October 2003

Issue No. 30

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/

Editor: Sonja Jones

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

World Date Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

CDIAC Communications, funded by the U.S. Department of

Energy’s Office of Science, Biological and Environmental

Research Program, Climate Change Research Division, is

periodically published and distributed free of charge by the

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental

Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).

ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. ISSN

1053-1106.

CDIAC’s DOE Program Manager: Wanda Ferrell

What’s Inside ...

Direct from the Director ........................................ 2

Trends Online: Additions and Updates ................. 4

Focus Area Outreach ............................................. 8

New and Updated Databases ............................... 11

New CDIAC Mercury Search Feature ................ 15

CDIAC Publications ............................................ 16

Vast Deep Web Resources Unlocked .................. 17

CDIAC Bookshelf................................................ 18

CDIAC Subscription Form .................................. 20

Let me start by saying that I believe

a viable and responsive data

management system is central to the

success of the CCSP. In short, we

can’t get to where we want to be

without it!

If I was king for a day, I would ask

my colleagues in the data

management community to:

• Develop a vision of data

management for the CCSP that is

for users and not for developers.

Users set the requirements;

computer pros put it into a working package.

On the other hand, don’t let computer nerds

design the system—it will be access, access,

and more access.

(continued on page 3)

A Vision for Climate Change

Data Management

Director’s Note: CDIAC recently

celebrated its twentieth

anniversary as the U.S.

Department of Energy’s lead

center for global-change data and

information. We asked Michael

Farrell, who was director of

CDIAC during its first decade

(and then head of Oak Ridge

National Laboratory’s Center for

Global Environmental Studies), to

look back on the changing role of

data and information in support

of global-change research,

education, and decision making.

I would like to focus this short article on the future—

the future of data management in the Climate Change

Science Program (CCSP) (http://

www.climatescience.gov/).

by Michael P. Farrell
October 2003 2

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

I am pleased to note that CDIAC is now becoming involved with the management of data related

to carbon sequestration. Sequestration, or storage, of carbon is a major component of the U.S.

Department of Energy’s strategy for addressing the issue of climate change (see http://

www.doe.gov/engine/content.do?BT_CODE=EN_SS3). In addition to controlling emissions of

carbon to the atmosphere (especially from the combustion of fossil-fuels, production of cement,

and changes in land use and land cover), the United States and other countries are exploring

techniques to sequester carbon in reservoirs for decades and longer. Considerable research and

development (R&D) is aimed at potential carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere (i.e., vegetation

and soil), the oceans, and geological repositories. Investigations also focus on techniques that

might capture carbon directly from industrial processes for injection into marine or geological

reservoirs.

Obviously, such R&D effort produces its own stream of data, which has to be properly managed –

hence, the need for quality assurance, documentation, archival, and distribution. CDIAC is

becoming involved to complement our other data and information related to global change and to

better serve our diverse user community.

Our first steps in this direction, undertaken in collaboration with CSiTE [the DOE Consortium for

Research on Enhancing Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems (http://csite.esd.ornl.gov)],

have been in the area of terrestrial carbon sequestration. In this work, CDIAC has been assisted by

Tris West and Lynn Kszos of ORNL’s Environmental Sciences Division. If you turn to CDIAC’s

new Web site for carbon sequestration data (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/CSEQ/

cseqprojectdata.html), you’ll find links to several key data sets contributed by researchers in the

United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. These data sets — focusing on conversion to

and management of grassland, afforestation, tillage, and crop rotation — represent important

syntheses of terrestrial carbon sequestration research. We are also working on other terrestrial data

sets, which we expect to offer online in the near future. Beyond that, we hope to broaden our work

to include data sets from other aspects of carbon sequestration, such as ocean carbon and

geological carbon sequestration, CO2 capture, and microorganism genome sequencing.

Bob Cushman

Director, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Direct from the Director
October 2003 3

CDIAC Communications

 (continued from page 1)

• Admit that data management for CCSP is not a

technology challenge; the tools and know-how

exist. The challenge is commitment to

developing data management capability that

(1) reflects the needs of the user community,

(2) is created in a reasonable time-frame, and

(3) is universally accepted as a value-added

capability to the folks doing work (researchers,

decision makers, policy makers, etc.).

• Design a data management system that is not a

fixed, over-engineered, static system, outdated

two years into the program. Change should be

anticipated. The development of a data

management system should be dynamic.

• Spell out what promises the data management

research community is making to the CCSP

over the next 5–10 years. We would

understand why they are being made and what

we need to change to make this happen, and

we would jointly develop the metrics of

success. Most importantly, we would get the

buy-in from climate change researchers by

promising something useful and available (in a

prototype) very quickly.

• Recognize that (1) access to data is an

important, but only part of the, problem faced

by the research community, and perhaps the

easiest part to solve; (2) interoperability is an

important attribute of data management, but it

should not be the critical goal of a CCSP data

management system, perhaps not even in the

top tier; and (3) standards and formats are

important to many research areas (e.g.,

geographic data), but should not be the

overarching goal of the CCSP data

management efforts.

These shortcomings are fixable, and are being

fixed—at least that is my hope. On a positive note,

there is much we can do. I suggest two actions to

get the ball rolling:

• Conduct a workshop on the “success”

aspects (maybe failures, too) of the current

climate-change data management

experience. What has worked (or not

worked)? Why has it worked (or not)?

Figure out how to avoid the problems

encountered in the past and incorporate

past successes into the CCSP data

management capability of the future.

• “Right-size” the CCSP data management

budget. To do this you first have to

develop a data management plan that is

exciting and useful to users. A plan that

will bring comments like, “Finally, a data

management capability that works for me;

helps me do my job and gain new insights

into the data.” Make data management a

value-added enterprise of the CCSP, not an

afterthought. Do this by holding data

management accountable to the users.

Promise and deliver new capabilities.

Celebrate successes. Budgets and hearts

will follow.

Mike
October 2003 4

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Additions & Updates

Atmospheric CO2 Records from Sites in the SIO

Air Sampling Network

(C. D. Keeling and T. P. Whorf 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.htm

Ambient atmospheric CO2 data from the Mauna

Loa Observatory, Hawaii; Barrow, Alaska; Cape

Matatula, American Samoa; the South Pole,

Antarctica; and Alert, Northwest Territories,

Canada, have been updated with data through

2002.

The Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2

 measurements,

which began in 1958, constitute the longest

continuous record of atmospheric CO2

concentrations in the world. The Mauna Loa site is

considered one of the most favorable locations for

measuring undisturbed air because possible local

influences of vegetation or human activities on

atmospheric CO2

 concentrations are minimal and

because any influences from volcanic vents may be

excluded

from the

records. The

methods and

equipment

used to

obtain these

measurements

have

remained

essentially

unchanged during the 4-decade monitoring

program.

The Mauna Loa record shows an 18% increase in

the mean annual concentration, from 315.98 ppmv

of dry air in 1959 to 372.95 ppmv in 2002. The

increase in mean annual concentration from 2001

to 2002 was 2.06 ppmv (the largest single-year

jump in the Mauna Loa record since recording

began in 1958 was the 2.87 ppmv increase from

1997 to 1998).

Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentrations

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Historical CO2 Record from the Vostok Ice Core

(J.-M. Barnola et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/vostok.htm

Updated

Vostok data

now extend

the period

of record

by about

3000 years,

so that the

record

spans from 417,160 to 2,342 years before present.

In January 1998, the collaborative ice-drilling

project between Russia, the United States, and

France at the Russian Vostok station in East

Antarctica yielded the deepest ice core ever

recovered, reaching a depth of 3623 m. Ice cores

are unique, with their long records of entrapped air,

enabling direct measurement of past changes in

atmospheric trace-gas composition. Preliminary

data indicate the Vostok ice-core record extends

through four climate cycles, with ice slightly older

than 400 kyear (1 kyear = 1000 years). There is a

close correlation between Antarctic temperature

and atmospheric concentrations of CO2

. The

extension of the Vostok CO2

 record shows that the

main trends of CO2

 are similar for each glacial

cycle. Major transitions from the lowest to the

highest values are associated with glacialinterglacial transitions. During these transitions,

the atmospheric concentrations of CO2

 rose from

180 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to 280–

300 ppmv. At the beginning of deglaciations, the

CO2

 increase was approximately in phase with

Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged

behind the temperature after the onset of

deglaciation.
October 2003 5

CDIAC Communications

Atmospheric CO2 Record from Continuous

Measurements at Jubany Station, Antarctica

(L. Ciattaglia et al. 2002)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/jubany.htm

The Italian National Research Program in

Antarctica has taken continuous atmospheric CO2

measurements at Jubany Station, Antarctica, since

March 1994. Jubany Station is situated on King

George Island, in the South Shetland archipelago

north of the Antarctic Penisula. Based on annual

averages calculated from monthly averages

running from March 1994 through December 2001,

CO2

 levels at Jubany have risen from 356.75 ppmv

in 1994 to 368.22 ppmv in 2001.

The general deceleration trend in the atmospheric

CO2

 concentration first observed during 1997–

1998 at Jubany and other Antarctic stations in the

World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO’s)

Global Atmospheric Watch network may have

been caused by several factors, such as anomalies

in sea surface and air temperatures and changes in

general atmospheric circulation.

Atmospheric CO2

 Concentrations from the

CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network

(L. P. Steele et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/csiro/

csiro_gaslab.html

Individual atmospheric CO2 measurements were

obtained from flask air samples for nine globally

distributed stations [Alert, Northwest Territories,

Canada; Cape Ferguson, Australia; Cape Grim,

Australia; Estevan Point, British Columbia,

Canada; Macquarie Island, Australia; Mauna Loa,

Hawaii, U.S.A.; Mawson, Antarctica; Shetland

Islands, Scotland; and South Pole, Antarctica] and

returned to the CSIRO GASLAB for analysis. The

period of record began as early as December 1990

for some stations and continued through December

2001. Average annual increases in CO2

concentration since the early 1990s ranged from

1.5 ppmv/year to 1.8 ppmv/year.

Atmospheric Methane

Historic CH4 Records from Antarctic and

Greenland Ice Cores, Antarctic Firn Data, and

Archived Air Samples from Cape Grim,

Tasmania (D. M. Etheridge et al. 2002)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/atm_meth/

lawdome_meth.html

A thousand-year record of atmospheric CH4

concentrations was added to Trends Online. CH4

concentrations in air bubbles dating from 1008 to

1980 in Antarctic ice cores, and from 1075 to 1885

in Greenland ice cores indicate “pre-industrial”

(before 1750) concentrations of 722 ppb in high

Northern-Hemisphere latitudes and 680 ppb in

high Southern Hemisphere latitudes. Present-day

concentrations are 1842 ppb at Mace Head Ireland,

and 1729 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania. This

database also contains records of air in firn

samples dated roughly from 1978 to 1993; these

data compare well with CH4

 concentrations in

archived air samples from Cape Grim for the years

1978–1995.

Atmospheric CH4

 Concentrations from the

CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network

(L. P. Steele et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/atm_meth/csiro/

csiro_gaslabch4.html

Individual atmospheric CH4 concentrations were

obtained from flask air samples for nine globally

distributed sites (Alert, Northwest Territories,

Canada; Cape Ferguson, Australia; Cape Grim,

Australia; Estevan Point, British Columbia,

Canada; Macquarie Island, Australia; Mauna Loa,

Hawaii, U.S.A.; Mawson, Antarctica; Shetland

Islands, Scotland; and the South Pole, Antarctica)

and returned to the CSIRO GASLAB for analysis.

Typical sample storage times ranged from days to

weeks for some sites (e.g., Cape Grim) and to as

much as one year for Macquarie Island and the

Antarctic sites. Experiments were carried out to

test for any change in sample CH4

 mixing ratio.
October 2003 6

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide

Atmospheric CO Concentrations from the

CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network

(L. P. Steele et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/otheratg/csiro-co/

csiro_gaslabco.html

Individual CO measurements were obtained from

flask air samples for nine globally distributed sites

(Alert, Northwest Territories, Canada; Cape

Ferguson, Australia; Cape Grim, Australia;

Estevan Point, British Columbia, Canada;

Macquarie Island, Australia, Mauna Loa, Hawaii,

U.S.A.; Mawson, Antarctica; Shetland Islands,

Scotland; and the South Pole, Antarctica) and

returned to the CSIRO GASLAB for analysis. The

period of record began as early as May 1984 for

some stations and continued through December

2001. Long-term trends were not evident in these

data. However, peak concentrations were observed

on a global scale in 1998; these may be related to

unusually large amounts of biomass burning in

southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, and also in

South America.

Atmospheric Hydrogen

Atmospheric H2 Concentrations from the

CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network

(L. P. Steele et al. 2003) 

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/otheratg/csiro-h2/

csiro_gaslabh2.html

Individual atmospheric H2 measurements were

obtained from flask air samples for nine globally

distributed stations (Alert, Northwest Territories,

Canada; Cape Ferguson, Australia; Cape Grim,

Australia; Estevan Point, British Columbia,

Canada; Macquarie Island, Australia; Mauna Loa,

Hawaii, U.S.A.; Mawson, Antarctica; Shetland

Islands, Scotland; and the South Pole, Antarctica)

and returned to the CSIRO GASLAB for analysis.

The period of record for most stations began in

1992 and continued through December 2001.

Long-term trends were not evident in these data.

However, globally averaged peak concentrations

were observed on a global scale in 1998. Tuhese

may be related to unusually large amounts of

biomass burning in southeast Asia, especially in

Indonesia and also in South America.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and

Associated 13C/12C Values from Fossil-Fuel

Consumption in the U.S.A.

(T. J. Blasing et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis_mon/

emis_mon_co2.html

Estimates of monthly CO2 emissions and

associated 13C/12C values from fossil-fuel

consumption in the U.S. are available for the years

1981–2002. These estimates were derived from

values of fuel consumed, multiplied by their

respective thermal conversion factors, and then

multiplied by their respective CO2

 emission

factors. An annual cycle, peaking during the winter

months and reflecting natural gas consumption,

and a semi-annual cycle of lesser amplitude,

peaking in summer and winter and reflecting coal

consumption, comprise the dominant features of

the annual pattern. There were relatively constant

emissions until 1987, followed by an increase

during 1987–1989, a decrease in 1990–1991, and

record highs during the late 1990s; emissions have

declined somewhat since 2000.
October 2003 7

CDIAC Communications

Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel CO2

Emissions

(G. Marland et al. 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm

Estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel

combustion and cement production, on global,

regional, and national scales, are available for

1751–2000. The estimate for 2000 global CO2

emissions, 6611 million metric tons of carbon,

represents a 1.8% increase from 1999. These

estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics

published by the United Nations (U.N.), were

calculated by using the methods of Marland and

Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from

the U.S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Mines

were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement

production. Emissions from gas flaring were

derived primarily from U.N. data but were

supplemented with data from R. Rotty, and with a

few national estimates provided by Marland.

Carbon Flux from Land-Cover Change

Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use

Changes

(R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler 2002)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/

houghton.html

Estimates of carbon flux to the atmosphere from

land-use changes have been updated with estimates

extending from 1850 through 2000. This database

provides annual estimates of net fluxes caused by

deliberate changes in land use (e.g., clearing of

forests for agriculture, harvest of wood for fuel or

timber) in nine regions of the world. The estimated

global total net flux of carbon from changes in land

use increased from 0.5 Pg C (1 petagram = 1015 or

1,000,000,000,000,000 grams) in 1850 to a

maximum of 2.4 Pg C in 1991 and then declined to

2.1 Pg C in 2000. The global net flux during the

period 1850–2000 was 156 Pg C, about 63% of

which was from the tropics. During this period, the

greatest regional flux was from Tropical Asia (48

Pg C), while the smallest regional flux was from

North Africa and the Middle East (3 Pg C). The

global total flux averaged 2.0 Pg C/year during the

1980s and 2.2 Pg C/year during the 1990s (but

generally declining during that latter decade),

dominated by fluxes from tropical deforestation.

For the United States, the estimated flux is a net

source of 7 Pg C to the atmosphere for the period

1850–2000, but a net sink of 1.2 Pg C for the

1980s and 1.1 Pg C for the 1990s.

Climate

Temperature

Global, Hemispheric, and Zonal Temperature

Deviations Derived from Radiosonde Records

(J. K. Angell 2003)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/angell/

angell.html

CDIAC has updated the “Global, Hemispheric, and

Zonal Temperature Deviations Derived from

Radiosonde Records” (http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

trends/temp/angell/angell.html) and updated the

corresponding numeric data package “Annual and

Seasonal Global Temperature Deviations in the

Troposphere and Low Stratosphere, 1958–2002”

(NDP-008, http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/

ndp008.html). Data from a global network of 63

radiosonde stations were used to estimate

temperature deviations from 1958 through 2002.

These estimates are categorized vertically (for the

near-surface, troposphere, tropopause, low

stratosphere, and the near-surface up to 100 mb)

and horizontally (for the globe; the Northern and

Southern Hemispheres; and the North and South
October 2003 8

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

CDIAC’s archive of data for

the Free-Air CO2 Enrichment

(FACE) program now includes

data from the FACTS II FACE

research site in Rhinelander,

Wisconsin (http://

cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/

FACE/facts-IIdata/

factsIIdata.html). FACTS II is a multidisciplinary

study to assess the effects of increasing

tropospheric ozone and CO2

 levels on aspen forest

ecosystems. The first data set from the

Rhinelander, Wisconsin, site was contributed by

Jaak Sober, Wendy Jones, and David Karnosky

(Michigan Technological University), and it

quantifies the measured atmospheric

concentrations of CO2 in control and enriched

(target concentration = ambient + 200 ppm) rings.

Data from the FACE research site in Bulls, New

Zealand (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/FACE/

nzdata/nzdata.html) comprises the first data set

from the New Zealand pasture site. This database

was contributed by Paul Newton and Harry Clark

(Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand), and

it quantifies the effects of CO2 enrichment

[ambient (360 ppm) versus elevated (475 ppm)]

and management (grazed versus ungrazed) on plant

dry weight.

ORNL’s FACE research site (http://

cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/programs/FACE/ornldata/

ornldata.html) has been expanded to include

1999–2002 data on the leaf area index (LAI)

measured at the FACE rings. These data were

contributed by the ORNL Environmental Sciences

Division’s Richard Norby, Johnna Sholtis (Texas

Tech University), Carla Gunderson, and Sara

Jawdy (to accompany their forthcoming paper

“Leaf Dynamics of a Deciduous Forest Canopy:

No Response to Elevated CO2

” in the journal

Oecologia). Previously archived ORNL FACE data

include measured CO2 concentrations, wind speed

and direction, and solar angle. Future data sets will

cover tree basal area and other response variables.

Polar, North and South Temperate, North and

South Subtropical, Tropical, and Equatorial

latitudinal zones). Based on this network, Angell

reported that during 1958–2002 the global mean

near-surface air temperature warmed by

0.16° C/decade and the 850–300 mb troposphere

layer warmed by 0.08° C/decade. The global mean

300–100 mb tropopause layer cooled by

approximately -0.20° C/decade, driven mainly by

large changes in the polar zones, and the 100–50

mb low-stratospheric layer experienced a global

mean cooling of about -0.60° C/decade.

Ecosystems

Area and Carbon Content

Area and Carbon Content of Sphagnum Since

Last Glacial Maximum

(K. Gajewski et al. 2002)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/ecosystems/

gajewski2.html

The first in a new Trends Online “Ecosystems”

section, this database estimates area (estimated

separately for North America, Europe, and Asia)

and total carbon content (low, high, and mean

values) at 2000-year intervals on the basis of the

distribution and abundance of Sphagnum spores in

North America and Eurasia over the past 21 kyears

(i.e., 21,000 years). Carbon accumulation in

peatlands is estimated to be low prior to 11 kyear

BP (before present), increased slightly between 11

and 5 kyears BP, and greatly increased during the

past 5 kyears BP.

Focus Area Outreach
October 2003 9

CDIAC Communications

A new Web site has been developed at CDIAC for

the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project

(GLODAP) (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/

glodap/Glodap_home.htm). The site includes a

North Pacific database for ocean CO2 and related

parameters, written documentation of best practices

for ocean CO2 measurements, and coordination of

future North Pacific measurement programs.

CDIAC has also opened a Live Access Server for

the ocean carbon data from the GLODAP Web site.

To access the server, click on “Data & Data

Visualization Tools” and “Live Access Server

(LAS) for GLODAP Gridded and Bottle Data”.

CDIAC’s Pacific and Indian Ocean carbon-related

data collections have been formatted for users of

the Ocean Data View (ODV) software. ODV is a

multi-platform software package for the interactive

exploration and visualization of oceanographic

data and was written by R. Schlitzer of the Alfred

Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,

Bremerhaven, Germany. The Pacific Ocean ODV

collection (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/

pacific_ODV.html) consists of data from 3,034

stations in 27 WOCE sections. The Indian Ocean

ODV collection (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/

indian_ODV.html) consists of data from 1,395

stations in 13 WOCE sections. Users can follow

instructions on the Web page to download the

ODV program from the ODV software Web site.

CDIAC’s Atlantic Ocean carbon-related data

collections have also been formatted for users of

ODV software. The Atlantic Ocean ODV

collection (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/

atlantic_ODV.html) consists of data from 2,293

stations in 22 WOCE sections. The Atlantic Ocean

ODV data collection joins the previously

announced collections for the Pacific and Indian

oceans (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/

datameta.html).
October 2003 10

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Ecosystems

CDIAC has posted on the Web the results from an

intercomparison of ecosystem models that were run

with data from the Throughfall Displacement

Experiment (TDE) at ORNL (http://

cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/tdemodel/

tdemodel.html). The model intercomparison project

was coordinated by P. Hanson of the ORNL

Environmental Sciences Division and involved

modelers from a number of institutions (J. Amthor, A.

King, and S. Wullschleger, ORNL Environmental

Sciences Division; R. Grant, University of Alberta,

Canada; A. Hartley, The Ohio State University; D. Hui,

University of Oklahoma; R. Hunt and S. McNulty, U.S.

Department of Agriculture; D. Johnson, University of

Nevada, Reno; J. Kimball and P. Thornton, University

of Montana; Y. Luo, University of Oklahoma; Ge Sun,

North Carolina State University; S. Wang, Natural

Resources Canada; M. Williams, University of

Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and K. Wilson, U.S.

Department of Commerce). The project compares

model estimates of evapotranspiration, net ecosystem

carbon exchange, production, respiration, and growth.

Several additional databases related to terrestrial

carbon sequestration are available online (http://

cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/CSEQ/

cseqprojectdata.html). These include: “Potential for

Carbon Sequestration in European Soils: Preliminary

Estimates for Five Scenarios Using Results from LongTerm Experiments” and “Preliminary Estimates of the

Potential for Carbon Mitigation in European Soils

Through No-Till Farming” both of which were

contributed by

P. Smith, D. Powlson, M. Glendining, and J. Smith

(University of Aberdeen); “Grassland Management and

Conversion into Grassland: Effects on Soil Carbon,”

contributed by R. Conant, K. Paustian, and E. Elliot

(Colorado State University); and “Changes in Soil

Carbon Following Afforestation,” contributed by K.

Paul, P. Polglase,

G. Nyakuengama, and P. Khanna (Commonwealth

Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation,

Australia).

NARSTO

The following is a list of data sets from the EPA

Particulate Matter Supersites Research Program

that have been archived in the NARSTO

Permanent Data Archive (http://

eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/narsto/

table_narsto.html) at the NASA Langley

Research Center DAAC.

• Pittsburgh’s “Rapid Single-Particle Mass

Spectrometer Data”

• Los Angeles’s “TEOM PM2.5 Mass

Concentration Data”

• Houston’s “Differential Mobility Analyzer Data”

• Atlanta’s “Rapid Single-Particle Mass

Spectrometer Data”

• Los Angeles’s “TEOM PM2.5 Mass

Concentration Data”

• Houston’s “Washburn Tunnel Air Quality

Monitoring Data”

• Los Angeles’s “Scanning Mobility Particle Size

Data”

CDIAC has released data summarizing the effects

of crop rotation and tillage practices on soil carbon

sequestration rates (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/

programs/CSEQ/terrestrial/westpost2002/

westpost2002.html). These data, provided by Tris

West and Mac Post (DOE Center for Research on

Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems

and ORNL Environmental Sciences Division), are

from a paper that will soon appear in the Soil

Science Society of America Journal.

Carbon Sequestration
October 2003 11

CDIAC Communications

New and Updated Databases

Cloud Climatology for Land Stations Worldwide, 1971–1996

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp026d/ndp026d.html

C. J. Hahn and S. G. Warren. 2002. ORNL/CDIAC-142, NDP-026D

Prepared by Dale Kaiser, CDIAC

three in the middle level (Ns, As, Ac), and one in

the high level (all cirriform clouds combined).

Cloud amounts and frequencies of occurrence are

given for all types. In addition, non-overlapped

amounts are given for middle and high cloud types,

and average base heights are given for low cloud

types. Nighttime averages were obtained by using

only those reports that met an “illuminance

criterion” (i.e., made under adequate moonlight or

twilight), thus making possible the determination

of diurnal cycles and nightime trends for cloud

types.

Surface synoptic weather reports for 26 years were

processed to provide a climatology of clouds for

more than 5000 land-based weather stations with

long periods of record both day and night. For each

station, this digital archive includes multi-year

annual, seasonal, and monthly averages for day

and night separately; seasonal and monthly

averages by year; averages for eight times per day;

and analyses of the first harmonic for the annual

and diurnal cycles. Averages are given for total

cloud cover, clear-sky frequency, and nine cloud

types: five in the low level (fog, St, Sc, Cu, Cb),

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic and Chemical Data Obtained During the Knorr Cruises Comprising the

Indian Ocean CO2

 Survey (WOCE Sections I8Si9S, I9N, I8NI5E, I3, I5WI4, I7N, I1, I10, and I2; December 1, 1994–January 22, 1996)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_080/ndp080.html

K. M. Johnson et al. 2002. ORNL/CDIAC-138, NDP-080

Prepared by Alex Kozyr, CDIAC

This database supports studies of the transport of

CO2 within the Indian Ocean and movement of

CO2 between the ocean and atmosphere.

Measurements made during this WOCE cruise

included total CO2

 and total alkalinity, along with

hydrographic and nutrient data. Unlike other CO2

survey cruises where a single institution was

responsible for all phases of the work, these cruises

were a group effort in which the measurement

groups used the same ship

and instrumentation for a 14-

month period. The first cruise

began in Freemantle,

Australia, on December 1,

1994, and the final cruise

ended in Mombasa, Kenya,

on January 22, 1996.

CDIAC’s data holdings cover a number of areas relevant to the greenhouse effect and global climate change. Such

areas include records of the concentration of CO2 and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the

terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO2 to the

atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO2 on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas

to rising sea level. Data distributed by CDIAC are released as numeric data packages (NDPs), computer model

packages (CMPs), and databases. Recently released data are described in this section. The data and documentation

(text or HTML version) may be accessed and downloaded from CDIAC’s Web site (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/), from

CDIAC’s anonymous FTP area (cdiac.ornl.gov) or requested directly from CDIAC on a variety of media (e.g., CDROM, floppy diskette). Technical questions (e.g., methodology or accuracy) should be directed to the CDIAC staff

member who is responsible for preparing the individual NDP.
October 2003 12

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

different techniques.

For several of the

cruises, small

adjustments in TAlk

were recommended for

consistency with other

cruises in the region.

After these

adjustments were

incorporated, the

inorganic carbon data

from all cruises along

with hydrographic, chlorofluorocarbon, and

nutrient data were combined as a research-quality

product for the scientific community.

Interior’s Bureau of Mines were used to estimate

CO2

 emitted during cement production. Emissions

from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N.

data but were supplemented with data from the

U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Information

Administration, and with a few national estimates

provided by Marland.

Researchers performed a comprehensive

comparison of inorganic carbon parameters that

were measured in oceanographic surveys

conducted under the auspices of the Joint Global

Ocean Flux Study and related programs. Many of

the cruises were part of the World Hydrographic

Program of WOCE and the NOAA OceanAtmosphere Carbon Exchange Study. Total

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity

(TAlk), fugacity of CO2

, and pH data from 23

cruises were checked to determine whether there

were systematic offsets of these parameters

between cruises. The focus was on the DIC and

TAlk state variables. Data quality and offsets of

DIC and TAlk were determined by using several

Meares, Oregon, and Adrigole, Ireland). This

database provides continuous high-frequency

measurements of CH4

, N2O, several halogenated

hydrocarbons, CO, and H2, and it supports analyses

and monitoring related to greenhouse gases and

to the Earth’s ozone layer.

The global ALE/GAGE/AGAGE monitoring

network was updated with data through September

2002 for five sites: Cape Grim, Tasmania; Point

Matatula, American Samoa; Ragged Point,

Barbados; Mace Head, Ireland; and Trinidad Head,

California (stations also previously existed at Cape

The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Network

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html

R. Prinn et al. 2003. DB1001

Prepared by T. J. Blasing, CDIAC

Global, Regional, and National Annual CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Production,

and Gas Flaring: 1751–2000

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp030.html

G. Marland et al. 2003. NDP-030

Prepared by Tom Boden, CDIAC

Comparison of Inorganic Carbon System Parameters Measured in the Atlantic Ocean from 1990 to 1998

and Recommended Adjustments

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/aoml/cdiac_140.html

R. Wannikov et al. 2003. ORNL/CDIAC-140

Prepared by Alex Kozyr, CDIAC

Global, regional, and national annual estimates of

CO2

 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement

production, and gas flaring have been calculated

through 2000, some as far back as 1751. These

estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics

published by the U.N., were calculated by using

the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement

production estimates from the U.S. Department of
October 2003 13

CDIAC Communications

CSIRO GASLAB Network: Individual Flask Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Gases

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/db/db1021/db1021.html

L. P. Steele et al. 2003. DB1021

Prepared by T. J. Blasing, CDIAC

Measurements of the 13C isotopic fraction of CO2

were also sampled at these nine stations. The

period of record for the 13C isotopic fraction of

CO2 began during 1990 at all but two stations:

Estevan Point and the Shetland Islands. These data

are current through 2001 except for the South Pole

station because analysis for the South Pole takes

longer than for the less remote sites. The

downward trend in 13C isotopic fraction, reflecting

the increase in fossil-fuel derived CO2 in the

atmosphere, is evident at all stations.

This database contains data for four atmospheric

trace gases collected at nine stationary sites and

one moving platform (aircraft over Cape Grim,

Tasmania, and at Bass Strait, between the

Australian continent and Tasmania). The trace

gases are CO2

, CH4, CO, and H2. The nine

stationary sites are, from north to south: Alert,

Canada; Shetland Islands, Scotland; Estevan Point,

Canada; Mauna Loa, Hawaii, U.S.A.; Cape

Ferguson, Australia; Cape Grim, Australia;

Macquarie Island, Australia; Mawson, Antarctica;

and the South Pole, Antarctica. The earliest data

are from April 1984 (period of record varies by gas

and station). The data extend through September

2000 for aircraft data and through December 2001

for the stationary sites.

13C in CH4

 and CO, and Deuterium in CH4, in Atmospheric Samples from Niwot Ridge, Colorado,

and Montaña de Oro, California, United States

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/db/db1022/db1022.html

S. C. Tyler. 2003. DB1022

Prepared by T. J. Blasing, CDIAC

This database contains measurements of

atmospheric CH4 concentrations and associated D

(deuterium, a hydrogen isotope), CO mixing ratio,

and 13C/12C isotope ratio in atmospheric CO

collected at approximately bi-weekly intervals

from two fixed surface sites in the U.S.A., Niwot

Ridge, Colorado, a mid-contential site, and

Montaña de Oro, California, a Pacific Coast site

receiving strong westerlies.

The continuous record of CH4

 mixing ratio and 13C-CH4

 from Niwot Ridge extends from 1995 to

1998, while that of Montaña de Oro extends from

1996 to 1998. This time series can provide

information relating seasonal cycling of CH4

sources and sinks in background air, a record of

long-term trends in CH4

 mixing and isotope ratio

related to the atmospheric CH4 loading, and

possibly, an indication of regional CH4 sources.

The continuous measurements of CO mixing ratio

for Niwot Ridge extends back to 1995, while that

for Montaña de Oro extends back to 1996.

Measurements of 13C/12C isotope ratio in

atmospheric CO were begun at both stations during

2000. Data for CH4

 and CO, and associated stable

carbon and hydrogen isotopes, are available for

Niwot Ridge through April 2001 and for Montaña

de Oro through December 2001.
October 2003 14

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Interannual Variability in Global Soil Respiration on a 0.5 Degree Grid Cell Basis (1980–1994)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp081/ndp081.html

J. W. Raich et al. 2003. NDP-081

Prepared by Lisa Olsen, CDIAC

A climate-driven regression model was used to

develop spatially resolved estimates of soil-CO2

emissions from the terrestrial land surface for each

month from January 1980 to December 1994 in

order to evaluate the effects of interannual

variations in climate on global soil-to-atmosphere

CO2 fluxes. The mean annual global soil-CO2 flux

over this 15-year period was estimated to be 80.4

(range 79.3–81.8) Pg C. Monthly variations in

global soil-CO2

 emissions followed closely the

mean temperature cycle of the Northern

Hemisphere. Globally, soil-CO2

 emissions reached

their minima in February and peaked in July and

August. Tropical and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests contributed more soil-derived CO2

to the atmosphere than did any other vegetation

type (~30% of the total) and exhibited a biannual

cycle in their emissions. Soil-CO2

 emissions in

other biomes exhibited a single annual cycle that

paralleled the seasonal temperature cycle.

Interannual variability in estimated global soilCO2

 production is substantially less than the

variability in net carbon uptake by plants (i.e., net

primary productivity). Thus, soils appear to buffer

atmospheric CO2

 concentrations against far more

dramatic seasonal and interannual differences in

plant growth. Within seasonally dry biomes

(savannas, bushlands, and deserts), interannual

variability in soil-CO2

 emmissions correlated

significantly with interannual differences in

precipitation.

At the global scale, however, annual soil-CO2

fluxes correlated with mean annual temperature,

with a slope of 3.3 Pg C/year per degree Celsius.

Although the distribution of precipitation

influences seasonal and spatial patterns of soilCO2

 emissions, global warming is likely to

stimulate CO2

 emissions from soils.
October 2003 15

CDIAC Communications

New CDIAC Mercury Search Feature

CDIAC has launched a new search engine for locating CDIAC data and information products. To access the

search tool, click on the “Search” button on the CDIAC home page (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/). This feature,

which uses ORNL’s Mercury software, allows users to conduct fielded searches (i.e., to search by product

number, title, author, subject area, keyword) or to search the entire metadata record for the products. The tool

also lets users search by the geographic location or the period of record of the data. Search results are

summarized on a Web page listing the relevant database. By clicking on the database name, users can access

short descriptions of the products and ultimately access the data and information products themselves. The

CDIAC Mercury search feature, underlying metadata format, and editing tools, were developed by Chris

Lindsley and Stan Attenberger of the ORNL Computational Sciences & Engineering Division, along with

Tommy Nelson of CDIAC.

Users are still welcome to locate CDIAC data and information from the traditional “Products” page, which is

also a click away from the CDIAC home page.
October 2003 16

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

CDIAC Publications

This online publication lists journal articles, books,

proceedings chapters, numeric data packages,

online databases, and other ORNL and DOE

Publications, Presentations, and Awards

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac101/pubslist.html

Robert M. Cushman. 2003. ORNL/CDIAC-101

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

reports published by CDIAC; presentations of

CDIAC staff; and awards presented to CDIAC

since its inception in 1982.

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for

Atmospheric Trace Gases Fiscal Year 2002 Annual Report

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac139/2002annrpt.html (coming soon)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac139/2002annrpt.pdf

Robert M. Cushman et al. 2003. ORNL/CDIAC-139

Prepared by Carolyn Householder, CDIAC

The fiscal year 2002 annual report reviews the

previous year’s accomplishments, recalling new

and updated data and information products,

information of relevance to CDIAC Focus Areas

(e.g., AmeriFlux, NARSTO, FACE, Oceans), staff

presentations and awards, CDIAC citations, and

statistics on requests for CDIAC information. The

report lists publications and databases CDIAC will

be working on in the coming fiscal year, plus

collaborating institutions, a staff listing,

and an acronym and

abbreviation list.

Graduate Student Theses Supported by DOE’s Environmental Sciences Division:

Fiscal Year 2001 Update

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac136/cdiac136.html

Robert M. Cushman. 2002. ORNL/CDIAC-136

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

This document updates the 1995, 2000, and 2001

Graduate Student Theses reports, providing

complete bibliographic citations, abstracts, and

keywords for doctoral and master’s degree theses

published in late 2001 and 2002.
October 2003 17

CDIAC Communications

the DOE R&D program. OSTI and the

Government Printing Office, via a new Interagency

Agreement, provide the Energy Citations Database

(ECD) (http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/).

ECD provides public access to bibliographic

citations of scientific publications of DOE and

predecessor agencies’ scientific and technical

information from 1948 to the present, with links to

electronic full text when available. Full-text

documents in this system are available in

Depository Libraries and online via GPO Access.

There is also the DOE R&D Accomplishments

Web site http://www.osti.gov/

accomplishments), and the DOE R&D Project

Summaries, which describes approximately 22,000

recent or ongoing research and development

projects. Likewise, Federal Research and

Development Project Summaries provides Federal

R&D information from over 370,000 project

summaries.

Beyond all this, OSTI provides the technical

support for the new interagency web site (http://

www.science.gov). The ten principal federal

science and technology agencies have launched

this ambitious web portal to make their

nonmilitary, government-funded research results

available to all.

Despite its “Science” name, the site also provides

access to vast amounts of technology development

results, including the Patent Server on the web site

of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Science.gov does not include all of the research

repositories of all the agencies, but just what its

creators term the “best and brightest content.”

Contributed by David E. Wojick, freelance journalist

under contract to OSTI.

Vast Deep Web Resources Unlocked

Looking for obscure yet important science and

technology information? The U.S. Department of

Energy’s Office of Scientific and Technical

Information (OSTI) (http://www.osti.gov) has

launched a series of ground breaking, Web

searching products, making a vast array of deep

stuff available. A great deal of non-DOE material

is also included.

As OSTI director Walt Warnick explains, “the

library includes three vast virtual resources for web

patrons, covering each of the three main ways by

which scientists and engineers communicate their

findings: gray literature, preprints, and journal

literature. Many other resources of interest are also

available, including the new DOE R&D portfolio

web site.”

Gray literature, which includes technical reports

produced by DOE national laboratories and

grantees, is presented in the OSTI Information

Bridge (http://www.osti.gov/bridge/). It has over

85,000 searchable reports comprising millions of

pages. In addition, the GrayLIT Network provides

a portal to over 119,000 full-text technical reports

from various other Federal agencies.

Servers around the world host preprints and

ePrints, the newest way by which scientists

communicate their findings. The OSTI E-print

Network (http://www.osti.gov/eprints) links to

many of these preprint servers, with an estimated

400,000 e-prints, and makes them accessible via a

variety of indexing techniques. Especially

innovative is the distributed search feature, which

allows patrons to launch parallel searches on any

or all of the preprint servers that have their own

search engines.

Peer-reviewed journal literature is presented by a

variety of tools presenting bibliographic

information about articles in disciplines relevant to
October 2003 18

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

The book, Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and

Solutions, focuses not only on the science issues

related to climate change, but also on the policy

issues involved. The book offers a clear description

of the causes of climate change and documents the

current and future effects of

climate change on ecosystems,

agriculture, sea level, human

health, and infrastructure. Case

studies from North America,

Europe, Australasia, and

elsewhere are presented, and

proposed actions to reduce climate

change or its impacts at the

individual, national, and

international levels are discussed.

While modern industrialized

economies depend largely on the

combustion of coal, oil, and gas,

this burning of fossil fuels is

increasing the atmospheric concentrations of

greenhouse gases and trapping more of the sun’s

energy near the Earth’s surface. Meanwhile, our

planet is warming at an unprecedented rate and our

ecosystems are changing. If current greenhouse gas

emission rates continue at the present rate, the

impact to ecosystems and human welfare from the

altered temperature and precipitation patterns will

become more serious. Many nations have adopted

policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but a

comprehensive and effective international climate

treaty remains part of this continuing debate.

Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions,

addresses these challenges, as well as what we

know and do not know about climate change, in

the three main sections: Climate Change: Past,

Present, and Future; Ecological Effects of Climate

Change; and Human Dimensions of

Climate Change.

This book is for anyone seeking to

understand the consequences of climate

change and the steps that have been

proposed to sustain a livable planet.

It is an ideal text for courses in global

climate change, as a supplement to

courses in environmental studies,

natural science, climatology, or physical

geography, or for journalists,

environmental policymakers, or just

about everyone with an interest.

The author, John Hardy, is an

internationally recognized speaker and a consultant

to agencies and scientific research groups.

CDIAC Bookshelf

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Author: John T. Hardy. 2003. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

http://www.wiley.com/

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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