IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent,

v. JAMES MICHAEL MILLER, Appellant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 38969

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PUBLISHED OPINION

P ENNELL , J.

— RCW 77.15.080 authorizes Department of Fi sh and Wildlife (DFW) officers to perform a brief investigatory stop when “ articulable facts ” indicate

a person is “ engaged in

. . . hunting activities. ” Relying on this statute, DFW officers stopped James Miller’s sport

- utility vehicle ( SUV ) in the Colock um Wildlife Area when they saw him wearing an orange sweatshirt and slowly driving down a bumpy road during modern firearm deer and elk season. In the course of the stop, officers discovered a loaded shotgun and rifle on the passenger seat and Mr. Miller w as charged with misdemeanor firearms violation s . Prior to trial, Mr. Miller moved to suppress evidence of the loaded firearms , arguing they were discovered as a result of an illegal stop. The trial court denied the motion and Mr. Miller was convicted. We n ow reverse. 

### FILED MARCH 28, 2024 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division IIINo. 38969

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2 By its plain terms, RCW 77.15.080 permits an investigative stop only when the totality of the circumstances demonstrate s a substantial possibility that the target of the stop is actively engaged in hunting. Rarely, if ever, will a person in the act of driving

a vehicle be “engaged in . . . hunting activities

. ” RCW 77.15.080. Hunting and driving

are incompatible. To the extent this court’s prior opinion in Schlegel v. Department of Licensing , 137 Wn. App. 364, 153 P.3d 244 (2007) states otherwise , we respectfully disagree with that decision

. Mr. Miller was doing nothing more than driving his SUV at the time DFW officers performed the stop. This was not a hunting activity . T he stop therefore did not fall under the purview of RCW 77.15.080 and Mr. Miller’s motion to suppress should have been granted. We reverse Mr. Miller’s conviction and remand for further proceedings. FACTS
D FW officers were patrolling the Colockum Wildlife Area during modern firearm deer and elk season when they observed a n SUV t raveling slowly on a bumpy “ g reen d o t road. ” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 25

. In partnership with the Department of Natural Resources and private landowners in Kittitas and Yakima counties, g reen d ot road s are cooperatively managed by DFW for use by a “ wide vari ety of recreationalists” to access “camping, hunting, wildlife viewing, and ATV [all

- terrain vehicle] and off

- road vehicleNo. 38969

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3 riding, while protecting sensitive habitat from damage caused by motorized vehicles.” Recreational Opportunities and Rules on Your WD FW Public Lands , W ASH
. D EP ’ T OF F ISH & W ILDLIFE , https://wdfw.wa.gov/about/wdfw

- lands/public

- conduct#green

- dot [https://perma.cc/H5TD

- KNXN]. The DFW officers observed the d river of the SUV

— later identified as James Miller

— was wearing an orange sweatshirt. T he officers believed
Mr. Miller was “ engaged in

. . . hunting activities. ” RCW 77.15.080. As a result, the y stopped the SUV to inquire as to compliance with state game and licensing regulations. During the stop, the officers observed a rifle and shotgun lying on the SUV’s passenger seat. They asked to check the firearms to verify they were unloaded

. Mr. Miller acquiesced and a live round was found in the chamber of the sho tgun. Mr. Miller was cited for possessing a loaded shotgun in his vehicle in violation of RCW 77.15.460(1) ,

a misdemeanor offense . T he State subsequently charged Mr. Miller with th at offense in Kittitas County D istrict C ourt

. 1 During pretrial proceedings, Mr. Miller filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained by the DFW officers , arguing it was the fruit of an unconstitutional seizure , and to dismiss the charges

. The district court denied the motion. The court found the

1 The State initially charged Mr. Miller with a second violation of RCW 77.15.460(1), for possessing a loaded rifle in his vehicle, but that charge was eventually di smis sed during trial at the close of the State’s case

- in

- chief

.No. 38969

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4 DFW officers reasonably believe d Mr. Miller was “ engaged in

. . . hunting activitie s ” and thus the stop was authorized under RCW 77.15.080. The case proceeded to a jury trial and Mr. Miller was convicted. Mr. Miller appealed his conviction to the superior court, arguing the district co urt erred by denying his motion to suppress. The superior court denied the appeal, relying

on this court’s interpretation of RCW 77.15.080 in Schlegel

. See 137 Wn. App. at 366,
37 0

- 71. We granted discretionary review. ANALYSIS Mr. Miller argues RCW 77.15. 080 did not authorize DFW officer s to stop his SUV and, if it did, the stop violate d the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
We may avoid reaching Mr. Miller’s constitutional argument if we can resolve his case

on statutory grounds. See Sta te v. Speaks , 119 Wn.2d 204, 207, 829 P.2d 1096 (1992). Thus, we begin by interpret ing RCW 77.15.080. Our review is de novo. State v. Armendariz , 160 Wn.2d 106, 110, 156 P.3d 201 (2007). When interpreting a statute, our “ fundamental objectiv e ” is to effect uate the legislature’s intent. Columbia Riverkeeper v. Port of Vancouver USA , 188 Wn.2d 421, 435, 395 P.3d 1031 (2017). If a statute’s plain text is unambiguous

— that is, where it is subject to only one reasonable interpretation

— this court’s task begins and ends withNo. 38969

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5 that plain language. State v. Delgado , 148 Wn.2d 723, 72 6

- 2 7, 63 P.3d 792 (2003 ). In pertinent part, RCW 77.15.080 reads: Based upon articulable facts that a person is engaged in fishing, harvesting, or hunting activities , fish and wildlife of ficers and ex officio fish and wildlife officers have the authority to temporarily stop the person and check for valid licenses, tags, permits, stamps, or catch record cards, and to inspect all fish, shellfish, seaweed, and wildlife in possession as well a s the equipment being used to ensure compliance with the requirements of this title. (Emphasis added

. ) T hree terms are pertinent to our statutory analysis : “articulable facts,”

“ is,” and “ hunting activities.” We discuss each in turn. RCW 77.15.080 requir es law enforcement to have “articulable fact s ” indicating

a regulated activity is underway in order to perform a stop. Th is term of art has been interpreted as referencing the familiar Terr y 2 stop standard

. See Schlegel , 137 Wn. App.
at 369. Under Terry , o fficers must have more than a “ mere hunch [ ] ” to perform a stop. State v. Doughty , 170 Wn.2d 57, 63, 239 P.3d 573 (2010). “ [A] traffic stop significantly curtails the ‘freedom of action’ of the driver and [any] passengers.” Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 436, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 82 L . E d. 2d 317 (1984). Thus, to justify a stop, the totality of the circumstances known to law enforcement must demonstrate a “ substantial possibilit y ” that the re is a basis for the stop

. State v. Kennedy , 107 Wn.2d 1, 6, 726 P.2d

2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).No. 38969

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6 445 (1986). In the instant context, there must be a substantial possibility of “ fishing, harvesting, or hunting activitie s ” for a stop to be proper under RCW 77.15.080. As relevant here, RCW 77.15.080 only permits the stop of a person who “ i s ” engaged in hunting activities. The use of the word “ i s ” carries legal significan ce . See
In re Dependency of D.L.B. , 188 Wn. App. 905, 917, 355 P.3d 345 (2015)

. By selecting

“ i s ”

— th e present tense of the ver b “ to b e ”

— t he legislature indicated its intent that the
statu te appl y only to present, ongoing activities. Past or future conduct is not covered

. Thus, i t is not enough that an officer suspects a person has recently been engaged in hunting or may soon be so engaged

. Finally , we examine the term “ hunting activities. ” Here, “‘ [t]o hun t’ ” means “an effort to kill, injure, harass, harvest, or capture a wild animal or wild bird.”
RCW 77.08.010(33). O ur Supreme Court has further explained that an individual begins to hunt “ when they make an effort to kill or injure

. . . game in an area where such animals may reasonably be expected.” State v. Walsh , 123 Wn.2d 741, 748, 870 P.2d 974 (1994). An d an “ activit y ” is simply the “ collective act s ” of one or more people “engaged in a common enterprise

. ” B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY 42 (11 th ed. 2019). Piecing the foregoing terms together , we interpret RCW 77.15.080 to limit stops based on suspicion of “ hunting activities” to the following circumstances: officers mustNo. 38969

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7 be aware of facts creating a substantial possibility that a person to be stopped is presently engaged in an effort to kill, injure, harass, harvest, or capture wild animal s or wild bird s in an area where such animals may reasonably be expected

. The State does not quibble with this interpretation; instead, it claims this standar d has been met. The State points out that it was modern firearm deer and elk season and
Mr. Miller was driving slowly in a wildlife area while wearing an orange sweatshirt. According to the State, Mr. Miller might have been scouting out a potential hunting location as he drove along the g reen d ot road

. See Wash. Ct

. of Appeals oral argument, State v. Miller , No. 38969

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- III (Mar. 5, 2024), at 24 min., 4 sec. through 27 min.,
17 sec., audio recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public Affairs Network, http:// tvw.org. We doubt that the S tate’s scouting theory meets the statutory requirement of active engagement in hunting

. According to DFW , scouting is best performed well
in advance of an actual hunting trip. See How To Prepare for Hunting Season , W ASH
. D EP ’ T O F F ISH & W ILDLIFE , https://wdfw.wa.gov/hunting/requirements/preparing

- to

- hunt [https://perma.cc/25R8

- E3CK]. Even i f Mr. Miller was scouting out possible hunting locations, this does not mean that he was presently “engaged in

. . . hunting activities. ”
RCW 77.15.080.No. 38969

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8 But even if scouting qualifie d as “ engag[ing] in . . . hunting activities , ” id ., the record before us would still fail to justify the stop of Mr. Miller’s vehicle

. T he
in formation known to officers at the time of the stop failed to indicate M r. Miller was likely engaged in hunting , as opposed to some other type of recreational activity. T he
g reen d ot road utilized by Mr. Miller is open to nonhunters and provides “ access fo r camping, hunting, wildlife viewing, and ATV and off

- road vehicle riding.” See Recreational Opportunities and Rules on Your WDFW Public Lands , supra . Here, a
DFW officer described t he road where Mr. Miller was stopped as “ bumpy .” CP at 25.
T hus , Mr. Mille r’s cautious pace on this road was advisable and unremarkable. And while Mr. Miller was wearing an orange sweatshirt, this type of attire is recommended for anyone recreating in an area that is open for hunting during hunting season. See Staying Safe Durin g Hunting Season , W ASH
. T RAILS A SS ’ N , https://www.wta.org/go

outside/seasonal

- hikes/fall

- destinations/staying

- safe

- during

- hunting

- season [htt ps://perma.cc/7DFW

- UVHB] (recommending that hikers “ [w]ear bright clothin g ” and “ [c]hoose colors that stand out, like pink, red and orang e ”). The State points to our decision in Schlegel to support its claim that Mr. Miller reasonably appeared to be engage d in hunting activities. In Schlegel , a majority of this
court held that DFW officers had sufficient “ articulable fact s ” to perform a vehicle stopNo. 38969

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9 under RCW 77.15.080 based on circumstances similar to the ones here

. See 137 Wn. App.
at 370. Mr. Schlegel wa s driv ing a truck on a dirt road in a wildlife area on the opening day of elk hunt ing season while wearing warm clothing. Id. at 367. According to DFW officers, these circumstances were consistent with hunting. Id . at 370. Our court deferred to th e officer s’ characterization and held there was a “ substantial possibilit y ” that
Mr. Schlegel was engaged in hunting activities when he was stopped

. Id

. Were we bound by Schlegel , we would agree with the State that the stop was justified under RCW 77.15.080. But s tare decisis does not exist “ between or among the divisions of the Court of Appeals.” In re Pers. Restraint of Arnold , 190 Wn.2d 136,
1 48

- 49 , 410 P.3d 1133 (2018). We ordinarily strive to follow our prior decisions because we value consistency, and we mus t give our prior decisions “ respectful consideration .” Id

. at 154 ; see id. at 150

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. However, if we conclude one of our prior opin ion s was incorrect , we are free to depart from it. See Grisby v. Herzog , 190 Wn. App. 786, 81 0

- 11, 362 P.3d 763 (2015). The d ecision in S c hlegel was not unanimous. A detailed dissent reasoned that the authority to “ ‘ temporarily stop [a] person ’ ” under RCW 77.15.080 “ does not extend to stopping a motor vehicle.” Schlegel , 137 Wn. App. at 37 3 (Schultheis, J., dissenting). This is because “ [t]raveling in a motor vehicle is not, nor can it be, engaging in huntingNo. 38969

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10 activities.” Id

. at 373

- 74. Should an effort to kill or injure game take place from inside

a moving vehicle , “ it constitutes a crime. ” 3 Id. at 374; s ee RCW 77.15.460 (1), (2 ) (b) ;

see also WAC 220

- 413

- 070(2), (3). As recognized by the dissent in Schlegel , the legislature has adopted specific provisions pertaining to the search and seizure of vehicles by DFW officers. See 137
Wn. App. at 37 4

- 75 (Schultheis, J., dissenting)

. For instance, RCW 77.15.094 allows officers to perform warrantless search es of “ vehicle s ” based on reasonable suspicion that a vehicle contains evidence of a hunting and fishing violation. And RCW 77.12.620 allows DFW officers to conduct vehicle inspections a t clearly marked “ check stations. ” The fact that two statutes specifically reference vehicle inspections, but RCW 77.15.080 does not, indicates the legislature’s intent that RCW 77.15.080 does not ordinarily extend to vehicle stops. When the legislature in tends to authorize vehicle stops by DFW officers, it has shown that it knows how to do so. Cf. Bassett v. Dep’t of Ecology , 8 Wn. App. 2d 284, 305, 438 P.3d 563 (2019).

3 Because hunting from a moving vehicle is a crime, a DFW officer who actually witnesses someone hunting from a moving veh icle could arrest that person without recourse to RCW 77.15.080. See RCW 10.31.100 (authorizing warrantless arrests for misdemeanors if the officer witnesses the crime).No. 38969

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11 We find the dissent’s interpretation of RCW 77.15.080 in Schlegel more persuasive than that set forth in the majority opinion. Therefore, we respectfully decline to follow the holding in Schlegel

. 4
The Schlegel dissent makes a persuasive case for concluding that RCW 7 7.15.080 never authorizes the stop of a moving vehicle. But we need not go th at far to resolve
Mr. Miller’s appeal . Even if RCW 77.15.080 might sometimes justify stopping a moving vehicle based on a substantial possibility that an occupant is presently engaged in huntin g activities , the facts here do not meet th e requisite stand ard. The record here shows the only activity engaged in by Mr. Miller at the time he encountered the DFW officers

was operation of his SUV. There wa s no indication to the officers that Mr. Miller

was presently making an effort to kill, harvest, or capture a wild animal or bird. Merely driving a vehicle is inconsistent with the act of hunting . Thus, the stop was not justified under RCW 77.15.080

.

4 To be clear, we may not “ overrul e ” one of our prior decisions; only the Supreme Cour t may resolve conflicts between panels of this court. See Grisby , 190 Wn. App. at 808

- 09; Arnold , 190 Wn.2d at 150. Should some future trial court confront a n issue where our opinion today “ irreconcilabl[y] conflict[s ] ” with Schlegel , th at court should “ pr edict what the Washington Supreme Court is likely to do.” Mark DeForrest, In the Groove or in a Rut? Resolving Conflicts Between the Divisions of the Washington State Court of Appeals at the Trial Court Level , 48 G ONZ
. L. R EV
. 455, 511 ( 201 2/1 3); see, e.g. , Union Bank, N.A. v. Vanderhoek Assocs., LLC , 191 Wn. App. 836, 848, 365 P.3d 223 (2015) (adopting Professor DeForrest’s approach).No. 38969

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12 Because law enforcement stopped Mr. Miller’s vehicle without legal justification, he is entitled to a favorable ruling on his suppression motion. We need not reach
Mr. Miller’s constitutional claims. CONCLUSION Mr. Miller’s conviction is reversed. This matter is remanded with instructions
to grant Mr. Miller’s motion to suppress. See State v. Walker , 129 Wn. App. 5 72, 575, 119 P.3d 399 (2005) (noting, where an “ initial stop” was unlawful, evidence discovered through the stop must be excluded as “ fruits of the poisonous tre e ”). 5

_________________________________ Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:

____________ __________________ _________________________________ Fearing , C. J. Lawrence

- Berrey, J.

5 We note that the district court and superior court did not err. Unlike the C ourt of A ppeals, district and superior courts are bound to follow published decisions from the C ourt of A ppeals. See Marley v. Dep’t of Lab

. & Indus. , 72 Wn. App. 326, 330, 864 P.2d 960 (1993), aff’d , 125 Wn.2d 533, 886 P.3d 189 (1994). Until today, there was no Washington decision disagreeing with S chlegel

. The district court and superior court were required to follow Schlegel and, under Schlegel , Mr. Miller was not entitled to suppression.