U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Washington, D.C. 20460

 

OFFICE OF 

CHEMICAL SAFETY AND

POLLUTION PREVENTION

Date: December 13, 2011

Chemical: Trinexapac-ethyl

PC Code: 112602

DP Barcode: 377923/sub 387340

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: EFED Environmental Risk Assessment of Proposed Label for 

Palisade EC and Palisade 2 EC (Trinexapac-ethyl), New Uses on 

Cereals, Sugarcane and Grasses Grown for Seed- Revised

TO: Bethany Benbow, Risk Manager

Kathryn Montague, Risk Manager Reviewer

Registration Division (7505P)

FROM: Meghan Radtke, Ph.D., Biologist

Christopher M. Koper, M.S., Chemist

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THROUGH: Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief

Sujatha Sankula, Lead Biologist

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

EFED concludes that the proposed new agricultural uses for trinexapac-ethyl (cereals, 

sugarcane, and grasses grown for seed), a plant growth regulator, pose few environmental

risks to listed species. Trinexapac-ethyl was evaluated for use on cereals (wheat, oat, 

triticale, barley), sugarcane, and grasses grown for seed. Maximum application rates 

ranged from 0.11 to 0.5 lb ai/A and can be applied via aerial, ground, or chemigation 

methods.

Trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic on an acute exposure basis to estuarine/marine 

fish, freshwater invertebrates, birds, reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians, mammals, and 

honeybees. In addition, trinexapac-ethyl is slightly to practically non-toxic for freshwater 
2

fish and aquatic-phase amphibians, and moderately to slightly toxic for estuarine/marine 

invertebrates on an acute exposure basis. Estuarine/marine chronic fish and invertebrate

data are not available and data gaps were filled with chronic freshwater fish and 

invertebrate data; this approach was deemed conservative as comparisons between acute 

freshwater and estuarine/marine data indicated that freshwater fish were five times more

sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl than their estuarine/marine counterparts. Based on acute 

data, estuarine/marine invertebrates were twenty-two times more sensitive than their 

freshwater counterparts; however, when this sensitivity factor was applied to freshwater 

invertebrate chronic data, the resulting estimated estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC

was still twenty-one times higher than the highest chronic EEC. Thus, no chronic risks 

for any taxa were identified.

Listed terrestrial plants (monocots and dicots) were found to be directly at risk from the 

proposed new uses of trinexapac-ethyl; risk quotients ranged from 2.7 to 2.9. Non-listed 

terrestrial dicots were also found to be directly at risk; risk quotients for this group ranged 

from 1.2 to 1.3. No risks were associated with aquatic vascular and non-vascular plant 

species.

No other direct risks, besides listed terrestrial plants and non-listed terrestrial dicots, were 

identified for other taxonomic groups; however, indirect risks may be possible for all 

species that depend on these plants for food or habitat. 

Trinexapac-ethyl is currently registered for use on turf.
3

Ecological Risk Assessment for the Section 3 New Use Registration 

(First Food Use) of Trinexapac-ethyl on Wheat, Triticale, Barley, 

Oats, Sugarcane, and Grasses Grown for Seed (Non-Food Use)

O

O

OH

O

O

H3C

*

*

*

Trinexapac-ethyl

PC Code: 112602

CAS Number: 95266-40-3

DPs: 377923/387340 (Parent/Sub), 377924, and 377925

Team Members

Meghan Radtke, Ph.D., Biologist

Christopher M. Koper, M.S., Chemist

Peer Reviewers

Sujatha Sankula, Ph.D., Lead Biologist

Faruque Khan, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Branch Chief 

Nancy Andrews, Ph.D.

Date of Approval

December 13, 2011
4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary .................................................................................................................6

1.1 Nature of the Chemical Stressor........................................................................................... 6

1.2 Potential Risk to Non-Target Organisms............................................................................. 9

1.3 Listed Species Assessment ................................................................................................. 10

1.4 Data Gaps and Uncertainties............................................................................................... 11

2. Problem Formulation.............................................................................................................12

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action............................................................................................... 12

2.2 Stressor Source and Distribution ........................................................................................ 14

2.2.1 Nature of the Chemical Stressor............................................................................... 14

2.2.2 Trinexapac-ethyl Use Characterization.................................................................... 14

2.3 Receptors.............................................................................................................................. 15

2.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Receptors and Effects........................................................ 15

2.3.2 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk ................................................................................. 18

2.4 Assessment Endpoints......................................................................................................... 18

2.5 Conceptual Model ............................................................................................................... 18

2.5.1 Risk Hypothesis......................................................................................................... 19

2.5.2 Conceptual Diagram.................................................................................................. 19

2.6 Analysis Plan ....................................................................................................................... 21

2.6.1 Measures of Effect and Exposure............................................................................. 21

3. Exposure Assessment .............................................................................................................24

3.1 Transport, Mobility, and Field Dissipation........................................................................ 26

3.2 Trinexapac-ethyl Degradation ............................................................................................ 26

3.3 Bioaccumulation.................................................................................................................. 27

3.4 Proposed Trinexapac-ethyl Application Information........................................................ 27

3.5 Aquatic Exposure Modeling for Trinexapac-ethyl............................................................ 29

3.5.1 PRZM-EXAMS Model ............................................................................................. 29

3.5.2 Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Approach ..................................................................... 29

3.5.3 Input Parameters........................................................................................................ 31

3.5.4 Model Outputs: Aquatic Exposure Estimates......................................................... 34

3.6 Terrestrial Exposure Estimates for Trinexapac-ethyl........................................................ 36

3.6.1 Exposure Estimates for Birds and Mammals........................................................... 37

3.6.2 Exposure Estimates for Plants.................................................................................. 39

4. Ecological Effects Assessment ..............................................................................................41

4.1 Aquatic Effects Summary ................................................................................................... 41

4.1.1 Toxicity Effects on Fish............................................................................................ 41

4.1.2 Toxicity Effects on Invertebrates ............................................................................. 43

4.1.3 Toxicity Effects on Plants......................................................................................... 45

4.2 Terrestrial Effects Summary ............................................................................................... 46

4.2.1 Toxicity Effects on Birds.......................................................................................... 46

4.2.2 Toxicity Effects on Mammals .................................................................................. 47

4.2.3 Toxicity Effects on Non-Target Insects................................................................... 48

4.2.4 Toxicity Effects on Plants......................................................................................... 48

4.4 Incident Database Review................................................................................................... 50

5. Risk Characterization............................................................................................................51
5

5.1 Risk Estimation.................................................................................................................... 51

5.1.1 Summary of Aquatic Risk Quotients ....................................................................... 51

 5.1.1.1 Risk Quotients for Fish .................................................................................... 51

 5.1.1.2 Risk Quotients for Aquatic Invertebrates........................................................ 55

 5.1.1.3 Risk Quotients for Aquatic Plants................................................................... 56

5.1.2 Summary of Terrestrial Risk Quotients ................................................................... 58

 5.1.2.1 Avian and Mammalian Risk Quotients........................................................... 58

 5.1.2.2 Plant Risk Quotients......................................................................................... 60

 5.1.2.3 Non-target Insect Risk Quotients .................................................................... 62

5.2 Risk Description .................................................................................................................. 62

5.2.1 Risk to Aquatic Organisms....................................................................................... 62

5.2.2 Risk to Terrestrial Animals....................................................................................... 63

5.2.3 Risks to Terrestrial Plants......................................................................................... 64

5.2.4 Risks to Aquatic Plants ............................................................................................. 64

5.3 Listed Species Assessment ................................................................................................. 64

5.3.1 Direct and Indirect Effects........................................................................................ 65

Appendix A. PRZM/EXAMS Outputs for Trinexapac-ethyl.........................................................67

Appendix B. Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Calculations ..................................................................68

Appendix C. Avian and Mammalian Risk Quotient Calculations for Trinexapac-ethyl..............79

Appendix D. Terrestrial Plant Risk Quotient Calculations for Trinexapac-ethyl .........................86

Appendix E. Risk Quotient Method and Levels of Concern ..........................................................92

Appendix F. Listed Species Directly or Indirectly Affected by Proposed Uses ...........................94
6

1. Executive Summary

Trinexapac-ethyl (or trinexapac) is a growth regulator currently registered for use on turf. 

Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., the manufacturer and the registrant of trinexapac-ethyl, 

has submitted an application to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for two 

formulations of trinexapac-ethyl to prevent lodging in cereal grain crops (wheat, triticale, 

barley, and oats) and to promote internode shortening and ripening in sugarcane –

Palisade® EC and Palisade® 2EC. These uses constitute the first food uses for 

trinexapac-ethyl. In addition, Syngenta has also requested that trinexapac-ethyl 

(Palisade® EC and Palisade® 2EC) be registered for use on grasses grown for seed

(lodging prevention).

Proposed Palisade EC uses are labeled as a foliar spray using ground, aerial, or 

chemigation application methods. Center pivot, solid set, hand move, or moving wheel 

irrigation systems are listed as being appropriate for the application of this product. 

Palisade 2EC is labeled for application as a foliar spray using ground or aerial equipment. 

The maximum application rate in this registration action is for a single application of 0.5

lb ai/A for Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC to grasses grown for seed; this rate is much 

lower than the highest single application rate of 1.36 lb ai/A that is on registered product 

labels for turf (see Table 2.1). 

Five new studies have been evaluated since the Problem Formulation (D351403) was 

conducted. Three fate and transport studies (anaerobic biotransformation in watersediment systems – MRID 48043712; dissipation on turf and bare ground in New York –

MRID 48043711; dissipation on turf and bare ground in California – MRID 48043710) 

were classified as supplemental. An aquatic plant growth study evaluated the effects of 

trinexapac-ethyl on green algae (MRID 48043713) and was found to be acceptable. An 

acute avian oral toxicity for trinexapac-ethyl on the zebra finch (passerine species) 

(MRID 48043714) was evaluated and classified as invalid. These studies address a 

number of data gaps cited in the problem formulation and have been incorporated into the 

risk assessment, as appropriate.

1.1 Nature of the Chemical Stressor 

Trinexapac-ethyl is a growth regulator/herbicide in the cyclohexane carboxylic acid class 

of chemicals. It is currently registered for the management of turf growth in warm and 

cool season grasses. Trinexapac-ethyl reduces the growth of numerous types of turf 

grasses including bahiagrass, bermuda grass, bluegrass, red and tall fescue, and annual 

and perennial ryegrass for up to 8 weeks. It is taken up through the foliage and inhibits

the biosynthesis of gibberellin – a plant growth hormone. The free acid of trinexapacethyl inhibits the hydroxylation of gibberellin20 to gibberellin1 by competitively inhibiting 

the regulatory enzyme 3-hydroxylase, leading to a reduction in the size of leaves and 

stems.

The proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl include: wheat (winter, spring, and durum), 

triticale, barley (winter and spring), oats, sugarcane, and grasses grown for seed. 
7

Trinexapac-ethyl is proposed for yield protection and lodging prevention in wheat, 

barley, oats, triticale, and grasses grown for seed. In sugarcane, the application of 

trinexapac-ethyl is to promote ripening and to shorten the internode for seed piece 

production. It also increases and/or maintains the sugar content for an extended harvest 

window.

Based on the registrant-submitted studies, the following conclusions were drawn 

regarding the environmental fate and ecological effects of trinexapac-ethyl:

Trinexapac-ethyl’s major routes of dissipation include alkaline-based hydrolysis, 

aerobic biotransformation in terrestrial environments, and aerobic and anaerobic 

biotransformation in aquatic environments. Based on the results of a laboratory

soil volatility study (MRID 41563938), trinexapac-ethyl appears not to volatilize. 

This is supported by its low vapor pressure (1.62 x 10-5 mm Hg at 25oC) (MRID 

41604203) and Henry’s Law constants (5.27 x 10-10 atm-m

3

/mol) (calculated from 

water solubility, vapor pressure, and molecular weight). The range of 

bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for edible tissue, non-edible tissue, and whole 

fish (from 2.5 to 11) indicate a low potential for bioconcentration in fish. Also, 

the log Kow of the ester is 2.44 at pH 5.3; the log Kow of the acid is 1.8 at pH 

2.0.

The major environmental degradates of trinexapac-ethyl include its free acid 

CGA-179500 (maximum formed - 91%), CGA-313458 (maximum formed -

22%), an open chain cyclohexane ring (maximum formed - 12%), CO2 (maximum 

formed - 85%), and an unidentified hydroproduct M3 (maximum formed – 35%). 

The majority of the major degradates were formed under both microbial mediated 

processes indicated by significant mineralization and abiotic processes. 

The Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS) of EPA’s

Health Effects Division (HED) reviewed the structures of the major degradates to 

determine residues of concern. Based on the ROCKS memorandum (D390121), 

the parent ester, including its free acid CGA-179500, CGA-313458, an open chain 

cyclohexane ring, and an unidentified hydroproduct – M3, should be included in a 

Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach. 

Reported acute toxicity values (LC50) for rainbow trout, carp, and catfish were 68, 

57, and 35 mg ai/L, respectively (MRIDs 41563905, 41869506, 41869507),

indicating that trinexapac-ethyl is only slightly toxic to freshwater fish. Data for 

estuarine/marine fish suggest that trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to 

sheepshead minnow (LC50 = 180 mg ai/L) (MRID 41869510). A non-definitive 

acute toxicity value for freshwater invertebrates (water flea EC50 > 142.5 mg ai/L)

indicates that trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to water flea (MRID 

41563906). Conversely, trinexapac-ethyl ranged from moderately toxic to 

slightly toxic for estuarine/marine invertebrates (mysid shrimp LC50 = 6.5 mg 

ai/L; eastern oyster LC50 > 89 mg ai/L) (MRIDs 41869508, 41869509). 
8

A NOAEC for the fathead minnow was established at 0.41 mg ai/L (MRID 

42081401) and a non-definitive NOAEC of ≥ 2.4 mg ai/L was reported for the 

water flea (MRID 43128602). Both endpoints were based on decreases in growth. 

No data are available for evaluating the chronic exposure effects of trinexapacethyl on estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates.

Acute toxicity values (EC50) for aquatic non-vascular plants were 42 mg ai/L 

(Navicula pelliculosa) (MRID 41869534) and 0.35 mg ai/L (Anabaena flosaquae) (MRID 41869535). A tier 2 study on green algae (Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata) resulted in an EC50 of 14 mg ai/L, based on cell density and yield 

(yield is the total number of new cells produced during the test) (MRID 

48043713). The estuarine/marine non-vascular plant (Skeletonema costatum) 

study resulted in an EC50 of 16 mg ai/L, based on cell density (MRID 41869533).

An acute toxicity study for Lemna gibba (aquatic vascular plant) yielded an EC50

of 0.19 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of 0.018 mg ai/L, based on growth (MRID 

42595303). 

Seedling emergence toxicity values for terrestrial monocots were EC25 = 0.301 lb 

ai/A (oat) and NOAEC = 0.094 lb ai/A (oat and ryegrass - based on plant height). 

Toxicity values were lower for dicots – lettuce EC25 = 0.22 lb ai/A and NOAEC = 

0.094 lb ai/A (based on plant dry weight) (MRID 41869529). A vegetative vigor 

study produced an EC25 of 0.294 lb ai/A and a NOAEC of 0.0425 lb ai/A (oat –

based on plant height) for monocots, and an EC25 of 0.267 lb ai/A and a NOAEC 

of 0.085 lb ai/A (carrot – based on dry weight) for dicots (MRID 41869531).

Trinexapac-ethyl is classified as practically non-toxic to birds based on an acute 

oral and dietary basis (mallard duck LD50 > 2000 mg ai/kg-bw; bobwhite quail 

and mallard duck LC50 > 5200 mg ai/kg-diet) (MRIDs 41563901, 41563902, 

41563903). Chronic exposure studies indicated that the bobwhite quail (NOAEC 

= 200 mg/kg-diet) is more sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl than the mallard duck 

(NOAEC = 600 mg ai/kg-diet) (MRIDs 41869505, 41869504). Chronic toxicity 

values were based on the number of bobwhite quail eggs set (25% reduction). No 

effects were observed in the chronic mallard duck study.

Based on the oral LD50 of 4212 mg ai/kg-bw for the female laboratory rat, 

trinexapac-ethyl is classified as practically non-toxic to mammals (MRID 

41563908). The two generation rat study yielded a NOAEL of 594 mg ai/kg-bw 

for males, based on parental and offspring toxicity (MRID 43128604).

Trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to adult honeybees (acute contact LD50 = 

47μg ai/bee) (MRID 41563928). 

Conclusions regarding the environmental exposure concentrations for trinexapacethyl are presented below:
9

Surface water exposure estimates for this ecological risk assessment were derived 

using the PRZM/EXAMS models and surrogate wheat, sugarcane, and turf

scenarios using the total toxic residue (TTR) approach. The terrestrial risk 

assessment was based on EFED’s T-REX (birds and mammals) and TerrPlant 

(terrestrial plants) models. 

For the PRZM/EXAMS scenarios, aerial applications of trinexapac-ethyl yielded 

higher aquatic exposure concentrations compared to ground or chemigation 

applications, regardless of the crop; aerial applications were 39 to 55 percent 

higher in wheat and 5 to 18 percent higher in sugarcane. EECs for the sugarcane 

use (maximum peak = 6.63 μg ai/L, 21-day = 5.18 μg ai/L, 60-day = 2.58 μg ai/L)

were higher than the wheat scenarios (maximum peak = 0.41 μg ai/L, 21-day = 

0.31 μg ai/L, 60-day = 0.22 μg ai/L) and the grasses grown for seed scenarios 

(maximum peak = 1.45 μg ai/L, 21-day = 1.22 μg ai/L, 60-day = 0.91 μg ai/L).

Based on the T-REX model, dietary-based exposure concentrations for terrestrial 

wildlife ranged from 1.65 to 120 mg/kg-diet. Avian and mammalian oral dose 

concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 137 mg ai/kg-bw and 0.06 to 114 mg ai/kgbw, respectively.

Based on the TerrPlant model, terrestrial plant EECs ranged from 0.0011 to 0.061 

lb ai/A for cereals, 0.0031 to 0.17 lb ai/A for sugarcane, and 0.005 to 0.275 lb 

ai/A for grasses grown for seed. 

1.2 Potential Risk to Non-Target Organisms 

Ecological risks associated with the new uses of trinexapac-ethyl are summarized below: 

Proposed trinexapac-ethyl uses do not exceed levels of concern (1 in 10 year 

values) for acute risks to freshwater (MRID 41563905) and estuarine/marine fish

(MRID 41869510). Chronic levels of concern are not exceeded for freshwater 

fish (MRID 42081401); using freshwater fish chronic data as a surrogate because 

estuarine/marine fish chronic data were not available, risks to estuarine/marine 

fish also are not likely. 

Levels of concern (1 in 10 year values) were not exceeded for acute exposure to 

estuarine/marine invertebrates (mysid shrimp – MRID 41869508). Non-definitive 

freshwater invertebrate (water flea – MRIDs 41563906, 43128602) acute and 

chronic data were compared with EECs and found to be much higher, thus 

indicating low risk for this group. Chronic data for estuarine/marine invertebrates 

were not available, but risk to this group is assumed to be low, using freshwater 

invertebrate data as a surrogate.

Levels of concern (1 in 10 year values) were not exceeded for birds for chronic 

effects (MRIDs 41869505, 41869504). Only non-definitive data were available 

for acute toxic effects, but the values were much greater than the EECs (MRIDs 
10

41563901, 41563902, 41563903). Thus, it is unlikely that the proposed uses of 

trinexapac-ethyl present risk to birds.

Proposed trinexapac-ethyl uses do not exceed levels of concern (1 in 10 year 

values) for mammals on an acute or chronic basis (MRIDs 41563908, 43128604).

Levels of concern (1 in 10 year values) were not exceeded for vascular or nonvascular aquatic plants (freshwater and marine) (MRIDs 42595303, 41869535). 

Levels of concern (1 in 10 year values) were exceeded for listed semi-aquatic 

terrestrial plants – both dicots (maximum RQ of 2.93) and monocots (maximum 

RQ of 2.93). Levels of concern also were exceeded for non-listed semi-aquatic 

dicots (maximum RQ of 1.25) (MRIDs 41869529, 41869531). Direct risks to 

these groups may pose indirect risks to all other taxa.

Currently, EFED does not quantify risks to terrestrial invertebrates; however, the 

acute contact toxicity test of trinexapac-ethyl on honeybees suggests risk to this 

group is very low (MRID 41563928). 

1.3 Listed Species Assessment

A search of the Agency’s LOCATES database (Version 2.2) was conducted to identify

the listed species present in the states where proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl will 

occur. Listed species are those that are currently on the federal list of endangered and 

threatened wildlife and plants. The screening-level analysis for trinexapac-ethyl shows 

the possibility for direct effects to listed and non-listed terrestrial plants. As a result, all 

listed taxa are potentially at risk because of their possible dependence on plants for food 

and habitat. A complete list of all listed species that may occupy proposed use areas of 

trinexapac-ethyl is included in Appendix F. Although there is potential for effects to all

listed species in the previously mentioned taxa, this assessment does not evaluate each 

individual species (Table 1.1). 
11

Table 1.1. Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses for TrinexapacEthyl

Listed Taxa Direct Effects1Indirect Effects2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants –

monocots and dicots Yes Yes

Birds No Yes

Terrestrial-phase amphibians No Yes

Reptiles No Yes

Mammals No Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic-phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates No Yes

Mollusks No Yes

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates No Yes

Terrestrial invertebrates No Yes

1The Agency’s Level of Concern was exceeded for terrestrial plants.

2

Indirect effects to a listed species occur when its food source is reduced or habitat is 

modified.

1.4 Data Gaps and Uncertainties

The following guideline data gaps were identified in this assessment:

Estuarine/Marine Fish Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test (850.1400):

This test measures the lethal and sub-lethal effects to fish from the egg stage through 

free-feeding. Currently data are only available for freshwater fish. Providing a study for 

estuarine/marine species would fill the chronic toxicity data gap for these species; 

however, it is not expected that having this study would have changed the outcome of this 

risk assessment. In lieu of these data, this risk assessment relied on freshwater fish data 

as a surrogate. 

Mysid Chronic Toxicity Test (850.1350):

The acute mysid toxicity test indicated that mysid shrimp were the most sensitive of the 

estuarine/marine species tested and that trinexapac-ethyl was moderately toxic. No data 

are currently available for chronic effects to estuarine/marine species; however, it is not 

expected that having this study would have changed the outcome of this risk assessment. 

In lieu of these data, the risk assessment relied on freshwater invertebrate data as a 

surrogate. 
12

Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (850.2100):

The guidelines require data for one passerine species in addition to the mallard duck data 

that has already been provided. A passerine study (MRID 48043714) was submitted by 

the registrant, but it was classified as invalid because of improper dosing methodology 

(oral gavage using a solid dose instead of a liquid dose). Therefore, the risk assessment 

was conducted using mallard duck data; this is a point of uncertainty given that for some 

chemicals, passerines are more sensitive than the mallard duck. 

Additionally, the following uncertainties were identified for this risk assessment:

Data are not available to document the toxic effects of chronic exposure of 

trinexapac-ethyl to estuarine/marine fish or invertebrates. In lieu of these data, 

the risk assessment relied on freshwater fish and invertebrate data as surrogates. 

This risk assessment only considered the most sensitive of the species evaluated 

in the registrant-submitted studies. The position of the tested species relative to 

the distribution of all species’ sensitivities to trinexapac-ethyl is unknown. 

Extrapolating the risk conclusions from the most sensitive tested species to nontested species may either underestimate or overestimate the potential risks to 

those species.

No toxicity data were available for the four major degradates of trinexapac-ethyl. 

In the absence of data, the risk assessment assumes that the degradates are of 

equal toxicity to their parent. Using the assumption of equal toxicity among 

degradates and the parent has the potential to overestimate or underestimate risk.

2. Problem Formulation

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for the ecological 

risk assessment being conducted for the proposed first food uses of trinexapac-ethyl. As 

such, it articulates the purpose and objectives of the risk assessment, evaluates the nature 

of the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing data and characterizing the risk. 

2.1 Nature of Regulatory Action

Under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 

Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. is seeking registration for the new uses of trinexapac-ethyl 

as a foliar herbicide on wheat, barley, oats, triticale, sugarcane, and grasses grown for 

seed.

In April 1993, trinexapac-ethyl was first conditionally approved as cimectacarb

(formulated product = Primo) for the management of warm and cool season turfgrass. 

Currently, labeled uses of trinexapac-ethyl include turf on a national basis. In addition, it 

was permitted based on a special local need exemption for perennial ryegrass grown for 

seed (Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Minnesota) and fine and tall fescues grown for 

seed (Oregon and Washington). 
13

The registered formulations are water soluble bag, emulsifiable concentrate, 

microemulsion concentrate, and granules. The turf use includes application to residential 

and commercial lawns, parks, golf courses, sod farms, sports fields, and cemeteries for 

the management of warm- and cool-season turf grasses to reduce the frequency of 

mowing and the amount of grass clippings generated. It is also used for edging turfgrass 

along sidewalks, curbs, parking lots, driveways, flowerbeds, fences, and around posts, 

storage sheds, and trees. The trinexapac-ethyl formulations usually reduce growth for 4 

weeks. For extended growth suppression when temporary discoloration can be tolerated, 

a maximum of twice the recommended application rate may be applied (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1. Use Information for Trinexapac-Ethyl

Use Reg. No. Formulation1

(% ai)

Max Single 

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

Number of 

Applications 

and Interval

Max Annual 

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

Turf2100-752 Primo (WSB)

(25%)

0.34

0.68*

1.36**

8 applications

4 week interval

4 applications

8 week interval

2 applications

8 week interval

2.72

100-937 Primo Maxx

(MEC)

(11.3%)

100-729 Primo liquid (EC)

(12%)

73220-12 Quali-Pro T-Nex 

1 AQ (MEC)

(11.3%)

79676-37 T-Pac E-Pro (EC)

(12%)

79676-24 T-Pac E-Pro 

(MEC)

(12%)

81943-12 Goldwing (MEC)

(11.3%)

83070-04 Groom PGR

(MEC)

(11.3%)

72112-11 PROXoZ (MEC)

(11.3%)

100-930 Lawn Primo (G)

(0.01-1%)

0.88 4 week interval 2.5

100-931

Perennial 

ryegrass 

grown for 

seed in ID, 

OR, WA

100-1241 Palisade 2 (EC)

(25.5%)

0.195-0.455 1-2 

applications

0.49

100-949 Palisade (EC)

(12%)

0.187-0.49 1-2 

applications

Fine and 100-949
14

Use Reg. No. Formulation1

(% ai)

Max Single 

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

Number of 

Applications 

and Interval

Max Annual 

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

tall fescues 

grown for 

seed

OR000007

WA030007

Ryegrass 

grown for 

seed in MN

100-949

MN020010

1

Formulations are water soluble bag (WSB), emulsifiable concentrate (EC), microemulsion 

concentrate (MEC), granular (G)

2Residential and commercial lawns, parks, golf courses, sod farms, sports fields, and cemeteries

*

Single application rate is doubled for extended growth suppression up to 8 weeks for 

residential and commercial lawn and golf courses, maximum single application rate for edging 

and banding

**Doubled application rate for extended growth suppression for edging/banding along the 

perimeter of curbs, driveways, fences, lawns, parking lots, pet pens, posts, sidewalks, storage 

buildings or other areas.

2.2 Stressor Source and Distribution

2.2.1 Nature of the Chemical Stressor 

Trinexapac-ethyl is a plant growth regulator that is used to slow the growth of turfgrasses 

by 40 to 60 percent over a 4 to 8 week period. It is a cyclohexadione plant growth 

regulator that inhibits gibberellic acid biosynthesis and is absorbed by plant foliage. 

Gibberellic acid is necessary for cellular elongation during a plant’s growth period. The 

free acid of trinexapac-ethyl inhibits the hydroxylation of gibberellin20 to gibberellin1 by 

competitively inhibiting the regulatory enzyme 3-hydroxylase. The lack of gibberellic 

acid causes plants to have shortened internode lengths and shorter cell lengths, thereby 

reducing the overall length of leaves and stolons. The slower plant growth induced by 

the application trinexapac-ethyl is temporary and at normal application rates, plants 

usually resume normal growth approximately 8 weeks after application.

2.2.2 Trinexapac-ethyl Use Characterization

The proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl include wheat (winter, spring, and durum), 

triticale, barley (winter and spring), oats, sugarcane, and grasses grown for seed. 

Trinexapac-ethyl will be used to shorten the internodes on cereals/grasses, which results 

in a reduction of lodging in wheat, barley, oats, triticale, and grasses grown for seed. In 

sugarcane, the application of trinexapac-ethyl is reported to promote ripening and to 

shorten the internode for seed piece production. It also increases and/or maintains the 

sugar content for an extended harvest window.

The current action refers to Trinexapac-ethyl Technical and two formulated products: 
15

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC. The registrant has submitted supplemental labels for the 

above crops; Table 3.2 shows the formulation to be used for each use. Palisade EC is 

applied as a ground or aerial spray, and through chemigation (center pivot, solid set, hand 

move, or moving wheel irrigation systems). Palisade 2EC is applied only as a ground or 

aerial foliar spray. For best performance, crop foliage must receive thorough coverage of 

trinexapac-ethyl as it is a systemic chemical and is absorbed through leaves and stems. 

For cereals (wheat, barley, oats, triticale), Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC must be applied 

a minimum of 45 days before harvest. Applications should not be made if the crop is 

stressed by drought, disease, or temperature. Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC applications 

on sugarcane may occur up until 28 days prior to harvest. The label also warns that some 

varieties of sugarcane may be sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl and exhibit symptoms such as 

temporary stunting after application. For grasses grown for seed, Palisade EC and 

Palisade 2EC may be applied up to 35 days before harvest. Grazing or feed foraging can 

occur 49 days after the last application and other crops may be planted 30 days after the 

last application.

2.3 Receptors

2.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Receptors and Effects

The receptor is a biological entity that is exposed to the stressor. Consistent with the 

process described in the Overview Document1, this risk assessment uses a surrogate 

species approach in its evaluation of trinexapac-ethyl. Toxicological data generated from 

surrogate test species, which are intended to be representative of broad taxonomic groups, 

are used to extrapolate the potential effects on a variety of species (receptors) included 

under these taxonomic groupings. 

Acute and chronic toxicity data from studies submitted by the pesticide registrant along 

with the available open literature studies are used to evaluate potential direct effects of 

pesticides to the aquatic and terrestrial receptors. These data include toxicity studies on 

the technical grade active ingredient. The open literature studies are identified through 

EPA’s ECOTOX database (http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/), which employs a literature 

search engine for locating chemical toxicity data for aquatic and terrestrial flora and 

fauna. The evaluation of both sources of data provides insight into the direct and indirect 

effects of pesticides on biotic communities from loss of species that are sensitive to the 

chemical and changes in structural and functional characteristics of the affected 

communities. 

A search of the ECOTOX database on July 19, 2011 yielded several open literature 

studies for trinexapac-ethyl. Two studies (E121125 and E111282) evaluated the effects 

of trinexapac-ethyl on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera); E121125 also looked at 

Poa annua. None of these studies were reviewed because the toxicity endpoints were not 

 

1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Overview of the ecological risk assessment process in the Office of 

Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Listed and Threatened Species Effects Determinations. 

Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. January 23, 

2004.
16

the most sensitive endpoint for this assessment. In addition, there were several fungi 

studies (E95309, E100108, and E100284), but fungi were not considered in this risk 

assessment. Therefore, only studies submitted by the registrant were evaluated to 

determine the effects of trinexapac-ethyl on non-target organisms. 

Table 2.2 provides examples of taxonomic groups and the surrogate species tested to 

characterize the potential ecological effects of trinexapac-ethyl to these non-target 

taxonomic groups. Based on a preliminary review of the ecological effects data, 

trinexapac-ethyl, on an acute exposure basis, is practically non-toxic to fish (both 

freshwater and estuarine/marine), practically non-toxic to moderately toxic to aquatic 

invertebrates (both freshwater and estuarine/marine), practically non-toxic to birds, 

practically non-toxic to mammals, and practically non-toxic to terrestrial invertebrates.

Table 2.2. Surrogate Species Tested to Determine the Potential Ecological Effects of 

Trinexapac-ethyl

Taxonomic Group Surrogate Species Acute Toxicity 

Classification

Birds1 Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

– MRID 41563901 Practically non-toxic

Mammals Laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) –

MRID 41563908 Practically non-toxic

Freshwater fish2

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis 

macrochirus) – MRID 41563904

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss) – MRID 41563905

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) – MRID 

41869506

Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) –

MRID 41869507

Practically non-toxic

Slightly toxic

Slightly toxic

Slightly toxic

Freshwater 

invertebrates

Water flea (Daphnia magna) –

MRID 41563906

Practically non-toxic 

Estuarine/marine fish Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon 

variegatus) – MRID 41869510 Practically non-toxic

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates

Mysid shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) –

MRID 41869508

Eastern oyster (Crassostrea 

virginica) – MRID 41869509

Moderately toxic

Slightly toxic

Terrestrial plants

Oat (Avena sativa) – MRIDs 

41869529, 41869531

Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) –

MRID 41869529

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) – MRID 

41869529

Carrot (Daucus carota) – MRID 

41869531

NA

Aquatic plants and Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella NA
17

Taxonomic Group Surrogate Species Acute Toxicity 

Classification

algae subcapitata) – MRID 48043713

Estuarine/marine diatom 

(Skeletonema costatum) – MRID 

41869533

Freshwater diatom (Navicula 

pelliculosa) – MRID 41869534

Blue-green algae (Anabaena flosaquae) – MRID 41869535)

Duckweed (Lemna gibba) – MRID 

42595303

Non-target insects Honeybee (Apis mellifera) – MRID 

41563928 Practically non-toxic

1Birds represent surrogates for terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles.

2

Freshwater fish serve as surrogates for aquatic-phase amphibians.

Under chronic exposure conditions, trinexapac-ethyl affected growth and reproduction in 

freshwater fish (NOAEC > 0.41 mg ai/L, LOAEC <0.80 mg ai/L, based on larval growth)

(MRID 42081401). A 21-day chronic water flea study yielded reproductive and growth 

effects as well; the NOAEC (2.4 mg ai/L) and LOAEC (5.1 mg ai/L) were based on 

reductions in adult water flea length (MRID 43128602). 

Avian reproductive studies indicated that trinexapac-ethyl is toxic to bobwhite quail 

(NOAEC = 200 mg ai/kg-diet), based on the number of eggs set (25% reduction); no 

other endpoints were affected by the treatment (MRID 41869505). In contrast, the 

mallard duck study yielded no adverse effects (MRID 41869504). A two-generation 

reproduction study with the laboratory rat showed effects in parental and offspring 

endpoints (MRID 43128604). The NOAEC for parental toxicity was 10,000 mg ai/kgdiet, based on reduced pre-mating and maternal body weight gain and food consumption

during gestation. The NOAEC for offspring toxicity was also 10,000 mg ai/kg-diet,

based on decreased pup survival and decreased pup body weight/body weight gain during 

lactation. There were no adverse effects on reproductive performance in either 

generation (NOAEC = 20,000 mg ai/kg-diet).

Duckweed studies (vascular plant) produced EC50s from 0.19 to 0.42 mg ai/L and 

NOAECs from < 0.072 to 0.18 mg ai/L (MRIDs 42595303, 41869532). Among the nonvascular plants, freshwater blue-green algae (Anabaena flos-aquae) was the most 

sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl with an EC50 value of 0.35 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of 0.11 

mg ai/L (based on reproduction) (MRID 41869535). EC50/NOAEC values for 

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (green algae), freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa,

and marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum) were 14 /7.8 mg ai/L, 42/6.2 mg ai/L, and 

14/3.7 mg ai/L (based on growth and reproduction), respectively (MRIDs 48043713, 

41869534, 41869533). 

For terrestrial plants, a seedling emergence study indicated that oat and ryegrass were the 
18

most sensitive monocot species to trinexapac-ethyl, based on plant height (EC25 = 0.301 

lb ai/A, NOAEC = 0.094 lb ai/A). Lettuce was the most sensitive dicot, based on dry 

weight (EC25 = 0.22 lb ai/A, NOAEC = 0.094 lb ai/A) (MRID 41869529). For the

vegetative vigor study, oat was the most sensitive monocot species (EC25 = 0.294, 

NOAEC = 0.043 lb ai/A), based on plant height; carrot was the most sensitive dicot (EC25

= 0.267, NOAEC = 0.085 lb ai/A), based on dry weight (MRID 41869531).

2.3.2 Ecosystems Potentially at Risk 

The ecosystems at risk from exposure to a stressor are often extensive in scope; it may 

not be possible to identify specific ecosystems at the screening level. In general terms, 

terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk could include the treated field and areas 

immediately adjacent to the treated field that may receive drift or runoff. Areas adjacent 

to the treated field could include other cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, 

meadows, fallow fields or grasslands, woodlands, riparian habitats, and other 

uncultivated areas. 

Aquatic ecosystems potentially at risk include water bodies adjacent to or downstream 

from the treated field and might include impounded bodies such as ponds, lakes, and 

reservoirs, or flowing waterways such as streams or rivers. For uses in coastal areas, 

marine and estuarine ecosystems may be at risk. 

2.4 Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected, 

defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute or 

characteristics2,3. For trinexapac-ethyl, the ecological entities include the following: 

birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects, freshwater fish and 

invertebrates, aquatic-phase amphibians, estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, and 

aquatic plants and algae. The attributes for each of these entities include survival, 

growth, and reproduction. 

2.5 Conceptual Model

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in 

biologically significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a 

pesticide moves in the environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an 

ecological pathway to be complete, it must have a source, a release mechanism, an 

environmental transport medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a 

feasible route of exposure.

A conceptual model for trinexapac-ethyl is intended to provide a written description and 

visual representation of the predicted relationships between the stressor, potential routes 

 

2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, 

Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April 1998. 

3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Generic Format and Guidance for the Level I Screening Ecological 

Risk Assessments Conducted in the Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Washington, D.C. January 24, 2005. 
19

of exposure, and the predicted effects for the assessment endpoint. A conceptual model 

consists of two major components: the risk hypothesis and the conceptual diagram4,5.

2.5.1 Risk Hypothesis

Based on the environmental fate characteristics and mode of action, it is presumed that 

trinexapac-ethyl, when used in accordance with the label, has the potential to adversely 

affect survival, growth, and/or reproduction of both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. 

Terrestrial species (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and non-target insects) may be 

exposed to trinexapac-ethyl through direct ingestion of the pesticide on the dietary items, 

incidental ingestion of contaminated soil, dermal contact with treated plant surfaces and 

soil during activities in the treated areas, direct impingement of sprayed material on the

body at the time of application, preening activities, inhalation of pesticide vapor and 

contaminated particulates, and ingestion of drinking water contaminated by the pesticide. 

Trinexapac-ethyl may move to the adjacent aquatic environment through leaching or 

along with the runoff water and could directly affect growth, survival, and/or 

reproduction of aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and vascular and non-vascular 

plants in both freshwater and marine media. The potential for trinexapac-ethyl to 

bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms is low, based on bioconcentration data for fish (see 

Section 3.3).

Given that trinexapac-ethyl is a plant growth regulator, it is possible that the seedling 

emergence and vegetative vigor of non-target terrestrial plants and growth and biomass 

accumulation of aquatic plants adjacent to the site of trinexapac-ethyl application could 

be affected. 

2.5.2 Conceptual Diagram

The environmental fate properties of trinexapac-ethyl indicate that runoff, spray drift, and 

direct spray represent potential transport mechanisms of trinexapac-ethyl to aquatic and 

terrestrial organisms. These transport mechanisms (e.g., sources) are depicted in the 

conceptual model below, along with the receptors of concern and the potential attribute 

changes in the receptors from exposures to trinexapac-ethyl (Figures 1 and 2). The 

effects of the four major degradates are assumed in the diagrams.

 

4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, 

Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April 1998. 

5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Generic Format and Guidance for the Level I Screening Ecological 

Risk Assessments Conducted in the Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Washington, D.C. January 24, 2005. 
20

Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute

Change

Chemigation, Aerial and Ground Broadcast of Trinexapac-ethyl

Spray drift

Aquatic animals

Invertebrates 

Vertebrates

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in algae and 

vascular plants

Reduction in prey

Modification of PCEs 

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related to 

habitat

Surface water/

Sediment

Runoff

Aquatic Animals

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Exposure

Media

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Ingestion Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Wet/dry deposition

Soil Leaching to

Groundwater

Uptake/gills 

or integument

Aquatic Plants

Non-vascular

Vascular

Uptake/cell, 

roots, leaves Riparian plants

terrestrial 

exposure 

pathways

Figure 1. Conceptual model for aquatic effects of trinexapac-ethyl applications.

Stressor

Source

Attribute

Change

Chemigation, Aerial and Ground Broadcast of Trinexapac-ethyl

Direct

application

Spray drift

Terrestrial 

vertebrates

Terrestrial 

Inverts

Individual organisms

Reduced survival

Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction

Food chain

Reduction in prey and food

Modification of PCEs 

related to prey availability

Habitat integrity

Reduction in primary productivity

Reduced cover

Community change

Modification of PCEs related

to habitat

Terrestrial plants

grasses/forbs, fruit, seeds 

(trees, shrubs)

Runoff

Terrestrial 

vertebrates 

Exposure Media 

& Receptors Soil

Ingestion

Ingestion

Dermal uptake/Ingestion

Atmospheric 

transport

Root uptake/contact

Wet/dry deposition

Ingestion

Leaching to

Groundwater

Irrigation 

water

Figure 2. Conceptual model for terrestrial effects of trinexapac-ethyl applications.

Ingestion of food items contaminated with trinexapac-ethyl is the primary pathway 

through which exposure may occur for terrestrial wildlife (birds, mammals, and 

invertebrates). Other possible exposure routes are dermal contact with residues on 
21

treated plants, food items, and soil; inhalation of pesticide vapors; and ingestion of 

contaminated soil and drinking water. Potential pathways of exposure to aquatic animals 

are via dermal contact, uptake through gills and other water filtration devices, and/or 

dermal uptake through integument due to the offsite movement of trinexapac-ethyl

(through runoff, erosion, and/or spray drift) to nearby water bodies.

2.6 Analysis Plan 

To address the risk hypothesis, the potential for adverse effects on the environment is 

estimated. The use, environmental fate, and ecological effects of trinexapac-ethyl are 

characterized and integrated to assess the risks. This is accomplished through the use of a 

risk quotient (ratio of exposure concentration to effects concentration). Although risk is 

often defined as the likelihood and magnitude of adverse ecological effects, the risk 

quotient-based approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or 

magnitude of an adverse effect. The risk quotients are compared to specified levels of 

concern (LOCs), which represent a point of departure for concern. If the risk quotient 

exceeds the level of concern, then the potential for risk exists.

2.6.1 Measures of Effect and Exposure

Table 2.3 lists the measures of environmental exposure and ecological effects used to 

assess the potential risks of trinexapac-ethyl to non-target organisms. The methods used 

to assess risks are consistent with those outlined in the Overview Document6.

Table 2.3. Measures of Effect and Exposure for Trinexapac-ethyl

 

6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of 

Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Listed and Threatened Species Effects Determinations. 

Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. January 23, 

2004.
22

Assessment Endpoint Surrogate Species and 

Measures of Ecological 

Effect

Measures of 

Exposure

Birds1

Survival

Mallard duck LD50 > 2000 mg 

ai/kg-bw (MRID 

41563901)

Bobwhite quail LC50 > 5200 

mg ai/kg-diet (MRID 

41563902)

Mallard duck LC50 > 5200 mg 

ai/kg-diet (MRID 

41563903)

Maximum residues on 

Reproduction and food items and soil

growth

Mallard duck NOAEC 600 mg 

ai/kg-diet (MRID 

41869504)

Bobwhite quail NOAEC = 200 

mg ai/kg-diet (MRID 

41869505)

Mammals

Survival Laboratory rat LD50 = 4212 

mg ai/kg-bw (MRID 

41563908)

Reproduction and 

growth

Laboratory rat two-generation 

NOAEL = 594 mg ai/kgbw/day (MRID 43128604)

Freshwater fish2

Survival

Rainbow trout EC50 = 68 mg 

ai/L (MRID 41563905)

Bluegill sunfish EC50 > 130 

mg ai/L (MRID 41563904

Carp LC50 = 57 mg ai/L 

(MRID 41869506)

Catfish LC50 = 35 mg ai/L 

(MRID 41869507)

Peak EEC

Reproduction and 

growth

Fathead minnow

NOAEC = 0.41 mg ai/L

LOAEC < 0.80 mg ai/L 

(MRID 42081401)

21-day average EEC4

Freshwater 

invertebrates Survival Water flea EC50 >142.5 mg 

ai/L (MRID 41563906)

Peak EEC
23

Assessment Endpoint Surrogate Species and 

Measures of Ecological 

Effect

Measures of 

Exposure

Reproduction and 

growth

Water flea NOAEC ≥ 2.4 mg 

ai/L

LOAEC ≤ 5.1 mg ai/L (MRID 

43128602

21-day average EEC

Estuarine/marine 

fish3 Survival

Sheepshead minnow LC50 = 

180 mg ai/L (MRID 

41869510)

Peak EEC

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates3 Survival

Mysid shrimp LC50 = 6.5 mg 

ai/L (MRID 41869508)

Eastern oyster EC50 >89 mg 

ai/L (MRID 41869509)

Peak EEC

Aquatic plants Survival

Green algae EC50 = 14 mg ai/L

(MRID 48043713)

Freshwater diatom EC50 = 42 

mg ai/L (MRID 

41869534)

Blue-green algae EC50 = 0.35 

mg ai/L (MRID 

41869535)

Marine diatom EC50 16 mg 

ai/L (MRID 41869533)

Duckweed EC50 = 0.19 mg 

ai/L (MRID 42595303)

Peak EEC

Terrestrial 

Insects Survival Honeybee LD50 = 47 μg ai/bee 

(MRID 41563928)

N/A

Terrestrial plants

Seedling 

emergence

Oat EC25 = 0.301 lb ai/A; 

NOAEC = 0.094 lb ai/A 

(MRID 41869529)

Ryegrass NOAEC = 0.094 lb 

ai/A (MRID 21869529)

Lettuce EC25 = 0.22 lb ai/A; 

NOAEC = 0.094 lb ai/A) 

(MRID 41869529)

Spray drift and 

maximum foliar 

residues

Vegetative vigor

Oat EC25 = 0.294 lb ai/A; 

NOAEC = 0.0425 lb ai/A 

(MRID 41869531)

Carrot EC25 = 0.267 lb ai/A; 

NOAEC = 0.085 lb ai/A 

(MRID 41869531)

1 Birds represent surrogates for terrestrial phase amphibians and reptiles.

2

Freshwater fish are surrogates for amphibians (aquatic phase).
24

Assessment Endpoint Surrogate Species and 

Measures of Ecological 

Effect

Measures of 

Exposure

3Chronic data for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates were not provided; freshwater fish and 

invertebrate data were used as surrogates.

4The 21-day average EEC was used instead of the 60-day average because the duration of the fish 

life-cycle study was 30 days.

3. Exposure Assessment

Trinexapac-ethyl’s environmental fate properties are provided in Table 3.1. These values 

may differ from the input parameter values in Table 3.3 because of the total toxic residue 

(TTR) calculations.
25

Table 3.1. Physical, Chemical, and Environmental Fate Properties for Trinexapac Ethyl

Property Value Comment Source

Molecular Mass (g/mol) 252.3 -- MRID 41604201

Vapor Pressure at 25°C 

(torr)

1.62 x 10-5-- MRID 41604203

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m

3

/mol)

5.27 x 10-10-- Calculated from water 

solubility, vapor 

pressure and molecular 

weight

Solubility in Water 

(mg/L at 25o)

2800

10200

21100

at pH 4.9 

at pH 5.5

at pH 8.2

MRID 41604203

Organic Carbon 

Partition Coefficient 

(KOC) (L/kgOC)

60 to 635 (ethyl)

144 to 609 (acid)

range of values MRID 41663936

MRID 41663937

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

2.8 hours 

9.6 hours

4.3 days

individual values MRID 46809303

Anaerobic Soil 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

25 sandy loam soil MRID 41563933

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

2.8 

4.0

individual values MRID 46809304

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

3.5 average value in pond 

water and lake watersediment systems

MRID 48043712

Hydrolysis Half-lives 

(days)

Stable

8.1

pH 7

pH 9 (alkaline-based)

MRID 41563930

MRID 46809301

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)

18 environmental 

phototransformation 

half-life

MRID 46809302

Soil Photolysis

Half-life (days)

stable extrapolated half-life is 

well beyond the duration 

of the study

MRID 42081406

Terrestrial Field 

Dissipation (days)

< 3 (ethyl)

5.1 to 36.5 (acid)

ethyl and acid values MRID 48043710

MRID 48043711
26

3.1 Transport, Mobility, and Field Dissipation

Based on the results of a laboratory soil volatility study, trinexapac-ethyl appears not to 

volatilize. This is supported by its low vapor pressure (1.62 x 10-5 mm Hg at 25oC)

(MRID 41604203) and Henry’s Law (5.27 x 10-10 atm-m

3

/mol) constants (calculated 

from water solubility, vapor pressure and molecular weight).

Based on the batch equilibrium data, adsorption of trinexapac-ethyl (Koc = 60 to 635 

ml/goc; MRID 41563936 and 41663937) is characterized as being mobile to moderately 

mobile in the test soils7(FAO Classification). In addition, adsorption data for trinexapac 

acid (Koc = 144 to 609 mL/goc) is characterized as being moderately mobile in test soils. 

Terrestrial field dissipation data indicated that under typical use, the vast majority of the 

compound and its major metabolite, trinexapac acid, dissipate in the grass and thatch and 

sod layer by study termination. Following the final application, dissipation half-lives 

were less than 3 days for trinexapac-ethyl and ranged from 5.1 to 36.5 days for 

trinexapac-acid (MRID 48043710, 48043711). It is important to note that this 36.5 day 

(dissipation) half-life for the acid is longer than the 5.2 day 90th percentile TTR 

(degradation) half-life modeled as the aerobic soil input parameter in this assessment. 

This may be from differences between laboratory (degradation) studies and field 

(dissipation) studies.

3.2 Trinexapac-ethyl Degradation

Trinexapac-ethyl is stable to hydrolysis in acidic and neutral conditions and hydrolyzes

under basic conditions (t1⁄2 = 8.1 days; MRID 41563930). After further review, the neutral 

pHs of environmental compartments in the soil and aquatic metabolism studies suggest 

microbial-mediated hydrolysis. Photodegradation does not appear to be a major 

degradation pathway in aqueous and soil environments. The aqueous photolysis study 

shows an environmental phototransformation half-life of about 18 days (MRID 

46809302). The compound was considered stable in the soil photolysis study since the 

extrapolated half-life was well beyond the duration of the study (MRID 42081406). 

Biodegradation appears to be the major dissipation pathway for trinexapac-ethyl, 

specifically aerobic biotransformation in terrestrial environments and aerobic and 

anaerobic biotransformation in aquatic environments. Half-lives ranged from 2.8 hours 

in a loam soil to 4.3 days in a loamy sand soil in an aerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 

46809303). Half-lives ranged from 2.8 days in a river water-sand sediment system to 4.0 

days in a pond water-sandy clay loam sediment system in an aerobic aquatic metabolism 

study (MRID 46809304). Half-lives averaged 3.5 days in pond water and lake watersediment systems in an anaerobic aquatic metabolism study (MRID 48043712). 

Biodegradation was slower under anaerobic soil conditions. The estimated half-life is 

about 25 days in a sandy loam soil (MRID 41563933).

 

7 USEPA. 2006. Standardized Soil Mobility Classification Guidance. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office 

of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects 

Division, Memorandum. April 21, 2006.
27

3.3 Bioaccumulation

For trinexapac ethyl, the range of bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for edible tissue, nonedible tissue, and whole fish (from 2.5 to 11) indicate a low potential for bioconcentration 

in fish (MRID 41604207).

3.4 Proposed Trinexapac-ethyl Application Information 

Table 3.2 shows the maximum application rates for each new use based on the proposed 

labels. Proposed Palisade EC uses are labelled as a foliar spray using ground, aerial, or 

chemigation application methods. Center pivot, solid set, hand move, or moving wheel 

irrigation systems are listed as being appropriate for the application of this product. 

Palisade 2EC is labelled for application as a foliar spray using ground or aerial 

equipment. The maximum application rate in this registration action is for a single 

application of 0.5 lb ai/A for Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC to grasses grown for seed;

this rate is much lower than the highest single application rate of 1.36 lb ai/A for turf. 

Additional information regarding the proposed trinexapac-ethyl uses can be found in 

Section 2.2.2.
28

Table 3.2. Proposed Trinexapac-ethyl Uses

Proposed Label Use Method Maximum 

Application

Seasonal 

Maximum

Palisade EC

Cereals (Winter 

Wheat, Spring 

Wheat, Durum 

Wheat, Winter 

Barley, Spring 

Barley, Oats, 

Triticale)

Ground or aerial

broadcast

Chemigation

Single application at 

0.11 lb ai/A

0.11 lb ai/A

2 applications at 0.05 

lb ai/A

Sugarcane ripening Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Chemigation

Single application at 

0.31 lb ai/A

0.31 lb ai/A

Sugarcane internode 

shortening for seed 

piece production

Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Chemigation

2 applications at 0.06 

– 0.2 lb ai/A

0.31 lb ai/A

Grasses grown for 

seed

Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Chemigation

Single application at 

0.5 lb ai/A

0.5 lb ai/A

2 applications at 0.25 

lb ai/A (7 to 10 day 

interval)

Palisade 2EC

Cereals (Winter 

Wheat, Spring 

Wheat, Durum 

Wheat, Winter 

Barley, Spring 

Barley, Oats, 

Triticale)

Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Single application at 

0.11 lb ai/A

0.11 lb ai/A

Two applications at 

0.04 lb ai/A

Sugarcane ripening Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Single application at 

0.31 lb ai/A

0.31 lb ai/A

Sugarcane internode 

shortening for seed 

piece production

Ground or aerial 

broadcast

2 applications at 0.07 

– 0.2 lb ai/A

0.31 lb ai/A

Grasses grown for 

seed

Ground or aerial 

broadcast

Single application at 

0.5 lb ai/A

0.5 lb ai/A

2 applications at 0.25 

lb ai/A (7 to 10 day 

interval)
29

3.5 Aquatic Exposure Modeling for Trinexapac-ethyl

Estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) were generated using EFED’s standard 

suite of models. The proposed maximum use pattern for cereals, sugarcane, and grasses 

grown for seed were modeled. 

3.5.1 PRZM-EXAMS Model 

Environmental concentrations (EECs) for aquatic ecosystems were estimated based on 

EFED’s Tier II aquatic models. The Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM v3.12.2, May 

12, 2005) and Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS v2.98.04.06, April 25, 

2005) are simulation models coupled with the input PE5.pl shell (PE5, PE Version 5.0, 

November 15, 2006). PRZM is used to simulate pesticide transport as a result of runoff 

and erosion from a 10-ha agricultural field and EXAMS considers the environmental fate 

and transport of pesticides and predicts EECs in an adjacent small water body (10,000-m

2

pond, 2 m deep with no outlet), with the assumption that the field is cropped at 100

percent. The model is designed to estimate pesticide concentrations found in water at the 

edge of the treated field. As such, it provides high-end values of the pesticide 

concentrations that might be found in ecologically sensitive environments following 

pesticide application. The linked PRZM-EXAMS modeling system considers multi-year 

simulations addressing runoff and spray drift from multiple applications. The location of 

the field is specific to the crop being simulated using site-specific information on the 

soils, weather, cropping, and management factors associated with the scenario. The 

crop/location scenario is intended to represent a high-end exposure site on which the crop 

is normally grown. Based on historical rainfall patterns, the small water body receives 

multiple runoff events during the years simulated. Additional information on these 

models can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/.

3.5.2 Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Approach

The Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS) of EPA’s Health 

Effects Division (HED) reviewed the structures of trinexapac-ethyl’s major degradates to 

determine residues of concern. The major environmental degradates of trinexapac-ethyl 

include its free acid CGA-179500, CGA-313458, an open chain cyclohexane ring, CO2

and an unidentified hydroproduct M3. Based on the ROCKS memorandum dated May 

24, 2011 (D390121), the parent ester (including its free acid CGA-179500), CGA313458, an open chain cyclohexane ring, and an unidentified hydroproduct – M3 –

should be included in a Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach (Table 3.3) for the risk 

assessment. It is important to note that the TTR approach is used to estimate aquatic 

exposure. EECs were not calculated for any of the major degradates for trinexapac-ethyl 

because toxicity data were not available. It was assumed that the degradates have similar 

toxicity as their parent – trinexapac-ethyl.
30

Table 3.3. Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Expression for Trinexapac-Ethyl

Matrix Residues of Concern Structure

Drinking 

Water 

Trinexapac-Ethyl 

(parent)

O

O

OH

O

O

H3C

*

*

*

CGA-179500

(acid)

O

O

O

HO OH

CGA-313458

OH

O O O

O OH

Open chain 

cyclohexane ring

Hydroproduct M3 Unidentified

Based on ROCKS decision memorandum (D390121)

Note that the following fate and transport characterization is for trinexapac-ethyl (parent) 

only (Table 3.4). The half lives differ from those in Table 3.3 because of the total toxic 

residue approach recommended by the ROCKS memorandum (D390121). This is 

evident by the persistence of the combined residues (TTR).
31

Table 3.4. Half-Life Comparison for the Trinexapac-ethyl (parent) versus Total Toxic 

Residue Approach

Study Parent 

(Ethyl) 

t1/2 (days)

Acid 

t1/2 (days)

TTR Approach

t1/2 (days)

Aqueous Photolysis 18 NA 22.8

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 2.8 hrs to 4.3 NA 3.0 to 5.2 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 2.8 to 4.0 NA 12.3 to 14.8

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism 

3.5 NA 56 to 290

Terrestrial Field Dissipation < 3 5 to 36.5 NA

NA = Not Applicable

3.5.3 Input Parameters

An ecological risk assessment was performed using PRZM/EXAMS modeling under the 

PE5 shell with approved standard scenarios. The North Dakota wheat scenario was 

modeled to represent the cereals. The Florida and Louisiana sugarcane scenarios were 

modeled to represent sugarcane. A Pennsylvania and Florida turf scenario were modeled 

to represent grasses grown for seed. Application rates and methods were obtained from 

the proposed labels. The following maximum application rates were used: for cereals –

1 application at 0.11 lb ai/A, for sugarcane – 1 application at 0.31 lb ai/A, and for grasses 

grown for seed – 1 application at 0.5 lb ai/A. All of these commodities have the option 

for split applications; however, split application EECs did not exceed single maximum 

application rate EECs for any crop. Foliar (aerial and ground) spray applications and 

chemigation methods were modeled for these maximum use rates. 

Application timing was based on the pre-harvest interval (PHI). For cereals, the initial 

application date for each scenario was 45 days before harvest based on the pre-harvest 

interval of 45 days and 1 application. For sugarcane, the initial application date for each 

scenario was 28 days before harvest based on the pre-harvest interval of 28 days and 1 

application. Since the pre-harvest interval can range from 28 to 60 days, multiple 

application dates were selected for the Louisiana sugarcane (aerial) scenario to assess the 

effects of application timing. Turf scenarios were chosen to represent grasses grown for 

seed and application dates were based on a pre-harvest interval of 30 days and the 

emergence dates of the crop. In addition, chemical property input values were chosen in 

accordance with the current input parameter guidance8. 

Although modeling chemigation is not standard policy, an attempt was made by 

modeling spray drift at 0% with 100% application efficiency. However, irrigation was 

 

8 USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of 

Pesticides, Version 2.1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, 

Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, October 22, 2009. 
32

not accounted for which would reduce runoff. This may result in an underestimate in 

exposure concentrations. This is an uncertainty in the modeling of chemigation.

Input parameters for the PRZM/EXAMS models are listed in Table 3.5. Explanations of 

various model input parameters are discussed below.

Table 3.5. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Trinexapac-ethyl following the TTR 

Approach

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Scenario(s): Cereals: 

ND Wheat

Sugarcane: 

FL Sugarcane

LA Sugarcane

Grasses Grown for Seed

FL Turf

PA Turf

representative scenarios 

for each use

NA 

Maximum Single 

Application Rate

lbs ai/acre (kg ai/ha)

Cereals: 

0.11 (0.124)

Sugarcane: 

0.31 (0.348)

Grasses Grown for Seed

0.5

proposed rates Palisade® EC label

Palisade®2EC label

Applications per 

Year

Cereals: 1

Sugarcane: 1

Grasses grown for seed: 1

label directions. Label 

specifies rates per 

season. If there are 

multiple growing 

seasons per year, yearly 

rates may be higher. 

Palisade® EC label

Palisade®2EC label

Application Interval 

(days)

Cereals: NA

Sugarcane: NA

Grasses grown for seed: NA

modeled single 

application rate as 

worst-case scenario

Palisade® EC 

EPA Reg. No. 100-

949

Palisade®2EC 

EPA Reg. No. 100-

1241
33

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Date of Initial 

Application

(scenario: daymonth)

Cereals: 

ND Wheat: 21-06

Sugarcane: 

FL Sugarcane: 03-12

LA Sugarcane: 03-12

Grasses Grown for Seed:

FL Turf: 02-15

PA Turf: 04-15

Date of initial 

application was 

calculated from the PreHarvest Interval (PHI) 

of 45 days for cereals, 

28 days for sugarcane, 

and 30 days for grasses 

grown for seed.

Crop Scenarios and 

proposed labels

Application Method Cereals: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Chemigation

Sugarcane: 

Foliar: aerial and ground

Chemigation

Grasses Grown for Seed:

Foliar: aerial and ground

Chemigation

label directions Palisade® EC 

EPA Reg. No. 100-

949

Palisade®2EC 

EPA Reg. No. 100-

1241

CAM Input 2 (foliar and chemigation) linear foliar based on 

crop canopy

US EPA, 2005

IPSCND Input 2 (cereals, sugarcane, grasses grown for 

seed)

remaining pesticide on 

foliage is completely 

removed after harvest

US EPA, 2005

Spray Drift Fraction 0.05 (aerial)

0.01 (ground)

0 (chemigation)1

See footnote 1 for 

chemigation reference

Input parameter 

guidance (USEPA, 

2009) 

Application 

Efficiency

0.95 (aerial)

0.99 (ground)

1.0 (chemigation)

-- Input parameter 

guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)

Molecular Mass 

(g/mol)

252.3 -- MRID 41604201

Vapor Pressure at 

25°C (torr)

1.62 x 10-5-- MRID 41604203

Henry’s Law 

Constant

(atm-m

3

/mol)

5.27 x 10-10-- Calculated from 

water solubility, 

vapor pressure and 

molecular weight
34

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Solubility in Water 

(mg/L)

10200 at pH 5.5 MRID 41604203

Organic Carbon 

Partition Coefficient 

(KOC) (L/kgOC)

416 2represents the average 

KOC from 4 values for 

the acid (CGA-163935)

MRID 41663937

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

5.2 3represents the 90th

percentile confidence 

bound on the mean 

half-life of 3 values

MRID 46809303

Appendix B.2

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

17.4 4represents the 90th

percentile confidence 

bound on the mean 

half-life of 2 values

MRID 46809304

Appendix B.3

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

533 5represents the 90th

percentile confidence 

bound on the mean 

half-life of 2 values

MRID 48043712

Appendix B.4

Hydrolysis Half-lives 

(days)

0 (stable) pH 7 MRID 41563930

MRID 46809301

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)

22.8 6recalculated 

environmental 

phototransformation 

half-life

MRID 46809302

Appendix B.1

NA = Not Applicable

1

= Chemigation (< 1% spray drift as described in http://www.agdrift.com/PDF_FILES/Chem.pdf - modeled as 

0%)

2

= The average Koc obtained from four values (144, 328, 581 and 609) for the acid (CGA-163935). This value 

was modeled because of conversion of the ester to the acid in the environment. 

3

= Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the 90th percentile confidence 

bound on the mean half-life of 3 values (3.0, 3.6 and 5.2). See Appendix B.2

4

= Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the 90th percentile confidence 

bound on the mean half-life of 2 values (12.3 and 14.8). See Appendix B.3

5

= Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the 90th percentile confidence 

bound on the mean half-life of 2 values (290 and 56). See Appendix B.4

6

= Following the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) approach, this value represents the recalculated environmental 

phototransformation half-life. See Appendix B.1

3.5.4 Model Outputs: Aquatic Exposure Estimates

Maximum use patterns were modeled to yield the maximum surface water EECs. Since 

this assessment is the first food use registration for trinexapac-ethyl, the recommended 
35

maximum EEC concentrations are listed in bold in Table 3.6. A representative 

PRZM/EXAMS model output with input parameter data is attached in Appendix A.

Table 3.6. Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for Surface Water Based on 

Selected Crop Scenarios following the TTR Approach

Proposed 

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario1

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak 

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day 

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Palisade® EC and Palisade®2EC Plant Growth Regulator

Cereals

(Wheat, 

Barley, Oats, 

Triticale) 

ND Wheat

(June 21 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.11 lb ai/A 0.41 0.31 0.22

ND Wheat

(June 21 – foliar) G 1 app @ 0.11 lb ai/A 0.25 0.18 0.12

ND Wheat

(June 21 –

chemigation)

C 1 app @ 0.11 lb ai/A 0.21 0.16 0.10

Sugarcane

FL Sugarcane

(December 03 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 3.31 2.56 1.14

FL Sugarcane

(December 03 – foliar) G 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 2.98 2.42 0.97

FL Sugarcane

(December 03 –

chemigation)

C 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 2.90 2.34 0.94

LA Sugarcane

(December 03 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 6.63 5.18 2.24

LA Sugarcane

(November 26 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 4.67 3.84 2.10

LA Sugarcane

(November 19 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 4.36 3.49 2.33

LA Sugarcane

(November 12 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 3.70 3.14 2.14

LA Sugarcane

(November 05 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 4.09 3.41 2.58

LA Sugarcane

(November 01 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 3.36 2.68 1.92

LA Sugarcane

(December 03 – foliar) G 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 6.24 4.88 2.10

LA Sugarcane

(December 03 –

chemigation)

C 1 app @ 0.31 lb ai/A 6.14 4.81 2.06

Grasses 

Grown for 

Seed

FL Turf 

(February 15 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 1.41 1.12 0.76

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) G 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 0.31 0.26 0.19
36

Proposed 

Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario1

(first app date)

Method2

Maximum 

Application Rate

(interval between 

applications)

Peak 

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day 

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) C 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 0.13 0.10 0.06

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) A 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 1.45 1.22 0.91

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) G 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 0.55 0.44 0.31

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) C 1 app @ 0.5 lb ai/A 0.37 0.30 0.19

1 Bold numbers denote maximum EEC values.

2 A = aerial application, G = ground application, C = chemigation

3.6 Terrestrial Exposure Estimates for Trinexapac-ethyl

The Terrestrial Exposure (T-REX) model (Version 1.4.1), an EFED computer model that 

uses a first-order dissipation relationship to account for residue dissipation between 

applications, was used to estimate exposure concentrations of trinexapac-ethyl to 

terrestrial wildlife. The T-REX simulation model incorporates the Kenaga nomogram

relationship between the amount of pesticide applied and the amount of pesticide residue 

present on a given food item9,10,11. The model also calculates the peak concentration of 

pesticide residues on each food item on a daily interval for one year using a first order 

decay function based on the concentrations present from both the initial and additional 

applications. In addition to exposure concentrations (dose and diet-based), the T-REX 

model calculates risk quotients based on food items for mammals and birds, including 

herbivores, insectivores, and granivores. For dose-based exposures, three weight classes 

of mammals (15, 35, and 1000 g) and birds (20, 100, and 1000 g) are considered. All 

model ouputs are 1 in 10 year values. 

A default foliar dissipation half-life of 35 days was used in this assessment because a 

value specific to trinexapac-ethyl was not available. Input parameters, such as 

application rate, interval, and number of applications, used in the T-REX model are 

presented with corresponding EECs in Tables 3.7 and 3.8.

 

9

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellsen, T.G. Pfleeger. 1994. Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain (Kenaga) 

nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants. Env. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1381-1391.

10 Hoerger, F. and E. E. Kenaga. 1972. Pesticide residues on plants: correlation of representative data as a basis for 

estimation of their magnitude in the environment. in: F. Coulston and F. Korte (editors), Environmental Quality and 

Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology. Vol I. Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-28.

11 Pfleeger, T.G., A. Fong, R. Hayes, H. Ratsch and C. Wickliff. 1996. Field evaluation of the EPA (Kenaga) 

nomogram, a method for estimating wildlife exposure to pesticide residues on plants. Env. Toxicol. Chem. 15:535-

543, 1996. 
37

EECs were not calculated for any of the major degradates for trinexapac-ethyl because 

toxicity data were not available. It was assumed that the degradates have similar toxicity 

as their parent – trinexapac-ethyl.

3.6.1 Exposure Estimates for Birds and Mammals

The estimated exposure concentrations of trinexapac-ethyl for terrestrial birds and 

mammals are presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8, respectively. These estimates are based on 

the upper-bound Kenaga dose and the assumption that the species in question eats one 

type of food item and forages only in the treated and/or overspray areas. Given that 

toxicity data were not available for the major degradates of trinexapac-ethyl, only the 

parent compound was modeled. It was assumed that the degradates would not be more 

toxic than the parent.

Single applications of Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on grasses grown for seed resulted 

in the most conservative estimates for terrestrial wildlife (dietary and dose-based) 

exposure concentrations. Dietary-based exposure concentrations for terrestrial wildlife 

ranged from 1.65 to 120 mg/kg-food item. Avian and mammalian oral dose 

concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 137 mg/kg-bw and 0.06 to 114 mg/kg-bw, 

respectively. 
38

Table 3.7. Avian Exposure Concentration Estimates for the Parent Trinexapac-ethyl for

Foliar Applications (1 in 10 year values)

Feeding Category

Dietarybased EECs 

(mg/kg-food 

item)

Dose-based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g) Large

(1000 g)

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals1– 1 application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Short grass 26.40 30.07 17.15 7.68

Tall grass 12.10 13.78 7.86 3.52

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 14.85 16.91 9.64 4.32

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 1.65 1.88 1.07 0.48

Granivores - 0.42 0.24 0.11

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – 1 application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Short grass 74.40 84.73 48.32 21.63

Tall grass 34.10 38.84 22.15 9.92

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 41.85 47.66 27.18 12.17

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 4.65 5.30 3.02 1.35

Granivores - 1.18 0.67 0.30

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – 1 application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Short grass 136.67 77.93 34.89 136.67

Tall grass 62.64 35.72 15.99 62.64

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 76.88 43.84 19.63 76.88

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 8.54 4.87 2.18 8.54

Granivores 1.90 1.08 0.48 1.90

1Winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, and triticale
39

Table 3.8. Mammalian Exposure Concentration Estimates for the Parent Trinexapacethyl for Foliar Applications (1 in 10 year values)

Feeding Category

Dietarybased EECs 

(mg/kg-food 

item)

Dose-based EECs (mg/kg-bw)

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(135 g) Large

(1000 g)

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals1– 1 application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Short grass 26.40 25.17 17.40 4.03

Tall grass 12.10 11.54 7.97 1.85

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 14.85 14.16 9.79 2.27

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 1.65 1.57 1.09 0.25

Granivores - 0.35 0.24 0.06

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – 1 application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Short grass 74.40 70.93 49.03 11.37

Tall grass 34.10 32.51 22.47 5.21

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 41.85 39.90 27.58 6.39

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 4.65 4.43 3.06 0.71

Granivores - 0.99 0.68 0.16

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – 1 application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Short grass 114.41 79.07 18.33 114.41

Tall grass 52.44 36.24 8.40 52.44

Broadleaf plants/small 

insects 64.36 44.48 10.31 64.36

Fruits/pods/seeds/large 

insects 7.15 4.94 1.15 7.15

Granivores 1.59 1.10 0.25 1.59

1Winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, and triticale

3.6.2 Exposure Estimates for Plants

TerrPlant 1.2.2 (10/29/09) was used as a Tier 1 model for screening level assessments of 

pesticides. The model provides estimates of exposure to terrestrial plants from single 

pesticide applications; however, the model does not consider exposures to plants from 

multiple pesticide applications. TerrPlant derives pesticide EECs in runoff and spray 

drift, and develops risk quotients for non-listed and listed species of monocots and dicots 

inhabiting dry and semi-aquatic areas (Appendix D). 

The estimated exposure concentrations of trinexapac-ethyl for terrestrial plants are 

presented below (Table 3.9). The most protective aerial and ground application scenarios

for each use were selected, based on information from the label. A single aerial 
40

application of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC on grasses grown for seed yielded the highest 

EECs (0.025 to 0.275 lb ai/A). Considering all uses, EECs ranged from 0.001 to 0.275 lb 

ai/A).

Table 3.9. Terrestrial Plant Exposure Concentration Estimates for Trinexapac-ethyl

Description Equation EEC (lb ai/A)

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single aerial application at 0.11 lb ai/A1

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0055

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.055

Spray drift A*D 0.0055

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.011

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.0605

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single ground application at 0.11 lb ai/A1

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0055

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.055

Spray drift A*D 0.0011

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.0066

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.0561

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single aerial application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0155

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.155

Spray drift A*D 0.0155

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.031

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.1705

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single ground application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0155

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.155

Spray drift A*D 0.0031

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.0186

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.1581

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single aerial application at 

0.5 lb ai/A

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.025

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.25

Spray drift A*D 0.025

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.05

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.275

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single ground application at 

0.5 lb ai/A

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.025

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.25

Spray drift A*D 0.005

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.03
41

Description Equation EEC (lb ai/A)

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.255

1

Spring wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, triticale

A = application rate

I = incorporation

R = runoff fraction

D = drift fraction

4. Ecological Effects Assessment

A search of the ECOTOX database on July 19, 2011 yielded several open literature 

studies for trinexapac-ethyl. Two studies (E121125, E111282) evaluated the effects of 

trinexapac-ethyl on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera); E121125 also looked at 

Poa annua. None of these studies were reviewed for this assessment because the toxicity 

endpoints were not the most sensitive endpoint for this assessment. In addition, there 

were several fungi studies (E95309, E100108, E100284), but fungi were not addressed in 

this risk assessment. Therefore, only studies submitted by the registrant were evaluated 

to determine the effects of trinexapac-ethyl on non-target organisms. The Ecological 

Incident Information System (EIIS) was also reviewed to provide a refined 

characterization of the ecological effects.

4.1 Aquatic Effects Summary

Trinexapac-ethyl’s effects on aquatic fauna were determined by evaluating both 

freshwater and estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. Both acute and chronic studies 

were submitted for freshwater fish and invertebrates whereas only acute studies were 

submitted for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. In general, trinexapac-ethyl is 

practically non-toxic to most fish and slightly to moderately toxic for invertebrates.

4.1.1 Toxicity Effects on Fish

Trinexapac-ethyl is characterized as practically non-toxic to slightly toxic for freshwater 

fish. Of the warm water species that were tested, the bluegill sunfish yielded an EC50 of 

> 130 mg ai/L while carp and catfish had LC50s of 57 and 35 mg ai/L, respectively

(MRIDs 41563904, 41869506, 41869507). The NOEL for the carp was 32 mg ai/L 

(based on pigmentation) and the NOAEC for the catfish was 20 mg ai/L (based on erratic 

swimming and loss of equilibrium). The rainbow trout was the only cold water species 

that was tested and resulted in a 96-hour EC50 of 68 mg ai/L (MRID 41563905). The 

carp study was classified as supplemental because this species was not commonly used 

for EFED risk assessments at the time the study was submitted12 (Table 4.1).

 

12 The study was evaluated in 1992 when carp were considered unacceptable species for this test. Since 

then, the acceptability of carp for the acute toxicity to fish test has been re-considered and carp are now an 

acceptable test species. There are plans to re-evaluate this DER; however, for this risk assessment, the 

supplemental classification will not affect the quantitative use of the toxicity information.
42

Table 4.1. Toxic Effects in Freshwater Fish from Acute Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg ai/L)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

96-hour EC50 = 68

NOAEC = N/A Slightly toxic Acceptable 41563905

Bluegill 

sunfish 

(Lepomis 

macrochirus)

96-hour EC50 > 130

NOAEC = N/A

Practically 

non-toxic Acceptable 41563904

Carp (Cyprinus 

carpio)

LC50 = 57

NOEL = 32 (based 

on pigmentation)

Slightly toxic Supplemental 41869506

Catfish 

(Ictalurus 

punctatus)

96-hour LC50 = 35*

NOAEC = 20 

(based on erratic 

swimming and loss 

of equilibrium)

Slightly toxic Acceptable 41869507

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

The estuarine/marine fish (sheepshead minnow) study suggests that estuarine/marine fish 

are less sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl than freshwater fish (MRID 41869510). The study 

established a 96-hour LC50 of 180 mg ai/L. All fish exhibited erratic swimming behavior 

and many also had darkened pigmentation, loss of equilibrium, and lethargy (Table 4.2).

Table 4.2. Toxic Effects in Estuarine/Marine Fish from Acute Exposure to Trinexapacethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg ai/L)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification

MRID #

Sheepshead 

minnow 

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

96-hour LC50 = 

180*

Practically 

non-toxic Acceptable 41869510

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

Two fathead minnow studies on chronic exposure effects of trinexapac were reviewed 

(Table 4.3). Chronic effects (based on growth) were seen between 0.41 (MRID 

42081401) and 0.89 mg ai/L (MRID 41869511). MRID 41869511 was classified as 

supplemental because not all endpoints were measured (e.g., time to swim up) and other 

methodological deviations from the guidelines (e.g., two replicates per treatment instead 

of four).
43

Table 4.3. Toxic Effects in Freshwater Fish from Chronic Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg ai/L)

Most 

Sensitive 

Endpoint

Study 

Classification MRID #

Fathead 

minnow 

(Pimephales 

promelas)

MATC1< 0.89 Wet weight 

and length Supplemental 41869511

Fathead 

minnow 

(Pimephales 

promelas)

NOAEC = 

0.41*

LOAEC <0.80 

Growth Acceptable 42081401

1Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (geometric mean of the NOEC and 

LOEC).

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

In the absence of chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish, a toxicity value could 

normally be estimated based on the assumption that the acute-to-chronic ratio for 

freshwater fish (species X) applies to estuarine/marine fish (species Y) also. The acuteto-chronic ratio is typically calculated as follows: 

Acutespecies X = Acutespecies Y

ChronicspeciesX ChronicspeciesY

Given that a complete set of acute-chronic data is not available for any freshwater fish 

species, a chronic value for the estuarine/marine sheepshead minnow was not estimated. 

Using toxicity data from two species would have introduced additional uncertainty into 

the estimated estuarine/marine chronic toxicity value. 

4.1.2 Toxicity Effects on Invertebrates

Studies were submitted to document the effects of acute exposure to trinexapac-ethyl on 

freshwater invertebrates (Table 4.4). The water flea study yielded a non-definitive EC50

value of >142.5 mg ai/L, indicating that trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to the 

water flea (MRID 41563906). 

Table 4.4. Toxic Effects in Freshwater Invertebrates from Acute Exposure to 

Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value 

(mg ai/L)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Water flea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

48-hr EC50 >142.5 Practically nontoxic Acceptable 41563906

Acute exposure studies on estuarine/marine invertebrates indicated that trinexapac-ethyl 

is slightly toxic to the eastern oyster (EC50 > 89 mg ai/L) (MRID 41869509). A 
44

definitive EC50 could not be determined because none of the treatment levels produced a 

50 percent reduction in oyster shell growth; however, a 48 percent reduction in shell 

growth was observed at the highest treatment level (89 mg ai/L). No NOAEC could be 

established from the study because the raw data were not provided for reviewer 

verification. Trinexapac-ethyl is moderately toxic to mysid shrimp (LC50 = 6.5 mg ai/L)

(MRID 41869508). A definitive NOAEC could not be determined as toxic effects were 

observed at all treatment levels (e.g., erratic swimming, darkened pigmentation, lethargy)

(Table 4.5).

Table 4.5. Toxic Effects in Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates from Acute Exposure to 

Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value 

(mg ai/L)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Eastern 

oyster 

(Crassostrea 

virginica)

96-hour EC50 > 89 Slightly toxic Acceptable 41869509

Mysid 

shrimp 

(Mysidopsis

bahia)

96-hour LC50 = 6.5*

NOAEC < 3.4

Moderately 

toxic Acceptable 41869508

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

Two chronic water flea studies were unable to establish definitive chronic toxicity values

(Table 4.6). MRID 41869512 established a NOAEC of < 2.9 mg ai/L and was classified 

as supplemental because the study may not have appropriately addressed water flea 

weight as an endpoint. Furthermore, it was recommended that the study be repeated 

using lower concentration levels so that definitive chronic toxicity data could be 

established. MRID 43128602 yielded a NOAEC of ≥ 2.4 mg ai/L and a LOAEC of ≤ 5.1 

mg ai/L, based on reductions in the length of adult water fleas.

Table 4.6. Toxic Effects in Freshwater Invertebrates from Chronic Exposure to 

Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg ai/L)

Most 

Sensitive 

Endpoint

Study 

Classification MRID #

Water 

flea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

NOAEC < 2.9 Reproduction Supplemental 41869512

Water 

flea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

NOAEC ≥ 2.4

LOAEC ≤ 5.1 Growth Acceptable 43128602
45

In the absence of chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine invertebrates, a toxicity value

can be estimated based on the assumption that the acute-to-chronic ratio for freshwater 

invertebrates applies to estuarine/marine invertebrates also. However, only nondefinitive data were available for the water flea EC50 (>142.5 mg ai/L) and NOAEC (>2.4 

mg ai/L), thus the uncertainty was too great to estimate a NOAEC for mysid shrimp. 

4.1.3 Toxicity Effects on Plants

Among the non-vascular plants, freshwater blue-green algae (Anabaena flos-aquae) was 

the most sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl with an EC50 of 0.35 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of 0.11 

mg ai/L (based on reproduction) (MRID 41869535). EC50/NOAEC values for green 

algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa), and 

marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum) were 14/7.8 mg ai/L, 42/6.2 mg ai/L , and 14/3.7 

mg ai/L (based on growth and reproduction), respectively (Table 4.7) (MRIDs 48043713, 

41869532, 41869533). 

Table 4.7. Toxic Effects in Non-vascular Plants from Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value 

(mg ai/L)

Study 

Classification MRID #

Green algae 

(Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata)

Cell density and yield

96-hour EC50 = 14

NOAEC = 7.8

Biomass

EC50 = 15

NOAEC = 7.8

Acceptable 48043713

Marine diatom 

(Skeletonema 

costatum)

120-hour EC50 = 16

NOAEC = 3.7 Acceptable 41869533

Freshwater diatom 

(Navicula 

pelliculosa)

120-hour EC50 = 42

NOAEC = 6.2 

(growth and 

reproduction)

Acceptable 41869534

Blue-green algae 

(Anabaena flosaquae)

120-hour EC50 =

0.35*

NOAEC = 0.11 

(reproduction)

Acceptable 41869535

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

Two aquatic vascular plant studies were evaluated. MRID 41869532 yielded an EC50 of 

0.42 mg ai/L and a NOAEC of < 0.072 mg ai/L, based on duckweed growth. The study 

was classified as supplemental because a definitive NOAEC could not be established; it 

was recommended that an additional study be conducted with lower test concentrations 

so that a NOAEC could be defined. A second duckweed study (MRID 42595303)

resulted in an EC50 of 0.19 mg ai/L. The NOAEC and LOAEC (0.018 and 0.035 mg ai/L, 

respectively) were based on growth (Table 4.8). 
46

Table 4.8. Toxic Effects in Vascular Plants from Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value 

(mg ai/L)

Study 

Classification MRID #

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

14-day EC50 = 0.42

NOAEC < 0.072 

(growth)

Supplemental 41869532

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

14-day EC50 = 

0.19*

NOAEC = 0.018

LOAEC = 0.035

Acceptable 42595303

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

4.2 Terrestrial Effects Summary

4.2.1 Toxicity Effects on Birds

No definitive values for acute toxicity to birds were established (Table 4.9). The acute 

oral toxicity test for mallard duck resulted in an LD50 of >2000 mg ai/kg-bw (MRID 

41563901). Birds in the 2000 mg ai/kg-bw group were reported as being “quiet” for the 

first two days after the dosing, but by day 3, were behaving normally. No other sublethal effects were reported. Dietary toxicity studies for the mallard and bobwhite quail 

both yielded LC50s of >5200 mg ai/kg-diet (MRIDs 41563902, 41563903). 

Table 4.9. Toxic Effects in Birds from Acute Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Study 

Type Species Toxicity Value Toxicity Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Oral 

Toxicity

Mallard duck

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

LD50 > 2000 mg 

ai/kg-bw

Practically 

non-toxic Acceptable 41563901

Dietary 

Toxicity

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

LC50 > 5200 mg 

ai/kg-diet

Practically 

non-toxic Acceptable 41563902

Dietary 

Toxicity

Mallard duck

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

LC50 > 5200 mg 

ai/kg-diet

Practically 

non-toxic Acceptable 41563903

In reproduction studies, trinexapac-ethyl was found to be more toxic to bobwhite quail

(NOAEC = 200 mg ai/kg-diet) compared with mallard duck (NOAEC = 600 mg ai/kgdiet) (Table 4.10) (MRIDs 41869505, 41869504). The bobwhite quail’s NOAEC is 

based on the number of eggs set (25% reduction). No effects were observed in the 

mallard duck during the study. 
47

Table 4.10. Reproductive Effects in Birds from Chronic Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg ai/kg-diet)

Study 

Classification MRID #

Bobwhite quail (Colinus 

virginianus)

NOAEC = 200*

LOAEC = 600 

(number of eggs set)

Acceptable 41869505

Mallard duck (Anas 

platyrhynchos)

NOAEC = 600

LOAEC > 600 Acceptable 41869504

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

4.2.2 Toxicity Effects on Mammals

The acute toxicity of trinexapac-ethyl was assessed in three studies. Two of the studies 

assessed male and female rats separately; MRID 41563908 found female rats (LD50 = 

4212 mg ai/kg-bw) to be more sensitive than male rats (LD50 = 4613 mg ai/kg-bw) while 

MRID 41869514 found male rats (LD50 = 5010 mg ai/kg-bw) to be more sensitive than 

female rats (LD50 = 5730 mg ai/kg-bw). All studies showed that trinexapac-ethyl is 

practically non-toxic on an acute oral exposure basis to mammals (Table 4.11).

Table 4.11. Toxic Effects in Mammals from Acute Oral Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Species Toxicity Value

(mg/kg-bw)

Toxicity 

Classification MRID #

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

Male LD50 = 4613

Female LD50 = 4212*

Combined LD50 = 4458

Practically non-toxic 41563908

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

Combined LD50 = 4514 Practically non-toxic 41563909

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

Male LD50 = 5010

Female LD50 = 5730

Practically non-toxic 41869514

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

A two-generation rat study (MRID 43128604) was submitted by the registrant to 

ascertain the chronic exposure effects of trinexapac-ethyl (Table 4.12). Adults 

experienced reduced pre-mating and gestation body weight as well as reduced body 

weight gain and food consumption. Decreased survival and body weight, and decreased 

body weight gain during lactation were observed in offspring. No adverse effects on 

reproduction performance were noted for either generation. 
48

Table 4.12. Toxic Effects in Mammals from Chronic Exposure to Trinexapac-ethyl

Type of Study Test Species Toxicity Value

(mg/kg-bw/day) MRID #

Two-generation 

study

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

Male NOAEL = 594*

Male LOAEL = 1212

Female NOAEL = 751

Female LOAEL = 1485

(toxicity to parents and offspring)

Male NOAEL = 1212

Female NOAEL = 1485

(reproductive toxicity)

43128604

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

4.2.3 Toxicity Effects on Non-Target Insects

A contact toxicity study for worker honeybees resulted in an LD50 of 47 μg/bee, 

indicating that trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to honeybees (Table 4.13) (MRID 

41563928).

Table 4.13. Toxic Effects in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) from Acute Exposure to 

Trinexapac-ethyl.

Study 

Type

Toxicity Value

(μg/bee)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Contact 

Toxicity LD50 = 47 Practically non-toxic Acceptable 41563928

4.2.4 Toxicity Effects on Plants

Four plant toxicity studies were reviewed (Table 4.14). The seedling germination study 

indicated that trinexapac-ethyl has similar effects on monocots and dicots (NOAEC = 

0.68 lb ai/A for both monocots and dicots) (MRID 41869530). An initial seedling 

emergence study (MRID 41869529) was classified as supplemental because the cabbage 

seeds in the control germinated at a very low rate (55%). A second study (MRID 

42595302) that only tested cabbage was submitted in response to this problem. Together, 

the two studies fulfill the seedling emergence guideline requirement. The studies showed 

monocots (oat EC25 = 0.301 lb ai/A) were less sensitive to trinexapac-ethyl than dicots 

(carrot EC25 = 0.22 lb ai/A). The NOAEC for both species was the same (0.094 lb ai/A), 

but was based on plant height for monocots (oat and ryegrass) and dry weight for dicots 

(lettuce). The vegetative vigor study (MRID 41869531) indicated that monocots (oat 

EC25 = 0.294 lb ai/A; NOAEC 0.0425 lb ai/A, based on plant height) had similar 

sensitivity to trinexapac-ethyl as dicots (carrot EC25 = 0.267 lb ai/A; NOAEC 0.085 lb 

ai/A, based on dry weight).
49

Table 4.14. Toxic Effects in Terrestrial Vascular Plants from Exposure to Trinexapacethyl

Type of Study Species Toxicity Value 

(lb ai/A)

Study 

Classification

MRID #

Seedling 

Emergence

Monocot: Oat

(Avena sativa), 

Ryegrass (Lolium 

multiflorum), Corn 

(Zea mays), Onion 

(Allium cepa)

Dicot: Soybean 

(Glycine max), 

Lettuce (Lactuca 

sativa), Carrot 

(Daucus carota), 

Tomato (Solanum 

lycopersicum), 

Cucumber 

(Cucumis sativus), 

Cabbage (Brassica 

oleracea)

Monocot 

Oat EC25 = 0.301*

Oat and Ryegrass 

NOAEC = 0.094*

(plant height)

Dicot

Lettuce EC25 = 

0.22*

Lettuce NOAEC = 

0.094* (plant dry 

weight)

Supplemental 41869529

Seedling 

Emergence

Cabbage (Brassica 

oleracea)

EC25 = 0.68

NOAEC = 0.68

LOAEC = 0.68 

(emergence, 

survival, 

phytotoxicity, 

growth, and dry 

weight)

Acceptable 42595302

Seed Germination

(Tier 1)

Monocot: Corn 

(Zea mays), Oat 

(Avena sativa), 

Ryegrass (Lolium 

multiflorum), 

Onion (Allium 

cepa)

Dicot: Soybean 

(Glycine max), 

Lettuce (Lactuca 

sativa), Carrot 

(Daucus carota), 

Tomato (Solanum 

lycopersicum), 

Cucumber 

All species: 

NOAEC = 0.68

EC50 = N/A

Acceptable 41869530
50

Type of Study Species Toxicity Value 

(lb ai/A)

Study 

Classification

MRID #

(Cucumis sativus), 

Cabbage (Brassica 

oleracea),

Vegetative Vigor Monocot: Corn 

(Zea mays), Oat 

(Avena sativa), 

Ryegrass (Lolium 

multiflorum), 

Onion (Allium 

cepa)

Dicot: Soybean 

(Glycine max), 

Lettuce (Lactuca 

sativa), Carrot 

(Daucus carota), 

Tomato (Solanum 

lycopersicum), 

Cucumber 

(Cucumis sativus), 

Cabbage (Brassica 

oleracea)

Monocot (Oat)

EC25 = 0.294*

NOAEC = 

0.0425* (plant 

height)

Dicot (Carrot)

EC25 = 0.267*

NOAEC = 0.085*

(dry weight)

Acceptable 41869531

*Denotes toxicity value used in risk quotient calculations.

4.4 Incident Database Review

The Environmental Protection Agency maintains an incident database system called the 

Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS) to track and evaluate accidental kills 

associated with pesticide use. Based on the information contained in the incident report, 

the likelihood of a particular pesticide causing the incident is classified as highly 

probable, probable, possible, or unlikely. If there are incidents, this information will be 

reviewed and considered in conjunction with the degree to which the LOCs were 

exceeded, information on sales, local use practices, and monitored levels in the 

environment to determine whether the predicted effect based on labeled use of the 

product is likely to occur or not.

A search of the EIIS database on August 5, 2011 did not identify any adverse ecological 

incidents involving trinexapac-ethyl. Although incident reporting is required under 

FIFRA Section 6(a)(2), the absence of reports in EIIS does not indicate that the chemical 

has no effects on wildlife; rather, it is possible that incidents have gone unreported.

In addition, the Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS) and Aggregate Summary 

Module of OPP’s Incident Database were checked on September 19, 2011 for incidents. 
51

No incidents were recorded in AIMS, but two were documented in the Aggregate 

Incident Report for EFED. One incident was reported as a minor fish and wildlife 

incident and involved Primo Liquid between 7/1/00 and 9/30/00. The other was reported 

as a minor plant incident and involved Palisade EC between 11/1/03 and 10/31/04. No 

other information was available.

5. Risk Characterization

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and effects to determine the 

ecological risk associated with the proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl. The risk 

characterization provides estimations and descriptions of the risk; articulates risk 

assessment assumptions, limitations, and uncertainties; synthesizes an overall conclusion; 

and provides the risk managers with information to make regulatory decisions. 

5.1 Risk Estimation

The risk quotient (RQ) method was used to determine if trinexapac-ethyl has the potential 

to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. In the risk quotient method, the 

estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) are divided by acute and chronic toxicity 

values. The resulting unit-less risk quotients are compared to the Agency’s levels of 

concern to determine the need for regulatory action (Appendix E). 

5.1.1 Summary of Aquatic Risk Quotients

5.1.1.1 Risk Quotients for Fish

Risk quotients were calculated for the acute (catfish – MRID 41869507) and chronic

(fathead minnow – MRID 42081401) toxicological effects on freshwater fish (Table 5.1). 

Toxicity endpoints were based on the parent only (trinexapac-ethyl); thus, the risk 

quotients are conservative. For chronic effects, the 21-day EEC was used instead of the 

60-day EEC because the duration of the fish early-life stage test was 30 days; thus it was 

more appropriate to use a 21-day concentration than a 60-day concentration. Acute and 

chronic risk quotients for freshwater fish were < 0.01 for aerial, ground, and chemigation 

applications. The level of concern for acute listed species (0.5) and chronic risks (1) 

were not exceeded for any scenario, indicating that risk is unlikely. 
52

Table 5.1. Acute and Chronic Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish Exposed to 

Trinexapac-ethyl in Surface Water

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method1 Peak EEC (μg/L)

21-Day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Freshwater Fish

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 35000 

μg/L

Freshwater Fish 

Chronic RQ 

(21-Day 

EEC/NOAEC)

NOAEC = 410

μg/L

Cereals (wheat, barley, triticale, oats) – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.11 lb ai/A

ND Wheat 

June 21 – foliar A 0.41 0.31 0.00001 0.0008

ND Wheat

June 21 – foliar G 0.25 0.18 0.000007 0.0004

ND Wheat

June 21 - chemigation C 0.21 0.16 0.000006 0.0004

Sugarcane – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.31 lb ai/A

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 3.31 2.56 0.00009 0.006

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 2.98 2.42 0.00009 0.006

FL Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 2.90 2.34 0.00008 0.006

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 6.63 5.18 0.0002 0.013

LA Sugarcane

November 26 – foliar A 4.67 3.84 0.0001 0.009

LA Sugarcane

November 19 – foliar A 4.36 3.49 0.0001 0.009

LA Sugarcane

November 12 – foliar A 3.70 3.14 0.0001 0.008

LA Sugarcane

November 05 – foliar A 4.09 3.41 0.0001 0.008

LA Sugarcane

November 01 – foliar A 3.36 2.68 0.0001 0.007

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 6.24 4.88 0.0002 0.012

LA Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 6.14 4.81 0.0002 0.012

Grasses Grown for Seed – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.5 lb ai/A

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) A 1.41 1.12 0.00004 0.003
53

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method1 Peak EEC (μg/L)

21-Day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Freshwater Fish

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 35000 

μg/L

Freshwater Fish 

Chronic RQ 

(21-Day 

EEC/NOAEC)

NOAEC = 410

μg/L

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) G 0.31 0.26 0.000009 0.0006

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) C 0.13 0.10 0.000004 0.0002

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) A 1.45 1.22 0.00004 0.003

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) G 0.55 0.44 0.00002 0.001

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) C 0.37 0.30 0.00001 0.0007

1A = Aerial application, G = Ground application, C = chemigation

Risk quotients were calculated for the acute toxicological effects on estuarine/marine fish

(sheepshead minnow – MRID 41869510) (Table 5.2). Toxicity endpoints were based on 

the parent only (trinexapac-ethyl); thus, the risk quotients are conservative. Acute risk 

quotients were < 0.01 for aerial, ground, and chemigation applications. The level of 

concern for acute risk to listed species (0.5) was not exceeded for any scenario, indicating 

that risk is unlikely. Risk quotients were not calculated for chronic risks to 

estuarine/marine fish because no toxicity data were available.

Table 5.2. Acute Risk Quotients for Estuarine/Marine Fish Exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl 

in Surface Water

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method 

1 Peak EEC 

(μg/L)

Estuarine/Marine

Fish 

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 180000 

μg/L

Cereals (wheat, barley, triticale, oats) – Palisade EC and Palisade 

2EC at 0.11 lb ai/A

ND Wheat 

June 21 – foliar A 0.41 0.000002

ND Wheat

June 21 – foliar G 0.25 0.000001

ND Wheat

June 21 - chemigation C 0.21 0.000001

Sugarcane – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.31 lb ai/A
54

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method 

1 Peak EEC 

(μg/L)

Estuarine/Marine

Fish 

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 180000 

μg/L

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 3.31 0.00002

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 2.98 0.00002

FL Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 2.90 0.00002

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 6.63 0.00004

LA Sugarcane

November 26 – foliar A 4.67 0.00003

LA Sugarcane

November 19 – foliar A 4.36 0.00002

LA Sugarcane

November 12 – foliar A 3.70 0.00002

LA Sugarcane

November 05 – foliar A 4.09 0.00002

LA Sugarcane

November 01 – foliar A 3.36 0.00002

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 6.24 0.00003

LA Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 6.14 0.00003

Grasses Grown for Seed – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.5 lb 

ai/A

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) A 1.41 0.000008

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) G 0.31 0.000002

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) C 0.13 0.0000007

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) A 1.45 0.000008

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) G 0.55 0.000003

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) C 0.37 0.000002
55

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method 

1 Peak EEC 

(μg/L)

Estuarine/Marine

Fish 

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 180000 

μg/L

1A = Aerial application, G = Ground application, C = chemigation

5.1.1.2 Risk Quotients for Aquatic Invertebrates

Risk quotients were calculated for the acute toxicological effects on estuarine/marine 

invertebrates (mysid shrimp – MRID 41869508) (Table 5.3). Toxicity endpoints were 

based on the parent only (trinexapac-ethyl); thus, the risk quotients are conservative. 

Acute risk quotients were < 0.01 for aerial, ground, and chemigation applications. The 

level of concern for acute risk to listed species (0.5) was not exceeded for any scenario, 

indicating that risk is unlikely. Risk quotients were not calculated for acute or chronic 

risks for freshwater invertebrates because all of the toxicity data were non-definitive. A

risk quotient was not calculated for chronic risks to estuarine/marine invertebrates 

because toxicity data were not available. See Section 5.2.1 for further discussion.

Table 5.3. Acute Risk Quotients for Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates Exposed to 

Trinexapac-ethyl in Surface Water

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method1 Peak EEC (μg/L)

Estuarine/Marine

Invertebrates

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 6500 μg/L

Cereals (wheat, barley, triticale, oats) – Palisade EC and Palisade 

2EC at 0.11 lb ai/A

ND Wheat 

June 21 – foliar A 0.41 0.00006

ND Wheat

June 21 – foliar G 0.25 0.00004

ND Wheat

June 21 - chemigation C 0.21 0.00003

Sugarcane – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.31 lb ai/A

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 3.31 0.0005

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 2.98 0.0005

FL Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 2.90 0.0004
56

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method1 Peak EEC (μg/L)

Estuarine/Marine

Invertebrates

Acute RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

LC50 = 6500 μg/L

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 6.63 0.001

LA Sugarcane

November 26 – foliar A 4.67 0.0007

LA Sugarcane

November 19 – foliar A 4.36 0.0007

LA Sugarcane

November 12 – foliar A 3.70 0.0006

LA Sugarcane

November 05 – foliar A 4.09 0.0006

LA Sugarcane

November 01 – foliar A 3.36 0.0005

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 6.24 0.001

LA Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 6.14 0.0009

Grasses Grown for Seed – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.5 lb 

ai/A

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) A 1.41 0.0002

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) G 0.31 0.00005

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) C 0.13 0.00002

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) A 1.45 0.0002

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) G 0.55 0.00008

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) C 0.37 0.00006

1A = Aerial application, G = Ground application, C = chemigation

5.1.1.3 Risk Quotients for Aquatic Plants

Risk quotients were calculated for toxicological effects on non-vascular plants (bluegreen algae – Anabaena flos-aquae – MRID 41869535) and freshwater vascular plants 

(duckweed – MRID 42595303) (Table 5.4). Toxicity endpoints were based on the parent 

only (trinexapac-ethyl); thus, the risk quotients are conservative. Risk quotients were < 
57

0.01 for aerial, ground, and chemigation applications for all species and all scenarios. 

The levels of concern for risk to aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants (1) were not 

exceeded for any scenario, indicating that risk is unlikely. 

Table 5.4. Risk Quotients for Freshwater and Estuarine/Marine Non-Vascular Plants 

Exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl in Surface Water

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method 

1 Peak EEC 

(μg/L)

Non-Vascular 

Plant 

RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

EC50 = 350 μg/L

Freshwater 

Vascular Plant

RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

EC50 = 190 μg/L

Cereals (wheat, barley, triticale, oats) – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.11 lb ai/A

ND Wheat 

June 21 – foliar A 0.41 0.001 0.002

ND Wheat

June 21 – foliar G 0.25 0.0007 0.001

ND Wheat

June 21 - chemigation C 0.21 0.0006 0.001

Sugarcane – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.31 lb ai/A

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 3.31 0.009 0.02

FL Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 2.98 0.009 0.02

FL Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 2.90 0.008 0.02

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar A 6.63 0.019 0.03

LA Sugarcane

November 26 – foliar A 4.67 0.013 0.02

LA Sugarcane

November 19 – foliar A 4.36 0.012 0.02

LA Sugarcane

November 12 – foliar A 3.70 0.011 0.02

LA Sugarcane

November 05 – foliar A 4.09 0.012 0.02

LA Sugarcane

November 01 – foliar A 3.36 0.010 0.02

LA Sugarcane

December 03 – foliar G 6.24 0.018 0.03

LA Sugarcane

December 03 –

chemigation

C 6.14 0.018 0.03

Grasses Grown for Seed – Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC at 0.5 lb ai/A
58

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario Method 

1 Peak EEC 

(μg/L)

Non-Vascular 

Plant 

RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

EC50 = 350 μg/L

Freshwater 

Vascular Plant

RQ

(Peak EEC/LC50)

EC50 = 190 μg/L

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) A 1.41 0.004 0.007

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) G 0.31 0.0009 0.002

FL Turf

(February 15 – foliar) C 0.13 0.0004 0.0007

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) A 1.45 0.004 0.008

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) G 0.55 0.002 0.003

PA Turf

(April 15 – foliar) C 0.37 0.001 0.002

1A = Aerial application, G = Ground application, C = chemigation

5.1.2 Summary of Terrestrial Risk Quotients

5.1.2.1 Avian and Mammalian Risk Quotients

Risk quotients were not calculated for acute dietary exposure and acute dose-based 

exposure scenarios because the toxicity data were non-definitive (see section 5.2.2 for a 

direct comparison of the dietary and oral toxicity data to the EECs). Chronic risks did 

not exceed the level of concern for birds of any size consuming any food source for any 

of the proposed uses (Table 5.5) (bobwhite quail – MRID 41869505). A single 

application of 0.5 lb ai/A of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC to grasses grown for seed 

produced the highest chronic risk quotient (0.60 for short grass), but this was 

substantially lower than the level of concern of 1. 
59

Table 5.5. Summary of Avian Chronic Risk Quotients for Trinexapac-ethyl for Foliar 

Applications

Risk Quotients Based on Kenaga Upper 

Bound EEC

Chronic Dietary-Based Risk Quotients

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals1– single application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Short grass 0.13

Tall grass 0.06

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.07

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 0.01

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Short grass 0.37

Tall grass 0.17

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.21

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 0.02

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single application at 0.5 

lb ai/A

Short grass 0.60

Tall grass 0.28

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.34

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 0.04

1Winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, triticale

For mammals, no levels of concern were exceeded for acute (rat – MRID 41563908) or 

chronic (rat – MRID 43128604) dose-based risk quotients or chronic dietary-based risk 

quotients for any of the proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl (Table 5.6). At the 

highest application rate (0.5 lb ai/A of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC), acute dose-based 

risk quotients ranged from < 0.01 to 0.01, and did not exceed the level of concern of 0.1 

for acute risk to listed species. Likewise, chronic dose-based (<0.01 to 0.09) and chronic 

dietary-based (<0.01 to 0.01) risk quotients for the highest application rate did not exceed 

the chronic level of concern of 1. 
60

Table 5.6. Summary of Mammalian Acute and Chronic Risk Quotients (RQs) for 

Trinexapac-ethyl for Foliar/Soil Applications

Risk Quotients 

Based

on Kenaga

Upper Bound EEC

Dose-Based RQs Chronic 

DietaryBased RQs

15 g 35 g 1000 g

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals1– single application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Short grass <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

Tall grass <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf 

plants/small insects <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg 

insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivores <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Short grass 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 <0.01 0.02 0.01

Tall grass <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

Broadleaf 

plants/small insects <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg 

insects <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivores <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Short grass 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.01

Tall grass 0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.02 <0.01

Broadleaf 

plants/small insects 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.02 0.01

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg 

insects <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Granivores <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 -

1Winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, triticale

5.1.2.2 Plant Risk Quotients

Six different application scenarios were evaluated using TerrPlant: single 

aerial/chemigation applications of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC at 0.11, 0.31, and 0.5 lb 

ai/A, and single ground applications of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC at 0.11, 0.31, and 

0.5 lb ai/A. The level of concern was exceeded for listed semi-aquatic monocots and 

dicots at application rates of 0.31 and 0.5 lb ai/A of Palisade EC or Palisade 2EC (aerial, 

chemigation, and ground applications). In addition, the level of concern was exceeded 

for non-listed dicots at application rates of 0.5 lb ai/A (aerial, chemigation, ground 

applications). Risk quotients ranged from < 0.01 to 0.64 for aerial/chemigation 

applications at 0.11 lb ai/A, < 0.01 to 0.60 for ground applications at 0.11 lb ai/A, <0.01 

to 1.81 for aerial/chemigation applications at 0.31 lb ai/A, <0.01 to 1.68 for ground 
61

applications at 0.31 lb ai/A, <0.01 to 2.93 for aerial/chemigation applications at 0.5 lb 

ai/A, and <0.01 to 2.71 for ground applications at 0.5 lb ai/A (Table 5.7).

Table 5.7. Summary of Risk Quotient Values for Plants in Dry and Semi-Aquatic Areas 

Exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through Runoff and/or Spray Drift

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single aerial/chemigation application at 

0.11 lb ai/A1

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.20 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.12 0.64 0.13

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.28 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.12 0.64 <0.1

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single ground application at 0.11 lb ai/A1

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.19 <0.1

Monocot listed <0.1 0.60 <0.1

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.26 <0.1

Dicot listed <0.1 0.60 <0.1

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single aerial/chemigation application 

at 0.31 lb ai/A

Monocot non-listed 0.10 0.57 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.33 1.81+0.36

Dicot non-listed 0.14 0.78 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.33 1.81+0.16

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single ground application at 0.31 lb 

ai/A

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.53 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.20 1.68+<0.1

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.72 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.20 1.68+<0.1

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single aerial/chemigation 

application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Monocot non-listed 0.17 0.91 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.53 2.93+0.59

Dicot non-listed 0.23 1.25+0.11

Dicot listed 0.53 2.93+0.27

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single ground application 

at 0.5 lb ai/A

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.85 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.32 2.71+0.12

Dicot non-listed 0.14 1.16+<0.1

Dicot listed 0.32 2.71+<0.1

+Exceeds LOC of 1.

1

Spring wheat, winter wheat, durum wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oats, triticale
62

5.1.2.3 Non-target Insect Risk Quotients

Currently, EFED does not routinely quantify potential risks of pesticides on non-listed

terrestrial non-target adult insects. Based on the data submitted on honeybee toxicity

(MRID 41563928), trinexapac-ethyl is practically non-toxic to honeybees (LD50 = 

47μg/bee on an acute contact exposure basis). 

5.2 Risk Description

The results of this screening-level risk assessment indicate that the proposed new uses for 

trinexapac-ethyl have the potential to cause direct adverse effects on listed terrestrial 

plants and non-listed dicot terrestrial plants, only. All species that depend on these plants 

may be indirectly at risk from the proposed trinexapac-ethyl uses.

5.2.1 Risk to Aquatic Organisms

The proposed uses of trinexapac-ethyl did not exceed any levels of concern for the risk

quotients calculated for freshwater (acute and chronic) and estuarine/marine fish (acute). 

Chronic risk quotients for estuarine/marine fish could not be calculated because of an 

absence of toxicity data; however freshwater fish toxicity data may be an appropriate 

surrogate in this case. A comparison of the acute toxicity values for freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish shows freshwater fish to be more sensitive (LC50 = 35000 μg ai/L 

for freshwater fish – MRID 41869507; LC50 = 180000 μg ai/L for estuarine/marine fish –

MRID 41869510). Assuming the same sensitivity pattern applies to chronic risks as well, 

using the chronic freshwater fish risk quotient as a surrogate for a chronic 

estuarine/marine fish risk quotient should be protective. Chronic risk quotients for 

freshwater fish are very low (maximum RQ = 0.013), thus indicating a low potential for 

chronic risks to estuarine/marine species as well. 

Risk quotients for acute risk to estuarine/marine invertebrates (mysid shrimp) did not 

exceed the levels of concern for the proposed new trinexapac-ethyl uses. Risk quotients 

could not be calculated for acute and chronic risks to freshwater invertebrates because the 

toxicity values were non-definitive. For freshwater invertebrates, the water flea had 48-

hour LC50 of >142500 μg ai/L (MRID 41563906) and a NOAEC of ≥ 2400 μg ai/L

(MRID 43128602). These values are both much greater than the maximum peak EEC 

(6.63 μg/L) and maximum 21-day EEC (5.18 μg/L) for all of the considered scenarios. 

Chronic risk quotients for mysid shrimp could not be calculated because of an absence of 

toxicity data; however, freshwater invertebrates may be an appropriate surrogate in this 

case. The freshwater invertebrate data are non-definitive and indicate that freshwater 

invertebrates are less sensitive (LC50 >142500 μg ai/L) than estuarine/marine 

invertebrates (LC50 6500 μg ai/L – MRID 41869508) for acute toxicity. Conservatively 

considering that the freshwater invertebrate LC50 equals 142500 μg ai/L, this value is 22 

times higher than the estuarine/marine value of 6500 μg ai/L. Transferring this multiplier 

to the freshwater invertebrate NOAEC and conservatively assuming a value of 2400 μg 

ai/L, an estimate of an estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC can be obtained by dividing 

2400 by 22. Thus, an estimated estuarine/marine invertebrate NOAEC of 109 μg ai/L is 
63

obtained. Comparing this to the maximum 21-day EEC (5.18 μg ai/L), the estimated 

NOAEC is higher. Based on this information, risk to freshwater and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates is likely to be low.

5.2.2 Risk to Terrestrial Animals

Risk quotients for terrestrial wildlife did not exceed the Agency’s levels of concern for 

acute dose-based exposure, acute dietary exposure, or chronic dose-based exposure, for 

the proposed label applications. A detailed explanation for risks to mammals can be 

found in Section 5.1.2.1.

Risk quotients for birds did not exceed the Agency’s level of concern for chronic dosebased exposure scenarios. The trinexapac-ethyl dietary acute exposure study did not 

establish definitive toxicity values for mallard duck or bobwhite quail, thus risk quotients

for acute dietary exposure were not estimated. In the absence of definitive toxicity values 

for acute dietary toxicity, the upper-bound Kenaga EECs estimated by the T-REX model 

were compared to the most sensitive LC50 values to characterize the dietary risk to birds. 

Since the most conservative avian dietary EEC (120 mg/kg-food item) is well below the 

dietary toxicity values for birds (>5200 ppm for both mallard duck and bobwhite quail

(MRIDs 41563902, 41563903), dietary risk from acute exposure to trinexapac-ethyl falls 

below the levels of concern. 

Definitive data also were not available for the avian single dose oral toxicity study. In 

the absence of definitive toxicity values for acute dose-based exposure, the upper-bound 

Kenaga EECs estimated by the T-REX model were compared with the most sensitive 

LD50 values to characterize the acute dose-based risk to birds. The LD50 for the mallard 

duck was established as >2000 mg ai/kg-bw (MRID 41563901). Compared to the 

highest EEC, 137 mg/kg-bw, the estimated environmental concentration is not likely to 

approach the LD50 for birds. A detailed explanation of the risks to birds can be found in 

Section 5.1.2.1.

An additional point of uncertainty for the bird analysis is the lack of acute toxicity data 

for passerine birds. In the absence of such data, the LD50 that was developed for the 

mallard duck was assumed to be the most sensitive endpoint. For some chemicals, 

passerine birds have been demonstrated to be more sensitive, but it is not possible to 

predict which chemicals these might be without having passerine-specific toxicity data. 

Thus, the use of acute mallard duck data in this risk assessment without the benefit of 

passerine data for comparison remains an uncertainty.

EFED currently does not quantify risks to terrestrial invertebrates; however, based on 

honeybee contact toxicity data (MRID 41563928), the risks to terrestrial insects are 

expected to be low. 

Overall, findings from the current assessment indicate that risks to birds, mammals, and 

terrestrial insects are likely to be low, based on the proposed new uses for Palisade EC 

and Palisade 2EC.
64

5.2.3 Risks to Terrestrial Plants

Risk quotients were calculated for terrestrial plants using TerrPlant. Levels of concern 

were exceeded for four of the six scenarios that were modeled: 1) single 

aerial/chemigation application of 0.31 lb ai/A for listed plants (semi-aquatic); 2) single 

ground application of 0.31 lb ai/A for listed plants (semi-aquatic); 3) single 

aerial/chemigation application of 0.5 lb ai/A for listed plants (semi-aquatic) and nonlisted dicots (semi-aquatic); and 4) single ground application of 0.5 lb ai/A for listed 

plants (semi-aquatic) and non-listed dicots (semi-aquatic). Given that trinexapac-ethyl 

interferes with the gibberellin pathway, it is expected that the use of this chemical would 

present risk to terrestrial plants.

5.2.4 Risks to Aquatic Plants

The risk quotients calculated for the proposed uses of trinexapac-ethyl did not exceed any 

levels of concern for vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants. Consequently, it is 

unlikely that the proposed new uses for trinexapac-ethyl would present risks to aquatic 

vascular and non-vascular plants.

5.3 Listed Species Assessment

To determine whether trinexapac-ethyl use sites are geographically associated with the

known locations of listed species, a screening-level search of the LOCATES (version 2.2) 

database was conducted. The database compared county-level location data for listed 

species with county-level crop production data (as available in the 2007 agricultural 

census) to identify any coarse overlaps of listed species with the proposed labeled uses of 

trinexapac-ethyl. Listed species are those that are currently on the federal list of 

endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 

For direct effects, listed terrestrial plants were considered, since these were the only taxa 

to have risk quotients above the listed species level of concern. Indirect effects were 

determined by assessing the potential for reduction of prey base or habitat modification 

of listed taxa. The screening-level analysis for trinexapac-ethyl shows the possibility for 

direct effects to listed and non-listed terrestrial plants. As a result, all listed taxa are 

potentially at risk because of their potential dependence on plants for food and habitat 

modification (Table 5.8). A complete list of all of listed species that may occupy 

proposed use areas of trinexapac-ethyl is included in Appendix F.
65

Table 5.8. Listed Species Risks Associated with the Proposed New Uses for TrinexapacEthyl

Listed Taxa Direct Effects1Indirect Effects2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants –

monocots and dicots Yes Yes

Birds No Yes

Terrestrial-phase amphibians No Yes

Reptiles No Yes

Mammals No Yes

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic-phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates No Yes

Mollusks No Yes

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates No Yes

Terrestrial invertebrates No Yes

1The Agency’s Level of Concern was exceeded for terrestrial plants.

2

Indirect effects to a listed species occur when its food source is reduced or habitat is 

modified.

5.3.1 Direct and Indirect Effects

The current assessment suggests that the proposed uses of trinexapac-ethyl have the 

potential to cause direct adverse effects to listed semi-aquatic terrestrial plants and nonlisted terrestrial dicots. These concerns are supported by available laboratory toxicology 

data and risk quotient calculations. Trinexapac-ethyl use could result in the loss of the 

above species (adverse effects on survival, growth, and reproduction), which could result 

in structural and functional changes of both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Changes may be manifested in the form of disruption of food chain and reduced 

biodiversity. 

Plants are an important food source for aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Prolonged 

exposure to trinexapac-ethyl and associated disruption of plant communities may have 

the potential to adversely affect the growth, reproduction, and abundance of other 

organisms which rely on them for food, habitat, and other resources. Likewise, the loss 

or reduction in abundance of certain plant species may affect an ecosystem’s biodiversity. 

Biodiversity often acts as a buffer and can help to ensure that ecosystems survive changes 

in structure and function. Changes that affect a particular species, especially those that 

cause extinction, could ripple throughout an ecosystem, causing changes that affect many 

other species. The potential loss of a given species may cause indirect effects to other 
66

organisms, such as loss of productivity and stability, and lead to multiple complex 

imbalances in an ecosystem. For example, a reduction in a particular semi-aquatic plant 

could cause a reduction in the population of insect larvae that feed on it. In turn, there 

will be a reduced amount of insect larvae for fish, amphibians, and other organisms. 

These negative effects will travel up the food chain and could cause adverse effects to 

higher-level organisms such as larger fish, mammals, birds, and amphibians.
67

Appendix A. PRZM/EXAMS Outputs for Trinexapac-ethyl

Representative PRZM/EXAM Output: Louisiana Sugarcane – Aerial Application

stored as LASugarcaneAeco_03-12.out

Chemical: Trinexapac

PRZM environment: LAsugarcaneSTD.txt modified Tueday, 29 May 2007 at 13:56:00

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w13970.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:49 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 3.43 3.28 2.74 1.09 0.73 0.18

1962 2.46 2.38 2.10 1.55 1.26 0.46

1963 2.57 2.48 2.21 1.34 1.10 0.48

1964 2.09 2.01 1.78 1.36 1.13 0.43

1965 2.15 2.05 1.53 0.65 0.45 0.25

1966 1.62 1.60 1.43 1.11 0.92 0.35

1967 2.47 2.36 2.10 0.88 0.59 0.24

1968 2.45 2.35 2.04 1.19 1.01 0.45

1969 2.64 2.53 2.24 1.17 0.98 0.47

1970 3.00 2.86 2.55 1.14 0.95 0.47

1971 6.77 6.39 5.26 2.25 1.51 0.76

1972 4.77 4.59 3.91 2.09 1.73 0.83

1973 2.85 2.76 2.42 1.88 1.56 0.60

1974 1.97 1.91 1.59 1.12 0.90 0.39

1975 1.24 1.19 1.08 0.81 0.66 0.27

1976 2.70 2.59 2.40 1.06 0.71 0.31

1977 1.93 1.89 1.71 1.34 1.11 0.44

1978 1.26 1.22 1.11 0.90 0.76 0.30

1979 3.27 3.14 2.53 1.00 0.67 0.26

1980 2.89 2.78 2.36 1.42 1.19 0.53

1981 1.85 1.79 1.59 1.24 1.03 0.41

1982 14.66 14.14 11.73 5.23 3.49 1.08

1983 7.74 7.50 6.61 5.16 4.36 1.66

1984 2.86 2.77 2.45 1.90 1.58 0.62

1985 3.73 3.58 3.02 1.17 0.79 0.40

1986 2.74 2.63 2.36 1.64 1.34 0.57

1987 2.25 2.19 1.91 1.45 1.20 0.46

1988 5.36 5.15 4.49 1.74 1.16 0.53

1989 3.77 3.60 3.01 2.19 1.80 0.75

1990 3.01 2.87 2.51 1.29 1.05 0.51

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 14.66 14.14 11.73 5.23 4.36 1.66

0.06 7.74 7.50 6.61 5.16 3.49 1.08

0.10 6.77 6.39 5.26 2.25 1.80 0.83

0.13 5.36 5.15 4.49 2.19 1.73 0.76

0.16 4.77 4.59 3.91 2.09 1.58 0.75

0.19 3.77 3.60 3.02 1.90 1.56 0.62

0.23 3.73 3.58 3.01 1.88 1.51 0.60

0.26 3.43 3.28 2.74 1.74 1.34 0.57

0.29 3.27 3.14 2.55 1.64 1.26 0.53

0.32 3.01 2.87 2.53 1.55 1.20 0.53

0.35 3.00 2.86 2.51 1.45 1.19 0.51

0.39 2.89 2.78 2.45 1.42 1.16 0.48

0.42 2.86 2.77 2.42 1.36 1.13 0.47

0.45 2.85 2.76 2.40 1.34 1.11 0.47

0.48 2.74 2.63 2.36 1.34 1.10 0.46

0.52 2.70 2.59 2.36 1.29 1.05 0.46

0.55 2.64 2.53 2.24 1.24 1.03 0.45

0.58 2.57 2.48 2.21 1.19 1.01 0.44

0.61 2.47 2.38 2.10 1.17 0.98 0.43

0.65 2.46 2.36 2.10 1.17 0.95 0.41

0.68 2.45 2.35 2.04 1.14 0.92 0.40

0.71 2.25 2.19 1.91 1.12 0.90 0.39

0.74 2.15 2.05 1.78 1.11 0.79 0.35

0.77 2.09 2.01 1.71 1.09 0.76 0.31

0.81 1.97 1.91 1.59 1.06 0.73 0.30

0.84 1.93 1.89 1.59 1.00 0.71 0.27

0.87 1.85 1.79 1.53 0.90 0.67 0.26

0.90 1.62 1.60 1.43 0.88 0.66 0.25

0.94 1.26 1.22 1.11 0.81 0.59 0.24

0.97 1.24 1.19 1.08 0.65 0.45 0.18

0.10 6.63 6.27 5.18 2.24 1.79 0.82

Average of yearly averages: 0.52

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: LASugarcaneAeco_03-12

Metfile: w13970.dvf

PRZM scenario: LAsugarcaneSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Trinexapac

Description Variable NameValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 252.3 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 5.27E-10 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.62E-05 torr

Solubility sol 10200 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 416 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 22.8 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 17.4 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 533 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 5.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.348 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.05 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 03-12 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 2

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
68

Appendix B. Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Calculations

1. Aqueous Photolysis: MRID 46809302

Aqueous Photolysis: MRID 46809302

Total Residues: Phototransformation of Trinexapac-Ethyl in pH 7 Buffer

Days % Applied ln % Applied

incubation Trinexapac-ethyl CGA 179500 (acid) CGA 313458 Total Residues Total Residues

1 89.8 1.7 n.d. 91.5 4.5

1 88.8 1.2 0.4 90.4 4.5

2 84.2 1.8 0.6 86.6 4.5

2 79.6 1.7 0.8 82.1 4.4

3 70.0 2.8 1.1 73.9 4.3

3 66.8 3.5 1.9 72.2 4.3

5 60.4 4.6 2.0 67.0 4.2

5 59.9 3.7 2.8 66.4 4.2

7 42.5 5.3 3.8 51.6 3.9

7 43.7 4.1 4.1 51.9 3.9

10 30.0 5.3 4.1 39.4 3.7

10 33.2 4.8 5.8 43.8 3.8

15 15.9 1.0 6.5 23.4 3.2

15 10.0 1.8 6.1 17.9 2.9

Calculated Half-Life = 6.7 days

Correction Factor = 3.4 days of summer sunlight at 40 degrees North (pg. 26 and Table 2, pg. 32)

Environmental 

Phototransformation Half-Life = 22.8 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.984904931

R Square 0.970037724

Adjusted R Square 0.967540868

Standard Error 0.090325471

Observations 14

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 3.169680874 3.169680874 388.5036185 1.65353E-10

Residual 12 0.097904289 0.008158691

Total 13 3.267585163

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.652133857 0.040210216 115.6953217 1.16531E-19 4.564523323 4.739744 4.564523 4.739744

X Variable 1 -0.103182948 0.005234924 -19.71049514 1.65353E-10 -0.114588868 -0.09178 -0.11459 -0.09178

Irradiated Samples (Identified Compounds)

% applied radioactivity

Data obtained from Table 7, p. 37 of the study report. 

y = -0.1032x + 4.6521

R2 = 0.97

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
69

2. Aerobic Soil Metabolism: MRID 46809303

9 0th Percentile Calculation

Soil Type: Half Life (days)

Swiss Loam 3.0

Swiss Sandy Loam 3.6 Column1

German Loamy Sand 5.2

Mean 3.933333333

n = 3 Standard Error 0.66

Median 3.6

Mode #N/A

Standard Deviation 1.137248141

Sample Variance 1.293333333

Kurtosis #DIV/0!

Skewness 1.205659497

s = sample deviation 1.14 Range 2.2

sq.rt. n = 1.73 Minimum 3

0.66 Maximum 5.2

Sum 11.8

Count 3

Confidence Level(80.0%) 1.238078958

5.2 days Represents the 90th percentile confidence bound on the mean half-life.
70

Total Residues: Aerobic Soil Metabolism of Trinexapac-ethyl in two Swiss soils and one German soil.

Swiss loam (Gartenacker)

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Unidentified M3 Total Residues Total Residues

0 93.9 n.d. n.d. 93.9 4.5

0 97.2 n.d. n.d. 97.2 4.6

0.08 16.8 15.0 1.0 32.8 3.5

0.25 2.4 23.9 0.6 26.9 3.3

0.5 1.4 29.0 1.5 31.9 3.5

1 0.2 23.0 1.1 24.3 3.2

3 n.d. 13.8 n.d. 13.8 2.6

7 n.d. 10.4 n.d. 10.4 2.3

7 n.d. 12.1 n.d. 12.1 2.5

15 0.5 0.2 0.7 1.4 0.3

21 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0 #NUM!

21 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0 #NUM!

28 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

80 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Results from Table 7, p. 47 of the study report.

n.d. = not detected or below LOQ (Table 7, page 47).

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 15. Intervals thereafter were non detects or not analyzed.

Calculated Half Life = 3.0 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.922752113

R Square 0.851471462

Adjusted R Square 0.832905394

Standard Error 0.497923845

Observations 10

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 11.37040739 11.37040739 45.86170285 0.000141803

Residual 8 1.983425243 0.247928155

Total 9 13.35383263

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 3.806150972 0.194311177 19.58791583 4.79781E-08 3.358068595 4.254233 3.358069 4.254233

X Variable 1 -0.227925491 0.033656412 -6.772126908 0.000141803 -0.305537316 -0.15031 -0.30554 -0.15031

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.2279x + 3.8062

R2 = 0.8515

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
71

Total Residues: Aerobic Soil Metabolism of Trinexapac-ethyl in two Swiss soils and one German soil.

Swiss Sandy loam (Weide)

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Unidentified M3 Total Residues Total Residues

0 93.1 n.d. n.d. 93.1 4.5

0 93.5 n.d. n.d. 93.5 4.5

0.08 34.3 9.5 n.d. 43.8 3.8

0.25 4.8 19.0 0.6 24.4 3.2

0.5 1.4 23.5 2.3 27.2 3.3

1 0.6 23.7 1.9 26.2 3.3

3 0.3 12.8 1.2 14.3 2.7

7 n.d. 15.4 n.d. 15.4 2.7

7 n.d. 15.5 n.d. 15.5 2.7

15 n.d. 2.1 0.2 2.3 0.8

21 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0 #NUM!

21 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0 #NUM!

28 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.0 #NUM!

80 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Results from Table 8, p. 48 of the study report.

n.d. = not detected or below LOQ (Table 8, page 48).

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 15. Intervals thereafter were non detects or not analyzed.

Calculated Half Life = 3.6 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.888401016

R Square 0.789256365

Adjusted R Square 0.762913411

Standard Error 0.51898366

Observations 10

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 8.069766762 8.069766762 29.96081438 0.000591888

Residual 8 2.154752313 0.269344039

Total 9 10.22451908

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 3.807907591 0.202529617 18.80173206 6.6167E-08 3.340873458 4.274942 3.340873 4.274942

X Variable 1 -0.192015098 0.035079918 -5.473647265 0.000591888 -0.272909534 -0.11112 -0.27291 -0.11112

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.192x + 3.8079

R2 = 0.7893

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
72

Total Residues: Aerobic Soil Metabolism of Trinexapac-ethyl in two Swiss soils and one German soil.

German Loamy Sand (Borstel)

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Unidentified M3 Total Residues Total Residues

0 99.3 n.d. n.d. 99.3 4.6

0 100.2 n.d. n.d. 100.2 4.6

0.08 58.1 18.2 n.d. 76.3 4.3

0.25 38.2 19.8 n.d. 58.0 4.1

0.5 14.1 42.1 0.2 56.4 4.0

1 10.0 43.5 n.d. 53.5 4.0

3 2.4 33.5 n.d. 35.9 3.6

7 1.2 27.8 0.5 29.5 3.4

7 1.7 30.5 0.7 32.9 3.5

15 0.3 5.6 n.d. 5.9 1.8

21 0.8 1.7 n.d. 2.5 0.9

21 1.0 1.8 n.d. 2.8 1.0

28 0.9 3.0 n.d. 3.9 1.4

80 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Results from Table 9, p. 49 of the study report.

n.d. = not detected or below LOQ (Table 9, page 49).

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 28. Interval thereafter were non detects or not analyzed.

Calculated Half Life = 5.2 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.959199422

R Square 0.920063531

Adjusted R Square 0.912796579

Standard Error 0.407510449

Observations 13

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 21.02534039 21.02534039 126.6092799 2.24757E-07

Residual 11 1.826712422 0.166064766

Total 12 22.85205281

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.236276177 0.147743496 28.67318226 1.0902E-11 3.911094936 4.561457 3.911095 4.561457

X Variable 1 -0.134051531 0.01191349 -11.25207891 2.24757E-07 -0.160272947 -0.10783 -0.16027 -0.10783

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.1341x + 4.2363

R2 = 0.9201

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
73

3. Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism: MRID 46809304

9 0th Percentile Calculation

Aquatic System: Half Life (days)

Swiss River Water-Sand Sediment 12.3

Pond Water-Sandy Clay Loam Sediment 14.8 Column1

Mean 13.55

n = 2 Standard Error 1.25

Median 13.55

Mode #N/A

Standard Deviation 1.767766953

Sample Variance 3.125

Kurtosis #DIV/0!

Skewness #DIV/0!

s = sample deviation 1.77 Range 2.5

sq.rt. n = 1.41 Minimum 12.3

1.25 Maximum 14.8

Sum 27.1

Count 2

Confidence Level(80.0%) 3.847104421

17.4 days Represents the 90th percentile confidence bound on the mean half-life.
74

Total Residues: Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Trinexapac-Ethyl

Swiss River Water-Sand Sediment

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Total Residues Total Residues

0 100.4 n.a. 100.4 4.6

0.25 99.3 n.a. 99.3 4.6

1 84.7 13.6 98.3 4.6

2 67.6 23.7 91.3 4.5

3 62.1 32.0 94.1 4.5

7 30.9 56.6 87.5 4.5

14 3.0 70.9 73.9 4.3

20 <0.01 47.2 47.2 3.9

27 <0.01 28.2 28.2 3.3

55 <0.01 4.2 4.2 1.4

83 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

111 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Data obtained from Tables 10-13, pages 58-61 of the study report.

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 55. Intervals thereafter were not analyzed.

Calculated Half Life = 12.3 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.982655838

R Square 0.965612496

Adjusted R Square 0.961314059

Standard Error 0.196460743

Observations 10

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 8.670492767 8.670492767 224.6426513 3.87725E-07

Residual 8 0.308774588 0.038596824

Total 9 8.979267356

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.752438537 0.078808309 60.30377514 6.35369E-12 4.570706251 4.934171 4.570706 4.934171

X Variable 1 -0.05622741 0.003751474 -14.98808364 3.87725E-07 -0.06487832 -0.04758 -0.06488 -0.04758

% Applied Radioactivity

Total System Analysis

y = -0.0562x + 4.7524

R2 = 0.9656

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
75

Total Residues: Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Trinexapac-Ethyl

Pond Water-Sandy Clay Loam Sediment

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Total Residues Total Residues

0 99.0 n.a. 99.0 4.6

0.25 101.1 n.a. 101.1 4.6

1 88.1 4.8 92.9 4.5

2 75.6 10.6 86.2 4.5

3 78.6 17.0 95.6 4.6

7 41.6 36.5 78.1 4.4

14 10.7 51.6 62.3 4.1

20 2.9 44.4 47.3 3.9

27 n.a. 36.1 36.1 3.6

55 n.a. 6.8 6.8 1.9

83 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

111 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Data obtained from Tables 10-13, pages 58-61 of the study report.

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 55. Intervals thereafter were not analyzed.

Calculated Half Life = 14.8 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.98989692

R Square 0.979895913

Adjusted R Square 0.977382902

Standard Error 0.124601104

Observations 10

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 6.053817994 6.053817994 389.9290412 4.50317E-08

Residual 8 0.12420348 0.015525435

Total 9 6.178021474

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.668182834 0.049982516 93.39631519 1.92818E-13 4.552922945 4.783443 4.552923 4.783443

X Variable 1 -0.046983013 0.002379294 -19.74662101 4.50317E-08 -0.05246967 -0.0415 -0.05247 -0.0415

Total System Analysis

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.047x + 4.6682

R2 = 0.9799

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
76

4. Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism: MRID 48043712

9 0th Percentile Calculation

Anaerobic Aquatic System: Half Life (days)

ND System 290

FL System 56 Column1

Mean 173

n = 2 Standard Error 117

Median 173

Mode #N/A

Standard Deviation 165.4629868

Sample Variance 27378

Kurtosis #DIV/0!

s = sample deviation 165.46 Skewness #DIV/0!

sq.rt. n = 1.41 Range 234

117 Minimum 56

Maximum 290

Sum 346

Count 2

Confidence Level(80.0%) 360.0889738

533 days Represents the 90th percentile confidence bound on the mean half-life.
77

Total Residues: Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Trinexapac-Ethyl

Pond Water-Sandy Clay Loam Sediment (ND) System

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Total Residues Total Residues

0 101.0 n.d. 101.0 4.6

0 100.3 n.d. 100.3 4.6

0.125 96.6 1.2 97.8 4.6

0.125 104.9 0.0 104.9 4.7

0.25 100.5 1.1 101.6 4.6

0.25 104.0 2.2 106.2 4.7

0.50 98.5 2.7 101.2 4.6

0.50 89.6 2.1 91.7 4.5

1 88.5 6.6 95.1 4.6

1 75.9 9.4 85.3 4.4

2 75.2 19.8 95.0 4.6

2 71.6 20.2 91.8 4.5

3 59.2 23.4 82.6 4.4

3 61.2 36.7 97.9 4.6

4 50.9 31.8 82.7 4.4

4 30.7 45.9 76.6 4.3

7 26.7 60.5 87.2 4.5

7 2.4 61.4 63.8 4.2

18 3.2 88.0 91.2 4.5

18 n.d. 87.6 87.6 4.5

39 n.d. 77.8 77.8 4.4

39 n.d. 86.2 86.2 4.5

59 n.d. 79.7 79.7 4.4

59 n.d. 76.6 76.6 4.3

91 n.d. 86.2 86.2 4.5

91 n.d. 75.0 75.0 4.3

121 n.d. 58.4 58.4 4.1

121 n.d. 70.2 70.2 4.3

182 n.d. 58.6 58.6 4.1

182 n.d. 64.6 64.6 4.2

273 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

273 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

360 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

360 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Data obtained from Tables 7-8, pages 49-52 of the study report.

n.d. = not detected

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 182. Intervals thereafter were not included.

Calculated Half Life = 290 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.772863799

R Square 0.597318451

Adjusted R Square 0.582936967

Standard Error 0.108620691

Observations 30

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 0.490035286 0.490035286 41.53385396 5.57892E-07

Residual 28 0.330356726 0.011798455

Total 29 0.820392013

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.523354863 0.023742033 190.5209599 3.90632E-45 4.474721514 4.571988 4.474722 4.571988

X Variable 1 -0.002390556 0.000370935 -6.444676405 5.57892E-07 -0.00315038 -0.00163 -0.00315 -0.00163

Total System Analysis

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.0024x + 4.5234

R2 = 0.5973

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

0 5 0 100 150 200 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
78

Total Residues: Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of Trinexapac-Ethyl

Lake Water-Loamy Sand Sediment (FL) System

Days % Applied ln % Applied

Incubation Trinexapac-Ethyl CGA-179500 (acid) Total Residues Total Residues

0 107.4 0.0 107.4 4.7

0 101.0 1.0 102.0 4.6

0.125 85.6 2.3 87.9 4.5

0.125 84.2 2.0 86.2 4.5

0.25 76.5 4.8 81.3 4.4

0.25 75.1 4.8 79.9 4.4

0.50 81.3 4.1 85.4 4.4

0.50 72.1 7.6 79.7 4.4

1 62.7 16.2 78.9 4.4

1 62.4 20.2 82.6 4.4

2 53.1 25.7 78.8 4.4

2 38.0 43.2 81.2 4.4

3 33.5 34.2 67.7 4.2

3 28.6 42.7 71.3 4.3

4 25.1 35.9 61.0 4.1

4 29.0 37.9 66.9 4.2

7 9.0 48.5 57.5 4.1

7 11.3 45.2 56.5 4.0

18 0.7 56.3 57.0 4.0

18 1.6 49.0 50.6 3.9

39 n.d. 43.0 43.0 3.8

39 n.d. 46.9 46.9 3.8

59 n.d. 45.2 45.2 3.8

59 n.d. 41.5 41.5 3.7

91 n.d. 26.6 26.6 3.3

91 n.d. 27.5 27.5 3.3

121 n.d. 15.8 15.8 2.8

121 n.d. 17.5 17.5 2.9

182 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

182 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

273 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

273 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

360 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

360 n.a. n.a. 0.0 #NUM!

Data obtained from Tables 10-11, pages 55-58 of the study report.

n.d. = not detected

n.a. = not analyzed

Note: Chart includes data throughout Day 121. Intervals thereafter were not includeded.

Calculated Half Life = 56 days

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.960214158

R Square 0.922011229

Adjusted R Square 0.919011661

Standard Error 0.141038458

Observations 28

ANOVA

df S S MS F Significance F

Regression 1 6.114382256 6.114382256 307.381329 6.35367E-16

Residual 26 0.517188013 0.019891847

Total 27 6.631570269

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept 4.364172279 0.031894975 136.8294637 1.08819E-38 4.29861122 4.429733 4.298611 4.429733

X Variable 1 -0.012431462 0.000709061 -17.53229389 6.35367E-16 -0.01388896 -0.01097 -0.01389 -0.01097

Total System Analysis

% Applied Radioactivity

y = -0.0124x + 4.3642

R2 = 0.922

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 140 ln (% Applied Radioactivity)

Time (days)

Total Residues
79

Appendix C. Avian and Mammalian Risk Quotient Calculations for 

Trinexapac-ethyl

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

20 - 30.07 N/A 13.78 N/A 16.91 N/A 1.88 N/A 0.42 N/A

100 - 17.15 N/A 7.86 N/A 9.64 N/A 1.07 N/A 0.24 N/A

1000 - 7.68 N/A 3.52 N/A 4.32 N/A 0.48 N/A 0.11 N/A

Upper Bound Kenaga, Sub-acute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 26.4 N/A 12.10 N/A 14.85 N/A 1.65 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC 

(ppm) EECs and RQs
80

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

200 26.4 0.13 12.10 0.06 14.85 0.07 1.65 0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 9257 25.17 <0.01 11.54 <0.01 14.16 <0.01 1.57 <0.01 0.35 <0.01

35 7490 17.40 <0.01 7.97 <0.01 9.79 <0.01 1.09 <0.01 0.24 <0.01

1000 3240 4.03 <0.01 1.85 <0.01 2.27 <0.01 0.25 <0.01 0.06 <0.01

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 26.4 N/A 12.10 N/A 14.85 N/A 1.65 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

11880 26.4 <0.01 12.10 <0.01 14.85 <0.01 1.65 <0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 
81

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted 

NOAEL

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 1305 25.17 0.02 11.54 0.01 14.16 0.01 1.57 <0.01 0.35 <0.01

35 1056 17.40 0.02 7.97 0.01 9.79 0.01 1.09 <0.01 0.24 <0.01

1000 457 4.03 0.01 1.85 <0.01 2.27 <0.01 0.25 <0.01 0.06 <0.01

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single application at 0.31 lb ai/A

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short GrassTall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

20 - 84.73 N/A 38.84 N/A 47.66 N/A 5.30 N/A 1.18 N/A

100 - 48.32 N/A 22.15 N/A 27.18 N/A 3.02 N/A 0.67 N/A

1000 - 21.63 N/A 9.92 N/A 12.17 N/A 1.35 N/A 0.30 N/A

Upper Bound Kenaga, Sub-acute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small 

Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 74.40 N/A 34.10 N/A 41.85 N/A 4.65 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 
82

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small 

Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

200 74.40 0.37 34.10 0.17 41.85 0.21 4.65 0.02

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short GrassTall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 9257 70.93 0.01 32.51<0.0139.90 <0.01 4.43 <0.01 0.99 <0.01

35 7490 49.03 0.01 22.47<0.0127.58 <0.01 3.06 <0.01 0.68 <0.01

1000 3240 11.37 <0.01 5.21 <0.01 6.39 <0.01 0.71 <0.01 0.16 <0.01

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small 

Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 74.40 N/A 34.10 N/A 41.85 N/A 4.65 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table X. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC EECs and RQs
83

(ppm)

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small 

Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

11880 74.40 0.01 34.10 <0.0141.85<0.01 4.65 <0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted 

NOAEL

EECs and RQs

Short GrassTall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 1305 70.93 0.05 32.51 0.02 39.90 0.03 4.43 <0.01 0.99 <0.01

35 1056 49.03 0.05 22.47 0.02 27.58 0.03 3.06 <0.01 0.68 <0.01

1000 457 11.37 0.02 5.21 0.01 6.39 0.01 0.71 <0.01 0.16 <0.01

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single application at 0.5 

lb ai/A

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

20 0.00 136.67 N/A 62.64 N/A 76.88 N/A 8.54 N/A 1.90 N/A

100 0.00 77.93 N/A 35.72 N/A 43.84 N/A 4.87 N/A 1.08 N/A

1000 0.00 34.89 N/A 15.99 N/A 19.63 N/A 2.18 N/A 0.48 N/A
84

Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 120.00 N/A 55.00 N/A 67.50 N/A 7.50 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

200 120.00 0.60 55.00 0.28 67.50 0.34 7.50 0.04

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients 

Size Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 9257.26 114.41 0.01 52.44 0.01 64.36 0.01 7.15 <0.01 1.59 <0.01

35 7490.11 79.07 0.01 36.24 <0.01 44.48 0.01 4.94 <0.01 1.10 <0.01

1000 3239.70 18.33 0.01 8.40 <0.01 10.31 <0.01 1.15 <0.01 0.25 <0.01
85

Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

LC50 (ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

0 120.00 N/A 55.00 N/A 67.50 N/A 7.50 N/A

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

11880 120.00 0.01 55.00 <0.01 67.50 0.01 7.50 <0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size Class

(grams)

Adjusted 

NOAEL

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 1305.51 114.41 0.09 52.44 0.04 64.36 0.05 7.15 0.01 1.59 <0.01

35 1056.30 79.07 0.07 36.24 0.03 44.48 0.04 4.94 <0.01 1.10 <0.01

1000 456.88 18.33 0.04 8.40 0.02 10.31 0.02 1.15 <0.01 0.25 <0.01
86

Appendix D. Terrestrial Plant Risk Quotient Calculations for

Trinexapac-ethyl

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single ground application at 0.11 lb ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.11

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.01 none

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. Units in .

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0055

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.055

Spray drift A*D 0.0011

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.0066

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.0561

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in . All values are user inputs

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.19 <0.1

Monocot listed <0.1 0.60 <0.1

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.26 <0.1

Dicot listed <0.1 0.60 <0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Cereals – single aerial/chemigation application at 

0.11 lb ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.11

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.05 none
87

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. Units in .

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0055

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.055

Spray drift A*D 0.0055

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.011

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.0605

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in . All values are user inputs

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.20 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.12 0.64 0.13

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.28 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.12 0.64 <0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single ground application at 0.31 lb

ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.31

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.01 none

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. Units in .

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0155

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.155

Spray drift A*D 0.0031

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.0186

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.1581
88

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in . All values are user inputs

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.53 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.20 1.68 <0.1

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.72 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.20 1.68 <0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Sugarcane – single aerial application at 0.31 lb

ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.31

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.05 none

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. Units in .

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0155

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.155

Spray drift A*D 0.0155

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.031

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.1705

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in . All values are user inputs

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085
89

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed 0.10 0.57 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.33 1.81 0.36

Dicot non-listed 0.14 0.78 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.33 1.81 0.16

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single ground 

application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.5

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.01 none

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. 

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.025

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.25

Spray drift A*D 0.005

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.03

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.255

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation.

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085
90

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.85 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.32 2.71 0.12

Dicot non-listed 0.14 1.16 <0.1

Dicot listed 0.32 2.71 <0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.

Palisade EC and Palisade 2EC on Grasses Grown for Seed – single 

aerial/chemigation application at 0.5 lb ai/A

Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value (user inputs) Units

Application Rate A 0.5

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.05 none

EECs for Trinexapac-ethyl. Units in .

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.025

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.25

Spray drift A*D 0.025

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.05

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.275

Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. 

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.301 0.094 0.294 0.0425

Dicot 0.22 0.094 0.267 0.085
91

RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to Trinexapac-ethyl through runoff and/or spray 

drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed 0.17 0.91 <0.1

Monocot listed 0.53 2.93 0.59

Dicot non-listed 0.23 1.25 0.11

Dicot listed 0.53 2.93 0.27

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.
92

Appendix E. Risk Quotient Method and Levels of Concern

The Risk Quotient Method is the means by which the Environmental Fate and Effects 

Division (EFED) integrates the results of exposure and ecotoxicity data. In this method, 

both acute and chronic risk quotients (RQs) are calculated by dividing exposure estimates 

by the most sensitive ecotoxicity values derived from the studies. Calculated RQs are 

then compared to OPP's levels of concern (LOCs). The LOCs are the criteria used by 

OPP to indicate potential risk to non-target organisms and the need to consider regulatory 

action. EFED has defined LOCs for acute risk, potential restricted use, and for listed 

species. Risk presumptions, along with the corresponding RQs and LOCs are 

summarized in the table below.

Levels of Concern for Assessed Taxa

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Birds

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 

50 mg/kg)

0.2

Acute Listed Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOAEC 1

Mammals

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 

50 mg/kg)

0.2

Acute Listed Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOAEC 1

Aquatic Animals

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.1

Acute Listed Species EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.05

Chronic Risk EEC/NOAEC 1

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants 

Acute Risk EEC/EC25 1

Acute Listed Species EEC/EC05 or NOAEC 1

Aquatic Plants
93

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Acute Risk EEC/EC50 1

Acute Listed Species EEC/EC05 or NOAEC 1
94

Appendix F. Listed Species Directly or Indirectly Affected by Proposed 

Uses

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Amphianthus, 

Little Amphianthus pusillus T Wetland Alabama Dicot

Bankclimber, 

Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus T Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Barbara Buttons, 

Mohr's Marshallia mohrii T Wetland Alabama Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Alabama Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Alabama Mammal

Bladderpod, 

Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Bulrush, 

Northeastern 

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland Alabama Monocot

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

mitchellii E

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Alabama Insect

Campeloma, 

Slender Campeloma decampi E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Cavefish, 

Alabama

Speoplatyrhinus 

poulsoni E Freshwater Alabama Fish

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland Alabama Dicot

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Clover, Leafy 

Prairie Dalea foliosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Combshell, 

Southern 

(=Penitent 

mussel) Epioblasma penita E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve
95

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti E Freshwater Alabama Fish

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Darter, 

Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald Somatochlora hineana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Alabama Insect

Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella T Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Fern, Alabama 

Streak-sorus

Thelypteris pilosa var. 

alabamensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Ferns

Fern, American 

hart's-tongue

Asplenium 

scolopendrium var. 

americanum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Ferns

Grass,

Tennessee 

Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Monocot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland Alabama Dicot

Hornsnail, rough Pleurocera foremani E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Kidneyshell, 

Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Leather-flower, 

Alabama Clematis socialis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Leather-flower, 

Morefield's Clematis morefieldii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Alabama Mammal

Mouse, Alabama 

Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

ammobates E

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Alabama Mammal

Mouse, Perdido 

Key Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

trissyllepsis E

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Alabama Mammal
96

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mucket, Orangenacre Lampsilis perovalis T Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, 

Acornshell 

Southern

Epioblasma 

othcaloogensis E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama 

Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Coosa 

Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Dark 

Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Finelined 

Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Finerayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Flat 

Pigtoe 

(=Marshall's 

Mussel) Pleurobema marshalli E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Georgia 

pigtoe

Pleurobema 

hanleyianum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Gulf 

Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Heavy 

Pigtoe (=Judge 

Tait's Mussel) Pleurobema taitianum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, 

Heelsplitter 

Inflated Potamilus inflatus T Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Oval 

Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate 

Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve
97

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mussel, Ring 

Pink (=Golf Stick 

Pearly) Obovaria retusa E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Rough 

Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny 

Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, Shinyrayed 

Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern 

Clubshell Pleurobema decisum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern Pigtoe

Pleurobema 

georgianum E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Monkeyface Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Orange-footed

Plethobasus 

cooperianus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

White 

Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Pinkroot, 

Gentian Spigelia gentianoides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Pitcher-plant, 

Alabama 

Canebrake

Sarracenia rubra 

alabamensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Pitcher-plant, 

Green Sarracenia oreophila E Wetland Alabama Dicot
98

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Alabama Bird

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland Alabama Dicot

Potato-bean, 

Price's Apios priceana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Dicot

Quillwort, 

Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis E Wetland Alabama Ferns

Riversnail, 

Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Rocksnail, 

interrupted Leptoxis foremani E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Rocksnail, 

Painted Leptoxis taeniata T Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Rocksnail, 

Plicate Leptoxis plicata E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla T Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Salamander, 

Frosted 

Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool Alabama Amphibian

Salamander, Red 

Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Alabama Amphibian

Sculpin, Pygmy

Cottus paulus 

(=pygmaeus) T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater Alabama Fish

Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae E Freshwater Alabama Fish

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus E Freshwater Alabama Fish

Shrimp, Alabama 

Cave Palaemonias alabamae E Freshwater Alabama Crustacean

Snail, Armored

Pyrgulopsis 

(=Marstonia) pachyta E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Snail, Lioplax 

Cylindrical

Lioplax 

cyclostomaformis E Freshwater Alabama Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica E Terrestrial Alabama Gastropod
99

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snake, Eastern 

Indigo

Drymarchon corais 

couperi T Terrestrial Alabama Reptile

Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes E Freshwater Alabama Bivalve

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial Alabama Bird

Sturgeon, 

Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi E Freshwater Alabama Fish

Sturgeon, Gulf

Acipenser oxyrinchus 

desotoi T

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Alabama Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Alabama Bird

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus T Terrestrial Alabama Reptile

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Monocot

Turtle, Alabama 

Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Alabama Reptile

Turtle, Flattened 

Musk Sternotherus depressus T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Alabama Reptile

Water-plantain, 

Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Alabama Monocot

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Alabama Bird

Seal, spotted Phoca largha T Saltwater Alaska Mammal

Whale, beluga Delphinapterus leucas E Saltwater Alaska Mammal

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus E Saltwater Alaska Mammal

Bat, Lesser 

(=Sanborn's) 

Long-nosed

Leptonycteris curasoae 

yerbabuenae E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Arizona Mammal

Blue-star, 

Kearney's Amsonia kearneyana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Bobwhite, 

Masked

Colinus virginianus 

ridgwayi E Terrestrial Arizona Bird
100

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cactus, Arizona 

Hedgehog

Echinocereus 

triglochidiatus var.

arizonicus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Cactus, Cochise 

Pincushion

Coryphantha 

robbinsorum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Cactus, Nichol's 

Turk's Head

Echinocactus 

horizonthalonius var. 

nicholii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Cactus, Peebles 

Navajo

Pediocactus 

peeblesianus 

peeblesianus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Cactus, Pima 

Pineapple

Coryphantha scheeri 

var. robustispina E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Cactus, Siler 

Pincushion

Pediocactus 

(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) 

sileri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Catfish, Yaqui Ictalurus pricei T Freshwater Arizona Fish

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Chub, Gila Gila intermedia E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Chub, Virgin 

River

Gila seminuda 

(=robusta) E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Chub, Yaqui Gila purpurea E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Cliffrose, Arizona

Purshia (=cowania) 

subintegra E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Condor, 

California

Gymnogyps 

californianus E Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Cycladenia, 

Jones

Cycladenia jonesii 

(=humilis) T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Eagle, Bald

Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus T Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Falcon, Northern

Aplomado

Falco femoralis 

septentrionalis E Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal
101

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Frog, Chiricahua 

Leopard Rana chiricahuensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Arizona Amphibian

Jaguar Panthera onca E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Jaguarundi, 

Sinaloan

Herpailurus (=Felis) 

yagouaroundi tolteca E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, 

Canelo Hills Spiranthes delitescens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Monocot

Milk-vetch, 

Holmgren

Astragalus 

holmgreniorum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arizona Dicot

Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis T Freshwater Arizona Fish

Ocelot

Leopardus (=Felis) 

pardalis E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Owl, Mexican 

Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida T Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Pronghorn, 

Sonoran

Antilocapra americana 

sonoriensis E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Rail, Yuma 

Clapper

Rallus longirostris 

yumanensis E Terrestrial Arizona Bird

Rattlesnake, 

New Mexican 

Ridge-nosed

Crotalus willardi 

obscurus T Terrestrial Arizona Reptile

Salamander, 

Sonora Tiger

Ambystoma tigrinum 

stebbinsi E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool Arizona Amphibian

Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola T Wetland Arizona Monocot

Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa T Freshwater Arizona Fish

Spikedace Meda fulgida T Freshwater Arizona Fish
102

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Spinedace, Little 

Colorado Lepidomeda vittata T Freshwater Arizona Fish

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Squirrel, Mount 

Graham Red

Tamiasciurus 

hudsonicus 

grahamensis E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Topminnow, Gila 

(Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii T Terrestrial Arizona Reptile

Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache T Freshwater Arizona Fish

Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Umbel, 

Huachuca Water

Lilaeopsis schaffneriana 

var. recurva E Wetland Arizona Dicot

Vole, Hualapai 

Mexican

Microtus mexicanus 

hualpaiensis E Terrestrial Arizona Mammal

Woundfin

Plagopterus 

argentissimus E Freshwater Arizona Fish

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Arkansas Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Arkansas Mammal

Bat, Ozark Bigeared

Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) townsendii 

ingens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Arkansas Mammal

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Arkansas Insect

Bladderpod, 

Missouri Lesquerella filiformis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arkansas Dicot
103

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Catchfly, 

Spalding's Silene spaldingii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arkansas Dicot

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae T Freshwater Arkansas Fish

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arkansas Dicot

Crayfish, Cave 

(Cambarus 

aculabrum) Cambarus aculabrum E Freshwater Arkansas Crustacean

Crayfish, Cave 

(Cambarus 

zophonastes) Cambarus zophonastes E Freshwater Arkansas Crustacean

Eagle, Bald

Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus T Terrestrial Arkansas Bird

Fatmucket, 

Arkansas Lampsilis powelli T Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Fruit, Earth 

(=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Arkansas Dicot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland Arkansas Dicot

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Arkansas Monocot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Mussel, 

Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Mussel, 

Speckled 

Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Panther, Florida

Puma (=Felis) concolor 

coryi E Terrestrial Arkansas Mammal

Pearlymussel, 

Curtis'

Epioblasma florentina 

curtisii E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland Arkansas Dicot
104

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus idahoensis E Terrestrial Arkansas Mammal

Rockpocketbook, 

Ouachita 

(=Wheeler's pm) Arkansia wheeleri E Freshwater Arkansas Bivalve

Shagreen, 

Magazine 

Mountain Mesodon magazinensis T Terrestrial Arkansas Gastropod

Shiner, Arkansas 

River Notropis girardi T Freshwater Arkansas Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Arkansas Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Arkansas Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Arkansas Bird

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Arkansas Fish

Warbler, 

Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial Arkansas Bird

Woodpecker, 

Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis E Terrestrial Arkansas Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Arkansas Bird

Abalone, Black Haliotis cracherodii E Saltwater California Gastropod

Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni E Saltwater California Gastropod

Adobe Sunburst, 

San Joaquin Pseudobahia peirsonii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Albatross, ShorttailedPhoebastria 

(=Diomedea) albatrus E

Terrestrial, 

Saltwater California Bird

Allocarya, 

Calistoga Plagiobothrys strictus E Wetland California Dicot

Alopecurus, 

Sonoma

Alopecurus aequalis

var. sonomensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot
105

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Ambrosia, San 

Diego Ambrosia pumila E Upland California Dicot

Amole, 

Cammatta 

Canyon

Chlorogalum 

purpureum var. 

reductum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Amole, Purple

Chlorogalum 

purpureum var. 

purpureum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Baccharis, 

Encinitas Baccharis vanessae T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Barberry, Island

Berberis pinnata ssp. 

insularis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Barberry, 

Nevin’s Berberis nevinii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bedstraw, El 

Dorado

Galium californicum 

ssp. sierrae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bedstraw, Island Galium buxifolium E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Beetle, Delta 

Green Ground Elaphrus viridis T

Terrestrial, 

Vernal pool California Insect

Beetle, Valley 

Elderberry 

Longhorn

Desmocerus californicus 

dimorphus T Terrestrial California Insect

Bird's-beak, 

Palmate-bracted Cordylanthus palmatus E Wetland California Dicot

Bird's-beak, 

Pennell's

Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. 

capillaris E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bird's-beak, salt 

marsh

Cordylanthus maritimus 

ssp. maritimus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bird's-beak, Soft

Cordylanthus mollis ssp. 

mollis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
106

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bladderpod, San 

Bernardino 

Mountains

Lesquerella kingii ssp. 

bernardina E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bluecurls, 

Hidden Lake

Trichostema 

austromontanum ssp. 

compactum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bluegrass, Napa Poa napensis E Wetland California Monocot

Bluegrass, San 

Bernardino Poa atropurpurea E Terrestrial California Monocot

Brodiaea, 

Thread-leaved Brodiaea filifolia T Wetland California Monocot

Broom, San 

Clemente Island

Lotus dendroideus ssp. 

traskiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Buckwheat, 

Cushenbury

Eriogonum ovalifolium 

var. vineum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Buckwheat, Ione 

(incl. Irish Hill)

Eriogonum apricum 

(incl. var. prostratum) E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Buckwheat, 

Southern 

Mountain Wild

Eriogonum kennedyi 

var. austromontanum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bush-mallow, 

San Clemente 

Island

Malacothamnus 

clementinus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Bush-mallow, 

Santa Cruz Island

Malacothamnus 

fasciculatus var. 

nesioticus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Butterfly, Bay 

Checkerspot 

(Wright's 

euphydryas)

Euphydryas editha 

bayensis T Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Behren's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

behrensii E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Callippe 

Silverspot

Speyeria callippe 

callippe E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, El 

Segundo Blue

Euphilotes battoides 

allyni E Terrestrial California Insect
107

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Butterfly, 

Lange's 

Metalmark

Apodemia mormo 

langei E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, Lotis 

Blue

Lycaeides 

argyrognomon lotis E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Mission Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

missionensis E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Mission Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

missionensis E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Myrtle's 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

myrtleae E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, Palos 

Verdes Blue

Glaucopsyche lygdamus 

palosverdesensis E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, Quino 

Checkerspot

Euphydryas editha 

quino (=E. e. wrighti) E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, San 

Bruno Elfin

Callophrys mossii 

bayensis E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterfly, 

Smith's Blue

Euphilotes enoptes 

smithi E Terrestrial California Insect

Butterweed, 

Layne's Senecio layneae T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Button-celery, 

San Diego

Eryngium aristulatum 

var. parishii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Cactus, 

Bakersfield Opuntia treleasei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Ceanothus, 

Coyote Ceanothus ferrisae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Ceanothus, Pine 

Hill Ceanothus roderickii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Ceanothus, Vail 

Lake Ceanothus ophiochilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
108

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Checker-mallow, 

Keck's Sidalcea keckii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Checker-mallow, 

Kenwood Marsh

Sidalcea oregana ssp. 

valida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Checker-mallow, 

Pedate Sidalcea pedata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans E Freshwater California Fish

Chub, Mohave 

Tui Gila bicolor mohavensis E Freshwater California Fish

Chub, Owens Tui Gila bicolor snyderi E Freshwater California Fish

Clarkia, Pismo

Clarkia speciosa ssp. 

immaculata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Clarkia, 

Springville Clarkia springvillensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Clarkia, Vine Hill Clarkia imbricata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Clover, Fleshy 

Owl's

Castilleja campestris 

ssp. succulenta T Wetland California Dicot

Clover, 

Monterey Trifolium trichocalyx E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Clover, Showy 

Indian Trifolium amoenum E Wetland California Dicot

Condor, 

California

Gymnogyps 

californianus E Terrestrial California Bird

Coyote-thistle, 

Loch Lomond Eryngium constancei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Crayfish, Shasta Pacifastacus fortis E Freshwater California Crustacean

Crownscale, San 

Jacinto Valley

Atriplex coronata var. 

notatior E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
109

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cypress, Gowen

Cupressus goveniana 

ssp. goveniana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Conf/cycds

Cypress, Santa 

Cruz Cupressus abramsiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Conf/cycds

Daisy, Parish's Erigeron parishii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, Conejo

Dudleya abramsii ssp. 

parva T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, 

Marcescent

Dudleya cymosa ssp. 

marcescens T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, Santa 

Clara Valley Dudleya setchellii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, Santa 

Cruz Island Dudleya nesiotica T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, Santa 

Monica 

Mountains

Dudleya cymosa ssp. 

ovatifolia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dudleya, Verity's Dudleya verityi T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Dwarf-flax, 

Marin

Hesperolinon 

congestum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Eveningprimrose, 

Antioch Dunes

Oenothera deltoides 

ssp. howellii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Eveningprimrose, San 

Benito Camissonia benitensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Fairy Shrimp, 

Conservancy 

Fairy

Branchinecta 

conservatio E Vernal pool California Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, 

Longhorn

Branchinecta 

longiantenna E Vernal pool California Crustacean
110

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Fairy Shrimp, 

Riverside

Streptocephalus 

woottoni E Vernal pool California Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, 

San Diego

Branchinecta 

sandiegonensis E Vernal pool California Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, 

Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi T Vernal pool California Crustacean

Fiddleneck, 

Large-flowered Amsinckia grandiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Flannelbush, 

Mexican

Fremontodendron 

mexicanum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Flannelbush, 

Pine Hill

Fremontodendron 

californicum ssp.

decumbens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Fly, Delhi Sands 

Flower-loving

Rhaphiomidas 

terminatus abdominalis E Terrestrial California Insect

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial California Bird

Fox, San Joaquin 

Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica E Terrestrial California Mammal

Fox, Santa 

Catalina Island

Urocyon littoralis 

catalinae E Terrestrial California Mammal

Fox, Santa Cruz 

Island

Urocyon littoralis 

santacruzae E Terrestrial California Mammal

Fox, Santa Rosa 

Island

Urocyon littoralis 

santarosae E Terrestrial California Mammal

Fringepod, Santa 

Cruz Island

Thysanocarpus 

conchuliferus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Frog, California 

Red-legged Rana aurora draytonii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Amphibian

Frog, Mountain 

Yellow-legged Rana muscosa E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Amphibian

Gilia, 

Hoffmann's 

SlenderfloweredGilia tenuiflora ssp. 

hoffmannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
111

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Gilia, Monterey

Gilia tenuiflora ssp. 

arenaria E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Gnatcatcher, 

Coastal 

California

Polioptila californica 

californica T Terrestrial California Bird

Goby, Tidewater

Eucyclogobius 

newberryi E Freshwater California Fish

Golden 

Sunburst, 

Hartweg's Pseudobahia bahiifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Goldfields, 

Burke's Lasthenia burkei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Goldfields, 

Contra Costa Lasthenia conjugens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Grass, California 

Orcutt Orcuttia californica E Wetland California Monocot

Grass, Colusa Neostapfia colusana T Wetland California Monocot

Grass, Hairy 

Orcutt Orcuttia pilosa E Wetland California Dicot

Grass, 

Sacramento 

Orcutt Orcuttia viscida E Wetland California Dicot

Grass, San 

Joaquin Valley 

Orcutt Orcuttia inaequalis T Wetland California Monocot

Grass, Slender 

Orcutt Orcuttia tenuis T Wetland California Dicot

Grass, Solano Tuctoria mucronata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis T Wetland California Dicot

Jaguar Panthera onca E Terrestrial California Mammal

Jewelflower, 

California Caulanthus californicus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
112

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Jewelflower, 

Metcalf Canyon

Streptanthus albidus 

ssp. albidus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Jewelflower, 

Tiburon Streptanthus niger E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Kangaroo Rat, 

Fresno

Dipodomys nitratoides 

exilis E Terrestrial California Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, 

Giant Dipodomys ingens E Terrestrial California Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, 

Morro Bay

Dipodomys heermanni 

morroensis E Terrestrial California Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, 

San Bernardino 

Merriam's

Dipodomys merriami 

parvus E Terrestrial California Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, 

Stephens'

Dipodomys stephensi 

(incl. D. cascus) E Terrestrial California Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, 

Tipton

Dipodomys nitratoides 

nitratoides E Terrestrial California Mammal

Larkspur, Baker's Delphinium bakeri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Larkspur, San

Clemente Island

Delphinium variegatum 

ssp. kinkiense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Larkspur, Yellow Delphinium luteum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Layia, Beach Layia carnosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Lessingia, San 

Francisco

Lessingia germanorum 

(=L.g. var. 

germanorum) E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Lily, Pitkin Marsh

Lilium pardalinum ssp. 

pitkinense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot
113

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Lily, Tiburon 

Mariposa

Calochortus 

tiburonensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Lily, Western Lilium occidentale E Wetland California Monocot

Liveforever, 

Santa Barbara 

Island Dudleya traskiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Lizard, Bluntnosed Leopard Gambelia silus E Terrestrial California Reptile

Lizard, Coachella 

Valley Fringetoed Uma inornata T Terrestrial California Reptile

Lizard, Island 

Night Xantusia riversiana T Terrestrial California Reptile

Lupine, Clover Lupinus tidestromii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Lupine, Nipomo 

Mesa Lupinus nipomensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Malacothrix, 

Island Malacothrix squalida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Malacothrix, 

Santa Cruz Island Malacothrix indecora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Mallow, Kern Eremalche kernensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Manzanita, Del 

Mar

Arctostaphylos 

glandulosa ssp. 

crassifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Manzanita, Ione

Arctostaphylos 

myrtifolia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Manzanita, 

Morro

Arctostaphylos 

morroensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
114

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Manzanita, 

Pallid Arctostaphylos pallida T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Manzanita, 

Santa Rosa 

Island

Arctostaphylos 

confertiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Meadowfoam, 

Butte County

Limnanthes floccosa 

ssp. californica E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Meadowfoam, 

Sebastopol Limnanthes vinculans E Wetland California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Applegate's Astragalus applegatei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Braunton's Astragalus brauntonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, Clara 

Hunt's Astragalus clarianus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Coachella Valley

Astragalus lentiginosus 

var. coachellae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Coastal Dunes Astragalus tener var. titi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Cushenbury Astragalus albens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, Fish 

Slough

Astragalus lentiginosus 

var. piscinensis T Wetland California Dicot

Milk-vetch, Lane 

Mountain Astragalus jaegerianus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Pierson's

Astragalus magdalenae 

var. peirsonii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Triple-ribbed Astragalus tricarinatus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
115

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Milk-vetch, 

Ventura Marsh

Astragalus 

pycnostachyus var. 

lanosissimus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Mint, Otay Mesa Pogogyne nudiuscula E Wetland California Dicot

Mint, San Diego 

Mesa Pogogyne abramsii E Wetland California Dicot

Monardella, 

Willowy

Monardella linoides ssp. 

viminea E Upland California Dicot

Morning-glory, 

Stebbins Calystegia stebbinsii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Moth, Kern 

Primrose Sphinx Euproserpinus euterpe T Terrestrial California Insect

Mountain 

Beaver, Point 

Arena Aplodontia rufa nigra E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Mammal

Mountainbalm, 

Indian Knob Eriodictyon altissimum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Mountainmahogany, 

Catalina Island Cercocarpus traskiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Mouse, Pacific 

Pocket

Perognathus 

longimembris pacificus E Terrestrial California Mammal

Mouse, Salt 

Marsh Harvest

Reithrodontomys 

raviventris E Terrestrial California Mammal

Murrelet, 

Marbled

Brachyramphus 

marmoratus T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Saltwater California Bird

Mustard, 

Slender-petaled

Thelypodium 

stenopetalum E Wetland California Dicot

Navarretia, Fewflowered

Navarretia 

leucocephala ssp. 

Pauciflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Navarretia, 

Many-flowered

Navarretia 

leucocephala ssp. 

plieantha E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
116

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Navarretia, 

Spreading Navarretia fossalis T Wetland California Dicot

Onion, Munz's Allium munzii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Otter, Southern 

Sea Enhydra lutris nereis T Saltwater California Mammal

Owl, Northern 

Spotted

Strix occidentalis 

caurina T Terrestrial California Bird

Oxytheca, 

Cushenbury

Oxytheca parishii var. 

goodmaniana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Paintbrush, Ashgrey Indian Castilleja cinerea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Paintbrush, San 

Clemente Island 

Indian Castilleja grisea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Paintbrush, Softleaved Castilleja mollis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Paintbrush, 

Tiburon

Castilleja affinis ssp. 

neglecta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Penny-cress, 

Kneeland Prairie Thlaspi californicum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Pentachaeta, 

Lyon's Pentachaeta lyonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Pentachaeta, 

White-rayed Pentachaeta bellidiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Phacelia, Island

Phacelia insularis ssp. 

insularis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Phlox, Yreka Phlox hirsuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
117

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Piperia, Yadon's Piperia yadonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Monocot

Plover, Western 

Snowy

Charadrius alexandrinus 

nivosus T Terrestrial California Bird

Potentilla, 

Hickman's Potentilla hickmanii E Wetland California Dicot

Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius E Freshwater California Fish

Pussypaws, 

Mariposa Calyptridium pulchellum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Rabbit, Riparian 

Brush

Sylvilagus bachmani 

riparius E Terrestrial California Mammal

Rail, California 

Clapper

Rallus longirostris 

obsoletus E Terrestrial California Bird

Rail, Lightfooted ClapperRallus longirostris 

levipes E Terrestrial California Bird

Rail, Yuma 

Clapper

Rallus longirostris 

yumanensis E Terrestrial California Bird

Rock-cress, 

Hoffmann's Arabis hoffmannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Rock-cress, 

McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Rock-cress, 

Santa Cruz Island Sibara filifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Rush-rose, Island Helianthemum greenei T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Salamander, 

California Tiger

Ambystoma 

californiense E

Terrestrial, 

Vernal pool California Amphibian

Salamander, 

Desert Slender Batrachoseps aridus E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Amphibian

Salamander, 

Santa Cruz Longtoed

Ambystoma 

macrodactylum 

croceum E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool California Amphibian
118

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Salmon, Chinook

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

tshawytscha E/T

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater California Fish

Salmon, Coho

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

kisutch E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater California Fish

Sandwort, Bear 

Valley Arenaria ursina T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Sandwort, 

Marsh Arenaria paludicola E Wetland California Dicot

Sea-blite, 

California Suaeda californica E Wetland California Dicot

Seal, Guadalupe 

Fur

Arctocephalus 

townsendi T

Saltwater, 

Coastal California Mammal

Sea-lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus E/T

Saltwater, 

Coastal California Mammal

Sedge, White Carex albida E Wetland California Monocot

Sheep, 

Peninsular 

Bighorn Ovis canadensis nelsoni E Terrestrial California Mammal

Sheep, Sierra 

Nevada Bighorn Ovis canadensis sierrae E Terrestrial California Mammal

Shrew, Buena 

Vista Lake 

Ornate Sorex ornatus relictus E Terrestrial California Mammal

Shrike, San 

Clemente 

Loggerhead

Lanius ludovicianus 

mearnsi E Terrestrial California Bird

Shrimp, 

California 

Freshwater Syncaris pacifica E Freshwater California Crustacean

Skipper, Carson 

Wandering

Pseudocopaeodes 

eunus obscurus E Terrestrial California Insect

Skipper, Laguna 

Mountain Pyrgus ruralis lagunae E Terrestrial California Insect

Smelt, Delta

Hypomesus 

transpacificus T

Freshwater, 

Brackish California Fish

Snail, Morro 

Shoulderband

Helminthoglypta 

walkeriana E Terrestrial California Gastropod
119

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snake, Giant 

Garter Thamnophis gigas T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Reptile

Snake, San 

Francisco Garter

Thamnophis sirtalis 

tetrataenia E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Reptile

Sparrow, San 

Clemente Sage

Amphispiza belli 

clementeae T Terrestrial California Bird

Spineflower, 

Howell's Chorizanthe howellii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spineflower, 

Monterey

Chorizanthe pungens 

var. pungens T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spineflower, 

Orcutt's Chorizanthe orcuttiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spineflower, 

Robust

Chorizanthe robusta va 

r. robusta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spineflower, 

Slender-horned Dodecahema leptoceras E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spineflower, 

Sonoma Chorizanthe valida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Spurge, Hoover's Chamaesyce hooveri T Wetland California Dicot

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater California Fish

Steelhead

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

mykiss E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater California Fish

Stickleback, 

Unarmored 

Threespine

Gasterosteus aculeatus 

williamsoni E Freshwater California Fish

Stickyseed, 

Baker's Blennosperma bakeri E Wetland California Dicot

Stonecrop, Lake 

County Parvisedum leiocarpum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
120

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Sturgeon, North 

American green Acipenser medirostris T

Freshwater, 

Saltwater California Fish

Sucker, Lost 

River Deltistes luxatus E Freshwater California Fish

Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps E Freshwater California Fish

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater California Fish

Sucker, Santa 

Ana Catostomus santaanae T Freshwater California Fish

Sucker, 

Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris E Freshwater California Fish

Sunflower, San 

Mateo Woolly Eriophyllum latilobum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Tadpole Shrimp, 

Vernal Pool Lepidurus packardi E Vernal pool California Crustacean

Taraxacum, 

California Taraxacum californicum E Wetland California Dicot

Tarplant, 

Gaviota

Deinandra increscens 

ssp. villosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Tarplant, Otay

Deinandra (=Hemizonia) 

conjugens T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Tarplant, Santa 

Cruz Holocarpha macradenia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Tern, California 

Least

Sterna antillarum 

browni E Terrestrial California Bird

Thistle, Chorro 

creek Bog

Cirsium fontinale var. 

obispoense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Thistle, Fountain

Cirsium fontinale var. 

fontinale E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Thistle, La 

Graciosa Cirsium loncholepis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot
121

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Thistle, Suisun

Cirsium hydrophilum 

var. hydrophilum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Thornmint, San 

Diego Acanthomintha ilicifolia T Wetland California Dicot

Thornmint, San 

Mateo

Acanthomintha obovata 

ssp. duttonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Toad, Arroyo 

Southwestern

Bufo californicus 

(=microscaphus) E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater California Amphibian

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii T Terrestrial California Reptile

Trout, Lahontan 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

henshawi T Freshwater California Fish

Trout, Little Kern 

Golden

Oncorhynchus 

aguabonita whitei T Freshwater California Fish

Trout, Paiute 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

seleniris T Freshwater California Fish

Tuctoria, 

Green's Tuctoria greenei E Wetland California Dicot

Vireo, Least 

Bell's Vireo bellii pusillus E Terrestrial California Bird

Wallflower, 

Contra Costa

Erysimum capitatum 

var. angustatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Wallflower, 

Menzie's Erysimum menziesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Watercress, 

Gambel's Rorippa gambellii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater California Mammal

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus E Saltwater California Mammal

Whale, 

Humpback

Megaptera 

novaeangliae E Saltwater California Mammal

Whale, North 

Atlantic right

Eubalaena glacialis 

(incl. australis) E Saltwater California Mammal
122

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis E Saltwater California Mammal

Whale, Sperm

Physeter catodon 

(=macrocephalus) E Saltwater California Mammal

Whipsnake 

(=Striped Racer), 

Alameda

Masticophis lateralis 

euryxanthus T Terrestrial California Reptile

Woodland-star, 

San Clemente 

Island

Lithophragma 

maximum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Woodrat, 

Riparian

Neotoma fuscipes 

riparia E Terrestrial California Mammal

Woolly-star, 

Santa Ana River

Eriastrum densifolium 

ssp. sanctorum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Woolly-threads, 

San Joaquin

Monolopia (=Lembertia) 

congdonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Yerba Santa, 

Lompoc Eriodictyon capitatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status California Dicot

Beardtongue, 

Penland Penstemon penlandii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Bladderpod, 

Dudley Bluffs Lesquerella congesta T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Butterfly Plant, 

Colorado

Gaura neomexicana 

var. coloradensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Butterfly, 

Uncompahgre 

Fritillary Boloria acrocnema E Terrestrial Colorado Insect

Cactus, Colorado 

hookless Sclerocactus glaucus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Cactus, 

Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot
123

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cactus, Mesa 

Verde

Sclerocactus mesaeverdae T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans E Freshwater Colorado Fish

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha E Freshwater Colorado Fish

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Colorado Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Colorado Mammal

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial Colorado Bird

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Colorado Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Colorado Mammal

Milk-vetch, 

Mancos Astragalus humillimus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Osterhout Astragalus osterhoutii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Mouse, Preble's 

Meadow 

Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei T Terrestrial Colorado Mammal

Owl, Mexican 

Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida T Terrestrial Colorado Bird

Phacelia, North 

Park Phacelia formosula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Colorado Bird

Skipper, Pawnee 

Montane

Hesperia leonardus 

montana T Terrestrial Colorado Insect

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater Colorado Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Colorado Fish

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater Colorado Fish
124

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Colorado Bird

Trout, 

Greenback 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

stomias T Freshwater Colorado Fish

Twinpod, Dudley 

Bluffs Physaria obcordata T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Wild-buckwheat, 

Clay-loving

Eriogonum 

pelinophilum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Colorado Dicot

Beetle, Puritan 

Tiger Cicindela puritana T

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Connecticut Insect

Gerardia, 

Sandplain Agalinis acuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Connecticut Dicot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Connecticut Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Connecticut Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Connecticut Monocot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Connecticut Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Connecticut Reptile

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Delaware Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Delaware Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Delaware Monocot

Squirrel, 

Delmarva 

Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus E Terrestrial Delaware Mammal

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Delaware Reptile
125

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Alligator, 

American

Alligator 

mississippiensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Brackish Florida Reptile

Aster, Florida 

Golden Chrysopsis floridana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Bankclimber, 

Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus T Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Florida Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis #

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Florida Mammal

Beargrass, 

Britton's Nolina brittoniana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Monocot

Beauty, Harper's Harperocallis flava E Wetland Florida Monocot

Bellflower, 

Brooksville Campanula robinsiae E Wetland Florida Dicot

Birds-in-a-nest, 

White Macbridea alba T Wetland Florida Dicot

Blazing Star, 

Scrub Liatris ohlingerae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Bonamia, Florida Bonamia grandiflora T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Buckwheat, 

Scrub

Eriogonum longifolium 

var. gnaphalifolium T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Butterwort, 

Godfrey's Pinguicula ionantha T Wetland Florida Dicot

Campion, 

Fringed Silene polypetala E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Caracara, 

Audubon's 

Crested

Polyborus plancus 

audubonii T Terrestrial Florida Bird

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland Florida Dicot
126

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cladonia, Florida 

Perforate Cladonia perforata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Lichen

Coral, Elkhorn Acropora palmata T Saltwater Florida Coral

Coral, Staghorn Acropora cervicornis T Saltwater Florida Coral

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Florida Bird

Crocodile, 

American Crocodylus acutus T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Florida Reptile

Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae E Freshwater Florida Fish

Fringe Tree, 

Pygmy Chionanthus pygmaeus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Gooseberry, 

Miccosukee Ribes echinellum T Wetland Florida Dicot

Gourd, 

Okeechobee

Cucurbita 

okeechobeensis ssp. 

okeechobeensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Harebells, Avon 

Park Crotalaria avonensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Hypericum, 

Highlands Scrub Hypericum cumulicola E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Jacquemontia, 

Beach Jacquemontia reclinata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Kite, Everglades 

Snail

Rostrhamus sociabilis 

plumbeus E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Lead-plant, 

Crenulate Amorpha crenulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Lupine, Scrub Lupinus aridorum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Florida Mammal
127

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Meadowrue, 

Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi E Wetland Florida Dicot

Milkpea, Small's Galactia smallii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Mint, Lakela's Dicerandra immaculata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Mint, 

Longspurred

Dicerandra 

cornutissima E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Mint, Scrub Dicerandra frutescens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Mouse, 

Choctawhatchee 

Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

allophrys E

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Florida Mammal

Mouse, Perdido 

Key Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

trissyllepsis E

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Florida Mammal

Mouse, 

Southeastern 

Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

niveiventris T

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Florida Mammal

Mouse, St. 

Andrew Beach

Peromyscus polionotus 

peninsularis E

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Florida Mammal

Mussel, Fat 

Threeridge Amblema neislerii E Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Mussel, Gulf 

Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus E Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Mussel, 

Ochlockonee 

Moccasinshell

Medionidus 

simpsonianus E Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Mussel, Oval 

Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme E Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Mussel, Shinyrayed 

Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata E Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Mustard, 

Carter's Warea carteri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot
128

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Panther, Florida

Puma (=Felis) concolor 

coryi E Terrestrial Florida Mammal

Pawpaw, Fourpetal Asimina tetramera E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Pinkroot, 

Gentian Spigelia gentianoides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Plum, Scrub Prunus geniculata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Polygala, 

Lewton's Polygala lewtonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Polygala, Tiny Polygala smallii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Puma (=Cougar), 

Eastern

Puma (=Felis) concolor 

(all subsp. except coryi) E Terrestrial Florida Mammal

Rhododendron, 

Chapman

Rhododendron 

chapmanii E Wetland Florida Dicot

Rosemary, 

Short-leaved Conradina brevifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Salamander, 

Frosted 

Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool Florida Amphibian

Salamander, 

Reticulated 

flatwoods Ambystoma bishopi E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Florida Amphibian

Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Sawfish, 

Smalltooth Pristis pectinata E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Florida Fish
129

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Scrub-Jay, 

Florida

Aphelocoma 

coerulescens T Terrestrial Florida Bird

Seagrass, 

Johnson's Halophila johnsonii T Wetland Florida Monocot

Shrimp, Squirrel 

Chimney Cave

Palaemonetes 

cummingi T

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Florida Crustacean

Skink, Bluetailed MoleEumeces egregius 

lividus T Terrestrial Florida Reptile

Skink, Sand Neoseps reynoldsi T Terrestrial Florida Reptile

Skullcap, Florida Scutellaria floridana T Wetland Florida Dicot

Slabshell, 

Chipola Elliptio chipolaensis T Freshwater Florida Bivalve

Snake, Eastern 

Indigo

Drymarchon corais 

couperi T Terrestrial Florida Reptile

Sparrow, Cape 

Sable Seaside

Ammodramus 

maritimus mirabilis E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Sparrow, Florida 

Grasshopper

Ammodramus 

savannarum floridanus E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Spurge, Deltoid

Chamaesyce deltoidea 

ssp. deltoidea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Spurge, Garber's Chamaesyce garberi T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Spurge, 

Telephus Euphorbia telephioides T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Sturgeon, Gulf

Acipenser oxyrinchus 

desotoi T

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Florida Fish

Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Conf/cycds
130

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Vole, Florida Salt 

Marsh

Microtus 

pennsylvanicus 

dukecampbelli E

Terrestrial, 

Brackish Florida Mammal

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Warbler, 

Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Warea, Wideleaf Warea amplexifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Water-willow, 

Cooley's Justicia cooleyi E Wetland Florida Dicot

Whitlow-wort, 

Papery Paronychia chartacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Wings, Pigeon Clitoria fragrans T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Wireweed Polygonella basiramia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Woodpecker, 

Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Florida Bird

Ziziphus, Florida Ziziphus celata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Florida Dicot

Amphianthus, 

Little Amphianthus pusillus T Wetland Georgia Dicot

Bankclimber, 

Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus T Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Barbara Buttons, 

Mohr's Marshallia mohrii T Wetland Georgia Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Georgia Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Georgia Mammal
131

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Campion, 

Fringed Silene polypetala E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Combshell, 

Upland Epioblasma metastriata E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Coneflower, 

Smooth Echinacea laevigata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot

Darter, Amber Percina antesella E Freshwater Georgia Fish

Darter, 

Cherokee Etheostoma scotti T Freshwater Georgia Fish

Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae E Freshwater Georgia Fish

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata T Freshwater Georgia Fish

Dropwort, 

Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Grass, 

Tennessee 

Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Monocot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Kidneyshell, 

Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Leather-flower, 

Alabama Clematis socialis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot

Logperch, 

Conasauga Percina jenkinsi E Freshwater Georgia Fish

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Georgia Mammal

Meadowrue, 

Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Mussel, 

Acornshell 

Southern

Epioblasma 

othcaloogensis E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama 

Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Georgia Bivalve
132

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mussel, Coosa 

Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Fat 

Threeridge Amblema neislerii E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Finelined 

Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Georgia 

pigtoe

Pleurobema 

hanleyianum E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Gulf 

Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, 

Ochlockonee 

Moccasinshell

Medionidus 

simpsonianus E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Oval 

Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate 

Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, Shinyrayed 

Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern 

Clubshell Pleurobema decisum E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern Pigtoe

Pleurobema 

georgianum E Freshwater Georgia Bivalve

Pitcher-plant, 

Green Sarracenia oreophila E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Georgia Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Georgia Monocot

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland Georgia Dicot

Quillwort, Blackspored Isoetes melanospora E Wetland Georgia Ferns

Quillwort, Matforming Isoetes tegetiformans E Wetland Georgia Ferns

Rattleweed, 

Hairy Baptisia arachnifera E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot
133

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Rocksnail, 

interrupted Leptoxis foremani E Freshwater Georgia Gastropod

Salamander, 

Frosted 

Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool Georgia Amphibian

Salamander, 

Reticulated 

flatwoods Ambystoma bishopi E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Georgia Amphibian

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater Georgia Fish

Skullcap, Largeflowered Scutellaria montana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot

Snail, Lioplax 

Cylindrical

Lioplax 

cyclostomaformis E Freshwater Georgia Gastropod

Snake, Eastern 

Indigo

Drymarchon corais 

couperi T Terrestrial Georgia Reptile

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland Georgia Dicot

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial Georgia Bird

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Georgia Fish

Sumac, 

Michaux's Rhus michauxii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Dicot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Georgia Bird

Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Conf/cycds

Trillium, 

Persistent Trillium persistens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Monocot

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Monocot

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Georgia Reptile

Warbler, 

Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial Georgia Bird
134

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Water-plantain, 

Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Georgia Monocot

Whale, 

Humpback

Megaptera 

novaeangliae E Saltwater Georgia Mammal

Whale, North 

Atlantic right

Eubalaena glacialis 

(incl. australis) E Saltwater Georgia Mammal

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Georgia Bird

(ncn)

Tetraplasandra 

bisattenuata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Lysimachia venosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Phyllostegia hispida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Schiedea attenuata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Stenogyne kealiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn)

Keysseria (=Lagenifera) 

erici E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

(ncn)

Keysseria (=Lagenifera) 

erici E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

(ncn)

Keysseria (=Lagenifera) 

helenae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Cyanea kolekoleensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Cyanea kolekoleensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Lysimachia iniki E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
135

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

(ncn) Lysimachia pendens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Lysimachia scopulensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Phyllostegia renovans E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Tetraplasandra flynnii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

(ncn) Diellia mannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

(ncn) Doryopteris angelica E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Abutilon 

sandwicense 

(ncn) Abutilon sandwicense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Achyranthes 

mutica (ncn) Achyranthes mutica E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Achyranthes 

splendens var. 

rotundata (ncn)

Achyranthes splendens 

var. rotundata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

A'e 

(Zanthoxylum 

dipetalum var. 

tomentosum)

Zanthoxylum dipetalum 

var. tomentosum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

A'e 

(Zanthoxylum 

hawaiiense)

Zanthoxylum 

hawaiiense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Aiea 

(Nothocestrum 

breviflorum)

Nothocestrum 

breviflorum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Aiea 

(Nothocestrum 

peltatum) Nothocestrum peltatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
136

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Akepa, Hawaii

Loxops coccineus 

coccineus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Akepa, Maui

Loxops coccineus 

ochraceus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Akia Loa, Kauai 

(Hemignathus 

procerus) Hemignathus procerus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Akia Loa, Kauai 

(Hemignathus 

procerus) Hemignathus procerus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Akia Pola'au 

(Hemignathus 

munroi) Hemignathus munroi E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Akoko

Chamaesyce remyi var. 

kauaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'akoko Chamaesyce eleanoriae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

celastroides var. 

kaenana)

Chamaesyce 

celastroides var. 

kaenana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

deppeana) Chamaesyce deppeana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

herbstii) Chamaesyce herbstii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

kuwaleana) Chamaesyce kuwaleana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

rockii) Chamaesyce rockii E Terrestrial Hawaii Dicot

'Akoko 

(Chamaesyce 

skottsbergii var. 

skottsbe

Chamaesyce 

skottsbergii var. 

kalaeloana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
137

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

'Akoko 

(Euphorbia 

haeleeleana) Euphorbia haeleeleana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

alani Melicope degeneri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

alani Melicope paniculata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

alani Melicope puberula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

adscendens) Melicope adscendens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

balloui) Melicope balloui E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

haupuensis) Melicope haupuensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

knudsenii) Melicope knudsenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

lydgatei) Melicope lydgatei E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

mucronulata) Melicope mucronulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

ovalis) Melicope ovalis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

pallida) Melicope pallida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

quadrangularis)

Melicope 

quadrangularis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alani (Melicope 

saint-johnii) Melicope saint-johnii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
138

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Alani (Melicope 

zahlbruckneri) Melicope zahlbruckneri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alsinidendron 

obovatum (ncn)

Alsinidendron 

obovatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alsinidendron 

trinerve (ncn) Alsinidendron trinerve E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Alsinidendron 

viscosum (ncn) Alsinidendron viscosum E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Amphipod, 

Kauai Cave

Spelaeorchestia 

koloana E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Hawaii Crustacean

Amphipod, 

Kauai Cave

Spelaeorchestia 

koloana E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Hawaii Crustacean

'Anaunau 

(Lepidium 

arbuscula) Lepidium arbuscula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Anunu (Sicyos 

alba) Sicyos alba E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Asplenium 

fragile var. 

insulare (ncn)

Asplenium fragile var. 

insulare E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

aumakua, 

Palapalai

Dryopteris crinalis 

podosorus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Aupaka 

(Isodendrion 

hosakae) Isodendrion hosakae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Aupaka 

(Isodendrion 

laurifolium) Isodendrion laurifolium E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Aupaka 

(Isodendrion 

longifolium) Isodendrion longifolium T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

awikiwiki Canavalia napaliensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
139

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

'Awiwi 

(Centaurium 

sebaeoides) Centaurium sebaeoides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Awiwi (Hedyotis 

cookiana) Hedyotis cookiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Bat, Hawaiian 

Hoary

Lasiurus cinereus 

semotus E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Hawaii Mammal

Bluegrass, 

Hawaiian Poa sandvicensis E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Bluegrass, 

Mann's (Poa 

mannii) Poa mannii E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Bonamia 

menziesii (ncn) Bonamia menziesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Chamaesyce 

Halemanui (ncn) Chamaesyce halemanui E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Coot, Hawaiian 

(=Alae keo keo) Fulica americana alai E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Creeper, Hawaii Oreomystis mana E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Creeper, Oahu 

(Alauwahio) Paroreomyza maculata E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Crow, Hawaiian 

('Alala) Corvus hawaiiensis E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Cyanea undulata 

(ncn) Cyanea undulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Damselfly, Flying 

Earwig Hawaiian Megalagrion nesiotes E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Damselfly, 

Pacific Hawaiian Megalagrion pacificum E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Delissea 

rhytodisperma 

(ncn) Delissea rhytidosperma E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Diellia erecta 

(ncn) Diellia erecta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns
140

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Diellia falcata 

(ncn) Diellia falcata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Diellia pallida 

(ncn) Diellia pallida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Diellia unisora 

(ncn) Diellia unisora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Diplazium 

molokaiense 

(ncn) Diplazium molokaiense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Dubautia 

latifolia (ncn) Dubautia latifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Dubautia 

pauciflorula 

(ncn) Dubautia pauciflorula E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Duck, Hawaiian 

(Koloa) Anas wyvilliana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Hawaii Bird

Elepaio, Oahu

Chasiempis 

sandwichensis ibidis E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Fern, Pendant 

Kihi 

(Adenophorus 

periens) Adenophorus periens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila aglaia E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila heteroneura E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

montgomeryi E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila mulli T Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila musaphilia E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

neoclavisetae E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila obatai E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect
141

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing

Drosophila 

substenoptera E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila tarphytrichia E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila hemipeza E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing Drosophila ochrobasis E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Geranium, 

Hawaiian Redflowered Geranium arboreum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Goose, Hawaiian 

(Nene)

Branta (=Nesochen) 

sandvicensis E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Hawaii Bird

Gouania 

hillebrandii (ncn) Gouania hillebrandii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Gouania meyenii 

(ncn) Gouania meyenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Gouania meyenii 

(ncn) Gouania meyenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Gouania vitifolia 

(ncn) Gouania vitifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Grass, Fosberg's 

Love Eragrostis fosbergii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Haha Cyanea kuhihewa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

haha Cyanea eleeleensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha Cyanea dolichopoda E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

acuminata) Cyanea acuminata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
142

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Haha (Cyanea 

asarifolia) Cyanea asarifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

copelandii ssp. 

copelandii)

Cyanea copelandii ssp. 

copelandii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

Crispa) 

(=Rollandia 

crispa)

Cyanea (=Rollandia) 

crispa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

grimesiana ssp. 

grimesiana)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 

grimesiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

grimesiana ssp. 

obatae)

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 

obatae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

hamatiflora ssp. 

carlsonii)

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

Carlsonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

hamatiflora ssp. 

hamatiflora)

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 

hamatiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

humboldtiana) Cyanea humboldtiana E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

koolauensis) Cyanea koolauensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

lobata) Cyanea lobata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

longiflora) Cyanea longiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

mceldowneyi) Cyanea mceldowneyi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

pinnatifida) Cyanea pinnatifida E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
143

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Haha (Cyanea 

platyphylla) Cyanea platyphylla E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

recta) Cyanea recta T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

remyi) Cyanea remyi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

shipmanii) Cyanea shipmannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

stictophylla) Cyanea stictophylla E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea StJohnii) 

(=Rollandia StJohnii) Cyanea st-johnii E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

superba) Cyanea superba E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Haha (Cyanea 

truncata) Cyanea truncata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

haiwale Cyrtandra paliku E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

crenata) Cyrtandra crenata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

dentata) Cyrtandra dentata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

giffardii) Cyrtandra giffardii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

limahuliensis) Cyrtandra limahuliensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
144

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

munroi) Cyrtandra munroi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

oenobarba) Cyrtandra oenobarba E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

polyantha) Cyrtandra polyantha E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

subumbellata) Cyrtandra subumbellata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

tintinnabula) Cyrtandra tintinnabula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ha'Iwale 

(Cyrtandra 

viridiflora) Cyrtandra viridiflora E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Hala Pepe 

(Pleomele 

hawaiiensis) Pleomele hawaiiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Haplostachys 

Haplostachya 

(ncn)

Haplostachys 

haplostachya E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hau Kauhiwi 

(Hibiscadelphus 

woodi) Hibiscadelphus woodii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hau Kuahiwi 

(Hibiscadelphus 

distans) Hibiscadelphus distans E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hau Kuahiwi 

(Hibiscadelphus 

giffardianus)

Hibiscadelphus 

giffardianus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hau Kuahiwi 

(Hibiscadelphus 

hualalaiensis)

Hibiscadelphus 

hualalaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hawaiian 

picture-wing Fly Drosophila sharpi E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Hawk, Hawaiian 

(Io) Buteo solitarius E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird
145

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Heau (Exocarpos 

luteolus) Exocarpos luteolus E Upland Hawaii Dicot

Hedyotis 

degeneri (ncn) Hedyotis degeneri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hedyotis parvula 

(ncn) Hedyotis parvula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hedyotis St.-

Johnii (ncn) Hedyotis st.-johnii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hesperomannia 

arborescens 

(ncn)

Hesperomannia 

arborescens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hesperomannia 

arbuscula (ncn)

Hesperomannia 

arbuscula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hesperomannia 

lydgatei (ncn)

Hesperomannia 

lydgatei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hibiscus, Clay's Hibiscus clayi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Hilo Ischaemum 

(Ischaemum 

byrone) Ischaemum byrone E Upland Hawaii Monocot

ho'awa Pittosporum napaliense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Holei (Ochrosia 

kilaueaensis) Ochrosia kilaueaensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Honeycreeper, 

Crested 

('Akohekohe) Palmeria dolei E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea 

villosa) Marsilea villosa E Wetland Hawaii Ferns

Iliau (Wilkesia 

hobdyi) Wilkesia hobdyi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
146

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

kamakahala Labordia helleri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

kamakahala Labordia pumila E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kamakahala 

(Labordia 

cyrtandrae) Labordia cyrtandrae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kamakahala 

(Labordia 

lydgatei) Labordia lydgatei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kamakahala 

(Labordia 

tinifolia var. 

wahiawaen)

Labordia tinifolia var. 

wahiawaensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kamanomano 

(Cenchrus 

agrimonioides) Cenchrus agrimonioides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Kauai creeper Oreomystis bairdi E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Kauila (Colubrina 

oppositifolia) Colubrina oppositifolia E

Unattributed

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kaulu (Pteralyxia 

kauaiensis) Pteralyxia kauaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kio'Ele (Hedyotis 

coriacea) Hedyotis coriacea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kiponapona 

(Phyllostegia 

racemosa) Phyllostegia racemosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Koki'o (Kokia 

drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Koki'o (Kokia 

kauaiensis) Kokia kauaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
147

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Koki'o Ke'oke'o 

(Hibiscus 

waimeae ssp. 

hannerae)

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 

hannerae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

kolea Myrsine mezii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kolea Myrsine knudsenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kolea (Myrsine 

juddii) Myrsine juddii E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Kolea (Myrsine 

linearifolia) Myrsine linearifolia T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ko'oko'olau 

(Bidens 

micrantha ssp. 

kalealaha)

Bidens micrantha ssp. 

kalealaha E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ko'oloa'ula 

(Abutilon 

menziesii) Abutilon menziesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

kopiko Psychotria grandiflora E Upland Hawaii Dicot

kopiko Psychotria hobdyi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Kuawawaenohu 

(Alsinidendron 

lychnoides)

Alsinidendron 

lychnoides E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Kulu'I 

(Nototrichium 

humile) Nototrichium humile E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Lau'ehu 

(Panicum 

niihauense) Panicum niihauense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Laukahi Kuahiwi 

(Plantago 

hawaiensis) Plantago hawaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
148

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Laulihilihi 

(Schiedea 

stellarioides) Schiedea stellarioides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

lehua makanoe Lysimachia daphnoides E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Liliwai (Acaena 

exigua) Acaena exigua E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Lipochaeta 

venosa (ncn) Lipochaeta venosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

lo`ulu Pritchardia hardyi E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Lo`ulu 

(Pritchardia 

affinis) Pritchardia affinis E Upland Hawaii Monocot

Lo`ulu 

(Pritchardia 

kaalae) Pritchardia kaalae E Upland Hawaii Monocot

Lo`ulu 

(Pritchardia 

napaliensis) Pritchardia napaliensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Lo`ulu 

(Pritchardia 

schattaueri) Pritchardia schattaueri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Lo`ulu 

(Pritchardia 

viscosa) Pritchardia viscosa E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Lobelia 

monostachya 

(ncn) Lobelia monostachya E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Lobelia 

niihauensis (ncn) Lobelia niihauensis E Terrestrial Hawaii Dicot

Lobelia 

oahuensis (ncn) Lobelia oahuensis E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Lysimachia 

filifolia (ncn) Lysimachia filifolia E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Lysimachia 

lydgatei (ncn) Lysimachia lydgatei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
149

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mahoe 

(Alectryon 

macrococcus) Alectryon macrococcus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Makou 

(Peucedanum 

sandwicense)

Peucedanum 

sandwicense T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ma'o Hau Hele 

(Hibiscus 

brackenridgei) Hibiscus brackenridgei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ma'oli'oli 

(Schiedea 

apokremnos) Schiedea apokremnos E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Ma'oli'oli 

(Schiedea 

kealiae) Schiedea kealiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Mapele 

(Cyrtandra 

cyaneoides) Cyrtandra cyaneoides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Mariscus fauriei 

(ncn) Mariscus fauriei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Mariscus 

pennatiformis 

(ncn) Mariscus pennatiformis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Mehamehame 

(Flueggea 

neowawraea) Flueggea neowawraea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Moorhen, 

Hawaiian 

Common

Gallinula chloropus 

sandvicensis E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Moth, 

Blackburn's 

Sphinx Manduca blackburni E Terrestrial Hawaii Insect

Munroidendron 

racemosum 

(ncn)

Munroidendron 

racemosum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Na`ena`e Dubautia waialealae E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

na`ena`e

Dubautia imbricata 

imbricata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
150

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

na`ena`e

Dubautia plantaginea 

magnifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Naenae Dubautia kalalauensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Naenae Dubautia kenwoodii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Na'ena'e 

(Dubautia 

herbstobatae) Dubautia herbstobatae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Na'ena'e 

(Dubautia 

plantaginea ssp. 

humilis)

Dubautia plantaginea 

ssp. humilis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nani Wai'ale'ale 

(Viola kauaensis 

var. 

wahiawaensis)

Viola kauaiensis var. 

wahiawaensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nanu (Gardenia 

mannii) Gardenia mannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Na'u (Gardenia 

brighamii) Gardenia brighamii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Naupaka, Dwarf 

(Scaevola 

coriacea) Scaevola coriacea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

fauriei) Lipochaeta fauriei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

kamolensis) Lipochaeta kamolensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

lobata var. 

leptophylla)

Lipochaeta lobata var. 

leptophylla E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
151

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

micrantha) Lipochaeta micrantha E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

tenuifolia) Lipochaeta tenuifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nehe 

(Lipochaeta 

waimeaensis)

Lipochaeta 

waimeaensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Neraudia 

angulata (ncn) Neraudia angulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Neraudia ovata 

(ncn) Neraudia ovata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Neraudia sericea 

(ncn) Neraudia sericea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Nioi (Eugenia 

koolauensis) Eugenia koolauensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

nohoanu Geranium kauaiense E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Nohoanu 

(Geranium 

multiflorum) Geranium multiflorum E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Nuku Pu'u, Kauai

Hemignathus lucidus 

hanapepe E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Nuku Pu'u, Maui

Hemignathus lucidus 

affinus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

'Oha (Delissea 

rivularis) Delissea rivularis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha (Delissea 

subcordata) Delissea subcordata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha (Delissea 

undulata) Delissea undulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
152

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

'Oha (Lobelia 

gaudichaudii 

koolauensis)

Lobelia gaudichaudii 

ssp. koolauensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

drepanomorpha)

Clermontia 

drepanomorpha E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

lindseyana) Clermontia lindseyana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

oblongifolia ssp. 

mauiensis)

Clermontia oblongifolia 

ssp. mauiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

peleana) Clermontia peleana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

pyrularia) Clermontia pyrularia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'Oha Wai 

(Clermontia 

samuelii) Clermontia samuelii E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

'Ohai (Sesbania 

tomentosa) Sesbania tomentosa E Upland Hawaii Dicot

'Ohe'ohe 

(Tetraplasandra 

gymnocarpa)

Tetraplasandra 

gymnocarpa E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

'Olulu 

(Brighamia 

insignis) Brighamia insignis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'O'o, Kauai 

(='A'a) Moho braccatus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Opuhe (Urera 

kaalae) Urera kaalae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

'O'u 

(Honeycreeper) Psittirostra psittacea E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Pa'iniu Astelia waialealae E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Palila Loxioides bailleui E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird
153

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Pamakani (Viola 

chamissoniana 

ssp. 

chamissoniana)

Viola chamissoniana 

ssp. chamissoniana E Upland Hawaii Dicot

Panicgrass, 

Carter's 

(Panicum fauriei 

var.carteri)

Panicum fauriei var. 

carteri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Monocot

Papala Charpentiera densiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Parrotbill, Maui

Pseudonestor 

xanthophrys E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Pauoa (Ctenitis 

squamigera) Ctenitis squamigera E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Petrel, Hawaiian 

Dark-rumped

Pterodroma phaeopygia 

sandwichensis E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Phyllostegia 

hirsuta (ncn) Phyllostegia hirsuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

kaalaensis (ncn) Phyllostegia kaalaensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

knudsenii (ncn) Phyllostegia knudsenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

mannii (ncn) Phyllostegia mannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

mollis (ncn) Phyllostegia mollis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

parviflora (ncn) Phyllostegia parviflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

velutina (ncn) Phyllostegia velutina E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
154

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Phyllostegia 

waimeae (ncn) Phyllostegia waimeae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

warshaueri (ncn) Phyllostegia warshaueri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Phyllostegia 

wawrana (ncn) Phyllostegia wawrana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Pilo (Hedyotis 

mannii) Hedyotis mannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

pilo kea lau li`i Platydesma rostrata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Platanthera 

holochila (ncn) Platanthera holochila E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Poa 

siphonoglossa 

(ncn) Poa siphonoglossa E Wetland Hawaii Monocot

Po'e (Portulaca 

sclerocarpa) Portulaca sclerocarpa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Po'ouli

Melamprosops 

phaeosoma E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Popolo 

'Aiakeakua 

(Solanum 

sandwicense) Solanum sandwicense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Popolo Ku Mai 

(Solanum 

incompletum) Solanum incompletum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Pteris lidgatei 

(ncn) Pteris lidgatei E Wetland Hawaii Ferns

Pua'ala 

(Brighamia 

rockii) Brighamia rockii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Pu'uka'a 

(Cyperus 

trachysanthos) Cyperus trachysanthos E Wetland Hawaii Monocot
155

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Remya 

kauaiensis (ncn) Remya kauaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Remya 

montgomeryi 

(ncn) Remya montgomeryi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Remya, Maui Remya mauiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Sandalwood, 

Lanai (='Iliahi)

Santalum 

freycinetianum var. 

lanaiense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Sanicula 

mariversa (ncn) Sanicula mariversa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Sanicula 

purpurea (ncn) Sanicula purpurea E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

haleakalensis 

(ncn) Schiedea haleakalensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea helleri 

(ncn) Schiedea helleri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

hookeri (ncn) Schiedea hookeri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea kaalae 

(ncn) Schiedea kaalae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

kauaiensis (ncn) Schiedea kauaiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

membranacea 

(ncn) Schiedea membranacea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

nuttallii (ncn) Schiedea nuttallii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea 

spergulina var. 

leiopoda (ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. 

leiopoda E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
156

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Schiedea 

spergulina var. 

spergulina (ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. 

spergulina T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Schiedea, 

Diamond Head 

(Schiedea 

adamantis) Schiedea adamantis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Seal, Hawaiian 

Monk

Monachus 

schauinslandi E

Saltwater, 

Coastal Hawaii Mammal

Shearwater, 

Newell's 

Townsend's

Puffinus auricularis 

newelli T

Terrestrial, 

Saltwater Hawaii Bird

Silene 

hawaiiensis 

(ncn) Silene hawaiiensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Silene lanceolata 

(ncn) Silene lanceolata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Silene perlmanii 

(ncn) Silene perlmanii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Silversword, 

Haleakala 

('Ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium 

sandwicense ssp. 

macrocephalum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Silversword, 

Ka'u 

(Argyroxiphium 

kauense) Argyroxiphium kauense E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Silversword, 

Mauna Kea 

('Ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium 

sandwicense ssp. 

sandwicense E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Snail, 

Newcomb's Erinna newcombi T Freshwater Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

abbreviata) Achatinella abbreviata E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

apexfulva) Achatinella apexfulva E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod
157

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

bellula) Achatinella bellula E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

buddii) Achatinella buddii E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

bulimoides) Achatinella bulimoides E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

byronii) Achatinella byronii E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

caesia) Achatinella caesia E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

casta) Achatinella casta E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

cestus) Achatinella cestus E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

concavospira)

Achatinella 

concavospira E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

curta) Achatinella curta E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

decipiens) Achatinella decipiens E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod
158

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

decora) Achatinella decora E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

dimorpha) Achatinella dimorpha E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

elegans) Achatinella elegans E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

fulgens) Achatinella fulgens E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

fuscobasis) Achatinella fuscobasis E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

juddii) Achatinella juddii E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

juncea) Achatinella juncea E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

lehuiensis) Achatinella lehuiensis E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

leucorraphe) Achatinella leucorraphe E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod
159

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

livida) Achatinella livida E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

lorata) Achatinella lorata E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

mustelina) Achatinella mustelina E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

papyracea) Achatinella papyracea E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

phaeozona) Achatinella phaeozona E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

pulcherrima) Achatinella pulcherrima E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

pupukanioe) Achatinella pupukanioe E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

rosea) Achatinella rosea E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

sowerbyana) Achatinella sowerbyana E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

spaldingi) Achatinella spaldingi E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod
160

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

stewartii) Achatinella stewartii E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

swiftii) Achatinella swiftii E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

taeniolata) Achatinella taeniolata E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

thaanumi) Achatinella thaahumi E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

turgida) Achatinella turgida E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

valida) Achatinella valida E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

viridans) Achatinella viridans E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

vittata) Achatinella vittata E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree 

(Achatinella 

vulpina) Achatinella vulpina E Terrestrial Hawaii Gastropod

Spermolepis 

hawaiiensis 

(ncn)

Spermolepis 

hawaiiensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Spider, Kauai 

Cave Wolf Adelocosa anops E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Hawaii Arachnid
161

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Stenogyne 

angustifolia 

(ncn)

Stenogyne angustifolia 

var. angustifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Stenogyne 

campanulata 

(ncn) Stenogyne campanulata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Stenogyne 

kanehoana (ncn) Stenogyne kanehoana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Stilt, Hawaiian 

(=Ae'o)

Himantopus mexicanus 

knudseni E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Swiftlet, 

Mariana Gray 

(=Vanikoro)

Aerodramus 

vanikorensis bartschi E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Tetramolopium 

arenarium (ncn)

Tetramolopium 

arenarium E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Tetramolopium 

capillare (ncn)

Tetramolopium 

capillare E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Tetramolopium 

filiforme (ncn)

Tetramolopium 

filiforme E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Tetramolopium 

lepidotum ssp. 

lepidotum (ncn)

Tetramolopium 

lepidotum ssp. 

lepidotum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Tetramolopium 

rockii (ncn) Tetramolopium rockii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Thrush, Large 

Kauai Myadestes myadestinus E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Thrush, Small 

Kauai (Puaiohi) Myadestes palmeri E Terrestrial Hawaii Bird

Trematolobelia 

singularis (ncn)

Trematolobelia 

singularis E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Uhiuhi 

(Caesalpinia 

kavaiensis) Caesalpinia kavaiense E

Unattributed

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot
162

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Vetch, Hawaiian 

(Vicia menziesii) Vicia menziesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Vigna owahuensis (ncn) Vigna o-wahuensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Viola helenae 

(ncn) Viola helenae E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Viola oahuensis 

(ncn) Viola oahuensis E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Wahine Noho 

Kula 

(Isodendrion 

pyrifolium) Isodendrion pyrifolium E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Dicot

Wawae'Iole 

(Phlegmariurus 

(=Huperzia) 

mannii) Huperzia mannii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Wawae'Iole 

(Phlegmariurus 

(=Lycopodium) 

nutans)

Lycopodium 

(=Phlegmariurus) 

nutans E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Hawaii Ferns

Xylosma 

crenatum (ncn) Xylosma crenatum E Wetland Hawaii Dicot

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis T Terrestrial Idaho Mammal

Caribou, 

Woodland

Rangifer tarandus 

caribou E Terrestrial Idaho Mammal

Catchfly, 

Spalding's Silene spaldingii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Idaho Dicot

Four-o'clock, 

Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Idaho Dicot

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis T Wetland Idaho Dicot

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Idaho Monocot

Limpet, Banbury 

Springs Lanx sp. E Freshwater Idaho Gastropod

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Idaho Mammal
163

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Peppergrass, 

Slick Spot Lepidium papilliferum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Idaho Dicot

Salmon, Chinook

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

tshawytscha E/T

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Idaho Fish

Salmon, Sockeye

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

nerka E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Idaho Fish

Snail, Bliss 

Rapids

Taylorconcha 

serpenticola T Freshwater Idaho Gastropod

Snail, Snake 

River Physa Physa natricina E Terrestrial Idaho Gastropod

Springsnail, 

Bruneau Hot

Pyrgulopsis 

bruneauensis E Freshwater Idaho Gastropod

Squirrel, 

Northern Idaho 

Ground

Spermophilus brunneus 

brunneus T Terrestrial Idaho Mammal

Steelhead

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

mykiss E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Idaho Fish

Sturgeon, White

Acipenser 

transmontanus E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Idaho Fish

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Idaho Fish

Amphipod, 

Illinois Cave

Gammarus 

acherondytes E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Illinois Crustacean

Aster, Decurrent 

False Boltonia decurrens T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Illinois Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Illinois Mammal

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Illinois Insect

Clover, Leafy 

Prairie Dalea foliosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot
164

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Clover, Prairie 

Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald Somatochlora hineana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Illinois Insect

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Illinois Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Orange-footed

Plethobasus 

cooperianus E Freshwater Illinois Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Illinois Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Illinois Monocot

Potato-bean, 

Price's Apios priceana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki E Terrestrial Illinois Gastropod

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Illinois Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Illinois Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Illinois Bird
165

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Illinois Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Indiana Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Indiana Mammal

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Indiana Insect

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

mitchellii E

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Indiana Insect

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Indiana Dicot

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Goldenrod, 

Short's Solidago shortii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Indiana Dicot

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Indiana Dicot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Mussel, Rough 

Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Indiana Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

White Cat's Paw

Epioblasma obliquata 

perobliqua E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Riffleshell, 

Northern

Epioblasma torulosa 

rangiana E Freshwater Indiana Bivalve

Snake, Northern 

Copperbelly 

Water

Nerodia erythrogaster 

neglecta T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Indiana Reptile
166

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Indiana Bird

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Indiana Dicot

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Iowa Mammal

Clover, Prairie 

Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Iowa Dicot

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Iowa Dicot

Monkshood, 

Northern Wild

Aconitum 

noveboracense T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Iowa Dicot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Iowa Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Iowa Monocot

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Iowa Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater Iowa Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Iowa Bird

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater Iowa Fish

Snail, Iowa 

Pleistocene Discus macclintocki E Terrestrial Iowa Gastropod

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Iowa Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Iowa Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Iowa Bird

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Kansas Mammal
167

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Kansas Insect

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Kansas Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Kansas Mammal

Madtom, 

Neosho Noturus placidus T Freshwater Kansas Fish

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kansas Dicot

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kansas Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Kansas Bird

Shiner, Arkansas 

River Notropis girardi T Freshwater Kansas Fish

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater Kansas Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Kansas Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Kansas Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Kansas Bird

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Kentucky Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Kentucky Mammal

Bat, Virginia Bigeared

Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) townsendii 

virginianus E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Kentucky Mammal

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Kentucky Insect
168

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kentucky Dicot

Dace, Blackside

Phoxinus 

cumberlandensis T Freshwater Kentucky Fish

Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense E Freshwater Kentucky Fish

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Goldenrod, 

Short's Solidago shortii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kentucky Dicot

Goldenrod, 

White-haired Solidago albopilosa T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kentucky Dicot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Elktoe

Alasmidonta 

atropurpurea E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster

Epioblasma 

capsaeformis E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, Ring 

Pink (=Golf Stick 

Pearly) Obovaria retusa E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, Rough 

Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Appalachian 

Monkeyface Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve
169

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Orange-footed

Plethobasus 

cooperianus E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Purple Cat's Paw

Epioblasma obliquata 

obliquata E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

TubercledblossomEpioblasma torulosa 

torulosa E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

White 

Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Yellow-blossom

Epioblasma florentina 

florentina E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Potato-bean, 

Price's Apios priceana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kentucky Dicot

Riffleshell, 

Northern

Epioblasma torulosa 

rangiana E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan

Epioblasma florentina 

walkeri (=E. walkeri) E Freshwater Kentucky Bivalve

Rock-cress, 

Small

Arabis perstellata E. L. 

Braun var. perstellata 

Fernald E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Kentucky Dicot

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus E Freshwater Kentucky Fish

Shrimp, 

Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri E Freshwater Kentucky Crustacean
170

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland Kentucky Dicot

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Kentucky Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Kentucky Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Warbler, 

Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial Kentucky Mammal

Woodpecker, 

Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Kentucky Bird

Bear, Louisiana 

Black

Ursus americanus 

luteolus T Terrestrial Louisiana Mammal

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Louisiana Mammal

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Louisiana Bivalve

Mussel, 

Heelsplitter 

Inflated Potamilus inflatus T Freshwater Louisiana Bivalve

Pearlshell, 

Louisiana Margaritifera hembeli T Freshwater Louisiana Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Louisiana Bird

Quillwort, 

Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis E Wetland Louisiana Ferns

Sturgeon, Gulf

Acipenser oxyrinchus 

desotoi T

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Louisiana Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Louisiana Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Louisiana Fish
171

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Louisiana Bird

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus T Terrestrial Louisiana Reptile

Turtle, Ringed 

Map Graptemys oculifera T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Louisiana Reptile

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Louisiana Bird

Lousewort, 

Furbish Pedicularis furbishiae E Wetland Maine Dicot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Maine Mammal

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Maine Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Maine Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Maine Monocot

Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Maine Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Maine Fish

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Maine Bird

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Maryland Dicot

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Maryland Mammal

Beetle, 

Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis T Terrestrial Maryland Insect

Beetle, Puritan 

Tiger Cicindela puritana T

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Maryland Insect

Bulrush, 

Northeastern 

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland Maryland Monocot

Darter, 

Maryland Etheostoma sellare E Freshwater Maryland Fish
172

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Dropwort, 

Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Wetland Maryland Dicot

Gerardia, 

Sandplain Agalinis acuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Maryland Dicot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland Maryland Dicot

Joint-vetch, 

Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Wetland Maryland Dicot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Maryland Bivalve

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Wetland Maryland Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Maryland Bird

Squirrel, 

Delmarva 

Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus E Terrestrial Maryland Mammal

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Maryland Reptile

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Massachusetts Mammal

Beetle, Puritan 

Tiger Cicindela puritana T

Terrestrial, 

Coastal Massachusetts Insect

Bulrush, 

Northeastern 

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland Massachusetts Monocot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Massachusetts Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Massachusetts Bird

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Massachusetts Fish

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Massachusetts Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Massachusetts Reptile

Turtle, Plymouth 

Red-bellied

Pseudemys rubriventris 

bangsi E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Massachusetts Reptile
173

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Michigan Mammal

Beetle,

Hungerford's 

Crawling Water Brychius hungerfordi E Freshwater Michigan Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Michigan Insect

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

mitchellii E

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Michigan Insect

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Michigan Dicot

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald Somatochlora hineana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Michigan Insect

Fern, American 

hart's-tongue

Asplenium 

scolopendrium var. 

americanum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Michigan Ferns

Goldenrod, 

Houghton's Solidago houghtonii T Wetland Michigan Dicot

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris T Wetland Michigan Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Michigan Mammal

Monkey-flower, 

Michigan

Mimulus glabratus var. 

michiganensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Michigan Dicot

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Michigan Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Michigan Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Michigan Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Michigan Monocot

Riffleshell, 

Northern

Epioblasma torulosa 

rangiana E Freshwater Michigan Bivalve

Snake, Northern 

Copperbelly 

Water

Nerodia erythrogaster 

neglecta T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Michigan Reptile

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Michigan Dicot
174

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial Michigan Bird

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Minnesota Insect

Clover, Prairie 

Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Minnesota Dicot

Lily, Minnesota 

Trout Erythronium propullans E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Minnesota Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Minnesota Mammal

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Minnesota Bivalve

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Minnesota Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater Minnesota Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Minnesota Bird

Roseroot, 

Leedy's

Sedum integrifolium 

ssp. leedyi T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Minnesota Dicot

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater Minnesota Fish

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Mississippi Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Mississippi Mammal

Bear, Louisiana 

Black

Ursus americanus 

luteolus T Terrestrial Mississippi Mammal

Combshell, 

Southern 

(=Penitent 

mussel) Epioblasma penita E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Crane, 

Mississippi 

Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Mississippi Bird

Darter, Bayou Etheostoma rubrum T Freshwater Mississippi Fish
175

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Frog, Dusky 

Gopher 

(Mississippi DPS) Rana capito sevosa E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Mississippi Amphibian

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Mississippi Mammal

Mucket, Orangenacre Lampsilis perovalis T Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama 

Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, Black 

(=Curtus' 

Mussel) 

Clubshell Pleurobema curtum E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, Heavy 

Pigtoe (=Judge 

Tait's Mussel) Pleurobema taitianum E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, 

Heelsplitter 

Inflated Potamilus inflatus T Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate 

Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern 

Clubshell Pleurobema decisum E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Mississippi Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Mississippi Bird

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland Mississippi Dicot

Potato-bean, 

Price's Apios priceana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Mississippi Dicot

Quillwort, 

Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis E Wetland Mississippi Ferns
176

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Snake, Eastern 

Indigo

Drymarchon corais 

couperi T Terrestrial Mississippi Reptile

Sturgeon, Gulf

Acipenser oxyrinchus 

desotoi T

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Mississippi Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Mississippi Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Mississippi Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Mississippi Bird

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus T Terrestrial Mississippi Reptile

Turtle, Alabama 

Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Mississippi Reptile

Turtle, Ringed 

Map Graptemys oculifera T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Mississippi Reptile

Turtle, Yellowblotched MapGraptemys 

flavimaculata T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Mississippi Reptile

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Mississippi Bird

Aster, Decurrent 

False Boltonia decurrens T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Missouri Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Missouri Mammal

Bladderpod, 

Missouri Lesquerella filiformis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae T Freshwater Missouri Fish

Cavesnail, 

Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Missouri Gastropod

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae T Freshwater Missouri Fish
177

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald Somatochlora hineana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Missouri Insect

Fruit, Earth 

(=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Madtom, 

Neosho Noturus placidus T Freshwater Missouri Fish

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Mussel, 

Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Curtis'

Epioblasma florentina 

curtisii E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater Missouri Bivalve

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland Missouri Dicot

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater Missouri Fish

Sneezeweed, 

Virginia Helenium virginicum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Missouri Dicot

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Missouri Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Missouri Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Missouri Bird

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis T Terrestrial Montana Mammal
178

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Catchfly, 

Spalding's Silene spaldingii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Montana Dicot

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Montana Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Montana Mammal

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis T Wetland Montana Dicot

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Montana Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Montana Mammal

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Montana Bird

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Montana Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Montana Fish

Sturgeon, White

Acipenser 

transmontanus E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Montana Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Montana Bird

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Montana Fish

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Nebraska Insect

Beetle, Salt 

Creek Tiger

Cicindela nevadica 

lincolniana E Terrestrial Nebraska Insect

Butterfly Plant, 

Colorado

Gaura neomexicana 

var. coloradensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Nebraska Dicot

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Nebraska Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Nebraska Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Nebraska Monocot
179

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Nebraska Monocot

Penstemon, 

Blowout Penstemon haydenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Nebraska Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Nebraska Bird

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater Nebraska Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Nebraska Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Nebraska Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Nebraska Bird

Blazing Star, Ash 

Meadows Mentzelia leucophylla T Wetland Nevada Dicot

Centaury, 

Spring-loving

Centaurium 

namophilum T Wetland Nevada Dicot

Chub, 

Pahranagat 

Roundtail Gila robusta jordani E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Dace, Ash 

Meadows 

Speckled

Rhinichthys osculus 

nevadensis E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Dace, Clover 

Valley Speckled

Rhinichthys osculus 

oligoporus E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Dace, Desert Eremichthys acros T Freshwater Nevada Fish

Dace, 

Independence 

Valley Speckled

Rhinichthys osculus

lethoporus E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial Nevada Bird

Gumplant, Ash 

Meadows

Grindelia fraxinopratensis T Wetland Nevada Dicot
180

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Ivesia, Ash 

Meadows

Ivesia kingii var. 

eremica T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Nevada Dicot

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Nevada Monocot

Milk-vetch, Ash 

Meadows Astragalus phoenix T Upland Nevada Dicot

Naucorid, Ash 

Meadows Ambrysus amargosus T Terrestrial Nevada Insect

Niterwort, 

Amargosa Nitrophila mohavensis E Wetland Nevada Dicot

Poolfish, 

Pahrump (= 

Pahrump 

Killifish) Empetrichthys latos E Freshwater Nevada Dicot

Pupfish, Ash 

Meadows 

Amargosa

Cyprinodon nevadensis 

mionectes E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Pupfish, Devils 

Hole Cyprinodon diabolis E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Pupfish, Warm 

Springs

Cyprinodon nevadensis 

pectoralis E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Spinedace, Big 

Spring

Lepidomeda mollispinis 

pratensis T Freshwater Nevada Fish

Spinedace, 

White River Lepidomeda albivallis E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Springfish, Hiko 

White River

Crenichthys baileyi 

grandis E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Springfish, 

Railroad Valley Crenichthys nevadae T Freshwater Nevada Fish

Springfish, 

White River

Crenichthys baileyi 

baileyi E Freshwater Nevada Fish

Sunray, Ash 

Meadows

Enceliopsis nudicaulis 

var. corrugata T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Nevada Dicot

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii T Terrestrial Nevada Reptile

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Nevada Fish
181

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Trout, Lahontan 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

henshawi T Freshwater Nevada Fish

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial

New 

Hampshire Mammal

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater

New 

Hampshire Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial

New 

Hampshire Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland

New 

Hampshire Monocot

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Jersey Dicot

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous New Jersey Mammal

Beaked-rush, 

Knieskern's

Rhynchospora 

knieskernii T Wetland New Jersey Monocot

Beetle, 

Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis T Terrestrial New Jersey Insect

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland New Jersey Dicot

Joint-vetch, 

Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Wetland New Jersey Dicot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater New Jersey Bivalve

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Wetland New Jersey Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial New Jersey Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland New Jersey Monocot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial New Jersey Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New Jersey Reptile

Amphipod, 

Noel's Gammarus desperatus E Freshwater New Mexico Crustacean

Bat, Lesser 

(=Sanborn's) 

Long-nosed

Leptonycteris curasoae 

yerbabuenae E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous New Mexico Mammal
182

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bat, Mexican 

Long-nosed Leptonycteris nivalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous New Mexico Mammal

Cactus, 

Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Cactus, Kuenzler 

Hedgehog

Echinocereus fendleri 

var. kuenzleri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Cactus, Lee 

Pincushion

Coryphantha sneedii 

var. leei T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Cactus, Mesa 

Verde

Sclerocactus mesaeverdae T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Cactus, Sneed 

Pincushion

Coryphantha sneedii 

var. sneedii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Falcon, Northern 

Aplomado

Falco femoralis 

septentrionalis E Terrestrial New Mexico Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial New Mexico Mammal

Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial New Mexico Bird

Frog, Chiricahua 

Leopard Rana chiricahuensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New Mexico Amphibian

Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis E Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Ipomopsis, Holy 

Ghost

Ipomopsis sanctispiritus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Isopod, Socorro

Thermosphaeroma 

thermophilus E Freshwater New Mexico Crustacean

Jaguar Panthera onca E Terrestrial New Mexico Mammal

Milk-vetch, 

Mancos Astragalus humillimus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot
183

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis T Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Minnow, Rio 

Grande Silvery Hybognathus amarus E Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Owl, Mexican 

Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida T Terrestrial New Mexico Bird

Pennyroyal, 

Todsen's Hedeoma todsenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial New Mexico Bird

Poppy, 

Sacramento 

Prickly

Argemone pleiacantha 

ssp. pinnatisecta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Rattlesnake, 

New Mexican 

Ridge-nosed

Crotalus willardi 

obscurus T Terrestrial New Mexico Reptile

Shiner, Arkansas 

River Notropis girardi T Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa T Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Shiner, Pecos 

Bluntnose

Notropis simus 

pecosensis T Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Snail, Pecos 

Assiminea Assiminea pecos E Freshwater New Mexico Gastropod

Spikedace Meda fulgida T Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Springsnail, 

Alamosa Tryonia alamosae E Freshwater New Mexico Gastropod

Springsnail, 

Koster's Juturnia kosteri E Terrestrial New Mexico Gastropod

Springsnail, 

Roswell Pyrgulopsis roswellensis E Freshwater New Mexico Gastropod

Springsnail, 

Socorro

Pyrgulopsis 

neomexicana E Freshwater New Mexico Gastropod

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Sunflower, 

Pecos Helianthus paradoxus T Wetland New Mexico Dicot
184

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial New Mexico Bird

Thistle, 

Sacramento 

Mountains Cirsium vinaceum T Wetland New Mexico Dicot

Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae E Freshwater New Mexico Fish

Wild-buckwheat, 

Gypsum Eriogonum gypsophilum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New Mexico Dicot

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New York Dicot

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous New York Mammal

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial New York Insect

Fern, American 

hart's-tongue

Asplenium 

scolopendrium var.

americanum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New York Ferns

Gerardia, 

Sandplain Agalinis acuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New York Dicot

Goldenrod, 

Houghton's Solidago houghtonii T Wetland New York Dicot

Monkshood, 

Northern Wild

Aconitum 

noveboracense T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New York Dicot

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater New York Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater New York Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland New York Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial New York Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland New York Monocot
185

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Roseroot, 

Leedy's

Sedum integrifolium 

ssp. leedyi T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status New York Dicot

Snail, 

Chittenango 

Ovate Amber

Succinea 

chittenangoensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New York Gastropod

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater New York Fish

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial New York Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater New York Reptile

Alligator, 

American

Alligator 

mississippiensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Brackish North Carolina Reptile

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Arrowhead, 

Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata E Wetland North Carolina Monocot

Avens, 

Spreading Geum radiatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous North Carolina Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous North Carolina Mammal

Bittercress, 

Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Blazing Star, 

Heller's Liatris helleri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Bluet, Roan 

Mountain

Hedyotis purpurea var. 

montana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Butterfly, Saint 

Francis' Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

francisci E Terrestrial North Carolina Insect

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland North Carolina Dicot
186

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater North Carolina Fish

Coneflower, 

Smooth Echinacea laevigata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Dropwort, 

Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Elktoe, 

Appalachian

Alasmidonta 

raveneliana E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Heartleaf, 

Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Heather, 

Mountain 

Golden Hudsonia montana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Irisette, White

Sisyrinchium 

dichotomum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Monocot

Joint-vetch, 

Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Lichen, Rock 

Gnome Gymnoderma lineare E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Lichen

Logperch, 

Roanoke Percina rex E Freshwater North Carolina Fish

Loosestrife, 

Rough-leaved

Lysimachia 

asperulaefolia E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater North Carolina Mammal

Meadowrue, 

Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Mussel, 

Heelsplitter 

Carolina Lasmigona decorata E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Wetland North Carolina Monocot
187

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Pitcher-plant, 

Mountain Sweet

Sarracenia rubra ssp. 

jonesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial North Carolina Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland North Carolina Monocot

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Puma (=Cougar), 

Eastern

Puma (=Felis) concolor 

(all subsp. except coryi) E Terrestrial North Carolina Mammal

Riffleshell, Tan

Epioblasma florentina 

walkeri (=E. walkeri) E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Sedge, Golden Carex lutea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Monocot

Shiner, Cape 

Fear Notropis mekistocholas E Freshwater North Carolina Fish

Silverside, 

Waccamaw Menidia extensa T Freshwater North Carolina Fish

Spider, Sprucefir Moss Microhexura montivaga E Terrestrial North Carolina Arachnid

Spinymussel, 

James River Pleurobema collina E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Spinymussel, Tar 

River Elliptio steinstansana E Freshwater North Carolina Bivalve

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland North Carolina Dicot

Squirrel, 

Carolina 

Northern Flying

Glaucomys sabrinus 

coloratus E Terrestrial North Carolina Mammal

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial North Carolina Bird

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater North Carolina Fish

Sumac, 

Michaux's Rhus michauxii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot
188

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Sunflower, 

Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Carolina Dicot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial North Carolina Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater North Carolina Reptile

Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial North Carolina Mammal

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial North Carolina Bird

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater North Dakota Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial North Dakota Mammal

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status North Dakota Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial North Dakota Bird

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater North Dakota Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater North Dakota Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial North Dakota Bird

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Ohio Mammal

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Ohio Insect

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Ohio Insect

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

mitchellii E

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Ohio Insect

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed

Wetland 

Status Ohio Dicot
189

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Ohio Dicot

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani E Freshwater Ohio Fish

Monkshood, 

Northern Wild

Aconitum 

noveboracense T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Ohio Dicot

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Ohio Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Purple Cat's Paw

Epioblasma obliquata 

obliquata E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

White Cat's Paw

Epioblasma obliquata 

perobliqua E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Ohio Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Ohio Monocot

Riffleshell, 

Northern

Epioblasma torulosa 

rangiana E Freshwater Ohio Bivalve

Snake, Lake Erie 

Water

Nerodia sipedon 

insularum T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Ohio Reptile

Snake, Northern 

Copperbelly 

Water

Nerodia erythrogaster 

neglecta T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Ohio Reptile

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland Ohio Dicot

Alligator, 

American

Alligator 

mississippiensis T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Brackish Oklahoma Reptile

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Oklahoma Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Oklahoma Mammal
190

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bat, Ozark Bigeared

Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) townsendii 

ingens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Oklahoma Mammal

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Oklahoma Insect

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae T Freshwater Oklahoma Fish

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Oklahoma Bird

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis E Terrestrial Oklahoma Bird

Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina T Freshwater Oklahoma Fish

Madtom, 

Neosho Noturus placidus T Freshwater Oklahoma Fish

Mussel, 

Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater Oklahoma Bivalve

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Oklahoma Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Oklahoma Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Oklahoma Bird

Rockpocketbook, 

Ouachita 

(=Wheeler's pm) Arkansia wheeleri E Freshwater Oklahoma Bivalve

Shiner, Arkansas 

River Notropis girardi T Freshwater Oklahoma Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Oklahoma Bird

Vireo, Blackcapped Vireo atricapilla E Terrestrial Oklahoma Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Oklahoma Bird

Albatross, ShorttailedPhoebastria 

(=Diomedea) albatrus E

Terrestrial, 

Saltwater Oregon Bird
191

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Butterfly, 

Fender's Blue

Icaricia icarioides 

fenderi E Terrestrial Oregon Insect

Butterfly, 

Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta T Terrestrial Oregon Insect

Catchfly, 

Spalding's Silene spaldingii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Checker-mallow, 

Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana T Wetland Oregon Dicot

Chub, Borax 

Lake Gila boraxobius E Freshwater Oregon Fish

Chub, Hutton Tui Gila bicolor ssp. T Freshwater Oregon Fish

Chub, Oregon Oregonichthys crameri E Freshwater Oregon Fish

Dace, Foskett 

Speckled Rhinichthys osculus ssp. T Freshwater Oregon Fish

Daisy, 

Willamette

Erigeron decumbens 

var. decumbens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Deer, Columbian 

White-tailed

Odocoileus virginianus 

leucurus E Terrestrial Oregon Mammal

Fairy Shrimp, 

Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi T Vernal pool Oregon Crustacean

Four-o'clock, 

Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Fritillary, 

Gentner's Fritillaria gentneri E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Monocot

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis T Wetland Oregon Dicot

Lomatium, 

Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii E Wetland Oregon Dicot

Lomatium, 

Cook's Lomatium cookii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot
192

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Lupine, Kincaid's

Lupinus sulphureus 

(=oreganus) ssp. 

kincaidii (=var. kincaidii) T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Oregon Mammal

Meadowfoam, 

Large-flowered 

Woolly

Limnanthes floccosa 

ssp. Grandiflora E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Applegate's Astragalus applegatei E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Murrelet, 

Marbled

Brachyramphus 

marmoratus T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater,

Saltwater Oregon Bird

Owl, Northern 

Spotted

Strix occidentalis 

caurina T Terrestrial Oregon Bird

Paintbrush, 

Golden Castilleja levisecta T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Plover, Western 

Snowy

Charadrius alexandrinus 

nivosus T Terrestrial Oregon Bird

Popcornflower, 

Rough Plagiobothrys hirtus E Wetland Oregon Dicot

Rock-cress, 

McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Salmon, Chinook

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

tshawytscha E/T

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Oregon Fish

Salmon, Chum

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

keta T

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Oregon Fish

Salmon, Coho

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

kisutch E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Oregon Fish

Salmon, Sockeye

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

nerka E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Oregon Fish
193

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Steelhead

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

mykiss E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Oregon Fish

Sucker, Lost 

River Deltistes luxatus E Freshwater Oregon Fish

Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps E Freshwater Oregon Fish

Sucker, 

Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris E Freshwater Oregon Fish

Sucker, Warner

Catostomus 

warnerensis T Freshwater Oregon Fish

Thelypody, 

Howell's 

Spectacular

Thelypodium howellii 

spectabilis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Oregon Fish

Trout, Lahontan 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

henshawi T Freshwater Oregon Fish

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus E Saltwater Oregon Mammal

Wire-lettuce, 

Malheur

Stephanomeria 

malheurensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Oregon Dicot

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Pennsylvania Mammal

Bulrush, 

Northeastern 

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland Pennsylvania Monocot

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Pennsylvania Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Pennsylvania Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Pennsylvania Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Pennsylvania Monocot

Riffleshell, 

Northern

Epioblasma torulosa 

rangiana E Freshwater Pennsylvania Bivalve

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Pennsylvania Reptile
194

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Rhode Island Insect

Gerardia, 

Sandplain Agalinis acuta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Rhode Island Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Rhode Island Bird

Puma (=Cougar), 

Eastern

Puma (=Felis) concolor 

(all subsp. except coryi) E Terrestrial Rhode Island Mammal

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Rhode Island Fish

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Rhode Island Bird

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Amphianthus, 

Little Amphianthus pusillus T Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Arrowhead, 

Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata E Wetland South Carolina Monocot

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Coneflower, 

Smooth Echinacea laevigata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Dropwort, 

Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Gooseberry, 

Miccosukee Ribes echinellum T Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Heartleaf, 

Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Irisette, White

Sisyrinchium 

dichotomum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Monocot
195

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Lichen, Rock 

Gnome Gymnoderma lineare E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Lichen

Loosestrife, 

Rough-leaved

Lysimachia

asperulaefolia E Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater South Carolina Mammal

Mussel, 

Heelsplitter 

Carolina Lasmigona decorata E Freshwater South Carolina Bivalve

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Wetland South Carolina Monocot

Pitcher-plant, 

Mountain Sweet

Sarracenia rubra ssp. 

jonesii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland South Carolina Monocot

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Wetland South Carolina Dicot

Quillwort, Blackspored Isoetes melanospora E Wetland South Carolina Ferns

Salamander, 

Frosted 

Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Vernal pool South Carolina Amphibian

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater South Carolina Fish

Sumac, 

Michaux's Rhus michauxii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Sunflower, 

Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Dicot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Trillium, 

Persistent Trillium persistens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Monocot
196

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Carolina Monocot

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater South Carolina Reptile

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Warbler, 

Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial South Carolina Bird

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial South Dakota Insect

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater South Dakota Bird

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis E Terrestrial South Dakota Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial South Dakota Mammal

Mussel, 

Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater South Dakota Bivalve

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status South Dakota Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater South Dakota Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial South Dakota Bird

Shiner, Topeka

Notropis topeka 

(=tristis) E Freshwater South Dakota Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater South Dakota Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater South Dakota Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial South Dakota Bird
197

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Aster, Ruth's 

Golden Pityopsis ruthii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Avens, 

Spreading Geum radiatum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Tennessee Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Tennessee Mammal

Bladderpod, 

Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland Tennessee Dicot

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Clover, Leafy 

Prairie Dalea foliosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Combshell, 

Upland Epioblasma metastriata E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Coneflower, 

Tennessee 

Purple

Echinacea 

tennesseensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Crayfish, 

Nashville Orconectes shoupi E Freshwater Tennessee Crustacean

Dace, Blackside

Phoxinus

cumberlandensis T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, Amber Percina antesella E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, 

Bluemask 

(=jewel) Etheostoma sp. E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, 

Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi T Freshwater Tennessee Fish
198

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Fern, American 

hart's-tongue

Asplenium 

scolopendrium var. 

americanum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Ferns

Grass, 

Tennessee 

Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Monocot

Ground-plum, 

Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Kidneyshell, 

Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Lichen, Rock 

Gnome Gymnoderma lineare E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Lichen

Logperch, 

Conasauga Percina jenkinsi E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Madtom, 

Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Marstonia, Royal 

(=Royal Snail)

Pyrgulopsis 

ogmorhaphe E Terrestrial Tennessee Gastropod

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama 

Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Coosa 

Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Elktoe

Alasmidonta 

atropurpurea E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve
199

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Finelined 

Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Finerayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Georgia 

pigtoe

Pleurobema 

hanleyianum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate 

Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster

Epioblasma 

capsaeformis E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Ring 

Pink (=Golf Stick 

Pearly) Obovaria retusa E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Ring 

Pink (=Golf Stick 

Pearly) Obovaria retusa E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Rough 

Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny 

Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern Pigtoe

Pleurobema 

georgianum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Mussel, 

Southern Pigtoe

Pleurobema 

georgianum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Appalachian 

Monkeyface Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Birdwing Conradilla caelata E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve
200

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Monkeyface Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Green-blossom

Epioblasma torulosa 

gubernaculum E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Orange-footed

Plethobasus 

cooperianus E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Purple Cat's Paw

Epioblasma obliquata 

obliquata E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

TubercledblossomEpioblasma torulosa 

torulosa E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

White 

Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Yellow-blossom

Epioblasma florentina 

florentina E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Pitcher-plant, 

Green Sarracenia oreophila E Wetland Tennessee Dicot

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Tennessee Monocot

Potato-bean, 

Price's Apios priceana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Rabbitsfoot, 

Rough

Quadrula cylindrica 

strigillata E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve
201

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Riffleshell, Tan

Epioblasma florentina 

walkeri (=E. walkeri) E Freshwater Tennessee Bivalve

Riversnail, 

Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi E Freshwater Tennessee Gastropod

Rock-cress, 

Braun's

Arabis perstellata E. L. 

Braun var. ampla 

Rollins E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Rosemary, 

Cumberland Conradina verticillata T Wetland Tennessee Dicot

Sandwort, 

Cumberland

Arenaria 

cumberlandensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Skullcap, Largeflowered Scutellaria montana T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Tennessee Dicot

Snail, Painted 

Snake Coiled 

Forest Anguispira picta T Terrestrial Tennessee Gastropod

Spider, Sprucefir Moss Microhexura montivaga E Terrestrial Tennessee Arachnid

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland Tennessee Dicot

Squirrel, 

Carolina 

Northern Flying

Glaucomys sabrinus 

coloratus E Terrestrial Tennessee Mammal

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial Tennessee Bird

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Tennessee Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Tennessee Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Tennessee Bird

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Tennessee Bird

Ambrosia, South 

Texas

Ambrosia 

cheiranthifolia E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot
202

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Amphipod, 

Peck's Cave

Stygobromus 

(=Stygonectes) pecki E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Texas Crustacean

Ayenia, Texas Ayenia limitaris E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Bat, Mexican 

Long-nosed Leptonycteris nivalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Mammal

Bear, Louisiana 

Black

Ursus americanus 

luteolus T Terrestrial Texas Mammal

Beetle, 

American 

Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial Texas Insect

Beetle, Coffin 

Cave Mold Batrisodes texanus E Subterraneous Texas Insect

Beetle, Comal 

Springs Dryopid Stygoparnus comalensis E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Texas Insect

Beetle, Comal 

Springs Riffle Heterelmis comalensis E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Texas Insect

Beetle, Helotes 

Mold Batrisodes venyivi E Subterraneous Texas Insect

Beetle, 

Kretschmarr 

Cave Mold Texamaurops reddelli E Subterraneous Texas Insect

Beetle, Tooth 

Cave Ground Rhadine persephone E Subterraneous Texas Insect

Bladderpod, 

Zapata

Lesquerella 

thamnophila E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Cactus, Black 

Lace

Echinocereus 

reichenbachii var. 

albertii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Cactus, Bunched 

Cory Coryphantha ramillosa T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Cactus, Lloyd's 

Mariposa

Echinomastus 

mariposensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Cactus, Sneed 

Pincushion

Coryphantha sneedii 

var. sneedii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot
203

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cactus, Star Astrophytum asterias E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Cactus, Tobusch 

Fishhook Ancistrocactus tobuschii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Crane, 

Mississippi 

Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Bird

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Bird

Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola E Freshwater Texas Fish

Dawn-flower, 

Texas Prairie 

(=Texas 

Bitterweed) Hymenoxys texana E Wetland Texas Dicot

Dogweed, Ashy

Thymophylla 

tephroleuca E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Falcon, Northern 

Aplomado

Falco femoralis 

septentrionalis E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Frankenia, 

Johnston's Frankenia johnstonii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Fruit, Earth 

(=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Gambusia, Clear 

Creek Gambusia heterochir E Freshwater Texas Fish

Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis E Freshwater Texas Fish

Gambusia, San 

Marcos Gambusia georgei E Freshwater Texas Fish

Harvestman, 

Bee Creek Cave Texella reddelli E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid
204

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Harvestman, 

Bone Cave Texella reyesi E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Harvestman, 

Cokendolpher 

Cave Texella cokendolpheri E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Jaguarundi, Gulf 

Coast

Herpailurus (=Felis) 

yagouaroundi cacomitli E Terrestrial Texas Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, 

Navasota Spiranthes parksii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Monocot

Manatee, West 

Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Texas Mammal

Manioc, 

Walker's Manihot walkerae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Meshweaver, 

Braken Bat Cave Cicurina venii E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Meshweaver, 

Government

Canyon Bat Cave Cicurina vespera E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Meshweaver, 

Madla's Cave Cicurina madla E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Meshweaver, 

Robber Baron 

Cave Cicurina baronia E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Minnow, Devils 

River Dionda diaboli T Freshwater Texas Fish

Oak, Hinckley Quercus hinckleyi T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Ocelot

Leopardus (=Felis) 

pardalis E Terrestrial Texas Mammal

Owl, Mexican 

Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida T Terrestrial Texas Bird

Phlox, Texas 

Trailing

Phlox nivalis ssp. 

texensis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Texas Bird
205

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Pondweed, Little 

Aguja Creek

Potamogeton 

clystocarpus E Wetland Texas Monocot

Poppy-mallow, 

Texas Callirhoe scabriuscula E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Prairie-chicken, 

Attwater's 

Greater

Tympanuchus cupido 

attwateri E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Pseudoscorpion, 

Tooth Cave Tartarocreagris texana E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Pupfish, 

Comanche 

Springs Cyprinodon elegans E Freshwater Texas Fish

Pupfish, Leon 

Springs Cyprinodon bovinus E Freshwater Texas Fish

Rhadine exilis 

(ncn) Rhadine exilis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Insect

Rhadine 

infernalis (ncn) Rhadine infernalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Insect

Rush-pea, 

Slender Hoffmannseggia tenella E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Salamander, 

Barton Springs Eurycea sosorum E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Amphibian

Salamander, San 

Marcos Eurycea nana T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Amphibian

Salamander, 

Texas Blind Typhlomolge rathbuni E

Freshwater, 

Subterraneous Texas Amphibian

Sand-verbena, 

Large-fruited Abronia macrocarpa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot

Shiner, Arkansas 

River Notropis girardi T Freshwater Texas Fish

Snail, Pecos 

Assiminea Assiminea pecos E Freshwater Texas Gastropod

Snake, Concho 

Water Nerodia paucimaculata T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Reptile

Snowbells, Texas Styrax texanus E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Texas Dicot
206

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Spider, 

Government 

Canyon Bat Cave Neoleptoneta microps E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Spider, Tooth 

Cave Leptoneta myopica E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Texas Arachnid

Sunflower, 

Pecos Helianthus paradoxus T Wetland Texas Dicot

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Texas Amphibian

Vireo, Blackcapped Vireo atricapilla E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Wild-rice, Texas Zizania texana E Wetland Texas Monocot

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Texas Bird

Ambersnail, 

Kanab

Oxyloma haydeni 

kanabensis E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Utah Gastropod

Bearclaw poppy, 

Dwarf Arctomecon humilis E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Bladderpod, 

Kodachrome Lesquerella tumulosa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Buttercup, 

Autumn

Ranunculus aestivalis 

(=acriformis) E Wetland Utah Dicot

Cactus, Colorado 

hookless Sclerocactus glaucus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Cactus, Pariette Sclerocactus brevispinus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Cactus, San 

Rafael Pediocactus despainii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot
207

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Cactus, Siler 

Pincushion

Pediocactus 

(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) 

sileri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Cactus, Uinta 

Basin hookless

Sclerocactus 

wetlandicus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Cactus, Winkler Pediocactus winkleri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Cactus, Wright 

Fishhook Sclerocactus wrightiae E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans E Freshwater Utah Fish

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha E Freshwater Utah Fish

Chub, Virgin 

River

Gila seminuda 

(=robusta) E Freshwater Utah Fish

Condor, 

California

Gymnogyps 

californianus E Terrestrial Utah Bird

Cycladenia, 

Jones

Cycladenia jonesii 

(=humilis) T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Daisy, Maguire Erigeron maguirei T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Utah Mammal

Flycatcher, 

Southwestern 

Willow

Empidonax traillii 

extimus E Terrestrial Utah Bird

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Utah Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Utah Mammal

Milk-vetch, 

Deseret Astragalus desereticus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Heliotrope Astragalus montii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot
208

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Milk-vetch, 

Holmgren

Astragalus 

holmgreniorum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Milk-vetch, 

Shivwits

Astragalus 

ampullarioides E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Milkweed, 

Welsh's Asclepias welshii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Owl, Mexican 

Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida T Terrestrial Utah Bird

Phacelia, Clay Phacelia argillacea E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Prairie Dog, 

Utah Cynomys parvidens T

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Utah Mammal

Primrose, 

Maguire Primula maguirei T Upland Utah Dicot

Reed-mustard, 

Barneby

Schoenocrambe 

barnebyi E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Reed-mustard, 

Clay

Schoenocrambe 

argillacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Reed-mustard, 

Shrubby

Schoenocrambe 

suffrutescens E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Ridge-cress 

(=Pepper-cress), 

Barneby Lepidium barnebyanum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot

Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola T Wetland Utah Monocot

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater Utah Fish

Sucker, June Chasmistes liorus E Freshwater Utah Fish

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater Utah Fish

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii T Terrestrial Utah Reptile

Townsendia, 

Last Chance Townsendia aprica T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Utah Dicot
209

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Trout, Lahontan 

Cutthroat

Oncorhynchus clarki 

henshawi T Freshwater Utah Fish

Woundfin

Plagopterus 

argentissimus E Freshwater Utah Fish

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Vermont Mammal

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Vermont Mammal

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Vermont Bivalve

Boxwood, Vahl's Buxus vahlii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virgin Islands Dicot

Catesbaea 

Melanocarpa 

(ncn) Catesbaea melanocarpa E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virgin Islands Dicot

Coral, Elkhorn Acropora palmata T Saltwater Virgin Islands Coral

Coral, Staghorn Acropora cervicornis T Saltwater Virgin Islands Coral

Lizard, St. Croix 

Ground Ameiva polops E Terrestrial Virgin Islands Reptile

Amaranth, 

Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Virginia Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Virginia Mammal

Bat, Ozark Bigeared

Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) townsendii 

ingens E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous Virginia Mammal

Beetle, 

Northeastern 

Beach Tiger

Cicindela dorsalis 

dorsalis T Terrestrial Virginia Insect

Birch, Virginia 

Round-leaf Betula uber T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Bittercress, 

Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera E Wetland Virginia Dicot
210

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bulrush, 

Northeastern

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland Virginia Monocot

Butterfly, 

Mitchell's Satyr

Neonympha mitchellii 

mitchellii E

Terrestrial, 

Perm. wetland Virginia Insect

Chaffseed, 

American Schwalbea americana E Wetland Virginia Dicot

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni T Freshwater Virginia Fish

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Virginia Fish

Coneflower, 

Smooth Echinacea laevigata E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Dace, Blackside

Phoxinus 

cumberlandensis T Freshwater Virginia Fish

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum E Freshwater Virginia Fish

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland Virginia Dicot

Isopod, Lee 

County Cave Lirceus usdagalun E Freshwater Virginia Crustacean

Isopod, Madison 

Cave Antrolana lira T Freshwater Virginia Crustacean

Joint-vetch, 

Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Wetland Virginia Dicot

Logperch, 

Conasauga Percina jenkinsi E Freshwater Virginia Fish

Logperch, 

Roanoke Percina rex E Freshwater Virginia Fish

Madtom, 

Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Virginia Fish

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, 

Cumberland 

Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve
211

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Mussel, Dwarf 

Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, Finerayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster

Epioblasma 

capsaeformis E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, Rough 

Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny 

Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Virginia Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Appalachian 

Monkeyface Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Birdwing Conradilla caelata E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Cumberland 

Monkeyface Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Green-blossom

Epioblasma torulosa 

gubernaculum E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Wetland Virginia Monocot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Virginia Bird

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland Virginia Monocot

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve
212

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Rabbitsfoot, 

Rough

Quadrula cylindrica 

strigillata E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan

Epioblasma florentina 

walkeri (=E. walkeri) E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Rock-cress, 

Shale Barren Arabis serotina E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Salamander, 

Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Virginia Amphibian

Snail, Virginia 

Fringed 

Mountain Polygyriscus virginianus E Terrestrial Virginia Gastropod

Sneezeweed, 

Virginia Helenium virginicum T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Spider, Sprucefir Moss Microhexura montivaga E Terrestrial Virginia Arachnid

Spinymussel, 

James River Pleurobema collina E Freshwater Virginia Bivalve

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland Virginia Dicot

Squirrel, 

Carolina 

Northern Flying

Glaucomys sabrinus 

coloratus E Terrestrial Virginia Mammal

Squirrel, 

Delmarva 

Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus E Terrestrial Virginia Mammal

Sturgeon, 

Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Virginia Fish

Sumac, 

Michaux's Rhus michauxii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Sunflower, 

Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Virginia Dicot

Tern, Roseate

Sterna dougallii 

dougallii E Terrestrial Virginia Bird

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Virginia Reptile
213

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Woodpecker, 

Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial Virginia Bird

Albatross, ShorttailedPhoebastria 

(=Diomedea) albatrus E

Terrestrial, 

Saltwater Washington Bird

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis T Terrestrial Washington Mammal

Butterfly, 

Oregon 

Silverspot

Speyeria zerene 

hippolyta T Terrestrial Washington Insect

Caribou, 

Woodland

Rangifer tarandus 

caribou E Terrestrial Washington Mammal

Catchfly, 

Spalding's Silene spaldingii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Washington Dicot

Checker-mallow, 

Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana T Wetland Washington Dicot

Checker-mallow, 

Wenatchee 

Mountains

Sidalcea oregana var. 

calva E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Washington Dicot

Deer, Columbian 

White-tailed

Odocoileus virginianus 

leucurus E Terrestrial Washington Mammal

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis T Wetland Washington Dicot

Killer whale, 

Southern 

Resident DPS Orcinus orca E Saltwater Washington Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Washington Monocot

Lomatium, 

Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii E Wetland Washington Dicot

Lupine, Kincaid's

Lupinus sulphureus 

(=oreganus) ssp. 

kincaidii (=var. kincaidii) T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Washington Dicot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Washington Mammal
214

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Murrelet, 

Marbled

Brachyramphus 

marmoratus T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater, 

Saltwater Washington Bird

Owl, Northern 

Spotted

Strix occidentalis 

caurina T Terrestrial Washington Bird

Paintbrush, 

Golden Castilleja levisecta T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Washington Dicot

Plover, Western 

Snowy

Charadrius alexandrinus 

nivosus T Terrestrial Washington Bird

Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus idahoensis E Terrestrial Washington Mammal

Rockfish, 

Bocaccio Sebastes paucispinis E Saltwater Washington Fish

Rockfish, 

Yelloweye Sebastes ruberrimus E Saltwater Washington Fish

Salmon, Chinook

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

tshawytscha E/T

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Washington Fish

Salmon, Sockeye

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

nerka E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Washington Fish

Sandwort, 

Marsh Arenaria paludicola E Wetland Washington Dicot

Steelhead

Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) 

mykiss E

Freshwater, 

Brackish, 

Saltwater Washington Fish

Stickseed, 

Showy Hackelia venusta E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Washington Dicot

Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache T Freshwater Washington Fish

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus T Freshwater Washington Fish

Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus E Saltwater Washington Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous West Virginia Mammal
215

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Bat, Virginia Bigeared

Corynorhinus 

(=Plecotus) townsendii 

virginianus E

Terrestrial, 

Subterraneous West Virginia Mammal

Bulrush, 

Northeastern 

(=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Wetland West Virginia Monocot

Clover, Running 

Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status West Virginia Dicot

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater West Virginia Bivalve

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Wetland West Virginia Dicot

Isopod, Madison 

Cave Antrolana lira T Freshwater West Virginia Crustacean

Mucket, Pink 

(Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater West Virginia Bivalve

Mussel, 

Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater West Virginia Bivalve

Pearlymussel, 

TubercledblossomEpioblasma torulosa 

torulosa E Freshwater West Virginia Bivalve

Pogonia, Small 

Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Upland West Virginia Monocot

Rock-cress, 

Shale Barren Arabis serotina E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status West Virginia Dicot

Salamander, 

Cheat Mountain Plethodon nettingi T

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater West Virginia Amphibian

Snail, Flat-spired 

Three-toothed Triodopsis platysayoides T Terrestrial West Virginia Gastropod

Spinymussel, 

James River Pleurobema collina E Freshwater West Virginia Bivalve

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Wetland West Virginia Dicot

Butterfly, Karner 

Blue

Lycaeides melissa 

samuelis E Terrestrial Wisconsin Insect
216

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Clover, Prairie 

Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wisconsin Dicot

Dragonfly, Hine's 

Emerald Somatochlora hineana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wisconsin Insect

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris T Wetland Wisconsin Monocot

Locoweed, 

Fassett's

Oxytropis campestris 

var. chartacea T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wisconsin Dicot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Wisconsin Mammal

Milkweed, 

Mead's Asclepias meadii T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wisconsin Dicot

Monkshood, 

Northern Wild

Aconitum 

noveboracense T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wisconsin Dicot

Mussel, Winged 

Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater Wisconsin Bivalve

Orchid, Eastern 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Wetland Wisconsin Monocot

Pearlymussel, 

Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater Wisconsin Bivalve

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Wisconsin Bird

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wisconsin Dicot

Warbler 

(=Wood), 

Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial Wisconsin Bird

Butterfly Plant, 

Colorado

Gaura neomexicana 

var. coloradensis T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wyoming Dicot

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans E Freshwater Wyoming Fish

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha E Freshwater Wyoming Fish

Crane, 

Whooping Grus americana E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wyoming Bird

Ferret, Blackfooted Mustela nigripes E Terrestrial Wyoming Mammal
217

Name Scientific Name Status Medium State Taxon

Ladies'-tresses, 

Ute Spiranthes diluvialis T Wetland Wyoming Monocot

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial Wyoming Mammal

Mouse, Preble's 

Meadow 

Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei T Terrestrial Wyoming Mammal

Orchid, Western 

Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T

Unattributed 

Wetland

Status Wyoming Monocot

Penstemon, 

Blowout Penstemon haydenii E

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wyoming Dicot

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Wyoming Bird

Squawfish, 

Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius E Freshwater Wyoming Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater Wyoming Fish

Sturgeon, 

Shovelnose

Scaphirhynchus 

platorynchus SAT Saltwater Wyoming Fish

Sucker, 

Razorback Xyrauchen texanus E Freshwater Wyoming Fish

Tern, Interior 

(population) 

Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial Wyoming Bird

Toad, Wyoming

Bufo baxteri 

(=hemiophrys) E

Terrestrial, 

Freshwater Wyoming Amphibian

Yellowhead, 

Desert Yermo xanthocephalus T

Unattributed 

Wetland 

Status Wyoming Dicot