ADMINISTRATION OF THE 

'MARINE MAMMAL 

PROTECTION ACT OF 1972 

DECEMBER 21, 1972, TO JUNE 21, 1973 

The Secretary of- Corn merce 

Prepared by 

The National Marine Fisheries Service 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Washington, D.C. 20235 July 1973 

REPRINTED FROM FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY AUGUST 1, 1973 
20564 NOTICES 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

National Oaanic and Atmospharic 

Administration 

MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT 

Report of the Secmtay of Commerce 

Section 103 (1) of the Marine Mammal 

Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361. 

86 Stat. 1027 (1972) ) stah that "Within 

six months after the effective date of this 

Act (December 21.1972) and every twelve 

months thereafter. the Secretan' shall 

report to the public through publication 

in the FEDERAL RE~ISTEU and to the Congress on the current status of all marine 

mammal species. and population stocks 

subject to the provisions of this Act. His 

rewrt shall describe those actions taken arid those measures believed necessarg. 

including where appropriate. the issuance 

of permits pursuant to thts title to assure 

the well-being of such marine mammaln" 

Section 3(12) (A) of the Act limits the 

responsSbiliB of the Depsrhent of Corn- mera to those mammals which are mem- bers of the order Cetacea (whales and 

porpoises) and members. other than walruses. of the order Pinnipedia (seals aad 

se8lions~.AccordinglY*thereispu 

herewith the report of the Secretary o Commerce for the period December 21. 

1972. to June 21. 1973. on the sdminfstration of the Act with regard to those 

mammnln. 

Iarued at Washfneton. D.C., and dated 

Jub 27.1973. 

IhDmCP B. Dnrr* 

secfetu?.u oj commerce. 

ADMINISTBAROH or TEE Mmm~ Mavlant 

PxOTECI'ION ACT Or 1972. DE~EX 21. 

1972, To Jm 21. 1973 

REPORT OT THZ ~~ARY OF COXXERCE 

Introduction 

PART I. ActW Taken to Asawe tha WellBeingofMarineMammab 

rnt43rim-w 

Ec0pOmtC HadEhip RXOUIptiOM 

Additional POm mte-n8 

8t.tua of Exemptfan Appuc.tla~ FederalEnforamlemt 

State-Fedeh Cooperstion 

Federal Intemgency Cooperation ultern~io~ ProgrruP 

Coordinated Ribflof Blandu-Berbg 8- 

-rzca 

Tuna-Porpoise Research md Development 

PAET II. Current Statua of the Stocks of 

lLl[llliPeMammrlr 

Introduction 

Spsclea List 

status hportll 

Contributors to Report 

xuine Msmmrl Laan 

PaaT Appendices Appendix A-&brim Rules urd ReguL.- 

tW 

Appendix Wc&ral IkgiatCr Notha 

Appendi. CSubllc DlSpiar IteqUirsmOrit8 

Appendix D-WomU~ted PmrUof UI.naa-BerlngSer,~~ 

Pmmred by The National Marine 

Fisheries Service. National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Admfntrfration, Washing- toll, D.C. 20235, July, 1973. 

Inttodwtfon Thfs report is pursuant 

to Imuimmentd of section 103(f) of the 

Msrine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 

(Public Law 92-522). It covers the sixmonth period following the effective date 

of the Act, December 21. 1972. and is 

prepaxed in three parts: The first deals 

with actions taken to assure the wellbeing of marine mammals; the second 

sets out the current status of the stocks 

of marine mammals for which the Department of Commerce has responsibility: and the third part contains four 

appendices. 

The Act, with certain exceptions. 

places an immediate moratorium on the 

taking and importation of all marine 

mammals and marine mammal products. It makes the Secretary of Commerce responsible for protecting whales, porpokes, seals, and sea lions, and the Secretary of the Interior responsible for aU 

other marine mammals, specifically sea 

otters, walruses, polar bears, and manatees. On November 30.1972. the Secretary 

of Commerce delegated authority for the 

functions prescribed by the Act to the 

Administrator of the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA). On February 9. 1973. the 

Administrator delegated this authority 

to the Director, National Marine Msheries Service (NMF8). 

Three major actions were taken to 

facilitate implementation of the Act. The 

drst was to create a working group com- prfsed of representatives of the Departments of Commerce and the Interior to 

develop, so far as possible, joint regula- tions to implement the Act. and to consider. among other things. joint use of 

enforcement persoand and other wars 

of cooperating in the Interest of economy 

and efaciency. 

The second action waa the publlcstion 

of separate interim regulations by each 

Department on Decunber 21, 1972, the 

enective date of the Act. 

The third action taken to fadlitate 

fmmedlate implementation of the Act 

was to rep- $700,000 and 15 per- sonnel . positions frem other . WMES/ 

NOAA programs during the balance of 

fiscal year 1973. Scco~, $360.000 

and four positions were allocated to a 

porpoise-tuna research program. and 

$400,000 and 11 positions were allocated 

to administration and enforcement in 

NMFS headquarters and in the live regional ofUces. Prior to passage of the 

Act, NOAA had already recodzed a need for studies on the problem of porpoise mortalities in the Eastern Tropical 

Pacific ocean tuna purse seine flshem 

and had made S250.00p and personnel 

available to commence work durlng late 

summer, 1972. 

Significant occurrences between December 21. 1972. and June 21, 1973. are 

summarlzed below. 

mty app1-n6 for undue eCQnoml0 

hudship e.emp#o~ ware reosived and 

mted upon Of these, 19 were approved, tallwe denled, four withdram. md 50 are pea- Meetings were held wlth States, the nabing industry, and environm0nt.l and consetv8tiongroupetoexplainthe~its~ 

tlonq and progrsgs on implementation 

Fourteen fo- publlc hearings on EQpllcatio~ for undue mmomic hamS&ip 

~t~ asre held in nine usls. namdy* 

Waahiwtaa. D.C; d~chorsgs and godialg 

Terminal Island 8nd San Diego. California; Mystic. Connecticut; Galveston. 

Ts=. , Pensacola, Florlds; and Seattle. 

Washlngton. Four hearings involved scientitlc rweorch; seven involved publlc display; rad three involved taklng of marine mam- mals for other purposes. In additiol~ dve 

other applicants were heard informally at 

dated hearings. 

A hearing wss held in Washington, D.C.. to 

obtain public reaction regarding disposition of beached. stranded, injured. sick, forfeited, 

corulscated. and dead animals. 

Public hearlugs are scheduled to receive 

oomments oopcarnfng measures to reduce 

to the ertant prccticoble the incidental talcbg of marine mammals. particularly por- poisen. in WmLnerclal fishing operations. 

New measures for conserving ail whales wra proposed to the IntematioP(LI Whaling 

Cornmisston, apd additional management COnStderatfons for harp and hooded seals we- recommended to the International Commion for the Nomwest Aumtlc Fisheries. 

Studlea of large whaled to include development of an independent United States capa- bfflty for analysls of worId at& statistics 

8nd stock os~rmsments are in the planning 

stage. 

Tuns-poxpoise studie~ lnvolvfng ahing 

gear dynamics and development, life histories and surveys. and stock assessment were initiated on the Eastern Tropical Pacmc 

Ocean tuna seine flsherg. 

An expanded reearch prom on the 

northern fur seal was initiated. including the IY)* aeMe Of st. George Ielsnd. dlaslrs. M a research area in order to develop rdditiopal inionnrtlon on the factors that govern 

-tion size. 

A hlgh-priority study WM begun to rcQnirs falomation on popuiatlon rie4 md 

distribution of ths alx i.& of pmnlpeds 

at occur on major hauling or bnsding 

gm- along the wsst coast. 

Dfilauacriom wem initiated with tho State 

Department rsgardlng its reqosuibllity 

under the Act for seeking negotiation with 

other lllrtions on bilaterrrl and mulm- 

-ts on marine mammrrg 

COOperatlpb armngemexbts for enfordng Proplsionr of the Act wen, dlscuseed with the 

nwutmmts of ngricultum, the rn-. 

Tmamry, and TT--portation. 

Contr8ct~1 were executed with ten coastal 

States whkh provide funds for enforcememt 

of the morstaium on taking Inarias mam- mels, Lncludlng inveatigati~ and appearing M wlhen6w in subsequent judicial actions. 

Although much progress has been 

made in implementing the Marine Marnma1 Act nationally, the NMPS is aware 

that prompt consideration must be glven 

to future measures necesary for conserving the world's marine mammal resources. In this regard, one of the most 

important needs to ensure their wellbeing is a much greater emphasis on cdlection of fniormatioll on marins manmal stoclrs and the ecosystem In which 

they live. mfthmnore. sufUdent international protectdon must be sought for 

those spedes or stocks while adequate 

knowledee is being obtained 

Marine ddammd Commissfon. On May 

14 1973. Resident Nixon announced the 

fomation of the three-man Mrulne 

Mammal Commission provided for under 

the Act. The Commissioners appointed 

am: 

Vlctor B. &heft=, of Bellevue, Washington. 

s marhe mammal biologist retired from the 

United Btstsd Flllh snd W11dlife SerPics Ba 

will~aschoirmep. 

FEDERAL REGf!iTE& VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGU 
NOTICES 20565 

A. Starker Leopold. Professor of Zoology, 

University of Califomla U Berkeley. 

Johr. Ryther, Chairman. Department of 

Biology, Woods Hole Oceanogrsphic Institution. Falmouth. Massachusetts. 

While the Commission has not yet fully assumed its role. the Commissioners have 

been considering their responsibilities and discussing with NMF'S and others 

the most pressing problems facing the 

Commission in the next year. 

When the Commission and the Committee of Scientif~c ~dvisors are fmctioniw, the Secretary of Commerce 

through the Director. National Marine 

Plsheries Service, will consult with them 

regarding applications to take marine 

mammals for scientUlc rasearch or pub- lic display as required by the Act. 

The foregoing summarizes highlights of actions taken by the NMFS between 

December 21, 1972. and June 21. 1973, to 

carry out provisions of the Marine Msmma1 Protection Act of 1972. Details of 

speciflc activities related to implementa- tion of the Act are discussed in the report that follows. 

Interim regulations. On December 2, 

1972, a notice of proposed rule making 

was published by NMFS/NOAA in the 

Mt- REGISTER (37 FR 25731) to implement the Marine Mammal Protection 

Act of 1972. It was the intention of 

NMF8/NOAA to have interim regulations in force on December 21,1972, the effective date of the Act. The notice proposed interim regulations relating to the taking 

and importing of marbe mammals and 

marine mammal products and requested 

comments by December 15,1972. Interim 

regulations (Appendix A) were published in the Fm~adl REGISTER on December 21. 

1972 (37 PR 28177) which (1) reflected 

comments received on or before December 15. 1972; (2) corrected certain technical errors and omissions; and (3) set 

forth, in full. Subpart Wenalties 'and 

Procedures for Assessment, previousb 

reserved. The Department of the Interior 

published its interim regulations in the 

FEDERAL REGISTEB on December 21, 1972 

(37 FR 28173). 

The NMFS and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (Department of 

the Interior) are working on final regu- lattons. The88 will be published in the 

FsDraru. REGxsTm as proposed regulation revisions. Following receipt of comments from the public and others. flnal 

regulations are scheduled to become 

effective by early fall, 1973. 

Economic -hip mptio~. 8ection 101(c) of the Act and 0 216.13 of the 

interim regulations permits the Secretary of Commerce to grant relid to thoee 

persons who can demonstrate undueeconomic hardship by exempting them from 

the moratorium until midnight October 20, 1973. The criteria for evaluating undue economic hardship, as preecribed in O 216.13(b) of the interim regulations, 

are: "(1) the effect of grantring the exemption on the spedes or mulation 

stock in question and the marine ecosjrstern; (2) the degree of eccmomic hardship to be anticipated should the exemp- tion not be granted: (3) the economic 

and . --- - led - . -~- alternatives --~---- available to the 

applicant: (4) the likelihood of the 

anticipated economic hardship; and (5) such of the criteria relative to the ismance of scientific research ets 

and/or public display permits as may be 

applicable to the application." Application of section 101 (c) has been 

conservative. To date. only 13 of the 50 

applications for an economic hardship permit have been approved and none of 

these approvals involves the LLlling of 

any marine mammals for commercial 

purposes. Although the Act declares a moratorium on the taking of marine mammals. the Act clearly intended that research on marine mammals be continued 

and that public displays (which maintain the health and well being of the 

species involved) be allowed. Such Permits, however, may be granted only after a review by the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific 

Advisors. The Comnission was appdnted 

on May 14. 1973, and its Committee of 

Scientific Advisors was not appointed during the period covered in this repork It was therefore not possible to issue 

scientific or dtsplas permits, exoept through the application of the economic 

hardship exemption. Consequently, NMF;S has accepted aP- 

~lications for undue economic hardship 

exemptions from piersopls wishing to take 

mammals for acientiflc resesrcb or display. Theq exemptions were considered 

under .- -. -- the criteria set forth in 44 216.12 

and 216.13 of the interim reguhuom regarding undue economic hardship exemptions. While undue economic hardship must be shown in all cases to quaUf~ for an exemption. a lesser degree of CXOnomic hardship is considered "undue" 

in cases involving sound sdentSflc research which does not involve the killing of any marlne mammals, than for those 

cases involvim~ the kill of animals for 

an application for ecoaoaric hardship exemption to allow the taking of a large number of sea lions for sale to m06. 

aquaria, and othem by the applicant, it was decided that a~~lications for - 

nomic hardship exemptions invdvfng the 

taking of marine mammnln for the mposes of scientific research OQ pubIlc display would not be granted to pemaas or 

organizations engaged solely in the taking and not in the ultimate retentdon of 

msrine mammnlrr. Such eXen&iW 

would be issued only to Persons a institutions such as zoo6, oceansria. or 

scientists ultimately responsible for care 

of the admah away from their natmal 

habitat. This decision was based on the 

need for proper care and InaiatensnCe 

of marine mammals taken, and the need 

for control of all facilities where mammals would be maintained during tag, ~rt,andatsplasorrasesrch.Thls 

policy was published April 23.1973, in the 

FEDERAL REGISTER (Appendix B) . When an economic hardshfp extion is &ranted, esPeiauy for displas 

purposes, the exemption holder fs sub 

ject to stringent requirements for the 

care and welfare of the animals. Requiremeats for care and maintenance, specified in letters of exemption issued for 

public displag of mammals, are set forth 

in Appendix C. 

Additional polW determinations. Additional policy determinations to assure 

the well-being of marine mammals have 

been made. As an example. it was learned 

that some tuna fishermen were experi- menting with a method for catching fish 

which involved the attachment of a radio 

transmitting device to a pormISe. Upon its release, the mammal was then tracked 

to locate schools af tuna usually associated with porpoises. The effect of the new 

practice on orp poise stocks is unknown. 

but a decision was made that it should 

not be allowed to continue until more is 

known. According&, a reviadon was made 

in 4 216.2W of the interim regulations making this activity an illegal tsgfng (Appendix B) . The NMFS is analyeing data gathered 

as a result of a public hearing in Washington. D.C.. on Mag 22. 1973. and soon 

will issue a policy statement covering situations in which marine mammals are 

abandoned, sfranded, or beached, with 

primarsr concern directed to the welfare 

of the animals, Further discussion of this 

matter is included in the section on 

State-Federal cooperation. 

The NMF8 received applications for 

economic hardshin exemptions from 11 

hunters in Alaska to harvest 11,100 seals 

and 13,200 &a lions for commercial sale 

of hides, meat, and fat. On April 11, 

1973. a public hearing in Kodiak. 

Alanlra. considered formally the requests from two of the applicants (and iniormall9 five others), during which a rep- resentative of the Alaska Department of Eish and Game estimated that NMFS 

could conceivably expect to receive as 

many as 15 additional applications for 

exemption from Alaskans who have commercially hunted seals and sea lions in 

the past. Consequently, it was estimated 

that rme& invO1flng appmxfmately 51.000 animals could be forthCOming. 

In view of the possible impact of the 

projected amount of hunting on the 

marine ecosystem, NMFE) determined 

that an Environmental Impad Statement would be required, as prescribed in section 102t2) (C) of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, prior to 

action on any of the 11 exemptions requested for the taking of seals and sea 

lions in Alaska (Appendix B) . The draft 

Environmental Impact Statement is being prepared by N&@S in coopemtion with the State of Alaslr& 

Status of etmption applicatfons. Although the Act does not require public hearings as a condition to the grsnting 

of exemptions under conditions of undue economic hardship. it provides for 

such hearings, at the discretion of the 

Secretary, on scientific research and 

display permits issued after review by the Marine Mammal Commission and the 

Committee of Scientfflc Advisors On Marine Mammals. It was obvious that there 

was deep public concern regsrding marine mammals. Therefore. NMFS Wnsidered public hearings an important 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEONESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

element of policy formulation. Provision for discretionary hesrlngs regarding economic hardship exemption 

requests was included in the interim 

regulations. 

In addition to public hearings, meetings were held wrhdicall~ with maw 

interested national conservation groups, 

including a consortium of environmentalists and others, to explain the prob- lems involved in implementation of the 

Act as well as proposed solutions. 

Public hearings were held on 14 of 

the 50 applications received for undue 

economic hardship exemptions. This 

included four hearings on applications 

dealing with scientific research; men 

for dtsplay: two in Alssks for commercial taking and sale of skins, meat, and 

fat: and one hearing on an application involving capture of live animals for 

sale. Of the 50 applications received (18 scientific research, 16 display, 16 other), 

13 were approved (9 research, 4 display), 

3 were denied (other), 4 were withdrawn 

(2 research. 1 Cusplay. 1 other). and 30 

are pending (7 research. 11 dlsRlay. 12 

other). It is expected that additional 

hearings will be held on several of the 

pending ~ppIlcstions. Table 1 summarizes actions taken on undue economic hardship applications. 

Uzivuaity of califod 

Wwraity of Rho& IalAUd Pdul A. P&ulbitslii. &a 

- Rmciaeo. Califmni. Sdthrdlm Ilutituefo~ 

Udverrity of TOXM 

lhiwrsity of Colif0rniS 

hUfoinia State Univanity 

Udversity of Washingtoo 

s:ripps IMtitutioa of 

QC-PP~Y 

naval niaadiu1 Reaurcb 

Laboratory %AIM D.pueUC Of SU rrd shore pkh.rlu 

0. wo stace Bnimrriw A:oaL. Dcparncut of PLh i0dC.u 

Uuivtraity of Muka 

Univarmity of ~t.(u 

S+aea Uui-rsity of Mar York 

U-v.1 Arctic flucJcch 

uborrwry 

U..iver*itr of wsouri md Lb. -- university of wb.ra ~~mi. 

Total BMurcb - 7 0 -- 

z 18 *ppUcuhm 

7 7 

4 heatiry. &ld: othrr y ba kfd. 

~--I Zoo* -. 

kbeut. 

x 

ammuan viU.p. Tu c.llfoonL. 2 

n.r~~~tzw&.lhdr. X Yo 

D.-c. scmca mi~i~4~ ~oo. -1141u. r m 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESOAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
'LibX4 2. %dnm btborlmd to ]I& hbn f8rW map- ard ~ctmrific 

SeCQpb~f 

amsatrcir 

21, 

under 

3972, E-C to JU 2Ihl973 

na~drhip -- 

OthaT 

-sad aktwt #.la of 

A?Ea ~~~ Il"da) 

mkinr. u.8 ad lit l 11- 

%t&aw ZatmutimU, Yw TmSI gm 

?, J. Woalkmrm, Suard, Uut. 

hontimt Tbnni.8 eapmy, 

** 

Anehoragr, Iluk 

fn c. I&. ?at w, 

Alaska 

wluu HhW* *oaL11, 

hlmaka 

foi mulu, raft Ilrtlm* Al41tc 

Jeff &&am, tazc Uatdu, Aluh 

Rad L Kiatr. bctabp, Ahk8 

Xiifh c. lowt., LC. LwX~ f *land, Aluka 

ltyscom WbrrrU, YLittiu. ltmmlu 

Pnvid Andrlua, ItPdhk, AhL. 

- Purr wfda 

I (*) Adsale to ba aaaificrd.~ the course of .eicstiffc resratch. Notices of all policy determinations 

on economic hardship exemgtlons Up- pendix B1 and Anal actions taken thereon were published in the Fgnralu, RwISPER. Records of the 14 hearings on 

economic hardshi~ exem~tion a~~licanotlees of proposed hearings adorda individuals and orgdaations an oppor- tunity to express their views by appearing at the hesringa or by submitting 

written comments for inclusion in the 

ofaci&l record, In all i~~tances, noticed 

of receipt of a~pllcationr, were published 

in the FEDERAL mxs~~n and public comments were solicited. 

Table a shows the number, by species, 

of the 318 marine mammals authorfeed 

to be talcen for pubk dimlay.and &entint reeearch, as of 3una PI, lQ73. 

I * IacLtdes 75 skiorred, atillborn or dead fetuaes collected on San EFiguel 

bland, CdfarPia. 

Federal enlorcement. There have been 

a variety of enforcement cases handled 

by NMFEl enforcement agents, The mod 

notable wurred about three weeka after 

the Act became effective. On January 11- 

la, 1978, NMlw enforcement agenb, reepondlng to reclue& tor action from the 

Btsts of Mlsalssiegi, the Blloxi Humane 

Web, and other concerned cftba. 

6&?4 one dead and flve live AUantta 

bottlenose dolphins that had been left 

unattended at the facilities of a marine 

mammal auppller in Biloxi, Mississippi. 

The dolphins were subsequently transpoled via truck to Fort Wslton Beach, F'lorlda, where they have since been 

cared for and held. Action by the Secretary against the owners of the dolphins resulted in forfeiture of the flve mammats to the Federal Government. This $3 

tions are available for -Inspecti& at 

NMFS headquarter8 in Washington, D.C. 

Hearims are usually held in tha geographic area Ln whlch the applicant does 

business, or the location of prominent public Interest, and a transcript oi the 

hearlng is made for the ofecial record. 

Publication In the F~DLUL R~msrxn of 

FEDERAL REOISTMR, VYL 38, NO. 
20568 NOTICES 

lncident demonstrated the need for area to area; in Florida, Caliiornia. and responsibilities related to importation of 

NMFS to develop a policy which would Alaska the xutmber of occurrences is Sig- marine mammals and marine msmmal 

provide forfeited. stranded, or beached nilicant. Records show that between 150- products into the United States. The 

mammals with the best opportunity for 175 false killer wha3es (Pseudorca Coast Guard in the Department of Transsurvival. A decision on the disposition of crassidens) beached themselves in the portation has been asked to report violathe five dolphins viill be made in the near vicinity of Fort Pierce. Florida, on Janu- tions encountered on routine sea patrols. future. ary 11. 1970; about 50 pilot whales Cooperation with other Government 

Other cases have involved investiga- (Globicephala mamorhyncha) came agencies will be explored. 

uons of reports concerning the sale of ashore near Sarasota, Florida, on Au- Zntemational program. The require- whale meat. the sale of ambergris, the gust 21,1971: and in June 1973, ten pilot nients for internationd action prescribed alleged shooting of a whale, the taldng whales beached themeselves near Key in Section 108 of the Act aim to wnof porpoises, and inquiries concerning Largo, Florida. These are only a few of serve and protect marine mammals 

the importation of marine mamma3 the 'ecords of beached mammals during throughout the world by international 

products. MWS enforcement agents recent Years. Section lO9ta) (4) of the arrangements. The National Oceanic and 

have accompanied and monitored au- Act authorizes a State or local govern- Atmospheric Administration, mph thorlzed captures of marine mammnl?r ment employee to assist distressed mam- ment of Commerce, has initiated several 

by scientific researchers and oceanaria mals. Section 216.8 of the interim regu- pertinent actions. 

authorized pumaant to Letters of Ex- lations Prescribes the authority and pro- A proposed new Protocol to the Interemptioa Inspections of applicants' fa- cedures by which State or local govern- national Whaing Convention, coordicilities have also been conducted to de- ment employees may handle such situe- nated by all appropriate united states 

termine adequacy for the care and tfons. Depending on the condition of the Government agencies, including the Demaintenance of marine mammals. animal. local authorities may either re- partments of State and the Interior, the 

State-Federal cooperation. Section 109 turn the animal to its natural habitat or Council on Environmental Quality, and 

(c) of the ~ct authorizes the Secretary place it in an aquarium for care until the Smithsonian Institution. was preof Commerce to enter into cooperative final disposition can be determined. pared for presentation at the Internsenforcement arrangements with States. In many cases, beached or stranded tional Whaling Commission meeting in 

Since NMFSs enforcement capability is animals are very sick or 4ured and can London, England. on June 25-29, 1973. 

limited agreements have been negotiated be expected to die after a short time. Comments from conservation groups and 

with ten States along the Pacific and the States are, of course. authorized to dis- others have been included in the pro- southeastem coasts of the United States. Pose of the carcasses. In some instances posed Protocol. Negotiations relative to 

The purpose of these agreements is to carcasses have been given to scientific its adoption will take place at a future 

achieve cooperative agreements with the institutions for studs. In every situation, date. 

States for prompt enforcement of Fed- a report is required from the State by The proposed Protocol incorporates era1 law and regulations. where needed, NMFS of the circumstances concerning into the Convention the basic provisions through utilization of available State the taking and final disposition of an of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. 

personnel and equipment. Under short animal. The major changes to the Convention intwm contracts requiring a total monthly Federal fnte+wenw coopetation. Sub- volve including all cetaceans; ellminaamaunt of about $37.000, the Stab of sections 112 (b) and (c) of the Act au- tion of all references to consideration of 

Alabama, Alaska, California, Florida. th~rize and direct each Federal agency commercial interests except to recognize 

Georgla, Louisiana, Mississippi. Oregon, to cooperate with the Secretary (Corn- that cetaceans have nutritional and 

South Carolina, and Washington have merce and the Interior) In such a man- economic values; and stipulstion that 

agreed to enforce the moratorium on the ner as may be mutually agreeable. and cetaceans may be taken only when the 

taw of marine mammals, including the Secretary (Commerce and the In- populations are at optimum lev&. 

making investigations and appearing ss terior) may enter into such contracts, At the November 1972 meeting of the 

witnesses in any subxq~nt judicfal w- leases, cooperative agreements, or other Inter-American Ropfeal Tuns Commistions. The services provided by ea& hmactions, as may be necesary to sion. the United States Delegation inState vary in scope and are related to the Cm out the purposes of the Act. formed other member nations of the retraditional incidence of marine mammals The NMFS has discussed cooperative quirements under the Marine Mammal 

and the need for enforcement activities. arrangements with the Departments of mtecfian Act. with foreign 

In Alaska, the enforcement efforts pro- Agriculture. Interior, Trammrtation. nations having tuna ffshing operations vided by the State are quite extensive and Treasur~. The Department of Agri- similar to those of, the United States 

and involves the part-time services of culture, acting under the Animal Welfare Ashfng indusb cannot be ftnalized until 

82 fish and wilae ofBce1s and Stste Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-5791, would the United States has adopted IWUhtorg 

troopers. and several patrol boats and enforce regulations .concerning the care provisions for its own ffshermen. The foraircraft. with each state, the eed and maintenance of marine mamma in eien catch of ~elknvfIn tuna in the Eastmonthly contra& cost is established by captivity prior to the effective date of ern Tropical Pacific amounts to about 

determining the relrrtive eff& req- the Act, specifying the manner in which 15 percent of the total annual yellowAn based on known considerations and po- the animals could be handled, trans- catch for that area. tenttal problems; These contracts iden- ported, and displayed. The regulations At the June 1973 session of the Intertify State odacers who fl be involved in would aka Specify the mlnbum stand- national Commission for the Northwest 

enforcement activities, including esti- ards for such facilities. Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF), the United 

mates of time and equipment to be used. A memorandum of understanding be- States indicated that conservation of 

In addition, periodic reports are requkd hefm the DePaTtmeItt of Commerce and harp and hooded seals should include 

by NMFS from each State under contra& the DepartnWztt of the Interior is pres- consideration of their. esthetic, recreawhich summrrrize work performed and ently being deveioped which would pro- tionsl, and ecological significance. related information so that future con- vide for the Department of the Interior Section 108(b) (1) (B) requires, in contracts can be directed toward the mast to assist the Department Of ~0~~erCe sulation with the Secretary of State, a 

effective utilization of Federal funds and in its implementation mponsibilifies un- comprehensive study of the provisions of 

State resources. der the Act in the idand s* and at the Act as they relate to the Interim 

Sections 109 and 112 or the ~ct author- designated ports of entry where the De- Convention on the conservation of ~orth 

ize Federal cooperation with the States of the Interior Presentl~ has Pacac Fur Seals. This is to determine 

in the handling and disposition of marine Sgenk stationed. The aW2eInent would what modifications may be required in 

mammals in distress, abandoned, or con- also provide at the Department of the provisions of the Convention, or the 

fkcated. ~hroughout the coasm are- Commerce assist the Department of the ~ct. or both. to make them consistent 

of the United States, the problem of Interior -Ugh enforcement of the Act with each other. This study is in pmg- beached marine mammals is of great on the highseas- ress and a reporb of findings is schedcollcem. The frequency with which ani- The Customs ~ervi& in the Treasury uled to be submitted to Congress by Ocmab are stranded varies greatly from Department will assist in carrying out tober 21. 1973. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

South African fur seals are considered 

a national resource and are under regulation by the Government of the Union 

of South Africa. Uruguay has a 8imilar 

interest in South American fur seals and 

South American sea lions which haul 

out on its territory. A request by the 

United States for determination of the 

desirabiliw of bilateral agreements for 

protection of these mammals haa been 

sent to both Governments pursuant to 

Section 108 (a) of the Act. 

A Government-wide decision has been 

made, with the concurrence of several 

prominent cumematton organizations, to 

seek the convening of an international 

ministerial meeting on marine zimnmals 

to be held late in 1974. Because of the 

large number of nations necessarily involved, time will be required for meeting 

arrangements and for preparatiom of 

positions on the new and complex issues 

involved in negotiating a meaningful convention for protection and conservation of all marine mammals. It wa8. 

therefore. considered unreaUstic by the 

Departments of State. Commerce, and 

the Interior to seek the convening of an 

international ministerial meeting before 

July 1, 1973. as called for in Section 108 

(a) (5) of the Act. 

The Convention on International 

Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 

Feu118 and Flora, negotiated in Februarg 

1973, and signed by the United States on 

March 3, 1913, considers "introductiaa 

from the sea" to be a farm of trade. 

Marine mammal species or their prod- ucfs which are covered by the Convention may not be bmughtinfromtheses, imported into, or exported from w 

other nation par& to the Convention 

except as provided for uuder the Convention. This provision may give some 

added protection to flve species of whale8 

end aEards some needed international 

protection to all monk 8eaIs. two spedes of elephant seals, four specie8 of fur 

se&, and the Ganges River dolphin. 

In accordance with an agreement between the United States and the Union 

of Soviet SocWist Republics for cooper- ation in environmental conservation, a 

meeting of a joint worldng group on the 

problems of nature and preserves waa 

held in Moscow January 2331,1973. The 

worm group dfscuased problems per- taining to the conservation and regula- tlon of marine mammal populations. The 

group agreed to the conduct of coopera- tive research on inventory methods. pop- ulation drnamia and ecology of walruses and ice seals; marking of set, fin 

and sperm whales for distribution and 

asse8sment Information; biological investigatiolls of gray and bowhad 

whales; and basic blolow of other 

northern marine mammals. 

Coordinated Pribflof Islands-Berfng Sea research. Fur seals of the mbilof 

Islands have been under study by scientists since 1867 when the Islands became 

a possession of the United States. Since 

1956. the seal population has been 

studied intensively in an effort to satisfy 

the requirements of the Interlm Convention on the Conservation of North Pacific 

Fur Seals. 

ongoing research has centered on development of information on causes of 

death among the young; determination 

of the number of pups born each gear; 

determination of numbers of living adult 

males and all dead fur seals found on the 

breeding and hauling grounds; and determination of age composition of the 

commercial kill. 

Because factors that control the popu- lation size of fur seals are not fully understood, NMFB proposed new research efforts designed to provide additional information for more effective 

management of the Pribilof fur seal 

herd. The research program, which entailed a cessation of commercial sealing 

on St. George Island. was presented by the United States to the North Pacific ~ur Seal Commission Meeting in Tokyo. 

~apan, on March 18-23, 1973. and 

adopted by that body. Major park3 of the 

program began this ear. Other aspects will be phased in during subsequent 

YW- The program is deslgned to determine 

changes in population size and age and 

sex cornpasition and how these relate to 

survival, mortal it^, and reproduction 

rates and behavior patterns. The pmgram will describe changes in the unharvested population and rookerg. areas: and 

monitor abuudance and distribution of 

Bering 8ea &sh and lnvertebrete stacks 

utilfied by fur seals and other marine 

mammals. 

Tuna-Porpoise rcsccrrch cmd &veZopment. A research program was developed 

to reduce incidental Hlling of porpoise 

taken in Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean 

tuna purse seine llshhe. The first priority 

is to respond to the mquirements of 8ectim 10l(a) (2) of the Marine Mammal 

Protection Act by reducing this mortality 

to a level approaching zero as quickly as 

possible; and secondly, to back this up with eirorts to estabUsh definitive information on the status of porpoise popuia- tions In the Eastern n:opical Pacific. 

In response to this problem. an expanded porpoise program was developed 

at the NMFS Southwest Fisheries Center, 

La Jolla. California. It is presently uu- derway and has three principal elements: 

(1) gear dynamics and development, (2) life Wries and survey, and (3) stock 

assessment. Most of the effort and research funds are being channeled into 

gear dmamh and development, since 

these appear to offer the greatest prom- ise of speedy and practical short-range reduction of mortality. The objective is 

to reduce incidental porpoise deaths in 

the tuna ffshery to zero. or as near it as 

possible, by pmvlding reaUtic solutions 

which are applicable for use by foreign fishing fleets as well as thcwe of the 

United States. The approach is to isolate 

all separate causes of mortalltles and to 

provide both preventive and remedial 

measures. 

ae life history and survey eIement is 

divided into (1) research on porpoise life 

studies. (2) an observer program, and 

(3) aerial assessment surveys.*.The life 

studies phase is essentially a continuatlon of ongoing studies of taxonomy, geographic distribution, life histories. 

mmth, reproductive rates and major 

causes of natural mortality of Eastern 

Tropical Pacific porpofses. The National 

Marine Fisheries Service observer - - . - . -- am- gram provides Gormation on pos 

killed incidentally in fishing operations, statistics on size and makeup of the 

catch, specimens to be used in life history studies and stock assessment, detailed observations of rescue operations during each tuna set, and other observations on porpoises and birds. Aerial observations with cameras and remote sensors. if they prove feasible, lRiu able 

rapid census of cetacean populations over 

vast oceanic areas. The practicality of 

this technique is still under study. 

The porpoise stock assessment studieses 

will incorporate observer data and results of ongoing we history studies and 

will lead to assessment of status of 

spotted porpoise (Stenella attenuuta) stocks ffrst. and later to spinner porpoise 

(S. Iongiwtrfs) and whitebelly porpoise (Delphinw delphfs) stocks. 

Public hearings for the pupxe of obtaining the views of interested parties on 

ways of improving commercial fishing 

methods and gear 80 as to reduce to the 

lowest practicable level the taking of 

marine mammals incidental to Commercial flshfng operations are scheduled on 

~uly 31. ign, in wasmutan. D.c., and 

On AWt 3. 1973, in Sm MWO, Callfornia. The NMFS will receive views of 

the public concerning a variety of propotds. including (a) requiring the use 

of a smaller mesh %fedha'* panel; and 

(b) requiring the trahbg of skippers of 

tuna vessels in the h8PdUI18 of thi8 tJrPB 

mar, including so-called "baclriag down" 

~Mcedcves 

PART 11. Cuaatffl: STATUS OF TB~ S~OCES 

OF MdaME AdblLM[dl8 

Introdwtfon. The fo11owing ''Report 

on the current status of stocks of Marine Mammals" was written and reviewed by scientists from universities. 

State agencies. and the National Marine 

Msheries Service. A list of the Scientists. 

who have assisted either by pr0Vfdi.t~ information or reviewing the status reports fs included in the report. 

Of the approximately 104 species of 

marine mammals throughout the world. 

status reports have been prepared for 66 

species which are of primary cow to 

the United States and are the respomi- bflity of the Secretary of Commerce 

under the terms of the MarhIe Wnmmnl 

protection ~ct. me ~ct requim a report 

not on4 on the status of each Marine 

mnmmal8pecie8, but also on the popUls- tion stocks. The population stocks of 0- 

a few inmine mammals have been delineatad and the effort needed to obtain 

info&tion on exotic population stocks 

is beyond the scope of research being carried out aC the present time. 

Iniormation about each species is summarized under six major headings. They 

are distribution and migration, abundance and trends. aeneral bi01ogp. ecological problems.. &location ppblems, and current research. Sele~ted~references 

are listed at the end of each species discussion. Summary information on existFEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGU 

NOTICES 20571 

Arcata, Calif.: and Fisheries Research 

Board of Canada. Nanaimo. The National 

Blarine Fisheries Service conducts research on this species incidental to a fur 

seal project on San Miguel Island OK 

California. 

Bigg, Michael A. 1973. Census of Callfornia sea lions on southern Vancouver 

Island, British Columbia. J. Mammal. 54: 

285-287. 

Bonnot. P. 1951. The sea lions. seals, 

and sea otters of the california coast. 

Calif. Fish Game. 37: 371-389. 

California Department of Hsh and 

Game. 1971. California's living marine resources and their utilization. Herbert 

W. Frey ted.). Calif. Dept. Fish Game, 

148 p. 

Carlisle. J. G.. and J. A. Aplin. 1966. 

Sea lions census for 1965 including 

counts of other California pinnipeds. 

Calif. Msh Game, 52: 119-120. 

1971. Sea lion census for 1970. including counts of other California pinnipeds. Calii. Fish Game, 57: 124-126. 

Daugherty, Anita E. 1972. Marine 

mammals of California, 2d rev. Cam. 

Dept. Fish Game. Sacramento, 90 p. 

DeLong. R. L. W. G. Oilltnae and 

J. a. Simp80n. 1973. Environmental pollutant residues fn parturient California sea lions: premature vs normal. Sdence 

(in Press). 

LeBoeuf. B. J.. and M. L. Bonnell. 1971. 

DDT in California sea lions. Nature 234: 

108-110. 

Mate. Bruce R. In press. Annual migra- tions of the sea lions Eumetopf&r jubatru 

and Zalophw c~ifornia~long the 

Oregon coast. In Symposium m the 

biology of the seal, Guelph. Ontario, 

A-t 14-17.1972. 

Oden. D. K. 1971. Censuses of pinnip- breeding on the California Channel 

mds. J. Mammal. 52: 187-190. 

un. studies on the biology of the 

California sea lion and the northern 

elephant seal on San Nicalas Island. 

California. PhD. thesis. Univ. calif., Les 

Angeles. 168 p. 

Om, R. T, J. ~chone&& and K. W. 

myon. 1970. The California sea lion: 

skull growth and a comparison of two 

po~ulations. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci, 4th 

Series. 37(11) : 381394, 

Peterson, R. 8.. and G. A. Bartholomew. 1967. The natural history and behavior of the California sea lion. Amer. 

Soc. Ahnmal. Spec. PubL No. 1.79 p. 

Peterson, R. S., and B. J. UM. 1969, 

Population studies of seals and sea lions. 

Trans. 34th N. Amer. Wfldl. Nat. Res. 

conr.. P. 74-79. 

Rice. D. W., K, W. Kenyon, and D. 

Uuch-B. 1965. Pinniped populations at 

Islas Guadalupe, Sac Benito. and Cedros. 

Baa California in 1965. Trans. San 

Mego 60c. Nat. His. 14(7) : 73-84. 

Ripley, W. E, K. W. cox, and J. i. 

Baxter 1962. California sea lion census 

for 1958. 1960. and 1961. Calif. Fish 

Game, 48: 228-231. 

Distribution and migration. The northern sea lion is found in continental shelf 

water frum the Sea of Japan and north- ern Honshu, Japan. northward around 

the North Pacific Ocean rim to the 

Okhotsk and Bering Seas and southward 

to the Califomfa Channel Islands. Some 

seasonal movements occur in parts of 

its range. Examples of such movements are diflerences in the winter and summer 

distribution of these animals in the Bering Sea. and the post-breedfng move- ments of males in central California. 

Abundance and Trends. -on and 

Rice (1961) estimated the world population at between 240,000 and 300.000 in 

1961. No pubUshed estimates of the total 

population have been made since that me. Alaska has 202 known rookeries 

and hauling grounds. The Alaskan population has increased considerably since 

the early 1900's and now exceeds 200.000 

and may be near maximum levels in 

many areas (Alaska Department ofph 

and Game, 1973). Since 1964, several 

thousand pups have been harvested an- nually in Alaska until 1973 when the 

Marine Mammal Protection Act became 

effective; 6,546 were taken in 1972. 

Kenyon and Weffer (1962) made six 

aerial and one surface survey along the 

Wa&i&on coast between 1949 and 1959 

and stated that the population did not 

exceed 500. Pearson and Verts (1910) 

estimated the Oregon population at 

1.078. The California Department of 

Flsh and Game makes periodic aerial 

censuses of sea lions in California. 

Carlisle and Aplin (1971) have given the 

following dsures for sea lions in California north of Pt. Conception: (1958) 

7,053; (1961) 6.675: (1965) 1.998; (1969) 

7.156; and (1970) 5.189. They consider 

these to be northern sea lions, although small numbers of California sea lions are known to occur north of Pt. conception 

at the time the census is made. 

The northern sea lion ranges to the 

Channel Islands group south of Pt. Conception. In the Channel Islands, the population peaked at about 2.000 in the late 

1930's and has declined since (Bartholomew. 1967). In 1972. the San M&uel 

Island population was estimated by DeLong (pers. comm.) at 30 to 35 plus a few 

PUPS. 

&d biology. The adult males grow 

to 3.0 m in length and over 900 kg in 

weight. Adult females reach 2.0 m and 

almost 300 kg. Males may mature sex- ually by age 5 years, but hold breeding 

teMtories ftrst at age 7 or 8. Femsles 

can produce young at age 5 or 6. Pupping 

takes place in June and early July and 

newborn pupa weigh 16 to 23 kg. Pemales 

breed 10-14 dam after parturition. Some 

pups remah with their mothers the ilrst 

Year. The. PUP sheds its dark chocolate 

birthcoat for tan adult pelage in the 

autumn of birth. The adult male maintains a territory 40 to 60 days, and the 

female may be tenWdal for several days 

after her pup is born. Northern sea lions 

favor isolated locations with some &elter, free access to the sea. anU freedom 

from human harassment. Colonies may 

become established on rock outcrops. 

boulder, cobblestone, and coarse sand 

beaches. The northern sea lion feeds on a variety of fish and cephalopwls. 

Ecological problems. Northern sea 

lions in some areas compete with other 

pinnipeds for rookery and hauling ground space. Excessive dis- by 

humans of sea lions on their rookeries 

and hauling grounds has caused the animals to abandon these areas. 

AUocation problems. Northern sea 

lions have damaged gear and destroyed fish in the halibut longline, salmon purse 

seine, gillnet, and troll fisheries. The 

species has stso destroyed herring in 

herring pots and has been accused of 

biting and sinkine inflated plastic buoys 

used to mark crab pots. This species has 

considerable esthetic and recreational 

value. 

Current research. This species has its 

center of abundance in Alaska where the 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game's 

management and research investigations 

have been directed primarily at determining abundan'ce and distribution, and 

the effects of harvesting operations on 

rookery po~ulation8. 

Alaska Department of Plsh and Game. 

1973. Alaska's wildlife and habitat. Van 

Cleve Rlntine. Anchorsge, 143 p. 

Bartholomew. a. A 1967. Seal and sea 

lion populatio~~s of the ~ornts lalands. 

P. 229-244 In PhW,rie& R. N. (ed.). 

hoc. Symp. on the biology of the Californla islands. Santa Barbara Botanic 

Garden. 

Bonnot, Paul. 1929. Report on the seals 

and sea Iions of California. 1928. CaIif. 

Fish Game. Ftsh Bull. 14.62 p. Carlisle. John G.. and J. A. Aplin. 1971. 

Sea lion census for 1970, including counts 

of other California pinnipeds. Calif. Fish 

Game. 57(2) : 124-126. 

Piscus. C. H.. and G. A Baines. 1966. 

Food and feeding behavior of Steller and 

Californis sea lions. J. Mammal. 47: 

195-200. 

Gentry, R. L. 1968. Censuses of Steller sea lions Aiio Nuevo Island during 1967- 

1968. P. 23-25 In Peterson, R. L. (ed.) 

Aiio Nuevo Reports. 2. Univ. of W.. 

Santa Crue 

Gentry. R. L. 1970. Social behavior of 

the Steller sea lion, PhD. thesis, Univ. 

Calif., mta CW. 113 p. 

Kenyon, K. W.. and D. W. Rice. 1961. 

Abundance and distribution of the Steller sea lion. J. Mammal. 42: 223-234. 

Kenyon. IC. W.. and V. B. ScheiTer. 

1962. Wildlife surveys along the northwest coast of Washingba MurreIet. 42: 

1-9. 

Mate. B. R. 1973a. Population kinetics 

and related ecology of pinnipeds alone 

the Oregon coast. Ph.D. thesis, Vniv. 

Oreg. Eugene, 92 p. 

1973b. Annual migrations of the sea lions Eumtopias jubatus and 2Mopi~w 

califomfanus along the Oregon coast. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 

l 
29,572 NOTICES 

Proc. Symp. on the Biology of the Seal. rookeries. the fur seals are in close con- birthplace. Ycung seals in their first ye GueIph, Ontario, Canada. tact with South Americsn sea lions. (November to October) muent pro- Mathisen. 0. A.. R. T. Baade. and R. J. Otaria Aavescens. MBfn causes of death tected bays and areas ne= thefr places Lopp. 1962. Breeding habits, growth and in order of importance are from sporadic of birth. 

stomach contents of the Steller sea lion storms, which wash large numbers of Abundunce and trends. No cment data 

in Alaska. J. Mammal. 43: 469-477. pups out to sea: the ~e~en-gilled shark; are available on the total mth African 

Nishiwski, M.. and F. Nagasaki. 1960. and probably the killer whale, which is fur seal population. however, Rand 

Seals of the Japanese coastal waters. common around the larger rookeries. The (1972) estimates about 19,500 mature Mammalis. 24: 159-4437. South American fur seal has 10 species of territorial males and about 273.000 maOrr, R. T.. and T. C. Poulter. 1965. The endoparasites. but no heart or lung ture females on ma-d and md 

pinniped population of Afio Nuevo Is- worms. Nasal mites infest this species. rookeries. Commercial ag now apland. California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ecolo&al problems. Offshore oil wells pears to be keeping the population fairly 32: 377-404. are planned in the near future which stable (op. cit.). Pirst year pups (about Pearson, J. P.. and B. J. Verts. 1970. may resul-t in an ecological hazard. 9 months) and a small (unknown) numAbundance and distribution of harbor Allocatum problem. The species has ber of second year an- & either 

seals and northern sea lions in Oregon. esthetic. educatlonal. and ~CO110mlc are harvested in the winter (June-gep- Murrelet. 51 : 1-5. values. The Government of Uruguay an- tember) , although .h cow are pro- Pike. G. C.. and I. B. MacAskie. 1969. II~ally hame& male fur seals on the tected top. cit). In 1~50, the wink 

Marine mammals of British Columbia. islands. The harvest in 1972 and 11.000 harvest totaled 27,289 pups and has inFish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 171, 54 p. and in 1973 will be 12.500. creased to 76.694 in 1971 (Laws, in press). Sandegren. E E. 1970. Breeding and Current Research. Long-term research The summer kill of surplus mt wes 

maternal behavior of the Steller sea lion On this ~~t?~ies is carried out by the Gov- (October-December) has deed from (Eumetopicrs jubata) in Alaska. MS ernments of Uruguay and Argentina In 3,000 in the early 1950's to 812 in 1969 

thesis. Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks. 138 p. addition, Short-term projects are car- (Rand. 1972). 

Smith. I. D. 1972. Sea lions wintering ried out by the Natural History Museum General bfologu. The adult lhales 

along the outer coast of Vancouver of Mo?kvideo and the Smithsonian weigh 2042417.6 kg and grow to 2.3 m 

Island. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29: 1764- Inst~tutlon. 10~: females weigh 90.7-113.4 kg and are 

1766. REFERENCES 1.5-1.8 rn long. In late October. when 

spading. D. J. 1964. Comparative peso ~lanco, J. del. 1911. de la most of the older PW are w-ed. the 

feedlop hsbits of the fur seal sea lion, mpubllca o dcl Uruguay. ~ranada, f$ a&&~esan~~ toOt 

and harbour seal on the British Columbia Spain, 27 p. coast. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.. Bull. 146.52 p. Pem-mn- &.la. Mome sobre females arrive about a later- In 

Sorw ~RICAN rn SEAL la industria lobera (ciento diez afios de and December* the re- explotacibn de la industria lobera en male bears a *ae pup (- - -) * 

(Arctocephalus awtrdis) nuestro pais). Informe sobre la industria &ys labre then laVe8 its PUP 

~&&ibti~~ & ,,,inam. mo mgior pesquera national. 1943, publicado pot for the time and.feeds *or dws 

populations of the South American fur anfdo 0c-M- Y de Paa~ ~~cl~~d~~

seat, idenMe only by size, are found. Montevideo y cia.. 70 Pa 

one on the Palttland (mas m- Smith. mh M. 1927. The Uruguwan 7-10 dam at sea Imphntatfon of the 

vjns) and the other on -t,l Urn- fur-seal bhIldS ZOOIOW 9t6) : 271-294. in the utents is rmtft 

guapirn~~.~rpopulation~ of this va~ Perreira, Rsul. 1950. Om- April Or Thus* wtfon is 

species in menm, Chile, and dones sobre la Isla de Lobos. Revista monm* but be lo- for 

-. The aat~ are on the ~ruguagan de la Facultad de Humanidades y that mate forthe5rst time in 

breeding grounds in November and De- am. MoIlteHde~. UntguaY, 5:145- their year. At the pup ls 

caber. and offshore up to 200 miles east 176- about 0.76 m long and av- 6.4 kg. 

on the edge of the continental phtfom 1956. FXdogia terrestre de Arctocephcr- Food caasists Of ftsh. cephaloPods* and 

durim the austral winter. ex- Ltu austrcJfs (Ztmmermann) ("lobe fin") various - crustscesns. 

northem -rd for the South en 18.5 UIlXUayaS. &WiCiO OceallO- The South Afrfcan has &omfur seal was of one identlfled at Rlo de mMC0 y de - -0s sobre - ztLTz 2 &ZdtinymiE J8neiro. BrazU de Ubos y lob snarinos, 2:1-22. 

~b~ndu~~ ad trends. ~n 1972, the VBZ FkITeh, Rsul, and Blanca Slernr in the nasal and pulmm tubar* 

umy811 mulation was =hted at de Soriano. 1961. Division funcional del and an ecto-itic louse252.000. This population grew from an hft,bitrt te-h 9 e~tntct- de l~ -- W~~~alm~&~G~ lad killer 

estimated 129,000 in 1960 to an estimated de Arctocephalus ~~~,-lrffon mlem. ~~~al mermen 

tralis (Zimm-)' estudio -"' engage in scattered and megal ldlllng of 174'000 in lg6'. Other populatiom are Rev. Fac. Bum. Cienc. 19:253-260. also increasing. Information on abundand trrnds was I-M by Xlm- 1963. &ecuen& y re^^^^ gz=BeEe lsaias mbne~ uruguagan mvenunent fluctuaciones estacionales en la poblacion 

biologist. de Arctocephalus australis en algunas dm feed On * 

zonas de la Isla de Lobos. Rev. Inst. In- ProtrudiZW the Of Otter 

Genercrl M"low. Adult males On the vest. Pesq. l(2) :141-158. trawl nets or taken by line flsheries. 

Falkland Islands grow to 159 kg, whereas Current research. A marking program those in uruguay reach om 136 kg: the In press. Prellmfnsr la re- on mm mes is carried out w the 

females weigh 3348 kg. Males are poly- de AICtOCtPhcrlus en south and Bouth West Airican govern- gamous and establish territories in early la Lsla - = las de ments to measure herd size, annual re- November. Most of the pregnant females Polonio- TrabaJos v Gongs' cruitment, natural and harvest mortalitY, arrive on the rookeries in mid-November, de and movements. 

and form small harems of about six Som AParcnn (CAPE) FOR SEAL 

animals. Within 6-7 days, each female ILEmCES 

bears a single pup and breeds 2-3 days (ArctocephcrLus pusillus) Franca. Pedro da. 1967. Sur la presence later. The pup is usually weaned by July. Distribution and migration. The South d'ArctocephaI1~~ pwiUus (Schreber) although some may nurse for nearly a African fur seal breeds on the mainland (Otariidae) et de Mirounga Ieonina 

year. Most males first breed at age 7 and and coastal islands of southern Africa (Linne) (Phocidae) au sud de l'llngola. the females at age 3. Uterine imphnta- from Cape Cross (South West Africa) Mammalfs 31(1) : 50-54. 

tion of the blastacyst probably occurs in to Algoa Bay (South Africa). This King. Judith E. 1964. Seals of the 

March. Gestation. including the period species shows no definite seas?nal migra- world. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, of delayed implantation, lasts nearly one tion, but disperses wfdely whlle feeding. 154 p. 

year. Most of the animals leave the rook- A marked adult was seen in deep-sea Laws. R. M. (In press.) The current 

eries during the austral winter. On the trawling grounds 450 miles from its status of seals in the Southern HemiFEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 20573 

sphere. IUCN/SSC Working Group of 

Threatened and Depleted Se& of the 

World; Guelph. Ontario. August 1972. 

Rand. R. W. 1955 Reproduction in the 

female cape fur seal, Arcbcephalw 

pwUw (Schreber). Proc. ZooL 8oc. 

Undo& 124: 717-740. 

1959. The Cape fur seal (ArctocWbdw 

pusiUus). IHstribution. abundance and 

feeding habits odt the southwestern coast 

of the Cape Province. Div. Sea PYsh. 

Invat. ~ep. 34. PP. 1-75. 

1967. The Cape fur-sesl (Ar~tOC~phcrlW 

pwiUus). 3. General behavior a Iand 

and at sea. Mv. Sea Ftsh. Invest. Rep. 

60.39 p. 

1972. Corrsavatian of Cepe fur seels. 

Text of a lecture delivered to Wildlife 

6ociety, Transvaal Branch, 7 Nov. 1972 at 

Johannesburg. 

1972. The Cape fur seal (Arctoceplurlw 

pwmw). 4. Estimates of population size. 

Div. Sea Ffsh. Invest. Rep. 89.28 p. 

Visser, John. 1967. CatChlne 8011th 

Mrla fur seals. Zoon~ 40(2) : 15-19. 

Dhttributfon and mimatbn. The distribution of A. totomend in the 18th and 

Z9th centurlea is unknowm The Guadalrrpe fur seal was belleved extinct dtalng 

two periods (1895-1926; 1928-49). One 

adult male was observed on San Nicolas 

Island in 1949, and breeding animals 

were redhovered & Guadalupe Island 

in 1954. Subsequently individual animals 

have been reported at Cedros Island. 

Bafa California and others have been 

sighted on San raguel Zsland each year 

,since 1968. 

Abundance and trtnds. Tbe last t3uadalum fur sesl was commercialb harvested from the islands of muthem Callfornfa and Baja CaHfornia in 1894. The 

papulations of Ciuadalape fur seals on the G- and 88P BenltO Islands 

apparently once nrrmbered in the thousands. Rice & el, (19%!5) counted 285 of 

these mnmmnl.p on Guadatupe Msud 

and suggested that the population was growing raddly and may contain as many as 600 animals. including those 

in the water. 

GeberaZ Mob911. Bbloglcal information on this species fs scarce. No specimens have been collected since their recent ndisooverg. The males are almost 

1.8 m long. Males appear somewhat 

6maller and females considerably larger 

than CalZorhinus ursfnw. A. tomas& 

can be separated from C. ursfntu by its 

narrow, pointed muzzle and the exkenston of pelage beyond the wrtst onto the 

donnrm of the foreflipper. It is separated 

from Zdophw caZifornbnus by its disttnctive underfur. 

The PUPS are born in June and July. 

Although breeding has not been observed. a wt parturn estrus probably 

occurs, which would extend the breedins period into August. The adult males 

establish territories in isdated caves that have access to the sea or among 

large boulders close to the splash zone. Single or small UPS of breeding ter- 

.ritories are distributed along 20 Ian of 

the eastern shoreline of Guadalupe IsIand. The harems contain 1-10 females 

The feeding habits of k toumsendi are unknown. The adult males apparently spend considerable time at sea; all 

sightings at other islands have occurred 

during the nonbreeding seasoa The females may not migrate long distances 

from Guadalupe Island. Ecolo~ problem. Increasing numbers of human visitors to Guadalw 

&land are wbkcting the Pnimals to 

more disturbance. Plans exist to develop 

the island for the tourist trade. Such development would increase disturbance 

and could reduca the amount of available breeding habitst for fur seals. Because they breed onlo on Ouadalupe 

Island, the seals need complete pmtec- tim from undue disturbance and habitat modification. 

Ahation mobw. None known. 

Current rcsearch. The University of 

California makes perfodic censuses of 

this species. 

RErEiuxCES 

Rubbs. Carl L 1956. Back from obXivion; Guadalw fur seal: still a living 

species. Pac. Disc. 9<6) : 1CZl. 

Peterson, R. 9, C. L. Hubbs, R. L. 

Gentry, and R. L DeInng. 1968. The 

Mupe fur seal; habitat, behavior, 

population size, and field identification. 

J. Banmmal. 49: 66-15. 

Peterson. R. S.. and Donald EL Rammy. 1969. Reproductive behavior of the 

auadalupe fur seal. Pmc. Biol. Sonar 

and Diving Mammal Conf., Stanford 

Res. bt.. p. 35-43. 

Repennfng, CharIa. A., R. 8. PeterSOI, and c. L. HUMS. ign. conzributioll~ 

to the mtematia of the muthem fur 

seal, with particular refereme to the 

Juan Fernandez and Guadalupe species. 

Antarctic F%mipedia, Antarctic Res. 

Ser. 18 : 1-34. 

Rice. D. W. K. W. Kenyon. and D. 

Ltuch-B. 1965. PInniped populations at 

Islas Guadalupe. San Benito. and Cedros, Baja CaWomia, in 1965. Trans. San 

Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 14!7) :73-84. 

Scheffer. V. B. 1958. Seals, sea lions. 

and walruses: a review of the Pinnipedia, Word Univ. Press. 179 p.+32 

Pb. 

Mstn7n&nt and mfqr- &fost of 

.the animals are on their breeding 

grounds fnrm May through November 

to bear young and to breed. They otherwfse are found at sea along the continental shelf from the Bering Sea mth 

along both sfdes of the North Paca 

Ocean to latitude 32' N. Some intermingling of eastern and western PsdfIc 

populations occurs at sea and on land, 

primarily amone males yotmger than 

age 6 years. 

Abundance and trends. Beginning in 

1956, a program of reducing the population of Pribilof Islands fur seals was 

begun with the expectation that the rate 

of survival would improve (Rappel et 

al., 1963) and result in an increased yield 

of pelts. By 1968, it had become evident 

that the herd had been reduced to a level somewhat below that of maximum 

sustainable yield, and that an increase 

in the number of pups born was desirable. Thus, no female fur seals have been 

harvested in the Pribilof Islands since 

1968 with the expectation that the population would increase. However, less than 

average survival of several year classes, 

the cause of which is not understood. 

has prevented the expected increase. In 

1969 and 1970 the number of pups born was estimated to be 304,000 and 306.000. 

respectively, and in the past the maximum yield of furs was produced when 

about 400.000 PUPS were bom. In the 

1969-72 period when no females were commercially harvested .on the Pribilof 

Islands, an average of about 37,500 males were taken. 

Apparently the Commander Islands 

fur seals have not bewme reestablished on a considerable portion of their original rookery area. Consequently. this 

population should increase to a higher 

level. It is Hrely that the Robben Island 

population is near the maximum. John- son (1972) estimates the abundance of 

northern seals by breeding islands. 

as follow: 

Estimated number of 

Locationoffu7 nottheruyuraeald aeal moke&a (in thowonda) 

mbIlof I8lsmk ----------- - -------- 1.200 

&In Mlgue1 Island ----,,,,,-,--,-,,-- <1 

Coaunander Islandg -,-,,,-----,, 265 

Robben Islmd -,,----, ,,- ----- - 166 

KurllIslmn&---,-------,-------- - 15 

Tow ,------,-,,,,,,,,-,--, 1.64s 

General bidogtl. The adult male 

weighs 227-318 kg. and the female 3859 

kg. Newborn pups average 4.5 (female) 

to 5.4 kg (male). The male is polygamous 

and establishes his territory in Late May 

and ear4 June. Most of the pregnant females arrive on the rookeries in late 

June and early July, when they form 

harems of 1-100 animals. Within 3 days 

of her arrival, the female bears a single 

pup (twins are rare). Weeds 2 days later, 

then begins nursing-feeding cycles Of 2 

days on land and about 8 dam at sea 

within a 200-mile radius. Implementation of the blastocyst is delayed until 

November. Most of the males first breed 

at age 10, and few live longer than 15 

years. Immature fur seals arrive in 

descending order of age, the males beginning in mid-June and the female in 

late July. Some 1-year-olds haul out in 

September and October. but most fur 

seals return ftrst at age 2. Most of the 

animals have left the rookeries by I)ecember. The adult males winter in northern warn pregnant females usually migrate as far south as southern C8lifornia. and young antmnln of both sexes 

are found throughout that range. 

The main causes of death among pups on the rookeries are, in order of importance: emaciation-malnutrition sm- drome. hookworm disease, bacterial infections. iniuries. and wrinatal hemorrhagtc kmdrorne. pathogenic bact 

thus far isolated Include: Clostridaum 

perfrfngerur ?'roteus mirabilis. SCJ~WneZZa entenditis, and Leptospira sp. A 

FEDERAL BISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
20574 NOTICES 

psittacosis group vim has been reported, but the clinical syndrome caused 

by the agent has not been described. 

Three other virus fsolates from diseased 

fur seal PUPS are presenW being characterized. 

The fur seal has filariid warms, 

stomach ascarids, inkstinal flukes, 

cestodes. hookworms, sad acanthocephalans, and nasal mites, but no heart or lung worms. Hookworms and sucking lice parasitize the newborn. 

Ecol&d probLms. Northern fur 

seals concentrate within their body tlssues contaminants such as pesticides 

and hem metals. For example. mercury compounds have been found in fur seal 

liver. large quantities of which have beeu 

eaten by residents of the Pribilof Islands. 

No evidence exists thst consumption of 

fur seal liver has been a health hazard. 

but following the discovery of mercury 

in this organ. little liver has been eaten 

by the people. The effect of contaminants on the health of fur seals is unknown. 

Allocation problems. In the North 

Paciflc Ocean and Bering Sea, fur seal 

and commercial dsheries may be in 

competition for the same species of flsh. 

Harvesting of fur seals on the Pribilof 

Islands has been criticized in recent 

-S by enimai protection OWtions that would prefer esthetic and educational rather than economic use of the 

resource. 

Current research. Long-tenn research 

is ifnanced and carried out by the Governments of Japan. Canada, the VSS.R.. 

aad the United States. Short-term projects are frequently carried out oa the 

Pribilai Islands by universi8 profeswrs or graduate students. 

In 1973 St. George Island was designated by the North Padtlc Rxr Seal Cornmtssion as an area of intensive research 

where no commercial harvest would take 

place for some period of years. 

Anas. R. 1970. Mercury found in fur 

seals. Comm Fish. Rev. 32(12) : 3. 

Anas. R. E.. and A J. Wilson, Jr. 1970. 

Organochlorine pestMdes in nursing fur 

seal pups. Pest. Monit. J. ((3) : 114-115. 

Chapman. D. G. 1964. A critical study 

of Pribilof fur seal population estimates. 

US. Fish Wildl. em., Fish. Bull. 63(3) : 

657-669. 

Johnson, A M. In press. The status of 

northern fur seal populations. In Symposium on the Biology of the Seal, 

GUelph. Ontario. August 1617, 1972. 

Kenyon, K. W., V. B. Scheffer, and D. 

a. Chapman. 1954. A population study of the Alaska fur seal herd. U.8. Pbh 

Wildl. sem, spec. 8ct Rep. WildL 12, 

77 D. 

 eyes, M. C. 1965. Psthology of the 

northern fur seal. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 

147(10) : 1090-1095. 

North Paciflc Fur Seal Commission. 

1965. North Pacific Fur Seal Commission 

Report on Investigations from 1958 to 

1961. Kenkyusha Co, Tokyo, 183 p. 

1969. North Psciftc Fur 8eal Commission Rewrt on Investigations from 1964 

to 1966. K- Co.. T-0. 161 p. 

Roppel. A. Y, A. M. Johnson, R. D. 

Bauer. D. G. Chapman, and F. Wilke. 

1963. Fur seal in~e~tig~tion~. Pribllof Islands. Alaska. US. Fish Wlldl. Serv., 

spec. Sci. Rep. FIsh. (54, p + 101 p. 

HARBOR SEAL 

(Phoca vftulina) 

Distniution and migration. The harbor seal is found in the North Atlantic 

Ocean from the ice pack south to France 

and Georgia and in North Pacific Ocean 

waters from the Arctic Ocean south to 

Bafa Califomia and southern Japan and 

Korea. Populations that breed on the ice 

in the Bering and Okhotsk Seas are distinct from those that breed on land. 

P. v. Iwghu, the ice-inhabiting form. 

lives in the seasonal pack ice in winter 

and spring, bearing and nurturing its 

pup there, and moves toward the coasts 

when the ice retreats. The coastal forms 

(P. v. sichardi and P. v. ku+flemis in the 

North Pacific; P. v. vftulfna and P. 0. 

concolor in the North Atlantic) are more sedentary. The harbor seal is the predominant near-shore seal in ice free waters north of 35" N. latitude. 

Abundance and trends. Overall, the 

world population of harbor seals appears 

to be high and stable. About 750,000 are present in the North Pacific area (Alaska 

Department of Fish and C3ame, 1973; 

Bigg, 1969; Chapskii. 1966) and about 

150,000 in the European North Atlantic 

region (Chapskil. 1966). 

General Molooy. Harbor seals of aU 

subspecies are of medium size; large 

adults of both sexes are from 160 to 180 cm long and weigh from 130 to 150 kg. 

Pups weigh from 9 to 12 Itg and are 

about 80 to 90 cm lorig at birth. Adults 

of the ice-inhabiting form pair in March 

for the duration of the breeding season. 

and a white-coated PUP is born to each 

pair, on the ice. usually in March or April. Adults of the coastal form congregate on islets and bear dark-coated pups, 

E2:&?26"%zin%2 E: 

the weight is more than doubled: Wes 

of both forms become 8exua11~ mature 

at 4 to 5 years of age; females at 3 or 4 years. Breeding is annual, and the pe- riod of pregnancy (including delayed implantation) is about 10.5.months. Maxi- mum longevity is at least 35 years. Adults 

of both forms are gregarious outside the 

breeding season. The diet of the harbor 

seal. which varies 8ccordlng to season and location of specific populations. includes primarUS pelsgic, demersal, and 

anadromous fishes, cephalopods, and 

crustaceans. Almost all of the adult seals 

have aaisa$id round wonas and CoryImomid acanthocephahm and, occaSionallY. high irlfestati011s of anopluran lice. The latter seem associated with 

fllarial heart worms and may be vectors. 

Toxoplasma has been reported in captive animals. but its presence in wild seals Is 

not verified. 

Ecological problems. In some parts of 

its range, the harbor seal contributes to 

high worm infections in fish. notabb codfish. This antmal is extremely sensitive to 

disturbance. and may leave an area temporarils or even permanently after con- tinuai harassment by people, equipment. 

or aircraft. Contarninstion of the en- vironment with pesticides, heavy metab, 

and other contaminants may be a problem for the land-breeding harbor seal 

because it frequently inhabits the relatively closed waters of bays and estuaries 

where these contaminants are likely to 

concentrate. 

Allocation problems. These seals damage commercial tlshing gear and compete 

with man for such fish as herring, smelt. 

whitefish, and salmon. 

Current research. Ongoing research in 

California, Washington. British Columbia. Alaska, the USSR.. and Japan is 

aimed toward the identification of North 

F'acMc populations and describing their 

distribution and movements, reproductive biology, feeding habits, growth, 

physiology, and ecology. 

REFERENCES 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

1972. Testimony presented to Senate Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere. 

Nome. Alaska, May 11. 12, and 13. 1972. 

Serial No. 92-56, US. Gov. Print. Oft.. 

Wash.. D.C. 

1973. Marine mammal status repork. 

Unpublished, Juneau. Alaska. 

Bigg. M. A. 1969. The harbour seal in 

British Columbia. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 

Bull. 172.33 p. 

Bishop, R. H. 1967. Reproduction, age 

determination, and behavior of the harbor seal. Phoca vituIina L.. in the CSuU of 

Alaska. M. S. thesis, Univ. Alaska. 121 p. 

Bonner, W. N. 1972. The gray seal and common seal in European waters. 

Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 10: 461- 

501. -- . 

Burns. J. J. 1970. Remarks on the distribution and natural history of pagophilic pinntpeds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. 3. Mammal. 51 : 445454. 

Burns. J. J. and F. H. Fay. 1972. Comparative biology of Bering Sea harbor 

seal populations. Paper presented at 23d 

Alaska Sci. Conf., Fairbanlrs. AK. Aug. 

1972. 

Bychkov. V. A. 1971. Pinnipeds of the 

USSR. P. 59-74 In Shaposhnikov. L. K. 

(ed.), Review of the status of USSR 

Pinnipedia conservation. Min. Sel. Khoz. 

SSSR. Tsent. Lab. Okhr. Prir, Moscow. 

Transl. IPST 650946. 

Chapskii. K. & 1966. Sovremennoe 

smtoyanie i zsdachi vosstanovleniya resursov morskogo meroboinogo promysla 

(Present state and tasks of the restoration of resources of marine trapping). 

Tedsy 3-go V-. So~eshch. mch. 

Morsk. Mlek., Moskva-Leningrad, 

"Nauka" 

Galster, W.. and J. Burns. 1972. Accumulation of pesticides in Alaskan 

marine mammals. Paper presented at 23d 

Alaska Sci. conf.. Fairbanks. AIC. Aug. 

1972. 

MansAeld. A. W. 1967. Distribution of 

the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina Linnaeus. 

in Canadian arotic waters, J. Mammal. 

48: 249-257. 

Naito, Y., and M. Nishiwaki. 1972. The 

growth of two species of the harbour seal 

in the adjacent waters of Hokkaido. Sci. 

Rep. WhalesRes. Inst.. 24: 127-145. 

FEDERAL REGI!XER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUn 1. 1973 
NOTICES 

Distribution and migration. The ringed sea3 is circ-tic in distmutlon in the 

ice pack In the North Wac Ocean it is 

found in the Bering, ChukchL and 

Okhotsk Seas and in the permanent ice 

pack of the Polar Baain In winter, most 

ringed seals occupy press of land-fast ice. 

but nonbreeding adults and juveniles 

w be found wherever ice occurs APparentlg. animals wintering in the Bering and Chukchl8eas move northward 

fnsprtnsasthelcerecedesandwuthward In autumn as it advances again. whereas thw in the Canadian Arctic 

may reside year-round in the same locslity. In western Alaska, the riaged seal is 

the dominant near-shore seal during months when sea ice is present and & replscea by the hmr seal during &-free 

months. A small proportion of the 

population. mainly ju~es, remains in 

ice-free areas of the Bering Sea during 

summer. 

Abundunce and trends. Counts of 

ringed seals on land-fast ice along the 

northern coast of Alaska made fn U70 

(Burns and Harbo, 1972) indicated that 

the density of resident animatn varh 

from 5.36 per muam mile in the Chukchi 

Sea between Point Lsg and Walnmight. 

to 1.06 per square rniie in the Eeaufort 

Sea between Oliktok and Flaxman Island. Overall. the population in the Bering and Chukchi 8esrs appears h&h and 

Is probsbb stable. Estimates of pop- tion ske made by the Soviets are ditHhllt 

tocPsluatebecausethegrecoenieethne 

su~es with overlaming ranges The 

Soviets estimate that the total popula- tionof P.hbpi&isSto6miwo~) (Chap8k4 1966) ; P. h. hCPpfdcr (North Atlantic 

and Arctic Ooesns) at 2.500.000: P. h. 

krcrscheninikooi (western Bering 8ea) at 

12.000 (Shastov. 1969) ; and P. h ocb 

(Okhdsg Sea) at 800.000 to 1.000,- 

000 -Is (PedOseeV, 1969. from Bgchtov, 1971). The Alaska Deinutment of 

Ftsh and same (1973) estimates the B~zine-Chukchi Seas ~opulatio~) at about 

250,000 rinsed 8d8. The total US.- 

U.S.S.R. harvest is mted at 12.000 to 

16,000 seals annually in the Btllng and 

Chukc4i seas. Almast all of these acals 

aretakenbpshore-baaed hunters because 

the animal8 are not numerous in areas 

where Soviet sealing vessels operate. 

QenenrZMokWy.Theringedsesl&the 

8mallest of the northem seals. The adulta 

ofbothsenagmartoahut125cmand 

66 kg. A few individuals, usually females. 

became muoh larger. The animals undergo marked seasonal changes in weight, belug heaviest in mid- to late win*. The 

PUPS are born with white costs from 

Marolr to early April in a birth lair within 

au ice pressure ridge or mder drifted 

snow. Newborn animals are 55 to 65 cm 

long and weigh abut 4.0 kg. The Weight of the pup is tripled during a 4- to 6- 

week nursing period. Males become sexual& mature at 6 to 8 years of age. females at 5 to 7 years The ringed seal 

breeds annually, has a 103-month pe- 

, riod of premmcy (indudin8 delayed implantation), and is probably monogramous. Maximum longevity exceeds 35 years. Ringed seals tend to be solitary but congregate in areas favorable for feeding, along extensive tide cracks in land-fast 

ice, and during sessoPlsl migrations. The 

diet of these seals varies considerabb. depending on their location and water 

depth. In dm Alaska, this mammal 

feeds mainly on mysids, amphipodr. euphausids, shrimps, Uron cod Polar 

cod, and sculpin. These animals commonly have internal 

pamsites, incluu round worms. 

acanth-, and ano~luran lice. 

~cdootcd problmu. None known 

AUocatfon problems. None known. 

Cawrent r~beurch. The State of Alasltrr 

monitors the Eskimo harvest and conducts some biological research in conjunction wtth other programs. canads 

coplducts research on the ringed seal. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

1973. Marine mammal ststus reports. Unpublished report. Juneau, AE 

Burns. J. J. 1970. Remarks on the distribution and natural hi?017 of pagophilic pinnipeds in the Benng and Chukchi Seas. J. Mammal. 51 : 445-454. 

Bums, J. J., and 5. J. Harbo, Jr. 1972. 

An aerial census of ringed seals, northern coast of Alaska Arctic. 25:279-290. 

Bfchkov, V. A. 1971. Flnnipeds of the 

USSR. P. 59-74 In Shamv, 4 1. 

(a). Review of the stab of USSR 

Pimipeafa conservation. Ian. Sel, ghoe 

SSR, Tsent. Lab. Okhr. Prir, Momow. 

Trsnsl. IPST 650946. 

Chapskii, & & 1966. [Present State 

andtaslwoftherestora~ofreim~ 

af marine trappine.1 Teelsy 3-0a 

~SeSOyuProgo so- Po leucheniyu morsldkh mleka~itaYIa&&&h. 

Moscow, "Nauka." 

Fay. F. H. 1973. The roIe of lce fn the 

ecology of marine mad of the Be&u 

Sea. Pam presented at International 

Symposium for Bering Sea Study. 30 

Jm.4 Peb. 1972. -te J- <In 

press.) Johnson. M. L. C. H. Fiscus. B. T. 

Ostenson, and M. L. Barbour. 1966. 

Marine mammals. P. 817-924 In Wtllmovslcy, N. J., and J. N. Wolfe teals.). 

Environment of the Caw Thompson Region, Alaslra US. Atomic Energg Corma, 

Oak Ridge. Tenn. 

McLaren. I. A. 1958. The biology of the 

ringed seal (Picoca Mspidcr Wmber) in 

the eastern Canadian arctic. Fish. Res. 

3d. Can. Bull. 118.97 p. 

Tlkhomfrov, E. A. 1966. 011 the mroduction of the seals beloxuhx to me 

family Phoddae in the North Pacific. 

ZooL Zhur. 45(2):275-281. (Ransl. by George Tschuikow-Roux, Aulte Bay BbL 

Lab.. Juneau. A&) 

aaay strrr. 

Disttibiction and migration. The gray 

seal inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean. 

wfth major pogulations in eastern Canada, Iceland, and northwestern Europe. 

Dispersion, particularb by P'- from 

the Canadian breeding coloniea in late 

spring and summer presumably accounts 

for most of the gray seals seen scattered 

along the coast of Msiae. The tendency for adults to disperse is far less, although they at times make pro- local 

movements. One animal tagged in eastern Canada was recently Wen off western Norway. 

Abundance and t~emb. The world pop- ulation is estimated at 50.000 to 60.000 

animals, with about two-thirds of these 

animnls in the British Isles (Banner, 

1972). AU populations have been increasing until rw:ently, but now ~ppear to be 

stxuizw (OP. dt.). A small colony of 

10-15 anfmaln Was recent& -discovered - . - . -. - an - - 

Muskeget Wanrl. Massachu8ett8. 

GcRed Mology. The averam length of 

adult males is 2.4 m andof fdes.2.0 m. 

The average weight and length a2 the 

newborn PUOS are 13.6 kg and 0.9 m. 

respectively. pups of the ~anadian and 

Baltic populatim are born mostly in 

February, whereas those in BdWn are 

born mostly In September-Octaber. At 

birt?h the pups are covered with a white 

natal coat, which is replaced by one of 

stiff hair with a distinctive pattern after 

3to4weeks.The~~psareweanedin 

about 3 weeks. at which time mating 

occurs. The adult seak feed chiedy on 

slcstes, macl;eret flounders. cod hate, and herring; and acaasionally 6aln~1n, 

smelt, haddock. sea basa doakh, auid. 

and crustaceans. 

Ecdogtca;L problem$. People occasionally harass the nnlmalr and we them 

for target practice. 

AZZocution problem$. In eedfernEumpe 

they compete for commerclsl fishes and 

destroy IbhW gear, and in Cansde, the 

gEgp seal Is an ixmorwlt reda at or of 

&&ore herring talc& oommkcirrllp. Current rcsmclc. Resear& on biology, 

ecology. and populations continues by Canadian and British Qoveminent.6 and 

private groups. Some work is also being carried out by the University of Iufassachusetts on Muskeget Island and by the 

State of MaSne. 

RlwznmJa 

Andrews, J. C, 'and P. R. Mott. 1967. 

Gray seals at Nantucket. Massachusetts. 

J. Mammnl. 48 : 657-658. 

Backhouse. & M, and n. R. Hewer. 

1957. A Pote on spring puppine in the 

grey seal IHaliclroenu mypua Fsb.). 

Proc. Zool. Soc. London 128t4): 593- 

594.1 PI. 

Bonner, W. N. 1972. The grey seal and 

common seal in Europeaa WotUS. 

Oceamgr. .Mat. Biol. AM. Rev. 10: 461- 

507. 

Cameron, A W. 1967. Breedfng behavior in a colony of western AtJantie 

gray seals. Can. J. ZooL. 45: 161-173. 

Dubrovskii. A. N. 1937. On the biologg of the grey seal <Hulfc?bomu PrlYPW 

Fabr.) . Priroda, No. 2, P. 107. 

FebManntldd, A. W. 1963. Seals of arctic 

and eastern Canada Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 

Bull. No. 137. 

1966. The grey seal in eastern Csnada 

waters. Can. Audubon. 28: 161-166. 

Smith, E. A. 1966. A review of the 

world's grey seal population. J. ZOOL 

150: 463-489. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38. NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
Distn'bution and migration. GeographicaI4. the ribbon seal is separable into 

the Okhotsk and Bering-Chukchi Seas 

populations, and interchanges between 

these two groups are not lmow to occur. 

In the latter. group. the center of nbundnnca is in the central Bering Sea. The 

ribbon seal bears and nurtures its pup on 

the sea ice. During winter and spring, the entire population is concentrated 

along the southern edge of the seasonal 

ice pack. Only n few ribbon seals re& 

with the ice edge as it retreats northw8rd through Bering Strait. In summer 

and autumn, ribbon seals are believed to 

be pelngic, mainly in the ice-free Bering 

sea. 

Abundance and trends. The population of ribbon seals is relatively low and has 

been mkedly reduced by commercisl 

sealers of the Soviet Union during the 

last 10 years (Alaska Department of Fish 

and Gnme. 1973). US. citizens harvest 

very few ribbon seals. The Alaslta Depmtment of Fish and Gnme (1973) estimates that the population probably does 

not ace& 100.000 snimsls. and Soviet 

estimates indicnt8 a population of 80.000 

to @O.OOO. Commercial hunting b.v the 

USSR has reduced the population of 

these seals, but measup hnve been 

tnken to limit' the mual harvest. In 

the harvest is usually less than 

2M) per year. 

Genera2 bidoW. Adults of both sexes 

average 155 cm in length and 80 kg in 

weight. A very large 23-ye(rr-old female 

obt6inedinMarchwuscanJringanearterm fetus. This seal was 179.7 cm long with n girth of 1143 cm, a blubber thickneas of 6.1 om, and a weight of 1483 

kg. Pups are born as whitecoats from 

late March to mid-April and average about 10.0 kg and 80 cm. The pup nurses 

for about 4 weeks, in which the its 

weight is tripled. Males become sexuaV 

mature between 3 and 5 yean, of age: 

fernales between 2 and 4. The species 

breeds annuaUy, and pregnancy (in- cluded delayed implantation) probably bb 10.5 months. Maximum longevieY is estimated at 26 ye-. The diet of these 

seals during late winter and early spring (fn the ice edge zone) includes mainly 

&hgic and demersal flshes, cephalo~. and8mallcrustaceans. 

Ribbon seals host anissldd round 

norms in the stomach and co-d 

acanthocephalans in the intestine. 

EcoWcd problem. None known. 

AZlocatian problenu. None known. 

nWERExcm 

Alaoha mpartment of Fish and Game. 

1973. Marine mammals status report. Unpublished report. Juneau. AK. 

Bums. J. J. 1969. Marine mammal report. Fed. Aid Segment Report. vol. X. 

Unpublished. Alaska Dept. Fish Game. 

Juneau, AEC. 25 P. 

1970. Remarks on the distribution and 

natural histors of pagophilic pianipeds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. J. Mammal 51 : 445-454. 

Bychkov, V. A. 1971. Plnnipeds of the 

USSR. P. 59-74 In Shaposhnikov. L. K. 

ted.), Review of the status of USSR 

Pinnimdia conservation. Min. Sel. Khoz. 

~SSR; Tsent. Lab. Okhr. Prir, Moscow. 

Transl. WT 650946. 

Fay. F. H. 1973. The role of ice in the 

ecologg. of marine mammals of the Bering Sea. Paper presented at International 

Symposium for Bering Sea Study. 30 

Jan.4 Feb. 1972. Hakodate. Japan. (In 

Press.) 

Tikhomirov, E. A. 1966. On the reproduction of the seals belonging to the 

family Phocidae in the North Pacific. 

2001. Zhur. 45(2) : 215-281. (Transla. by George Tschiukow-Roux, Auke Bay Biol. 

Lab., Juneau. A&) 

Distribution and migration. The harp 

seal occurs in pack ice in We North Atlantic Ocean from Europe to eastern 

Canada In the spring. it migrates south for breeding to the White Sea, to the 

Greenland Sen north of 73' N, and to 

southern Labrador, northeastern Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St. La&ce. 

Abundance and trends. Three breeding stocks of harp seals are known, the eastern (White Sea). central (Norwegian &a around Jan Mayen Island), and 

western (Newfoundland). The latter is 

divided into two substocks, one east of 

Belle Isle on winter pack ice drifting southward-the "Front," and the other 

in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence on 

winter ice formed in situ-the "Gulf." 

Sergeant (1973) estimates the total eastern Canadian population at 1.3 million. 

The number of pups born decressed from 

shut 400,000 in 1960 to 300.000 in 1970. 

The population size in 1970 was less than 

that giving maximum production. end 

estimates indicated the 1970 catch was 

well in excess of the sustainable yield (Internntional Commission for the 

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. 1971. Redbook, Part I, Standing Committee on 

Research and Statistics Proceedings, annual meeting). According to Bychkov (19711, harp seal stocks of the northeastern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans 

(White Sea. Jan Mayen Island, and Newfoundland populations) numbered 3.0- 

3.5 million in the mid-20th century. 

Bychkov. (1971) also stated that the 

White Sea population totaled 3.0-3.5 

million animals in 1926-28 and only 400,000 in the 1960's. 

General Molom. The adults grow to 

about 1.8 m and 180 kg; newborn pups 

are about 0.6 m long and weigh 4.5 kg. The pups are born from lnte Jan- to 

early April, and are nursed for 10-12 

days. Molting Is complete at 4 weeks. The 

females mature at age 46 years and 

bear a single pup annually after a gesta- tion of about 7% months. Maximum life 

span is about 30 years. Pups feed pri- marily on smalI pelagic crustaceans and 

small flsh, and in addition as adults on 

capelin, herring, and haddock. 

Ecolopical problems. One species of 

helminth affecting the harp seal also is 

found in the muscles of ground flsh, particularly cod, necessitating expensive removal by hand. 

Allocation problems. The harp seal may eventually confiict with man over cape- lin stocks as this fishery elrpands. Current research. C-.Danish, Norwegian, and Soviet Government scientists are studying the population of 

harp seals. At the University of Guelph, scientists are studying the biology of this 

mammal. 

REFERENCES 

Bychkov. V. A 1971, Pinnipeds of the 

USSR. P. 59-74 In Shaposhnikov. L. K. 

ted.) , Review of the status of USSR Pinnipedia conservation. Min. Sel. Khoz. 

SSSR. Tsent. Lab. Okh. Prir.. Moscow, 

128 p. IPST 650946.1972. 

Fisher. H. D. 1952. aarp seals of the 

Northwest Atlantic. Fish. -&s. Bd. Can. 

Oen. Ser. No. 20. 

1954. Studies on reproduction in the 

halp seal Phoca woenlandica Erxleben 

in the northwest Atlantic. Ph. D. thesis. 

133 p. 

Sergeant. D. E. 1973. Feeding, growth, and productivity of Northwest Atlantic 

hftrp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) . J. 

Fmh. Res. Bd. Can. 30: 17-29. 

Sivertsen. E. 1941. On the biology of 

the harp seal. HvalrHd. Skr. 26: 10 + 166 

p., 11 pls. 

(Erignathw barbatus) 

Distribution and migration. The 

bearded seal is found in the North Pacific 

region in the Berllng, Okhotsk. and 

northern Japan Sen and is circumpolar 

in the Arctic Ocean. In winter and spring it is found from the southern edge of the 

seasonal ice Pack. north tn permment ice, wherever areas of broken. moving ice exist. During summer and autumn, it 

occurs. along the edge of the permanent 

polar ice of the Arctic Ocean. Marked 

seasonal migrations are associated with 

the advance and retreat of the seasonal 

ice. The bearded seal is usually solitaky, though very loose aggregations are sometimes observed during the breeding season. It does not normally come ashore. 

Abundance and trends. All populations 

seem to be at high levels and relative 

stable. A Soviet estimate places the pop- ulation at 450,000 animals in the EastSiberian, Chukchi, Bering. OBhotsk, and 

Japan Seas (Bychkov, 1971). The Alaska 

Department of Fish and Game estimates 

a population of 300,000 animals in the 

Bering. ChukcN. EaseSiberian. and 

Beaufort Seas (Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, 1973). The combined 

US. and Soviet harvest In the Bering and 

Chukchi Seas is 8.000 to 10,000 seals per 

year, well within the biological produc- tivity of this species. Hunting loss, however, is high (op. cit.) . GenercJ- Mdogtr. The bettrded seal is 

the largest phocid of the western arctic 

and subarctic. Some adult females are slightly larger than adult males. Large 

adults attain a winter weight in excess of 

340 kg. From June through September 

the adults weigh from 215 to 240 kg and 

average 236 cm in length. The female 

bears a single PUP, usually during late 

FEDERAL M WOlmR, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY. AUGU 
NOTICES 

April or early May. which weighs about 

31 kg and is 132 cm long. The pup's weight is tripled by the end of the 12- to 

18-day nursing period. Most adult females breed within 2 weeks of weanmg their pup. The period of pregnancy is 

10.5 months. including 2.5 months of delayed implantation. Some females ovulate at age 3 years, but reproductive maturity is not attained until they are 5 or 

6 years old. The males become sexually 

mature at 6 or 7 years. An estimated 

85% of the adult females become preg- nant each year. he bearded seal consumes several species of invertebrates, 

prlncipalb crabs, Bhrlmp, c-. and 

amphfpods, and some demersal flshes. 

Most bearded seals, other than nursing 

pups, are heavily parasitized by anisakid 

round worms in the stomach, acanthocephalsns and diphyllobothriid cestodea in 

the intestine, and anopluran lice on the 

slda 

Ecological probletns. The bearded seal 

is the final host for anisakid worms that 

infect Wes. but this problem is unimportant in Alaska at present. About 1 

percent of these animals harbor Trichinella spiralis, the cause of trichinosis 

in man. 

AUocatfon moblems. None known 

Bearded seals consume commercially important pandalid and crangonid shrimps 

and lithode crabs; however, they do not 

compete directly for commercial fishes, 

nor do they damage ffshing gear. Cmt mearch. None knowa 

REFlamNCPS 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

1973. M&rine mnmmal status reports. 

Unmblfshed rewrt. Juneau. Ag 

~ulps, J. J. igs?. m Psciflc bes~~ 

seal. Alaska Dept. Fish Game, Juneau 66 

P1970. Remarks on the distribution and 

natuia3 history of pagophilic pinnipeds in 

the Bering and Chukcbf Seas. J. Mammal. 51: 445-454. 

Bychkov, V. A. 1971. Pinnipeds of the 

USSR P. 59-74 In Shaposhnikov, L K. 

ted.1 . Review of the status of USSR Pinnipedia conservation. Min. Sel. Khoz. 

SSSR. Tsent. Lab. Okhr. Prir, Moscow. 

Tnulsl. IPST 650946. 

Pay. F. H. 1973. The role of ice in the 

ecology of marine mammals of the Bering Sea Paper presented at International 

Symposium for Bering Sea Study, 30 

Jan.4 Feb. 1972, Hokodate, Japsn. (In Press.) McLaren, L A. 1958. Some aspects of 

growth and reproduction of the bearded 

seal. Eripnathrrse barbatus (Erxleben) . J. 

Flsh Res. Bd. Can.. 15: 219-227. 

CARIBBEAN MONK SEAL - (Mo1UU:hus tropicalis) 

The Caribbean monk seal is classifled 

as endangered in the Red Book of the 

International Union for the Conservation of Nature. From 17 to 29 March 1973, 

the Bureau of Sport FLsheries and Wildlife. Department of the Interior, conducted an aerial survey of this species' former habitat in the Gulf of Mexico and , Caribbean Sea. The conclusion was that 

the Caribbean monk seal is now extinct. 

It formerly inhabited shores and islands of the Greater Antilles. Bahamas, 

Yucatan Peninsula, and Florida Keys. It 

was reported in Jamaican waters as late 

as 1952. A single PUP was born, probably in alternate years. The adults grew to 2.4 

m in length. The color was a uniform 

brownish gray above; the underparts 

were pale yellow or yellowish white. 

Monk seals were vulnerable to hunters 

because they were sluggish. Unwary, and 

not easily alarmed. 

Allen, G. Ed 1942. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere with the marine species of all the oceans. 

Mew York, Amer. Comm. Int. Wild Life 

Rot., Spec. Publ. 11,620 P. 

Elliott, H. W. 1884. The monk-seal of 

the West Indies (Monuchus trovicalis. 

Gay) .-&it&. p. 752. 

Gilmore. R. M. 1959. Is the West Indian seal extinct? Sea Frontiers, 5(4): 

225-236. 

Gunter, G. 1947. Sight records of the 

West Indian seal. Monachus tropicalis (Gray), from the Texas coast. J. Mammal. 28: 289-290. 

King. Judith. 1956. The monk seals 

(genus Ma~chus). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Ellst.) Zool, 3(5) : 201-256. 

Rice, D. W. The Caribbean monk seal. 

a review prepared for the Survival Service Commission o! the International 

Union for the Comemation of Nature. In 

press. Wsrd. L. 1887. CMonachw tropicalrlts) Notes of its life-history. Amer. Natur. xxf. 

p. 254264. 

Distribution and miwatioru. The 

Hawaiian monk seal breeds only on 

French Frigate Shoals, Lassan Island, 

Lisianski Ishi& Pearl and Hermes Reef. 

and Midway and Kure Atolls of the Leeward Hawaiian Islands. The first four 

of these Wands are within the Hawaiian 

Islands National Wildlife Refuge 

(HINWR) . Rarely do individuals wander 

southeastward to the main Hawaiian 

Islands. The species is not known to 

have a migratory pattern. 

Abundance and trends. The total 

population was estimated at 1,350 in 

1958 (Rice, 1960). It is classitled as rare 

by the OfEce of Rare and Endangered Species, Bureau of Sport Hsheries and 

Wildlife. and International Union for 

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Counts in the 1960's and 1970's 

suggest that the population is declining (Kenyon, 1972). 

Oeneral biology+ An adult female 

measured 2.3 m and her estimated 

weight was 273 kg. On the average, females outweigh adult males. A typicsl male is about 2.1 m long and weighs about 173 kg. The newborn pups weigh 

16-17 kg. The weights of six yearlings averaged 45 kg. Pups are born from late 

December to July, with the peak in April and May. Spewings found on haul-out 

areas included the remains of reef and 

bottom fishes, eels. and cephalopods. 

Ecological problems. Harassment of 

the monk seal by humans and dogs on 

Midway and Kure Atolh may be causing 

a problem by preventing these animals from using sheltered dry pupping areas. 

Sharks are a serious predator. Allocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The HINW Refuge Manager, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and 

Wildlife, has a PUP tagging and recoverg program in progress. The Refuge Manager also makes counts of animals 

on the beaches of the HINWR, usually in the spring and again in late summer. 

No studies or observations of the small 

populations on Midway and Kure. under 

U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard control, are being made. 

REFERENCES 

Kenyon, K. W. 1972. Man versus the 

monk seal. J. Mammal. 53: 687496. 

%enyon, K. W. Yn press. The Hawaiian 

mods seal. a review. IUCN, Survival 

Service Commission. 

Kenyon, K. W.. and D. W. Mce. 1959. 

Life history of the Hawaiian monk seal. 

P~c. Sci. 13: 215-252 

King, J. E. 1956. The monk . . - seals - . - - 

(genus ~onachus). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 3(5) : 210-256, 8 pls. Rice, D. W. 1960. PoDulaMon drnamfcs 

of the Hawaiian monk seal. J. l&inmd. 

41: 376-385. 

1964. The Hawaitan monk seal, rare 

mammal survives in Leeward Islands. 

Natur. ~ist. TS(2): 48-55. 

Scheffer, V. B. 1958. seals. sea lions, and walruses; a review of the Pinnipedia Stanford Univ. Press. 179 p. + 32 pls. 

Mstribution and mimatfan. The spe- cies is circumpolar and abundant in pack ice of the southern oceans. It is found 

as a strasgler in New Zealand. Australia. 

Tasmania, end South America. It moves 

toward the coasts in summer and away from land in the winter. 

Abundunce and trenrls. The crabeater 

seal is the most abundant species of seal 

in the Antarctic, with population estimates ranging from 2 to 5 million 

(Scheffer, 1958) to 50-75 million (Erickson. et al., 1971). Laws tin press) believes 

that the latter estimate is unrealiable. 

but that earlier estimates were too 

conservative. 

General bioZogu. Adult malq grow to 

260 kg in weight and 2.6 m in length. Some females may be larger than males. 

Little infomation is available on breeding habits; mating has not been observed 

but sperm are present in the testes of 

males in October and November. Pups 

a-e born in the spring (mid-September 

to early November), and are about 1.4 

m long. These seals molt in January and 

February, while pmly fasting. Food is 

mainly euphausids. Many individuals 

carry scars, possibly from leopard seal 

or killer whale attacks. 

The species has lice on skin. roundworms in the stomach, and. rarely, tawworms in the intestine. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973. 

., 
NOTICES 

Allocation problems. None known. 

Cwrent research. The University of 

Minnesota is studyine population dy- namics of Antarctic seals: the University of Idaho is studying abundance, distribution. and reproductive biology: and 

the University of Oklahoma is studying 

anatomy, histology, and neuroanatamy. 

Bertram, G. C. L. 1940. The biology of 

the Weddell and crabeater seal. Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land. Exped. 1934-37. 

1 : 1-139. 

Eklund. C.. and E. A. Atwood. 1962. A 

population study of Antarctic seals. J. 

Mammal. 13:229-238. 

Mckson. A W., D. B. Siniff, D. R. 

Cline, and R. J. Hofmaa 1971. Distributional ecology of Antarctic seals. P. 

55-75 In Symposium on Antarctic Ice 

and Water Masses. Tokyo, Japan, 

19 Sept. 1970. Sir George Deacon (a). 

Laws. R M. In press. The current 

status of seals in the Southern Hemisphere. IUCN/SSC Working Group on 

Threatened and Depleted Seals of the 

World. Guelph. Ontario. August 1972. 

Laws. R. M. and R. J. P. Taylor. 1957. A 

mass dying of crabeater seaIs. Lobodon 

ccrrcinophagzu (Gray). Proc. Zool. Soc. 

London, 129:315-324. 

Oritplsnd, Torger. 1970. Biology and 

population dynamics of Antarctic seals. 

P. 361-366 In Holdgate. M. W. (ed.), 

Antarctic Ecology 1 : 1-604. 

1970. Sealing and seal research in the 

southwest Atlantic September-October 

1964. P. 367476 In Holdgate. M. R. (ed.) Antarctic Ecology 1: 1-604. 

Scheffer. V. B. 1958. Seals. sea lions. 

and walrus: a review of the Pinnipedia. Stanford Univ. Pnss, 1799 + 32 pls. 

m, 

E)eals.U.S..A.W.EricgsO&D.B. and R. J. Hofman. 1971. Biochemical, population ~enetic, phslo- genetic and cytological studies of 

Antarctii: seal suech. P. 77-95 In S~Iposium on AnAntarctic Ice and Water 

Masses, Tokyo, Japan, 19 Sept. 1970, Sir 

George Deacon ted.) . Siaff, D. B.. D. R. Cline, and A. W. 

Ekickson. 1970. Population densities of 

seals in the Wedden 8ea, Antarctic. in 

1968. P. 377-394 In Holdgate. M. W. (ed.). 

Antarctic Ecology, 1. Academic Press, 

London. 

Ross SEAL 

Distrfbution and mfgration. The spe- cies is circumpolar in heavy pack ice of 

the Antarctic Ocean. 

Abundance and trends. The Ross seal 

ts. usually solitary. Scheffer (1958) hts 

the population at 20,000-50.000 but more 

recently Iiofman et al, tin press) have 

estimated a population in excess of 

101),000. 

General biology. The adults reach a 

length of about 2.4 m. The animal is 

plump. with a short. wide head, a small 

mouth, and small teeth. The vocalizations of this mammal are striking and 

account for the common name "singing 

seal." Little is known of its reproduc- tion and newborn pups have never been 

seen. The male matures at 3-4 years, 

and the female at 2-7 years. Breeding probably takes places in November and 

molting probably in January and FebnaW. Food db prim- of fish and 

cephalomds. mese animals may live up 

to 12 years. Roundworms are found in the stomach, tapeworms In the intestine, and lice 

on the skin. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The University of 

Minnesota is studying the population dy- namics of Antarctic seals; the University of Idaho is studying abundance. distribution. and reproductive biology; and the 

Univemitp of Oklahoma is studsing anatomy, histology, and neuroanatomy. 

EkIUnd, D.. and E. A. Atwood 1962. A 

population study of Antarctic seals. J. 

Mammal. 43 : 229-238. 

Erickson, A. W.. D. B. Siniff. D. R. 

Cline, and R. J. Hofman, 1971. Distributional ecology of Antarctic seals. P. 55- 

75 In S~mpoeium on Antantic Ice and 

Water Masses, Tokyo. Japan, 19 Sept. 

1970, Sir George Deacon (ed.) . Hofman. R. J.. A. W. ErIckson, and D. 

B. Sniff. In press. The Ross seal: a re 

view. In Symposium on the biology of 

the seal, Guelvh, Ontario. August 1417, 

1972. 

King, J. E. 1964. Seals of the world. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London, 154 p. Laws. R. M. 1964. Comparative biology of Antarctic seals. P. 445457 In Carrick. 

R.. M. Holdgate, and J. Prevost teds.). Biologie Antarctique-Antarctic Biology, 

HeRpmParis. Ontsland, T. 1970. Biology and popu- lation dynamcs of Antarctic seals. P. 

361-366 In Holdgate, M. W. (ed.). Antarctic ecology, 1. 

-ern V. 8.1958. seals, sea lions. 

and walrus; a review of the Pinnipedia. Stanford Univ. Press, 179 p. 4-32 pls. 

Leopard seals suffer from diseased 

teeth, tumcus, bow nodules in nasal passages, and sfomsch carc.inomas. 

Ecological problem. None known. 

Allocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The University of 

Minnesota is studying population dynamics of Antarctic seals; the University of Idaho is studying abundance, dfstrfbution, and reproductive biology; and the 

University of Oklahoma is studying 

anatomy, histoioeg, and neuroanatomy. 

Disttibutfon cmd migration. Leopard seals are circumpolar in Antarctic pack ice and in southern temperate regions 

and subantarctic islands in the winter. 

They are occasionally seen ofL the southem tips of New Zealan& Australia, South 

America, and South Afrlca 

Abundance and trends. The leopard seal is a sditary animal. Scheffer (1958) 

estimated the wpdation at 200-300 

thousand. More reantlg (19773, Laws tin 

press) estimated the population at 250.- 

000 to 500.000. 

General bfoZopy. The adult males grow 

to 3.0 m fn length and 450 kg in weight: adult females reach 3.3 m in length and 

500 kg in weight. Leo~ard seals have a 

long slim body. large head, and wide 

gape. Males are sexually mature at 3-7 

years and females at 2-6 years. The mating period is probably in November. Newborn pups are 1.6 m long and weigh 29.5 

kg. Lactation lasts abut 2 months. The 

seals molt during January and February. Their food consists of fish. euphausids. squids. penguins, whale carcasses, and 

pups of other seals. 

Eklund, C.. and E. k Atwood. 1962. A 

r.wuhtion study of Antarotic seals. J. 

Mammal. 43: 229-238. 

EricBon, A. W.. D. 8. SM. D. R. 

Cline, and R. J. Eofman. 1971. Mstributional ecologg of Antarctic seals. P. 55- 

75 In Smposium on Antarctic Ice and 

Water Masses. Tokyo, Japan, 19 Sept. 1970. Sir George Deacon (ed.). 

Laws. R. M. 1964. Comparative bidow 

of Antarctic seals. P. 445-457 In Carrick, 

R., M. Holdgate, and J. Prevost (eds.1 Biologie Antamtique-Antarctic Biology, Herman. Paris. 

In press. The current status of seals 

in the Southern Hemisphere. IUCN/SSC 

Working Group of Threatened and Depleted Serrls of the World, aUelph, Ontario, August 1972. 

@ribland, Torger. 1970. Blolom and 

Population dynamks of Antarctic seals. 

P. 361-366 In Holdgate, M. W. ted.). Antarctic ecology, 1. 

Scheffer. V. B. l9S8. Seala, sea lions, 

sndwalruses: areviewof thePinnipedia Stanford Univ. Press, 179 p. + 32 PIS. 

Seal. US, A. W. Erictson. D. B. SW, 

and R. J. Hofman. 1971. Biochemical. 

population genetic. phylogenetic and cytological studies of Antarctic seal species. 

P. 71-95 In Symposium on Antarctic Ice 

and Water Uwes, Tokyo, Japan, 19 

Sept. 1970, Sit Cfeorge Deacon (ed) . WEDDELL Stdl 

tLeptanuchotes weddell0 

Distributfon and mimation. This 

species is circumpolar in fast ice around 

Antarctica, occasionally reaching as far 

north as Uruguay (lat. 35' 8). It Is 

littorai in distribution and nonmigratory. Because of its occurrence near 

scientific ststions it is tbe best ]mown of 

the Antarctic seals. 

Abundance and Wends. The popula- tion was estimated at 800,000 by Scheffer 

(1958). and Laws (in press) estimates 

present total population at 250,000 to 

500.000. 

General biologfl. Adult males grow to 

2.7 m In length and ides are slightly larger: up to 2.9 m in length. Males reach 

sexual maturity at 6-8 yeaxs and females 

at 3 years. The average age-of breeding females is 9 years. They give birth from 

September to early November on fast ice, 

usually close to the Antarctic continent. 

Pregnancy lasts 9 to 10 months. Newborn 

pups are 15 m long, weigh 29 kg. and 

have permanent dentition. Lactation 

lasts 6-7 weeks and pups are weaned at 

6 weeks. The females protect their pups 

and are aggressive toward intruders. This 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUS 1, 1973 
species feeds prhwily on fish and 

cephalopods. 

Wounds inlllcted on this mammal heal 

slowly, and festering sores are common. Kidney stones and uterine flbmids have 

been found. Weddell seals are heavily infested with tapeworms, trematodes, and 

roundworms internally, and lice externally. Tooth wear associated with 

maintaining breathing holes may be a 

mortality factor. 

Ecdogkal problems. None known. 

duocation problems. None known. 

Cument Reseurch. The University of 

Minnwta is studying poplaation dynsmics of Antarctic seals; the University of Idaho is studying abundance. distribution. and reoroductive bialow: and the 

~niveraity bf Oklahoma H studying anatomy, Nstology, and neuroanatomy. 

~~CES 

Bertram, G. C. L. 1940. The biology of 

the Weddell and crabeater seals. &i. Rep. 

Brit. Graham Land Exped. 1934-37. 

1: 1-139. 

Dearborn, J. H. 1965. Food of Weddell 

seals at McMurdo Sound. Antarctica. J. 

Mammal. 46: 37-43. 

Ekhmd. C, and E. A. Atwood. 1962. A 

population study af Antarctic seals. J. 

Mammal. 43: 229-238. 

Mckson.A.W,D.B.SM,D.R. 

Cline, and R. J. Hofman. 1971. Distributional ecology of Antarctic seals. P. 55-75 

In Symposfum on Antsrctic lee and 

Water Masses. Tokyo, Japan. 19 apt. 

1970. Slr George Deacon (ed). 

gaufmann, Q, D. SM* and R. 

Reichle. 1972. Colony behavior of Weddell Seals. J%U~~YC~O&S taddelzi, at 

Hutton CUbs, Antarctica. In Symposium 

on the biology of the seal, Guelph On- 

-0, AUgWt 14-17, 1972. 

Laws. R. M. In press. The current 

status of seals In the Southern Hemtephere. IUCN/88C Working Grow on Threatened and Depleted Seals of the 

World. Guelph. Ontario. August 1972. 

Mansfield, A. W. 1958. The breeding 

behavior and reproductive cycle of the 

Weddell serrl (L.em!onuchotes wed&Ui 

Lesson). mlklanci rslands Dep. surf., 

8ci. Rep. 18: 1-41. 

&heffer. V. B. 1958. Seals. sea lions. 

and walruses: a review of the Pinnipedia, 

Stanford Univ. Press, 179 P. + 32 pls. 

Shift, D. B.. D. R. Cline, and A. W. 

Erickson. 1970. Population densities of 

seals fn ths Weddell Se9, Antarctica, in 

1968. P. 377-394 In Holdgate. M. W. (ed.) . Antarctic Ekology 1: 1404. 

ShiE. D. B., J. R. Tester, and V. B. 

Kuechle. 1971. &me 0bservutiox.u on the 

activlts pettsrns of Weddell seals as recorded by Wemetry. p. 173-180 In Burt, 

W. H. (ed.), Antarctic PhWpedia, Antarctic Research Series. 18. 

Stirling, I. 1971. Population dynamics of the Weddell seal (LeptonychoW aeddc21i) in McMurdo sound, Antarctica, 

1966-68. P. 141-167 In Burt. W. H. (ed.1. 

Antarctic Pixlnlpedh. Antarctic Research 

Series. 18. 

HOODED SEAL 

(C~stophora etfstata) 

Msh-fbumn and mfwatbn. The 

hooded seal occurs msfnlg in the east 

FEDERAL Rt 

Ro. 1474. III----a 

NOTICES 20579 

Greenland pack ice from Bear Island Sergeant, D. E. 1965. Exploitation and 

and Spitzbergen to Jan Mayen, Iceland, conservation of hsrp and hood seals. 

and Denmark Strait. It It occurs off PolarRecord l2(80): 541351. 

southern Gireenland, southeastem Lab- SOWIIERN ELEPHANT SEAL 

rador and the Gulf of St. Uwrence. 

Stragglers appear on the American coast (Mirounga leonina) 

as far south as Cape Kennedy, Florida. Distribution and migration. The southalong the Canadian Arctic coast - far ern elephant seal is circumpolar on subwest as ~ershel Island, and on the Euro- antarctic islands. south to the ice edge 

pean coast as far south as the of at lat. 78' S. It breeds on the continental 

Biscay, France. Hooded seals prefer deep coast of Argentina, and on subantarctic 

water and thick, drifting ice floes. islands. 

Abundcrncse and trends. Hooded seals Abundance and trends. The population 

of all ages sre harvested commercially of the southern elephant seal has been 

when the animals are congregated for estimated at 600.OM)~100,000 (laws, in 

molting. According to ScheiTer (L958), press). Tnls smes was once sough& ror the herds in the midde of the 20th cen- its oil. It was nearly extinct by 1900, but 

tury were estimated at 300,000 to 500.000 since that time regulaticnvl have allowed 

and according to Chapskii (1966) 500,- the herds to increase. At South Oeorgia 

000. Sergeant (1965) states that the the average annual kill between 1952 * 

catch rate of hooded seal has been high. and 1964 was 6.000 animals. There has 

The average annual kill from the Jan been no commercial sealing there since 

Mayen Island herd declined from about 1964, although license to harvest these 

53.000 (1949-53) to about 50.000 (1959- animals have been offered (Lsws. in 

63) (Popov. 1967). press). 

General biologt'. Adult males grow to General biolow- The southern ele2.7-3.0 m and 408 kg. females are slightly phant seal is the largest pinniped- Males 

smaller. ~ooded =& solitary, but grow to 5.5-6.1 m in length and 3,628 Bg 

fom widelg. scattered family groups dur- in weight; females reach 3.1-3.7 m and 

ing the breeding season in March. The 907 kg. are sex* mature at 

pups are born from the end of March to ye-* and at 5-7 years in 

the tlrst part of April. are 1.1 m long and utilized pop*atioas. The 

weigh 23 kg, and have an exceptionally yerrrS and bear at 

beautiful silver-gtay at. are age 3. In unutlllzed Po~ulatiOm, the fenursed about 2 weeks. Both sexes mature males n~~~~~~ at age w years, but the 

at age 4-8 gears and have a maximum males do reach he,rem status 

life span of about 30 years. The adults l2 years harems OOn- 20 to 

mate when the lactation period ends and 40 females* but to loo have been 

return to sea, leaving the pups on the counted- The pups born in Octobers 

ice where thep re- an additional about 1 week after the females haul ouk 

weeks before fo~o~g ~db. are 1.2 m long, weieh 36 Bg. and nurse 

~~d~d seals feed red&4h, about 23 days. The females mate about 

turbot, octopus, squid, herring, capetin. l8 days after their pups born. The 

cod. shrimps, mussles, and starf~~h, but females live about l2 years and the 

fast during the breeding period. males up to 20. The leopard seal and 

Wer whale are nstursl enemies of the Eeologfcal moblems. None known. elephant sesi. Alloc~ problems. None known. 

Current research. Research on the zg:E ~s"f"~. to 

hooded is Out by the -- LBW~ (in press) the southern aeMant eries Reseamh Board of Canada, Denmark may become threateoed (Grmands Fiskerlundersgcgelser) , Norway (Flskeridirektoratets Havfor- they compete with Soviet *Or 

sknings Institutt) , and the Soviet Union 'IXCies Of fish. 

(VNIRO) . Current research. The UniVersits of 

RImNCES . Minnesota makes incidental observations 

of this mammal while atu- the AntKing. J. E. 1964. Beals of the world.. arctic seal species. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London, 154 p. 

Mansfield, A. W. 1967. Seala of arctic mFEumwEs 

and eastern Canada, 2d ed. (revised). Cline, D. R., A. W. Erickson, and R. J. 

Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 137.30 p. Hofman. 1970. Elephant seal in the WedPopov, L. A. 1967. Modem marine anf- dell Sea. J. Mammal. 51:204, .. ma1 hmtlne industry of the North At- rang, J. E. 1964. Beals of the world. 

lantic Seas. Problrmg Severa (11) : 160- ~rft. MU. (Nat. Hist.). London, 154 P. 

165. Urn. R. M. 1953. The elephant seal 

Rasmussen. B. 1960. Om lrlappm3rssbe- (Mirounga leuninu. Lina) . L Ages and 

standen i det notdlige Atlanterhav [On growth. mkland Islands Dep. Sum. Sci. 

the stock of hood seals in the north At- Rep. 8-62 p. 

lanticl. 013 Havet (Bergen). NO. 1. 1956. The elephant s& (Mfrounga 

23 P. FIsh. Res. Bd. Can. Transl. Beries m.1. II. ~ersl socia& and 

No. 387. reproductive behaviow. Fsllsland Islands 

1962. Klappmyssen aldersfordeling i Dep. Sum 8d. Rep. 13. 88 P. 

D-arkstredet. mket-5 ~ang (Ber- 1956. The elephant seal (Mi~OtCnga 

gen) . No. 5. Ieonina, Linn.). IIL The phYdology of 

reproduction. Falklsad Wands Den 

Scheffer. V. B. 1958. Seals. sea lions. sw. s~. 15, a p- and walruses: areview of the Pinnip- 1960. The southern elephant seal 

Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, Calif. (Mirounga leoninu Linn.) at South 

SImR, VOL 38, NO- 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
20580 NOTICES 

Georgia Norsk Haangst-Tid. 49(10; 

11) : 466.476; 520-542. 

In press. The current stutus of seals In 

the Southern Hemisphere. IUCN/SSC 

Working Group on Threatened and Depleted Seals of the World Guelph, Ontario, August 1972. 

(Mfrounga anuwtir0strf.s) 

Distniion and migration. Thfs 

species originally occupied rookeries and 

hauling grounds an the mninlnnd and 

islands from Cabo San Lazaro. Baa 

California, northward to Pt. Re~es, just 

sorth of San Francisco. Nonbreeding 

animals range at Least as far north es 

southestern Alaska. 

Abundance and trends. By 1890 the 

population had been reduced to 100 or fewer animals found only on Guadalupe 

Island. but this number increased to an estimated 15.000 animals by 1960 (Bartholomew and Hubbs. 1960). Peterson 

ond LeBoeuf (1969) estimated a population of about 30.000 in 1969. Thls 

species has reoccupied most or all of its 

historic rookeries and hauling mounds. 

The flrst birth of a pup on the Farallon 

Xdands (northern limit of the historic 

breeding range) was observed on January 21,1912 by Dsvid mey. a bialogist 

from the Pt. Reyes Bird Observatory 

(San F'rancfbco Chronicle. January 25. 

1972). 

The California Department of Flsh 

and Game bas counted elephant seals 

during sea lion censuses in early June 

Since 1965 tcarlblt and Aplla 1971). 

CarUsle tunpubbhed CaUfoRlis Department of Flsh and Game records) hm 

coupted Mimunga on San M&uel Island 

each year from 1965 through 1972 ex-, 

cept 1988. Recent California counts do 

not indicate any trend in abundance. 

Odf9l (1972) belieVeS thst the 6an . Nioolas Island mpulation is fnclressine. 

The largest California population of 

Mirounga ls found on 8an Miguel Island. 

where 3.137 were counted February 26. 

1972 by Johnson and n?Long (pels. 

COmm.) . GenefaZ biolom. The adult mak$ usu- ally arrive on the rookeries in 

November, followed by the pregnant females in December. Domlnant adult 

males OCCUPY choice locations within the 

breeding colcmies and do most of the 

mating. The female usually bears a me pup about 7 days after her arrival and weens it sbbut a month later. 

The female is bred during her last few 

days ashore. Maximum lengths are about 

5 m for adult males and 3.3 m for adult 

females. Newborn pups are about 12 m in length. Ltttle information on the feeding habits of Mfmuwa are available. The 

stomach of one elephant seal contained seven ratfish. one 66.0 cm California dog- fish 

three 

shark. 

skates, one acd four 

swell 

squids. 

or Ner 

The specie 

- 

apparently can feed at considerable 

depths, as indicated by prey species and 

the fact that three young Minnmga were 

taken on hooks set in about 100 fathoms. 

ashore on one area of San M&ud 

Island. The pups had been weaned and 

apparently suffered no ffl effects. 

Allocation problem. None kno-an. 

Current research. Scientists from the 

University of California at Santa Cruz. 

Calif.. are studying this species. 

Anthony, A. W. 1925. Expedition to 

Guadalupe Xsland, Mexico in 1922. Calif. 

Acad. Sci., fourth series, l4(13) : 277-320. 

Bartholomew. Q. A. 1952. Reproductive 

and social behavior of the northern 

elephant seal. Univ. Calii. Publ. Zool. 

47(15) : 369-471. pls. -7, 2 flgs. 

1967. Beal and sea lion -populations 

of the California fslands. P. 229-244 In 

Philbrick, R. N. (ed.) Proceedings of 

the Symposium on the Bid- of the 

Californta mds. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. 

Bartholomew. G. A., and C. L. Hums. 

1960. Population growth and wnal 

movements of the northern elephant seal, Mirounga ~urgrcstirostris. Mammalia 24: 313-324. 

CarUsle. John G.. and J. A. Aplln. 1971. 

Sea lion census for 1970, including counts 

of other California pinnipeds. Calif. Fish 

Game. 57: 124-126. 

Daugherty, Anita E. 1965. Marine 

mammals of California. Caw. Dept FYsh 

Game. Smmmento. Calif. 86 p. 

Huey, L. M. 1930. Capture of an 

elephsnt seal off San Mego. Calif.. with 

notes on stomach contents. J. Mammal, 

11: 229-230. 

King. J. E. 1964. Geals of the world. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. aist.). London, 154 p. LeBoeuf. Burney J. 1972. Sexual behavior in fhe northem elephant seal, Mirounga anowtirostrb. Behavior 41(1-2) : 

1-26. 

Odell, Dasliel K. 1972. Studies on the 

b~ofthecalifornlasealionandthe 

northern elephant seal on San Mcobs 

Island. Calif. PhD- the&. Univ. Calif., 

Ins Angela. 168 p. Peterson. R. 8.. and B. J. LeBoeuf. 1969. 

Populatton study of sealrr and sea lions. 

Tlrans. 34th N. Amer. Wndl. Nat. Res. 

Cod., P. 74-79. 

Radford. & W.. R. T. Om. and C. L. 

Hubbs. 1965. ReestabUabment of the 

northern elephant seal (Mfrounga curwtfrostris) OK central Californta. Pmc. 

Calif. Acd Sci. 4th series, 31(223 : 601- 

612.6 figs, 

Rice. D. W., g. W. Kenyon, and D. 

Uuch-B. 1965. Pinnim populations at 

Islss Guadalupe, 8an Benito. and Cedros. 

Baja California in 1965. Trans. San 

DkgO 800. Nat. Hist. 14(7) : 73-84. 

Scammon, C. M. 1874. The marine 

mammals of the northwestern .coast of 

North America. John H. Crvmsw and 

Co.. San l?randsco. CaIif. 319 p. 

SchMer. V. B. 1964. Deep diving of elephant seals. Murrelet 45(1) : 9. 

Townsend. C. H. 1912. The northern 

elephant seal. Zoologica, 1: 159-173. 

ing grounds in cool temperate waters and 

wintering grounds in warm temperate 

waters; the wintering grounds are mostly 

along contbentrtl coasts or around 

islands. 

Three geogrsphically Isolated popula- tions are recognized, one in the North 

Pacific Ocean. another in the North Atlantic Ocean. and a third in the South- ern Hemisphere. 

In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, the 

right whale ranges from Bristol Bay and 

the Gulf of Alaska south to 50" N latitude durlng the summer, and from Oregon south to central Baja California durfng the winter. 

In the western North Atlantic Ocean. 

it ranges from Labrador south to the Bay 

of Fun@ during the summer, and Massachusetts south to Florida and Bermuda 

during the winter. 

Abundance and @en&. The right whale 

was origfnally very abundant. but heavy 

exploitation, mostly during me 19th 

century, reduced all wpulations nearly to extinction by the turn of the century. 

At least some local stocks have increased 

in recent ye8rs. Present numbers are: 

North Paciftc Ocem--about 250 (Wade, 

1972); North Atlantic Ocean-no estimate; Southern Hemispherc+about 4,300 (bdasakt ign). General MoropW. The black right whsle 

is a heavy-bodied animal up to 18.0 m 

long and Is characterized by lack of a 

dorsal iln and by a large head with a narmw arched tostnun. It feeds s on 

copepodspods The reproductive biology is 

poorly known. Body length at sexual maturlts Is about 15.2 m in males and 15.8 

m in females. Mating and calving occur 

in the winter, so the gestation period is 

probably about 1 year. The female probably bears a calf only once every 2 (or 

more) years. 

Ecolaoical problems. None Imown. 

UIocatfon problems. Nane known. 

Current research. Research on the 

black right whale is being carried out by 

the South African Division of Sea Flsheries and OK Argentina by a joint project of the National Geugraphlc society and 

the New York Zoological Society. 

Delyamure, S. L. 1955. Helminthofuana 

of marine mammals. Akad. Nauk 888R 

(Transl. by IPST. Jerusalem, 1968). 

Masaki, Y. 1972 Estimation of al>undance of whales by means of whale sighting in the Antarctic. Unpublished report 

submitted to Scientific Committee, International Whaling Commissioo. 

Omura, H, 8. Ohsumi. T. Nemoto. & 

Nam, and T. Kaaum 1969. Black right 

whale8 in the North Pacific. Sci. Rep. 

Whales Res. Inst. 21 : 1-78. 

Wada, 5.1972. The ninth memorandum 

on the stock assessment of whales in the 

NW Pllciflc. Unpublished report submitted to Scientific Committee, International Whaling Co~on 

Ecological problems. Oil from the Distribution and migration. This right DistfSmth and migration. The bowSank3 Bagbara spill of 28 January 1969 whale inhabib all -& waters of head whale inbabits arctic and subarctic 

coated about 100 elephant seal pups the world It m&rates between summer- waters in four principal areas: (1) From 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 20581 

Spitzbergen west to east Greenland; (2) 

in Davis Strait, Bafh Bay. James Bay. 

and adjacent waters; (3) in the Bering, Chukchi. Beaufort, and East Siberian 

Seas: and (4) in the Okhotsk Sea. They 

migrate with ice movements. 

Abundance and tr&. All bowhead 

whale populations were decimated by the 

end of the 19th century because of the 

great value of this species for oil and 

baleen (Tomilin, 1957). No commercial 

whaling for bowheads has taken place since about 1915. Eskimos in several arctic coastal villages of Alaska continue to 

hunt these whales which are an important part in the subsistence economy of 

the villages. In the last two decades the 

take of bowhead whales by Eskimos in 

Alaska hss varied between 1 (1959) and 

37 (1972) (Maher and Wilimovsky. 1963; 

Durham, unpublished records). Much of 

this variation in take is because of vsriation in huntiug conditions, although in 

ncent years aii increase in hunting intensits may have taken place. Bowhead 

whales are taken only occasionally by USA..€&. nationals (Zemaky, 1973. pers. comm.) . The bowhead whale population of Canada and the B&?ring, Chukchi, and 

Fast Siberian Seas appears to be increasing (Mansfield. 1971; Burns, pas. 

Comm.) . General bidow. The bowhead whale 

grows to 18 m in length. Sexual maturity 

is reached at 11.6 m and 16.2 na in males 

and females, respectively. Meting pmb- ably occurs in early April or earlier. Oestation last 12-13 months, with a 8ing1e calf (3-4.5 m long) born in April-May. The calf is weaned at 6 months. The 

reproductive cycle is apparently 2 years. These whales travel singly. in pain. or 

threes during the spring. In autumn they 

are generally scattered. but may occur in 

groups of up to 50. They feed mainly on 

euphausids and bottom-dwelling inverb 

bra*. 

Ecdogfcal problem. None known. 

AUocation problem. Some conflict of 

interest may exist between people who 

would like complete protection for bowhead whales and Eskimos who hunt these 

whales. 

Current research. The University of 

Southern California is under contract to 

the National Marine Fisheries Service 

(Seattle) to gather biological data on 

bowhead whales in 1973. In the spring of 

1973 a group of scientists from U.S. and 

Canadian universities attempted to ncord underwater sounds of the bowhead 

whale. The Fisheries Resesrch Board of 

Canada makes annual surveys from 

planes of bowhead whales in Canadian 

waters. Il-ENP'Bfi 

Maher, W. J.. and N. J. Wilimovsky. 1963. Annual catch of bowhead whales 

by Eslrimos at Pt. Barrow. Alaska, 1928- 

1960. J. Mammal. 44: 16-20. 

Scammon. C. M. 1874. Marine mammals of the north-western coast of North 

America: together with an account of 

the American whale fishery. J. H. 

Carmany and Co, San Francisco. 319 p. Sonnenfdd, J. 1960. Changes in an 

Eskimo huntina technolow. an introductam to implemiht geography ~mer. 

Geogr. Ann. 50(2) : 172- 

Tomilin, A. a. 1957. Zverii SSBR i 

~rilezhashcbibh stran. Tom 9. =toobraznye. (Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and 

adjacent countries. Vol. LE Cehcea.1 

Moscow, Akad. Nauk. 8- 756 P. 

(Transl. by IPST, Jerusalem, 1967. 

8di+717 p.) 

Distribution and mawation. The gray 

whale is now restricted to the North 

Pacffic Ooean, although it ance occurred 

in the North Atlantic Ocean. 

Two gmgrwbicall~ farolated popula- tions are reaognized: (1) The eastern 

PacMc ("Calitornta") stock, which 

spends the summu in the Chulrchi, westun Beaufort, and northern Bering Sea8 

(and rarely along the coast as far south 

as ceptral Calitomia). and mim'ate6 to 

the west coast of Baja California and the 

bearsacalfonkionceevery2ormore 

years. The calves average about 5.0 m 

lone at birth and are weaned 7 months 

later when thay are about 8.0 m long. . Ecdoofcd problems. The gray whale is 

now valuable as a tourist attraction. and 

it supports a rapidly in- cruiseboat industry, including %-day cruises 

off San Diego and Los Angeles, and weeklong cruises from these ports to &ammon's Lagoon. These activities have 

generated a problem of increasing harassment of the whales. In 1972, the Mexican C#overnment declared Scammon's 

Lagoon a whale refuge. so the activities 

of the crulse boats are now partly regulated. Current research. Studies on gray whales are being conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Sesvice and the 

Soviet Union's Far Eastern Insthk of 

Marine Fisheries and Ocesllagraphy. 

Henderson. D. A. 1972. Men and whales 

at Scsmmon's Lagoon. Damn's Book 

Shop, Lo6 Angeles. 313 p. 

Rice. D. W., and A. A. Wolman. 1971. 

Life history and ecology of the grar 

whale (Eschtichtius robrutus). Amer. 

SOC. Ilmmmnl. Spec. Pubt 3: 1-142. 

Wolman. A. A, and A. J. Wilson. Jr. 

1970. Occurrence of pesticides tn whales. 

Pest, Monit. J.. 4(1) : 8-10. 

southern Oull of Callfomb for the winter; and (2) the western Pscidc Ocean 

("Korean") stock,. which spends the 

summer in the northern Sea of Okhotsk 

and migrates to the southern coast of 

Korea for the winter. 

Abundance and trends. Eastern North 

Pactfic Ocean-contrary to earlier pub- lished estimates, the original popub tion was almost certainly less thas 15,000 

(Hendenson, 1972). IXvine the late 18th 

and early 19th centuries the wpulation 

was greatly reduced. Since complete pro- tection was given the stock ia 1947. the 

population has increased to about 11,000 and has remained stable since 1967 (Rice and Wolman, 1971). In 1972. 181 gray 

whales were killed in a subsistence fishery on the Chukotski Peninah in 61- 

beria (Zemsky, 1973. pers. comm.), and 

in some years one to three gray whales 

are taken by Eskimos in Alaska. 

Western North Pacific Ocean-in 1910, the population probably numbered between 1,000 and 1,500. It now appears 

to be extinct. 

Gewal biology. The gray whale is 

identified by its mottled gray color and 

low hump in place of a dorsal !In. It feeds 

on benthic amphipods and other benthic 

invertebrates on the summering grounds. 

Distribution and ?ndgration. The mfnlre 

whale inhabits all oceans of the world, 

except in equatorial regions, and ranges into the polar psck ice urnes in the 

Northern and Southern Hemtspfreres. E 

makes extensive seasonal migrations between high-latitude summering grounds and low-latitude winter- grounds. 'At least three gewraphicall~ isolated 

populations are recognized, one in the 

North Pac& Ocean, another in the 

North Atlantic Ocean, and a third in the 

Southern Hemisphere. The affinities of 

the mhke whale stocks in the northern Indian Ocean are unknown. 

In the eastern North Paofac Ocean, the 

minke whale ranges from the Chukchi 

8eg south to northern Baja California 

during the summer, and from central 

California south to the Idas Revillagieedo off central Mexico during the 

winter. 

In the western North Atlantic Ocean, 

it ranges from BafUn Bay south to Chesapeake Bay during the summer, and from 

the eastern Gulf of Mexico and northeastern Florida to the Bahamas durfng 

the winter. -- -- Abundance a?ui trends. The minke 

and fasts during migrations andon win- whale has long been an important sped- Breummer* -- lg71. whdeI'S of the tering grounds. - maturity at- in the "small whale" lbhedes Of the north. Beaver, 302 (3) : 44-55. tained at an age of 5 to 11 years. at a world In 1970, for example, catches 

avidson. Art. No date. Esldmo hunt- mean body length of 11.0 m for males were: South Africa-171; N0-r (fning of bowhead whales. Rural Alaska and 11.6 m for females. The mating sea- eluding the entire northern North AtComm. Action Program, Anchorage, A& son is in late November and early Ile- lantic)-2.308; eastern Canada-86; 37 p. cember while the animals are on their Japan-320; Brad-701; Soviet Union 

MaWleld. A. W. 1971. Occurrence of southward migration. The calf is born (Antarctic)-30; South IC0-7l5- In 

the bowhead or Greenland right whale following a 13-month gestation period the 1971/72 season, Japan, for the first 

(BaZuma mvstfcetus) in Canadian arctic after the pregnant females have arrived time, sent a small factory shil) and two 

Waters. J. Hsh. Res. Bd. Can. 28: 1873- in certain shallow lagoons on the west catcher boats to the Antarctic specid- 1875. coast of Baja California. The female for mlnke whales and 3,000 Were Billed. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNNDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

The venture was suiBciently profitable that increased operations are planned. No estimates are available of the abundam of this species in the North Pacific 

or North Atlantic. In the Southern 

Hemisphere the Present population, which is virtually une.xploit.ed. numbers 

at least 200.000 (International Whaling Commission. 1973) . ~enerd &logy. The minire WWB is 

the smallest member of the genus ~crkrcnoptera, not exceeding 10 m in 

length in the Northern Hemisphere. The 

northern animals are distinguished by a 

white band on the flipper; individuals 

from the Southern Hemisphere average about a meter longer, and usually lack 

th4 white flipper band. The minke whale 

feeds mainly on euphausiids, but also 

takes some small fishes. In the Northern 

Hemisphere. it attains sexual maturity 

at an age of 7 to 8 years and an average bods length of 7.0 m in males and 7.9 

m in females. The female bears a calf 

only once every 2 years (rather than 

annually, as once believed). During the 

summer. pregnant females migrate to 

much higher latitudes than do the lactating and immature females. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

Allocation problem. None known. 

Current research. Research on minke 

whales is being conducted by the Japanese Far Seas Fisheries Research Laborabry, the South African Division of 

Sea Fisheries, and the Norwegian State 

Institute for Whale Research. 

International Whaling Commission. 

Scientific Committee. 1973. Report of the 

Scientific Committee. Rep. Int. Comm. 

Whaling 23 [in press]. Jonsg8nt. A. 1951. Studies on the Uttle 

piked whale or minke whale (Bokrenoptera acutorostrata Lsceme). Nor& 

EvaIfangst-Tid. M(5) : 209-232. 

1962. Population studies on the minire 

whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lac& 

pede. p. 158-167 In LeCren. E. D.. and 

M. W. Eoldgate teds.) . Tht exploitation 

of natural animal populations. Blackwell 8ci. Publ.. Oxford. 

Ohrmmi. 6.. Y. Masaki, and A. 

Kawamura. 1970. Stocks of the Antarctic 

minke whale. &i. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 

22 75-126. 

Omura. H., and H. Sakiura, 1956. Studies on the little piked whale from the 

coast of Jam mi. Rep. Whales Res. 

Inst.. 11: 1-39. 

Sergeant. D. 1963. Minke whales, Bcllcrcnoptera acutorchttratcr LachpMe. of 

the western North Atlantic. J. Fish Res. 

Bd. Can. 20: 1489-1504. 

Dfsttitrutton and migration. The 

Bryde's whale is found in tropical and 

wann temperate coastal waters around 

the world. In the western Atlantic Ocean, 

it ranges from the Gulf of Mexico south 

to Cabo Frio, Brazil, and in the eastern 

Atlantic Ocean from Morocco south to 

the Cape of Good Hope. In the Indian 

Ocean. it ranges from the Cape of Good 

Hope north to the Persian Gulf. east to 

the Gulf of Martaban. Burma, and thence 

south to Shark Bay. Western Australia. 

In the western Pacific Ocean, it is distributed from northern Hokkaido. Japan, south to Victoria, Australia. and North 

Island, New Zealand; in the eastern 

Pacific Ocean. it ranges from central 

Baja California, Mexico, south to Iquique, Chile. 

At least same of the temperate zone 

populations (Japan. South Africa) make 

limited seasonal migrations. The tropical populations may be sedentary. Abundance and trends. The Bryde's whale is of minor importance in the 

modern whaling industry. Until recently, only a few of these animals were taken 

by shore stations in Japan. South Africa. 

and rarely elsewhere. Since 1970, however, increasing numbers have been harvested by Soviet and Japanese pelagic expeditions in the western North Pacific 

Ocean. as these expeditions have shifted 

operations more k, the south. The popu- lation in the western North Pacific 

Ocean (the only one that has been exploited signi&antly) numbers between 

5.000 and 18.000. and is probably above the level needed for a maximum sustainable yield (Ohsumi, 8hfmadzu. and 

Doi, 1971). Estimates of populations elsewhere in the world have not been 

made. 

General bidogy. The Bryde's whale is 

very similar in appearance to the sei 

whale. and the two species were formerly confused. The Bwde's whale k 

sllghtly smaller--usually less than 13.5 m long: its throat grooves extend mteriorly beyond the umbilicus. and it has 

a pair of lateral ridges on top of its 

snout, one on each side of the median 

ridge. The fringe on Its baleen plates is 

much coarser than that of the sei whale. 

Xt feeds maInfy on small schooling flshes. 

and also takes some euphausitds and 

other crustaceans. Males attain sexual 

maturity at an average length of 12.2 m and females at 12.5 rn. The mating and 

calving season is usually durinf: the winter. but in some areas-South Afria, for examplHhey breed year-'round. The gestation period L. about 1 year. The female does not bear a calf 2 yew 

in succession. 

~colwicd probLems. None known. 

AIlocation problems. None Im0Wn. 

current research. Research on the 

Bryde's whale is being conducted by the 

South African Division of Sea Fisheries 

and the Japanese Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratom. 

Ohsuml. 8.. Y. Shtmadm, and T. Doi. 

1971. The seventh memorandum on the 

results of ~apane~~ stock -ent of 

whales in the North Pacific. Rep. Int. 

Comm. whaling, 21 : 76-89. 

Omura, H. 1959. Brgde's whale from 

the coast af Japan. &i. Rep. Whales Rp. 

Inst. 14: 1-33. 

1962. Further information on Brgde's 

whale from the coast of Japan. Sci. Rep. 

Whales Res. mt. 16: 7-18. 

t BcrIaenoptera borealis) 

DistWmtion and migration. The sei 

whale is nearly world wide in distribution. In the eastern North Pacific, it summers fran California to the Gulf of 

Alaska and Aleutian Islands: in the 

North Atlantic. from New England and 

the British Isles to the Arctic Ocesn. In 

winters at low latitudes. In the Southern 

Hemisphere this species summers in all 

oceans from 30" S latitude and southward, and in winter it is generally found 

north of 40" S latitude. 

Abundance and trends. Information in 

this section is from the annual reports of 

the International Whaling Commission 

(1972, In press) and from recent reports of the Bureau of International WhaIing Statistics. Stock sizes available for cammercial harvest are estimated to be about 

80,000 in the southern oceans and 33,000 

to 37.000 in the North Psclflc Ocean. 

Definitive stock estimates of this species in the North Atlantic are not avathble. 

though a tentative estimate for the pop- ulation off Nova Scotfa is 1,570. In addition. all stocks contain unknown numbers of sei whales younger than those 

utilized commerciaus because a minimum length restriction prevents the taking of these animals and development of 

population data on this segment of the 

herd. The sei whale is the second most 

valuable baleen whale, and populations 

appear to be near the level of maximum 

sustainable yield. Catches of sei whales 

in recent seasons have been: 

Norfl~ North Boathen, Sewn I.&. iru. Atlar~lio o~aaos land 

(S.dQS) stations 

1 Southern occnrrr eatdles am Ior the seu~ns 1BbBIrO. 197Ot71. 1971172. respsoUve!y. No inlorma(1on hm Bracil and Chib in 190% 

General bidopy. The species resembles 

the dn whale but is slightly smaller, with 

less white underneath, and a large dorsal fin. In the far north of the northern 

hemisphere it feeds mostly on copepods. The diet is much more varied in lower 

latitudes-including euphawiids, copePods. saurles. anchovies, herring, -- 

dines, and jack mackeral. Sei whales 

usually travel in small pods of 24. They attain sexual maturity at 6-12 years of 

age, at s body length of about 13.1 m (males) and 13.7 m (females). Females 

bear calves every 2 or 3 years. The mating and calving season occurs in winter 

in the respective hemispheres. Gestation 

lasts 1 year, and the calf is weaned when 

about 7 months old. 

Seven percent of the sei whales taken 

off CkMornia have been infected with 

a unique dbxw that causes progressive shedding of 'the baleen plates and their 

replacement by an abnormal papilloma- like growth. 

Ecological ptabZm. None knownAllocation problems. None kuown. 

Current research. The National Marine Msheries Service will share in popuFEDERAL RE GIMR, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGU 

20584 NOTICES 

from the fin whale by its mottled bluegray color dorsally and ventrally. its 

smaller dorsal fin, its broad flat snout. 

and its black baleen plates. Blue whales 

feed exclusively on euphausfids during the summer, and fast during the winter. 

They become sexually mature at an average age of about 10 years, when males of 

the Antarctic stocks average 22.5 m and 

females 24.0 m; blue whales of the Northern Hemisphere average about 1 m shorter, whereas the "pygmy" blue 

whales of the southern Indian Ocean 

average about 2 m less in length. hrery 2 

or 3 years during the winter months the 

female gives birth to a calf after a 12- 

month gestation period. At birth the calf 

is about 7 m long; when weaned 8 months 

later it is about 15 m long. Ecological problems. None known. 

AlZocation probleins. None known. 

Current Research. Observers aboard 

whaling and research vessels record 

sightings of blue whales and routinely report them to the International Whaling Commission. 

REFERENCES 

Allen. K. R. 1970. A note on baleen 

whale stocks of the north west Atlantic. 

Rep. Int. Comm. Whaling. 20: 112-113. 

Chapman, D. G.. K. R. Allen, and S. J. 

Holt. 1964. Reports of the Committee of 

Three Scientists on the special scientific investigation of the Antarctic whale 

stocks. Rep. Int. Comm. Whaling, 14: 32- 

106. 

Gulland. John. 1972. Future of the 

blue whale. New Scientist, 27 April, P. 

198-199. 

~onsgsrd, A. 1955. The stocks of blue 

whales (Bralaenoptera muscscI~1~) in the 

North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Arctic waters. Norsk Hvauangst-Tid. 44(9) : 

50S519. 

Mackintosh, N. A.. and J. F. G. Wheelerer 

1929. Southern blue and fin whales. Disc. 

Rep. 1: 257-540,19 pls, 157 figs. 

Ohsumi, 8.. and S. Wada. 1972. Stock 

assessment of blue whales in the North 

Pacific. unpublished report submitted to 

Scientific Comdttee. Intemationsl 

Whaling COmOn. 

H~~PBA~K WHICLI: 

(Megaptera novaeangliae) 

Distrfbution and migration. The hump- back whale is found in almost all Oceans 

from tropical waters to the edge of, but 

not into. the polar pack ice zones in the 

Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It 

makes extensive mnsl -ti0118 between higher latitude summerins 

grounds and low-latitude &king 

grounds-the latter along contlnentd 

coasts or around islands. 

Three geographical4 isolated popda- tions are recognized, one in the North 

Pacific Ocean. another in the North Atlantic Ocean, and a third in the Southern 

Hemisphere. Each population is canprised of several almost entire4 discrete 

stocks. 

In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, the 

humpback whale ranges from the 

Chukchl Sea south to southern Californis 

during the summer. and from southern 

California south to the Islas Remagigedo and Jallsco, Mexico, and ah 

around the Hawaiian Islands, during the 

winter. 

In the western North Atlantic ocean$ 

ranges from Disco Bay in western Greenland south to Massachusetts during the 

summer, and from Hispaniola and Puerto 

Rico south to Trinidad during the winter. 

Abundance and trends. The humpback whale was important, especially to shore 

stations, during the first half of the 20th 

century. Now, however, this mammal is 

so scarce that it will requirq a half century of complete protection for it to increase to a significant leveL A few are killed in subsistence fisheries in Greenland, the Lesser Antilles, and the Tongo Islands. It has a minor value as a tourist 

attraction in Hawaii and southeastern 

Alaska. The original population size of 

the North Pacific Ocean is unlcnown, but 

is now severely depleted to about 1,200 

individuals (Wada. 1972). The animals 

have apparently not increased since complete protection was given the species in 

1966. 

The original population size of the 

North Atlantic Ocean b Unmmown. and 

the western North Atlantic Ocean stock 

is now reduced to less than 1.000 animals 

(Allen, 1970). A small increase may have 

occurred in ment years. Estimates of the 

eastern North Atlantic Ocean population hpve not been made. 

The original population of the'muthem Hemisphere, which probably numbered about 100.000. now contains about 

3.000 individuals tCha~m8n. in Press; 

Masaki, 1972). m he stock has apparent& 

not increased 8ime complete protection 

was given the species in 1964. 

General Wogy. The humpback whale 

is much more heavily bodied than members of the genus Balcrenoptera, and is 

characterized by its extremely lone 

flippers. It feeds mahly on euphausiids. but-also eats anchovies and sardines 

when available. The species attains sexual maturity at an age of 6 to 12 years. when males average 11.6 m long and females 11.9 rn. The mating and calving 

sesson is from October to March in the 

Northern Hemisnhere. and April to Sep- tember in the Hemisphere. The 

gestation period is 12 to 13 months and 

the calf nurses for about 11 months. The 

female rarely bears a calf 2 years in 

l4umsba 

The humpback whale is heavily infested with three SpecidB of eCtocOmmenssl barnacles and with whale lice. 

~colo~fa~ problems. None known. 

Allocatfon problems. None at present. 

Current. research. Observers aboard 

research vesseLs and foreign wham 

ships record slghttngs of humpback whales and routinely report them to the 

International Whaling Commission. 

Allen. K. R. 1970. A note on baleen 

whale stocks of the north west Atlantic. 

Rep. Int. CommC Whaling, 20:. 112413. 

Chapman, D. a. In press. Status of research and balm whaIe stocks in the 

Antarctic. Presented at IBP Conference 

on the Biology of Whales, Luray. Virginia. - June 1971. 

Chittleborough, R. G. 1965. 

of two populations of the humpback whale, Megaptera Rooaeangliae (BOWski). Austr. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 16: 

33-128. 

Masaki. Y. 1972. Estimation of abundance of whales by means of whale sighting in the Antarctic. Unpublished report submitted to Scientific Committee. 

International Whaling Conunission. 

Nishiwaki. M. 1959. Humpback whales 

in Ryulqruan waters. &L Rep. Whales 

Res. Inst. 14: 49-87. 

Wada. S. 1972. The ninth memorandum on the stock assessment of whales 

in the North Paciflc. Unpublished report submitted to Scientific Committee. 

International Whaling Commission. 

Distribution and migration. The 

rough-toothed dolphin inhabits tropical and warm temperature seas. It ranges 

in the western Atlantic Ocean from Virginia south. In the North Pacific Ocean 

it ranges north to soutlmm Japan (35' N) where it is rare, and to the 

Hawaiian Islands where it is fairly com- mon. It is unknown from the eastern 

North Pacific except for one stqncUng 

near San Francisco. 

Abundunce and trendrr. The rough- toothed dolphin is upcommon but not 

rare throughout most of its range. It is 

seldom caught in. the Japanese dolphin ffshery (Ohswnf, 1972). and has been 

recorded on a few occasions in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna fishery (NOAA, 

1972). 

Cenerd biolopv. Thls dol- grows 

to about 2.4 m. Little is known of its 

biology or habits. Circular scars on its 

skin suggest that thls species feeds on 

large squid. 

Ecologicd problems. None knownAllocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The Oceanic Institute of Hawaii is studying this species in the wild. 

NOAA. 1972. Observation on the status 

of stocks and a recommended prognun 

to reduce the incidental Idn of pomh taken in the eastern tropical Paclflc hma 

seine flshery. Report of the NOM tunaporpoise review Committee. 63 p. 

Norris; K. 8.. and J. E Prescott. 1961. 

Observations on Pacific Cetaceans of 

California and Mexican waters. Univ. 

of Calif. Publications in Zoology. Univ. 

of Calif. Press, Berkeley and Loa An@=- 

63:4. 291402, pl. 27-41, 12 -. in text. 

Ohsumi, S. 1972. Catch of marine 

Mammals,mainl~ofsmallcetaceansW 

ld fisheries along the coast of Japan, 

BuU of Far Seas Fish, Res. Lab. No. 7: 

137-166. 

. Pryor, K. W, R. Haag. and 3. OWilIy1969. The creative porpoise: training for 

novel behavior. 3. Exp. Anal. Behav. 

12(4) :. 653-661. 

FEDERAL 1EGlSl& VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, (HIGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 20585 

Distribution and mbration. The bob 

tleriosed dolphin is widely distributed 

in temperate and tropical waters, but 

stram into much colder latitudes. In the 

western Atlantic Ocean. it ranges from 

southern Greenland and Canada to Patagonia, but is best known from New 

SWland southward through the West 

Indies and Caribbean. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the northeast 

Scandinavian coast to South Africa. In 

the eastern Pacific Ocean. its northern 

Umit is probably Oregon, and it ranges muth to Chile. In the western Pacific. 

it is found north to Japan and south 

to Australla and New Zealand. Its Pacidc range includes the Hawaiian Islands, where it is xaid to & common 

A subspecies. T. t. adunas, may occur 

in the Indian Ocean and the tropical Indo-Pa&. A closely related form. 

T. gilll, is presently recognized as inhabiting the northern Gulf of California 

and waters along the west coast of Baja California and southern California. The 

geographical rsnges and characters delimiting these named fonns are still 

~bdeffned.Thermtrybea~especies. Limited and 8ubjective data suggest that populations are locallzed within 

about a 100-mile radius and that this 

speices does not make long migratians. 

Abumiunce curd trends. In the early 

20th century, from 500 to 1,500 snlmnln 

were kllled annually off North Carolina 

(Townsend, 1914). A few bottlenosed 

dolphins an now taka for food in small 

open-boat pilot whaie llsheries fn the 

Antilles (St. V-t, St. Luck. 

Dominica) and some are harvested by Venezuelan fkhennen. 8evd hundred 

bottlebed dolphins have been taken 

each year off Florida, Mhisippi, and 

Texas for display in marine aquariums and for research. Some of these animnl4 

are shipped alive to Hawaii, Callfomia. 

and ~urope. rends are based on subjec- tive data, but it is believed that local 

populations of the southeastern United 

States are not now being reduced by these activities (D. X. Caldwell, pers. comm.) . General btoZom. ~ottlenosed dolphins 

sre 1.1 m long at birth and mow to 3.6 m 

in length and 1350 kg in weight. Captive animals have become sexully mature 

at 6 yeam, but recent evidence suggests that this species normally breeds at 

about 12 years* Gestation laPb about 

one year, and calves may nurse for 15 

to 2 yeara, although they begin to take 

solid food at age 6 months. Bleeding 

apparently occurs throughout the Year, but the fact that mast of the young are 

born during a certain time of year suggests that breeding, aa weU as calving, takes place in the spring and summer. 

Thfs dolphin is likely to be seen in bays 

and lagoons, sometimes venturing far UP 

large rivers. These dolphfns are usually found close to shore and near islands. 

but some popufations Uve well beyond 

the continental shelf. Bottlenosed dolphins are often seen fn large loose 

schools of several hundred animnln, 

which appear to consist of aggregations of small groups of no more than a dozen 

individuals. Humpback and right whales 

traveling along the Atlantic coast of 

Florida are almost fdways accompanied 

by bottlenosed dolphins. Bottlenosed dolphins feed on several species of fish. 

squid, and a few crustaceans. Bottlenosed dolphins have been trained to dive 

to a depth of about 305 m, from where 

they have returned within a few minutes. The estimated life span for this 

species is about 30 years, but it may be 

longer. Bottlenosed dolphins are extremely sodal and quick to learn a show 

routine or experimental procedure. They have been credited with a high order of 

Intelligence, which has not been demonstrated experimentally. Ecological problems. None known. 

AZZocation pro&m. Bottlenaed dolphins have been accused of harasing fishing efforts by biting flsh and shrimp nets and some fishermen attempt to 

drive them away. Some fishmen consider this dolphin a threat to their activities. Bottlenosed dolphins are occasionally trapped accidentally in commercial fishing gear. In this wayway. a small 

number are lost in the eastern tropical 

Pacific tuna seine dshery. The effect on 

the population of taking these animals 

off the sou~t united states for display and rcsesrch is not understood and 

could become a problem; Current research. SevtraI agencies and 

institutions conduct or support research 

on the bottlenosed dolphfu Included are 

the Oface of Naval Research, National 

Institutes of Health. National. Science 

Pbundation. and the American Phflosophical8bciety. The University of Pforida concentrates its research on general life history and ecological studies. The 

Florida State Museum is studping sys- tematics. Fmearch in Physialogg, echolocation. anatomy, life history and the 

behavior at captive and wild individuals 

has been done at the Naval Undersea 

Centers in San Diem and Hawail. Studies on vision are being carried out by scientists from the Univmity of Miamt 

The Dolilnarium at Hardezwijk, Netherlands. has recently conducted studies of 

the ph~siolow and handling of these 

animals, 

FJmmENw 

Andemn, Harald T. fed.). 1969. The 

biolog? of marine mammals. Academic 

Press. New York, 511 p. Caldwell. David K., and Melba C. Caidwell. 1972. The world of the bottlenosed 

dolphin. J. B. Lippincott Co.. Philadelphia. 157 p. Norrls, Kenneth S. ted.) .1966. Whales, 

dolphins, and porpoises. U~llv. California 

Press. Berkeley, 789 p. 

Ridgway, Sam & ted.). 1972. Mammals of the sea: biobgy and inailcine. 

Charles C. Thomas, SpriwfIeld. IL. 812 p. 

Townsend, C. H. 1914. The porpofse in 

captivity. Zoologica, 1 ( 16) : 284-299. 

Distribution and rnigratfmh The Ris80.s 

dolphin ranges through a11 temperate 

and tropical seas. In western North 

America its northern limit is British Columbia, and it is sighted during the 

winter in central California. In the eastern United States it ranges from Massachusetts south. Strandings in Britain are 

most common during the summer. The 

species probably migrates to higher latitudes in warmer months. 

Abundance and trends. Risso's dolphin 

was described in 1894 as "abundant" 

near Monterey Bay, California. (Daugherty, A. E.. 1972). The species is uncommon but not rare throughout most 

of its range. Over 200 of these animsls 

were sighted in one group during 1972 

off the Washingtun coast. (Mscus. Unpublished field notes, 1972). 

General Melogy. Risso's dolphin grows 

to 3.U.0 m. Its skin commonly has long, 

narrow, white marks believed to be scars 

caused by others of the same species. Solitary animals or schools of 12 or less 

are generally observed. This species is 

frolicsome. and sometimes leaps clear 

of the water. Known foods are ahnost 

exclusivels ce~halomds. 

ECOZ~~~& problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Cum& research. None. 

Daugherty, Anita E. 1972. Marine 

mammaln of CWifomia. State of Calif. 

Res. Agency. Dept. Fish and Game. 91 pp. 

Orr. R. T. 1966. Risso's dolphin on 

the Padfic coast of North America J. 

Mamm. 47: 341543. 

Tomilia A. G. 1957. Zverii 66SR i 

priIe&ashchikh st- Tm 9. Kltoobmme. (Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and 

adjacent countries. Vol. IX. CeW.) Mo8cow. Mad. Nauk. SSSR. 756 P. 

(Transl. by IPST, Jerusalem, 1967, 

xxii+717 R.) 

~Lcrgenorhynchus dbims%?) 

Distribution and migration. The 

white-beaked dolphin inhabits the 

c6estal waters of the North Atlantic 

Ocean from the Barents Sea and Davis 

strait to France and Massachusefts. It 

is mast common in the North Sea from 

the east coast of the United Kingdom 

to the Faroe Islands. and may winter 

in the southerly parts of the North 

Atlantic oeegn. It appears in Davis 

Strait in the spring and summer after 

the beluga and narwhal migrate north 

and leaves in autumn sometimes as late 

as November. It a~parentb ranges farther north into mtic waters than 

its relative the white-sided dolphin. 

AbUndU?we and trends. This species is 

one of the more abundant of Nortfi 

Atlsntic toothed whales. Schools of as 

maw as 1.500 have been reported from 

the coast of Norway where it is attracted 

by herring (Frsser 1949). Tomlin (1957) reports schooIs Oi sev- eral hundred and states that this species 

is taka commercially in N-Y. but 

gives no statistics on the catch. He also 

mentions that it was once taken commew in Davis Strait. 

General bidogv. This gregsrioUS sPecies grows to 3.0 rn; the calves are as 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1. 1973 
20586 NOTICES 

long as 1.2 m when born. The mating Transl. by IPST, Jerusalem, 1967, xxit Pike, G. C. and I. B. MacCskie. 1969. period is long. but limited to the warmer + 717 p. Marine mammals of British Columbia 

half of the year. Most of the calves are . Utrecht, W. L. van and A. M. Husson. Fish. Res. Bd. of Can. Bull. 171. p. 54. 

born during midsummer. Food is mainlp 1968. Strandingen van Cetacea in bet Scheffer. V. B. 1950. The striped dolfish such as herring. cod. whiting. and Voorjaar van 1967 op de Nederlandse phin. Jhgenorhunchus obliquidens GU, 

capem, but also crustaceans and mol- Kiisten. Lutra 10: 7-17, pL 2--4. 1865. on the coast of North America. 

lllsc~ such as hermit crabs. whelks. and W--slDED DOLPHIN r1 Am. naidl. Nat. 44: 750-758. 

squids. Tomilin, A. G. 1957. Zverii SSSR i 

Ecological problems. Strandinp of (Lapenorhunchus obliquidem) prilezhashchikh stran. Tom 9. Kitoobraschools Of up to 30 adId.5 have been Distribution and migration. The ~8- We. (Mammals of the U.8s.R. and ad- reported. cmc ~hite-sided dolphin ranees the Jacent countries. Vol. IX. ~etacea.1 M-- 

prObh- None known. northen, North Pacific from -f of COW. Aksd. Nauk. SSSR, 756 p. (Transl. Current research. None. Japan and Baja Csllform northward by ImT, Jeme4 1967, +717 P.) 

REFE~CIL~ It is found year round of California and S~WAK DOLPRIN 

Prsser. F. C. 1949. Whales and dol- W-n and in and Kurile (Lugenodelphis hosei) 

phins. Part II In J. R. orm man and F. C. Island waters the summer, but 

Fraser. Meld book giant P. 201- ha8 not been reported from the Bering Distribution and migration. Only a 

349. pis. 64, G. Sons, New Sea. It frequents the waters of the con- single specimen of the Sarawak dolphin. 

York. tinental shelf and slope but on occasion from Bomeo, was known to science until 

Marzer Brugns. Capt. F. J. 1971, ha8 been sighted in large schools in off- 25 of the m~mmals were taken in a tuna 

purse seine in the eastern tropical PaW1phinsAm- *flEzEd m tr-. No* and ciflc. Since then. it has - recorded sterdam. Uiteevertl tor'N. V. Uitgevem Pmott (1961) report the species ss from several widely separated localities vh.c. a. mees. p. 258. Nishfwaki, M. 1972. General Biology common OK southern california in in- in the Pacific and Indian Oceans: DurChap. p. 1-204. m: of the shore waters in winter and spring and ban. (Jouth Africa: near Sydney. Aussea, Biology and mediciae Ed. s. EI. offshore in summer and fall. According tralia: TokYo. Japan: and the Central 

Pacific south of Hawaii. Ridgeway. Charles Thomas. Sprindeeld. &FgzriEpo&z gfletE, 2: Abundnnce and Tb. is 

Ill. by Pike and MacAskie (1969). this rare in c~lhtfons and P-b not To-. A- (3. 1957- Zvd species mag be the -t dudant dol- common in its habitat (Perrin et al., Prilezhashehikh stran. Tom 9- KitOObraz- phin north of southem C~O-. NO 1973). 

nye. (Mammals of the USSR. and ad- jacent =. Mas- estimate of the size of the population Geed WoIogU. Iength at birth & 

along the west coast of ~orth America appro-a- 1 W and the adults cow. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. 756 pp. (Rand. h, been me- about 2.5 m long. This dolphin feeds on by IPST* Jerusalem. 1967, + 717 PP.) NW- (1972) ~tfmstes the Wpu- deep living fishes and squids: 

Van Bree. P. J. H. 1970. Uber Weiss- lahn in J~ w&ers be between Ecolodcd prob2enu. None known. 

schnauz-delphine (Lrrgenmhmhus albi- 30 and 50 thm glumov (1959) re- Allocation problem, Loss of Sarawak 

rwtris) van den detitschen Nordseekus- that the padc ~hik-med dol- dolphins in the tuna fishery Is minor in 

ten. Natur. and Museum 100(b) :264-268. phin is me of the two -t numerous term^ of absolute numbers. but may be 

A~arrrrc Wm-Sm Dam- dolphins found in the late summer and Sh?DifLcant considem the aPmt a- 

~Lagenorhynch1cs (rcutus) fall in the Kurile Xslands area, and forms rariB of the maw-nine 

schools oi up to ~e thousand of thirty-four identified specimens have 

Distribution and migratfm The At- animals. been taken in tuna seines. - lantic white-sided dolphin ranges the A few of these animals are taken for Current research. Mmecoastal waters of the North Atlantic display in ocean BQ~ lum~mxw 

Ocean from the Barents Sea and Davis Generd biolow. This species grows to 

Strait south to France and Cape Cod. 2.3 m, and weighs up to 181 kg. A male ' -r " c. lgH. A new dolAbundance and trend$. The status of 1.2 m in length with pi& in its stomach phin. Sarawak Mus' J' 478503- 

this species is unknown. According to was taken off Washington. It probably F.* '. B' -* W. 

Tornilin (1957). "this dolphin is taken breeds in late spring to autumn, with a bh C* BalCombv and-- 

only in summer in the waters of NO-: gestation period of 10-12 months. &hods G' J' B- -. Of 

the animals are trapped in the fjords, of thoumads are -. &ten mthu Nze':2$?& :~,'~z~h~ hosei. 

which they ehter in vast schools pursuing with common and right-whale dolphins. 

herring- The take may reach 1.500 in- It is active day and .night, frolics. SPOTTED DoLPHm 

dividuals at a time." follows shim dashes across ships* bows, (SteneRcr attenuata) 

General biolom. This species grows to and ew jumps clear of 

3.0 m. The young are born mostly in surface. It a- well to captivity- This ts. frontdis) 

midsummer and are about 1.0 m in dolphin fee& prime on cewmods (S. mffmuni) 

length. It feeds mostly on pelagic and and timall fish such as hems sardine. (S. dubia) 

benthopelagic fish such as mackerel, dow~r, and DisMbutim and migratfon. Knowlsalmonids. and herring, and some crus- Ewicd m-. N*e kno- edge of the spotted dolphins is scanty, 

beans and moll- euch as pagurus AUocation problems. None and their taxonomy is confused, but two 

and Buccinum. Schools in excess of 1.000 ~~~t r@r?m'ch- None- species probably exist. The taxonomy 

animals have been reported while they used here is provisional. One form Is 

were feeding: groups of 10 to 50 are nor- conifned to warm waters of the Atlantic 

mally seen. Klumov, S. K. 1959. Commercial dd- and probably is Stenella pZagbdon Cope. 

E~&gfcd problems. 8-a schools phins of the far east. Pat. M. Res. Inst. his species. the Atlantic spotted dolof up to 30 have been reported. of FML ECOP. m-. (T-) W. phin, Is discussed in a separate status 

AUocatim problems. None Imown. Vd. XLm 'I'md. by L. V. 1962. report. The other apparent species ocCurrent research. None. NishiwakL N. 1912. General Bidow. cura in all tropical waters of the world. 

Chap. I. pp. 1-204. In Mammals of the including the Atlantic Ocean, and ha8 

u~mmr~a sea. biology and Medlcine ted) 8. H. been identified as belonging to the four 

~omilin. A. G. 1957. zverii SSSR i Ridgeway- above-listed nominal species. Taxonoprilezhashchikh stran. Tom. 9. Klh- Norris, K. 8.. and J. H. Prescott. 1961. mists do not agree on the taX*omY. 

bmye. (Mammals of the U.8.S.R. and Observatiom on Pltciflc cetaceans of The two apparent species are Merent 

adjacent countries. Vol. Ix. Cetacea.) California and Mexican wate~. U. Calif. in baslc color pattern but both have 

MOSCOW,. Akad. Nauk. 888R. 756 p. PubL ZooL 63(4) : 29142. spots. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 3& NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
The spotted dolphin occurs in the Gulf 

Stream adjacent to the US. east coast 

and in the Gulf of Mexico. Nothing is 

known of its migrations. It has not been 

recorded from the US. Pacific Coast, but 

it is the primary cetacean species involved in the tuna flshery in the eastern 

tropical Pacific, from Cabo San Lucas to 

Peru and west to approximately bng. 145' W. It occurs around the Hawaiian 

Islands and in the U.S. Trust Territory. The maximum recorded movement of a 

single animal i 1.300 miles (2.080 km) 

in 236 days. Abundance and trends. Population estimates and trends in abundance are 

not available for these species. General &low. Length at birth of 

the race involved in the tuna fish= is 

about 0.8 m. Adults of the various races 

are 1.6-2.6 m long. Considerable geo- graphic variations exist in external size 

and shape, coloration, and skeletal strueture. with pronounced diflerences between coastal and offshore subspecies in 

the eastem Paciflc. It feeds on small 

mesopelagic and epipelagic fishes and 

squids. In the eastern tropical Pacldc, 

this species commonly &sodates with 

the spinner porpoise in mixed aggrega- tions of up to several thousand animals. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. Because of their 

assodation with yellowfln tuna, many of 

these mammals are taken incidentalIy during tuna harvesting om rat lo^ by ilshermen from Canada, F'rance, Japan. Mexico, Panama. United 8tates. and 

other countries In coastal and intemational waters in the eastern tropical Pacittc (ETP). Cwrent rcbeamh. The National me 

P¶sheries Service and the tum industry 

are assessing the effects of &hbg mortality and improving rescue methods and 

gear to eliminate losses rursociated with 

the tuna harvest. Other research includes systematic and ecological studies 

by P. J. H. van Bree at the Zoological 

Museum in Amsterdam, W. Dawbin at 

Sydney University, and E. D. Mitchell 

at the Arctic Biological Station of the 

Fisheries Research Board of Canada in 

Ste. Anne de Belleme. Quebec. 

~css 

Best. P. B. 1969. A dolphin (Stenella 

UttenWtU) from Durban, south Africa. 

Ann. S. Afr. MUS. 52<5) : 121-135. 

Caldwell, D. K.. M. C. CaldweU, W. F. 

mthjen, and J. R. Sullivan. 1971. Cetaceans from the Lesser AnWean Island 

of St. Vincent. Flsh. Bull. 69(2) :303-312. 

Fraser, P. C. 1950. Descdption of a dolphin StenelZlr f rontdis (Cuvier) from the 

coast of French Equatorial Africa, Atlantide-~eport NO. 1. scientific mults 

of the Danish Expedition to the coasts 

of tr0pica.X West Afdca 1945-1946. Danish Press, Copenhagen, 83 p. 

Green, R. E.. W. F: Perrin, and B. 

Petrich. 1971. The American tuna pm seine fishery. In Modem fishing gear of 

the world VoL 3. United Nations FAO, 

Fishing Books, La.. London, 537 p. 

Mime. K., and K. Yoshida. 1962. Stud- r ies on the little toothed whales in the 

f West Sea area of Kyusyu. IX. About 

Prodelphinus sp.. so-called "Madara 

Iruka'' in Japan caught at Mko wa in 

Ooto Is.. Nagasaki Pref. Bull. Fac. Fish. 

Nagasaki Univ. 13:1-8. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1972. Report of the NOAA 

Tuna-Porpofse Review Committee. Rocessed report. 63 p. Niwakl. M. 1966. A discussion of 

rarities among the smaller cetaceans 

caught in Japanese waters. P. 192-202 

In Norris. K. 8.. (ed.) , Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Lns Angeles, 789 p. Perrin, W. F. 1969. Using porpoise to 

catch tuna. World Fishing, 18(6) : 42-45. 

1970. Color pattern of the eastern Pacific spotted porpoise StencRa gramnf Lonnberg (Cetacea, Delphinidae) . Zoologica 54(4) : 135152. 

1972. Variation and taxonomy of spot- ted and spinner porpoises of the eastern 

tropical Pacmc and Rawail. Ph. D. dissertation. Univ. of Calif., Us Aneeles. 

arvi+590 P. 

Schmidly. D. J.. M. B. Beleau, and H. 

Hildebran. 1972. First record of Cuvier's 

dolphin from the Gulf of Mexico with 

comments on the taxonomic status of 

Stenel& frontalis. J. Mammal. 53: 625- 

628. 

tsteneacr PLCWiOd4n) 

Dismbutron and migration. mq Atlantic spotted dolphin (exact taxonomic 

position not yet known) is probably connned to tmpical and subtropical waters 

ofthe~tianticOcean.It~onthe 

US. Gulf umst and oil the east coast in 

OW Stream waters, and w be testricted to conthental waters, being replaced in the West Indies by some other 

species in tbis.genus tprobabl~ SteneUa 

jrmtalis). Seasonal idwe-oiIshore 

migrations occur in Florida waters, and 

pertlaps elsewhere in the Gulf d Mexico, with animals movine close to shore 

in late spring. Abundance and trends. Population estimates have not been made for this 

species. The only known dshery for the 

species has taken 12 or fewer animals per 

year for display, however, these animals, 

do not easily withstand hsndllng and 

captivity. ThUs, an increased bsherY for 

display anlmala b not Ilkely. 

General MdoW. The newbarn are 

about 0.8 m long. asd the adults reach 

2.0-2.2 m in length. Little is known of 

the Me history of this sped-. Except for the annual mrlng ~~UD&io3ls to near 

shore, this speck is amsidered a mammal of the outer continental shelf or 

adjacent high sess. spotted dolphins 

appear to feed prime on auld in the 

wild, but they readily adapt to a flsh 

diet in captivity. Newborn and young animnls are not spotted, but Prognsa through a series of color changes until 

the adults become spotted all over except for the ventral dace near the belly. 

This species is subject to infestations 

extemdly by barnacles and whale lice, 

internally by trematodes in the stomach, 

liver, and pancreas, and nematodes in 

in cold weather, these animals easily 

contract Pneumonia. 

Ecological problems. Little is known 

about the ecology of this dolphin, but 

because it normally lives well offshore. 

it seems likely that it is mected little 

by man. 

Allocation problem. None known. 

Current research. Some information 

on this species has been gathered incidental to studies by the Omce of Naval 

Research on the bottlenosed dolphin. Most of the recent mearch has been on 

various aspects of sound production by this species. However, David K. and 

Melba C. Caldwell have long been gathering general biological informatton at 

the Marine Mammal Center of the Communication Sciences Laboratory of the 

University of Florida located at Marineland, Florida (near St. Augustinel. 

ncrraWCEs 

Cadenat, J. 1959. Rapport w les petits Cetsces ouest-africah. Resultats des 

recherches entreprises sur cea animaux 

jusqu'au mais 'de mam 1959. BuU. 

I~AN.. Ser. A. 21 (4) : 1367-1409, pls. I-XIEXI. 

Caldwell. David K., and Melba C. Caldwell. 1966. Observations on the distribntlon, coloration. behavior and awiible 

sound production of the spotted dolphin, Stenella prcrgiodm (Cope). Los dngeles 

County Mus, Cont. in Sci.. 104: 1-28. 

Caldwell. David K., and Melba C. Caldwell. 1971. Underwater pulsed sounds 

proanced bs captive spotted do1W. 

Stenella plcrgfodon Cetology. 1 : 1-7. 

Caldwell, Melba C, David K. CaldweII, and J. F'rank Mfller. 1973. Bt&istical evidence for individual signature whistles in the spotted dol&h. StenelZa 

plagiodon. Cetulogg, in press. CaldweU, Melba C, Nicholas R. 

and David & Caldwell. 1971. Ability of 

cm Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin to dtscriminate between, and potenMr@ identify to individual, the whistles of another 

species, the spotted dolphin Ce-, 

6: 1-6. 

perrin, W. F. 1972. variation and taxof 

onom3i 

the 

of 

eastern 

spotted tropical and s,iMer 

Padfle 

- 

and 

Hawaii. Ph9. dhertation, Univ. calif, 

Ins Angeles. xxvi + 590 p. 

Zam, Stephen G., avid K. Caldand Melba C. Caldwell. 1971. Some 

endoparaaites from small odontocete 

cetaceans collected in FIorfda and 

Georgia Cetologp, 2: 1-11. 

<Slk?wm longirostris) 

Mstribution and migratfon. The 

spinner dolphin inhabits tropical inshore and oilshore waters around the 

world. It has been recorded fmm the C)uli 

of Mexico, around the Hawaiian aad Ltae 

Islands, and US. Trust Territorg, but not 

from the UB. Padflc Coast. It is involved 

in the U.S. tuna fishery in the esstenr 

tropical Psciflc, from Cab0 8an Lucas 

to Peru and west to about la^. 145' W. 

Little is known of its m.igraUaua The 

maximum recorded movement of a 

single animal is 280 miles ((48 km) in 

the lungs and stomach. In captivity and 396 days. 

FmEUL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUOUS 1, 1973 

Xa 147-R. ZIP--+ 
2058s NOTICES 

AWnd.ance and trends. Population estimates and trends in abundance are not 

avsilable for this species. General bblogu. Length at birth is 

approximately 0.8 m, and the adults 

grow to 1.5-2.2 m Pronounced geegraphical variations exist in external size 

and shape, coloratioa and skeletal 

structure. In the eastern tropical Pacific. 

it commonlp associates with the spotted 

po~inmixedaggregationsof~~to 

several thousand animals. The spinner dolphinfeedsonsmallpalsgicdshesand 

wluids. 

Ecoropicd problems. None known. 

Auocation problems. Becswe of its assodation with yellowfln tuna, thfs spe- ciea is taken &iden- by mermen 

from Canada,, France. Japan, Mexico. 

Panama, United States, and other countries in wastal and international waters 

of the eastern tropical PacMc. 

Cwent research. The National Marine 

trig industry 

Fisheries 

are 

Service 

assessing 

and the 

the 

tuna 

effects 

-- 

of 

fishing mortality and improving rescue methods and gear to eliminate losses 

atmciated with the tuna harvest. Other 

myarch includes systematics and eco- logical studies by P. J. H. van Bree at 

the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam. 

W. Dawbin at Sydney University. and 

E. D. Mitchell at the Arctic Biological 

8Won of the Ffsheries Research Board 

oP Cansda in Ste. Anne de Bdleme. 

Quebec; and ethologhl studies by K. 8. 

Norria at the Univerdty of California 

at Santa Cruz. 

mmmNc?s 

Bree. P. J. H. van. 1971. On skalla of 

StmcUa lonpirarttir (Ow, 1826) from 

the eastern Atlantic. (Notes on Cetaces. 

Delphlnoidea IV.) Beaufortia 19: 99405. 

Fitch. J. E. and R. L. BnrwneU Jr. 

1968. Egsh otoUths in cetecean stamachs 

and their importame in interpreting fading habits. J. Hsh. Res. Bd. Can. 

25(12) : 2561-2574. 

Green. R. E.. W. F. Perrin, and B. Petri&. 1971. The American tuna purse seine flsherJr. In Modem fishing gear of 

the world. Vol. 3. United Nations FAO. 

Flshjng Boo&. Ltd.. London, 537 p. Heskr, F. J., J. R. Hunter, and K R. 

Whitney. 1963. Jumping and spinning behavior in the spinner porpoise. J. 

Mnmmal. 44: 586-588. 

Mlzue, &. K. yoahida, and 8. ~onoda. 

1984. Studies on the little toothed whales 

in the West Sea area of Kyusyu. X. 

About Prodelphinw ep. so-called "HashhaaIrulca"in Japancsuehtinthe 

wa area around QotoIs, NaeaWd Pref. 

Bull. Fsc. FIsh. Nagmakl Univ. 11: 10- 

24. 

Morris. R. k. and L S. Mowbray. 1968. 

An unusual barnacle attachment on the 

tee@ of the Hawaiian spinning dolphin. Nmk Hvalfangst-nd. 55(1) : 15-16, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration., 1072 Report of the 

NOM Tuns-Porpoise Review Committee. Proceased report, 63 p. 

Perria W. F. 1969. Using porpoise to 

catch tuna World Fishing, 18(6) : 4245. 

1972. Color patterns of spinner porpoises (Stenem cf. S. lon~tris) of 

the eastern Pacific and Hawaii. with 

comments on delphinid pigmentation. 

Msh. Bull. 70: 983-1003. 

1972. Variation and taxonomy of 

spotted and spinner porpoises of the 

eastern tropical Pacific and Haw 

Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Calif.. Los 

Angeles, xxvi + 590 p. Perrin, W. F., and E. L. Roberts. 1972. 

Organ weights of noncaptive porpoise (Stenella spp.). Southern Calif. Acad. 

Sci. Bull. 71: 1932. 

Perm W. F., and J. R. Hunter. 1972. 

Escape behavior of the Hawaiian spinner 

porpoise (Stenem cf. S. longirosttis). 

Fish. Bull. 70: 59-60. 

Srar~~n DOLPHIN 

(Stenella coeruZeaJba) 

Distribution and migration. The 

striped dolphin inhabits temperate and tropical waters around the world, and 

has been recorded from both U. S. coasts. 

Nothing is known about the movements 

of striped dolphins in waters contiguous 

to the United States. 

Abundmace and trendP. Population estimates and information on trends are 

not available for the US. or eastern 

tropical Paclflc populatipns. The Japanese currently take about 5.000 striped dolphins per year (Kasuya. 1972). 

General WAogu. Biological studies 

have been carried out on the population off Japan. The mean length of the newborn is 1 m, and the gestation period is 

l2 months long. The mean age at sexual 

maturity in males and females is 9 years, 

at 2.2 and 2.1 m, respectively. Lactation 

lasts about 18 months. and the mean 

length of the reproductive cycle is about 

3 years. Schools of striped dolphtns seeregate somewhat by age and sex. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. The strfped dolphin is involved in the tuna dsher~ to a 

very minor extent; schools of this mammal apparently do not usually sssociate 

with the tuna. 

Current research. A federal program of research recently begun by Japan is 

expected to yield an estimate of popula- tion size in the northwestern Paciflc 

Ocean. 

wwm 

Fraser, F. C.. and B. A Noble. 1970. 

Variation of pigmentation pattern in 

Meyen's dolphin SteneUu coeruleoalba 

(Meyen). P. 147-164 In Pill&, 0. (ed.). 

Investigations on Cetacea. VoL XI. BenW, Berne, 296 P. 

Girh. M., and C). Pilleri. 1969. On the 

anatomy and biometry of StmeIlcr stuz 

Gray and DeZphinus delphia L. (Cetaces, 

Delphinidae) of the western Mediterranean. P. 15-65 In Pill& Q. (ed.) . Investigations on Cetacea. VoL I, BentellL 

Berne. 219 P. 

Hubbs, C. L, W. F. Perrin. and K. C. 

Balcomb. 1973. SteneUa cmoalba in 

the eastern and central tropical Pacific. 

J. Mammal. (in press). 

Kasuya, T. 1972. Growth and repro- duction of Stenel& caeruleoahz (&) 

based on the age determination by means 

of dentinal growth lasm. Sd. Rep. 

Whales Res. Inst. 24: 57-79. 

COXMOI DOLPHIN. SADDLEBACK DOLP~ 

(ATUNTIC COAST), WHITEBELLY POR- WISE (PACIFIC COAST) 

(Delphinus delphis) 

Distribution and migration. This 

species is world wide in distribution in 

temperate to tropical waters of from 

12-38' C. There may be more than one 

species, recognizable differences do exist 

between populations. In the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. this mammal ranges from Newfoundland to the Caribbean 

Sea. In the northeastern Pacific Ocean, 

the primary distribution of this species 

is from the California-Oregon border to 

Costa Rica. but one stranded animnr was found in British Columbia. Large popu- lations occur off southern California 

(Santa Barbara to San Mego). the west 

coast of BaJa California. Mexico (Cedros Island to Cape San Lucas), and Costa 

Rica. A relatively large population also 

occurs in, and may be resident of. the 

Gulf of California. In southern California waters Delphinus is present throughout the year but is most abundant from August to January. A decrease 

in herd size during the spring and summer may be due primarilg to the animals breaking up into small subgroups of 50 to 200 animals, and a general movement offshore and north. 

Abundance and trends, The common 

dolphin is probably the most widespread and abundant delphhid. fIerda of several thousand individuals have been reported. This species hss been utilized 

in the Black, Medikmmsn, and South 

China Seas, and off the east coast of 

Japan. Sleptsov (1940) estimated the 

Black Sea catch at 110,000 to 120.000 per . year. Based on data from aerial mem 

Evans tpers. comm.) estimates a popu- lation of 10.000-15,000 inthe limlted area 

of the southern California continental 

borderland. The species has been displayed at Marineland of the Psdfic and 

has been used in experiments and field 

studles by the National Marine EY&e&s 

Service and the Department of the Naw. 

General biology. The males grow to 

2.6 m and are an average of 14 cm longer than females. The average individual of 

the northeastern Pacific Ocean is larger than th& of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The largest known specimen from the Black Sea was 212 cm. however, 

a male 259 cm long was taken from the 

northeastern Pacific Ocean. Males and 

females may segregate between mating 

seasons, espe&Uy when the latter are 

nursing calves or about to bear their 

young. he gestaaon period lasts 10-11 

months with a post-parturition estrus. 

The young are 75-85 an at bfrfh. The 

young dolphin is weaned at about age 

5-8 mop- (110-120 cm overall length). but may stay with the female up to 1 

year. In the northeastern Pacific Oceaa 

this species appears to have two mating 

seasons (January-April and August 

November). and two calving seasons 

(March-May and AuguseOctober). 

Herds containing 2.000 to 5.000 dolphins 

may form. but they appear to be made 

up of subgroups of 50 tct 200 animals. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL- 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY. AUGUST 1, 1973 
TNs species is seldom found inside the 

100-fathom line, but it frequents sea 

mounts, escarpments, and other prominent offshore features. The animal 

makes most of its dives in excess of 10 

fathoms after sunset. The deepest dive 

recorded is 140 fathoms, but the average dive is to 30 fathoms. During feeding, the animal usually stays under water for 

2-3 miuutes. but dives of 5 minutes have 

been recorded. This species is one of the 

fastest svimmhg cetaceans and has 

been clocked at a burst speed of 25-26 

knots. Nonnal cruising speed is about 

4-5 knots, with herds moving 40-50 nauUcal miles in 24 bum. It feeds mainly 

on sachow, aprat. MC pipefIsh, and 

cephalowds in the Black Sea; whiting, horse mackerel, sardine, and hake in the 

Atlantic Ocean: and anchow. mgcto- phids, hake, and cephalopods in the 

northeastern Pacific Ocean. 

Skin parasites are ran?, but barnacles 

sometimes attach themsdves to the 

trailine edge of the tail 3ulces. Remoras 

are also found on Delphinus, eme&W 

in tropical waters. Endoparasites indde 

trematodes in the bile ducts, liver, intestine. and stomach; eestodes in the intestfne, blubber, and mesentery: nematodes in the intestine, lungs, nasal sacs, 

and middle ear cavity; and acanthocephalans in the intestine. The brains 

oi 12 stranded specimens COD.tained 

flukes and their eggs, which in moat 

cases had caused abscesses and lesions. 

Ecolaotcd problems. Large shark8 and 

the killer whale are the mly known natural predators. llllocation problems. Because the 

northern anchovy and squid constitute 

the buik of this mammal's diet in the 

northeastern Pacific Ocean, s substantial increase in the mery for these re- source~ could have a noticeable effect on 

the porpoise populations. Delnhfnw is 

the third most important species af por- poise taken incidentally in the eastern 

trow Mc tuna purse seine -em. 

Mexican tuna purse seiners fkhlng for 

skipjack in the eastern tropical Pacific 

and the Gulf of California account for 

an unknown amount of incidental catch. 

Current research. The National Marine 

Fisheries Service and the tuna fishing industr~ are assessing the etlects of ffshine mortality and improving rescue methods and gear to eliminate losses 

associated with the tuna harvest. Studies of behavior, distdbution, and abundance have been corducted by the Naval 

Undersea Center, S&n Diego. California, since 1968. This research will terminate 

at the end of FY '73. 

BIUEWCPI 

Evans. W. E. 1971. Orientation behavior of Delphinus: radio Wemetric 

studies. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sct 188:14%162. 

162. 

Gihr, M.. and G. Pilleri. 1969. On the 

anatomy and biometry oi Stenella sax 

Gray and Delphinus delphis L (Cetacea, 

Delphinidae) of the Western Medltermean. P. 15-65 In Werf, G. (dl. 

Investdgations on Cetacea, VoL I. Beme, 

Switzerland, 219 p. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1972. Report of the NOAA 

Tuna-Porpoise Review Committee. Pmcessed report. 63 p. No&, & 8.. and J. H. Prescoft. 1961. 

Observations on Pacific cetaceans of 

Californian and Mexican waters. Univ. 

Calif. Publ. Zool.. 63(4) :291-402. 

Sleptsov. M. M. 1940. Determination of 

the age of Delghinus detphis L. Bull. 60c. 

Nat. Moscuw, 8. Biolagfque, 49(2) :43-61. 

Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tr&usl. No. 46. 1957. 

Tomilion, A. a. 1W. On the biology and ph3rsiology oi the Black Sea dolphin. Zool. Zhur., 27(1) :53-64. 

Distribution and migration. Little is 

known about the distribution of the 

northern right whale dolphin other than 

that it inhabits temperate waters of the 

North Pacific Ocean. 

In the western North Pacific Oceaa 

the northern right whale dolphin is 

found from Cape bubo, Japan, north as 

far as Etorofu and F'aramushir Islmds. 

from where it apparently migrab southward in autumn or winter to near the 

southern Kurlls and is common, at least 

seasonally, in the northern gea oi Japan. IntheeasternNorthpBdflc.thlssPecia has been reported irom 30' to 50" 

north latitudes. though mostly from 

California. It occurs in the southern 

California continental borderland oPly 

from October or November to about 

Though it is also oceanic, the right whale dolphin has been observed most 

freuuentljr along the continental dope 

and near such feakves as sea rnountJ 

and bangs. It has been seen dose to the 

California Channel Islands and the 

mainland coast near Ssn Mego and Pal08 

Verdes. Two sighthus and one specimen 

from the central PacMc suggest that the 

species may be continually distributed 

across the temuerate North Padilc. 

Abundmce and trends. Groups of 200 

are !nost common, but herds of an estimated size from 300 to 1,000 off Japan and UP to 2,000 off southern California 

have been seen. Although the species 

was once thought to be uncommon, aerial 

meys have revealed that it is bbundant 

off the Pacific Coast of North America 

(leatherwood, pers. comm.) . This sgn?cies 

is reportedly common in the northern 

Sea of Jam (Olrsds and Hanaoka, 19401, where it is harvested. 

Genera2 WW. Newborn animals are 

about 0.6 m in length snd grow to 31 

an. The species is gregarious and is frewentls reported in close assochtlon 

with the white-sided dolphin, wlth which 

it shares an exkadve common range. 

Right whale dolphins mgy reach speeds 

in excess d 25 knots in bursts. One 

entire herd averaged over 15 hots for 

30 minutes whtle attempting escape 

from a helicopter. When approached. the 

animals may move away quietly or in a 

aeries of low angle leaps, each covering 

as much as 7 m. mdivfduals that are 

widely scattered when spproached, 

bunch together tightly while fleeing from 

the cause of their disturbance. 

Food is prime squid, but also mtscellaneous fishes. including myctophids and engraUlid.3. Parasites include trematodes and 

cestodes. 

Ecdooical problems. If migrations are 

food dependent, decimation of food sup- plies in the southern end of its range could adversely ailect the species. Allocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The only resear& 

known is an unfunded examination ol all . museum materials, collection of beached 

swimens, and survey of literature being conducted by J. S. Leathemood, NUC. 

San Mego, and R. P. Green. Ventura 

College. Ventura. Calif. 

BEIrEBENms 

Brownell. R. L. 1964. Observations of 

odontocetes in central California waters. 

Norsk Hvrrllm-Tid. 3: 6M. 

Fiscus. C. H.. and K. NiggoL 1965. Observations of cetaceans off Califomia 

Oregon, and Washhgbn. US. Fish 

Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Flsh. 408. 

27 P. 

Nishiwaki. M. 1972. Oeneral biology: Cetacea. In Msmmals of the sea, biology and medicine, Sam H. Ridgway (ed.). 

Charles C. Thomas, Springfield. Norrts, & S, and J. H. Prescott. 1963. 

Observations of Wc cetaceans in California and Mexican waters. Univ. Calif. 

PubL Zool. 63: 291-402. 

Oksda, Y.. and T. Hanaolra 1940. A 

study of Japanese Delphlaidae. Sci. Rep. 

Tokyo Bunrika Daijaku 4(77) : 285-306. 

Tomilfn, A. a. 1957. Mnmmnlr d the 

USSR and Wacent countries. Vol. 0. 

Ce&cea. Izd. &ad. Nauk SSSR. MosWa. 

Transl. IPST, Jdem, 1967. 

Distniution and migration. Pe~onocephda inhahits the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this sdes is unknowa exce~t that it is 

a~pazknt~ rare (~ishipvaki Sad orris. 

1966). 

Genera2 bioloov. Unknown. 

Eco&wical probIems. None known. 

dlloca;tion problems. None ICUOWIL 

Current research. None. 

RxFmzHQ15 

Nishiwald, M., and K. 8. Norris. 1966. 

A new genus Pemmoamhala for the 

odontocete cetacean species Ekctm 

eIectra Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 20: s5-roo. 

Distribution and migration. The p~gmy killer whale probably inhabits most 

tropical Watem. 

Abundunce and trends. The status of 

this species is unknown except that it is 

appmntly rare (Caldwell and Caldwell. 

1971). The species has been captured for 

exhibit in the oceanariums of Hawaii 

and Japan. 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147---WH)NESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
20590 NOTICES 

General biology. The adults reach 

about 2.4 m. In appearance they resemble a small false killer whale. They are 

aggressive in captivity. Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. This species has 

been reported taken incidentally to a 

very minor extent in the yellowfin tuna 

flshery in the eastern tropical Pacific. 

Cwent Research. None. 

Best, P. B. 1970. Records of pygmy killer whale, Peru attenwta, from southern Africa, with notes on behavior in 

c~~tivlt~. AUR. S. Atr. MUS. 57(1) :I-14, 

9 Pls. 

Caldwell, David K., and Melba C. Caldwell. 1971. The pygmy killer whale, Feresa attenwta, in the western Atlantic. 

with a summary of world records. J. 

Mammal. 52:206-209. 

Nishiwaki, M.. T. ICasuya. T. Kamiya, 

T. Tobayama. and M. NaWima. 1965. 

Fetesa attenwta captured at the Paciflc Coast of Japan in 1963. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 19 : 65-90. 

Perrin. W. F., and C. L. Hubbs. 1969. 

Observations on a young pygmy killer 

whale (Fereaa attettuata Gray) from the 

eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Trans. 

San Diego Coc. Nat. Hist. 15(18) :297- 

308. 

FAME WHALE 

(Pseudoma crassidens) 

Distribution and migration. The false 

killer whale ranees through all temperate and tropical seas. It is an oceanic 

form. found on the Atlantic side of the 

united States from North Carolina 

south, and on the Paciflc side from the 

Aleutian Islands south. 

Abundance and trends. This species 

is uncommon throughout most of its 

ranee. It is seldom caught in the Japanese small whale fishery but is common 

on the Paciflc side of Eonshu (Ohsumi. 

1972). 

General biology. The males grow to 

6.1 m and the females to 4.9 m; adult 

animals weigh up to 1,360 kg. Mating 

appears to be over a protracted period 

wfth young born at about 1.8 m. P'alse 

killer whales are found in schools of both 

sexes and all ages. They have been seen 

eating dolphiufish (mahi-mahi) off 

Hawaii. 

Ecological problems. Schools of up to 

835 of these animals have stranded. 

AUocation problems. The Japanese 

state that a toothed whale (shachi). which may or may not be the false killer 

whale, does much damage to their long- line tuna industry by feeding on hooked 

whale. BuU. FacuIt. Hsh., Nagasaki Univ. 28: 19429. 

Ohsumi, S. 1972. Catch of marine 

mammals, mainly of small cetaceans. by local fisheries along the coast of Japan. Bull. F'ar Geas Fish. Res. Lab. No. 7. 

137-166. 

Yamaguchi. Y. 1964. On the predation of tuna longline catches by the smaller 

toothed whales [Shachil Megun, aoqyo CTuna I;rshtnel 27: 59-73. (Transl. by T. Otsu, NMFS. Hawaii, June 1972.3 

ComMon PILOT WHALE, PoTmAD. 

BLACXQXSH 

Distrilnctfon cmd mfgratfon. This pilot whale inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean 

south to Virginia and the Mediterranean. 

It is a schooling mammal and appears regularly off the CPnadisn and United 

States coasts. It generally favors pelagic mgions, but often moves close to shore 

In search of food. 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this species is unknown. A total of 3.000 

to 4.000 was killed annually in local Newfoundland flsherb up to the early 1950's 

(Sergeant. 1962). but only a few have 

been taken in recent years. About 177,000 

were taken in the Faroe Islsnds from 

1584 to 1883 (Tomilfn. 1957) and several 

hundred per year are still being harvested there and in Norway. General MdOOy. The adults grow about 6.5 m: females are usually matun 

at age 6 to 7 years and males at about 

age 12. Calves are about 1.8 m long at 

birth, in July to Awt, although fuUterm fetuses have been found year round. Cows probably bear calves every 

3 years, the geststion period is about 16 

months, and lactation lasts about 2 mars. 

Pilot whsles are gregarious. and occur 

in schools of hlindreds and thousrmds. 

They have a distinct social orm&zation, however, the sex ratio is not dwam equal in stranded groups. They sue believed 

potygamous by some, with bachelor males 

sometimes forming separate schools. 

Thes traveI in tight schools when not 

feeding. and disperse into scattered 

groups when on feeding grounds. Captive pilot whaka feed at night and sleep days. They have a top swimming speed of over 

25 mph, and a longevity of about 50 

gears. They feed almost ex~lusi~eb on

squids. but also eat small flsh such as clupeids and gadids. Sergeant estimates 

food Intake per year & about 11.5 times 

the weight of the animal. 

EcoZogical problems. Whole schools 

sometimes strand. 

AUocatron problems. None known. 

fish. Current research. Norre. 

Current research. None. 

XrnmmCEs 

RtPEmCE6 

Sergeant. D. E. 1962. The biology of Bullis. H. R. and J. C. Moore. 1956. the pilot or whale Gl~m Two occurrences of false klller whales. 

and a summary of American records. '-) in waAm. MU. Nov. 1756: 14. ters. BuU Nsh. Res. Bd. Can. 132: 1-84. 

Mizue. &, A. Takemura. and K. Na- Tomilin, A. Ci: 1957. [Mammals of the 

kasai. 1969. Studies on the little-toothed U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. VOL 9 

whaletl in the West Sea area of gymshu. Cetaceal Bzdatel. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. 

XVI. Underwater sound of the false kUler IPECT Transl. NO. 1124, 1967. 

Distribution and mimatton. In the 

North Atlantic Ocean. this pilot whale 

ranges north to New Jersey and Madiera. 

In the North Pacific Ocean it is found 

from Japan and the Aleutian Islands 

south to New Zealand and Peru. It is 

an oceanic species with a-very wide 

range. Schools of pilot whales appear mailarb off US. coasts. It .genaalW favors oizshore wafers, but often moves 

close to land in search of food Greatest 

numbers are seen in the North Atlantic 

and North Pa&b in summer. fewer ih 

winter. 

Abundance and trd. The status of 

this species is unknown except that it is 

fairly abundant around the California 

Channel Isknds (D. W. Rice, unpub- Wed data). Many pilot whales are 

taken in the Japanese small-whale 

fishery. This species is also taken in the 

lesser Antilles. 

General biology. The adults grow to 

4.6-6.7 m. Little work has been done on 

this species, but indications are that the 

general biology is similar to G. meZaem. 

Ecolorrical problems. Schools of this 

species often strand 

AUocation probIems. None Imown. 

Cuttenf reseafch. .The tshxonolny of 

Pacific GlobicepW is being studied by R. L Bmwn&l and D. E Caldwell in 

the United States. and T. gsrmsa and 

M. NFshiwsld in Japan. The US. Navy 

is studying the behavior and distribution 

of the pilot whale. 

RzmIWmCEs 

Bree, P. J. & van. 1971. On GZobfcephala sieboldi Gray, 184f3, and other 

species of pilot whale (Notes on Cetacea, 

Delphinoidea m). Beauforth, 19(249) : 

79-87. 

Tomilin, A. G. 1957. CM- of the 

U8S.R. and adjacent countries. Vol. 9. 

Cetacea.1 Matel. Akad. Nauk. MSR. 

=ST Transl. No. 1124. 1967. 

Kuaa WHALE 

(OtcinU( wca) 

Distributh crnd migration. The killer 

whale is worldwide and ranges north 

and south to polar ice. It is more common in cooler waters. and in more pro- ductive coastal areas. The Strait of 

Georgia in British Columbia, Prince William Sound in Alaska. and met Sound 

in Washfaeton State are areas of concentration. Migratory habits are pmbably dependent on food supply, and killer 

whales are most numerous in Puget Sound in November and late summer. In 

Jap8n. most of these mammals are talcen 

from Aprfl to November. with the greatest number from August to November. 

In the Norway flshery, killer whales seem dependent on distribution and migration 

of herring. capelin, and cod. 

Abundance and trd. Authoritative 

estimates of the world population are 

not available. A limited cooperative effort 

of the FYsheries Research Board of Canada and the Washington state Dope 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147---WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

ment of Game primarily in the inside 

waters of Washingtan and British Columbia gave counts of 469 ldller whales 

in 1971 and 255 in 1972. About 60 individuals have been removed from inside 

waters of British Columbia and northern 

Washington State during the past 7 

years for display by marine wuariums. 

An additional nine were killed during 

US. capture operations, mostly during 

the early years. Thi3 number of killer 

whales killed in Canadian capture oper- ations is not known. The JapPnese dsherg took 567 killer whales from the Okhot& 8ea to south of Japan from 1948 

to 1957. Norwegians harvested 1,417 in 

the northeastern North Atlantic between 

1938 and 1967. 

Ocmrd~.~malesqrowto7.0m and males to 82 m. Males weigh up to 

about 8.000 kg, with about 4000 kg the 

appannt limit for females. An Bdult 

male dorsal flu may be 1.8 m high, considerably higher than that oi the female. 

Breed- appecus to occur year-round. although it may pe8k in May to July: 

gestation lasts 13 to 16 months. Newborn 

calves are about 2.4 m 1- and weigh about 180 kg. In the Northem Hemisphere Wrtbs occur moetls in autumn. 

Killer whales usUany are found in 

group6 of about 10 to 100 or even more. 

The males are probably polyeamow. 

gilltr whales hunt suecesafuUy in jmAr8, buttherearenorecordsofottaclrson 

maple. The rtomaoh contents of 384 

killer whale6 toLen off Japan from 1948 

to 1957 tncluded (in order of occutnace) : Plsh (mostly cod, fLat&h, and 

WW ~~totrus, dolwhples, and 6eal6. Salmon constituted 

1.6 peroent of all stomech contents. 

Soviets in the Kurils recorded "fish and 

muid" but no marine mammal nmaills 

h 10 enimaln. Of 10 Lfller whale8 wined by the Natfonsl M&ue Fisheries 

Service. Seattle, 6 adult maies had only marlne mammal remains except for 1 

squid: 1 adult female and 1 immature 

male had only fish remsins. 

The most axxuhon dbeaaes are those 

causedbYwear?neoitoothcrowasand 

denudation of the, pulp cavity, which 

resulbs fn sbsccsaes. Other diseases include bow outgrowths and bone tumors. 

Pdtes include nematodes, cestodea, and tmnatodes. he I3wet Sound killer 

whala stomach contained 5.000 nematodes. 

Ecdolricd woblems. This suedes -- - ---- haa ---~ 

no na- exiemiei exceptk. stranding probably. is the greatest nonhuman 

hazard. 

AUocation problems. Public interest 

in Liller whalea was stimulated by the 

drsf live capture in 1964 in Britfsh Col~mbh. Growing public interest is incmwfne in killer whales as a recreational 

resource. especially in Puget Sound. The 

animals are commercially valuable in the 

United Stab for. display in oceanariums. US.. Japanese, and Canadian fishermen contend that the whaIes cause 

gear damage and interfere with salmon 

and funa long-line fisheries. Many consider killer whales an important predator of salmon and herring; others defend 

them as the natural enemy of other dsh 

eaters, including harbor seals and sea 

lions. &me sport salmon fishermen claim 

their presence spoils Bshing. Cwrent research. The National Marine 

Fisheries Service and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada are studsing killer whale distribution in western U.S. 

and Canadian waters. 

mBMcES 

Jomgxkd, A, and P. 3. LyshoeL 1970. 

A contribution to the knowledge of the 

biology of the killer whale Otcinus orca 

(L.). Nytt Magasin for ZooL 18: 41-48. 

Nishfwald. bf., and C. Handa. 1958. 

Killer whales caught in the coastal waters off Japan for recent 10 years. ScLRep. Whales Res. Inst. 13: 85-96. 

ace. D. W. 1968. Stomach contents 

and feeding behavior of killer whales in 

the eastern North Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangst-'M. 57: 35-38. 

506 PORPOISE 

(Phocoma sirnus and Phocoena 

Phocoena) 

Distribution and migration. There are 

four recognized species of harbor por- poise, but only the two found in the 

waters of the Northern Hemlsphsre are 

disc- here. One speck% PItocoeM 

rimus. Is appax'entb restricted in range to the Qull of California. P. phocoenrr 

b circumpohw in distribution in ice-free 

seas.raneingmuthintheAt.lan&Ocean 

to the Delaware River and the MediterranemlseamthePsddcOasnit 

is found south to Japan and southern 

California. although it is not abundant 

south of San Ran-. 

The harbor porpoise is an &re 

spedes, frwenting coastal waters, the 

mouths of large rivers. harbors, and bays. and sometimes ascending freshwater 

streama 

Abundance and &en&. The harbor 

porpoise ts espedslly abundant in the 

waters of Washington (SchedTer and 

Slipp, 1948) and westem Canada (Pike 

and MacAdde, 1969). Tomlin (1957) reports single catches of 2,000 to 2,500 harbor porpoises at the time they migrate between the Sea of Azov and the Black 

Sea. 

AWl-Hansen (1954) reporthg on biological investigations of the harbor por- poise in Danlsh waters esamined 188 

harbor porpoises fn 19414,230 fn 1942- 

43. cmd 2U in 1943-44. so at least those 

nimben were commemiiaus harvested in 

Denmark during those years. He also 

states that these harbor por~~ises were 

from the Balttc Sea populations. General Mdogy. This species grows to 

1.8 m, and weighs UP to 72 kg. The females ant sexuaU~ mature at about age 

34 years. Newborn calves are haif the 

length of the mother. They breed annually during late spring and summer. The 

gestation period ts 1041 man-, and the 

calves nurse up to 8 months. Harbor por- poises travel in pairs and schools of up 

to 200 or more, especially on the feeding grounds. This specie8 is less playful than 

most dolphins or porpoises: they seldom 

jump out of the water, and usually ignore passing boats. Schools containing all 

"bachelors" are common: the females 

stay in groups of mixed sex. Usually they swim just below the sufrace. rising about 

4 times per minute to breathe when not 

feeding. They feed mainly on bottom fishes such as cod, herring fry. flounder, 

and occasionally on invertebrates such 8s 

squids, clams, and crustaceans. 

Ecological problems. These animals occasionally strand for unknown reasons. 

and because of their feeding habits, a 

few tend to get trapped in fishermen's 

nets. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current research. None. 

REFZREKCES 

PlSher, H. D.. and R. J. -n 1970. 

Reproduction in the common porpoise 

(Phocoenrr ~hocana) of the North Atlantic. J. Zool. 161: 471-486. 

M@hl-Hansen, U. 1954. Investigations 

on reproduction and growth of the por- poise <P- ptcoCacna (L) ) from the 

Baltic. Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk 

Naturh.. Foren.. 116: 369-396. 

Norrla. K. 8.. and W. N. McFarland. 

1958. A new harbor porpoise of the genus Phocoena from the Gulf of California 

J. Mammal. 39: 22-39. 

Piket'G. C., and L B. MacAskie. 1969. 

Marine mammals 0f Brftfsh ICo1umbfa. 

Fish. Res. 3d. Can. Bull. 171.54 p. Scheffer. V. B., and J. W. Slipp. 1948. 

The whales and dolphins of Washington State with a key to the cetaceans of the 

west coast of North America. Amer. 

Mia. N-., 39(2) : 257337. 

Tomilln. A. G. 1957. Zverii 8S8R 1 

prilezhashchikh straa Tom 9. =toobraznye. Cwammala of the U.S.S.R. and 

adjacent countries. A Vol. IX Cetacea) MOSCOW, Akad. Nauk. 68sR. 756 P. 

Transl. by XPST, Jerusalem, 1967. xxii + 

717 p. 

DALL PORPO~ 

(P- dQni) 

Distribution and mfmation. The Dall 

porpoise inhabits the North PacitlC 

Ocean from Japan and southern California to the Bering and Okho~ Sear. It 

appears to migrate twice yearly off the 

coasts of Japan and California, and may 

move inshore in winter and offshore in 

summer. The Dall porpoise Is a regular winter visitor to southern California and 

has been observed in the Chatlnel Islands 

area from October to summer. It has been 

seen off San Praacisco Bay from March 

to October, off Monterey Bay ttvouehout 

the year, and may be preaent Year m.~nd 

where food is ademate. 

Abundunce and trends. The Dall Porpoise is one oi the most abundant small 

cetaceans found in Alaskan hide waters 

(US. Forest &rtdce) and in Brittsh COlurnbia waters (Pike and MscASIde. 

1969). It is commonly seen off northern 

California (W. J. Houclr. pers. comm.). Mime and Ydda (1965) report an annual accidental catch of mare than 10,000 

Dall porpoise in the Japanese high seas 

salmon gillnet fishery in the northern 

North Paci5c and Bering Sea west of 

175' W longitude. They also state the 

Dall porpoise is east of 175' W lonatude but that the Japanese fishing fleet 

does not operate east of the boundary. 

FEMRAL RWISIER, VOL 38, NO, 147--WLDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

The Marine Msmmal Division has m8W 

records of DaU porpoise ranging from the 

Bering Sea and the eastern Aleutian Islands south to latitude 3P in California 

waters (MMD files. Marine mammal observations. 1958-72). 

Genera2 biobm. The Dall porpoise 

grows to about 2.2 m and a weight of 

about 218 kg. It and the killer whale 

Uve the most conspicuous color patterns 

omong cetaceans. Calves are born in the 

spring and summer. and young are observed in ~ugust. These animals are 

usually found in grouper of 2 to 20. but 

occasionally 200 or more are seen on 

favorable feeding grounds. It plays in the 

bow waves of ships, and is among the 

swiftest of all marine mammals. This 

mammal consumes muid and such flsh as saury. hake. herring, jack mackerel, 

and bathypelagic and deep-water ben- thic m. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

Abcation problems. None known. 

Current resuzrch. W. J. Houck is study- ing P. daZU and P. truei at Humboldt 

State College in California, and M. Nishiwdd is studying these species in Japan. G. V. Morejohn is studying feeding hab- its, mieration. behavior. and morpholow of the species at the Moss Landing Marine Station. California. 

PIFE~CES 

Mime, K., and & Yoshida. 1965. On 

the porpoises caught by the salmon 

ftsbine gill-net in Bering Sea and the 

North Pacific Ocesn. Bull. Facult. Fish. 

Nagasaki Univ. 19: 1-36. 

Mizue, K.. EL Yoahida, and A. Takemura. 1966. On the ecology of the Dall's 

porpoise in Baing Sea and the North 

Pacidc Ocean. Bull. Pacult. Msh.. Naga- ~aLi UniV. 21: 1-21. 

Pike. G. C.. and I. B. MacAdrie. 1969. 

Marine mammals of Britfsh Columbia. 

PLsh. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 171.54 p. US. Forest Service. 1972. Marine 

mammal observations in southeastern 

Alasirs and ]?rince William Sound. Unpublished fleld records. 

BPLUGA, W~IT~ ww 

Dfstribuh and mimatcon. The belugs whale inhabits the Arctic Ocean anC adjacent seas, including the Okhotsk and 

Bering Geas. Cook Inlet, Hudson Bay. and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beluga whales ascend several hundred miles up the 

larger rivers of Siberia and -. Three 

races are mmgnked: dorofetmi from the 

Okhot8k Sea; murisalbi in the Barenta 

andWhite15eas:andIercccuintherest 

of the range. In the Paciflc. beluga wWes are common along the Alaska 

cast as far 8011th as Bristol Bay and an appsrently separate population is found 

in Cook Inlet. 

Abundance and trends. In Alaska beluga whales have been used as a source 

of muktuk. meat, and oil for both people aud dogs by residents of villages on ths 

Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean coasts and 

dong rivers that belugas periodically arcend. In recent years the demand for 

belugs products has been reduced in the 

Arctic. Lensink (1961) estimated an annual harvest of 400 to 500 beluga whales 

in Alaska. In BrIstol Bay only a few belugas are now taken. and the estimated 

annual harvest of the Bering Sea-Ardic 

Ocean coasts is 150 to 300 (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1973). The 

Cook Met. Alaska, population ts estimated at 300 to 500. In Brfstol Bay the 

population is estimated at 1,000 to 1.500 

and is considered stable. The size of the 

beluga population in Alaska north of 

Bristol Bay is unknown. but is much 

greater than that residing in Bristol Bay (op. cit.). Sergeant (1962) states that 

from 1948 to 1960 the catch of beluga whales in the Canadian arctic averaged 

1.200 annually. In the late 1950's the annual catch of beluga whales averaged 

3.000-4,000 in the U.S.S.R.. 500-800 in 

Greenland, and 100-200 from Spitsbergen (meinberg et aL. 1964). 

General biology. Males grow ta 4.6 m and the females to 4.0 m in the Beaufort 

Sea. and to 52 m and 4.6 m. respec- tively, in the Soviet arctic. The beluga 

is polygamous. breeds in the spring, has 

a gestation period of 13-14 months, and 

newborn are about 1.5 m in length. Some 

females are both pregnant and lactating, suggesting that they calve in alternate 

years. They are mous and travel in 

mum of 2 or 3 to hundreds. Belugas feed from midwater to the bottom, with a 

diet includhg flsh rmch as sslmon, capelin, cisco, pike, char, cod, squid, crustaceans. and nereid worms. They frequently occur in shallow areas with a 

bottom of mud. sand, and stones. The 

beluga produces hieh-pitcbed whistles 

and squeals. ttcking and clucking sounds. 

and have been given the name -seacanary." Animaals break the ice with their 

backs to reach air for bzeawng. 

Parasites include nematodes in the 

respirator7 organs, ears, circulatory system. intestine, and urogenital system; trematodes are found in the intestine, as 

well as cestodes and acanthocephalans. 

Hehintha are apparently one cause of 

mortality. 

Ecological problems. Known natural 

enemies include the killer whale and 

polar bear. 

UIocation problems. These mammals 

take salmon at the mouths of large 

Alaskan rivers, and are important predators of salmon 8molt in Bristd Bay, 

Alaska. Recorded ldUer whale sounds 

have bein used eaerhkntallr to prevent beluga predation in the Kvichak 

River. 

Current reseurck None known. 

AlaskaDe~tofFishaudGame. 

1973. Marine mammal st&us reports. Unpublished, Juneau, AE 

Ffsh. J. P, and J. 8. Vania. 1971. Killer 

whale. Ordnus ma, sounds repel whiee 

whales. De2~hfnu~tcnrt leuca. msh. Bull. 

69: 531-536. 

gleinenberg, S. E., k V. Yablokov. B. 

M. Bel'Irovl&, and &I. N. Tarasevkh. 

1964. Beluga (Delphinapteus leuccrs) invest&ation of the species. Akad. Nauk 

SSSR. Transl. by IPST, Jdem. 1969. 

Klinkhart. E. a. 1966. The beluga whale in Alaska. Uqpublished report. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 

Juneau, AK. 

Sergeant. D. E. 1962. The biology and 

hunting of beluga or white whales in 

the Canadian arctic. Hsh. Res. Bd. Can. 

Circ. 8.13 p. 

NARWHAL 

(Monodon monoceros) 

Distribution and miflution. The narwhal is the most northern cetacean and 

occurs in north polar seas. including the 

entire Arctic Ocean. but is mainly found 

in the North dtlantic Ocean region. It is 

most common in northwestern Greenland and the eastern Canadian arctic. 

particularly Jones and Lancaster Sounds. 

the north and east coasts of BafEn Island. 

Repulse Bay. and occasionally in northern Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait. Narwhals also occur near Pranz Josef Land 

and Novaya Zemlya. They are rare in the 

Laptev, East Siberian. Chukchi, and 

Beaufort seas. 

Abundance and trends. The Canadian 

population is estimated at about 10.000. 

with smaller numbers in northwestern 

Greenland (Marnsfleld. pers. comm.). 

Numbers elsewhere are unknown. Exlmmely rare occurrences in Great Britsin (4) and Holland (1 1 are documented. 

Narwhals are hunted in Greenland and 

the eastern Canadian arctic for dog food. 

muktuk, sinew, and ivory. 

General Mdogy. Narwhals grow to 4.6 

m in length and adult males to 1,550 kg. 

The young are born in May and June at 

&out 15 m in length. Males have a tusk 

tcanlne tooth) which is usually the leZt 

one and occasio~ both. Sometimes 

females also have a tusk, The tusk grows 

as a spiraled rod to 2.0 m in 1ength, and 

disthguishes narwhals from all other 

whales. Gestation appears to last about 

14 months, since well-developed fetuses 

are present in July and Awust. Uguslly 

only one calf is produced. Narwhals are 

gregarious, forming schools of up to one 

or two thousand, made up of small groups of up to about 20 CMamIleld, pers. 

comu~). gpeculatlons on the tusk function are numerous and the tusk may onlp 

be a secondary sexual characteristic. 

Food of the narwhal consists mainly of 

cephalopods, polar cod, and Greenland 

turbot. 

Ectoparasitic whale lice occur in cuts. 

skfnfolds, and around the base of the 

tusk. Ebdoparasitic nematodes occur occasionally in the stomach, and fmwentl~ 

in ba&rania.lsinuses. 

E~olosfc42 problems. N-h& occasionally trapped in lam numbers by rapid freeze-up. In such eituatlons. 

Greenlanders may kill entire groups of 

these mamma& Although it is not 

adapted to drift lce areas, the killer 

whale probably occurs there and w be 

a natural enemy of the narwhal. 

Allocation problem. None known. 

Current research. The narwhal is being 

studied by the Fisheries Research Board 

of Canada. 

BEnaWcES 

Bruemmer. F. 1969. The se8 

(Narwhal). Audubon 71 (6) : 58-63. 

FEDERAL REGISTER. VOL 38, NO. 147--WEONESDAY. AUGU 
NOTICES 20593 

Petemon. R. L. 1966. The mammals of 

eaatarn Canada. Oxford Univ. Press, Toronta, 465 p. 

?rutlin, A. G. 1957. Zverii GSSR i pril- e&uh&&h stran. Tom 9. Kitoobraznye. (Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent com&les. Vol. IX. Cetacea.) Moscow. 

Abld Nauk SSSR. 756 P. (Transl. by IE'SC Jerusalem. 1967, xxii + 717 p.). 

mbe. C. 1950. The narwhal. P. 77-34 

In The marine mammals and marine 

fauna in the Thule District (Northwest Greenland) with observations on ice 

conditions in 193941. Medd om Oronlazd 150(6) : 1-116. 

SP~ WzULx 

(Phvseter catodon) 

Distribution and migration. The sperm whale is nearly world wide in distribution except for the pack ice of the polar regions. Females and immature animals 

are generally found between 40" 8 and 

50' N latitudes. Spenn whales appear to 

migrate north during the northern summer and south during the northern winter. In the North Pacific. male sperm whales are found as far north as the 

Bering and Okhotsk Seas: in the North 

Atlantic they move into Davis Strait and 

near Spitzbergen. 

Abu?u&nce crnd trends. Information 

on this section is from the annual reports of the International WhlU Commission (1972, In press) and from recent 

reports of the Bureau of International 

Whaling StaWcs. Stocks avaihble for 

commenial mest are estimated at 

about 70,000 males and 184,000 females 

for the North Paciflc and 128.000 males 

and 295.000 females for the southern 

oceans. Estimates of the number of immature animsls are not available. The 

Northwest Atlantic has an estimated 

total stock of all ages of about 22.000. 

The sperm whale is currently the most 

important species of the world whallne 

industry. Stocks in most areas are above 

mum sustahable yield levels. 

Catches of sperm whales fn recent seasons have been: - - - 

Atlan- 8outhdm. Southern 

Sawn NorthPaddc tic =I 2%': 

1m..-, 11.829 maks qaoslemdes 4m 900x1 

lrn-..- I1 Psmalcs 

3'579 females bCB %891 'm 

1971..-. 42% nules $6sb- I W8 7 4.a 

1 muthem OCSMS Estched am for the seasoas mIlo 

1~1.1971172, WnlY- 2 All catch dataexwpt North PDdfieIncluda mdesmd 

bndcs. 

General bioZogy. The s~erm whale's 

large squarish head is distinctive because-it bears a tank-like '*case" containing spermaceti. The lower Jaw is 

long and narrow, and has about 25 pafrs 

of teeth. Females reach 11.6 m in body 

length. males 16.8 m. This species dive8 

to at least about 1,000 m, can remain submerged for about an hour, and feeds 

mainly on large squid. It also consumes 

significant quantities of octopuses and 

demersal and mesopelagic fishes. Fedm 

and juveniles of both sexes form schools 

of 10-50 animals. averaging about 25. 

Younger, sexually mature males (ca. 

11.0-13.4 m. age 15-25 years) form "bachelor" schools usually containing 

not more than 10 animals. Older males 

(13.7 m. 22-27 years) are usually solitaw except when with schools of females for breeding for about 5 months 

ln the spring and early summer. The 

females mature sexually at about age 

8 to 11 years when body length is about 

8.5 to 9.1 m. physically at 25 to 30 ym and a body length of 11.0 m. Males are 

not sexually mature until about 19 yearn and 11.9 m. and are not "sodally" mature 

until about age 25 Years. Growth of 

males continues until they are 45 to 60 

years old. and about 15.5 m long. The 

female bears a calf (about 4.0 m) 0- 

every 3 to 5 years. Gestation lasts 14-15 

months, and the calf nurses 1-2 years 

and is weaned at about 6.7 m long. Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current research. The National Marine 

Fisheries Service is studying the Me 

history of the sperm whale. Other organizations carrying out research on thls 

species are the Japanese Whales Research Institute and Japanese Far Beas 

Fisheries Research Laboratory (North Pacific and Antarctic), Fisheries Remh Boanl of Canada (North Amtic). British National Institute d 

Oceanography (South Africa and western South America). South African Dlvision of Sea Fisherlea (South Afrlca). Australlaa Commonwealth Scientific and 

Industrial Research Organization (Aus- 'tralia). the University of Chile (Chile), the Marine Institute of Peru (Peru). and 

the BAarhe Department of New Zealand 

(New Zealand). 

tel'stvo. . pishchevwa Prom~shlennost. 

MOSCOW. 368 p. Best. P. B. 1967. The sperm whale 

(Physeter catodon) OK the west coast 

of South Africa 1. Ovarim changes and 

their significance. Invest. Rep. Div. Sea 

Fish.. S. Afr. 61: 1-27 

.International Commission on Whaling. In press. Twenty-third report of the 

Commission. 

International Commission on Whaling, Scientific Committee. 1971. Report 

of the special meeting on sperm whale 

biology and stock assessments. pp. 40-50 

In Intl. Comm. Whaling. 2lst. Rep. Comm.. London. 

Gamble, R. 1972. Sperm whales ofr 

Durban. Disc. Rep. 35 : 19-58. 

Ohsumi. S. 1965. Reproduction of the 

sperm whale in the Narthwest Paci5c. 

Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 19 : 1-35. 

t KO& br-8) 

Distribution and mWatfon. The 

wgmy sperm whale occurs in aU the 

warmer seas of the world. In the Padilc 

Ocean it ranges north to Washingtaa and Jam; in the Atlantic Ocean it 

ranges north to Nova Scotia and the 

Netherlands. 

Abundunce and trends. The status oi 

this species is unknown other than the 

fact that it is apparently rather rare. There are many more records of strauding than there are for KO& simw, the 

dwarf sperm whale (C. 0. Haudley. Jr, 

pere. comm.) . This species is occasionauy taken in the Japanese small-whale Wery (Yamada, 1954). General bioiom. Adult pygmy sperm whales are 2.7 to 3.4 m lone. Tbdr dorsal 

flnislowmdposteriortothecenterof 

thebact.Thfs~es.~Iong~ with the dwarf 6pem whale, and the fol- . 

lowing composite statement is based an 

both species. They are usually solitary 

or in small pods. They feed matl~ on 

squid but aLso take pelagic crustacePrw 

such as shrimps and giant mysids. Females simultaneously pregnant and lactating have been found. suggesting that 

they w bear a caIf 2 years in succea- "4~" 

DIUU. 

Parasites include tamworm cysts in 

the blubber, roundworms in the stomach, 

and giant kidney worms. 

.Ecolo%caZ Problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current research. None. 

1958. The s~erm whale (Phuseter cat& ~~ms 

don) off the west coast of 8011th Africa 

2. Repxuduction in the female. Invest. 

Rep. Mv. Sea Fish. S. Afr. 66: 1-32. 

1969. The sperm whale (Physeter cab 

don) OK the west coast of &uth Africa. 

3. Reproduction in tlae male. Invest. Rep. Mv.. sea Msh. 8. Mr. 72 : 1-20. 

1969. The sperm whale (Phweter catodon) OIT the west coast of South Africa. 

4. Distribution and movements. Invest. 

Rep. Div. Sea Fish. 8. Afr. 78: 1-12. 

1970. The sperm whale (Physeter cCrt0- 

don) off the west coast of South Africa. 

5. Age. growth and mowtp. Invest. 

Rep. Mv. Sea Flsh. S. Mr. 79: 1-27. 

Bureau of Inte~tfoLULl Whaling st8- 

tistics. 1972. International Whsllng Statistics. VoI. 69.47 p. 

1971. International Whaling Ststlatics. Voi. 67.42 p. 

1970. International Whaling Statisticd. 

Vol. 65.50 9. 

Allen, a. M. 1941. Pygmy sperm whale 

in the Atlantic, 2001. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. 

Hist, 27: 1736. 

Handley, C. 0, Jr. 1966. A sytlo~Sk3 of 

the genus Kogfcr (pygmy speim whalesYP. 62-69. In. & 8. No- (ed.) . Whales. 

dolphins. aad porpoises. UdV. Ca1f.fPress. Berkeley and Los Angela. Yamada, M, 1954. Some remarks on 

thewgmpspennwhale.Ko&L&1.Rep. 

Whales Res. Inst., 9: 3738. 

Distribution and mtgraffon. The dwarf 

sperm whale apparently- has a discontinuous distribution around the world. It 

has been found in the seas adjacent to 

South Africa, WUa, Ceylon. Japsn. 

Ham South Australia, and the west 

and east coasts of the United Statea. On 

sthe west cuast it has been recorded 0- 

FEDERAL EGlm VOL 38, NO. 1474EDNEUIAY, AUGUST I, 1973 
20594 NOTICES 

from Cabo San Lazaro. Wa Califomis, 

and 8an Luis Obispo County. California. 

On the east coast it ranges from Cape 

Henry. Vfrginla, south and west to Texas. 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this species L \mgaown other than the 

fact that it L apparently rather rare 

over much of its range. However, it 

strands rather frequently on the southeast cosst of the United States and is 

taken in the Japan& small-whale 

dshery (Yamadah 1954). 

amral biology. Adult dwarf sperm 

whales are 2.1 to 2.7 m long. Their 

dorsal fln is high and near the center of 

the back. This species was long confused 

with the pygmy sperm whale. and the 

following is a composite statement based on both species. They are usually SOUterg or in small pods. Thw feed mostly on muid but also take pelagic crustacesns 

such aa shrimps and giant mysids. Fenldes simultaaeortsly preenant and lactating have been found, suggesting that 

they may bear a cslf 2 years in succe8- 

&on. 

parasites include tapeworm wsts in the 

blubber. roundwmms in the stom 

and giant kidney worms. Ecological probZen~. None known. 

Allocation problemp. None known 

Cwtent research. None. 

Handley, C. 0, Jr. 1966. A mopsis of 

the genus KoOJcr (ww & whales). P. 62-69 In E 8. Norris (ed.), Whales, 

dolphins, and porpoises- Univ. Calif. 

Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 

Yamada, M. 1954. Some remarks on 

the pygmy sperzn whale, KW. Sci. Rep. 

Whales Res. Inst. 9: 37-58. 

Distribution and nriptation. The North 

Sea beaked whale rsnges mostly from 

the western Baltic 8ea and central Norway south to the Bay of Biscay. It a 

been recorded in the western North Atlantic Ocean from Newfoundland and 

Massachu5etts. Its migmtiolls are 

unknown. 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this species is unknown, except that it 

is apparently rare. (Moore. 1966). 

General bfoZow. This species is the 

only one of its genus for which even rudimentary life history data are available. 

These beaked whales attain a maximum 

length of 5.5 m for males and 4.9 m for 

females. Mating and birth usualb take 

place in late winter and sprfng. The gestation period is about 1 year. At birth the 

calf is between 1.8 and 2.1 m long. nurses 

for about 1 year, and at weaning is probably about 3.0 m long; 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problenu. None known. 

Cwrent rcseamh. 

v 

None. 

JonsgSrd. A. and P. HLdsl. 1957. 

Strandings of Sowerbfs whale 

pm bidens on the west coast of Norway. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tld.. M(9) : 507- 

512. 

Kiikenthal, W. 1914. Zur Kentniss des 

Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby), Jenaische 

Z. Naturwfss., 51: 93-122. 

Moore, J. C. 1966. DkgXloges and dlstribution of beaked whales of the genus 

Mesoplodon known from North American waters. P. 32-61 In K. S. Norris 

(ed.). Whales, dolphins. and porpoises. 

Univ. Calif. Press. Berkeley and Los 

Angeles. 

Nishiwald M.. and N. Oguro. 1972. 

Catch of the Cuvier's beaked whales off 

Japan in recent years. Sci. Rep. Whales 

Res. Inst.. 24: 35-41. 

Omura. H, K. FuJino, and S. gimura. 

1955. Beaked whale Berardius bairdf of 

Japan, with notes on Ziphius caoirapttfj. 

Sct Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 10: 89-132. 

Distribution and migration. The Antillean beaked whale ranges from Trinidad, Jamaica, and the Gulf of Mexico. 

north to Long Island. New York. One 

record for the English Channel has been 

obtained. Its migrations are unknown. 

Abundunce and trends. The status of 

-tMs species is unknown. except that it 

is apparently rare (Moore, 1966). 

General biology. These whales are known mostiy from stranded individuals, which a&& that they are usually 

solitary. Otherwise, nothing is known of 

their biology. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current research. None. 

REFEXENCIS 

Moore. J. C. 1966. Maenoses and distributions of beaked whales of the genus 

bfesoplodon known from North American 

waters. P. 32-61 In K. S. Norris (ed.), 

Whales, dolphins. and porpoises. Univ. 

Calif. Press. Berkeley and La Angela. 

Taw's Bm WHALE 

Distribution and migration. The True's 

beaked whale has been found in the 

western North Atlantic Ocean from Nova 

Scotia south to northern Florida, and In 

the eastern North Atlantic Octan from 

the Outer Hebrides south along the west 

coast of Ireland. There is another population off the coast of South Africa. Its 

migrations are unknown. 

~buhe and €rends. The status of 

this species b unknown. except that it is 

apparentdy rare (Moore, 1966; 1968). 

General Mology. These whales are 

known most4 from stranded individuals. 

which suggest that they are usually solitary. Otherwise, nothine is known of 

their biolow. 

Eco&gfcal problems. None known. 

AlZacution pmblemp. None known. 

Current research. None. 

Moore. J. C. 1966. Maenase8 and distributions of beaked whales of the genus 

Mesoplodun known from North American 

waters. P. 32-61 In K. S. Norris (ed.). 

whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Univ. 

Calif. Press, Berkeley and Inis Angeles. 

1968. Relationships among the living 

genera of beaked whales with classificatiom. diagnoses and keys. Fieldiana: 

Zoology, 53(4) : 209-298. 

BERING SEA BEAKED WHALE 

(Mesoplodon stejnegeri) 

Distribution and migration. The Bering Sea beaked whale is endemic to the 

North Pacific Ocean. It ranges from the 

Cnmmrnder and Pribilof Islands. Bristol 

Bay.- and the northern Gulf of Alaska 

south to the Sea of Japan on the western side and Oregon on the eastern side. 

Its migrations are unknown. 

Abundance and trend& The status of 

this species is unknown. except that it 

is apparently rare (Moore. 1966; 1968). 

General biologv. These whales are known mostly from stranded individuals, which suggest that they are 

usually solitary. 0th- nothing is 

known of their biology. 

Ecological prob2ems. None known. 

AUocation problem. None known. 

Current research. None. 

~~CES 

Moore. 3. C. 1963. Recognizing certain 

species of beaked whales of the Pacific 

Ocean. Amer. Wdl. Natur. 79496.928. 

1966. Diagnoses and distributions of 

beaked whales, genus Mesoplodon known 

from North American waters. P. 32- 

61 In K. S. Norris (ed.), Whales. dolphins. and porpoises. Univ. Calif. Press, 

Berkeley and Los Angeles. 

1968. Relationships among lihg 

genera of beaked with classifications. 

diagnoses and keys. Meldiana; 53(4): 

208-298. 

Ni.shimura. S.. and M. Nishiwaki. 1964. ' 

Records of the whale Mesoplodon from 

the Japan Sea. Publ. Set0 Lab.. 12(4) : 

323-334. 

ARCH-BEAKED WHALE 

(Mesoplodon carZhubbsi) 

Distribution and migration. The archbeaked whale has been recorded only in 

the North Pacific Ocean from the Sanriku coast of Hokkaido on the western 

side and from British Columbia south 

to southern California on the eastern 

side. Its migrations are unknown. 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this species *is unknown, except that it 

apparently rare (Moore, 1966; 1968). 

md mlow. These whales are 

known mostly from stranded individua. 

which suggest that they are US- soutary. Otherwise, nothing is known of 

their biology. 

~cological problem. None known. 

AUocatfon problems. None known. 

Current research. None. 

REFERENCES 

Moore. J. C. 1963. -0- -in 

speciai of beaked whales of the mc mean. Amer. Mid. Nab. 70(2): 

396-428. 

1966. Diag!l- and distribution' of 

beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon 

known from North American waters. 

P. 32-81 In K. S. orris ted.), whale. 

FEDERAL MOl!iTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNWAY, AUGl 
dolphins. and prowises. Univ. Calif. 

Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 

1968. Relationships among living 

genera of beaked whales with classifications, diagnoses and keys. FIeldiana: 

Zo~log~, 53(4) : 209-298. 

Pike. G. C.. and I. B. MacAskie. 1969. 

Marine mammals of British Columbia. 

Msh. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 171: 1-54. 

GINXGO-TOOTHED WW 

(Mesoplodan glnkgodens) 

Distribution and migration. The 

ginkgo-toothed whale has been recorded 

from Ceylon, in the westem North Pacific 

Ocean from Taiwan to the Sanriku coast 

of Hokkaido, and in the eastern North 

Pacific Ocean at Del Mar in southern 

California. Its miaations are unkuown. 

Abundance and trends. The status ot 

this species is unknown, except that it 

maynotbesorareinthewesternpart 

of the North Pacific as once thought 

(Nishiwaki et al.. 1972). 

General biology. These whales are 

known mostly from stranded individuals. 

which suggest that they are usually solitary. Otherwise, nothing is known of 

their bidoas. 

~colootca problems. None Imowa 

AUocation problems. None known. 

Current reseurch. None. Present 

knowledge is based on opporhmistic examination of specimens. 

mmcss 

Moore, J. C., and R. M. Gilmon. 1965. 

A beaked whale new to the western 

hemisphere. Nature, 205(4977): 1239- 

1240. 

Nishiwaki. bd, and T. Kamiya 1958. A 

beaked whale stranded at OM Beach, 

Jam. Sd. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 

13: 53-83. 

Nlshiwaki, M., T. lcasuya. K. Kureha, and N. Ossm. U72. Further comments on 

Mesoplodon ginkgodens. 6d. Rep. Whales 

Res. Inst. 24: 4346. 

DENSE-BEaron, WHALE 

(Mesoplodon densirostris) 

Distn'bution and migration. The 

dense-beaked whale is widely, but perhape discontinuously, distributed in 

tropical and warm fernperate waters 

sround the world. In the North Pacific 

Ocean it has been recorded from Taiwan. Japan. and Midway Wand. In the 

North Atlantic Ocean it has been recorded from ova swtia south to the 

Bahamas on the western side, and from 

Madeira on the eastern side. 

Abundance and trend.$. The stab of 

this species is unlmoown, eracept that it is 

apparently rare (Beeharse, 1971; Moon, 

1966). 

General Mdoqy. These whales an? 

known mostly from stranded individuals. 

which suggest that they are usually solitary. Otherwfse, nothing is known of 

their biology. Ecological problems. None known. 

Allocation problems. None known. 

Current research. None. 

lmmxsNCES 

Beshame, J. C. 1971. Maturity and 

sexual dimomhim in the skull, manFEDERAL RI 

dible and teeth d the bealred whale, 

MesopZodon densirostrb. J. Mammal. 

52: 297415. 

Moore, J. C. 1966. Maenose~ and distributions of beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon known from North American waters. P. 32-61 In K. 8. Norm (4.). Whales, dolphins. and porpoises. Univ. 

Calif. Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 

Distribution and migration. The goose- beaked whale is found in all oceans except Arctic and Antarctic waters. In the 

North PacUlc Ocesn it ranees north to 

Hoklraido, the Commander and AleuMan 

Islsnds, and the Queen Charlotte Islands. In the North Atlantic Ocesn it 

ranges north to Cape Cod. Massschuset&, on the western side and the Shetland and Orkney Islands on the eastern 

side. Its migrations are not understood 

Abundance and trends. The status of 

this species is unknown. The goose- beaked whale is the most frequently observed ziphfid. at least in the eastern 

North Pacific Ocean, and throughout its 

range has been found stranded far more 

often than any other species of the family (Mitchell 1968). Between 13 and 16 

goose-beaked whales have been taken 

annually in the Japanese small-whale 

IYshery during the pa& 5 years (Niihiwaki and Ogum, 1972). 

c%?nerd Wm. The goose-beaked whale is distjngui8hable from other 

ziphiids by its relatively short beak the 

dorsal prodle of which forms an almost 

straight lh with the steeply sloping forehead. and by its brown wIoration; 

older males have snow-whtte heads. The 

maximum body length in both sexes is 

about 7.0 m. These whales usually travel 

fn tight schools of up to about 10 individuals. but old males are often solitar~. 

Their main foods sre squids and deepwater flshes. Sexual maturity is attained 

at a length of about 5.5 m in both sexes. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

AUocatbn problems. None known. 

Current research. Research on tbh 

species'has been conducted incidentally 

to other studies in Japan by the Whales 

Resesrch Institute and the dcean Research Institute. 

tween 100 and 400 giant bottlenose 

whales have been taken annually in the 

Japanese small-whale fishery during the 

past 20 years. General biology. This species is the 

largest of the beaked Whales. Males attain a maximum length of 11.9 m and 

females 12.8 m. Their long narrow beak 

bulging forehead. and size distinguish them from other species of beaked 

whales in the North Pacific Ocean. They usually travel in tight schools of up to 

30 individuals. Their main foods are 

deep-water fishes and squids. Males attain sexual maturity at a length of about 

10.0 m, and females at about 10.3 m. Sexual maturity is not attained earlier 

than age 3 years, and probably much 

later. Mating takes Place mostly in February, and calves are born frr December. 

Ecological problems. None known. 

Allocation problems. None known. 

curient research. Research oa thfs 

species has been conducted incidentally 

to other studies in Japan by the Whales 

Research Institute and the Ocean Research Institute; in California by the 

National Marine Fisheries Service; and 

in British Columbia by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 

Kuril'skol gryady. ~ru& fses. CiidroMol. 

Obshch. 10 : 227-234. 

Bureau of mati- whauntz statist& 1952-1972. International WkUbg statistics. 

Nishiwaki, M, and N. Oguro. 1971. 

Baird's beaked whales caught on the 

coast of Japan in recent 10 years. sci. 

Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 23: 111-122. 

Omura, H.. K. ino. and 8. Kimura. 

1955. Beaked wheFUI es Benudiw Bairdl of 

Japan. with notes on Ziphius cauirarttfs. 

Sci. Rep. Whalea Res. Inst., 10: 89-p2. 

Dfst+Lbution and migration. This 

species of bottlenose whale is endemic to 

the colder waters of the North Atlantic 

Ocean. On the western side it ranges 

from Davis Stralt south to Rhode Island; 

on the eastern side it ranges from 

Novaya Zemba muth to the Azores and 

Atitchell, E l968. Northeast Pacific ~ng&h channel. 1t etes south in the 

stranding distribution and sea~~naiitgr of autumn and north in the sprineCuvier's beaked whale Wphiw cavirob- Abundance and trd. The status of 

trfs. Can J. Zool, 46: 265-279. this species is unknown, except that it is 

GIANT BoTTumosz WHALE fairly common in at least parts of its 

range. According to records from Inter- 

(Berardiw bcrfrdi) national Whaling Statistics between 260 

Distribictbn crnd migration. The giant bottlenose whale is endemic to the North 

Paciflc Ocesn. where it ranges from St. 

Matthew Island in the Bering Sea south 

to central Honshu on the western side 

and southern California on the eastern 

side. Its migrations are poorly known. 

Abundance curd trends. The status of 

thls species is unlmown except that it 

is uncommon but not rare. Acwrding to 

information taken from the Bureau of 

and 700 of these animnrn have been taken 

annually throughout the North Atlantic 

Ocean by the Norwegian small-whale 

fishery. A few individuals are sometimes 

taken by whalers operating from Nova 

Scotia and the Faeroe Islands. 

General biolow. The bottlenose whale 

is easily recognized by a conspicuous beak that is sharply demarked from the 

high bulging forehead which, in old 

males, becomes almost vertical and 

flattened in front and s?inhW overhangs 

Internationsl Whaling Statistics, be- the base of the beak. ~o%tle&e whales 

EGlSlER, VOL 38. NO. 147-WEDNESDAY. AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

are black when young, turn brown when 

adult, and almost yellow with a white 

head when very old. Males attain a msxi- mum length of 10.7 m. and females 9.7 m. They usually trawl in small herds of 

4 to 10, but the adult males are often 

by themselves. Their food appears to be 

mainly squids. Females attain sexual ma- turity when about 6.5 m long. The calves 

are born from early spring to early summer. 

Ecological problemp. None known. 

AlZoWion ptoblenu. None lmown. 

Current research. This species is being 

8tudied by the Statens Institutt for 

Hvalforskning, Oslo, Norway. 

Bureau of International Whaling Statistics 1936-1972. International Whaling 

statistics. 

Gray, D. 1882. Notes on the characters 

and habits of the bottlenose whale 

(Hypetoodon tostratus). Proc. Zool. Soc., 

L0nd0II,1882:726-731. . Jo-grd. A 1952. Om bottlenosen 

(Huwrwdm rostrata) og spegghoggern 

tordntu orca) . ma (1) : 1-18. 

Murray. J., and J. Hjort. 1913. The 

depths of the ocean. MaMiUan and Co.. 

London. 821 p. 

Brooks, James W.. Alaska Department of 

Msh and Game, Subport ButldiW, 

J-U. AK 99801. 

Brownell. Robert L, Jr.. Museo Nadonal 

de Historfa Na- Cam 399, 

Montevideo, Uiugusy. 

Burns, John J.. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, 1300 Coilege Road 

me. AK 99701. 

Caldwell, David Z. Communication Scien- Laboratory, Route 1. Box 122, St. 

Augusthe. FL 32804. 

Caldwell, Melba C.. Communications Sci- ences Labortory, Route 1. Box 122, st. 

Augustine, Fla 32804. 

Carllsle. John G.. Califomis State Fisheries Laboratory, Marine Resources 

Region. 350 Golden Shore. Long Beach, 

CA 90802. 

chapman. Dough Q.. college of Ffsheries. Universits of Washtngton, 

Seattle. WA 98195. 

Drury. William H.. Massachusetts Audobon Society Lincaln. MA 01773. 

Durham. Floyd, Department of Bidow, 

University of Southern California. Los 

Angeles. CA 90007. 

Evans, William E., Naval Undersea Research and Development Center. 8aa 

Dkgo. CA 92132. 

Fay, Francis &, Arctic Health Resesrch 

Center, US. Public Health Service. 

Fairbanks. AK 99701. 

Gates. Doyle E, California Department 

of FIsh and Game. Marine Resources 

Region, 350 ~old&~hore, Long Beach. 

CA 90802. 

Handley. Charles 0.. Jr.. Department of 

Vertebrate Zoology. Smtthsonian Institution, Washington. DC 20560. 

Houck Warren J.. Division of Biological 

Sciences, Hurnboldt State University, 

Arcat& CA 95521. 

Leatherwood. James S., Marine .Life 

Sciences Laboratory, Naval Undersea 

Research and Development Center, 

San Mego, CA 92132. 

Mansfield, Arthur W., Arctic Biological 

Station. Fisheries Research Board of 

Canada, P.O. Box 400, Ste. Anne de 

Bellevue. P.Q.. Canada. 

Mead. James G.. Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of Natural Historg. Wa&hgbn, DC 2OS60. 

Norris, Kenneth S, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz. CA 

95060. 

Rag, 0. Carleton, Dewrtment of Pathobiology. Johns Hopkins University. 615 

North woue street. ~altimore. MD 

21205. 

Scheffer. Victor B.. 14806 SE., 54th 

Street, Bellevue. WA 98006. 

SW, Don B.. Department of Ecology 

and Behavior. JFB Museum of Natural 

Histom Univ-ty of Minnea~ta, Ilbianeapolis. MN 55453. 

Vank John 8.. Marine Mammal Studies. 

AlaskaDeparbmntofFfshemdGame. 

1018 International Airport Road, Anchorage, Ag 99502. 

Ximenes Isaias. 80YP Depto Cfentiflco 

Y Tecnfco del Semi&, Oceanograflco 

Y de Pesca, Juan Lindolfo Cuestas 1409. 

Montevideo. Uruguay. 

Each marine mammal of US. concern 

is protected by one or more U.S. laws or 

acts,andthecoaservatioaofsomespecfes 

isatleastpartiallyassundbyintunational treaty or law. A summary of the 

various laws, conventions, and commi8- 

sicms designed and enacted to protect 

marine mammais follows: 

1. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 

1972. A US. federal law that prohibits 

US. citizens from taking. hfuwdng, or 

importing any marine mammal err its 

byproducts into the United States, except when authorized to do so by special permit. Indians. Entimcls, and Aleuts of 

the North Paciflc and Arctic Oceans can take marine mammals for subsistence. 

and for creating and sellbe handicraft 

items and clothing as lone as the stocks can support the harvest. 

2. Endangered Species C011servation 

Act. The purposes of this Act, which be- came effective June 3. 1970 with respect 

to whales, b to provide a pmgram for 

the conservation, protection, resbmtdon, 

and propaeation of selected 8pecies that 

are threatened with extinction The Act 

bans the hunting, capturing. Idllin& or 

importing of products derived from species protected under the Act. 

3. IntenurtioncJ Whaling Conuention. 

The Intem8tid whaling Commfssion 

(IWC) was established under a conven- tion signed in Washineton. D.C. in December 1946. The membership include8 

all countries that catch significant num- bers of whales except Spaid Portugal. 

Chile, Peru. and Brazil. The IWC b re- sponsible for whale conservation worldwide. Since 1964. the IWC has acted to 

bring world whaling under control by 

prohibiting worldwide the taking of some 

species, sharply reducing the authorized 

catches of species in certain areas, establishing catch quotas by species. and 

implementing an international obsemer 

plan for policing quotas and regulations 

at land stations and on factory ships. 

The IWC appears to be extendins its authority to cover all cetaceans and to implement regulations for threatened species. The IWC now regulstes the harvest 

of fin, sei, Bryde's, minke. and sperm 

whales. A subcomplittee of the IWC may 

be established to immve data collection on smaU eta& and review prob- lems. The gray, bowhead. right, blue, and 

humpback whales are completely protected, except for some hunting by aboriginals. 4. International Conventbn on Tra& 

in Endangered Svecfea of Wild Fauna 

and Flora When this convention be- comes effective, it will provide additional 

protection for the followfng species: Agpenaix I--. blue, hmwk, bowhead, and right whales, northem 

elephant seal. Qanges River cbolphis 

Caribbean and Medim- monk 

seals, dugong, and West IPdian and 

South Amerim manatees; A=- 

db IIdouthem elephant wel, muthem 

fur seal. fur & Jrran Pernandez fur seal, dugoae (All&a&uo, 

and West African manatee. 

5. Interim Convention on North Pacipc Fur Se&. This Convention mahibite 

most citizens of Japan, Osnads, the 

USSB, and the Vntted states from 

taking northern fur seale. The amtions 

are aboriginal malaru. Ale- and Eskimos, who may take them only at sea 

and by primitive methoda The Convention also provides for fntendve research on this species by the four countries. The 

economic utilization of narthenr fur sbl8 

on their breeding grounds is conducted 

by the respective government8 and is 

regulated onr a scientific krsts. 

6. ZntmrcrtrorrcJ ConventSon for Me 

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. Under 

terms of a Convention si(pled in 1949. 

ICNAF is responsible for tbe-fnvestQation, protection, and mmemaWn of the 

fisheries of the Northwest Atlantic in 

order to make possible the maintenance 

of a marimum su8tained catch imm 

these meries. The harp wel harvest is 

regulated by ICNAF, which hnposfs 

quotas far the taking of these manumb. 

7. Internattonal Conventim for the 

Cmenmtion of Antarctfc Seds, 1972. 

The purpose of this CImventlon is to 

safeguard all species of Antarctic seals 

andtoensunthat,ifcomnercial~ 

begins on floating ice d the Southem 

~thekilllngofcertatn8pecie8wlll 

be prohibited and the taldng of other - species will be subject to &rict limitstlans. Measures adopted under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 provide only for 

the mdectfon of seals and other animal8 

around the shoreline of the Antarctic. 

Continent. but not on floating Ice. The 

Convention of 1972 may be applicable to 

any or all of the following seal8: south- em elephant. leopard Weddell, crabeater. Ross, and southern fur &. 

8. Canadian-Norwegian Agreement on Secrling. On December 22,1971, these two 

governments ratified an agreehlent on 

sealing and the conservation ai seal 

stocks in the Northwest Atlantic. The 

FEDERAL RH GISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGU 
NOTICES 20597 

agreexnent applies to the harp seal. but walrus except to satisfy local needs and 2 o~g~f~,"~,"g; amlme, 2: provision is made for extension to hooded those of ex&ditions. 

and bearded seals and to the walrus. j. Guadufupe fur seal. Mexico has be trsobpora be constructed and 

9. Miscellaneous reguZations and safeguarded the breeding grounds of the ~~~~.s~~az

",",:"A ~e~,":O~ 

agreements of some US. interest. a. Hcrrp Guadalupe fur Seal 0x1 the Guadalupe fumes. The interior if the animal-=&go seal. The U.SSB. and Norway signed an Islands by making this island a wildlife space shall be kept physically clean. The 

agreement, in 1958 entitled "Preservation 

of sea& in the Greenland Sea." The 

agreement provides for the regulation of 

harp seal catchea by these two nations. 

The U.S.S.R., however, has not hunted 

h8rp seals sin@ 1965. 

b. G.ra11 seal. The USSR. has pro- hibited (since 1970) the hunting of gray 

seals for sport and by amateurs, but per- mits the taking of thew animals for 

mbsbtmce. Canada uses an 1886 law for 

authority in regulating the take of gray sesls. England has prohibited the hunting of gray seals on the F'aw Islands 

since 1932 and on Orkney Island since 

1923. Norway has forbidden hunting at 

Mr Trondelag (since 1923). Mnland and 

Sweden offer bonuses for grap seals 

taken 

c. Hooded seal. Canada and Norway prohibit the taking of hooded seals near 

Newfoundland before March 10, near 

Jan Mayen Island before March 13, in 

Denmivk Strait from June 15 to July 15. 

ref we. 

k. South American fur seal. The 

Uruguayan and Argentinian Governments protect the South American fur 

seal on land and out to 200 miles at sea. 

In addition, the Uruguayan Government 

regulates the harvest by protecting all 

female seals except the 1-year-olds. controlling take of pups by seasonal restrictions. and imposing quotas in some instances. 

1. South Africcur fur sed. The harvest 

of South African fur seals is largely a 

state enterprise in South Africa, however. the System includes one of control 

and leasing of rookeries to private contractors. The South West African Administration has not entered the harvesting business. but licenses private firms, restricts gear to be used, establishes closed seasons. and places Umlb 

on sex and caditton of catch. m. Narwird. Cansda allows its Esldmos to take five narwhals annW for 

ambient temperature shall be suftlciently regulated by heatlng or mllng to protect the animals from extremes of temperature. to provide for thelr health. and to prevent thelr discomfort. e. The primary enclosures, such as com- partments. transport cages, stretchers, or slings shall be well constructed. well ventilated. and designed to protect the health and assure the safety of the animals. Such deviaa shall be made and podtionad in such a manner that (1) each animal in the ve- hlcle hns rccass to sir for normal breathing. 

(2) the openings of the davlces are easily ac- wmlble at all tlmes for emergency removal 

of the animals, and (3) the anlmnln are afform adequate protectlop from the dements. 

f. Prlmary enclosures for shlpping m8rlne 

mammals shall be watertight and of ulequrte slze so that the allllnol la supported 

in a manner allow- even dfstrtbution of 

nslght over as large an ma as posrihle. Psddlng with fm rubber or polyfoam to prevent pressure necrosis is essentlaL Animals 

shall be kept moist over the enttb body Niece to prevent drying of the skin and 

and in northern waters from Msr& 20 personal use and isam Permits to cap- OP';fhginActs of ura trsmtfon pto May 5. The US.$.R. and Norway in ture this mnmmnl for axhibition. must be found rtlafsctory by a duly U- 1958 agreed to prohlbit the harvest of n. Kfller tom. Csnada allows this cdnse doctor of veerurn hooded seals near Jan Mayen island be- wecies to be taken under a pennit a -. m, - . - - . at -tntara~c= - - - - - -- -, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fore b%arch 13. and banned hunting in &tern. of ~tutno mart= mmms(r--a Fa&itica. 

Dea2mrk Strait. PART III-APPEXDICZS n&eraf~(l) Structural atrmgth. The fad. Bearded W. The USSB. has, 

since 1970, banned the o~mmucisl hating of bearded serrls from vessels. and 

mguhtes the take of this speciea by abor&ines and thehest from shore by Others. 

e. Ribbon a& Since the 1960's. the 

U8.S.R. ha8 forbidden the hunting of 

rlbbon seals st sea from March 1 ta September I. and in 1970 stopped hunting by "amata?urs..* 

f. Riwed seal. The USSR. banned 

hunting of Pusa hfSpfdQ hfsPldcL 

Appendix A-Interim Rules and Regu- lations: FEDERAL REG- reference 37 

PR 28177 

Appendix &FED- REozsma Notices: FEDSRAL Rtors~~~ refemnos. 38 

Pa 2340: 38 Pa 7987: 38 PR 8610: 38 E ioo3i: 38 FR 10484; 38 pa 12145: 

and 38 FR 16088 - Appendix C-Public Display Reclub%- 

me 

Appendix D--Coordinated Pribilof Islands-Bering Sea Research Proposal 

clltty must be constructsd of iucb materlrrl am of such rtrength as spproprlate for the 

uximals In~OlVed. The housing facffltiea shall 

be structurally sound and shall be maln- 

*inad in good nprrlr to protect the .nimstr 

Zmn injury and to contain the .nimcrls in 

a comfortable fashion. 

(2) water and pow. RalIable and adequata electric power. lf mquired to comply wlth other provisions of this subpart. and 

adequate circulsting water. sumcient to meet 

uspiis standards for hunua bathing aress. and standm of .winitp and temperatum shall be available on the premlSe5. Controlled chlorine inlaction ahall not exd 

beghuhW fn 1970. Swrt hunting of an- APP~~~DII C 0.4 D.DSL and ahah be monitored at leas* 

othtr su&xcfes (apsrently ac&pted by PVELZC DISPLAY .CQOLIW- eve* ir hours. 

(3) Storage. supplies of food ahall be the USSB' ss ktUSChenfnikooi) 1. Adocrrrcs noti@affon. The Holder shall stored in facilities whlch adequately protect was aLso banned USS.R. in that notlfy the Dlreaku by telegram ruElclently such supplies against deterloratlon. molding. 

year* lW were and in advsnce of each collecting trip so as to or contamination by vermin. RefrlKerntion hunting of the subs- between March amble him to vrrnne for an omcfal or of- shall -.- be arovided for sumlies - - of mrtrhable 

1 and September 1 wm prohibited. The &-Goithe -&-oi any 0th~ &n(s) food. - 

USSR. has also, since 1970, prevented commercial hunting of P. h. ochotensis 

from vessels, and regulated the take of 

this subspecies by aborigines and the 

harvest from shore by others. 

g. Harbor sed-Ice-daueUing popuZ4- 

tianr. The U.S.S& has prohibited sport hunting of these ptmuhtians of the harbor seal since 1970. protects its rookwiea 

fmm haraY8m-t and pollufion, and reIrulatea the mest. 

Lcrnd-dtoeumCr populations. The 

UBS& has prohtbited the sport huting of these popWom since 1970. and 

regulatesthetakeaiharborsealafnwn 

the White and Bsrepts Beas. 

h. Northern sea lion. The U.S.S.R. 

regulates the harvest of northern sea 

lions and protects its rookeries from harassment. 

1. WaZrw. In 1958, the U.8.S.R. and 

Norway agreed to ban the hunting of 

duly designated by ttm ~Lractor tb accom- pany the collecting crew lf the Dlnwtor w deslres. .Where posdble such notice shall be 

given at 1-t two wee*. In advmce. 

2. The mcthodr of ttamymtatbn of Ziofng marine mammaZa. 8. Except in the chm 

of a marins munmal being transported in 

connection with the taw operation. the 

Holder shall transport no me mammal 

until it has faatad for 12 hours. 

b. The aoidsl Omplop 8 duly cutiflcated common curfer by air, water, rafl. or mad in the transportation of my marine 

mammal. except that the Rolder may w a private vehicle for such tr€maportation lf 

such vehlcle ia operated by Holder's per- mnnel and the provislona of thla subsection are comptied with in the owse of the 

transportation inml9ed. 

c The Holder shall be tesponslble for the 

transportation of the madne mammal from 

ths capture site to the Holder's iacllitiss and 

shall Insure that the proviaions of thb subsection rue complied with in the course of thl8 ~porta~ 

(4) Wcute diqmscrl. Provisions ahall be 

made for the removal and disposd of mlmal 

and food WMtes, dead animals, trash. and 

debrls. Disposal faofliti~ shall be so provided and operated M to minimIza vermin 

Infestation. odors, 8nd dlrrsrss hszsds. me dlspoaal fscflitles and mp di~p~d of mim.1 

and food wastea dead animeU trash. and 

debrfs shall comply with appllcsbb FdarrU 

State, and local lam and regulatiooa relatlng to pollution control or the protection of 

the environment. 

(6) Washroom and sf-. Facfflth UUch 88 washmxm, bssins. showers, or rinks. (Lh.ll 

be provided to malntain cleanlineM amOW 

anlmal caretakers. 

b. Facilities, fndoor--(I) Ambfent temperatures. Temperaturss of alr and vmter In 

indoor housing facflities shall be suttlciently 

regulated by heating or cooling to protect the 

animals from the extremes of temperatare. to provide for thelr health, and to pmmt thelr discomfort. The ambient tempemtun 

sbsll not be allowed to fall below nor rise 

abode $umporntures compatible with the 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
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TRgs o(rrmm WlP1ATPuI 'Worn- $uaAWd 

-G &pads ogl aoj moralpuo~ &is& -1 

ow or) o?wdard& WPqn mam- m 

-a-N 'Jwwwl fm=f uraJ -ttws (21 

.aa%m* 

m0.v ~AI~D~OP~ a=aord or) pIoomno ~dax 

mroRm IP YOIR ol ~pla~d W 1- mm 

&w. o, 6knt .I aitsi~nnS uaw -a~aituw 

urorl wms (I)-J=mM 'wnmd -3 

*)uaamarl~ua em 30 uo~woad aw ao/pm 

I- uom~~od 03 apll.~u mola81lls;u 

prrv -I POI pm 'was ?uaw o~qnt~d 

-dr ww 46- IWPJ lo poqaom om 'e%mn lo dnqnq 6m 3UaAad o, s8 0s 

PRWW Pm aaP0 PO1 PlOA8 or) ~00s 

al adax pat waru70~103 Ltaado~d oq mw 

PaluQ w:rnw Batmoq -Pat9 aw- -XO cmmrle 6l~rd-a o, papraard oq ms pornom elwarns v -a6mwJU (+I -uoramxymnIlr e~;oooaxa 

roay rlmrlm ow aaaaard o, pau%tsap oq 

mpo smwma 6nmrd 10 BatlrIBn 'av13 

pm =tWm =l+no~ armred o, Drsuor 

-ai au90ms JO pus paanqlr70rP 4umnun 

oq m BPnrlSr~ wns Q~AIOA~~ sawis ow aos r)wdardck m nolamp prra Woranqrrl 

-m '4mb ~00% so 'moq su 'wmm maw% -n ao lamtmx 6q 'Suriq%l o~dm asq n8w 

s*nrm1 ammm JOoPtq 'fi~lt~bt? (O) 

wora -ssaap- amaptom pat 'wopo 'gj8.1~ arm -gal= 4 p. oo menanaA eq IW Pm anruora -rpuoo-rlt m/pm 'm8J 'maw 'sloop 'BfiOP 

-w lo m8am 6q 98 war qarm P~PIA~~ 

oq IIaa wnrrmr wns '=ma IW a8 SPUI 

-ym am 10 wo~m03plp lUaA?ld or) pm -pap am aoj apraard smam 1ojlmq3aur ao/pur 

mwu 6q pa?wl$uaa dlaasnbaps aq 11~s 

sararuJsJ aursnoq aoopu~ 'uoltat1tw~ (2) 'naqq nsra mu8 aqi 

wrqfi mmz PIW aqa nl ~aa8fi am JO una -8ladKU~ IUln38U am l83P l0 $8 PaU1rr)U~WW 

oq n+ps aanauadmw aaawa 'arqrssod sr nm1 -~srmus ow so w~moa PUS qapw 
NOTICES 

-h ressonably can be expected not to carw de8th or permanent injury to the .nimrl md is approved in dvance by the 

Director. 

j. The Holder agrees to ablde by any m- mnable condition with respect to the mdntenance and cue of captive marine mun- mUs recommended by the Marine Mauun8l 

Comion within a year of its fonnrtlan. 

k. Any display program in whlch my of 

the marine mammala Wren or imported hereunder are to partlcipab shall be deslgPed m as not to fatigue or 097)rwork the 

mammals. A duly 1icell.cd veterlnariaa &mU 

wrtlty to the Director that mg display propIIlur involving my m8mm8la t8km or imported pursuant to this Letter of mptiolr 

will not unduly fatigus or injure such 

mlmmala. 

1. AU personnel of the Holder, including veterinuians, requiring Stste a Federal lb cenws to pr8ctice their profession ahall be. 

8nd w, long as employed by the Eolder in that 

c8paclQ. remain duly licensed under tha 

appropriate law. m. The provisions of thia Irtbr of Remp- tion m8y be muended upon rarsoluble notice 

by the Director. n. The Holder shall be responsible for the 

rctivities of any individual relating to the 

Wing. transportation or msintensnce and CM of my marine marnmrl authorized to 

be taken or imported hereunder. 

Under the tern of the Re%ulat&~. r, 

vioktton of soy ot the tenas md condftfoas 

of this Letter of Examption shall meat the 

Holder to penalties provlded in the Act. 

0. The A& 8Ud regulatbM pdbe th8t a rawonable fw will be charged for thla Letter of Exemptton. You will be ul- wlthLn 

60 &ys of tho astrblrned fee. 

1. Vdmfnaw care. (1) FTomuw ofprevention md pdta control. euth.lrcrSis, 

nnd doauate vetuinarp c8m shrll be wt.b 

li.asa uid main* bder the su- ol8ve~Thepcetcontmlprqprm 

nh8llbere~wedbythevetarluarhnforthe 

we uw of mrtem uld methods. 

(1) *nlmrlr 8h8ll be owned day by the pereon In ch8rge of the azs or the 

8nim8ls or by mmeone -king rinQr thb 

direct supervixion. Sick, ~-flt.ma&. injrusd.orlnmeemimal8~be~wlth Or h-013' dcStrOYd 88 Wciflcauy au- by a 1iCenaed ve-tertnuiuL 

(3) In the event of the hum8ne deatructionofu,8nimalp~ttom~onj(1) 

Ibove. the Holder ahW perform m autopsy on the mima and, within seven days of the 

death of such 8nlm8l. shall notify the 8p- regional ace of the Netioncrl Mfb 

rimFlsherWServlceofthedeathmd8end 

to such 05~0 a copy of the autopny report. 

(4) by pregnmt anim8l shall receive 

proper veterinary attention. All births inro(rlng my aDimPl taken under tbis exemp- tion 8h8ll be reported to the Director. 

4. Sds or diapoaition of mammalr or prog- mu. The Holder .shall sell or othemiae 

dispo6e of (1) my mammrt the taking or haportation of which ir, autharfz4d by w ax- emption. or the progany of soy such man- mal, or (1) 8ny mrmmrl in hk pomamion or coptrol on the ate of the hsuanca Of thia 

exemption which Is of the same 6pecbm rs any 

mrmmrl the t.g or importation of which 

b authorized by #la exemption. or the pmgay of such 8 m. eXCGpt With the 8ppro- of the Mrector md subject to such 

terms 8nd conditions as the Director m8y proscribe. All aarmala subject to thls. pusgraph 

sh8U be marked or otherwise identided in a manner sattsiactory to the Director. 

6. Period of valfdity. The eremption gmnted 

hmwlth is valid for the period ming 

with the dab of its issu8nca and ending at 

midnight. Eestern Standard Time. on October l0. 1979. The Holder shall neither taka nor import into the United States any mammela the taking or importlug of which is au- thorlzsd by thin exemption rlter the qlm- tionof the8boveperfod 

6. TransfctabUity anti 8adfpncrMlW. The 

Holder shall net txamfer or .ssign the exemptfon granted herein to my other puson. .s pemn is domed in Bsdh 3(10) of the 

Act. This exemption ir, of no force 8nd effect 

u tsonsiemd or Msigned to my other such 

person. 

APPEND= D 

COOSDLNATPI mC BLdNDS-SEEING 

LPIWICg PLOPO(UL 

. Inhoducffon. The fur hda of the Pribilof 

XahmIa hrve beon 6tudl.d by US. coientista 

wlth varying degree6 of edort sillccl1867 wheu 

the Prlbfloff BImds bec8ma a put of the 

United stater, 8ince 1966, the popul8flon h8a been studied intendvely In m mart to 

fuUU the followbg owru objective8 Of the 

Intarlm Convention on the nation of 

NorthP~Fur&8U: 

1. "wh8t mewurea my be newMary to 

make poaslble the maximum .ud.laabie 

productdvitg of fur ~al HSoUXCOS &3 th8t 

the fur seal moulatioar an be brouht to 

8ad maint~tn-~at thelevel8 which wlfl pro- tide the greatest huv& ye8r aftat year;" 

.nd 

1. "What the relrtionship b between fur 

seals and other llvlug mPrine reno-, urd 

whether fur .e8la have detrimentrl Mecta on other Uvbg muios mmww sub~furti8lly exploited by my of the Putlea ad. l! m. to 

wh8t extant." 

The need for coordhated l8nd-pehgic rtudia ww polnted out at the 1972 meeting of the North Pad8c Nr &8l CamUasLan. 

E8chdeleg8tion~c8lledupDn"tobeprepuwd at their mxt meetiag to submit pla~ for rchievlng snore effective wodin8tion of 

~andpel8gic~to~~theprimuy quattoxm poaed by the Inbm 

Oonwntlon." 

athough we now know much shout the 

fur sod. the f8ctors which 8ct to caapol population sixe uo pot fully turda&aod. 

8nd the rol8uoMhip Of aleso m;.mmrls to 

their enpiro~nt uld to other living muine rewumea h8s ramived llttl8 cmsiuemt&xI. 

Tbir, prom for -tad llrnd .net 

~h~~orttrinbndedtopmride 

8dditionel kn0Wl~ con^ the DrimM 

quOStbM p014Q bf the COPV~P~~ 

Statement ot the problem. M8n8gament procodurea ret in motion in 1966 h8ve not 

resulted in the predicted number of hMest 

8ble ..ncmrlr. By 1981 the tow populibtion WM reduced to 13 million rnlmarl wlth 8n 

urnual pup production of 300,000 to roO,OOOOOO 

Fmm such m annual production a harvest8ble popul8tion of 6S.000 to 60,000 nWe8 md 

10,000 to 90.000 femslea nu antibpsbd. Thle 

hU XlOt mStCd8lhd. The 8VOrCrgS h~OSt@ble 

htal of ~~ hacl been 49.000 vr tha ex- pected ~6.000. A rimuu situation ru evolving for fee uld in 1969 8U harm% of 

fem8le0 Irtopped. since our .tbmpt to 

further m;.nlpulste the fur 6eal popam 

h~ not aucwadd. the problem ia to identify the prlnalprrl frotars which coptrol thia 

popul8tlon. 

~8gembnt of ths fur m8l population hM 

been bd on the pmmlse thit by the a+- laws the hala h8d clrcwdd the level th8t 

thus to regulating abapdurce 8nd the cle. 

ntio. Beginning in 1966, therefore. fenulw wure kllled with the objective of reducing the popul8tlon to a level which would pro- duce about 400.000 p- annu8lly. The ex- pect8d result warr th8t the tom huveat 

would Incre~~ nnd then atabfltes wlth m astunatad mmtsined yle1cL of 16,000 to 66.000 

males and 10.000 to 90.000 fem8lea 

Estimates of the number of pups born 

baed on sheutng .nd um~llne show that 

the popul8tion of~proximiteli 13 million 

animal8 h8s been near the dealred Level since 

IQM. huing this recant period me numbs; 

of pupa born sonually has been between 

300,000 and 400,000. The average annual 

harvest of males from 1986 through 1971. the 

yeus when you cLPrrses Since 1961 hrve con- tributed most or all of the huvest, nrs about 

43.000. Thir, harvest Is considerably lower 

thm expacted from Meal &tr For instma, we esttmcrte that the number of pupn born reached 300,000 in 19s and increawa to 

slightly over 400,000 Inl999. Thwr the num- ber of pupe born 8nnu8lly from l9lD to 1933 nu similar to the num&r barn 8nnU1y since 1881. Molscr from you chs3ea 1wQ-1933 

h~0Stsd primsrllp during the 

19% through 19-37 when the avenge curnu hlra wrs 6s,600, Co- nlth 15.000 for 

recent ysu clesaes when .imilu numbers of 

pupa ware born. Even collsfdersng the lhortcommga Of thcss ~~ti048, W le dtmcult 

to reach but one conclusion; namely, that 

the number of mrJbr available for hamest 

f?om mnt pu clrsses hu ~OCXSM& corn- pud to year clanws of 6tmllar s- In the 

mr1y 1980%. 

The number 01 Wen from a year class isbelhmd tobearsrcroPdly.ccurte index of the tow number avniW,le bec8- the huveatiq esort llm chulged little 

since the 19S0'a. Mhmr madliLoltiolu mado 

sllles 1086 prob8bly have &cressd the uw- esUMI r8ta slightly* mhkh me8na th8t the ~G-W in the P- Of 8mbIO 

duriagthetW0partadrr~~~th.p 

LlUdi~tdbYthea~~~~ 

The muon8 fa the disparity batmen 

8ctualmd~huro6tarrspotkn~ 

&la90 of the mnlaler toiathmest. 1t 602mi 

unuk8ly that the forrgolng deviatioM from 

"~o'hvraab~the~tofrrnQm 

nuctu8tmM in nuriva The t0t.l Rlbilof 

~~for~h8s~W.000 

onlytaice~IQ6a8ndhUbeonleasth.o 

40,000 for 3 of the bat 4 pus. Burplprl 

mt06 will duatU8te rrpdomly, but to be Constmmtty lw for such . ~ong period .eermr 

rate. The av8ila6~~ of food probably hu 

d~88&in~~t~bOcS~ofthntNmendour, incra8sa fn the humst of artrtn mes md invertebr8tal irom the Bering 888 

andNorth~icwlthbthepast1~. 

soma of the apeoirr tawn 8re preferred Itams 

inthedfetofhururls,~8ndmUl8genlont 8ctivities could as0 be f8ctom be- cam they m8y dlraupt nudng'crct= and 

laanen the in* of food by the pupa beforethey~~wwell~~~ 

.mount of energy uacd. Eetrtively Iong tarm 

dlulgea ill tha cwwu, en-nt, dfaeue. 

8nd pQllUtiOP M dditlonal faatom at 

rmry dect auviml r8te8. 

~~ing~.h~~aucl

ai mQ, it L 8I60 mbb th8t 

~generq~the~~aithepopul8ttorrhu~nmodiilndtothoextantth8t 

Maori or beha* ha8 beall 8l- If 

ch8ngeinthegempOolhU~fts 

~uan~ might be'impmdbb to .p- pC8tEe. Wlth 8 batter Undo- of beh8*. hOWOVOr, - Cur Fh8PIl d- 8 

hamest th8t wLU msombIe mdom rnortrlfep. which in turn would hrva no se-ve effect on the gene pooL 

If the mmival rate6 Is lowr now th8n 

during the euly 1930's when the poV*tia ~~ataaimil8r&wl.thenItir,un~~ 

the relation Of mlrvlv8lnnd 8bun*ce oslcula- from at8 collected from the 1m'E 

through the mId-1960's ir, appliable. Therefore, chwl€y in m8n8gament necesaw for 

GISTER, VOL 38, NQ. 147-WEDMESAY, AUOU 
NOTICES 

obtsfping maximum sustainable yields fran 

the fur seal population are not obvioua: in 

fact. it is possible that the significant mor- tality factors now operating on the seal population are not density related. 

The success of future management of the 

fur seal herd wlll depend considerably on otu understanding of how survival changes with changes in abundance (survival-abund- ance relationship), the relationship of fur 

seals to other llving marine resources, and on our ability to predict these relatlonsbips. To dute. we are unable to conddently describe either of these relationships, and be- aus of their complexity. wa may never ob- tain irrefutable evidence on which to base an understmding. However, every rea8onable 

opportunity to obt8in relevant data should 

be attempted. 

m S-IUEIT, the to &udylng this 

problem is three pronged:. (I) The relatlonship betwean survival and abundance is not 

understood, especially in view of the return8 

from recent year cla9es; (2) the relationship 

of fur mls to other lhlng marine resources is .lao not understant 8nd (3) the effect of 

management and research activities on the 

fur seal population is not known. 

A. Determine how survivd changes with 

changes in abun&nce of the fur seal population. 

B. Determine the relationship of fur seala 

to major living wine resourom. 

C. Compare the biological and behavioral 

chamcteristics of r harvested and unharrwted populstion. 

Beause of their complexity. the drst two 

objectives pmb8bly will never be attained 

the eXtellt that the ~lati0nShips will b0 

understood precisely. Xowwer, -dent inform8tion can be obtained for maklng predictions with the 8ccuracp 8nd conddenca 

needed for appllution to resource management. The thM objective appears to be less 

complex. and useful results should accumulate within a relatively short time span. 

mca ROPOML 

The General Plan. Research on wild aninul populations is complicated by uncon- trollable factors that Pdect the results. Tbi. 

situation has ertsted with respect to studies 

of the fur seal 8wl h%s been a serious obof evaluating the effects of recent 

management practices on the population. 

The establishment of 8 "control" area (one on which the 8nimala are not harvested) 

will partially solve the problem. Commercial 

harvesting on St. George Island will be halted 

for a audlcient period for the fur seals to re- semble, as near aa pcwble, a ''natural" pop- ulation. Probably 15 years will be reqbut It would be unarfse to estabiish r dad 

period at this time. 

The land research plan will primutly em- phasize comparative studles of harvested and 

UnhMcstad populations. Subpopulations on 8t.aeOrge~willbeuscd.atlarstparmy. aa "controb" In an attempt to identify 

end xwmm tho effects of management. Wr 

e.unple. the major change th8t will occur on the control areas is r change in the sax do 

unong adult aninlab. 16 the sex ratlo 

changes. results of quantitative and obssrvntiolul studlea on the con- area wUl ba 

compared to those from areas being harvested 

to determine the optimum sex ratio. 

The control areas wlll ah provide the opportuntty to Obtsin knowledge from a "natW' population. If the causes of mortality 

of the unharvested population can be identitLed as the populatton approaches the mudmum levels. those that are density related cur be noogniPd. The ''natural" population 

will also serve ss a standsml against whlch 

changes in the harvested population can be 

compared. 

Another Important value of control ueas will be the knowledge gained from studying 

seals on undisturbed hauling grounds. To 

date. It has not been possible to describe the 

basic haulingout pattern of young males or 

to identify factors that may Pdffit thls behavior. 

Studies of fur seals in their pelagic en- vironment will be intensitled in Uie Bering 

Sea and cloaely cowdlnated with studies on land. Major feeding areas will be located and 

prey species identltled. The behavior of lactating females on land and at sea and the 

behavlor and dlstrlbution of young males in 

both enPfronmcnts will receive special attention. Birds and northern sea lions will be 

collected and principal food determined. if 

found in feeding luras of fur seals. 

The abundance and distribution of major 

prey species of fur seals in the Bering Sea 

will be Studiad to pmvide tddttlonal data fa 

evaluating the relationship of fur seals to 

other living marine ncsources. These studies 

will include monitoring changes in abundance of major prey species and analysis of 

ilahery statlstica. 

Initially, considerable effort will be spent impnsvinp and testing such methods and 

equipment as =king. telemetry, sonic 

tags, and aerial photography. Research actfvitiu. The land and pelagic studies will be discussed in mom detail uadcr 

the following four categories: (A) A~Wdance. Distribution. and Oomposition of the 

Ru Seal Population; (B) Reproduction and 

Survlval: (0) Behavior and Activity Patterns: 

md (D) . Identldation, Abundance and Mstrlbutlon of Major Ray Species. 

much in the four categories is deslgned 

to: 

Determine the changes in population abundance and the mculmum ievei of an un- harvest& population. 

Describe- the composition of the unhsrvested population 8s it changes; for errmpb, 

the scr ratb of adults, number of pups, and 

the ratio of terrttorial to nonterrltorlal 

males, 

Describe changes in rookery nrea and density of -8s cbrngea in population rbundance and compcsttion occur. Ob8erve boJmvior8l changes or changes in 

activity. especially of adult males and females. as density and 8% ratio change. D&termim chang06 in survival rates and uuses of mortality with chrnges in popula- tion abundurce and composition. 

Determine changes in reproductive rates 

with chamml in ~UlatiOn - - abundena and 

compoaittoiL 

Wtermiw distribution, food. and feeding behavior of fur aesls in the Berim Sea. 

Monitor .bundance ad distribution of 

Bering 8eS 6w of -06 Uld invertebrate6 

utuzd - -by fur seal6 wt other marine 

A. AbUtSdUUCC, disrntton, and COmposition of the fur poptdatkm. The only 

segment of tho population that can be =timated with Wdence irr the number of pups 

born. The acaracy of these estimates Which 

will be msde as in the past by shearing and 

-piing pup& Will. b0 ~h&d at 60- Ue86 

by malring complete counts. The tow num- ber of pups born will be est&uted every dith 

year. Estimates wlll be nude for approxitnately 25 psnxnt of the rookeries during intervening years. Adult-sized males wiU be counted on all 

rookeries each year about June 20. and on about 25 percent of the rooLerles in midJuly. From the counts in July the proportion of 

territorial. nontvriw and hsnm malea 

will be estlmnted 

Aerial photoeRphy will be tested to determine if a reliable index of the number of 

adult females can be daveloped, and if thla 

mathod can replace the present practice of 

COuntlng 8dUlt moles on lad. Photographs Wffl delineate areas occupied by harems and ueaa used as hauling grounds. The distribution of fur seala in the Bering 

Sen will be determined from sightings and 

Eonections taken by scientists aboard vessels. 

Pelagic collections wffl be made in the Bering 

Ses from July through November for about 3 

years. Special attention will be given to areas known to be most heavily subjected to commercial Wing. Speciilc information that will be collected 

will include: 

1. Estimates of the number of pups born. 

2. Counts of adult males, tersitorial and 

nonterritortni. 

3. Land area occupied by fur seals. 

4. Age, sex, and body measurements of animals collected at sea. B. Beproductton and survival. Quantitative 

information relating to reproduction (age 

spdtc pregnancy and ovulation rates) will 

be based on the examination of females collected pelagieally in the North Pacific Ocean. on the rookeries, and in captivity. Unless 

Sumcient samples of fernales an? obtained. 

pelagic cellections from April through June 

will not provide valid data on pmgnancy and 

ovulation rates for comparison between 

Islands. 

Mature females collected on land late in 

the season may be useful for this research 

because they will already be bnd and wlll 

most prokbly be found on the molrag on which they were born. In addition, observations of behapfor on rookery areas wlU be use- ful for Intarpmtmg thfs reproductive data. 

E%ammatfan 41 females Of known reproduc- tive Utay held in captivity will pmvlde ]mowledge that will further lmprow the interpretation of co4ditiona OkCIPed Wag collected samples of females. Bspmductive physiology will also be studied.. 

~gtfp~~tipg ~iv~ rates aith Sumdent 

accuracy and precision to make -ul 

compariwna between harvested and uhhuveatxt popullrtious may not be posslMe ex- cept for pup on land. Li the populruon inawssa on St. George Island. compujmpo at 

diilerent populstion levels 8hW be mib16 SurOiorl mtsS Of pups On )pnd Will 

calculated from eatimaks ai the number 

born and counts of deed pups a lond The 

muviwl rates Of other irntmals will be eatsmated from mark-recapture data end c~unts 

of dead anhmla on land. 

Speoitlc information to be collected wlll 

include: 

I. ReprOdUCti~e condition of females collected at and on land. 

2. Obsurrtions and specimens of females 

Of known reproductive history. 

3. wag and recapture of des at rge 

0.1.2. and 3 years. 

4. counts of ipdividually marxed animals 

for s perlod of years. 

5. ~ge composition of the comnaerclsl hsrvest (St. Paul maland only). 

6. Number. age, sex. and. where Possible, causes of death among an- on Irmd. 

7. Weight and other body meaBuremeP* 

of young male# in the hamest (St. Psul Islsnd only) and of pups tn autumn 

C. Behaobr and OENOLty pattCM. Behavid studies using individually tdentIflable 

Balmrln will begin lmmadfatsly. Fraes 

brandlug. radio tagging. and other mbfhods 

ofmarklngwtllbeusedto~~ 

able animals. Adult females, pups. adult 

males, and young males will be Studied on rookeries and on hauling gnrunda 

Behaviorsl and activity studies will pmvlde information valuable for interpreting the ?+ 

sults of other studies and for improving Or 

designing new techniques. The 

of human disturbance as a mortality factor 

wtU be measured from observatfons of 

mother and pup reactions, especially wlth 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38, NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973 
NOTICES 

respect to nurslng cycles. The time spent on land and at sea feeding will be determined. Sonic and radio tags wffl be applied 

to lactating females to study feeding behavior at sea. Observations of the daily ac- tivity patterns of adult territorial males at 

ditterent population denalties and retias of 

territorial to nonterritorial males wlll be ustful in determining the eUects on the popula- tion of changes in sex ratio. Observations of 

young males on hauIing grounds will improve estimates of the magnitude of escapemlLt of males and may result in improved W- 

.gemant practloas. We wffl determine If femaim traditionally found on hauling group& baghmhg in late July have living pupa Tho 

interactions between northern ma Uons and 

fur seals on a rookery will be obmrved to determine the probable effect on the fur Mcrl 

population of the rookery. Spedfic Information to be collected will 

include: 

1. Behavior and activity pattern of dult 

nuIes. for example. time spent establishing 

and defending brrltow. 

1. Length Of PWIng-feeding VCle Of lactating females. 

3. ~~ traveled to feeding aeaa and 

time .pent feeding by lactating females. 

4- ~ctivity of pups such M time .pent nursing and average number of nursing perlodrr prior to lea* the Island. 

5. Activity pattern of young malea and 

adult femaleu on hauling grounds. 

6. Changerr In fur mal activity patterns when disrupted by nseerch or management .ctivltle% 

7. Interaction betwen fur wrls and 

northern .cu llom on fur mal rookery MM. 

D. identipcatim, abundance, cnrd dfatrlbutron Of WcV +pecicr. Th- dUa alll protias data that wlll be helpful in describing 

the re1ationship between the a~rllrbfflty of 

food remurcua and the productirlty of fur 

m?aU and idantlfy some of the speclea thrt 

may compe wlth fur seala for food An es- mntial nmt step will be to ldentJfy the mad 

Wqortant'food 8pecles of fur tmds and to 

determine the* relative importancs in Merant areas within the range of fur mas by 

examining the stomach contents of fur tmds 

collected in the Bering 80.- TJae rcsults wlll 

be compared with thw developed from fur 

mslr collectad in the early 1S60'& Northan ma llons and bird8 will also be collectad in uecu where fur seala are found to determine 

the major food species Wen by each. The 

frequency of occurrence and the volume of 

Prey SpW2ie~ found In the btom of ~01- 

lactad anlmala, and observations of feeding animals. will provlde estimstes of conaumption and possible competition With the 

commercial &%hew. Are- of intense com- mercial dshing wIll receive ,spaclal attention Chemical analyab of food species and 

contents of the alimentary tract will yield additbnal info~tion on the role thaao 

predators play in the cycling oi nutrients. 

Concurrent analyses wffl be undertaken 

of atatbtica on catches of dsh and ahem 

and dahing effort expended by all nations 

IntheBea'ingSeaThewanalpseawfflprovide a historical base for the 

general relationship between the pmductivity Of the fur seal population and the avail- 

-1ty of key, forage species The primary 

source of data will be from the Jap~mae 5eharg in the eastern Bering Sea, whlok in 

1070-71 accounted for 84 percant of the 

combined harvest by all nattons. Statistics 

on Japan's catches and ilshing eUort will be 

analpd by $mall 8tatIstical blocks measur- ing 5' latitude by 1' longitude to determine 

WithIn and between-year changes In availability of forage species. A prerequisite to 

this analyshwill be the development of 

procedures for standardteing Wing effort 

to account for improvements which have 

occurred in gear, detection equipment and 

tactics. 

The Initial analysIs of ilsheries statistics 

will include all the Important target species 

In the eastern Bering Sea. Once species are Mentitled as Important fur saal food, it wffl 

be possible to focw analysis on them at 

relevant areas and masons. The pert& COVer+d by thb aMlyEl6 Of 

commercial fishing statbtica Will be from 

1964: the beginning of Japan's contemporary ilshery In the Bering Sea. Greatest detail 

will be for the period since l864 when records on Japan's dsflary .re the most complete. 

The effect& of the abundance of forsge species on the productivity of the fur real 

population sill be examined by monitoring changes in availabfflty of dsh and shelldsh from chartered rarearch vessels and 

correlating the mulb wlth tho613 from 

studies of the fur mal population Sur~0~ 

from rsqearch reamla will focus on species and area Identided M especially Important from studisa of the feeding habits of fur 

seals. Survey MU ad time8 will be %haduled to conaspond wlth known foraging @gratloM Of fur d. and thw wffl provide synoptic Information on the amllabilltp of key forage species which are not now targets of commercial fisherlea or ue outside 

the operating r8nge of the !bets. Such basel1ne Information will be extremely UWfUl In 

asamsing the impact of any rut commer- cial catch of them spdes on the avaIlabUity of food for nu reriLa T 

speclnc informatton to be co1lactnd will 

Include: 

1. Location of major feadlPg areas. a. IdentUlcation of rtonueh contents and 

chemlcal .nrlyaIE Of food species and wn- tents of alimentary bet. 

3. ~rewnce or absence of fInh concentrationa in contalnIng fur mab. 

4. EnvIronmentrl and ~WanOgraphfc con- ditions in uecu containing concentrations 

of fur seals. 

sl!zacnON OT A CO~OL .uEA 

Thc Pribiloi Inland6 have 21 fur mal rookeries: 14 on St. Paul -. RDB 6 on St. 

Oeorge Island. RDB and 1 on Sea Lion Roo*. 

Some of them rookeries are imlatect wherean 

othem are in &ma proximity to each other. 

The 21 rookericw can be convenlently grouped into 9 subpopWlon units. 5 on St. Paul IsLsnd and 4 on St. QEOl'gO Island. ASSOCI8ted 

with each subpopulrrtlon unit am one or mom hauling grounds from which male seals are hamastd annually. The degree of "homIng"totheunitofblrthunangyoungmmle6 

dete- how much the utlUzation rats can be changed by not harvesting mala on a hauling ~LVWIQ an important co~ifleratton 

in selecting a control ama. me 8daptabfflt.y of subpopuktlo~ M units for lltudy Is further enhanced by the fact that maturing 

mals QiEplaY good ndellty to- the rookeryhauling ground complex of birth. In othar 

Words. the "homing ~ipct" b pronounced 

in fur wala in general and in- WIth 

age. By age 5 yeam. lea# than 30 percant oi 

the animals hauled out on land are found 

outside the subpopulation unit of bitth. 

Analysis of tag recovery data obtulned from 

harvested males ahows that the degree of 

homIng to the island of birth Is considerably higher than that to the rookery of birth. For 

example, the degree of homlng among age 2 

mates varies from 25 to about 40 percent to 

the subpopulation units on St. Wrge Island but b about 60 percent to the island. 

The latter flgum increases to 85 percent by 

age 5 yeam. Comparable homing figures for 

St. Paul Ialand 2-year-olds are from 27 to 

61 percent for subpopulation units and over 80 pemt to the island. Nearly 100 pement of the des "home" to St. Paul by .ge 5 

years. Of the units on St. Paul Island. Northeast PoInt has the highest degree of homing, with values comparable to thoat for all of St. 

Oeorge Island. The how tendency of females Is considerably greater than that of 

males, %udks~ Of thc Unit or lsland of 

birth, or age. Thus, the designation of Northeast Point &ookery or an enth island as a control ueo wffl result in marimum change in utllkation rate. 

Several other factors must rlso be conaidered in selecting a mwwch control MI. AIX 

area that can be reatmy divided lnto discrete 

-pw units wlll allow rep11crtion Of ~udiesandwlllpeimltstudiestbrtarenot 

compatible to be cutiad out on separate 

-.The~UngPotts~dnotbetoo 

large, yet &ould be of SuIUcient siee to pro- vtde representative data. arena quire more sort to Obtahl data. which in me caMs can MMt be Complete. FOr -pie, 

areas of a SIz8 axitable for msking complete 

counts of the number of pup. born have a atrrtinct advantap. Access and topography detmuha ~N&fflty for collecting mme kIl¶dsofdataandhaveuttle~ectonother 

co~iona. Ru, amount of pretm8tment data 

that is avulhble Is riso a factor but. with the 

exception of three small -ling units on st. ~aul ~d. -nttally similar data ue avaIlablo for all subpopulationa 

Conaldering all pmcedbg factma, St. 

~~Isthemondcsfrcrbleal3arer#cuch control m. The Is- COlltpiM ap- prolimstely 20 percent of the t0t.l Pribilof* 

bland fur seal population. or mtly less 

than that of North& Pat on St. Paul Island, and hM the wamd kfghcst degm of 

homhg. The fur mals form foar physically 

dirrcrrte subpopulatian unlts which will allow 

remarch studbs which are not compatible to 

'becarrledauton6eparateunits~dwillrlso 

allow replication oi studies. The subpopuls- - M rehtiWly small, COP- frolXl dut 8.000 to 90.000 pup. It Is passible to 

make a complete count of pups on all units, 

and access to the rookeries and hauling 

grounds is M good or bettor than to the 

units on St. Paul lslaad Topography of the 

St. Oeorge units poses no particular prob- lem with respect to propwad research. 

stopping the commorcipl hanest of fur 

seala on st. George Islaad will reduce the 

utilieetion of born them to an astimated rate of leas than 30 percent thmugh 

yle 5, anmmmg that their homing tendency 

does not change. BscsUIlb Of prognsdve Increameinhomlngtendencyat~3.4and 

5, llttle affect on the uoLlieetlon of males 

born on St. Paul Island Is expect&% The ex- poctsd reduction in the harvest Is 10 to 20 

percent. 

[Pa Doc.73-15876 Wed 7-31-73;8:46 -1 

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 38. NO. 147-WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1, 1973