower costs, and make more profits."

"Chairman Mao taught us long ago: 'Every socialist business enterprise must

pay attention to doing everything possible to make maximum use of its manpower

and equipment. It must do everything possible to improve labor organization

and business management, and raise labor productivity, economize on manpower

and material resources where possible, and carry out labor emulation and economic accounting in order to reduce production costs, raise personal income,

and increase accumulation year by year.' Every one of our enterprises must

persistently carry out Chairman Mao's directives, draw a clear line of demarcation between yielding profits for the purpose of increasing accumulation and

'putting profits in command,' and make greater contributions toward accomplishing the four modernizations and gradually improving the people's livelihood."

CSO: 4005
SHANSI HOLDS SECOND MEETING ON STUDENT ENROLLMENT WORK

Taiyuan Shansi Provincial Service in Mandarin 2300 GMT 19 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] On the evening of 18 November, the Shansi Provincial Revolutionary

Committee held its second telephone conference on student enrollment work.

Comrade (Chia Chien), vice chairman of the committee, presided and spoke.

(Liu Fu-hsia), acting director of the Provincial College enrollment committee,

spoke on arrangements for the college entrance examinations.

He said: The work concerning applications of those taking the entrance

examinations for colleges and secondary technical schools concluded on

15 November after being in progress for 11 days. The scale and size of the

applications were unprecedented in the province. The work of holding the

entrance examinations is now imminent. How well this work is done is directly

related to the whole enrollment effort, and to the quality of the new students.

It is therefore essential to make a thorough success of the work concerning

entrance examinations.

(Liu Fu-hsia) said: We must accurately compile the number of students who

will take the examination and make sure that they are examined in the correct

subjects. The provincial enrollment committee must be notified of the number

of candidates taking the various entrance examinations before 27 November, and

every candidate must be assigned a number and an examination center. This is

detailed and meticulous work which must be done properly. It is also necessary to organize and train examination monitors. Each examination center

should have three.

We must do a good job of political work for the candidates. Several hundred

thousand have applied to take the various entrance examinations and are in

high spirits at the prospect. "We must clearly explain to every young person

that at present our country cannot provide universal university and secondary

technical education. Many people have applied, but there are not enough

places for all of them. This contradiction existed in the past, it exists

now, and it will exist for a rather long time to come. They must recognize

this objective fact and make two kinds of preparations." [passage indistinct]

We must also carry out education for all the parents so that they can comfort

their sons and daughters if they fail the examination.

8
After the examination, it is necessary to do a good job of marking. Before

the examination, the prefectural, municipal, county, and district enrollment

committee must select experienced teachers with high political awareness as

markers. All sectors of the economy must continue to go all out to support

the enrollment departments to successfully hold the examinations. The commercial, transport, public health, and public security departments must solve the

problems of the candidates' board and lodging, transport, health, and security

work.

In his speech, Comrade (Chia Chien) stressed the importance of doing well

concerning the examinations. The leadership at all levels must attach high

importance to the work and strengthen leadership over it.

CSO: 4005
REPORTER REFUTES 'GANG'S' OPPOSITION TO 'THE 17 YEARS'

Peking NCNA Domestic Service in Chinese 1205 GMT 24 Nov 77 OW

[Article by NCNA reporter: "An Out-and-Out Ultrarightist Slogan—Exposing

and Criticizing the 'Gang of Four's' So-called 'Stand in Direct Opposition

to the 17 Years'"]

[Excerpts] Peking, 24 November—in carrying out their conspiratorial activities to usurp party and state power, the 'gang of four' shouted at the top of

their voices for people to "stand in direct opposition to the 17 years." This

out-and-out ultrarightist, counterrevolutionary slogan was publicly uttered by

them.

In the current upsurge to criticize the "two assessments," numerous cadres,

people and educators are exposing and criticizing the 'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary slogan with spoken and written words in order to lay bare its

reactionary nature.

It is now clear that the so-called "stand in direct opposition to the 17

years" was conceived in coordination with the 'gang of four's' "two assessments,'

a theoretical basis that the 'gang of four' concocted for the sake of usurping

party and state power. The "direct opposition" was their slogan for action.

In 1971, after the 'gang of four' published the "two assessments," which

negated the 17 years preceding the Great Cultural Revolution, they and their

sworn followers, aides, and sinister henchmen began to fight vigorously and

"stand in direct opposition to the 17 years." They stirred up evil wind and

conflict everywhere, carried out activities to "oppose the reverse current"

and to "oppose capitalist restoration", and created the "Ma Chen-fu incident"

and the "Yunglo middle school incident."

Besides conducting "direct opposition," they secretly planned and held a socalled "on-the-spot meeting" at Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, in December 1974.

At this meeting, Chih Chun, the 'gang of four's' sinister henchman, ganged up

with that sworn follower in Liaoning and told of the so-called "experience of

the Chaoyang Agricultural College," openly waving the counterrevolutionary

signboard, "stand in direct opposition to the 17 years."

10
The 'gang of four' highly treasured this "experience of the Chaoyang Agricultural College" which "stood in direct opposition to the 17 years." Wang

Hung-wen, the newborn bourgeois element, acclaimed this "experience." The

renegade Chiang Ching selected and sent students in her own name to learn how

to conduct "direct opposition." The Kuomintang agent Chang Chun-chiao, and

the alien class element Yao Wen-yuan couldn't wait to set in motion the propaganda machine under their control in order to vigorously advertise the so-called

"Experience of the Chaoyang Agricultural College" and to peddle the sinister

trash of "direct opposition."

To whom did they "stand in direct opposition"? In advertising the slogan of

"direct opposition," the 'gang of four' professed that they "stood in direct

opposition to the revisionist line in education during the 17 years." Is this

true? Not at all. In the current upsurge to criticize the "two assessments,"

educators have exposed the 'gang of four's' fallacies and perverted actions on

the educational front during these years for aiming to "directly oppose" Chairman Mao's revolutionary line.

The 'gang of four' not only openly opposed Chairman Mao's teachings, but also

opposed cadres and people who implemented Chairman Mao's revolutionary line.

Persons involved in vocational work were branded for "placing vocational work

in command," persons who engaged in study were branded for "giving first place

to intellectual development," persons who strengthened the teaching of basic

theory were branded for "stirring theoretical winds," persons who advocated

the road of both red and expert were branded for "becoming more reactionary

because they have more knowledge," persons who accepted their cultural heritage

with reservations were branded for "stressing the past more than the present,"

and persons who studied advanced foreign technology were branded for "worshiping

things foreign and fawning on foreigners."

In the current exposure and criticism campaign, numerous educators have

correctly said: the 'gang of four's criminal goal of clamoring for "standing

in direct opposition to the 17 years" served to completely negate Chairman

Mao's revolutionary line and usurp the supreme leadership of the party and

state. In fact, renegade Chiang Ching had long cried about "criticizing the

17 years." At the beginning of the Great Cultural Revolution, she joined with

the archconspirator Lin Piao to initiate the theory of the "dictatorship of

the sinister line" on the literary and art front.

Then the 'gang of four' and their ilk began to clamor that "plants, mines, and

enterprises should not be regarded as superior to the literary and art front,"

that "education during the 17 years was out-and-out revisionist," that the

science and technology sphere was "dominated by the bourgeois intellectuals,"

that the public security front "had never done one good job in the 17 years,"

that the Foreign Trade Ministry was the "national betrayal ministry," and that

the army was "ruled by warlords." The 'gang' adhered to the "17 years" and

nonsensically said that "we will have a difficult time if we don't criticize

the 17 years for every day." Until 1976, when the death knell sounded for the

'gang of four,' they continued to struggle and shout: "do not resurrect the

revisionist.line of the 17 years" and "do not reverse the verdicts on the 17

years."

11
In the struggle to criticize the "two assessments," educators as well as the

numerous cadres and masses deeply hated this "direct opposition" preached by

the 'gang of four.' They angrily said: Using the tactic of negating the

achievements of the proletarian revolution, the 'gang of four' frantically

attacked the party, people, and socialism. This was the same counterrevolutionary approach previously used by the bourgeois rightists in their attacks

against the party. This fully proves that the 'gang of four' are truly

atrocious ultrarightists.

CSO: 4005

12
NANCHANG EDUCATION BUREAU FORUM CRITICIZES 'TWO ASSESSMENTS'

Nanchang Kiangsi Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 21 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] "On 19 November, the Nanchang Municipal Education Bureau held a

forum of leading cadres and teachers of various schools. They exposed and

denounced the towering crimes of the 'gang of four' in proposing the 'two

assessments.*"

(Tung En-fu), a responsible person of the Nanchang Municipal Education Bureau,

said: "Since the smashing of the 'gang of four' antiparty clique, our country

has marched into a new stage of development. The cadres, teachers, and

students on the education front have closely followed Chairman Hua's strategic

plan and grasped the key link in running the schools. The situation has become

better and better. However, as the remnant poison of the 'two assessments'

promoted by the 'gang of four' has been profound, and its influence has been

bad, they still hamper the activities of the education workers and intellectuals,

and hinder the progress of the education revolution in cultivating more talent

for realizing the four modernizations as soon as possible.

"The article by the mass criticism group of the Ministry of Education has conveyed Chairman Mao's important instructions and thoroughly exposed the historical truth of the 'gang of four' in promoting the 'two assessments.' It has

criticized the 'gang's' vicious tricks of distorting and tampering with Chairman Mao's line on education, and has said what is in the hearts of tens of

millions of education workers and intellectuals."

He said: "We will certainly respond to the call of the party Central Committee, plunge into this struggle, distinguish between right and wrong in line,

restore the true colors of history, and implement Chairman Mao's line on educa- .

tion in a still better way."

(Yang Yen-lung), secretary of the party branch of Nanchang No 13 middle school,

said: "I have been engaged in education for quite a long time and know a lot

about the development of education. In the 17 years following liberation,

under the wise leadership of the party and Chairman Mao, education developed

very quickly. At the time of liberation, there were only 62 middle and primary schools in Nanchang municipality. Before the Great Cultural Revolution,

13
however, the number increased to 2,184. The total number of students increased

from 2,156 to 210,000, and the number of teaching staff increased from 1,200 to

8,600. Basically all the children of peasants and workers were enrolled, and

the quality of education had been ceaselessly enhanced."

Other speakers at the forum also vigorously criticized the 'gang of four' in

relation to the "two assessments" and in distorting Chairman Mao's brilliant

thinking on education revolution.

CSO: 4005

14
TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY LEADER CRITICIZES 'GANG'

Peking Domestic Service in Mandarin 0200 GMT 21 Nov 77 OW

[Recorded talk by Ho Tung-chang, deputy secretary of the Tsinghua University

party committee: "Criticize the Crimes of the 'Gang of Four1and Their

Company, such as Chih Chun, in Disrupting and Undermining Scientific Research

Work"]

[Excerpts] Over the last 28 years since liberation, Tsinghua University has

made certain achievements in scientific research with the concern and under

the leadership of Chairman Mao and the party Central Committee, and inspired

by the rapid development of socialist revolution and industrial and agricultural production in the whole country. A scientific and technical contingent

has been formed along with a scientific research base.

However, Liu Shao-chi, Lin Piao, and the "gang of four" carried out very

serious interference and sabotage in this area. Particularly in recent years,

antiparty element Chih Chun and that sinister female henchman usurped the leading power in Tsinghua University. Their perverse and despotic activities

threw this school into chaos with the work of teaching, studying, and scientific research seriously affected. The original scientific research contingent

was badly damaged. There was only one special research unit, and less than 10

percent of the school's faculty were engaged in scientific research compared

to more than 30 percent in the past. All other research organizations ceased

to exist.

What was more serious was that the minds of the few remaining scientific and

technical personnel were confused, their enthusiasm was adversely affected,

and the discipline of scientific research was seriously violated. Some laboratories were completely smashed, while some equipment was damaged in others.

According to statistics compiled by higher authorities, the value of research

equipment lost at the school due to such damage amounted to nearly 15 million

yuan in 1975 alone.

The purpose of the "gang of four" and the two sinister henchmen in Tsinghua

in trying to interfere with and undermine the work of teaching, studying, and

15
scientific research was to seize some pretext to reverse the correct verdicts

and create chaos so as to usurp party and state power. For this purpose they

created a deceptive counterrevolutionary slogan—"act in direct contravention."

Against whom did they want to act in direct contravention? It was against

Chairman Mao's revolutionary line that they wanted to act in direct contravention so that they could go their own way.

In 1972, Premier Chou instructed that basic theoretical research should be

strengthened. As a result, the "gang of four" stirred up an encirclement and

suppression campaign in 1973 against the so-called "theoretical wind."

After the convocation of the Fourth National People's Congress, Chairman Hua

took charge of the work of science and technology on behalf of the party

Central Committee and the State Council. After listening to the report by

the Academy of Sciences, Chairman Hua and other leading central comrades issued

important instructions. The "gang of four" and their company such as Chih

Chun, however, went all out to attack the "outline report" as a program for

restoration, and clamored that it was necessary to track down the source of

the "evil wind," thus wildly pointing the spearhead of "acting in direct contravention" toward Chairman Hua.

To brand the broad masses of intellectuals as "bourgeois elements", and label

them as "stinking intellectuals", and to distort and change the party policy,

the "gang of four" and their sinister henchmen such as Chih Chun concocted a

number of fallacies.

The first fallacy vilified intellectuals as "exploiters" and "intellectual

aristocrats" so as to discredit them.

The second fallacy stated that knowledge should be restricted as a "bourgeois

right," that a "bourgeois right" is based on knowledge, and that the more

one's knowledge, the more one's "bourgeois rights."

The third fallacy stated that party members and experts about 40-years old

are the most dangerous.

The fourth fallacy stated that you may criticize the intellectuals in whatever

way you like.

The big price we have paid in past years in the acute and complicated struggles

has enabled us to understand the truth and remember it. That is, we should

always hold high Chairman Mao's great banner, and comprehensively and

accurately study and apply Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung thought. The broad

masses of teachers, students, and workers are now determined to resolutely

implement the line of the 11th CCP National Congress under the leadership of

the party Central Committee headed by Chairman Hua. They are determined to

fight in unity, build a new socialist Tsinghua, and strive to contribute to the

revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat, grasp the key link in

running the country well, train scientific and technical personnel who are both

red and expert, and realize the modernization of agriculture, industry, national

defense, and science and technology, and catch up and surpass the advanced world

level before the end of this century.

CSO: 4005 l6
HANSI TACHING FORUMS URGES INCREASED CRITICISM OF 'GANG'

Taiyuan Shansi Provincial Service in Mandarin 2300 GMT 18 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] The political department of industry and communications and capital

construction of the Shansi Provincial CCP Committee recently held a forum at

the Shansi textile machinery works on learning from Ta-ching in industry for

some of the factories, mines, and other enterprises throughout the province.

Attending the forum were 187 people, including responsible comrades of the

political departments of industry and communications and capital construction

of the various prefectures and municipalities, and the offices of learning from

Ta-ching and key factories, mines, and enterprises. Han Ying, secretary of

the Shansi Provincial CCP Committee and vice chairman of the Provincial Revolutionary Committee, gave a speech at the forum.

"The leaders of some units are complacent. They hold that the investigation

work has been done, criticism has already been conducted, and changes have

begun to appear in production. Enough exposure has been made. They want to

call it off. The leaders of other units also wrongly hold that when the four

pests were running rampant, no one in their units openly caused chaos, so there

is no poison to eradicate. They blindly underestimate the enemy. Investigation

work in some units is still progressing slowly, or has never been conducted.

Some leaders do not thoroughly understand the nature and important significance

of this struggle, and lack the kind of sworn hatred, which they had in the past

toward the Japanese aggressors, Chiang Kai-shek, the landlords, and the

'returning legion.' They are afraid of the wolf in front and the tiger in

back. They are soft, and do not dare give free rein to the masses. This kind

of situation must be rapidly changed.

"The party committees at all levels must follow the [word indistinct] and

demand of the provincial CCP committee and seriously check up on their previous

investigation work. In accordance with the situation in our own units, we must

formulate revolutionary measures and fight well in the third battle to expose

and criticize the 'gang of four'."

It was pointed out at the forum: "With regard to commerce and enterprises,

we must obtain a clearer picture from each one of them, adopt effective

IT
measures, and rapidly improve their backward outlook. As for all those who

were involved with the conspiratorial activities of the 'gang of four' to usurp

party and state power, who have not clearly spoken up and are still in leadership posts, we must resolutely pull them down. Regarding the leadership

cadres, who although they themselves were not involved with the 'gang of four',

they were too soft in the struggle against the »gang of four' and their black

hands, and do not have the ability to lead the movement well, we must rapidly

educate them. We must promote cadres who possess revolutionary drive and dare

to shoulder responsibility, and let the leadership of the movement be truly in

the hands of Marxists and Leninists."

CSO: 4005

18
KANSU HOLDS FORUM TO CRITICIZE 'TWO ASSESSMENTS'

Lanchow Kansu Provincial Service in Mandarin 1400 GMT 23 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] Kansu Education Bureau and the editorial board of KANSU JIH-PAO

recently invited some education workers of institutes of higher education in

Kansu to a forum to vigorously expose and criticize the "two assessments"

prepared by the 'gang of four.' They resolved to quickly urge an upsurge of

vigorously exposing, investigating, accusing, and criticizing, and to succeed

in the education revolution.

[Liu Kai-sheng], director of the Provincial Education Bureau, said: "The

'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary 'two assessments' were the theoretical

basis of their fascist dictatorship over the teachers and cadres and became

two great mountains pressing on the intellectuals' heads on the education

front. The 'gang of four's' agent in our province appreciated their counterrevolutionary 'two assessments' and spared no efforts to push them through.

To the tune of the 'gang of four', he babbled: 'In the 17 years following

liberation, the schools became the place for training bourgeois intellectuals

and the tool for sabotaging the dictatorship of the proletariat and restoring

capitalism. The bourgeoisie exercised dictatorship over the proletariat.' He

also said: 'Some people opposed the "two assessments"—basic assessments—

because they wanted to help intensify, the billows and waves of the reactionary

trend of restoration and retrogression.' He clamored: 'It is essential to

solve the "two assessments" well.*

"The 'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary 'two assessments' caused a

catastrophe on the education front in our province. The 'gang of four'

attacked the education front, saying that the black line exercised dictatorship over the education front. This was a lie contrary to the facts. Let us

look at the facts in those 17 years. When Kansu was liberated in 1949, the

province had only four broken-down universities with some 200 teachers and

1,600 students. In the 17 years from liberation to 1966, the number of universities increased to eight, there were some 2,400 full-time teachers, and

11,700 students. Many capable people were trained during those 17 years, and

many of them have become the force of backbone elements on various fronts,

particularly on the science, technology, cultural and education fronts.

19
Middle and primary schools have been set up everywhere in urban and rural

areas in the province. Facts have eloquently testified that, since the country was founded, Chairman Mao's thought has always shone over the education

front and Chairman Mao's education line has always played the leading part.

"The «gang of four' totally negated those 17 years. They directed their

spearhead at our great leader Chairman Mao, Chairman Mao's education line

and the socialist system in order to serve their conspiracy to usurp party

and state power The 'gang of four' stigmatized all intellectuals as bourgeois

intellectuals and stinking scholars. They regarded them as the object for

dictatorship. They incited students to struggle against and change teachers.

It seriously impaired the activity of teachers."

[Liu Kai-sheng] said that the province now has some 140,000 university and

middle and primary school teachers, more than 95 percent of whom were trained

after liberation. The great majority of them have come from workers» and

peasants families. They have supported the party and have been faithful to

the party s education cause. Many of them have gloriously joined the CCP and

become activists in the education revolution. Old professors and old teachers

who were brought up in the old society have strived to transform their world

outlook under the party's education. They have made great progress. They

have worked diligently and made contributions to socialist revolution and construction. He went on: "We must smash the spiritual shackles of the 'two

assessments and give better play to the role of teachers. We must do a good

job for the education revolution."

At the forum, (Meng Chin-chun), secretary of the Northwest Nationality College

party committee, said that in compliance with the spirit of Chairman Mao's

instruction on training minority nationality cadres, the college was set up

in August 1950 and was the first minority nationality school set up in the

country By 1970, the college had some 600,000 books in its library, and had

some 600 teachers, staff, and workers who understood the party's nationality

policy, had acquired proficiency in national languages, and had received

training in teaching minority nationality people. The college had become an

institute of higher education for minority nationalities. The college had

trained nearly 10,000 cadres of 19 minority nationalities for the central

authorities, five provinces and regions in northwest China, Inner Mongolia

Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region.

He said: "However, the 'gang of four' and their agent in our province sabotaged the party's nationality policy, adopted despicable measures, and

privately decided to close down the Northwest Nationality College behind the

backs of the party Central Committee and the State Council, ignoring the

requirements of the people of all minority nationalities. They requisitioned

teaching equipment, burned books and data, and persecuted minority nationality

teachers so that the Northwest Nationality College became a place which was

seriously interfered with and sabotaged by the 'gang of four' and their agent

20
In November 1972, having learned about the situation at the Northwest

Nationality College, the State Council made a telephone call, instructing that

it be restored. However, the 'gang of four's' agent in our province did not

implement the instruction. In March 1973, the State Council sent down another

order instructing that it be restored.

"The 'gang of four1and their agent reluctantly restored the Northwest

Nationality College, but they continued to interfere with it and to create

various obstacles. They did not allow the former teachers to be reappointed.

They did not restore the books which the college previously had. They did

not give up possession of the college premises which they occupied.

"The college has been poorly run for the past 4 years. The 'gang of four' and

their agent in our province brandished the two clubs of 'two assessments', and

cruelly persecuted teachers and cadres. They frantically sabotaged the party's

education cause. If this can be tolerated, what cannot? In the third battle

of exposing and criticizing the 'gang of four,' through criticizing the 'two

assessments', we are resolved to thoroughly settle accounts for the crimes of

the 'gang of four' and their agent in our province, eliminate their remnant

poison, and influence and completely and accurately master Mao Tsetung thought.

We must strive to run the Northwest Nationality College well. We must train

more minority nationality cadres for various provinces and regions in northwest China."

Other speakers at the forum included (Yu Ming-chu), vice chairman of the

revolutionary committee of Kansu Normal University; (Shih En-ping), deputy

secretary of the party committee of Lanchow University; (Han Feng), secretary

of the party committee of Lanchow Medical College; and (Ko Wen-hua), of Kansu

Agriculture University.

CSO: 4005

21
SZECHWAN EDUCATION WORKERS SCORE 'GANG'S' 'TWO ASSESSMENTS'

Chengtu Szechwan Provincial Service in Mandarin 2140 GMT 23 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] "On 22 November, the Szechwan Provincial Education Bureau organized

a forum of some responsible comrades and teachers of primary and middle

schools in Chengtu municipality to deeply expose and criticize the reactionary

nature of the 'two assessments' issued by the 'gang of four', to denounce the

counterrevolutionary crimes of the 'gang of four' in promoting the 'two

assessments', and to thoroughly break the spiritual shackles that bind the

minds of the intellectuals."

The comrades attending the forum angrily exposed and criticized the theoretical absurdity of the "two assessments" of the 'gang of four', expressed their

gratitude to the party Central Committee headed by Chairman Hua, praised

Chairman Mao's revolutionary line in education, confirmed the great achievements scored by education workers in the first 17 years after liberation, and

vowed to continue to expose and criticize the 'gang of four', and to succeed

in the educational revolution.

A responsible comrade of the Provincial Education Bureau spoke at the forum.

He used facts to rebuke the theoretical absurdity of the "two assessments" as

handed out by the 'gang of four', saying:

"Immediately after liberation, there were only about one million primary school

students in the province; but there were some 10 million before the great cultural revolution. Primary school education had basically been popularized.

Immediately after liberation, there were about 70,000 to 80,000 middle school

students; but there were over one million 17 years later. Among them, over

90 percent were children of the working class, and they are now working on all

fronts. The teaching force increased from 70,000 to 80,000 to 380,000 in 17

years.

Most of the present primary and middle school teachers were cultivated in the

first 17 years after liberation, and most of them love the party, Chairman Mao,

and socialism, are loyal to the party's educational cause, have accumulated

abundant experience in the educational revolution, and have made contributions.

These are iron-clad facts, and the achievements scored in those 17 years cannot

be negated."

CSO: 4005

22
HOPEI MEETING CRITICIZES 'GANG*S' 'TWO EVALUATIONS'

Shihchiachuang Hopei Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 20 Nov 77 OW

[Excerpts] On 19 November, the Hopei Provincial Education Bureau called a

discussion meeting of responsible persons of the Shihchiachuang prefectural

and municipal education bureaus as well as representatives of college, middle,

and primary school teachers and students. Armed with Mao Tsetung thought, and

in the light of actual conditions, the comrades present at the meeting

thoroughly exposed and criticized the various fallacies spread by the "gang

of four," resolutely denounced the mental shackles placed on the broad masses

of educational workers and intellectuals by the "gang of four", and were

determined to hold -high Chairman Mao's great banner, work hard and seek rapid

progress under the leadership of the party Central Committee, headed by Chairman Hua, so as to push education forward as soon as possible.

(Tung Jen-sen), deputy director of the Provincial Education Bureau, said:

How to evaluate the situation on the educational front and the status of

intellectuals during the 17 years prior to the Great Cultural Revolution is

a major question concerning the line and the whole situation. As a matter of

fact, the educational front in those 17 years, just like all other fronts,

was always dominated by Chairman Mao's revolutionary line. The role played

by the intellectuals on the educational front in socialist undertakings, as

well as their progress in politics and ideology, should be fully affirmed.

However, the "gang of four" babbled: "For 17 years, Chairman Mao's proletarian

line on education had not been basically implemented. On the educational

front, the bourgeoisie exercised its dictatorship over the proletariat. The

majority of the teachers and students trained during these 17 years basically

held a bourgeois world outlook. They were bourgeois intellectuals." They

vainly attempted to negate Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, madly slandered

and attacked the excellent situation existing on the educational front after

liberation, and shamelessly tampered with the party policy on intellectuals.

The "gang of four" continued to create chaos on the educational front,

reversed right and wrong, and turned the political line upside down. Their

vicious motive was to utilize the problem of education as one of their important

means to engage in antiparty activities and overthrow large numbers of leading

23
revolutionary comrades at both the central and local levels in an attempt to

usurp the supreme power of the party and state and restore capitalism.

Since liberation, illuminated by the radiance of Mao Tsetung thought, and led

by the provincial party committee and party committees at various levels the

broad masses of educational workers on our province's educational front have

conscientiously studied Marxist-Leninist works and Chairman Mao's writings

done their best to implement Chairman Mao's thinking "Education Should be '

Revolutionarized," persisted in doing physical labor, and worked energetically.

As a result, the educational front has witnessed rapid progress.

By 1965, the year prior to the Great Cultural Revolution, the number of primary

schools in our province had increased four times, thus popularizing primary

school education. The number of middle schools had risen by 30 times, and

that of colleges 50 times, thereby providing large numbers of able hands for

socialist revolution and construction. There were more than 300,000 college

and technical middle school graduates in addition to some 1.2 million graduates

from ordinary middle schools, agricultural middle schools, and vocational

middle schools. These were the results of implementing Chairman Mao's revolutionary line on education, and also the results of hard work by the broad masses

of intellectuals on our province's educational front. Of course, there were

interference and sabotage by Liu Shao-chi's counterrevolutionary revisionist

line during those 17 years.

However, the "two evaluations" concocted by the "gang of four" had ulterior

motives. We must thoroughly criticize and liquidate the "gang of four's" crimes

in wantonly trampling on Mao Tsetung thought, and opposing Chairman Mao's

revolutionary line.

CSO: 4005

2k
KWANGTUNG PAPER HOLDS FORUM CRITICIZING 'TWO ASSESSMENTS'

Canton Kwangtung Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 20 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] "The editorial board of NAN-FANG JIH-PAO invited the comrades in

the education circle in Canton area to hold a forum on 15 November to

criticize the crimes of the 'gang of four' of inventing the 'two assessments,'

sabotaging the education revolution, and persecuting the education workers."

The person who presided over the forum first delivered a speech. He said:

"NAN-FANG JIH-PAO invited some of the comrades on the education front to hold

a forum today in order to study together the important instructions of Chairman Hua, Vice Chairman Teng, and the party Central Committee on education

revolution, and to criticize the serious crimes of the 'gang of four' in

trampling on Chairman Mao's line on education, and sabotaging the proletarian

education revolution. In particular, we must fiercely criticize the notorious

'two assessments.'

"To criticize the 'two assessments' is to defend Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung

thought. It is an important current combat task on the education front, and

is also an important content in the third battle to penetratingly expose and

criticize the 'gang of four'."

(Chang Hung-ta), a professor in the biology faculty of Chungshan University,

said: "Since the day the 'two assessments' were devised, they have aroused

great resentment among the teachers. The old, middle-aged, and young teachers

were all discontented with this sort of assessment. The 'two assessments'

painted a very gloomy picture of the 17 years before the great cultural revolution and described the intellectuals as 'stinking intellectuals.'

"A black ace general of the 'gang of four' in the Ministry of Education came

several times to Chungshan University and wildly shouted: 'The backbone party

members around 40 are the most dangerous. These persons are lecturers on the

rostrum and are secretaries when they are not on the rostrum.' However, ironclad facts have demonstrated that these 'two assessments' and various fallacies

derived from them contain ulterior motives and are extremely absurd."

25
He said: "The 'gang of four' loosened their tongues in order to disrupt the

education front, seize power amid confusion, and restore capitalism. Under

the shadow of the 'two assessments,' education was seriously disrupted and we,

the teachers, also suffered a lot.

"We must thoroughly criticize the 'two assessments' and eliminate the remnant

poison before the education revolution can advance in big strides."

(Hu Shou-hsun), secretary of the party general branch of the faculty of animal

husbandry and veterinary medicine of South China Agricultural College, said:

"The 'gang of four' issued the 'two assessments' which injured people with

malicious words, solely because of their vicious intention to usurp party and

state power. This was a continuation of their counterrevolutionary political

program."

He said: "With reference to the 'two assessments,' the 'gang of four' published 'The Experience of Chaoyang Agricultural College' and wildly attacked

the party. After wise leader Chairman Hua, and the party Central Committee

broke up the 'gang of four' in one blow, we immediately put up a big-character

poster which criticized the so-called 'experience of Chaoyang Agricultural

College.' Everyone was in high spirits and was resolved to work enthusiastically.

"However, we must see that the remnant poison of the ultrarightist line of

the 'gang of four' was profound, and we must unfold mass criticism in a penetrating and persistent way, thoroughly eliminate its influence, and remove

the obstacle before we can make a sure and rapid progress in education."

Comrade (Huang Huan-shu), standing committee member of the party committee

of Chungshan University and vice chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of

Chungshan University, is an old cadre who has been engaged in administrative

leadership work in education for 20 years. He said at the forum: "When I

first came to Chungshan University, there were only 10 Communist Party members.

Later, the number of party members gradually increased."

He said: "By the middle of the 1960's, one-quarter to one-third of the total

number of teachers were party members, and 60 percent of the teachers came

from worker-peasant families. They have displayed their roles as the backbones

of the university."

Comrade (Lo Yuan-kai), an old teacher of Chinese medicine who has been engaged

in Chinese medical education for 30 years, said: "Canton College of Chinese

Medicine suffered deeply from the pests of the 'gang of four'. Some students

who had been registered with the college for only 6 weeks, and who had not

learned much about medicine, were sent down to the countryside to pursue

itinerant medical education. Some students, who had not even attended any

clinical courses, were sent down to the country, commune, and brigade medical

units to begin their practice without any theoretical guidance. The number of

fundamental courses on Chinese medicine was gradually reduced; the number of

26
lecture hours was reduced from 400 to 250. The number of lecture hours on

human physiology was reduced from 530 to 145. Various courses were blended

into a big-scale chain-like coordination with clinical courses replacing the

fundamental courses. The classical work on Chinese medicine, 'A History of

Chinese Medicine,' 'Various Schools of Thought on Chinese Medicine', and other

courses were cancelled."

CSO: 4005

27
KWANGTUNG COLLEGES CRITICIZE 'TWO ASSESSMENTS'

Canton Kwangtung Provincial Service in Mandarin 0500 GMT 20 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] At the conference recently held on Kwangtung scientific and education work, some leading cadres of institutes of higher education in Kwangtung

penetratingly criticized the "two assessments" devised by the "gang of four."

They have emancipated their thoughts, stimulated their spirits, and strengthened

still more their confidence in doing well in the education revolution.

They said: "In the 17 years following liberation, under the leadership of

the party Central Committee headed by Chairman Mao, Chairman Mao's revolutionary

line played a leading part in all professions and trades. Why was the dictatorship of the black line exercised on the education front? The 'two assessments'

invented by the 'gang of four' fully showed the criminal motives of their vain

attempt to cause a breach on the education front, to completely negate Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, and to negate the superiority of the socialist

system. The education workers have long been dissatisfied with the 'gang of

four's' 'two assessments' and their perverted actions. The 'gang of four' has

now been broken and we must lift the heavy burden from the education workers'

shoulders."

They pointed out: "The 'gang of four' slandered that, during the 17 years

following liberation, a handful of renegades, special agents, and capitalistminded entrenched themselves in the leadership of the education

departments. This was a completely malicious attack. It was part of the

'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary conspiracy to attempt in vain to topple

a large number of leading cadres from the central authorities to the local

levels. Their criminal aim was to carry out a major operation on the education

front so that education could be grasped in their own hands and serve their

attempt to usurp party and state power."

Leading cadres of Chungshan University said: "Since liberation, our party

has sent a large number of veteran cadres experienced in revolutionary struggle

to the school to strengthen party leadership. The school has attached

importance to building basic-level party organizations. Some intellectuals,

who conform to the standard of party members, have been absorbed into the

28
party and placed in leadership posts in teaching and scientific research in

order to strengthen leadership over teaching and scientific research.

In the early period following liberation, Chungshan University had only one

party branch and five party members. It now has 128 party branches and some

1,700 party members. The development and strengthening of the party organizations in the school has guaranteed the implementation of Chairman Mao's revolutionary line. The 'gang of four' babbled that Chairman Mao's proletarian

education line was not basically implemented. This was a complete slander.

In fact, it was the 'gang of four' that unscrupulously interfered with and

sabotaged Chairman Mao's revolutionary line.

From 1971 to 1975, a black ace general of the 'gang of four' sneaked into

Kwangtung many times and forced his way into Chungshan University. He

maliciously attacked this university, saying that the party members and backbone elements who were around 40-years old were most dangerous. He also

nurtured schemes to collect the black materials concerning the principal

responsible comrade of the school party committee, and wanted to stigmatize

him as capitalist oriented who was taking the capitalist road. From this, we

can clearly see the criminal aim of the 'two assessments' coined by the 'gang

of four'."

Leading cadres of the South China Normal College cited a large number of facts

concerning a series of reforms in the old school, and criticized the "gang of

four's" fallacy that Chairman Mao's proletarian education line had not been

basically implemented during the 17 years following liberation. After liberation, the college first reformed the old management system and established

the party's leadership position in the school. The college strengthened

political and ideological work of teachers and students. Secondly, the college

conducted an initial reform of the old education system. The teachers and

students took an active part in all political movements ranging from land

reform to the "four clean-ups" movement—the socialist education movement to

clean things up in the fields of politics, ideology, organization, and economy.

Thirdly, the college also carried out a series of reforms and experiments concerning the curriculum and teaching method.

In the course of carrying out these reforms, in spite of the interference of

Liu Shao-chi's revisionist line, Chairman Mao's revolutionary line always

played a leading part. The achievements made by cadres, teachers, and students

on the education front in implementing Chairman Mao's thought on education

cannot be erased by the slanders of the "gang of four."

"Leading cadres of Chungshan Medical College indignantly criticized the 'gang

of four's' fallacy, slandering that the capable people who were trained during

those 17 years tried to sabotage the socialist economic base. Chungshan

Medical College now has 1,076 teachers and doctors, of whom 88 graduated before

liberation and 731—68 percent of the total number of teachers and doctorswere trained in the 17 years before the Great Cultural Revolution. They have

shouldered the greater part of the arduous teaching, medical and scientific

29
research work. Fifty-four percent of the backbone leaders at the level of

directors and deputy directors of departments in the college were trained in

the 17 years following liberation. The 'gang of four's* malicious slanders

and vilification of the capable people trained in those 17 years fully shows

their ugly antiparty, antipeople, and antirevolution features."

Leading cadres of various institutes of higher education said that more than

90 percent of some 7,000 teachers in the institutes of higher education in the

province graduated after liberation, and 72 percent of them came from the

families of laboring people. Twenty-eight percent of them are party members.

They are faithful to the party's education cause. They said that it is essential to thoroughly clear the "gang of four's" slanders and abusive words.

They declared: "We must eliminate the 'gang of four's' remnant poison and

influence on the education front, destroy the spiritual shackles, and work

hard. We must really do a good job in the proletarian education revolution,

and strive to train red and expert capable people for the four modernizations.'

CSO: 4005

30
KIRIN PROPAGANDA ORGANS CRITICIZE 'GANG OF FOUR'

Changchun Kirin Provincial Service in Mandarin 0420 GMT 15 Nov 77 SK

[Excerpts] Provincial-level propaganda organs of Kirin Province held a

conference from 31 October to 2 November to expose and criticize the crimes

of the "gang of four."

The participants pointed out: During the heyday of the "gang of four," Kirin

Province was seriously damaged. The most seriously disaster-stricken areas

are the propaganda and culture and education departments. Following in the

steps of Lin Piao and the "gang," the former principal responsible member of

Kirin party committee, upon taking power, assigned his right-hand cronies

and henchmen to directly and tightly control propaganda units. That responsible member of the propaganda department who was good at steering according to

the wind, and at speculation and machinations, was one of the confidants he

put in important posts.

In collusion with the former principal responsible member of Kirin party committee to try hard to follow the "gang," that confidant directed his spearhead

at Premier Chou during his life time and at Vice Chairman Teng when Premier

Chou became mortally ill and died. After Chairman Hua took charge of the

central work, he directed his spearhead at Chairman Hua. In the final analysis,

he opposed great leader and teacher Chairman Mao, the great, glorious, and

correct party, and socialism.

Acting contrary to the guidelines of the symposium on propaganda work held by

the central authorities, that confidant of the former principal responsible

member of Kirin party committee, in the name of "propaganda coordination,"

dampened the ardent desire of the masses of cadres and people to expose and

criticize the "gang of four" on the basis of actual events. On the instructions of the former principal responsible member of the Kirin party committee

and his cronies, that confidant urged some persons to draft a speech to be

delivered on 28 December 1976 aiming at suppressing the masses and switching

the general orientation. In coordination with the lie, fabricated by the

former principal responsible member of the Kirin party committee, at the Kirin

provincial learn-from-Ta-chai conference, he kept the lid on and set the tune

to protect himself and disrupt the movement to expose and criticize the "gang

of four."

31
That confidant of the former principal responsible member of the Kirin party

committee was a chief lieutenant and vicious hatchetman of the bourgeois

faction. He was a core member of the cabal of the former principal responsible member of the Kirin party committee and his cronies. Relying on the

authority of their "gang," he arbitrarily spread rumors and comments to assail

other leading comrades of the Kirin party committee, enthusiastically pushed

the revisionist factional line on cadres, poked his nose in everywhere to

collect information and file sinister charges, and actively performed major

cutting operations, and plotted against a number of units, making it impossible

for some units to work in peace over a long period of time. He used his power

to support cronies, gang up to form factions, draw lines according to the

interests of the "gang," and push aside the people who disagreed with him, and

even persecuted cadres politically. He was morally degenerate, led a rotten

life, undermined [words indistinct], broke laws, and violated discipline. He

bore the stamp of the landlord class, and was a typical character of a newborn

bourgeois.

It was in such circumstances that the propaganda organs under the direct control of Kirin Province advanced step by step in the struggle to expose and

criticize the former principal responsible member of the Kirin party committee

and his confidant in the propaganda department on the basis of the reality on

each specific front, department, and unit.

CSO: 4005

32
TSINAN MEETING ACCUSES 'GANG' OF FASCIST CRIMES

Tsinan Shantung Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 20 Nov 77 OW

[Summary] On the morning of 19 November, a meeting was held by Tsinan

municipality to condemn the "gang of four's" crimes in exercising a fascist

dictatorship. Using ironclad facts, the meeting charged the "gang" and their

accomplices in Tsinan, including (Tan Hsin-kai), (Meng Ching-chih), and (Chang

Wei-chih), with maneuvering and abetting bourgeois factional setups, persecuting

cadres, and suppressing the revolutionary masses. Those attending the meeting

were firmly determined to launch a massive attack against the "gang's" counterrevolutionary revisionist line so as to win complete victory in the campaign

to expose and criticize the "gang of four."

"The central meeting site was in the provincial stadium. In addition, there

were more than 600 branch meeting sites. Nearly one million people from

provincial offices as well as urban and rural areas of Tsinan municipality

participated in the meeting or listened to the proceedings. The meeting was

presided over by (Chen Kuang-chi), deputy secretary of the Tsinan Municipal

Party Committee. Li Yu, secretary of the Tsinan Municipal Party Committee

and chairman of the Tsinan Municipal Revolutionary Committee, addressed the

meeting."

Comrade Li Yu said: To usurp party and state power, the Wang-Chang-ChiangYao "gang of four" did their utmost to interfere with Chairman Mao's strategic

plan. They insanely sabotaged the Great Cultural Revolution, tampered with

Chairman Mao's great theory of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship

of the proletariat, and changed the party's basic line. These landlords, rich

peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad elements, and monsters formed counterrevolutionary factional setups to cruelly persecute and suppress the broad

masses of cadres and people, who upheld Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, in

an attempt to usurp party and state leadership, subvert the dictatorship of

the proletariat, and restore capitalism.

"In Tsinan municipality, counterrevolutionary elements (Tan Hsin-kai), (Meng

Ching-chih), and (Chang Wei-chih), as well as other bourgeois factional chieftains, formed a counterrevolutionary bourgeois factional setup, acted in

33
concert with Lin Piao and the 'gang of four,' desperately pushed their counterrevolutionary political program, and did their utmost to implement the counterrevolutionary revisionist line. They flagrantly opposed the party, created

chaos in the army, insanely engaged in class revenge, and exercised a fascist

dictatorship over the broad masses of cadres and people. They attacked by

reasoning but defended by force. Using various kinds of punitive instruments,

they tirelessly tortured and cruelly persecuted those cadres and masses who

refuted their counterrevolutionary acts. Their tactics were vicious and their

tortures cruel. Many veteran cadres, workers, poor and lower-middle peasants,

heroes, and moddel workers were victims of their persecution. Some of them

were beaten to death, some disabled, and others became mentally ill after prolonged torture. Many others suffered ruined homes and had family members

killed."

Comrade Li Yu continued: "Holding high Chairman Mao's great banner, our wise

leader Chairman Hua smashed the 'gang of four' in one stroke, thus saving our

country, our party, and the people of Tsinan municipality. We must whip up a

new enthusiasm in exposing and criticizing the 'gang of four' throughout the

city, thoroughly expose and criticize the ultrarightist essence of the 'gang's'

counterrevolutionary revisionist line, completely wipe out their pernicious

effects and influence, and destroy their bourgeois factional setups. We must

carry forward the spirit of "beating dogs already in the water" and strive to

win complete victory."

A representative from the air force unit attached to the Tsinan PLA units

reported how his father was cruelly persecuted by the "gang's" henchmen, and

a factory worker told the meeting how his father was beaten to death by them.

CSO: 4005

3h
LUTA PUBLIC SECURITY PERSONNEL CRITICIZE 'GANG'

Luta City Service in Mandarin 0400 GMT 15 Nov 77 SK

[Excerpts] Bearing closely in mind the actual events in Luta and their own

units, comrades of the party organization of the Luta public security office

have thoroughly exposed and criticized the "gang's" sworn follower in Liaoning

and his confederates in Luta as well as the sinister cat's paw planted by the

"gang's" followers in the Luta public security bureau for their crimes in

frenziedly spreading and pushing the "gang's" counterrevolutionary political

program.

After the death of great leader and teacher Chairman Mao, the "gang's" sWorn

follower and confederates in Liaoning convened a so-called two chiefs conference.

After that, the Luta confederates of the "gang's" sworn follower and his

sinister cat's paw in the Luta public security bureau went one step further to

convene a four chiefs' conference attended by chiefs of the public security

bureau, the organization department, the local court, and the militia command

in order to solve the problems of inefficiency and ambiguity in the struggle

against "the bourgeois class within the party." At the conference, they

decided to force the organization department and other units concerned of the

public security bureau to hold conferences, combine offices, and make arrangements, step by step, to direct the struggle at veteran cadres within the party.

After the break up of the 'gang of four', the gang's sworn follower in Liaoning

and his confederates in Luta, unwilling to give up, adopted many conspiratorial

measures to direct the spearhead of dictatorship at the revolutionary veteran

cadres within the party in a vain attempt to destroy to their satisfaction

the leading veteran cadres in the Luta party committee. On the other hand,

they tried their utmost to cover up the criminal actions and lawlessness

wantonly committed by a handful of class enemies and their factional brothers.

The "gang's" sworn follower in Liaoning and his confederates in Luta, as well

as his sinister cat's paw in the Luta'public security bureau, also carried out

dismissal operations against the veteran cadres in the public security organization of Luta in a vain attempt to bring down the public security apparatus.

35
The comrades that they had persecuted revealed that, in the course of the

movement for criticizing Lin Piao and Confucius, the "gang's" confederates

in Luta and the sinister cat's paw in the Luta public security bureau of the

"gang's" sworn follower In Liaoning trumped up the astounding "four political

incidents" in the public security bureau through careful arrangements to brand

four deputy directors and seven section chiefs and deputy chiefs of the public

security bureau as typical restorationists, capitalist roaders, and unrepentent

persons.

CSO: 4005

36
SINKIANG ARTICLE URGES RENEWED ACTION AGAINST 'GANG'

Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service in Mandarin 1130 GMT 17 Nov 77 OW

[Excerpts of article by (Hsu Sheng-chao): "It is necessary to achieve the

unity of revolution and production and thoroughly settle accounts with the

'gang of four' and their cohorts in Sinkiang for their serious crimes in

undermining efforts to grasp revolution and promote production"]

[Excerpts] The 'gang of four' and their two sinister henchmen in Sinkiang

sabotaged revolution and production, undermined the socialist economy, brought

calamities to the state and the people, and committed towering crimes.

The interference and sabotage of the 'gang of four' and their two henchmen

in Sinkiang seriously damaged industrial and agricultural production in the

autonomous region. In order to sabotage our efforts to grasp revolution and

promote production, the 'gang of four' and their two henchmen in Sinkiang

spread various fallacies to justify their disruptive activities and troublemaking .

We must penetratingly refute and criticize their fallacies and thoroughly

eradicate their pernicious influence.

One of the fallacies of the 'gang of four' in sabotaging our efforts to main-

* tain revolution and promote production was to slander our efforts to vigorously

promote socialism as practicing the "theory of productive forces." Following

their masters' instructions, the two henchmen of the 'gang of four' in Sinkiang,

and the backbone elements of their factional setup, attacked anyone who

embraced revolution and promoted production. Their criminal goal was to create

chaos through sabotaging production and to usurp power amid chaos.

The 'gang of four' also vigorously instigated anarchism and opposed all rules

and regulations. They openly proposed to establish enterprises without rules

and regulations.

Why did the .'gang of four' and their two henchmen in Sinkiang want to sabotage

socialist production by all means? The big enemy agent Chang Chun-chiao

37
revealed the secret: "We should not be afraid of slowing down production and

of creating a chaotic situation. After undermining production and creating

chaos, we shall be able to topple those in power." This was precisely their

criminal goal.

The party Central Committee headed by Chairman Hua has deposed the 'gang of

four1 with one blow and removed the stumbling-block to our progress. Guided

by the strategic policy decision of grasping the key link in running the

country well, put forward by Chairman Hua and the line of the 11th National

Congress of the party, the people of our country are displaying a daring

spirit and are victoriously promoting socialism everywhere. Let us launch a

large-scale people's war to thoroughly criticize the ultraright essence of the

'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary revisionist line and their crimes in

various fields, eradicate the pernicious influence of the 'gang of four' and

their two henchmen in Sinkiang, go all out, work hard, strive to realize the

four modernizations, and build China into a powerful socialist country.

CSO: 4005

38
FUKIEN DAILY CALLS FOR CONTINUING CRITICISM OF 'GANG'

Foochow Fukien Provincial Service in Mandarin 0300 GMT 16 Nov 77 HK

IFU-CHIEN JIH-PAO 16 November editorial: "We Must Fight Well the Third

Battle of Exposing and Criticizing the 'Gang of Four"1]

tSummary] The third battle to expose and criticize the 'gang of four' is the

key battle in carrying through to the end the great political revolution to

expose and criticize the 'gang of four' and in winning complete victory. This

battle is the continuation and deepening of the previous two battles. Doing

a good job of fighting this battle is of vital and decisive significance for

thoroughly eliminating the 'gang of four's' pernicious influence, for expanding the results of the previous two battles, and for consolidating and

developing the great victories of the 11th line struggle in our province.

"In the third battle to expose and criticize the 'gang of four' we^must firmly

grasp the counterrevolutionary political program dispensed by the gang of

four', and deeply expose and criticize it." In order to achieve their criminal aim of usurping party and state power, the 'gang of four' meticulously

promoted the counterrevolutionary political program which said that veteran

cadres are democrats and democrats are capitalist readers in a vain attempt

to strike down leading party, government, and military cadres at both central

and local levels who adhered to Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, to usurp

the supreme leadership of the party and state, to overthrow the dictatorship

of the proletariat, and to restore capitalism. This counterrevolutionary

political program is the manifestation of the 'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary revisionist line which opposed Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary

line. "We must tightly control the 'gang of four's* counterrevolutionary

political program, deeply expose and criticize it, understand its theoretical

absurdity and its reactionary political nature, thoroughly expose and criticize

the evil counterrevolutionary intention of the 'gang of four' and their

followers in our province, and their serious threat to the revolutionary cause,

eliminate the pernicious influence of the 'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary

revisionist line in politics, economics, ideology, culture, military, and party

affairs, and correct the line, ideology, and theory they confused. Only by so

doing can we truly understand Chairman Mao's great theory of continuing the

39
revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat, handle the basic principle of distinguishing between true and false capitalist minded, correctly

understand and carry out the party's basic line in the historical period of

socialism, and better implement the line of the 11th National Party Congress.

"In the third battle to expose and criticize the 'gang of four1we must, in

close connection with reality in our province and in all localities, departments, units, and fronts, thoroughly eliminate the pernicious influence of the

1 gang of four'." The followers of the 'gang of four' in our province frantically pushed the 'gang of four's' counterrevolutionary political program.

They opposed Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line, fabricated accusations, and directed the spearhead at Chairman Mao, Chairman Hua, Premier Chou,

and the party Central Committee headed by Chairman Hua. They conducted

counterrevolutionary conspiratorial activities, and vainly attempted to usurp

the leadership of the provincial CCP Committee and of the party committees at

all levels. Their crimes were serious, and their pernicious influence was

great.

"In the third battle, we must continue to strongly proceed with investigative

work and investigate the people and events connected with the 'gang of four's'

conspiratorial activities to usurp party and state power. As for the bourgeois

factional network of the 'gang of four' and their followers, and just as we

did with the Japanese bandits and Chiang Kai-shek, we must deeply hate it,

resolutely struggle against it, and thoroughly eliminate it." We must not

underestimate the serious crimes and the pernicious influence of the counterrevolutionary political program of the 'gang of four' and their followers in

our province. We must seriously deal with it, expose it and criticize it.

"In the third battle to expose and criticize the 'gang of four,' we are

required to conscientiously study the works of Marx, Lenin, and Chairman Mao,

Chairman Hua's political report at the 11th National Party Congress, the new

party constitution, Vice Chairman Yeh's report on the revision of the party

constitution, and Vice Chairman Teng's closing speech. We must master the

powerful ideological weapon and conduct the struggle effectively.

"Party committees at all levels must truly strengthen leadership over the

movement, further mobilize the people, closely guide the movement to deeply

expose and criticize the 'gang of four's1counterrevolutionary revisionist line

with the struggle to strike blows at embezzlers, grafters, and speculators, and

with the movement to continue to investigate the people and events connected

with the conspiratorial activities of the 'gang of four,' and unify the

struggle to expose and criticize the 'gang of four* with the movements to

learn from Ta-ching in industry and from Ta-chai in agriculture. Only by so

doing can we succeed in fighting the third battle of exposing and criticizing

the 'gang of four* and win a complete victory politically, ideologically, and

organizationally."

CSO: 4005

1*0
PEOPLE'S DAILY ATTACKS 'GANG'S' VIEW OF MENTAL LABOR

Peking JEN-MIN JIH-PAO in Chinese 22 Nov 77 p 3 HK

[Article by Fang Chih [2455 0037]: "Respect Mental Labor"]

[Text] Is mental labor a type of labor? Should it be respected? The answer

should be clear enough. But this question has been turned upside down by the

'gang of four,' who also confused a great number of other very simple questions. The 'gang of four' advocated everywhere the fallacy that "the more

learned one is, the more reactionary one will become." They even babbled that

"it is better to have laborers without culture than to have exploiters and

spiritual aristocrats with culture." According to their logic, labor can be

divorced from knowledge; anything connected with culture and knowledge should

as a rule be excluded from the sphere of labor. For this reason, they totally

negated and utterly despised the mental labor of the vast number of intellectuals. This fallacy spread by the 'gang of four' was absolutely absurd and

extremely harmful.

The division between mental and physical labor once played a role in promoting

the development of society. But, in the long history of class society, the

ruling classes always used this division of labor to vigorously propagate the

reactionary idea that "those who labor with their minds govern others; those

who labor with their strength are governed by others." This prejudice of the

exploiting classes makes many mental laborers despise physical labor and

regard it as something lowly and mean. We must teach the vast number of

intellectuals to completely overcome this old idea. Gradually narrowing and

eventually eliminating the difference between mental and physical labor is an

integral part of our long-term struggle to attain the great goal of communism.

But this in no way means that mental labor and its role in history can be

negated; nor does this mean that the mental labor done today by the vast number

of intellectuals for socialism should not be respected.

What would happen if mental labor and its achievements were negated as the

'gang of four' tried to do? The four modernizations could not be realized

and socialist society could not be advanced, because this would be impossible

without production skills and various kinds of cultural and scientific

in
,!lk'J,

knowledge. Even Marxism would have to hP npM^ i,„

labor, although they are Sd oA matS», ! -

ngS *" Pr°dUCtS of Mntal

The »heel of Ltory £Ä°^"ItLT^He^l^ f**" **""'•

primitive society, because labor h.„J„ ,„ Z T -i , thousand years to the

labor at the end'of the primitive society Th^ lnt°/h"

sical «>•» »autal

labor formulated by the 'gang of four- ^ very absurdT * "^^ mmtal

According to this fallacy of the 'nans of fo,,r • „„,- , . ,_

the vast number of Intellectuals not coated as laoor hotWo , r*°J ""J "

y

SJ0toetLtSoptn0t

b

o

ef-cL1:d f

Ttthh r^£ As°„edZ„ y

departments have^SeVthelrTr duoÄÄ""^^ ^T*

Slis\iITU ^borl^s-fm^sma-^r' takfd» ^ »° Ät^

to farm their land well and reap a bumper harvest' TZ'I ll , f

Y Want

rack their brains if they want So do their work well ,LV£ ^T W t0

of fine products? The view that t>hvJ i i K ] achieve a high output

Physical laborers • W^!£ffi^I *t^\££2»; «*,

ways represented the abuse and vilification nf n! simple minded , has alpeasants by the exploiting clfsles iL" thf fatlacTof tL **" f£ .

identical with this view? tailacy of the 'gang of four'

Some comrades hold that mental labor means sitting in an offin* t, "„I :t:i r^rsv* *£vn Jä^-ä:o:erthi„ge

."

n

complicated labor.^en an ^^£°I ploleo^d rSiS"""^

has to „orh persistently fad arduous" for a few Jetrf £ evelYf""S "^

before scoring a major achievement L,.i 1.7 ^

ars>or «en a few decades

ÄÄ-ÄMS-is"-„-s£££S5^;

42
Belittling and despising mental labor, as with belittling and despising physical labor, is in no way a Marxist viewpoint. As Chairman Mao put it, all

mental laborers who associate with physical laborers and do not exploit others,

but are exploited, belong to the category of working people. This is what

Chairman Mao said in 1948. At present, almost all intellectuals are part of

the proletariat and work for socialism. How have they become "exploiters"?

Of course, this does not mean that there is no difference between mental labor

and physical labor. Intellectuals who are mainly engaged in mental labor

should see this difference, take an active part in collective productive

labor, persistently integrate themselves with the masses of workers and

peasants, and make strenuous efforts to transform their world outlook. Only

in this way can they make still greater contributions to the people.

The 'gang of four' thought that, just by spreading the fallacy that mental

labor should not be counted as labor, they could create a theoretical basis

for vilifying the vast number of intellectuals as people of the "stinking ninth

category" and negate the party's policy of uniting with, educating, and transforming the intellectuals. They were daydreaming. But, we should not allow

the pernicious influence of their fallacy to spread unchecked. We must criticize

the fallacy of the 'gang of four,' eliminate its pernicious influence, and.give

due respect to all mental laborers who serve socialism. This is of vital

significance in arousing the activism of the vast number of intellectuals, and

attaining the magnificent goal of accomplishing the four modernizations. *

CSO: 4005

^3
PEKING PAPER RAPS 'GANG' FOR CRIMES IN EDUCATION

Peking JIN-MIN JIH-PAO in Chinese 24 Nov 77 p 3 HK

[Article by the criticism group of the Shanghai Municipal Education Bureau:

"Before and After the Concoction of the 'Two Assessments' by the 'Gang of

Four'"]

[Summary] "At a national conference on education held in 1971, the 'gang of

four' and their followers in Shanghai racked their brains and used all

despicable means to concoct the 'two assessments.' In the past few years,

these 'two assessments' have been like two clubs beating on the revolutionary

old cadres and forerunners and the intellectuals. They became spiritual

shackles and caused grave consequences on the education front. We must

thoroughly criticize these two counterrevolutionary 'assessments.'

"1. The 'gang of four' and their followers in Shanghai vigorously created

counterrevolutionary public opinion for concocting the 'two assessments.'"

In June 1969, Chang Chun-chiao and Yao Wen-yuan were in Shanghai deliberately

fostering the "outline of the revolution in education for middle and primary

schools in Shanghai municipality," which totally negated the achievements

scored on the education front and the role played by intellectuals in the 17

years after liberation.

On 18 November 1970, a follower of the 'gang of four' in Shanghai came to

Shanghai Normal College and professed that education after liberation "essentially aimed at training successors to capitalism and people for restoring

capitalism." He clamored that "in order to change the line it is necessary

to basically change the leadership," openly creating counterrevolutionary

public opinion for changing the regime and usurping party and state power.

On 18 March 1971, Hang Chung-chiao had a talk with a follower of the 'gang of

four' in Shanghai, setting the tone for the "two assessments" and telling him

to explain to the school cadres the policy toward intellectuals. So, the

Shanghai group tried to "unify thinking" before the national conference on

education was held. A follower of the 'gang of four' said: "Discussion of

kk
the situation in the 17 years after liberation not only means drawing a conclusion on the past, but also aims at orienting the future revolution in

education, and deciding whether revolution or reformism should be adopted."

What the 'gang of four' and their follower in Shanghai had said was brought to

the national conference and became the "guiding thought" in concocting the

"two assessments."

"2. The 'gang of four' mutilated and tampered with Chairman Mao's idea on

education, and established illicit connections for vigorously conducting secret

activities.

"When the national conference on education was in session, the follower of

the 'gang of four' in Shanghai acted on the 'gang's' sinister instructions,

vigorously used counterrevolutionary double-dealing tactics, undertook secret

activities, sealed up, distorted, or openly opposed the instructions of Chairman Mao and Premier Chou, and forcefully peddled the black goods of the 'two

assessments' in the conference, thereby throwing the education front into

utter confusion and causing extremely serious consequences."

The conference transmitted some instructions of Chairman Mao and Premier Chou.

The 'gang of four' and their followers in Shanghai feigned compliance while

acting in opposition. Instead of organizing the Shanghai group to study

these instructions, they distorted Premier Chou's instructions and embellished

themselves. They audaciously published sinister articles and delivered

speeches, including "Make New Contributions to the People" by Chiang Ching, and

the "Outline of the Symposium on the Teaching of Science and Engineering in

Shanghai" held under the guidance of Chang Chun-chiao and Yao Wen-yuan.

"3. They sealed up Premier Chou's important speeches, blew their own horn,

and vigorously peddled the 'two assessments.'"

The 'gang of four1also played tricks in transmitting the guidelines of the

conference. According to a plan they formulated, their follower in Shanghai

published the "Outline Report on the Conference" on 8 August 1971 to eulogize

them. On the other hand, they withheld the two important speeches Premier

Chou delivered to the conference. It was not until the 'gang of four' had

been smashed that the vast numbers of cadres and teachers in Shanghai heard

these speeches by Premier Chou.

To provide a basis for the "two assessments," they cited a large number of

"typical" examples to show the so-called "dictatorship of the black line" in

the 17 years after liberation. They did their utmost to vilify the education

front and disparage the intellectuals and teachers.

The "two assessments" did great harm to the education front. After the smashing of the 'gang of four,' some comrades on the education front still were

overawed and did not perform their tasks boldly. The main reason was that

the spiritual yoke of the "two assessments" had not yet been shattered. At

present, in order to carry out well the proletarian revolution in education,

it is necessary to seriously study the series of Chairman Mao's important

instructions on the revolution in education, especially those withheld by the

'gang of four' in 1971, and to completely smash the spiritual yoke of the "two

assessments" and wipe out its pernicious influence.

CSO: 4005 ^5
HUPEH HOLDS ON-THE-SPOT MEETING ON CIVIL MEDIATION WORK

Wuhan Hupeh Provincial Service in Mandarin 1300 GMT 20 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] The Hupeh Provincial Revolutionary Committee recently held an onthe-spot meeting in Ichang municipality on civil mediation work in the urban

areas, factories, mines, and other enterprises throughout the province. The

meeting summed up and exchanged the experiences of the urban areas, factories,

mines, and other enterprises in civil mediation work. The participants in the

meeting visited progressive civil mediation units in Ichang municipality. The

meeting was presided over and addressed by Liang Jen-kuei, vice chairman of

the Provincial Revolutionary Committee. (Ma Liang), vice president of the

Provincial Higher People's Court, spoke at the meeting.

The meeting pointed out: "Civil disputes are reflections of the struggle

between two classes and two roads. In their attempt to usurp party and state

power, the 'gang of four' and their black ace generals in Hupeh fabricated

the so-called new change in class relations, and initiated the counterrevolutionary political program of equating veteran cadres with democrats, and democrats with capitalist rpaders. They unscrupulously reversed the relationships

between the enemy and ourselves, confused the two different kinds of contradictions, and preached that 'those who made an uproar should apply to be

officers.' They incited beating, vandalism, and looting, seriously sabotaged

the socialist rule of law, split the ranks of the working class, and sabotaged

revolution and production. Therefore, only by grasping the key link of penetratingly exposing and criticizing the 'gang of four' can we correctly handle

the contradictions among the people, strengthen unity within the working class,

mobilize all positive factors, and do civil mediation work still better."

The meeting demanded: "People's courts at all levels must rely closely on

party organizations at all levels, give full play to the role of all departments, rely on the masses to strengthen investigation and study, grasp typical

examples well, and do well as assistants of party committees. We must firmly

promote civil mediation as an important work. All places must persist in the

mass line under the leadership of the party committees, penetratingly expose

and criticize the crimes of the 'gang of four' in sabotaging the unity of the

\e
ranks in the working class and civil mediation work. We must vigorously

conduct education in the socialist rule of law.

In accordance with the actual situation of our own places, departments, and

units, we mus.t seriously sum up experiences, discover discrepancies, work out

measures, grasp typical examples, set up pace setters, commend the progressive,

and conduct revolutionary emulation. We must carry out civil mediation work

in the urban areas, factories, mines, and other enterprises in an extensive

and all-round way. We must strive to learn from Ta-ching in industry, and make

active contributions to the implementation of Chairman Hua's strategic policy

decision on grasping the key link in running the country well."

CSO: 4005

^7
ARTICLE MARKS ANNIVERSARY OF HUNGHO PREFECTURE

Kunming Yunnan Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 21 Nov 77 HK

[Article by the party committee of Hungho Hani-i Autonomous Prefecture:

"Victoriously Advance Under Chairman Mao's Great Banner"]

[Summary] "With boundless excitement and joy, the 2.9 million people of all

nationalities through the prefecture welcome the 20th anniversary of the founding of Hungho Prefecture."

In his brilliant works, Chairman Mao regarded the issue of nationalities as

a part of the general tasks of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship

of the proletariat, and scientifically expounded the relations between the

issue of nationalities and continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of

the proletariat. Seventeen nationalities are represented in Hungho Prefecture,

which is the main dwelling area for the Hani nationality. The minority nationalities account for 50 percent of the total population of the whole

prefecture. Since the founding of the prefecture, a large number of minority

nationalities have been brought up; many have joined the leadership groups at

all levels of the party and government in the prefecture. These cadres of the

minority nationalities and the Han cadres unite with, help and support one

another.

"We must adopt effective measures and further successfully bring up and select

the minority nationality cadres. We must extensively and protractedly reeducate the cadres of the various nationalities in the party's nationality

policy, and overcome 'a Han-chauvinistic ideology' and 'protagonism of local

nationalism,' in order to enable the cadres and masses of all nationalities to

strengthen unity under the foundation of the principle of Mao Tsetung thought,

and arduously struggle for realizing the magnificent objective of the four

modernizations within this century."

We must include the development of economy and culture in the inland and along

the borders in the party committees daily agenda.

CSO: 4005

kQ
«st

SIAN RALLY CRITICIZES FORMER MUNICIPAL LEADERS

Sian Shensi Provincial Service in Mandarin 1100 GMT 23 Nov 77 HK

[Summary] The Sian Municipal CCP Committee recently held a rally to expose

and criticize the crimes of the 'gang of four' and two of their followers

in the standing committee of the Municipal CCP Committee, one of whom was in

charge of organizational work, and the other in charge of industry and

communications. The rally pledged to whip up a new upsurge of the struggle

to expose and criticize the 'gang of four'. Some 10,000 people attended the

rally, including responsible persons of the municipal CCP and revolutionary

committees and their various organs, leading cadres of enterprises, and representatives of a number of basic level units. Comrade (Tao Shu-jen), secretary

of the Municipal CCP Committee, presided. (Wang Chen), secretary of the committee, made a speech.

Speeches of criticism were delivered by various comrades including Hsieh Pangting, member of the standing committee of the Municipal CCP Committee and

vice chairman of the revolutionary committee; (Chang Hung), director of the

Municipal CCP Committee's organizational department; and responsible persons

of the municipal industry and communications office, culture and education

office, textiles bureau, and other units. In connection with the serious

problems of those two persons in the standing committee of the Municipal CCP

Committee in forming gangs and cliques and usurping power, they set out the

facts, spoke reason, and conducted penetrating criticism of their errors and

crimes.

In his speech, (Wang Chen) said: At present we must carry out the third

campaign and constantly deepen exposure and criticism [passage indistinct].

We must correct the right and wrong in line and theory reversed by the 'gang

of four.' Exposure and criticism must be carried out in connection with

reality in our own units. We must do thorough investigation work. Leaders

at all levels must take a firm and clearcut stand, and take the lead in study,

exposure, and criticism.

CSO: 4005

^9
LIFE HISTORY OF SHANGHAI'S CHEN A-TA EXPOSED

Shanghai City Service in Mandarin 0000 GMT 20 Nov 77 OW

[Excerpts of article by mass criticism group of Industry and Communications

Department, Shanghai Municipal Revolutionary Committee, published in Shanghai's

two newspapers on 20 November: "What Kind of Man Is Chen A-ta?"]

[Excerpts] Wise leader Chairman Hua pointed out in his political report at

the 11th CCP National Congress: "Totally negating Chairman Mao's scientific

analysis of the classes in our society in the period of socialism, the 'gang

of four1 concocted an absurd theory about 'the new changes in class relations

in the socialist period.' By 'the new changes' they meant that veteran cadres

had turned into 'capitalist roaders', and veteran workers into 'people with

vested interests.' Young workers were 'even worse.' Poor and lower-middle

peasants 'lagged behind ideologically' in the socialist revolution, and intellectuals were 'the stinking ninth category.'"

However, landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad elements,

monsters and freaks such as Ma Tien-shui, Yu Hui-yung, Chih Chun, Chang Tiehsheng, Wen Sheng-ho, and Chen A-ta, the bunch of political careerists, renegades, newborn counterrevolutionaries, hoodlums, and persons engaging in beating, smashing, and looting, were the so-called advanced elements the 'gang'

relied on.

Chen A-ta, a hoodlum who engaged in beating, smashing, and looting, had been

chosen by the 'gang of four* long ago. Chang Chun-chiao had personally proposed that Chen A-ta be given immediate admission into the party, and had

appointed him as No 2 leader of the Industry and Communications Department of

the Shanghai Municipal Revolutionary Committee, vice chairman of the Shanghai

Municipal Trade Union Council, standing committee member of the Shanghai

Municipal Revolutionary Committee, standing committee member-at-invitation of

the Shanghai Municipal CCP Committee, deputy to the 4th NPC and member of the

NPC standing committee.

Now let's strip off Chen A-ta's masks and see what kind of man Chen A-ta was,

and why the 'gang of four' recruited him.

50
In 1955, Chen A-ta left Shangyu County, Chekiang, and came to Shanghai to become a peddler. Ganging up with hoodlums and riffraff, he teased women,

gambled, Indulged In fist fights, and performed all kinds of evil deeds. In

1958, our government rounded up these hoodlums and assigned them to labor

reform. Left at liberty, Chen A-ta bribed his way into the Chunghua shipyard

and was accepted as a pieceworker. Soon afterwards, he sneaked into the PLA.

However, in the PLA he could not change his obnoxious personality in the least.

He totally disregarded discipline and organization, constantly absented himself from drill, and slept in the barracks all the time. He was just a goodfor-nothing soldier. After he was discharged, he went to the (Liangkung)

valve plant where he was always seen idling and fooling around, wearing sharppointed leather shoes, and dangling a cigarette from his mouth.

This born-hoodlum Chen A-ta speculated in the Great Cultural Revolution and

rebelled. He told his partners: "I must rebel now so I may become a plant

manager later." Without any schooling, he knew nothing about writing. He

secretly asked someone to give him an already completed big-character poster,

and said shamelessly: "I'll treat you to dinner at the 'international

restaurant' if you consider this poster already sold to me." This statement

was a confession of his speculation in rebellion and a revelation of his ugliness.

After reversing verdicts on his father in his home county, Chen A-ta openly

reversed verdicts on landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries and

bad elements in the plant. On the pretext of seizing so-called sinister

records, he led a group in breaking into the personnel security section of

the (Liangkung) valve plant. He opened the records safe and grabbed a bunch

of personnel records which he either altered or destroyed.

Chen A-ta also openly threatened a public security organ with armed force

and demanded the release of two bad ringleaders who were in custody. On the

pretext of a "trial," he abducted a convicted hoodlum jailed at the No 2

detention house.

All these incidents clearly show that Chen A-ta was rebelling against nothing

but the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Banking on the 'gang of four's' sinister influence, Chen A-ta incited armed

struggle everywhere and engaged in beating, burglary, and looting on a big

scale. Kuomintang agent Chang Chun-chiao told his little brothers: "I came

to set fires, make trouble, and start armed struggles whenever they are needed.

It is all right to have an armed struggle involving several tens of thousands

of people." On direct instructions from Chang Chun-chiao, Chen A-ta instigated

large-scale armed struggle on three occasions in publication circles, and at

(Chingfu) and other places, thus becoming a well-known ringleader in beating,

breaking, and looting. Wherever armed struggle took place, Chen A-ta was there.

Engaging in wild beating, smashing, and looting, Chen A-ta was highly praised

and greatly encouraged by the 'gang of four.' Wang Hung-wen said: "Chen A-ta

has guts and is really daring." Chang Chun-chiao said: "You have crushed

others and have become well known."

51
Becoming ever more audacious, Chen A-ta, following the example of a very

criminal fellow in the sports department, set up a so-called (?hoodlumreform) section in the (Liangkung) valve plant. The section was ostensibly

formed for the purpose of arresting gangsters and hoodlums and maintaining

public order. Actually, this section engaged in criminal activities, disturbed

social order, detained innocent people, and tortured them in an extremely

inhumane manner. It even dragged in young women from the streets, stripped

their clothes from them, callously insulted them, and beat them up.

Chen A-ta also relentlessly retaliated against comrades whose opinions were

different from his. A comrade at the (Liangkung) valve plant wrote a bigcharacter poster entitled "Guard against the poisonous snake" to expose the

background of Chen A-ta and company. With intense hatred, Chen A-ta later

labeled this comrade a counterrevolutionary, illegally searched his house,

detained him at the (?hoodlum reform) section, and ordered people to take

turns in clubbing him. Chen A-ta taped the sad screams of this victim, played

it for the comrade's family, and forced his family to persuade him to plead

guilty to whatever false charges were made against him.

Chen A-ta confided to his friends: "Wang Hung-wen is extremely close to

Chang Chun-chiao and I am extremely close to Wang Hung-wen." He swore that

he would maintain this closeness with Wang Hung-wen and defend Chang Chunchiao with his own life. Cherishing Chen A-ta as an extremely valuable

person, Chang Chun-chiao once told Wang Hung-wen: "A worker-cadre like Chen

A-ta is very rare and, therefore, very precious. We should train and promote

worker-cadres like Chen A-ta. If we cannot stay on the safe side of Chen

A-ta, you'll become a lone commander. People say that I rely on bad fellows

and that, if Chen A-ta leaves, I'll be overthrown." Newborn bourgeois element

Wang Hung-wen said even more bluntly: "Lin Piao could train and develop people

like (Chou Yu-chih) and (Yu Ching-i). Why can't we?"

Facts fully show that the 'gang of four' represented the scum of society such

as Chen A-ta and company, and that Chen A-ta and people like him were the

backbone force for the 'gang of four's' restoration of capitalism.

Chen A-ta was also an out-and-out counterrevolutionary hatchetman for the 'gang

of four.' During the Ninth CCP National Congress, under the direction of the

'gang of four,' the 'gang' followers ignored severe criticism by Chairman Mao

and Premier Chou and forced Comrade Chen I, then bedridden with illness, to

the Shanghai Group [Shanghai Hsiao Tsu 0006 3189 1420 4809] to face so-called

criticism. The hoodlum, Chen A-ta, launched the initial onslaught. Imitating

the tone of his master Chang Chun-chiao, he slandered Comrade Chen I who had

followed Chairman Mao in his national struggle, and had made outstanding

contributions. He even forced Comrade Chen I to give a full account of his

so-called crimes in opposing the Great Cultural Revolution.

What was even more inexcusable was that when our esteemed and beloved Premier

Chou died, when people throughout the country were extremely sad, and when

many comrades of the Shanghai Municipal Industry and Communications Department

52
were tearfully watching the television program on the mourning of Premier

Chou, Chen A-ta began to wildly attack Premier Chou. He overbearingly

dispersed the crowd watching the television program, and amused himself by

playing table tennis with his associates. He was extremely reactionary!

During the movement to criticize Lin Piao and Confucious, Chen A-ta joined

Ma Tien-shui and others to ferret out the so-called "typical persons negating

the two things," to label numerous revolutionary cadres in bureau, company,

and basic-level party organizations as restorationists, and to order that they

be criticized and repudiated, thereby fanning up the evil wind of overthrowing

and attacking revolutionary cadres on the industrial and communications front.

After Chairman Mao died, the 'gang of four' accelerated toward usurping the

supreme leadership of the party and state. Chen A-ta followed them closely.

Kuomintang agent Chang Chun-chiao said to a follower in the Industry and

Communications Department: "Some revolutionary committees should be investigated. Revolutionary committees outside Shanghai can no longer play their

roles. Shanghai should speak out." This follower revealed to Chen A-ta their

master's great idea. Chen A-ta immediately returned to the (Liangkung) valve

plant and drew up a so-called investigation report on the revolutionary committee of the (Liangkung) valve plant, viciously launched groundless attacks

against many responsible comrades at the central and local levels, and showed

deep hatred for the plant's revolutionary committee.

In January 1976, the great leader Chairman Mao proposed that Comrade Hua Kuofeng take charge of the daily activities of the party Central Committee and

become acting premier of the State Council. This was approved by the Political

Bureau of the party Central Committee. On 3 February, Chang Chun-chiao wrote

the antiparty article "Thoughts of 3 February 1976," directing the spearhead

of attack at Chairman Mao and Comrade Hua Kuo-feng. Opposing Chairman Mao,

Chen A-ta wildly attacked Comrade Hua Kuo-feng at the valve plant, alleging

that "acting premier: we are not at ease," "the rightist force in the State

Council is tremendous," and "don't slacken our vigilance as a result of the

dead tiger; we must catch the living tiger," thus creating a bloodthirsty

atmosphere.

In April, the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao proposed, and the Political Bureau of the party Central Committee approved, the appointment of

Comrade Hua Kuo-feng as first vice chairman of the party Central Committee

and premier of the State Council. Like the 'gang of four,' Chen A-ta expressed

his hatred over Chairman Mao's wise policy decision, and hysterically shouted:

"The 'four elements' are not our main danger. The main danger is the party

Central Committee and the arena of struggle also lies within the Central Committee." Thus he barefacedly revealed the wolfish ambition of the 'gang of

four' and their followers to quickly usurp the supreme leadership of the

party and state.

After the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao died, Chen A-ta and his masters

thought the time was ripe; they held many secret meetings and urged increased

53
arms and ammunition production. After the party Central Committee, headed by

Chairman Hua, shattered the 'gang of four's' plot to usurp party and state

power with one stroke, the 'gang of four's' handful of followers in Shanghai

felt that their doomsday was approaching and became panicstricken. They then

plotted a counterrevolutionary armed rebellion. At this critical moment,

Chen A-ta, the lawless gangster, showed astonishing counterrevolutionary

arrogance. He maliciously vilified the party Central Committee headed by

Chairman Hua, clamoring that "I will fight a desperate battle even if I have

to lose my head." He also proposed that steel blocks be placed on the airport

runway to disrupt air traffic, that vehicles be placed across railroads to cut

off land transportation, and that ships be sunk at the Wusung estuary to blockade the port. He cried for electricity and water supply stoppages, for a general

strike, and for issuing a message to the people of the world.

However, under the shining radiance of Mao Tsetung thought, this small handful

of counterrevolutionary clowns were bound to reach a despicable end before the

hundreds of millions of army men and people led by the party Central Committee

headed by chairman Hua!

CSO: 4005

5^
BRIEFS

YUNNAN CRITICIZES 'GANG OF FOUR*—The Yunnan provincial work conference on _

enrolling students for institutes of higher education recently held a criticism

rally. In connection with the reality of Yunnan's education front, some 500

participants at the rally fiercely criticized the "gang of fours counter;

revolutionary political program and their revisionist line in education. They

exposed that the "gang of four" sent their remnants and so-called reporters to

Yunnan several times to engage in some school activities. They noted that

Chu Ko-chia, Huang Chao-chi, and Liu Yin-nung,; ringleaders of the bourgeois

factional network in Yunnan fostered by the "gang of four, directly meddled

in education and interfered with and undermined Yunnan's proletarian education

cause. The participants were determined to do well in conducting the third

campaign to expose and criticize the "gang of four," thoroughly eliminate ^

their pernicious influence on the education front, and do well m this year s

student enrollment work. [Kunming Yunnan Provincial Service in Mandarin

1400 GMT 9 Nov 77 HK]

CHANGSHA CRITICIZES 'GANG'—On 21 November, the Changsha municipal education

bureau held a forum of some primary and middle school cadres and teachers^to

expose and criticize the "two assessments" invented by the gang of four.

(Ho Yin-kan), deputy chief of the municipal education bureau, spoke at the

forum. He revealed that the number of primary.and middle schools m Changsha

municipality increased from 190 immediately after liberation to some 335,

17 years later. At present, there are 170,000 middle school students in the

municipality, an increase of five times as compared with the early P^iod

following liberation. [Changsha Hunan Provincial Service m Mandarin 1100 GMT

23 Nov 77 HK]

HUNAN PUBLISHING WORK—Publishing work in Hunan is developing well. Since

March of this year, the province's publishing front has printed 10 million

copies and distributed eight million copies of Volume V of "The Selected Works

of Mao Tse-tung." In addition to that, the People's Publishing House of Hunan

has also published books praising Chairman Mao and Chairman Hua, and many

scientific and technical books. [Changsha Hunan Provincial Service m

Mandarin 2330 GMT 14 Nov 77 HK]

CSO: 4005

55
SCIENTIFIC AMD TECHNOLOGICAL

PRINCIPLE, FUNCTION OF ANTI-ICBM WARNING SATELLITE

Peking HANG-K'UNG CHIH-SHIH [Aeronautical Knowledge] in Chinese No 9,

Sep 77, pp 45-47

[Article by T*ao Wang-p'ing [7118 2598 1627]: "Early Warning Satellites

Against Missiles"]

[Text] The chief task of defense is to quickly detect and

identify the launching and flight course of an enemy intercontinental ballistic missile [ICBM], predict its ballistic parameters, target area and flight duration. The

utilization of early warning satellite is one means of accomplishing this task. This article briefly introduces the

general principles and functions of anti-missile early

warning satellite.

The great leader Chairman Mao pointed out long ago: "In ancient warfare,

the spear and the shield were used, the spear to attack and destroy the

enemy, and the shield to defend and preserve oneself. To the present day,

all weapons are still an extension of the spear and the shield." Both manmade earth satellites and intercontinental ballistic missiles appeared in

1957. Owing to the great superiority of the intercontinental ballistic

missile in speed, altitude, range and power, the original warning system

against aircraft cannot deal with it. The emergence of the ICBM led to the

idea that infrared detectors installed on satellites could be used to detect

infrared energy radiation from an ICBM blast-off. Today, the anti-missile

early warning satellite has become one of the major parts of the anti-ICBM

early warning system. It can detect missile launching and boosting flight.

At present, detection and tracking of mid-course flight and re-entry flight

are still in the exploratory research stage.

In order to attain long-distance flight, the intercontinental ballistic missile must be launched to a high altitude. The following table shows basic

relations between missile range, altitude and flight duration:

56

^-
Altitude Flight Duration

(km) (minute)

1120 25.3

1270 29

1320 35.2

1440 37.4

Missile Range

(km)

8000

9600

10200

12800

From the above table, it follows that a 10,000 km-range ICBM takes about

30 minutes to reach its target point from the launch site. Before the antimissile early warning satellite system was introduced, super-range radars

with a scanning range of 5000 km were employed to detect ICBMs. Due to the

curvature of the earth, radar beams are limited to horizontal line-of-sight

range, and cannot detect an intercontinental ballistic missile until the

missile has reached half-way, which takes 15 minutes after lift-off

(Figure 1). In order to achieve early warning, i.e., to detect the missile

as soon as it is launched, so as to gain enough warning time to prepare

against the attacking ICBM, warning satellites or super-range radars have

become the order of the day. The author will discuss the latter in another

article. ~ ~ : [ 7~

Nr&Kr""----^?**,* . ...-•-

\

♦♦5*<2) \

^

/

/

/

/

1

\

Figure 1. Super-range Radar Does Not Detect An Intercontinental Ballistic

Missile Until 15 Minutes After LifC-off.

Key:

1. ICBM trajectory 4. Super-range Radar

2. Radar Beam 5. ICBM Launch Site

3. Horizontal Line

57
Infrared Ray and Infrared Detector

The detection of ICBM by early warning satellite is achieved primarily through

the use of infrared detector. To explain this, the author will first discuss infrared rays and infrared detectors.

"There is nothing except moving matter in the world." This has been fully

verified by scientific experiment—all matter in the world is in perpetual

motion, and there is no such thing as absolute rest. Any object whose

temperature is above absolute zero (-273°C) radiates infrared rays. This

is where infrared rays originate from. Figure 2 shows relation between

infrared radiation intensity and wave length. In the diagram, the highest

point of each absolute temperature curve is called peak value. The wave

of each peak value varies at different absolute temperatures T (°K) basically

in accordance with the law expressed in the following formula:

upeak

2826 (micron-degree)

T (absolute temperature)

3000 (micron)

In the above formula, absolute temperature T (°K) is:

T (°K) = t (°C) + 273°

where (°C) is the same Celsius temperature we use in daily life, and when

t = -273°C, T becomes 0°K, which is absolute zero. Because there is no

absolute static matter in the world, absolute zero does not exist, and cannot be attained.

Figure 2.

Key

Z « IflD 1(11

,.-.. «Kos*)

Relations Between Infrared Radiation Intensity and Wave Length

: 1. Radiation Intensity

2. Wave Length (microns)

58
From the above relations, it is possible to obtain the wave length of peak

infrared radiation at any given temperature. For example:

(1) The Sun: T = 6000°K, L k = 0.5 microns (approx.)

(2) At the exhaust opening of jet and rocket engines:

T = 1000°K, L' = 3 microns (approx.) pk

(3) Room temperature objects:

(T = 27°C), L , = 10 microns (approx.)

At present, infrared detectors on early warning satellites can detect infrared

rsdiatiQnJLrQmrocket flames of missiles during blast-off or boosting flight.

The temperature of such rocket flames is above 1000°K, and its infrared

wave length ranges from 2 to 3 microns.

In mid-course flight, the ICBM's temperature is very low, and its infrared

radiation wave length is 8 to 14 microns. In the early stage, photoelectric

values and TV camera tubes were used as visible light sensors. The late

60's introduced lead sulphide detectors, small as a sesame seed grain and

made of semi-conductor material. Such detectors are not only highly sensitive, but also save a considerable amount of electricity, which is suitable

for satellite use.

Early Warning Satellites Launched in the 60's

In the early 60's, experimental early warning satellites employing infrared

detectors were launched. Four warning satellites were placed in polar

orbits (satellite orbits passing over north and south poles) about 480 to

4800 km above ground level. But owing to the sensitivity and poor reliability

of infrared detectors then, the satellites were never put into actual use.

While low sensitivity reduces detection range, poor reliability causes infrared detector to mistake sunlight cloud reflection for an attacking missile.

In the late 60's, infrared detector sensitivity improved, and TV cameras sensitive to visible light rays were installed in the early warning satellites.

At the first alarm signal from the satellite infrared detector, the ground

observation crew begin to analyze images on their TV screens, and review

the preliminary alarm signal. The two devices complement each other, and

by coordinative use, it is possible to eliminate false alarms set off by

infrared detectors caused by high altitude cloud reflections of the sunlight.

Moreover, early warning satellites of the late 60's were launched to even

higher altitudes. An early warning satellite orbiting at an altitude of

4000 km can monitor 100 million square km simultaneously, which is 19 percent

of the earth's surface. At 16,000 km above ground level, it can cover 30

percent of the earth's surface.

59
If reconnaissance can be carried out on synchronous orbits at high altitudes

of 35,800 km in the manner of stationary communication satellites, early

warning satellites can carry out observation to even greater extent, covering

43 percent of the earth's surface. The early warning satellites launched in

the mid-60*s provided the 70's with a basis for further improvement of newer

early warning satellites.

Early Warning Satellites of the 70's

To give a general idea of how anti-missile early warning satellites work, here

is an example of a typical foreign-make early-warning satellite launched in

the 70's. The satellite body is 3 meters high, 2.7 meters in diameter, and on

one end it carries an infrared telescope measuring 3.6 meters in length and

1 meter in diameter. The total height of the satellite is thus 6.7 meters,

and it weighs 900 kg. Figure 3 is an exterior diagram of the satellite which

orbits synchronously around the earth with the earth's rotation. From the

ground, the satellite appears stationary.

10

fc^yiiiiiiii'Sititij&'i

*22

\

Figure 3. Structural Diagram of Foreign-Make Early Warning Satellite.

On the satellite body, there are 13 major pieces of equipment (Figure 3)

(1) Infrared telescope

(2) Visible light sensor (TV camera)

(3) Nuclear explosion radiation sensor

(4) Stellar sensor for attitude control

(5) Solar direction device

(6) Star bearing electronic device

(7) Transmission antenna for sending down infrared sensor data

(to Transmission antenna for sending down visible light sensor data

{<» KecoIving antenna for picking up command signals sent up

6o
(10) Auxiliary sensor for detecting nuclear explosion radiation

(11) Nozzles of 3-axial attitude-control propulsion jets

(12) Solar cell panel

(13) Sunlight shield to protect infrared sensor

From Figure 3, we can see that there are structural similarities between

early warning satellite and communication satellite, such as 3-axial propulsion jets to control attitude, solar cell panels for producing electric energy,

transmission antenna for sending down infrared and visible light sensor data,

receiving antenna for picking up satellite operational control instruction

signals from the earth's surface. The satellite rotates at 5 to 7 rotations

per minute to maintain stability of the main axis position, the sun direction

sensor keeps the solar cell panels facing the sun and maintains stellar

position.

The structural diagram (Figure 3) shows that the satellite not only carries

infrared and visible light sensors to detect missiles, but also nuclear explosion radiation sensor as an additional function to detect nuclear explosions .

The infrared sensor employed in the satellite above is a row-type detector

composed of 2000 lead sulphide infrared sensitive components. Each component

can cover 13.7 square km of ground surface, totaling 27,400 square km simultaneously. In operation, the satellite sensor is set to the coverage area and

scans the surface in a certain order. Infrared sensor output signals are

modulated, amplified and digitized. A visible light sensor is a TV picturetaking device. When the infrared sensor detects an ICBM lift-off, automatic

controls automatically aim the visible-light sensor at the missile, and the

satellite automatically televises pictures to the ground station.

It is reported that early alarm satellites can detect missile at very high

speed. Generally, missile detection takes place within 90 minutes after

take-off.

At present, the main problem of the early warning satellite is the significant

reduction of sensitivity after the infrared detector has worked for a long

time, causing critical cooling problem inside the detector. When passing over

certain areas on earth, solar energy becomes too strong for the infrared

detector to work normally. For example, when the warning satellite closes in

on a straight line with the sun, solar rays may enter directly into the

satellite and affect the infrared detector. In battle, early warning satellites are easily attacked and destroyed by enemy anti-satellite weapons.

Owing to the diversification of modern offensive weapons which has outmoded

the simple "one against one" method, it has become necessary to develop

diversified detection methods for early warning satellites against missiles.

Moreover, in such warning systems, the earlier the alert the better. The

method currently employed is to combine early warning satellites, super-range

61
radars and airborne warning control systems such that they may complement one

another. This not only enlarges detection range, but also reduces false

alarms and eliminates the possibility of missing any launched missile. In

terms of the mathematical theory of probability, the increase of detection

probability reduces the probability of false alarm.

Satellite infrared detectors can also be used for spotting nuclear submarines

60 meters below the sea surface. As a nuclear submarine must release an

enormous amount of heat to cool its nuclear power unit, the temperature of

sea water around the submarine often increases by 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius.

The current type of infrared detection devices in use can measure sea temperature from a satellite moving several hundred km in orbit. Its temperature detection range is -80°C to 35°C, with a tolerance of only + 0.2°C,

which enables satellites to locate nuclear submarines. At present, such

infrared detectors have not yet been perfected for practical use.

9119

CSO: 4008

62
AGRICULTURE

BRIEFS

FARM MACHINE OPERATION TRAINING—At present, the district in Kwangsi has

over 40 tractor and walking-tractor plants, internal combustion engine

plants, rice transplanting machine plants, spare parts and supply plants,

with over 8,300 production brigade agricultural machinery stations and the

number of agricultural machinery personnel is already over 230,000. To

adjust to the demands of the development of agricultural mechanization, the

autonomous district has trained a great number of machine operators. Apart

from some persons trained in agricultural machinery at universities without

a department of agricultural machinery, nearly 100 agricultural machinery

schools have been built at local, municipal and hsien levels to train

intermediate and beginning agricultural machinery technical personnel,

agricultural managerial cadres and agricultural machinery teachers. All

the communes in the district have established agricultural machinery training classes to train operators of tractors and other agricultural machines

for the communes and brigades. Agricultural middle schools have also generally established agricultural machinery courses or special classes on

agricultural machinery to train and prepare operators for the communes and

brigades. [Excerpt] [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 3 Sep 77

p 1] 8226

AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT INDUSTRIES—The industries of Chiang-men City [3068

7024 1579] in Kwangtung Province have made great strides in serving agriculture. In the last 10 years, this city has had average annual increases

of 17 percent of output of production of agricultural support industries.

In the first half of this year the output completed created the highest

level in history for a similar period and at the same time successfully

text manufactured a group of new products including a harvester, a trice

transplanter, high efficiency pesticides and agricultural hormones. After

1958, Chiang-men City began to develop agricultural support industries and

in the past 10 years development has been even faster. Now there are in

the city 28 plants for nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, diesel engines, gasoline engines and a group of small-scale commune and neighborhood industries which serve the plants. The volume and

variety of agricultural machines is second in the province only to Canton.

[Excerpt] [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 7 Sep 77 p 13] 8226

63
IRRIGATION IN KIANGSU—The Chao-kuao [2507 7070] Irrigation District in

Kiangsu, an integrated water conservancy project on the east bank of the

Shao-po Section [6730 0130 3008] of the Grand Canal between Peking and

Hangchou and downstream of the Huai River, has gradually put itself together since the Great Cultural Revolution and has become increasingly beneficial. The entire irrigation district has over 5,600 main and branch

ditches with a total length of over 1,600 km. There are over 9,400 regulating sluice gates, inlet gates, branch gates, aqueducts, underground cisterns

and other such structures, 3 fan-shui [5064 3055] stations and 3 small

hydroelectric stations. Ordinarily water from the Huai River which flows

into the Yangtze River is stored and in years or drought and in dry seasons, water is taken from the Yangtze at the Chiant-tu Hydrojunction

Project [3068 6757] south to irrigate over 210,000 of paddy downriver.

The construction of the Chao-kuan Irrigation District forcefully speeded

up the development of agricultural production. Before the more than 210,000

mu of land in the irrigation district could only produce three harvest in

two years and at that over 80,000 of those mu had to be planted in miscellaneous grains. In times of great drought, people worked from dawn to dusk

at the water pumps irrigating the fields, but still could not solve the

problem. For a long time the volume of production was low and unstable.

But now with gravitational irrigation, human effort is not needed to run

the water pumps, for as soon as the sluice gates are opened the water flows

into the fields. More than 80,000 mu of dry paddy has been repeatedly

planted with paddy rice and the three harvest in two years has become three

harvest in one year. Over 210,000 mu of poor land has become constant high

yielding land scure from drought and flood and the volume of grains produced

is nearly three times that of 1957 before self-irrigation. In the fifth

and sixth months of the three years from 1974 to 1976, there were repeated

severe droughts in this irrigation district, but because the irrigation

district's water conservancy project fully demonstrated its effectiveness

in the years of the great drought, it secured a bountiful harvest with unit

yield in each year increasing over 100 catties. [Excerpts] [Hong Kong

CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 15 Sep 77 p 5] 8226

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY—Hai-k'ou City [3189 0656 1597] in Kwangtung has

established a comparatively comprehensive food processing industry which

employs both mechanized and semimechanized production and produces over 20

kinds of goods in over 300 varieties including canned goods, candied fruit,

pastries, beverages, cod liver oil, canned meat and milk. Of these goods,

over 100 kinds are sold abroad. By 1976 the products, volume of production and value of production of the city's food processing industry had

increased 30-fold to 50-fold over pre-liberation 1949. By August of this

year the products of the city's food processing industry had increased 10

percent over the same period last year. In addition over 20 new products

were successfully test produced, the quality of product has steadily improved while capital and expenses have both declined. [Excerpts] [Hong

Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 17 Sep 77 p 4] 8226

6k
AGRICULTURAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH—In the midst of profoundly developing the

mass movement "In Agriculture, Learn from Ta-chai" and "Extend Ta Chai-hsien"

the Ho-ch'ih [3109 3069] Region mass type agricultural science experiment

activity is flourishing. At the present time in this region there are over

16,400 agricultural science institutes, stations and groups which form a

five-tiered agricultural science network of region, hsien, commune, large

team and production brigade levels with over 78,200 agricultural science

personnel at all levels, forming a large agricultural science technical

army. To train even more minority peoples agricultural science personnel,

an agricultural science school has been created and an agricultural science

specialization has been established at 10 "May Seventh" universities, at

the same time, each year a group of minority peoples agricultural science

personnel are sent to agricultural science colleges and schools so they

will be of even greater use in the movement "In Agriculture, Learn from

Ta-chai." [Excerpt] [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 24 Sep 77

pp 8-9] 8226

NEW RICE VARIETIES DEVELOPED—In a relatively short time, the Ch'in-chou

Prefectural Agricultural Research Institute, by successively using the

haploid breeding method, has bred two new varieties of upland nonglutinous

rice "Tsao-tan 7301" and Wan-Tan No. 7." This is another of our nation's

scientific successes in using the haploid breeding method. It further

enriches our nation's scientific theory and practical experience is breeding and is of major significance to our agricultural development. These

two new varieties of upland nonglutinous rice were successfully bred in

1973 and 1974 respectively. After several years of trial planting in

fields, the new haploid variety "Tsao-tan 7301" which has the characteristics of early rice and is sensitive to warmth was developed. The plant

is medium-sized, has moderate tillering capability and is able to resist

bacterial leaf blight. The earing rate is high and the kernals are full

weight. In general the per mou yield is 7-900 catties with higher yields

attaining more than 1000 catties. Compared to locally planted fine strains,

the increased in yields is about 15 percent. The new haploid variety "Wantan No. 7" is an early-late hybrid type sensitive to warmth. The plant has

a medium to short stem which is sturdy. Its growth is orderly. The plant

is compact in form and medium-sized. It is tolerant to fertilizer and

resistant to lodging. Its fructification rate is high. Generally the per

mou yield is 6-900 catties with higher yields attaining 1000 catties.

[Text] [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 17 Sep 77 p 4]

CSO: 4006 END

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