## U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary Samuel W. Bodman, Deputy Secretary
Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director 

# 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation

U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Steve Williams, Director 

### Issued October 2002 

## FHW/01-NAT

## Suggested Citation U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION 

## Department of Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Steve Williams, Director

Division of Federal Aid Kris E. LaMontagne, Chief



## As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure their development in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. The mission of the Department’s Fish and Wildlife Service is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service is responsible for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including administration of the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration and the Federal Aid of Wildlife Restoration Programs. These two grant programs provide financial assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and wildlife resources and to assure their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate grants from these programs pay for the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.

## List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Survey Background and Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii 

## Highlights Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fishing Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Hunting Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Wildlife-Watching Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36


## Tables Guide to Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Fishing and Hunting Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Wildlife-Watching Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 State Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

## Appendices A. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 B. Comparability With Previous Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 C. Selected Data From Screening Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service iii 

# Contents

## Fishing and Hunting: 2001 1. Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . 57 2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7. Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 11. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 12. Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 13. Expenditures for Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 14. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 15. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing Except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 70 16. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 17. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 18. Expenditures for Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 19. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 22. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 77 23. Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 24. Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 78 25. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 26. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 27. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 28. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 80 29. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 81 30. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 31. Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 32. Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 33. Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, and Other Primitive Firearms for Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 34. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing or Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 35. Why Anglers and Hunters Did Not Participate More in 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

iv U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

# List of Tables

## Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001 36. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 37. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . 86 38. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Area or Site Visited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 39. Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 87 40. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed and Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 41. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 42. Number of Participants Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound and Who Keep Birding Life Lists . . . . . . . . . . 88 43. Expenditures for Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 44. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . 90 45. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 46. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 94 47. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 94 48. Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 95 49. Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 

## State Wildlife-Related Recreation: 2001 50. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 96 51. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 97 52. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 98 53. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 54. Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 55. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 56. Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 104 57. Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 105 58. Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 106 59. Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 107 60. Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers and Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108 61. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 109 62. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 63. Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 110 64. Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 111 65. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 66. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 113 67. Participants in Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 114 68. Days of Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activity by State Where Activity Took Place and Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 69. Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 116 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service v

## vi U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Fish and wildlife resources are part of our American culture. Whether we are fishing, hunting, watching wildlife or feeding backyard birds, Americans derivemany hours of enjoyment from wildliferelated recreation. Wildlife recreation is the cornerstone of our Nation’s great conservation ethic. The 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation is a partnership effort with the States and national conservation organizations, and has become one of the most important sources of information on fish and wildlife recreation in the United States. It is a useful tool that quantifies the economic impact of wildlife-based recreation. Federal, State, and private organizations use this detailed information to manage wildlife, market products, and look for trends. The 2001 Survey is the tenth in a series that began in 1955. More than 82 million U.S. residents fished, hunted, and watched wildlife in 2001. They spent over $108 billion pursuing their recreational activities, contributing to millions of jobs in industries and businesses that support wildlife-related recreation. Furthermore, funds generated by licenses and taxes on hunting and fishing equipment pay for many of the conservation efforts in this country. Wildlife recreationists are among the Nation’s most ardent conservationists. They not only contribute financially to conservation efforts, but also spend time and effort to introduce children and other newcomers to the enjoyment of the outdoors and wildlife. I appreciate the assistance of those who took time to participate in this valuable survey. We all can be grateful thatAmerica’s great tradition of wildliferelated recreation remains strong.

Steve Williams Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior 

# Foreword

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service vii The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (Survey) has been conducted since 1955 and is one of the oldest and most comprehensive continuing recreation surveys. The purpose of the Survey is to gather information on the number of anglers, hunters, and wildlife-watching participants (formerly known as nonconsumptive wildlife-related participants) in the United States. Information also is collected on how often these recreationists participate and how much they spend on their activities. Preparations for the 2001 Survey began in 1999 when the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA) asked us, the Fish and Wildlife Service, to conduct the tenth national survey of wildlife-related recreation. Funding came from the Multistate Conservation Grant Programs, authorized by Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration Acts, as amended. We consulted with State and Federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations such as the Wildlife Management Institute and American Sportfishing Association to determine survey content. Other sportspersons’ organizations and conservation groups, industry representatives, and researchers also provided valuable advice. Four regional technical committees were set up under the auspices of the IAFWA to ensure that State fish and wildlife agencies had an opportunity to participate in all phases of survey planning and design. The committees were made up of agency representatives. Data collection for the Survey was carried out in two phases by the U.S. Census Bureau. The first phase was the screen which began in April 2001. During the screening phase, the Census Bureau interviewed a sample of 80,000 households nationwide to determine who in the household had fished, hunted, or engaged in wildlife-watching activities in 2000, and who had engaged or planned to engage in those activities in 2001. In most cases, one adult household member provided information for all household members. The screen primarily covered2000 activities while the next, more indepth phase covered 2001 activities. For more information on the 2000 data, refer to Appendix C. The second phase of the data collection consisted of three detailed interview waves. The first wave began in April 2001, the second in September 2001, and the last in January 2002. Interviews were conducted with samples of likely anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers who were identified in the initial screening phase. These interviews were conducted primarily by telephone, with in-person interviews for those respondents who could not be reached by telephone. Respondents in the second survey phase were limited to those at least 16 years old. Each respondent provided information pertaining only to his or her activities and expenditures. Sample sizes were designed to provide statistically reliable results at the State level. Altogether, interviews were completed for 25,070 respondents from the sportspersons sample and 15,303 from the wildlife watchers sample. More detailed information on sampling procedures and response rates is found in Appendix D. 

## Comparability With Previous Surveys The 2001 Survey’s questions and methodology were similar to those used in the 1996 and 1991 Surveys. Therefore, the estimates of all three surveys are comparable. The methodology of the 2001, 1996, and 1991 Surveys did differ significantly from the 1985 and 1980 Surveys, so their estimates are not directly comparable to those earlier surveys. The changes in methodology included reducing the recall period over which respondents had to report their activities and expenditures. Previous Surveys used a 12-month recall period which resulted in greater reporting bias. Research found that the amount of activity and expenditures reported in 12- month recall surveys was overestimated in comparison with that reported using shorter recall periods. The trend information presented in this report takes into account the differences of the earlier surveys in comparing their estimates with those of the 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys. See the Summary Section and Appendix B. 

# Survey Background and Method

# Highlights

## The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation reports results from interviews with U.S. residents about their fishing, hunting, and other wildlife-related recreation. This report focuses on 2001 participation and expenditures of U.S. residents 16 years of age and older. In addition to the 2001 numbers, we also provide 11-year trend data. The 2001 numbers reported can be compared with those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey reports because these three surveys used similar methodologies. However, the 2001 estimates should not be directly compared with the results from Surveys earlier than 1991 because of changes in methodology. These changes were made to improve accuracy in the information provided. Trend information from 1955 to 1985 is presented in Appendix B. The report also provides information on participation in wildlife-related recreation in 2000, particularly of persons 6 to 15 years of age. The 2000 information is provided in Appendix C. Additional information about the scope and coverage of the Survey can be found in the Survey Background and Method section of this report. The remainder of this section defines important terms used in the Survey. 

## Wildlife-Associated Recreation Wildlife-associated recreation includes fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching activities. These categories are not mutually exclusive because many individuals enjoyed fish and wildlife in several ways in 2001. Wildlife-associated recreation is reported in two major categories: (1) fishing and hunting and (2) wildlife watching (formerly nonconsumptive wildlife-related recreation). Wildlife watching includes observing, photographing, and feeding fish and wildlife. 

## Fishing and Hunting This Survey reports information about residents of the United States who fished or hunted in 2001, regardless of whether they were licensed. The fishing and hunting sections of this report are organized to report three groups: (1) sportspersons, (2) anglers, and (3) hunters. 

## Sportspersons Sportspersons are those who fished or hunted. Individuals who fished or hunted commercially in 2001 are reported as sportspersons only if they also fished or hunted for recreation. The sportspersons group is composed of the three subgroups in the diagram below: (1) those who fished and hunted, (2) those who only fished, and (3) those who only hunted. The total number of sportspersons is equal to the sum of people who only fished, only hunted, and both hunted and fished. It is not the sum of all anglers and all hunters, because those people who both fished and hunted are included in both the angler and hunter population and would be incorrectly counted twice. 

## Anglers Anglers are sportspersons who only fished plus those who fished and hunted.Anglers include not only licensed hookand-line anglers, but also those who have no license and those who use special methods such as fishing with spears. Three types of fishing are reported: (1) freshwater, excluding the Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since many anglers participated in more than one type of fishing, the total number of anglers is less than the sum of the three types of fishing. 

## Hunters Hunters are sportspersons who only hunted plus those who hunted and fished. Hunters include not only licensed hunters using common hunting practices, but also those who have no license and those who engaged in hunting with a bow and arrow, muzzleloader, other primitive firearms, or a pistol or handgun. Four types of hunting are reported: (1) big game, (2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other animals. Since many hunters participated in more than one type of hunting, the sum of hunters for big game, small game, migratory bird, and other animals exceeds the total number of hunters. 

## Wildlife-Watching Activities (formerly Nonconsumptive Wildlife-Related Recreation) Since 1980, the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation has included information on wildlife-watching activities in addition to fishing and hunting. However, the 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys, unlike the 1980 and 1985 Surveys, collected data only for those activities where the primary purpose was wildlife watching (observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife). The Survey uses a strict definition of wildlife watching. Participants must either take a “special interest” in wildlife around their homes or take a trip for the “primary purpose” of wildlife watching. Secondary wildlife-watching activities such as incidentally observing wildlife while pleasure driving were included in the 1980 and 1985 Surveys but not in the succeeding ones. Two types of wildlife-watching activity are reported: (1) nonresidential and (2) residential. Because some people participate in more than one type of wildlife-watching activity, the sum of 

# Introduction

Sportspersons Anglers Hunters

Fished only Fished and hunted Hunted only



## 2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 3 participants in each type will be greater than the total number of wildlifewatchers. The two types of wildlifewatching activities are defined below. 

## Nonresidential (away from the home) This group included persons who took trips or outings of at least 1 mile for the primary purpose of observing, feeding, or photographing fish and wildlife. Trips to fish, hunt, or scout and trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums, or museums were not considered wildlife-watching activities. 

## Residential (around the home) This group included those whose activities are within 1 mile of home and involve one or more of the following: (1) closely observing or trying to identify birds or other wildlife; (2) photographing wildlife; (3) feeding birds or other wildlife on a regular basis; (4)maintaining natural areas of at least onequarter acre where benefit to wildlife is the primary concern; (5) maintaining plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, etc.) where benefit to wildlife is the primary concern; or (6) visiting public parks within 1 mile of home for the primary purpose of observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife.

## 4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service The 2001 Survey revealed that 82 million U.S. residents 16 years old and older participated in wildlife-related recreation. During that year, 34.1 million people fished, 13.0 million hunted, and 66.1 million participated in at least one type of wildlife-watching activity including observing, feeding, or photographing fish and other wildlife in the United States. The information for participation and expenditures of persons 16 years old and older is based on estimates from the detailed phase of the 2001 Survey. This information is comparable with estimates from the 1991 and 1996 Surveys, but not with earlier ones because of changes in methodology. A complete explanation is provided in Appendix B. Although the focus of this report is based on the detailed phase of the Survey of persons 16 years old and older, we do include information on individuals 6 to 15 years old. An estimate of their participation was calculated using data from the 2001 screening Survey. Based on this data, there were 1.6 million hunters, 10.2 million anglers, and 12.6 million wildlife-watching participants 6 to 15 years old in 2001. More information on 6- to 15-year-olds is provided in Appendix C. For the rest of this report all information pertains to participants 16 years old and older, unless otherwise indicated. Among anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers, there was a considerable overlap in activities. In 2001, 71 percent of hunters also fished, and 27 percent of anglers hunted. In addition, 58 percent of anglers and 62 percent of hunters participated in wildlife-watching activities, while 33 percent of all wildlife watchers reported hunting and/or fishing during the year. Wildlife recreationists’ avidity also was reflected in their spending which totaled $108 billion in 2001. This amounted to 1.1 percent of the GDP. Of the totalamount spent, $28.1 billion was triprelated, $64.5 billion was spent on equipment, and $15.8 billion was spent on other items. Sportspersons spent a total of $70 billion in 2001—$35.6 billion on fishing, $20.6 billion on hunting, and $13.8 million on items used for both hunting and fishing. Wildlife watchers spent $38.4 billion on their activities around the home and on trips away from home. 

# Summary

Total Wildlife-Related Recreation Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 million Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $108 billion Sportspersons Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 million Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 million Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 million Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 million Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 million Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70.0 billion Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.6 billion Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.6 billion Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13.8 billion Wildlife Watchers Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 million Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 million Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 million Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38.4 billion

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 5 

## Fishing and Hunting In 2001, 38 million U.S. residents 16 years old and older went fishing and/or hunting. This includes 34.1 million who fished and 13 million who hunted. The overage is accounted for by those who both fished and hunted, 9.3 million. In 2001, expenditures by sportspersons totaled $70.0 billion. Trip-related expenditures, including those for food, lodging, and transportation, were almost $20.0 billion—28 percent of all fishing and hunting expenditures. Total equipment expenditures amounted to nearly $41.0 billion, 59 percent of the total. Other expenditures—magazines, membership dues, contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits—accounted for $9.1 billion or 13 percent of all sportspersons’ expenditures. 

## Wildlife-Watching Recreation Observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife was enjoyed by 66.1 million people 16 years old and older in 2001. Among this group, 21.8 million people took trips away from home (nonresidential) for the purpose of enjoying wildlife, while 62.9 million stayed within a mile of their homes(residential) participating in wildlifewatching activities. In 2001, wildlife-watching participants spent $38.4 billion. Trip-related expenses, including food, lodging, and transportation, totaled $8.2 billion, 20 percent of all expenditures. A total of $23.5 billion was spent on equipment, 63 percent of all wildlife-watching expenses. The remaining $6.7 billion, 17 percent of the total, was spent on magazines, membership dues, and contributions made to conservation or wildlife-related organizations. 

## 1991, 1996, and 2001 Comparison A comparison of estimates from the 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys reveals that millions of Americans continue to enjoy wildlife-related recreation. While the number of sportspersons fell from 40 million in 1991 to 37.8 million in 2001, expenditures by sportspersons increased from $53 billion (in 2001 dollars) in 1991 to $70 billion in 2001. In 1991, there were 35.6 million anglers and 14.1 million hunters. In 1996, 35.2 million fished and 14.0 million hunted. And in 2001, there were 34.1 million anglers and 13.0 million hunters. In 2001, hunters spent 29 percent more than they did in 1991 for their trips and equipment, while anglers’ expenditures showed a 14 percent increase that was not a statistically significant difference 1



## . Participation in wildlife watching (observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife) decreased from 76.1 million in 1991 to 62.9 million in 1996, but it increased to 66.1 million from 1996 to 2001. Expenditures for trips and equipment increased by 21 percent from 1991 to 1996 and 10 percent from 1996 to 2001. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation (Total expenditures: $108 billion)



## Expenditures by Sportspersons (Total expenditures: $70.0 billion) 

## Expenditures by Wildlife-Watching Participants (Total expenditures: $38.4 billion) Unspecified 13% $13.8 billion
Hunting 19% $20.6 billion Wildlife watching 36% $38.4 billion Fishing

32% $35.6 billion Other 14% $15.8 billion Trip-related 26% $28.1 billion Equipment 60% $64.5 billion

Other 13% $9.1 billion Trip-related 28% $19.9 billion Equipment 59% $41.0 billion Other 17% $6.7 billion Trip-related 20% $8.2 billion Equipment 63% $23.5 billion

1At a 5 percent level of significance.

## 6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## 1955 to 2001 Findings The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has conducted these National Surveys at approximate 5-year intervals since 1955 (see Appendix B). A 46-year trend can be traced for the number of anglers and hunters that participated in a given year. The number of wildlife-watching participants can be traced over 21 years because wildlife watching has been part of the Survey only since 1980. Trends show that the number of anglers increased at nearly twice the rate of the U.S. population growth from 1955 to 2001. The U.S. population increased by 71 percent while the fishing population increased by 130 percent during that period. The number of hunters also increased over the 46-year period, but not at a rate equal to the overall 71 percent population growth. The number of hunters increased 31 percent from 1955 to 2001. The number of wildlife-watching participants who took trips away from home to observe, feed, or photograph wildlife decreased 19 percent from 1980 to 2001. The number of people who fed wildlife around their home decreased by 18 percent. This trend information is based on published findings from the 1955 to the 2001 Survey reports and unpublished screening data from the 1985 to 1990 Surveys. As explained in Appendix B, the estimates from the published reports of the 1985 and 1991 Surveys are not directly comparable because of methodological changes. Anglers and Hunters: 1955-2001 (Indices are used to simplify comparisons between the wildlife-related recreation activities.)

0 50 100 150 200 250

2001 1996 1990/1991 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 Index (1955=100)

U.S. population

Hunters Anglers



## Wildlife-Watching Participants: 1980-2001 (Indices are used to simplify comparisons between the wildlife-related recreation activities.)

0 50 100 150 200 250

2001 1996 1990/1991 1985 1980 Index (1980=100)

U.S. population Nonresidential

Residential feeders

# Fishing

## 8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service In 2001, 34.1 million U.S. residents 16 years old and older enjoyed a variety of fishing opportunities throughout the United States. Anglers fished 557 million days and took 437 million fishing trips. They spent over $35.6 billion on fishing-related expenses during the year. Freshwater anglers numbered 28.4 million and spent 467 million days fishing on 365 million trips in 2001. Freshwater anglers spent more than $21.3 billion on freshwater fishing trips and equipment. Saltwater fishing attracted 9.1 million anglers who enjoyed nearly 72 million trips on 91 million days. They spent $8.4 billion on their trips and equipment. 

# Fishing Highlights

Fishing

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Saltwater Freshwater Total Million

Trips Days Freshwater Saltwater

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 557 million

437 million

467

91 365

72 Anglers Anglers 

## Total Fishing Anglers

. . . . . . . . . . 34.1 million Freshwater . . . . . . 28.4 million Saltwater . . . . . . . 9.1 million Days

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 million Freshwater . . . . . . 467 million Saltwater . . . . . . . 91 million Trips

. . . . . . . . . . . . 437 million Freshwater . . . . . . 365 million Saltwater . . . . . . . 72 million Expenditures

. . . . . . $35.6 billion Freshwater . . . . . . 21.3 billion Saltwater . . . . . . . 8.4 billion Unspecified . . . . . 5.9 billion Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Tables 1, 13, 14, and 17.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 9 

## Fishing Expenditures Anglers spent $35.6 billion in 2001 including $14.7 billion on travel-related costs, 41 percent of all fishing expenditures. Food and lodging resulted in $6 billion, 40 percent of all trip-relatedcosts, and $3.5 billion, 24 percent of triprelated expenditures, was spent on transportation. Other trip expenditures such as land use fees, guide fees, equipment rental, boating expenses, and bait cost anglers nearly $5.3 billion, 36 percent of all trip expenses. For that same year, fishing equipment expenditures totaled $17 billion, 48 percent of all fishing expenditures. Anglers spent $4.6 billion on fishing equipment such as rods, reels, tackle boxes, depth finders, and artificial lures and flies. This amounted to 27 percent of all equipment expenditures. Auxiliary equipment—camping equipment, binoculars, and special fishing clothing—amounted to $721 million, 4 percent of equipment costs. Special equipment such as boats, vans, and cabins cost anglers $11.6 billion, 69 percent of all equipment costs. Anglers also spent a considerable amount on land leasing and ownership—nearly $3.2 billion or 9 percent of all expenditures. They spent $860 million on magazines, books, membership dues and contributions, licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. 

## Total Fishing Expenditures Total fishing expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.6 billion Total trip-related

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14.7 billion Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 billion Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 billion Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 billion Total equipment expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17.0 billion Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 billion Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 billion Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 billion Total other fishing expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.0 billion Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion Membership dues and contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 billion Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 billion

Source: Table 13.



## Percent of Total Fishing Expenditures (Total expenditures: $35.6 billion) 

## Fishing Expenditures (Total expenditures: $35.6 billion)

Freshwater 60% $21.3 billion Saltwater 24% $8.4 billion Unspecified 17% $5.9 billion

Other 11% Trip-related 41% Equipment 48%

## Freshwater Fishing Highlights Freshwater fishing was the most popular type of fishing. In 2001, 28.4 million Americans fished 467 million days and took 365 million trips. Their expenditures for trips and equipment totaled $21.3 billion for the year. Excluding those who fished the Great Lakes, freshwater anglers numbered 28.0 million, 82 percent of all anglers. Freshwater anglers who did not fish the Great Lakes took 349 million trips on 443 million days and spent $20 billion on trips and equipment for an average of $716 per angler. The 1.8 million anglers who fished the Great Lakes enjoyed 23 million days and 16 million trips fishing. Their trip and equipment expenditures, $1.3 billion, were 6 percent of the total freshwater trip and equipment expenditures. Great Lakes anglers averaged $690 for the year. 

## Freshwater Fishing Expenditures Trip and equipment expenditures for freshwater fishing (excluding the Great Lakes) totaled $20 billion in 2001. Total trip-related expenditures came to $9.4 billion. Food and lodging amounted to $4.0 billion, 43 percent of all trip costs. Transportation costs slightly exceeded $2.6billion, 28 percent of trip costs. Other triprelated expenses amounted to $2.7 billion and included guide fees, equipment rental, and bait. Nearly $10.6 billion was spent on equipment for freshwater fishing, excluding the Great Lakes. Non-Great Lakes freshwater anglers purchased $3.0 billion of fishing equipment such as rods and reels, tackle boxes, depth finders, and artificial lures and flies. Expenditures for auxiliary equipment, including camping equipment and binoculars, totaled $498 million for the year. Expenditures for special equipment such as boats, vans, and cabins accounted for $7.1 billion. Great Lakes anglers spent $1.3 billion on trips and equipment in 2001. Trip-related expenses totaled $776 million. Of these expenditures, $310 million was spent on food and lodging, 40 percent of trip costs; $158 million went for transportation, 20 percent of trip costs; and $308 million was spent on other items such as guide fees, equipment rental, and bait, 40 percent of trip costs. Great Lakes anglers spent $498 million on equipment. They bought $175 million worth of fishing equipment (rods, reels, etc.). They spent $33 million on auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.) and $290 million on special equipment (boats, vans, etc.).


## 10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Freshwater Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $21.3 billion)

Freshwater except Great Lakes 94% $20.0 billion Great Lakes 6% $1.3 billion



## Freshwater Fishing

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Great Lakes Freshwater except Great Lakes Total Million

Freshwater trips Freshwater days

Freshwater except Great Lakes Great Lakes

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 467 million

365 million

443

23 349

16 Freshwater anglers 

## Freshwater Fishing Anglers

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 million Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 million Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 million Days

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 million Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 million Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 million Trips

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 million Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 million Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 million Trip and equipment expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $21.3 billion Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 billion Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 billion Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Tables 1, 14, and 15.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 11 

## Saltwater Fishing Highlights In 2001, almost 9.1 million anglers enjoyed saltwater fishing on 72 million trips totaling 91 million days. Overall, they spent $8.4 billion during the year on trips and equipment. Of their expenditures, trip-related costs garnered the largest portion, $4.5 billion. Food and lodging cost $1.5 billion, 34 percent of trip expenditures; transportation costs totaled $773 million, 16 percent of trip costs; and other trip costs such as equipment rental, bait, and guide fees were $2.2 billion. Saltwater anglers spent a total of $3.9 billion on equipment—$987 million on fishing equipment (rods, reels, etc.), $103 million on auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.), and $2.8 billion on special equipment (boats, vans, etc.).

Comparative Trip and Equipment Expenditures

Freshwater

except Great Lakes Saltwater Great Lakes Freshwater except Great Lakes Saltwater Great Lakes Total expenses Trip-related Equipment

$1.3 billion $8.4 billion $20.0 billion

61% 53% 47%

39% 47% 53% 

## Saltwater Fishing Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 million Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 million Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 million Trip and equipment

expenditures . . . . . . $8.4 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 17.

## 12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Comparative Fishing Highlights In 2001, anglers spent an average of 16 days fishing and took an average of 13 fishing trips. Freshwater, non-Great Lakes anglers averaged 16 days fishing and 13 trips while Great Lakes anglers averaged 13 days fishing and 9 trips. Saltwater anglers fished less frequently— an average of 10 days with an average of 8 trips. Overall, anglers spent an average of $1,046 on fishing-related expenses in 2001. They averaged $430 per angler on their trips, a daily average of $26. Freshwater anglers, excluding the Great Lakes, averaged $337 per participant for their trips in 2001, equaling $21 per day. Great Lakes anglers spent an average of $420 on trip-related expenses, $34 per day. Saltwater anglers had the highest average expenditure rate at $496— amounting to an average of $49 per day. 

## Fishing for Selected Fish Of the 28.0 million anglers who fished freshwater other than the Great Lakes, 10.7 million spent 160 million days fishing for black bass. Panfish were sought by 7.9 million anglers on 103 million days. Catfish and bullheads drew 7.5 million anglers on 104 million days. Nearly 6.7 million anglers fished for crappie on 95 million days. Trout fishing attracted 7.8 million anglers on 83 million days, and 4.9 million anglers fished for white bass and striped bass on 62 million days. Freshwater anglers also commonly fished for walleye, sauger, salmon, and steelhead. In 2001, 1.8 million anglers fished the Great Lakes. Perch, the most commonly sought fish for these waters, attracted 693 thousand anglers, fishing 7 million days. Next, black bass drew 589 thousand anglers on 6.4 million days, followed by walleye which appealed to 570 thousand anglers who fished more than 5 million days. Salmon drew 516 thousand anglers for almost 4 million days of fishing. Among the nearly 9.1 million saltwater anglers, 2.3 million fished for flatfish, including flounder and halibut on 21 million days. Bluefish were a favorite of 1.1 million anglers on 12 million days. Sea trout were sought by 1.5 million anglers on 17 million days, and 609 thousand anglers fished for mackerel on 6 million days. Striped bass were sought by 1.7 million anglers on 17 million days. Five million days were spent fishing for salmon by 722 thousand anglers. Comparative Fishing by Type of Fishing
All fishing Freshwater except Great Lakes Great Lakes Saltwater 16 16 13 10
13 13 9 8

$430 $337 $420 $496 $26 $21

$34

$49 Trips per angler Days per angler

Trip expenditures per day Trip expenditures per angler



## Selected Fish by Type of Fishing (In millions) Type of Fishing Anglers Days Freshwater except Great Lakes Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 160 Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 103 Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 83 Catfish/bullhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 104 Crappie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 95 White bass, striped bass, and striped bass hybrids . . . . . 4.9 62 Great Lakes Perch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 7 Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6 Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 4 Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 4 Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 4 Saltwater Flatfish (flounder, halibut) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 21 Striped bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 17 Sea trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 17 Bluefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 12 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 5 Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 13 

## Participation by Geographic Division In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United State and 1 of every 6 went fishing. While the national participation rate was 16 percent, the regional rates ranged from 11 percent in the Middle Atlantic to 27 percent in the West North Central. The East North Central, East South Central, West South Central, and Mountain Regions all reported participation rates above the national rate. The South Atlantic tied the national rate with 16 percent while the New England (13 percent) and Pacific (12 percent) Regions fell below the national rate. 

## Fishing in State of Residence and in Other States A vast majority of the 34.1 million anglers who fished in 2001 did so within their home state. Approximately 31.2 million participants, 92 percent of all anglers, fished in their resident state, while nearly 7.9 million, 23 percent, fished out-of-state. Percentages do not add to 100 because those anglers who fished both in-state and out-of-state were included in both categories. Of the 28 million non-Great Lakes anglers, 93 percent (25.8 million) fished within their resident state. Nearly 6 million, 20 percent, of these freshwater anglers fished out-of-state. Eighty-seven percent, 1.6 million, of all Great Lakes anglers enjoyed fishing within their home state in 2001. Nineteen percent, 348 thousand, of all Great Lakes anglers fished out-of-state. Of all the different types of fishing, saltwater fishing had both the highest percentage of anglers fishing outside their resident state (29 percent) and the lowest percentage fishing within their resident state (76 percent). Nonresident saltwater anglers numbered 2.7 million and resident anglers, 6.9 million.

AK

WA

OR

CA MT

WY ID

NV UT

AZ CO

NM ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX MN

IA

MO

AR

LA WI

IL MI

IN OH

KY TN

MS AL

FL GA SC NC VA WV PA NY ME NH VT
MA
RI CT NJ DE MD DC

HI 

## Fishing Participation (National participation rate: 16%)

Pacific 12% Mountain 18% West North Central

27% East North Central

17%

Middle Atlantic

11% New England 13%

South Atlantic 16% East South

Central

20% West South

Central

19%


## Percent of All Fishing—in State of Residence and Other States (Total: 34.1 million participants)

In state of residence and other states 15% In state of residence only 77% Other states only 8% 

## Fishing in State of Residence and in Other States (In millions) Out-ofIn-State State Total Anglers . . . . . 31.2 7.9 Freshwater except

Great Lakes . . . . . 25.8 5.6 Great Lakes . . . . . . . 1.6 0.3 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . 6.9 2.7

Source: Table 2.

## 14 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Types of Freshwater Fished, Excluding Great Lakes Freshwater anglers fished in a variety of waters. Most non-Great Lakes freshwater anglers, 23.6 million (85 percent), fished in flatwater including ponds, lakes, or reservoirs on 318 million days. Rivers and streams were utilized by 12.3 million freshwater anglers (44 percent) on 141 million days. 

## Great Lakes Anglers Great Lakes fishing includes not only the Great Lakes, but also their tributaries, bodies of water that connect the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River south of the bridge at Cornwall. The most popular of the lakes among anglers was Lake Erie, attracting 35 percent of all the Great Lakes anglers on an average of 12 days during 2001. Lake Michigan ranked second in popularity and hosted 30 percent of the anglers with an average of 9 days per angler. The tributaries to the lakes drew 15 percent of all Great Lakes anglers with an average of 12 days per angler. Lake Ontario attracted 13 percent of the anglers, 241 thousand, averaging 15 fishing day; Lake Huron drew 8 percent, 155 thousand anglers, who averaged 8 days of fishing. Types of Freshwater Fished Excluding Great Lakes (In millions)

27.9

23.6

12.3

443

318

141 

### Anglers

**Days**

Rivers and streams Lakes and reservoirs Total freshwater excluding Great Lakes Rivers and streams Lakes and reservoirs Total freshwater excluding Great Lakes



## Great Lakes Fishing Percentage Anglers of all Great (thousands) Lakes anglers Total, all Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,847 100 Lake Erie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 35 Lake Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 30 Tributaries to the Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . 284 15 Lake Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13 Lake Huron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8 St. Lawrence River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6 Lake St. Clair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5 Lake Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5

Source: Table 27.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 15 

## Sex and Age of Anglers Although more males than females fished in 2001, a substantial number of females fished as well. Approximately 25 percent of all males 16 years and older went fishing, while 8 percent of all females fished. Of the 34.1 million anglers who fished in the United States, 74 percent (25.2 million) were male and 26 percent (8.9 million) were female. Of the age categories, 9 million anglers, 27 percent of all anglers, were 35 to 44 years old—21 percent of the U.S. population in that age group. They were followed by 6.9 million anglers 45 to 54 years old who comprised 20 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 17percent. Next came the 25- to 34-yearold age group, 6.6 million participants who accounted for 19 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 19percent. The 4.2 million 55- to 64-yearolds who fished comprised 12 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 16 percent. Anglers 65 years old and older numbered 3.1 million, 9 percent of total anglers, and recorded an 8 percent participation rate. The 2.9 million anglers 18 to 24 years old also made up 9 percent of the angler population, but they had a participation rate of 13 percent. The 16- and 17-year-olds added 1.3 million individuals to the angler population. They made up 4 percent of the total angler population and had a 17 percent participation rate. Percent of Anglers—by Gender Percent of Males and Females Who Fished in the United States

Percent of Anglers—by Age Males 74% Females 26%

65 and older 9% 55 to 64 12% 16 and 17 4%

45 to 54 20%

35 to 44 27% 25 to 34 19% 18 to 24 9% Females

Males 25%

8%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Age

65 and older 55 to 64 45 to 54 35 to 44 25 to 34 18 to 24 16 and 17 17%
13%
19%
21%
17%
16%
8% 

## Anglers—by Gender and Age Total, both sexes

. . . . 34.1 million Male . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 million Female . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 million Total, all ages

. . . . . . . 34.1 million 16 and 17 . . . . . . . . 1.3 million 18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . 2.9 million 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . 6.6 million 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . 9.0 million 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . 6.9 million 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . 4.2 million 65 and older . . . . . . 3.1 million

Source: Table 9.

## 16 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Anglers In 2001, 72 percent of U.S. residents who fished lived in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with most anglers coming from large MSAs. People living in MSAs with populations of 1,000,000 or more had a participation rate of 12 percent. Forty percent of all anglers came from these large urban areas. Residents of MSAs with a population of 250,000 to 999,999 had a 17 percent participation rate and represented 20 percent of all anglers. MSAs with populations of 50,000 to 249,999 had a participation rate of 22 percent; they made up 11 percent of all anglers. In areas outside of MSAs, 24 percent of the population fished in 2001. These participants made up 28 percent of all anglers. 

## Income of Anglers Anglers at all income levels fished in 2001. Participation rates ranged from 8 percent of all individuals with household incomes of $10,000 or less to 23 percent for those who reported incomes of $50,000 to $99,999. Those living in households with incomes of $10,000 or less comprised 3 percent of all anglers, while those with $50,000 to $74,999 incomes made up 21 percent. Those with $75,000 to $99,999 incomes comprised 12 percent of all anglers. Both household groups with incomes of $40,000 to $49,999 and $100,000 or more garnered participation rates of 22 percent, but only comprised 11 and 12 percent of all anglers, respectively. Next came households earning $35,000 to $39,999 with a participation rate of 20 percent and comprising 6 percent of all anglers. Anglers with household incomes of $30,000 to $34,999 had a participation rate of 18 percent and made up 6 percent of all anglers. A 16 percent participation rate was reported by households with incomes of $25,000 to $29,999—they represented 5 percent of all anglers. Households with $20,000 to $24,999 incomes represented 4 percent of all anglers and had a participation rate of 14 percent. Lastly, 5 percent of all anglers lived in households earning $10,000 to $19,999. These households had a participation rate of 11 percent. Fifteen percent of anglers did not report their income. Percent of Anglers—by Residence

(Angler population: 34.1 million)
Outside MSA 28% Large MSA 40%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Residence (16% of total U.S. population fished)

Outside MSA

Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) 12%
17%
22%
24%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Household Income

$100,000 or more $75,000 to 99,999 $50,000 to 74,999 $40,000 to 49,999 $35,000 to 39,999 $30,000 to 34,999 $25,000 to 29,999 $20,000 to 24,999 $10,000 to 19,999 Less than $10,000 Small MSA 11% Medium MSA 20%

22% 23% 23% 22% 20% 18% 16% 14% 11% 8%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 17 

## Education, Race, and Ethnicity People from a variety of educational backgrounds fished in 2001. The lowest participation rate, 13 percent, was found among those with 11 years of education or less. They made up 12 percent of all anglers. The highest participation rate, 18 percent, was found among those individuals with 1 to 3 years of college. They made up 27 percent of all anglers. Persons who had 12 years of education, 4 years of college, or 5 years or more of college all had a participation rate of 16 percent. The 12 year education category represented 35 percent of all anglers, while the 4 years of college and the 5 years of more college categories were significantly lower—16 and 10 percent of all anglers. Fishing was a popular pastime among diverse racial and ethnic populations in the United States. Eighteen percent of the White population fished, compared with 7 percent of the Black population and 5 percent of the Asian population. Among anglers, 93 percent of the total were White, 5 percent Black, 1 percent Asian, and 1 percent other races. Hispanics, a growing percentage of the U.S. population, participated at a rate of 7 percent and represented 5 percent of all anglers. Percent of Anglers—by Education

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Ethnicity Percent of Anglers—by Race 4 years of college 16% 11 years or less 12%

White 93% Other 1% Black 5% Asian 1%

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 17%

7% 

## Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Education

5 years or more of college 4 years of college 1 to 3 years of college 12 years 11 years or less 13%
16%
18%
16%
16%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Race

Other Asian Black White 5 years or more of college 10%

1 to 3 years of college 27% 12 years 35%

18%
7%
5%
18% 

## Anglers—by Education, Race, and Ethnicity (In millions) Total anglers

. . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Education

0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 1 to 3 years of college . . . . 9.1 4 years of college . . . . . . . 5.5 5 years or more of college . 3.5 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 Source: Table 9.

## 18 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## 1991-2001 Comparison of Fishing Activity The number of all anglers in the United States has not changed significantly 1 

## over the past three Surveys. There was a drop of 1 percent in the number of anglers from 1991 to 1996 and a drop of 3 percent from 1996 to 2001—all well within the survey’s margin of error (the 95 percent confidence interval). However, when the angling estimates are examined by type of fishing, there are significant differences. For example, the number of freshwater anglers did change significantly, with an 8 percent drop in the number of non-Great Lakes freshwater anglers from 1991 to 2001 and a 28 percent drop in the number of Great Lakes anglers over the same time period. Although saltwater fishing participation shows an increase of 2 percent from 1991 to 2001, it is not statistically significant. The number of fishing days rose 22 percent from 1991 to 1996 and dropped 11 percent—a statistically insignificant change from 1996 to 2001. This pattern held true for both freshwater fishing and saltwater fishing. Total fishing expenditures rose 37 percent from 1991 to 1996 and fell 17 percent from 1996 to 2001. Comparing 1991 fishing expenditures with 2001 expenditures finds a 14 percent increase, but this is not a statistically significant change. Looking at the trip-related expenditure component, there was a similar trend with a 13 percent increase from 1991 to 1996, a 16 percent decrease from 1996 to 2001, and a 5 percent drop (not statistically significant) from 1991 to 2001. Equipment expenditures had a different pattern, with a 78 percent increase from 1991 to 1996, a 22 percent decrease from 1996 to 2001, and a significant 39 percent increase from 1991 to 2001. The purchase of special equipment, such as boats and campers, was primarily responsible for the increase in total equipment purchases. Expenditures for fishing equipment, such as rods and reels, decreased 23 percent from 1996 to 2001 and 5 percent (which is not statistically significant) from 1991 to 2001.

Number of Anglers (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Days of Fishing (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Fishing Expenditures (Billions. In 2001 dollars)

2001 1996 1991 35.6 35.2 34.1 511 626 557 $31.2 $42.7 $35.6 1At the 5 percent level of significance.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 19 

## 1991-2001 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001 1991-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Anglers, total .................................... 35,578 100 34,067 100 -4*

All freshwater

.................................. 31,041 87 28,439 83 -8

Freshwater except Great Lakes

.................. 30,186 85 27,913 82 -8 Great Lakes

.................................. 2,552 7 1,847 5 -28 Saltwater

...................................... 8,885 25 9,051 26 2* Days, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511,329 100 557,394 100 9*

All freshwater

.................................. 439,536 86 466,984 84 6*

Freshwater except Great Lakes

.................. 430,922 84 443,247 80 3* Great Lakes

.................................. 25,335 5 23,138 4 -9* Saltwater

...................................... 74,696 15 90,838 16 22* Fishing expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ............ $31,175,168 100 $35,632,132 100 14*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,396,151 49 14,656,001 41 -5* Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 170,062 39 16,963,398 48 39

Fishing equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 860,266 16 4,617,488 13 -5* Auxiliary equipment

........................... 804,953 3 721,048 2 -10* Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,504,844 21 11,624,862 33 79 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,608,953 12 4,012,733 11 11*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.



## 1996-2001 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001 1996-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Anglers, total .................................... 35,246 100 34,067 100 -3*

All freshwater

.................................. 29,734 84 28,439 83 -4*

Freshwater except Great Lakes

.................. 28,921 82 27,913 82 -3* Great Lakes

.................................. 2,039 6 1,847 5 -9* Saltwater

...................................... 9,438 27 9,051 26 -4* Days, total ...................................... 625,893 100 557,394 100 -11*

All freshwater

.................................. 515,115 82 466,984 84 -9*

Freshwater except Great Lakes

.................. 485,474 78 443,247 80 -9* Great Lakes

.................................. 20,095 3 23,138 4 15* Saltwater

...................................... 103,034 17 90,838 16 -12* Fishing expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ............ $42,710,679 100 $35,632,132 100 -17

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,380,775 41 14,656,001 41 -16 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 666,341 51 16,963,398 48 -22

Fishing equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998,802 14 4,617,488 13 -23 Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 171,540 3 721,048 2 -38 Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,495,999 34 11,624,862 33 -20* Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,663,563 9 4,012,733 11 10*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

# Hunting

## 22 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service In 2001, 13 million people 16 years old and older enjoyed hunting a variety of animals within the United States. They hunted 228 million days and took 200 million trips. Hunting expenditures totaled $20.6 billion. Big game hunting was most popular in 2001. Approximately 11.0 million hunters pursued big game such as deer and elk on 153 million days. They spent $10.1 billion on trips and equipment during the year. A total of 5.4 million people hunted small game including squirrels and rabbits. They hunted small game on 60 million days and spent $1.8 billion on their hunting trips and equipment. Migratory bird hunters numbered 3.0 million. They spent 29 million days hunting birds such as waterfowl and dove. Their trip and equipment expenditures totaled $1.4 billion. More than 1.0 million hunters sought other animals such as raccoons and groundhogs on 19 million days. They spent $244 million on trips and equipment for the year. 

# Hunting Highlights

Hunting

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Other animals Migratory

bird Small game Big game Total hunting Million



### Trips Days Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 228 million

200 million



### Hunters 153

114

60 46 29 24 19 15 

## Total Hunting Hunters

. . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million Big game . . . . . . . 10.9 million Small game . . . . . 5.4 million Migratory bird . . . 3.0 million Other animals . . . . 1.0 million Days

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 million Big game . . . . . . . 153 million Small game . . . . . 60 million Migratory bird . . . 29 million Other animals . . . . 19 million Trips

. . . . . . . . . . . . 200 million Big game . . . . . . . 114 million Small game . . . . . 46 million Migratory bird . . . 24 million Other animals . . . . 15 million Expenditures

. . . . . . $20.6 billion Big game . . . . . . . 10.1 billion Small game . . . . . 1.8 billion Migratory game . . 1.4 billion Other animals . . . . 0.2 billion Unspecified . . . . . 7.1 billion Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Tables 1 and 18-22.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 23 

## Hunting Expenditures Of the $20.6 billion spent by hunters in 2001, 25 percent, $5.3 billion, was spent on trip-related expenses. Food and lodging totaled to $2.4 billion—47 percent of all trip-related expenses. Transportation cost hunters $1.8 billion, 34 percent of their trip expenditures. Other trip expenses such as guide fees, land use fees, and equipment rental were$1.0 billion or 19 percent of all triprelated expenses. Total hunting equipment expenditures were $10.4 billion in 2001—50 percent of all hunting expenses. Hunting equipment, such as guns and rifles, telescopic sights, and ammunition, cost hunters $4.6 billion, 44 percent of all equipment costs. Expenditures for auxiliary equipment, including camping equipment, binoculars, and special hunting clothing, accounted for $1.2 billion or 12 percent of all equipment expenses. Special equipment, such as campers or trail bikes, amounted to $4.6 billion or 44 percent of all equipment expenditures. Land leasing and ownership for hunting was a large expenditure category. Hunters spent $4.0 billion on land leasing and ownership—19 percent of their total expenditures in 2001. Expenditures for magazines, books, membership dues, and contributions, and licenses, tags, and permits totaled $1 billion. 

## Total Hunting Expenditures Total hunting expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.6 billion Total trip-related

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5.3 billion Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 billion Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 billion Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 billion Total equipment expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10.4 billion Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.6 billion Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 billion Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 billion Total other hunting expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5.0 billion Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 billion Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 billion Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 billion

Source: Table 18.



## Percent of Total Hunting Expenditures (Total expenditures: $20.6 billion) 

## Expenditures (Total expenditures: $20.6 billion)

Big game $10.1 billion 49% Other animals

$0.2 billion 1% Unspecified $7.1 billion 34%

Other 24%

Trip-related 25% Equipment 50% Small game $1.8 billion 9% Migratory bird $1.4 billion 7%

## 24 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Big Game Hunting In 2001, the majority of hunters, 11.0 million, devoted 153 million days to hunting big game including deer, elk, bear, and wild turkey. They took 114 million trips and spent an average of 14 days hunting big game during the year. Trip and equipment expenditures for big game hunters amounted to $10.1 billion. Trip-related expenses totaled $3.6 billion. Of that amount, food and lodging totaled$1.7 billion or 47 percent of all triprelated costs. Transportation costs reached $1.1 billion—32 percent of trip costs. Other trip-related expenses amounted to $749 million or 21 percent of trip costs. Big game hunters spent the majority of their money on equipment—$6.5 billion. Hunting equipment (guns, ammunition, etc.) accounted for $2.2 billion. Purchases of auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.) totaled $935 million. And special equipment (vans, trail bikes, etc.) cost big game hunters $3.4 billion. 

## Small Game Hunting Also popular with hunters was small game such as rabbits, squirrel, pheasants, quail, and grouse. In 2001, approximately 5.4 million hunters pursued small game on a total of 60 million days. They took 46 million trips. Small game hunters averaged 11 days in the field hunting. These hunters spent $1.8 billion on trips and equipment. Of their $909 million trip expenditures, $438 million or 48 percent was spent on food and lodging. Transportation costs totaled $348 million or 38 percent of small game trip expenses. Other trip-related expenditures amounted to $124 million or 14 percent of all trip costs. During 2001, equipment expenditures for small game hunting totaled $907 million. Of that amount, hunting equipment (guns, ammunition, etc.) amounted to $660 million, auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.) $63 million, and special equipment (vans, trail bikes, etc.) $183 million.



## Big Game Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 million Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 million Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 million Trip and equipment

expenditures . . . . . $10.1 billion
Source: Tables 1 and 19. 

## Big Game Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $10.1 billion)



## Small Game Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $1.8 million) Trip-related Equipment $6.5 billion $3.6 billion

Trip-related Equipment $907 million $909 million 

## Small Game Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 million Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 million Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 million Trip and equipment

expenditures . . . . . $1.8 billion
Source: Tables 1 and 20.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 25 

## Migratory Bird Hunting In 2001, 3.0 million migratory bird hunters devoted 29 million days on 24 million trips for hunting birds such as doves, ducks, and geese. Migratory bird hunters spent an average of 10 days hunting for the year. The $1.4 billion spent by migratory bird hunters in 2001 was for hunting trips and equipment. Of the items contributing to this sum, $657 million was spent on hunting trips, including $280 million onfood and lodging (43 percent of triprelated expenses), and $247 million on transportation (38 percent of all trip costs). Other trip expenses amounted to $130 million—20 percent of the total trip-related expenditures for migratory bird hunters. Migratory bird hunters purchased nearly $732 million worth of equipment in 2001. They spent $534 million on hunting equipment (guns, ammunition, etc.). Another $68 million was spent by migratory bird hunters on auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.), and $130 million was spent on special equipment (vans, trail bikes, etc.). 

## Hunting Other Animals During 2001, more than 1 million hunters reported spending 19 million days on 15 million trips pursuing animals such as groundhogs, raccoons, foxes, and coyotes. They averaged 18 days of hunting for the year. These hunters spent $244 million in 2001 on trips and equipment. Trip-related costs totaled $121 million. Of that, food and lodging were $44 million or 36 percent of all trip costs; transportation was $67 million, 55 percent of trip expenses; and other trip expenses were $10 million, 9 percent of all trip costs. Equipment expenditures for hunting other animals totaled $123 million. Hunters pursuing other animals spent $85 million on hunting equipment (guns, ammunition, etc.), and $6 million on auxiliary equipment (camping equipment, binoculars, etc.). 

## Comparative Hunting Highlights In 2001, big game hunters averaged 14 days of hunting and 10 trips per hunter. Small game hunters spent an average of 11 days hunting in the field on an average of 9 trips. In comparison, migratory bird 

## Migratory Birds Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 million Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 million Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 million Trip and equipment

expenditures . . . . . $1.4 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 21. 

## Migratory Bird Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures (Total expenditures: $1.4 million)



## Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals (Total expenditures: $244 million) Trip-related Equipment $732 million $657 million

Trip-related Equipment $123 million $121 million 

## Other Animals Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 million Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 million Trip and equipment

expenditures . . . . . $244 million
Source: Table 1 and 22.

## hunters spent an average of 10 days and 8 trips hunting. Individuals hunting other animals averaged 18 days and 14 trips pursuing their game. On average, big game hunters spent more money on trips and equipment than other hunters in 2001. They averaged $925 per hunter for the year. Small game hunters spent an average of $334 per hunter while migratory bird hunters averaged $470. Those hunting other animals spent $233 per hunter for the year. During 2001, trip expenditures for all hunting averaged $403 per hunter, a daily average of $23. The average for trip expenditures varied by type of hunting. Big game hunting trips averaged $327 per hunter for lodging, food, transportation, and other trip-related expenses ($23 per day). Small game hunters spent $167 on average for trip expenses ($15 per day). Persons taking trips for migratory bird hunting spent an average of $222 ($22 per day) while for hunting other animals averaged $116 per hunter for their trips ($6 per day). 

## Hunting for Selected Game For big game hunting, deer was the most popular animal pursued—attracting 10.3 million hunters on 133 million days. Turkey attracted 2.5 million hunters on 23 million days, while elk drew 910 thousand on 6 million days, and bear 360 thousand on 3 million days. In addition, 527 thousand hunters spent 5 million days hunting other big game animals. In 2001, nearly 2.1 million small game hunters hunted rabbits and hares on 23 million days. Quail was flushed by 991 thousand hunters on 8 million days, while grouse and prairie chicken were favorites of 1 million hunters on 9 million days. Squirrels were hunted by 2.1 million participants on 22 million days, and pheasants attracted 1.7 million hunters on 13 million days. In addition, 505 thousand hunters spent 5.2 million days hunting other small game animals. Among those hunting migratory birds, 1.6 million enthusiasts hunted duck on 18 million days. Nearly 1.5 million participants hunted dove on 9 million days. On 11 million days, 1 million hunters hunted geese in 2001. Other migratory bird species attracted 210 thousand people who hunted on 1.5 million days.

26 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Hunting for Selected Game (In millions) Type of Hunting Hunters Days Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 153 Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 133 Wild turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 23 Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 6 Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 3 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 60 Squirrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 22 Rabbit and hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 23 Pheasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 13 Grouse/prairie chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 9 Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 8 Migratory birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 29

Ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 18 Doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 9 Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 11 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 19

Source: Table 7. 

## Comparative Hunting by Type of Hunting

Total Big game Small game Migratory birds Other animals 18 14 11 10

15 10 9 8

$403 $327 $167 $222

$23 $23 $15

$22 18

14

$116

$6 Trips per hunter Days per hunter

Trip expenditures per day Trip expenditures per hunter

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 27 

## Participation by Geographic Regions In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United States. Six percent of all those people hunted that year. Regionally, participation rates ranged from 2 percent in the Pacific Region to 12 percent in the West North Central Region. The East North Central, East South Central, West South Central, and Mountain Regions also had participation rates above the national average of 6 percent. Both the East South Central and the West South Central Regions garnered participation rates of 9 percent. While the Mountain Region’s rate was 8 percent, the East North Central’s was 7 percent. The Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic Regions’ participation rate was 5 percent, and New England’s was 4 percent. 

## Hunting in State of Residence and in Other States An overwhelming majority of participants hunted within their resident state—12.4 million or 95 percent of all hunters. Only 2.1 million, 16 percent, hunted in another state. Percentages do not add to 100 because those sportspersons who hunted both in-state and out-of-state were included in both categories. In 2001, 10.4 million big game hunters, 95 percent of all big game hunters, hunted within their state of residence, while only 13 percent, 1.5 million people, traveled to another state to hunt big game. Nearly 5.1 million small game hunters, 94 percent of all small game hunters, pursued game in their resident state. Approximately 672 thousand, 12 percent, ventured acrossstate lines to hunt small game. Ninetyfour percent of all migratory bird hunters, 2.8 million participants, hunted within their resident state. Fourteen percent or 410 thousand of these sportspersons hunted out-of-state. Among sportspersons who hunted other animals, 96 percent, 1.0 million, hunted in-state and 10 percent,102 thousand participants, hunted out-ofstate.

AK

WA

OR

CA MT

WY ID

NV UT

AZ CO

NM ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX MN

IA

MO

AR

LA WI

IL MI

IN OH

KY TN

MS AL

FL GA SC NC VA WV PA NY ME NH VT
MA
RI CT NJ DE MD DC

HI 

## Hunting Participation (National participation rate: 6%)

Pacific

2% Mountain 8% West North Central

12% East North Central

7%

Middle Atlantic

5% New England 4%

South Atlantic 5% East South

Central

9% West South

Central

9% 

## Hunting in State of Residence and in Other States (In millions) Out-ofIn-State State All hunters . . . . . . . . 12.4 2.1 Big game . . . . . . . . . 10.4 1.5 Small game . . . . . . . 5.1 0.7 Migratory birds . . . . 2.8 0.4 Other animals . . . . . 1.0 0.1

Source: Table 6.

## 28 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Hunting on Public and Private Lands In 2001, 13 million hunters 16 years old and older hunted on public land, private land, or both. Of this number, 5.2 million or 40 percent hunted on publicly owned lands compared to 10.7 million or 82 percent who hunted on privately owned land. Some hunters, 1.9 million—14 percent of all hunters—used publicly owned lands exclusively while 7.4 million hunted only on private land and represented 57 percent of all hunters. Slightly over 3 million hunters (25 percent) hunted on both public and private lands. During 2001, 5.2 million hunters used public lands on 60 million days— 26 percent of all hunting days. Thirty-seven percent of big game hunters spent 36 million days on public lands. Among the 5.4 million small game hunters, 36 percent used public land on 16 million days. Approximately 1.0 million migratory bird hunters, 35 percent of all migratory bird hunters, spent 9.1 million days on public lands. Twenty-seven percent, 287 thousand of other animal hunters pursued their game on public land for 3 million days. In contrast, 10.7 million hunters spent 170 million days—74 percent of all hunting days—pursuing their sport on private lands in 2001. A vast majority of all hunters (82 percent) pursued their game on private lands as did big game hunters (80 percent), small game hunters (80 percent), migratory bird hunters (76 percent), and other animal hunters (86 percent). Days spent hunting on private land also varied by type of hunting. In 2001, big game hunters spent 72 percent (110 million days) of their total hunting days on private lands; small game hunters spent 70 percent (42 million days) of their hunting days on private lands, and migratory bird hunters spent 67 percent (20 million days) of their hunting days on private lands. Participants hunting other animals spent 84 percent (16 million days) of their hunting days on private lands. People Hunting on Public and Private Lands Percent of All Hunting—in State of Residence and Other States (Total: 13.0 million participants)

In state of residence only 84% In state of residence and other states 11%

Private only 57%

Public only 14% Other states only 5%

Public and private 25% Unspecified 4%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 29 

## Sex and Age of Hunters Of the U.S. population 16 years old and older, 12 percent of the males and 1 percent of the females enjoyed hunting in 2001. Of the 13 million participants who hunted, 91 percent (11.8 million) were male and 9 percent (1.2 million) were female. Hunter participation was seen in all age groups across the country. The proportion of hunters by age group ranged from 4 percent among hunters 16 and 17 years old to 27 percent for those hunters 35 to 44 years old. During 2001, 8 percent of all 16- and 17-year olds hunted. They numbered 584 thousand hunters. The participation rate for 35- to 44-year olds also was 8 percent, but they numbered 3.6 million hunters. The 18- to 24-year olds showed a 6 percent participant rate with nearly 1.3 million participants (10 percent of all hunters). The participation rate for the 25- to 34-year olds was 7 percent, numbering 2.4 million hunters—19 percent of all hunters. Hunters 45 to 54 years old also had a 7 percent participation rate with approximately 2.8 million hunters (22 percent of all hunters). The 55- to 64-year old hunters numbered 1.5 million, capturing 11 percent of all hunters with a participation rate of 6 percent. Finally, 965 thousand people 65 years old and older made up 7 percent of all hunters and garnered a participation rate of 3 percent.



## Hunters—by Gender and Age Total, both sexes

. . . . 13.0 million Male . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 million Female . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 million Total, all ages 16 and 17 . . . . . . . . 0.6 million 18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . 2.4 million 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . 3.6 million 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . 2.8 million 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . 1.5 million 65 and older . . . . . . 1.0 million

Source: Table 10. 

## Percent of Hunters—by Gender Percent of Males and Females Who Hunted in the United States

Percent of Hunters—by Age Males 91% Females 9%

65 and older 7%
55 to 64 11% 16 and 17 4%

45 to 54 22%

35 to 44 27% 25 to 34 19% 18 to 24 10% Females

Males 12%

1%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Age

65 and older 55 to 64 45 to 54 35 to 44 25 to 34 18 to 24 16 and 17 8%
6%
7%
8%
7%
6%
3%

## 30 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Hunters While most hunters in 2001 resided outside the nation’s largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), a substantial number of those area residents were hunters. Twenty-eight percent of all hunters were from MSAs with populations of 1,000,000 or more. Three percent of the total residents of these large MSAs hunted. For MSAs with populations of 250,000 to 999,999, 6 percent of their residents hunted and comprised 18 percent of all hunters. Ten percent of all residents of MSAs with populations of 50,000 to 249,999 hunted in 2001. Thirteen percent of all hunters resided in these areas. Although only 19 percent of the U.S. population 16 years of age and older resided in areas outside of MSAs in 2001, 41 percent of all hunters lived outside MSAs. Thirteen percent of those nonmetropolitan residents hunted in 2001 in contrast with 5 percent of all metropolitan residents who hunted. 

## Income of Hunters Participation rates among hunters varied by household income from 2 percent of persons with household incomes of less than $10,000 a year (2 percent of all hunters came from these households) to 9 percent of those reporting incomes of $40,000 to $49,999 (13 percent of all hunters), $50,000 to $74,999 (22 percent of all hunters), and $75,999 to $99,999 (12 percent of all hunters). Households reporting $10,000 to $19,999 incomes had a 3 percent participation rate and comprised 4 percent of all hunters. Five percent of the nation’s population with household incomes of $20,000 to $24,999 hunted in 2001 and made up 4 percent of all hunters. Households with incomes of $25,000 to $29,999 had a 7 percent participation rate, representing 6 percent of all hunters. In households reporting incomes of $30,000 to $34,999, 7 percent was the participation rate. Residents of these households represented 6 percent of all hunters. Eight percent of the persons in households reporting incomes of $35,000 to $39,999 totaled 6 percent of all hunters. Finally, 7 percent of persons with household incomes of $100,000 or more hunted and comprised 10 percent of all hunters. Percent of Hunters—by Residence

(Hunter population: 13.0 million)

Outside MSA 41% Large MSA 28%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Residence (6% of total U.S. population hunted)

Outside MSA

Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more) 3%
6%
10%
13%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Household Income

$100,000 or more $75,000 to 99,999 $50,000 to 74,999 $40,000 to 49,999 $35,000 to 39,999 $30,000 to 34,999 $25,000 to 29,999 $20,000 to 24,999 $10,000 to 19,999 Less than $10,000 Small MSA 13%

7% 9% 9% 9% 8% 7% 7% 5% 3% 2% Medium MSA 18%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 31 

## Education and Race of Hunters During 2001, people from a variety of educational backgrounds went hunting in the United States. Participation rates ranged from 5 percent for individuals with less than 12 years of school or 4 years or more of college to 7 percent for individuals with 12 years of school or 1 to 3 years of college. Hunters with 12 years of education accounted for 38 percent of the hunting population. Those possessing 1 to 3 years of college represented 26 percent of all hunters. Those with 11 years or less of education represented 14 percent of all hunters. Others with at least 4 years of college comprised 14 percent of all hunters. And individuals with 5 years of more of college totaled 8 percent of all hunters. While 6 percent of the U.S. population went hunting in 2001, participation among races varied. Seven percent of the nation’s White population hunted, 1 percent of the Black population hunted, and 6 percent of the other races hunted. Of the 13 million hunters, 96 percent were White, 2 percent were Black, and 1 percent were of other races. Percent of Hunters—by Education

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Ethnicity Percent of Hunters—by Race 4 years of college 14% 11 years or less 14%

White 96% Other 2% Black 2%

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 7%

2% 

## Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Education

5 years or more of college 4 years of college 1 to 3 years of college 12 years 11 years or less 5%
7%
7%
5%
5%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Race

Other Black White 5 years or more of college 8%

1 to 3 years of college 26% 12 years 38%

7%
1%
2% 

## Hunters—by Education and Race (In millions) Total hunters

. . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 Education

0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 1 to 3 years of college . . . . 3.4 4 years of college . . . . . . . 1.8 5 years or more of college . 1.1 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2

Source: Table 10.

## 32 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## 1991, 1996, 2001 Comparison of Hunting Activity The overall number of people who hunted in 2001 dropped 7 percent from the 1991/1996 level, and their days afield tended downward as well. However, looking at the various types of hunting, big game and migratory bird hunting did not see this drop in hunting participation—either in the number of hunters or the number of hunting days. The number of big game and migratory bird hunters stayed roughly the same throughout the three surveys, and the number of days hunting these animals increased from 1991 to 2001. The drop in hunting participation can be traced to small game and other animal hunting, which saw significant drops in both hunters and days. Hunting expenditures increased from 1991 to 1996 for both trip-related and equipment expenditures and then tended downward from 1996 to 2001. The robust 1996 economy, compared to the recessionary years of 1991 and 2001, can at least partly explain this finding. The category that experienced the biggest increase from 1991 to 2001 was special equipment, such as pickups and campers, which nearly tripled. Purchases of hunting equipment, such as firearms and ammunition, increased by 7 percent—not a statistically significant change at the 95 percent confidence level.



## 1991-2001 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001 1991-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Hunters, total .................................... 14,063 100 13,034 100 -7

Big game

...................................... 10,745 76 10,911 84 2* Small game

.................................... 7,642 54 5,434 42 -29 Migratory bird

.................................. 3,009 21 2,956 23 -2* Other animal

................................... 1,411 10 1,047 8 -26 Days, total ...................................... 235,806 100 228,368 100 -3*

Big game

...................................... 128,411 54 153,191 67 19 Small game

.................................... 77,132 33 60,142 26 -22 Migratory bird

.................................. 22,235 9 29,310 13 32 Other animal

................................... 19,340 8 19,207 8 -1* Hunting expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ........... $16,031,197 100 $20,611,025 100 29

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,471,065 28 5,252,391 25 17* Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,716,497 42 10,361,495 50 54

Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,266,795 27 4,561,708 22 7* Auxiliary equipment

........................... 825,616 5 1,202,845 6 46 Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 624,086 10 4,596,942 22 183 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 843,635 30 4,997,139 24 3*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 33 

## 1996-2001 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001 1996-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Hunters, total .................................... 13,975 100 13,034 100 -7

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,288 81 10,911 84 -3* Small game

.................................... 6,945 50 5,434 42 -22 Migratory bird

.................................. 3,073 22 2,956 23 -4* Other animal

................................... 1,521 11 1,047 8 -31 Days, total ...................................... 256,676 100 228,368 100 -11*

Big game

...................................... 153,784 60 153,191 67 0 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,117 29 60,142 26 -20 Migratory bird

.................................. 26,501 10 29,310 13 11* Other animal

................................... 24,522 10 19,207 8 -22* Hunting expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ........... $23,293,156 100 $20,611,025 100 -12*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 825,510 25 5,252,391 25 -10* Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,738,229 55 10,361,495 50 -19*

Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,236,625 27 4,561,708 22 -27 Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393,423 6 1,202,845 6 -14* Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 108,181 22 4,596,942 22 -10* Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,729,416 20 4,997,139 24 6*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.



## Number of Hunters (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Days of Hunting (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Hunting Expenditures (Billions. In 2001 dollars)

2001 1996 1991 14.1 14.0 13.0 236 257 228 $16.0 $23.3 $20.6

# Wildlife Watching

## 36 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Wildlife-watching (formerly called nonconsumptive) activities including observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife continue to be popular in the United States. These activities are categorized as residential (within a mile of one’s home) or nonresidential (at least one mile away from home). The 2001 Survey collected information only on wildlife-watching activities in which the primary objective was to observe, feed, or photograph wildlife. Secondary or incidental participation such as observing wildlife while pleasure driving was not included in the Survey. During 2001, 66.1 million U.S. residents, 31 percent of the U.S. population 16 years old and older, participated in a myriad of wildlife-watching activities. People who took an interest in wildlife around their homes (residential) numbered 63 million, while those who took trips away from their homes to watch wildlife (nonresidential) numbered close to 22 million people. 

## Wild Bird Observers Of all the wildlife watching in the United States, bird watching attracted the biggest following. Forty-six million people observed birds around the home and on trips in 2001. A large majority, 88 percent (40 million), observed wild birds around the home while 40 percent, 18 million, took birdwatching trips. Birders varied in their ability to identify different bird species. Seventy-four percent, 34 million, of these 46 million birders could identify 1 to 20 different types of birds; 13 percent, 6 million birders, could identify 21 to 40 types of birds; and 8 percent, almost 4 million birders, could identify 41 or more types of birds. Over 2.3 million wild bird enthusiasts kept birding life lists in 2001. Participants keeping these lists—a tally of bird species seen by a birder during his or her lifetime—comprised 5 percent of all wild bird observers. 

# Wildlife-Watching Highlights

Wildlife-Watching Participants— by Activity (In millions) Total wildlife-watching

participants

. . . . . . . . . . 66.1 Nonresidential

. . . . . . . . . 21.8 Observed wildlife . . . . . 20.1 Photographed wildlife . . 9.4 Fed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Residential

. . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 Fed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 54.0 Observed wildlife . . . . . 42.1 Photographed wildlife . . 13.9 Maintained plantings

or natural areas . . . . . . 13.1 Visited public parks

or areas . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Table 36.



## Wildlife-Watching Participants (In millions)

Nonresidential Residential Total 66.1

62.9

21.8

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 37 

## Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Wildlife watching generated heavy spending. In 2001, 79 percent of all wildlife watchers 16 years old and older spent $38.4 billion, an average of $738 per spender. These expenditures represent 35 percent of the total dollars spent for all wildlife-related recreation. Wildlife watchers spent nearly $8.2 billion on trips pursuing their activities. Food and lodging accounted for $4.8 billion, transportation expenses totaled $2.6 billion, and other trip costs, such as land use fees and equipment rental, amounted to $748 million for the year. These recreationists purchased $23.5 billion worth of equipment. They spent $7.4 billion on wildlife-watching equipment, including binoculars, cameras, bird food, and special clothing. Expenditures for auxiliary equipment— tents, backpacking equipment, etc.— totaled almost $717 million for the year. Participants spent over $15.5 billion on special equipment, including big ticket items such as off-road vehicles, campers, and boats. Also for the year, wildlife watchers spent $332 million on magazines and books; $920 million on membership dues and contributions; $4.8 billion on land leasing and ownership; and $699 million on plantings for the benefit of wildlife. 

## Wildlife-Watching Expenditures Total wildlife-watching expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38.4 billion Total trip-related

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8.2 billion Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.8 billion Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2.6 billion Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion Total equipment expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23.5 billion Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7.4 billion Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15.5 billion Total other expenditures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6.7 billion Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.3 billion Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.9 billion Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.8 billion Plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion

Source: Table 43.



## Trip-Related Expenditures (Total expenditures: $8.2 billion) 

## Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Total expenditures: $38.4 billion)

Transportation $2.6 billion 32% Other trip-related costs $0.7 billion 9% Other $6.7 billion 17% Trip-related $8.2 billion 21% Equipment $23.5 billion 61%

Food $2.8 billion 35% Lodging $2.0 billion 24%

## 38 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Residential (Around the Home) Activities Highlights In 2001 residential participants 16 years old and older numbered 62.9 million— 95 percent of all wildlife-watching recreationists. The most popular activity, feeding birds and other wildlife, appealed to almost 54 million people, 86 percent of all residential wildlife watchers. More than 42 million people observed wildlife, representing 67 percent of all residential participants. Nearly 14 million (22 percent) recreationists photographed wildlife around their homes. Close in number were the 13 million who maintained plantings or natural areas for the benefit of wildlife. They represented 21 percent of all residential participants. Lastly, 11 million individuals visited public areas including parks within a mile of their homes to wildlife watch. They comprised 17 percent of all residential participants.



## Residential Participants (In millions) Total participants

. . . . . . . 62.9 Feed wild birds . . . . . . . 52.6 Observe wildlife . . . . . . 42.1 Feed other wildlife . . . . 18.8 Photograph wildlife . . . . 13.9 Visit public areas . . . . . . 11.0 Maintain plantings . . . . . 8.7 Maintain natural areas . . 8.7 Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Source: Table 39. 

## Percent of Total Residential Participants—by Activity (Total: 62.9 million participants)

Maintain natural areas Maintain plantings Visit public areas Photograph Feed other wildlife Observe Feed wild birds 84%

14% 14% 17% 22% 30% 67%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 39 

## Wildlife Fed, Observed, or Photographed by Residential Participants Of the 54 million people feeding wildlife around their homes in 2001, 97 percent (52.6 million) fed wild birds while 35 percent (18.8 million) fed other wildlife. Of the 42.1 million participants who reported observing wildlife around their homes, 40.3 million observed birds. Observing mammals was popular among 34.6 million participants. Insects and spiders attracted the attention of 13.8 million people; 9.8 million observed amphibians or reptiles; and 7.9 million people reported observing fish or other wildlife. Almost 14 million people photographed wildlife around their homes. The largest number, 3.9 million—28 percent of all wildlife photographers—spent 2 to 3 days taking wildlife pictures during the year. Seventeen percent (2.3 million) spent 6 to 10 days; 16 percent (2.2 million), 4 to 5 days; 15 percent (2.1 million), 1 day; 13 percent (1.8 million), 21 or more days; and 10 percent (1.3 million), 11 to 20 days. 

## Residential Participation by Geographic Region In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United States. Of those individuals, 30 percent fed, observed, or photographed wildlife around their homes. The participation rates of these residential participants varied from region to region. Participation rates for around the home wildlife watching ranged from 24 percent for residents in the West South Central Region to 41 percent for those in the West North Central Region. The New England, East North Central, East South Central, and Mountain Regions also had participation rates above the national average of 30 percent. New England’s participation rate was 36 percent. The East South Central reported a participation rate of 34 percent. Following closely was East North Central with a 33 percent participation rate and the Mountain Region with a 32 percent participation rate. Both the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic Regions had participation rates of 28 percent, while the Pacific Region’s was 25 percent. AK

WA

OR

CA MT

WY ID

NV UT

AZ CO

NM ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX MN

IA

MO

AR

LA WI

IL MI

IN OH

KY TN

MS AL

FL GA SC NC VA WV PA NY ME NH VT
MA
RI CT NJ DE MD DC

HI 

## Residential Wildlife-Watching Participation (National participation rate: 30%)

Pacific 25% Mountain 32% West North Central

41% East North Central

33%

Middle Atlantic

28% New England 36%

South Atlantic 28% East South

Central

34% West South

Central

24% 

## Percent of Residential Wildlife Observers— by Type of Wildlife Observed (Total wildlife observers: 42.1 million)



## Days Spent Photographing Wildlife (Total wildlife photographers: 13.9 million) 21 days or more 13% 11-20 days 10% 6-10 days 17% Fish and other wildlife Reptiles and amphibians Insects and spiders Mammals Birds 96%

19%

23% 33% 82%

4-5 days 16% 2-3 days 28% 1 day 15%

## 40 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Sex and Age of Residential Participants Males and females alike enjoyed residential wildlife-watching activities. In 2001, 28 percent of American males 16 years old and older enjoyed residential activities, as did 31 percent of American females of the same age group. Of the 62.9 million residential wildlife watchers, 46 percent (28.8 million) were males, and 54 percent (34.1 million) were females. Two age groups—the 35- to 44-year-olds (14.1 million) and the 45- to 54-year-olds (13.9 million)—each comprised 22 percent of all residential wildlife watchers. Their participation rates were 32 percent and 34 percent, respectively. Individuals 55 to 64 years old represented 16 percent of all residential participants (10.1 million) and participated at a 39 percent rate. The participation rate for the 65 years old and older group was 34 percent, accounting for 12.5 million people—20 percent of all residential participants. The 25- to 34-year-old participants totaled 8.1 million, comprised 13 percent of all residential participants, and had a participation rate of 23 percent. The participation rate for the 18 to 24- year-old group was 12 percent. They numbered 2.7 million and comprised 4 percent of all participants. Finally, the 16- and 17- year-old participants, 1.5 million, had a participation rate of 20 percent and accounted for 2 percent of all residential wildlife-watching participants.



## Residential Participants— by Gender and Age (In millions) Total, both sexes

. . . . . . . . 62.9 Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Total, all ages

. . . . . . . . . . 62.9 16 and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 65 and older . . . . . . . . . 12.5
Source: Table 45. 

## Percent of Residential Participants—by Gender Percent of U.S. Males and Females Who Participated

Percent of Residential Participants—by Age Males 46% Females 54%

65 and older 20%

55 to 64 16% 16 and 17 2%

45 to 54 22% 35 to 44 22% 25 to 34 13% 18 to 24 4% Females

Males 28%

31%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Age

65 and older 55 to 64 45 to 54 35 to 44 25 to 34 18 to 24 16 and 17 20%
12%
23%
32%
34%
39%
34%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 41 

## Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Residential Participants In 2001, 30 percent of all U.S. residents 16 years old and older participated in wildlife watching around their homes. Seventy-five percent of these residential wildlife participants lived in metropolitan areas. Participation rates varied by population size of metropolitan areas. People living in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with populations of 1,000,000 or more had a participation rate of 25 percent. These recreationists comprised 45 percent of all residential wildlife watchers. In MSAs of 250,000 to 999,999 the participation rate was 29 percent, reflecting 19 percent of all residential recreationists. Ten percent of the residential wildlife watchers lived in MSAs with a population of 50,000 to 249,999. The population of these areas had a participation rate of 39 percent. Likewise, the participation rate for nonmetropolitan populations in the United States was 39 percent. While 19 percent of the total U.S. population lived outside metropolitan areas in 2001, they represented 25 percent of all residential wildlife watchers. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Residence (30% of total U.S. population participated)



## Percent of Residential Participants—by Residence (Total residential participants: 62.9 million)

Outside MSA 25%

Small MSA 10% Outside MSA

Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more)

39% 39% 29% 25%

Medium MSA 19% Large MSA 45%

## 42 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Income of Residential Participants Individuals from all levels of householdincomes engaged in residential wildlifewatching activities in 2001. Participation rates ranged from 22 percent among U.S. residents living in households earning less than $10,000 per year to 41 percent among participants living in households earning $75,000 to $99,999 annually. These groups represented 4 percent and12 percent of all residential wildlifewatching participants, respectively. Participants in households earning $10,000 to $19,999 a year had a participation rate of 24 percent and constituted 6 percent of all residential recreationists. The participation rate among recreationists with household incomes of $20,000 to $24,999 was 25 percent, making up 4 percent of all residential participants. People with household incomes of $25,000 to $29,999 participated at a rate of 29 percent and made up 5 percent of all residential participants. Those people with household incomes of $30,000 to $34,999 represented 6 percent of the residential participants and had a participation rate of 33 percent. Those whose incomes totaled $35,000 to $39,999 garnered a participation rate of 30 percent while representing 5 percent of all residential participants. Persons from households with incomes of $40,000 to $49,999 chalked up a participation rate of 36 percent and represented 10 percent of all residential participants. For the 18 percent of residential participants who reported annual household incomes of $50,000 to $74,999, the participation rate was 37 percent. Finally, those individuals with annual household incomes of $100,000 or more reported a participation rate of 40 percent, representing 12 percent of all residential recreationists. Eighteenpercent of the residential wildlifewatching sample did not report their income. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated— by Household Income

$100,000 or more $75,000 to 99,999 $50,000 to 74,999 $40,000 to 49,999 $35,000 to 39,999 $30,000 to 34,999 $25,000 to 29,999 $20,000 to 24,999 $10,000 to 19,999 Less than $10,000

40% 41% 37% 36% 30% 33% 29% 25% 24% 22%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 43 

## Education, Race, and Ethnicity of Residential Participants Among residential participants, a wide range of educational backgrounds was recorded. The highest rate of participation was found among recreationists with 5 years or more of college, 41 percent. They made up 14 percent of all residential wildlife watchers. The lowest participation rate, 21 percent, was among people with less than 12 years of education—11 percent of all residential participants. Residential recreationists with 12 years of education, 32 percent of all residential participants, had a participation rate of 27 percent. Participants with 1 to 3 years of college had a participation rate of 31 percent, while those with 4 years of college had a participation rate of 34 percent. Those groups represented 24 percent and 19 percent of all residential wildlife watchers, respectively. A wide variety of participation rates was found among the different races residing in the United States. Thirty-three percent of the White population engaged in residential wildlife-watching activities, 9 percent of the Black population, 8 percent of the Asian population, and 26 percent of individuals comprising the “other” race category. Of the total number of residential participants, 95 percent were White, 3 percent were Black, 1 percent was Asian, and 1 percent all other races. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Education

Percent of Residential Participants—by Education

5 years or more of college 14%
4 years of college 19% 5 years or more of college 4 years of college 1 to 3 years of college 12 years 11 years or less 21%

1 to 3 years of college 24% 12 years 32% 11 years or less 11% 41% 34% 31% 27%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Ethnicity Percent of Residential Participants—by Race

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 32% White 95% Asian 1% Black 3%

11% Other 1%



## Residential Participants—by Education and Race (In millions) Total participants

. . . . . . . 62.9 Education 0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 1 to 3 years of college . . 15.2 4 years of college . . . . . 11.9 5 years or more

of college . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Race White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

Source: Table 45.

## 44 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Eleven percent of the U.S. Hispanic population engaged in wildlife watching around their homes in comparison with 32 percent of the non-Hispanic population. The 60.4 million non-Hispanic participants comprised 96 percent of all residential wildlife watchers and the 2.5 million Hispanic participants, 4 percent. 

## Nonresidential (Away From Home) Activities Highlights In 2001, nearly 22 million people 16 years old and older took trips away from home to feed, observe, or photograph wildlife. They comprised 33 percent of all wildlife-watching participants. Most popular with nonresidential participants was observing wildlife. Approximately 20.1 million participants, 92 percent of all nonresidential participants, observed wildlife on an average of 15 days during the year. Photographing wildlife was enjoyed by 9.4 million people, 43 percent of all nonresidential participants. They averaged 8 days per participant. Almost 7.1 million people fed wildlife on an average of 15 days and comprised 32 percent of all nonresidential recreationists. Eighty-three percent of all nonresidential participants took trips within their resident state to participate in wildlife watching. Seventy percent took trips only in their resident state, 13 percent took trips both inside and outside their resident state, and 17 percent took trips only to other states. Altogether, 30 percent of all nonresidential participants took at least some of their trips to other states. Percent of Total Nonresidential Participation—by Activity (Total: 21.8 million participants)



## Percent of Nonresidential Participants— in State of Residence and Other States Feed Photograph

Observe 92%

In state of residence and in other states 13% 32% 43%

In state of residence only 70% Other states only 17% 

## Nonresidential Participants (In millions) Total participants

. . . . . . . 21.8 Observers . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 Photographers . . . . . . . . 9.4 Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Total days

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Observing . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Photographing . . . . . . . . 76 Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Source: Table 37.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 45 

## Wildlife Observed, Fed, or Photographed by Nonresidential Participants In 2001, 21.8 million recreationists took trips to observe, feed, or photograph a variety of wildlife in the United States. Wild birds attracted the most, 85 percent of all nonresidential participants—18.6 million individuals. More than 14.4 million people observed waterfowl such as ducks and geese on their trips. Next on the list of favorites were songbirds which attracted 12.9 million enthusiasts and birds of prey which drew 12.5 million. Herons, pelicans, and other water birds intrigued 10.3 million recreationists. Lastly, other birds such as pheasants and turkeys attracted 7.9 million wildlife watchers while on their trips. Land mammals such as deer, bear, and coyotes were observed, fed, or photographed by 15.5 million wildlife watchers, 71 percent of all nonresidential participants. Fish attracted the attention of 6.3 million participants, 29 percent of all nonresidential recreationists. More than 3.0 million people, 14 percent of all nonresidential participants, observed, fed, or photographed marine mammals such as whales, seals, and dolphins. Other wildlife such as butterflies, snakes, and turtles appealed to 9.4 million people—43 percent of all nonresidential wildlife watchers.

Percent of Nonresidential Participants Who Observed, Fed, or Photographed Wildlife (Total participants: 21.8 million)

Other (turtles, butterflies, etc.) Marine mammals Fish Land mammals Birds 85%

43% 14% 29% 71% 

## Nonresidential Participants— by Type of Wildlife Observed, Fed, or Photographed (In millions) Total participants

. . . . . . . 21.8 Birds, total

. . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6 Waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 Songbirds . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 Birds of prey . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Other water birds . . . . . . 10.3 Other birds . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 Land mammals, total

. . . . 15.5 Small land mammals . . . 13.0 Large land mammals . . . 12.2 Fish

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Marine mammals

. . . . . . . 3.0 Other

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4

(turtles, butterflies, etc.) Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Source: Table 40.

## 46 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Area or Site Visited by Nonresidential Participants In 2001, both public and private areas provided significant opportunities for Americans to observe, feed, or photograph wildlife on trips away from home. Over 6 million, 28 percent of all nonresidential participants, reported having visited both public and private areas. More nonresidential participants, 10.6 million or 49 percent, reported visiting only public areas to engage in their activities, while 2.5 million or 12 percent of all nonresidential participants visited only private areas. Recreationists visited a variety of wildlife habitats on their trips. Sixty-eight percent, 14.9 million people, watched wildlife in woodlands. Lakes and streamsides also attracted a large number of visitors, 13.7 million people or 63 percent of the total. Brush-covered areas and open fields each lured 12.5 million wildlife watchers—57 percent of all trip takers. Nearly 9.1 million or 42 percent of all nonresidential participants visited wetlands, and man-made areas attracted 6.2 million recreational visitors—28 percent of all nonresidential participants. Oceansides attracted 5.2 million people accounting for 24 percent of all nonresidential recreationists. Other types of habitats drew 2.5 million nonresidential people, 12 percent of all nonresidential recreationists.



## Nonresidential Participants— by Site Visited (In millions) Total participants

. . . . . . . 21.8 Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 Lake or streamside . . . . 13.7 Open field . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 Brush-covered area . . . . 12.5 Wetland, marsh, swamp . 9.1 Man-made area . . . . . . . 6.2 Oceanside . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Source: Table 38. 

## Type of Site Visited by Nonresidential Participants Nonresidential Participants—by Area Visited

Public and private 28%

Private only 12%

Oceanside Man-made area Wetland, marsh, swamp Brush-covered area Open field Lake or streamside Woodland Public only 49% Unspecified 12%

68%
63%
57% 57%
42%
28%
24%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 47 

## Nonresidential Participants by Geographic Division In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old and older lived in the United States. Of those individuals, 10 percent participated in nonresidential wildlife-watching activities. Nonresidential participation rates ranged from 8 percent in both the East South Central and West South Central Regions to 15 percent in the Mountain Region. The population of the South Atlantic had a participation rate of 9 percent. The Middle Atlantic and East North Central Regions both garnered participation rates of 10 percent. Both the New England and Pacific Regions recorded participation rates of 11 percent. The West North Central Region rounded out the list with a 14 percent participation rate. AK

WA

OR

CA MT

WY ID

NV UT

AZ CO

NM ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX MN

IA

MO

AR

LA WI

IL MI

IN OH

KY TN

MS AL

FL GA SC NC VA WV PA NY ME NH VT
MA
RI CT NJ DE MD DC

HI 

## Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Participation (National participation rate: 10%)

Pacific 11% Mountain 15% West North Central

14% East North Central

10%

Middle Atlantic

10% New England 11%

South Atlantic 9% East South

Central

8% West South

Central

8%

## Sex and Age of Nonresidential Participants Similar numbers of males and females 16 years old and older participated in nonresidential wildlife-watching activities in 2001. Eleven percent of American males and 9 percent of American females enjoyed observing, feeding, or photographing wildlife away from home. Among the 21.8 million nonresidential participants, 52 percent (11.4 million) were males, and 48 percent (10.4 million) were females. The age group representing the most nonresidential participants, 5.7 million, was the 35- to 44- year-olds who had a participation rate of 13 percent. This group was closely followed by the 5.0million participants in the 45- to 54-yearold age group whose participation rate was 12 percent. These two groups represented 26 percent and 23 percent of all nonresidential participants, respectively. Both the 25- to 34-year-olds (3.8 million) and the 55- to 64-year-olds (2.9 million) had participation rates of 11 percent. They represented 17 and 13 percent of the nonresidential participants, respectively. The 16- to 17-year-olds had a 9 percent participation rate. Their 688 thousand total represented 3 percent of all nonresidential participants. Lastly, both the 18- to 24-year-olds (1.4 million) and the 65 years and older group (2.4 million) had participation rates of 6 percent. They represented 6 percent and 11 percent of all nonresidential participants, respectively.

48 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Gender

Percent of U.S. Males and Females Who Participated

Males 52% Females 48% Females

Males 11%

9%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Age Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Age

65 and older 11%

45 to 54 23%

65 and older 55 to 64 45 to 54 35 to 44 25 to 34 18 to 24 16 and 17 35 to 44 26% 16 and 17 3%

12% 11%
6% 55 to 64 13% 25 to 34 17% 18 to 24 6%

13% 11% 6% 9% 

## Nonresidential Participants— by Gender and Age (In millions) Total, both sexes

. . . . . . . . 21.8 Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 Total, all ages

. . . . . . . . . . 21.8 16 and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 65 and older . . . . . . . . . 2.4
Source: Table 44.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 49 

## Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Nonresidential Participants A substantial number of people from bothurban and rural areas enjoyed wildlifewatching activities while away from home. In 2001, 10 percent of all persons living in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) took trips primarily to enjoy wildlife. They comprised 76 percent of all nonresidential participants. Those living in large MSAs with populations of 1,000,000 or more participated at a rate of 9 percent and represented 46 percent of all those recreationists. The participation rate for people living in medium size MSAs with populations of 250,000 to 999,999 was 10 percent—19 percent of all nonresidential participants. Smaller MSAs with populations of 50,000 to 249,999 had a participation rate of 13 percent and represented 10 percent of all nonresidential recreationists. People living outside MSAs had a participation rate of 13 percent, and accounted for 24 percent of all away-from-home wildlife watchers. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated— by Residence (10% of total U.S. population participated) 

## Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Residence (Total nonresidential participants: 21.8 million)

Outside MSA 24%

Small MSA 10%

Outside MSA

Small MSA (50,000 to 249,999) Medium MSA (250,000 to 999,999) Large MSA (1,000,000 or more)

13% 13% 10% 9% Medium MSA 19% Large MSA 46%

## 50 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Income of Nonresidential Participants People from households at all income levels participated in wildlife-watching recreation away from home. Participation rates ranged from 5 percent for those in households earning less than $10,000 per year (2 percent of all nonresidential participants) to 16 percent for those in households earning $75,000 to $99,999 annually (13 percent of all nonresidential participants). Households with income levels of $50,000 to $74,999 and $100,000 or more had a 15 percent participation rate, representing 21 percent and 13 percent of all nonresidential recreationists, respectively. Others with $40,000 to $49,999 incomes showed a participation rate of 14 percent—11 percent of all nonresidential participants. Households with incomes of $30,000 to $34,999 comprised 7 percent of all nonresidential recreationists and had a 13 percent participation rate. Individuals earning $35,000 to $39,999 recorded a participation rate of 11 percent, comprising 5 percent of all nonresidential participants. Participants in the $25,000 to $29,999 household income group had a 10 percent participation rate and represented 5 percent of all nonresidential recreationists. Households at the $20,000 to $24,999 income level garnered an 8 percent participation rate and comprised 4 percent of all nonresidential wildlife recreationists. Lastly, individuals with household earnings of $10,000 to $19,999 reported a participation rate of 6 percent. They represented 4 percent of all nonresidential participants. Fifteen percent of the nonresidential wildlife watchers did not report their income. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated— by Household Income

$100,000 or more $75,000 to 99,999 $50,000 to 74,999 $40,000 to 49,999 $35,000 to 39,999 $30,000 to 34,999 $25,000 to 29,999 $20,000 to 24,999 $10,000 to 19,999 Less than $10,000

15% 16% 15% 14% 11% 13% 10% 8% 6% 5%

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 51 

## Education, Race, and Ethnicity of Nonresidential Participants People of all educational levelsparticipated in nonresidential wildlifewatching activities in 2001. Six percent of the U.S. population with 11 years of education or less participated, representing 8 percent of the nonresidential total. In contrast, 18 percent of the population with 5 years or more of college took trips to watch wildlife, representing 17 percent of all nonresidential participants. Those with 12 years of education had an 8 percent participation rate and represented 27 percent of the nonresidential total. Participants with 1 to 3 years of college participated at a rate of 12 percent, contributing 27 percent to the nonresidential total. Lastly, 13 percent of those with 4 years of college participated in nonresidential activities, making up 20 percent of all nonresidential participants. The participation rates among races varied greatly. Eleven percent of all White individuals took trips in the UnitedStates in 2001 to participate in wildlifewatching activities. Two percent of all Black individuals participated, 2 percent of Asians, and 13 percent of individuals comprising the “other” race category. Of the total 21.8 million nonresidential participants, 95 percent were White, 2 percent Black, 1 percent Asian, and 1 percent other races. The Hispanic and Non-Hispanic populations alike participated in nonresidential wildlife watching in 2001. Approximately 890 thousand Hispanic participants—4 percent of the U.S. Hispanic population—took trips toengage in wildlife watching. Of the NonHispanic population, more than 20.9 million participants took trips to wildlife watch. Their participation rate was 11 percent, and they comprised 96 percent of all nonresidential wildlife watchers. Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Education

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Education

5 years or more of college 17%

4 years of college 20% 5 years or more of college 4 years of college 1 to 3 years of college 12 years 11 years or less 6%

1 to 3 years of college 27% 12 years 27% 11 years or less 8% 18% 13% 12% 8%



## Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Ethnicity Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Race

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 11% White 95% Asian 1% Black 2%

4% Other 1% 

### (10% of total U.S. population participated)

## 52 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

## 1991-2001 Comparison of WildlifeWatching Participants Comparing the results from the last three surveys finds different trends for the various types of wildlife watching. The number of wildlife watchers decreased 17 percent from 1991 to 1996 and increased 5 percent from 1996 to 2001, with 76 million participants in 1991, 63 million in 1996, and 66 million in 2001. Residential wildlife watching, the preeminent type of wildlife watching, lead this trend with an 18 percent drop from 1991 to 1996 and a 4 percent increase 1 

## from 1996 to 2001. The overall tendency upward from 1996 to 2001 was not followed by wildlife observing and photographing, which decreased by 5 percent and 13 percent, respectively (although these are not significant differences at the 95 percent confidence level). Feeding wildlife and visiting public parks maintained their 1996 participation levels. Unlike residential wildlife watching, nonresidential wildlife watching dropped throughout the ‘90s and early ‘00s with a 21 percent drop from 1991 to 1996 and an 8 percent drop 1 

## from 1996 to 2001. Days afield by participants tended upward, particularly observers and feeders, although the increase is not statistically significant. Trip-related and equipment expenditures for wildlife watching increased 21 percent from 1991 to 1996 and 16 percent 1 

## from 1996 to 2001, making an overall increase of 41 percent from 1991 to 2001. This increase was the result of equipment purchases, primarily special equipment (big ticket items such as off-road vehicles and campers). Equipment purchases nearly doubled from 1991 to 2001, going up 90 percent. Trip-related expenditures by nonresidential participants tended downward from 1991 to 2001, with $9.7 billion spent in 1991 and $8.2 billion in 2001.

1The percent change is not significant at the 0.05 level.



## 1991-2001 Wildlife Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures 1 

## (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001 1991-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,111 100 66,105 100 -13

Residential

..................................... 73,904 97 62,928 95 -15 Observe wildlife

................................ 54,653 72 42,111 64 -23 Photograph wildlife

.............................. 16,990 22 13,937 21 -18 Feed wild birds or other wildlife

................... 65,423 86 53,988 82 -17 Visit public parks or areas

........................ 15,525 20 10,981 17 -29 Maintain plantings or natural areas

................. 13,601 18 13,072 20 -4* Nonresidential

.................................. 29,999 39 21,823 33 -27 Observe wildlife

................................ 28,812 38 20,080 30 -30 Photograph wildlife

.............................. 14,225 19 9,427 14 -34 Feed wildlife

................................... 13,306 17 7,077 11 -47 Days, nonresidential

............................. 342,406 100 372,006 100 9* Observing wildlife

.............................. 296,456 87 295,345 79 0 Photographing wildlife

........................... 81,600 24 76,324 21 -6* Feeding wildlife

................................ 102,104 30 103,307 28 1* Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2001 dollars) . . . $24,002,990 100 $33,730,868 100 41

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,722,954 41 8,162,439 24 -16* Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,422,925 52 23,616,982 70 90 Wildlife-watching equipment

...................... 7,411,773 31 6,850,971 20 -8* Auxiliary equipment

............................. 454,807 2 716,900 2 58* Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,556,348 19 16,049,111 48 252 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 857,110 8 1,951,447 6 5*

1 All 2001 expenditures are adjusted to make them comparable to 1991 estimates. * Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 53 

## 1996-2001 Wildlife Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures 1 

## (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001 1996-2001 percent change Number Percent Number Percent Wildlife watching, total ........................... 62,868 100 66,105 100 5

Residential

..................................... 60,751 97 62,928 95 4* Observe wildlife

................................ 44,063 70 42,111 64 -4* Photograph wildlife

.............................. 16,021 25 13,937 21 -13* Feed wild birds or other wildlife

................... 54,122 86 53,988 82 0 Visit public parks or areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,011 18 10,981 17 0 Maintain plantings or natural areas

................. 13,401 21 13,072 20 -2* Nonresidential

.................................. 23,652 38 21,823 33 -8* Observe wildlife

................................ 22,878 36 20,080 30 -12 Photograph wildlife

.............................. 12,038 19 9,427 14 -22 Feed wildlife

................................... 9,976 16 7,077 11 -29 Days, nonresidential

............................. 313,790 100 372,006 100 19* Observing wildlife

.............................. 278,683 89 295,345 79 6* Photographing wildlife

........................... 79,342 25 76,324 21 -4* Feeding wildlife

................................ 89,606 29 103,307 28 15* Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2001 dollars) . . . $29,062,524 100 $33,730,868 100 16*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,250,604 35 8,162,439 24 -20* Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,785,440 58 23,616,982 70 41 Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,783,405 30 6,850,971 20 -22* Auxiliary equipment

............................. 853,374 3 716,900 2 -16* Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 148,661 25 16,049,111 48 125 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,026,480 7 1,951,447 6 -4*

1 All 2001 expenditures are adjusted to make them comparable to 1991 estimates. * Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.



## Number of WildlifeWatching Participants (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Days of Nonresidential Activity (Millions)

2001 1996 1991 

## Wildlife-Watching Expenditures (Billions. In 2001 dollars)

2001 1996 1991 76.1
62.9 66.1 342 314 372

$24.0 $29.1 $33.7

# Tables

## 56 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 

## Purpose and Coverage of Tables The statistical tables of this report were designed to meet a wide range of needs for those interested in wildlife-related recreation. Special terms used in these tables are defined in Appendix A. The tables are based on responses to the 2001 Survey which was designed to collect data about participation in wildlife-related recreation. To have taken part in the Survey, a respondent must have been a U.S. resident (a resident of one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia). No one residing outside the United States (including U.S. citizens) was eligible for interviewing. Therefore, reported state and national totals do not include participation by those who were not U.S. residents or who were residing outside the United States. 

## Comparability With Previous Surveys The numbers reported can be compared with those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey Reports. The methodology used in 2001 was similar to that used in 1996 and 1991. These results should not be directly compared to results from surveys earlier than 1991 since there were major changes in methodology. These changes were made to improve accuracy in the information provided. Trends further back than 1991 are presented in Appendix B. These trends were developed using parts of the Surveys that were comparable. 

## Coverage of an Individual Table Since the Survey covers many activities in various places by participants of different ages, all table titles, headnotes, stubs, and footnotes are designed to identify and articulate each item being reported in the table. For example, the title of Table 1 shows that data about anglers and hunters, their days of participation, and their number of trips are being reported by type of activity. By contrast, the title of Table 3 indicates that it contains data on freshwater anglers and the days they fished for different species of fish. 

## Percentages Reported in the Tables Percentages are reported in the tables for the convenience of the user. When exclusive groups are being reported, the base of a percentage is apparent from its context because the percents add to 100 percent (plus or minus a rounding error). For example, Table 1 reports the number of trips taken by big game hunters (57 percent), those taken by small game hunters (23 percent), those taken by migratory bird hunters (12 percent), and those taken by sportspersons hunting other animals (8 percent). These comprise 100 percent because they are exclusive categories. Percents should not add to 100 when nonexclusive groups are being reported. Using Table 1 as an example again, note that adding the percentages associated with total number of big game hunters (84 percent), total small game hunters (42 percent), total migratory bird hunters (23 percent), and total hunters of other animals (8 percent) will not yield total hunters (100 percent) because respondents could hunt for more than one type of game. When the base of the percentage is not apparent in context, it is identified in a footnote. For example, Table 6 reports 3 percentages with different bases: one for the number of hunters, one for the number of trips, and one for days of hunting. Footnotes are used to clarify the bases of the reported percentages. 

## Footnotes to the Tables Footnotes are used to clarify the information or items that are being reported in a table. Symbols in the body of a table indicate important footnotes. These symbols are used in the tables to refer to the same footnote each time they appear: * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. W Less than .5 dollars. Z Less than .5 percent. X Not applicable. NA Not available. Estimates based upon fewer than 10 responses are regarded as being based on a sample size that is too small for reliable reporting. An estimate based upon at least 10 but fewer than 30 responses is treated as an estimate based on a small sample size. Other footnotes appear, as necessary, to qualify or clarify the estimates reported in the tables. In addition, these two important footnotes appear frequently: • Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. • Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. “Multiple responses” is a term used to reflect the fact that individuals or their characteristics fall into more than one category. Using Table 2 as an example, those who fished in saltwater and freshwater appear in both of these totals. Yet each angler is represented only once in the “Total, all fishing” column. Similarly, in Table 6 those who hunt for big game and small game are counted only once as a hunter in the “Total, all hunting” column. Therefore, totals may be smaller than the sum of subcategories when multiple responses exist. “Nonresponse” exists because the Survey questions were answered voluntarily and some respondents did not or could not answer all the questions. The effect of nonresponses is illustrated in Table 12, where the total for fishing and hunting expenditures is greater than the sum of fishing expenditures plus hunting expenditures. This occurs because some respondents did not specify either “hunting” or “fishing” as the primary purpose of the purchase. As a result, it is known that the expenditures were for fishing and/or hunting, but it is not known whether they were primarily for fishing or primarily for hunting, which was the basis for putting them in the individual fishing and hunting expenditure tables. In this case, totals are greater than the sum of subcategories when nonresponses have occurred. 

# Guide to Statistical Tables

### Table 1. **Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting Participants Days of participation Trips Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 785,762 100 636,787 100 FISHING Total, all fishing .............................. 34,071 100 557,394 100 436,662 100

Total, all freshwater

.......................... 28,439 83 466,984 84 365,076 84

Freshwater, except Great Lakes

............... 27,913 82 443,247 80 349,188 80 Great Lakes

.............................. 1,847 5 23,138 4 15,888 4 Saltwater

................................... 9,051 27 90,838 16 71,586 16 HUNTING Total, all hunting ............................. 13,034 100 228,368 100 200,125 100

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911 84 153,191 67 114,445 57 Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,434 42 60,142 26 46,450 23 Migratory bird

.............................. 2,956 23 29,310 13 24,155 12 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,047 8 19,207 8 15,074 8 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 2. **Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Anglers, trips, and days of fishing Total, all fishing Freshwater Saltwater Total, all freshwater Freshwater, except Great Lakes Great Lakes
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent ANGLERS Total in U.S. ............... 34,071 100 28,439 100 27,913 100 1,847 100 9,051 100

In state of residence

........ 31,218 92 26,389 93 25,832 93 1,610 87 6,914 76 In other states

............. 7,880 23 5,680 20 5,555 20 348 19 2,661 29 TRIPS Total in U.S. ............... 436,662 100 365,076 100 349,188 100 15,888 100 71,586 100

In state of residence

........ 406,741 93 343,463 94 328,529 94 14,934 94 63,278 88 In other states

............. 29,921 7 21,613 6 20,659 6 954 6 8,308 12 DAYS OF FISHING Total days in U.S. ........... 557,394 100 466,984 100 443,247 100 23,138 100 90,838 100

In state of residence

........ 501,321 90 426,451 91 403,656 91 21,048 91 75,670 83 In other states

............. 56,965 10 41,589 9 39,591 9 2,090 9 15,168 17 Average days per angler . . . . . . 16 (X) 16 (X) 16 (X) 13 (X) 10 (X) (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown are based on the respective ‘‘Total in U.S.’’ rows.



### 57 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 3. **Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing)
Type of fish Anglers Days of fishing Average days per angler Number Percent Number Percent Total, all types of fish ............................... 27,913 100 443,247 100 16

Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.)

............. 10,708 38 159,847 36 15 White bass, striped bass and striped bass hybrids . . . . . . . . 4,946 18 61,889 14 13 Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,910 28 103,294 23 13 Crappie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,657 24 95,109 21 14 Catfish and bullheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,517 27 103,664 23 14 Walleye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,218 12 46,338 10 14 Sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 1 2,176 (Z) 13 Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . . . 2,060 7 27,290 6 13 Trout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,819 28 83,325 19 11 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,368 5 15,053 3 11 Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 2 6,698 2 12 Anything 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,741 17 46,257 10 10 Another type of freshwater fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,537 6 17,277 4 11

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 4. **Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fish Anglers Days of fishing Average days per angler Number Percent Number Percent Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,847 100 23,138 100 13

Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 32 6,355 27 11 Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 31 5,521 24 10 Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . . . 140 8 ... ... ... Perch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 38 6,597 29 10 Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 28 3,985 17 8 Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 18 3,698 16 11 Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 19 3,605 16 10 Other trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 13 2,355 10 10 Anything 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12 1,994 9 9 Another type of Great Lakes fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8 1,769 8 11

... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 58 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 5. **Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fish Anglers Days of fishing Average days per angler Number Percent Number Percent Total, all types of fish ............................... 9,051 100 90,838 100 10

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 8 4,873 5 7 Striped bass

...................................... 1,716 19 17,211 19 10 Flatfish (flounder, halibut)

.......................... 2,269 25 21,111 23 9 Bluefish

......................................... 1,139 13 11,667 13 10 Red drum (redfish)

................................ 1,721 19 18,489 20 11 Sea trout (weakfish)

............................... 1,487 16 17,140 19 12 Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 7 5,879 6 10 Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 6 3,571 4 6 Anything 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,110 34 25,240 28 8 Another type of saltwater fish

....................... 3,025 33 33,720 37 11

1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 6. **Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Hunters, trips, and days of hunting Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent HUNTERS Total in U.S. ............... 13,034 100 10,911 100 5,434 100 2,956 100 1,047 100

In state of residence

........ 12,375 95 10,365 95 5,093 94 2,766 94 1,004 96 In other states

............. 2,079 16 1,467 13 672 12 410 14 102 10 TRIPS Total in U.S. ............... 200,125 100 114,445 100 46,450 100 24,155 100 15,074 100

In state of residence

........ 189,499 95 108,154 95 44,394 96 22,569 93 14,382 95 In other states

............. 10,626 5 6,291 5 2,056 4 1,586 7 692 5 DAYS OF HUNTING Total days in U.S. ........... 228,368 100 153,191 100 60,142 100 29,310 100 19,207 100

In state of residence

........ 209,880 92 138,809 91 55,386 92 26,672 91 18,156 95 In other states

............. 20,891 9 14,386 9 4,756 8 2,638 9 1,051 5 Average days per hunter . . . . . . 18 (X) 14 (X) 11 (X) 10 (X) 18 (X) (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown are based on the respective ‘‘Total in U.S.’’ rows.



### 59 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 7. **Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of game Hunters Days of hunting Average days per hunter Number Percent Number Percent Total, all big game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911 100 153,191 100 14

Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,272 94 133,457 87 13 Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 8 6,402 4 7 Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 3 3,334 2 9 Wild turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,504 23 23,165 15 9 Other big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 5 5,010 3 10 Total, all small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,434 100 60,142 100 11

Rabbit, hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,099 39 22,768 38 11 Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 18 7,926 13 8 Grouse/prairie chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 19 9,169 15 9 Squirrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,119 39 22,333 37 11 Pheasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,723 32 12,769 21 7 Other small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 9 5,200 9 10 Total, all migratory birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 100 29,310 100 10

Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 34 10,508 36 11 Ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,589 54 18,290 62 12 Doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450 49 9,041 31 6 Other migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 7 1,523 5 7 Total, all other animals (fox, raccoon, groundhog, etc.). . . 1,047 100 19,207 100 18 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 60 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 8. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Sportspersons (fished or hunted) Fished only

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ...................... 212,298 100 37,805 18 100 24,771 12 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,943 74 22,435 14 59 16,562 10 67 Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,355 26 15,370 28 41 8,209 15 33 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

..... 171,147 81 26,564 16 70 18,815 11 76

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,984 53 14,739 13 39 11,050 10 45 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,469 20 7,638 18 20 5,229 13 21 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,693 8 4,186 25 11 2,536 15 10 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,151 19 11,241 27 30 5,956 14 24 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,575 5 1,504 14 4 1,119 11 5 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,806 14 3,810 13 10 2,176 7 9 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,082 16 6,400 19 17 3,979 12 16 West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 7 4,239 29 11 2,529 18 10 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,286 19 6,957 18 18 5,082 13 21 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,976 6 2,865 22 8 1,702 13 7 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,337 11 4,924 21 13 2,936 13 12 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,308 6 2,757 21 7 1,737 13 7 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,498 16 4,349 13 12 3,512 10 14 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,709 4 1,497 19 4 913 12 4 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,234 10 3,303 15 9 2,053 9 8 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,333 17 7,136 20 19 4,724 13 19 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,057 21 9,966 23 26 6,416 15 26 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,541 19 7,826 19 21 5,005 12 20 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,601 12 4,629 18 12 3,179 12 13 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,823 17 3,447 9 9 2,481 7 10 Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,916 48 28,462 28 75 16,618 16 67

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,106 2 1,170 28 3 644 16 3 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,326 5 2,540 22 7 1,421 13 6 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,206 8 5,179 30 14 3,010 17 12 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,346 10 7,381 35 20 4,138 19 17 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,626 9 5,861 30 16 3,296 17 13 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,201 6 3,587 29 9 2,264 19 9 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,105 8 2,743 17 7 1,844 11 7 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,381 52 9,343 8 25 8,153 7 33

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,603 2 327 9 1 269 7 1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,908 5 764 7 2 632 6 3 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,127 9 1,958 11 5 1,714 9 7 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,711 11 2,585 11 7 2,278 10 9 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,915 10 1,965 9 5 1,709 8 7 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 6 1,042 8 3 915 7 4 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,718 10 703 3 2 638 3 3 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,910 10 1,743 8 5 1,314 6 5 Non-Hispanic

..................... 190,388 90 36,063 19 95 23,457 12 95 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,129 85 35,300 19 93 22,733 13 92 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,708 10 1,666 8 4 1,370 6 6 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 3 365 5 1 332 5 1 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 1 474 20 1 336 14 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 5 978 9 3 731 7 3 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 7 1,831 12 5 1,306 9 5 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,902 5 1,659 15 4 1,094 10 4 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,217 5 2,000 18 5 1,238 11 5 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,648 5 2,349 20 6 1,519 13 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,816 5 2,186 22 6 1,414 14 6 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,896 8 4,116 24 11 2,548 15 10 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,383 15 7,893 25 21 4,979 16 20 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,762 8 4,413 25 12 2,888 16 12 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,202 9 4,521 24 12 3,254 17 13 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,606 27 5,858 10 15 3,801 7 15 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,820 15 4,705 14 12 2,934 9 12 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 35 13,309 18 35 8,335 11 34 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,491 23 9,980 20 26 6,569 13 27 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,803 16 5,994 17 16 4,181 12 17 5 years or more college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,464 10 3,817 18 10 2,752 13 11

See footnotes at end of table.



### 61 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 8. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2001** —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,734 2 100 9,300 4 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 1 40 4,363 3 47 Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,224 4 60 4,938 9 53 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . . . 2,173 1 58 5,576 3 60

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 1 27 2,693 2 29 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 2 19 1,701 4 18 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 3 13 1,182 7 13 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,561 4 42 3,724 9 40 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1 3 283 3 3 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 2 15 1,074 4 12 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 2 20 1,680 5 18 West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 3 11 1,307 9 14 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 1 14 1,369 3 15 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 2 9 842 6 9 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 2 15 1,440 6 15 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 2 8 706 5 8 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 1 6 599 2 6 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 2 5 405 5 4 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 2 10 878 4 9 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 2 15 1,854 5 20 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 2 25 2,631 6 28 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 2 24 1,935 5 21 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 2 12 989 4 11 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 1 10 609 2 7 Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304 3 88 8,541 8 92

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4 4 371 9 4 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 3 8 809 7 9 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 3 13 1,694 10 18 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 4 22 2,432 11 26 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 4 21 1,764 9 19 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 3 11 902 7 10 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 2 9 567 4 6 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 (Z) 12 759 1 8

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *24 *1 *1 *34 *1 *(Z) 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *64 *1 *2 68 1 1 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (Z) 2 160 1 2 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 (Z) 3 199 1 2 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (Z) 2 171 1 2 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *40 *(Z) *1 86 1 1 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *41 *(Z) *(Z) Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 1 5 250 1 3 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,555 2 95 9,050 5 97 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,599 2 96 8,968 5 96 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *66 *(Z) *2 230 1 2 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2 1 92 4 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 1 3 147 1 2 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 1 5 342 2 4 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2 5 380 3 4 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 2 6 525 5 6 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 2 7 572 5 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 3 7 525 5 6 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 2 11 1,148 7 12 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 2 21 2,134 7 23 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 2 10 1,141 6 12 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 2 8 966 5 10 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 1 17 1,420 2 15 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 2 15 1,194 4 13 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,477 2 40 3,497 5 38 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 2 24 2,501 5 27 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 1 13 1,342 4 14 5 years or more college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 1 8 767 4 8

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading.



### 62 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 9. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Total, all fishing Total freshwater

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ..................... 212,298 100 34,071 16 100 28,439 13 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

.......................... 157,943 74 20,925 13 61 16,731 11 59 Rural

.......................... 54,355 26 13,146 24 39 11,707 22 41 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 171,147 81 24,391 14 72 19,563 11 69

1,000,000 or more .............. 1 12,984 53 13,743 12 40 10,525 9 37 250,000 to 999,999

............. 41,469 20 6,930 17 20 5,738 14 20 50,000 to 249,999

.............. 16,693 8 3,718 22 11 3,299 20 12 Outside MSA

.................... 41,151 19 9,680 24 28 8,876 22 31 Census Geographic Division

New England

.................... 10,575 5 1,402 13 4 1,031 10 4 Middle Atlantic

.................. 29,806 14 3,250 11 10 2,220 7 8 East North Central

................ 34,082 16 5,659 17 17 5,197 15 18 West North Central

............... 14,430 7 3,836 27 11 3,749 26 13 South Atlantic

................... 39,286 19 6,451 16 19 4,631 12 16 East South Central

................ 12,976 6 2,543 20 7 2,356 18 8 West South Central

............... 23,337 11 4,375 19 13 3,661 16 13 Mountain

....................... 13,308 6 2,443 18 7 2,401 18 8 Pacific

......................... 34,498 16 4,111 12 12 3,193 9 11 Age

16 to 17 years

................... 7,709 4 1,318 17 4 1,165 15 4 18 to 24 years

................... 22,234 10 2,931 13 9 2,624 12 9 25 to 34 years

................... 35,333 17 6,577 19 19 5,559 16 20 35 to 44 years

................... 44,057 21 9,047 21 27 7,612 17 27 45 to 54 years

................... 40,541 19 6,940 17 20 5,576 14 20 55 to 64 years

................... 25,601 12 4,168 16 12 3,382 13 12 65 years and older

................ 36,823 17 3,090 8 9 2,520 7 9 Sex

Male

.......................... 101,916 48 25,159 25 74 21,126 21 74 Female ......................... 1 10,381 52 8,912 8 26 7,313 7 26 Ethnicity

Hispanic

........................ 21,910 10 1,564 7 5 1,097 5 4 Non-Hispanic

.................... 190,388 90 32,507 17 95 27,342 14 96 Race

White

.......................... 181,129 85 31,701 18 93 26,613 15 94 Black

.......................... 21,708 10 1,600 7 5 1,305 6 5 Asian

.......................... 7,141 3 342 5 1 203 3 1 All others

....................... 2,320 1 428 18 1 317 14 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000

................ 10,594 5 878 8 3 776 7 3 $10,000 to $19,999

............... 15,272 7 1,648 11 5 1,431 9 5 $20,000 to $24,999

............... 10,902 5 1,474 14 4 1,251 11 4 $25,000 to $29,999 ............... 1 1,217 5 1,763 16 5 1,570 14 6 $30,000 to $34,999 ............... 1 1,648 5 2,091 18 6 1,807 16 6 $35,000 to $39,999

............... 9,816 5 1,939 20 6 1,656 17 6 $40,000 to $49,999

............... 16,896 8 3,696 22 11 3,194 19 11 $50,000 to $74,999

............... 31,383 15 7,113 23 21 6,030 19 21 $75,000 to $99,999

............... 17,762 8 4,029 23 12 3,248 18 11 $100,000 or more

................. 19,202 9 4,220 22 12 3,225 17 11 Not reported

..................... 57,606 27 5,221 9 15 4,250 7 15 Education

11 years or less

.................. 32,820 15 4,128 13 12 3,605 11 13 12 years

........................ 73,719 35 11,832 16 35 10,103 14 36 1 to 3 years college

............... 49,491 23 9,069 18 27 7,464 15 26 4 years college

................... 34,803 16 5,522 16 16 4,402 13 15 5 years or more college

............ 21,464 10 3,520 16 10 2,864 13 10

See footnotes at end of table.



### 63 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 9. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2001** —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Freshwater Saltwater Freshwater, except Great Lakes Great Lakes

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ..................... 27,913 13 100 1,847 1 100 9,051 4 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

.......................... 16,353 10 59 1,252 1 68 6,558 4 72 Rural .......................... 1 1,560 21 41 595 1 32 2,494 5 28 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 19,136 11 69 1,472 1 80 7,736 5 85

1,000,000 or more

.............. 10,220 9 37 966 1 52 4,930 4 54 250,000 to 999,999

............. 5,638 14 20 375 1 20 1,975 5 22 50,000 to 249,999

.............. 3,278 20 12 131 1 7 831 5 9 Outside MSA

.................... 8,777 21 31 375 1 20 1,315 3 15 Census Geographic Division

New England

.................... 1,030 10 4 *16 *(Z) *1 707 7 8 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,113 7 8 384 1 21 1,201 4 13 East North Central

................ 4,790 14 17 1,303 4 71 298 1 3 West North Central

............... 3,749 26 13 *56 *(Z) *3 122 1 1 South Atlantic

................... 4,629 12 17 *33 *(Z) *2 3,265 8 36 East South Central

................ 2,356 18 8 ... ... ... 363 3 4 West South Central

............... 3,661 16 13 ... ... ... 1,320 6 15 Mountain

....................... 2,393 18 9 *28 *(Z) *2 126 1 1 Pacific

......................... 3,193 9 11 ... ... ... 1,650 5 18 Age

16 to 17 years

................... 1,145 15 4 *93 *1 *5 284 4 3 18 to 24 years

................... 2,576 12 9 *110 *(Z) *6 676 3 7 25 to 34 years

................... 5,452 15 20 380 1 21 1,638 5 18 35 to 44 years

................... 7,492 17 27 523 1 28 2,356 5 26 45 to 54 years

................... 5,469 13 20 354 1 19 2,015 5 22 55 to 64 years

................... 3,310 13 12 262 1 14 1,221 5 13 65 years and older

................ 2,469 7 9 125 (Z) 7 861 2 10 Sex

Male

.......................... 20,729 20 74 1,535 2 83 6,956 7 77 Female

......................... 7,184 7 26 311 (Z) 17 2,096 2 23 Ethnicity

Hispanic

........................ 1,081 5 4 ... ... ... 681 3 8 Non-Hispanic

.................... 26,832 14 96 1,810 1 98 8,370 4 92 Race

White

.......................... 26,165 14 94 1,681 1 91 8,174 5 90 Black

.......................... 1,233 6 4 137 1 7 481 2 5 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 3 1 ... ... ... 197 3 2 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 14 1 ... ... ... 199 9 2 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 7 3 ... ... ... 135 1 1 $10,000 to $19,999

............... 1,413 9 5 *62 *(Z) *3 338 2 4 $20,000 to $24,999

............... 1,223 11 4 *62 *1 *3 279 3 3 $25,000 to $29,999

............... 1,539 14 6 *63 *1 *3 319 3 4 $30,000 to $34,999

............... 1,743 15 6 160 1 9 479 4 5 $35,000 to $39,999

............... 1,640 17 6 *57 *1 *3 502 5 6 $40,000 to $49,999

............... 3,152 19 11 224 1 12 906 5 10 $50,000 to $74,999

............... 5,920 19 21 375 1 20 1,909 6 21 $75,000 to $99,999

............... 3,205 18 11 221 1 12 1,149 6 13 $100,000 or more

................. 3,146 16 11 258 1 14 1,626 8 18 Not reported

..................... 4,178 7 15 331 1 18 1,409 2 16 Education

11 years or less

.................. 3,539 11 13 206 1 11 897 3 10 12 years

........................ 9,842 13 35 714 1 39 2,748 4 30 1 to 3 years college

............... 7,362 15 26 457 1 25 2,497 5 28 4 years college

................... 4,346 12 16 252 1 14 1,815 5 20 5 years or more college

............ 2,824 13 10 217 1 12 1,093 5 12

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished in the Great Lakes, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who fished in the Great Lakes who lived in urban areas, etc.).



### 64 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 10. **Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Total, all hunting Big game

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ..................... 212,298 100 13,034 6 100 10,911 5 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

.......................... 157,943 74 5,873 4 45 4,630 3 42 Rural

.......................... 54,355 26 7,161 13 55 6,281 12 58 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 171,147 81 7,749 5 59 6,319 4 58

1,000,000 or more .............. 1 12,984 53 3,690 3 28 2,971 3 27 250,000 to 999,999

............. 41,469 20 2,409 6 18 1,999 5 18 50,000 to 249,999

.............. 16,693 8 1,650 10 13 1,350 8 12 Outside MSA

.................... 41,151 19 5,285 13 41 4,591 11 42 Census Geographic Division

New England

.................... 10,575 5 386 4 3 353 3 3 Middle Atlantic

.................. 29,806 14 1,633 5 13 1,538 5 14 East North Central

................ 34,082 16 2,421 7 19 2,102 6 19 West North Central

............... 14,430 7 1,710 12 13 1,320 9 12 South Atlantic

................... 39,286 19 1,875 5 14 1,601 4 15 East South Central

................ 12,976 6 1,164 9 9 967 7 9 West South Central

............... 23,337 11 1,988 9 15 1,575 7 14 Mountain

....................... 13,308 6 1,020 8 8 824 6 8 Pacific

......................... 34,498 16 837 2 6 630 2 6 Age

16 to 17 years

................... 7,709 4 584 8 4 492 6 5 18 to 24 years

................... 22,234 10 1,251 6 10 1,052 5 10 25 to 34 years

................... 35,333 17 2,413 7 19 1,985 6 18 35 to 44 years

................... 44,057 21 3,551 8 27 3,003 7 28 45 to 54 years

................... 40,541 19 2,821 7 22 2,370 6 22 55 to 64 years

................... 25,601 12 1,450 6 11 1,236 5 11 65 years and older

................ 36,823 17 965 3 7 772 2 7 Sex

Male

.......................... 101,916 48 11,845 12 91 9,923 10 91 Female ......................... 1 10,381 52 1,190 1 9 987 1 9 Ethnicity

Hispanic

........................ 21,910 10 428 2 3 322 1 3 Non-Hispanic

.................... 190,388 90 12,606 7 97 10,589 6 97 Race

White

.......................... 181,129 85 12,568 7 96 10,586 6 97 Black

.......................... 21,708 10 297 1 2 193 1 2 Asian

.......................... 7,141 3 *32 *(Z) *(Z) *23 *(Z) *(Z) All others

....................... 2,320 1 138 6 1 108 5 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000

................ 10,594 5 247 2 2 203 2 2 $10,000 to $19,999

............... 15,272 7 525 3 4 441 3 4 $20,000 to $24,999

............... 10,902 5 565 5 4 499 5 5 $25,000 to $29,999 ............... 1 1,217 5 763 7 6 638 6 6 $30,000 to $34,999 ............... 1 1,648 5 830 7 6 738 6 7 $35,000 to $39,999

............... 9,816 5 773 8 6 666 7 6 $40,000 to $49,999

............... 16,896 8 1,569 9 12 1,375 8 13 $50,000 to $74,999

............... 31,383 15 2,915 9 22 2,433 8 22 $75,000 to $99,999

............... 17,762 8 1,525 9 12 1,305 7 12 $100,000 or more

................. 19,202 9 1,267 7 10 919 5 8 Not reported

..................... 57,606 27 2,057 4 16 1,695 3 16 Education

11 years or less

.................. 32,820 15 1,771 5 14 1,492 5 14 12 years

........................ 73,719 35 4,973 7 38 4,401 6 40 1 to 3 years college

............... 49,491 23 3,412 7 26 2,812 6 26 4 years college

................... 34,803 16 1,814 5 14 1,420 4 13 5 years or more college

............ 21,464 10 1,065 5 8 785 4 7

See footnotes at end of table.



### 65 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 10. **Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2001** —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ..................... 5,434 3 100 2,956 1 100 1,047 (Z) 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

.......................... 2,467 2 45 1,652 1 56 316 (Z) 30 Rural

.......................... 2,968 5 55 1,304 2 44 731 1 70 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 3,171 2 58 1,956 1 66 478 (Z) 46

1,000,000 or more

.............. 1,466 1 27 903 1 31 215 (Z) 21 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 2 18 653 2 22 159 (Z) 15 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 4 13 400 2 14 105 1 10 Outside MSA

.................... 2,263 6 42 1,001 2 34 569 1 54 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 1 3 44 (Z) 1 28 (Z) 3 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 2 12 191 1 6 211 1 20 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 3 18 274 1 9 168 (Z) 16 West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 6 17 456 3 15 156 1 15 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 2 14 416 1 14 141 (Z) 13 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 4 10 308 2 10 105 1 10 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 3 14 784 3 27 111 (Z) 11 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 3 7 266 2 9 80 1 8 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1 5 218 1 7 48 (Z) 5 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 4 5 157 2 5 61 1 6 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 3 11 279 1 9 118 1 11 25 to 34 years

................... 1,020 3 19 657 2 22 152 (Z) 14 35 to 44 years

................... 1,489 3 27 874 2 30 279 1 27 45 to 54 years

................... 1,148 3 21 594 1 20 266 1 25 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 2 10 234 1 8 131 1 13 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 1 7 161 (Z) 5 *39 *(Z) *4 Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,114 5 94 2,815 3 95 1,005 1 96 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 (Z) 6 142 (Z) 5 *42 *(Z) *4 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 1 2 150 1 5 *40 *(Z) *4 Non-Hispanic

.................... 5,311 3 98 2,806 1 95 1,007 1 96 Race

White

.......................... 5,153 3 95 2,872 2 97 1,017 1 97 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1 4 *42 *(Z) *1 *21 *(Z) *2 Asian

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2 1 *34 *1 *1 ... ... ... Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1 2 *33 *(Z) *1 ... ... ... $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 1 4 54 (Z) 2 41 (Z) 4 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 2 5 68 1 2 *45 *(Z) *4 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3 6 126 1 4 55 (Z) 5 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 3 6 117 1 4 *76 *1 *7 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 4 7 188 2 6 *53 *1 *5 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 4 11 272 2 9 160 1 15 $50,000 to $74,999

............... 1,218 4 22 784 2 27 220 1 21 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 4 12 391 2 13 141 1 13 $100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 3 11 470 2 16 67 (Z) 6 Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 1 14 453 1 15 180 (Z) 17 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 2 14 357 1 12 161 (Z) 15 12 years

........................ 1,968 3 36 790 1 27 413 1 39 1 to 3 years college

............... 1,359 3 25 904 2 31 254 1 24 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 2 15 544 2 18 176 1 17 5 years or more college . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 2 10 362 2 12 *42 *(Z) *4

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who hunted big game, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of big game hunters who lived in urban areas, etc.).



### 66 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 11. **Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Fishing and Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Fishing and hunting Participants Days of participation Trips Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 785,762 100 636,787 100

Total disabled sportspersons

................... 2,080 100 54,705 100 42,950 100

Mobility impaired

......................... 1,681 81 46,043 84 35,165 82 Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10 5,142 9 3,453 8 Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7 3,412 6 3,681 9 Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 11 4,278 8 3,874 9 Total anglers ................................. 34,071 100 557,394 100 436,662 100

Total disabled anglers

........................ 1,866 100 41,402 100 33,000 100

Mobility impaired

......................... 1,507 81 34,421 83 26,194 79 Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 10 3,941 10 2,617 8 Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7 3,127 8 3,467 11 Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 11 3,062 7 3,176 10 Total hunters ................................. 13,034 100 228,368 100 200,125 100

Total disabled hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 100 13,303 100 9,950 100

Mobility impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 84 1 1,622 87 8,971 90 Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *87 *13 *1,202 *9 *836 *8 Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *31 *5 *285 *2 *214 *2 Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 11 1,215 9 *698 *7 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 12. **Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per sportsman

(dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of sportspersons Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,976,330 1,851 35,919 95 1,948 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,908,392 527 33,338 88 597 Food and lodging, total .............................. 8,330,938 220 29,380 78 284

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,121,645 162 29,180 77 210 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209,293 58 7,778 21 284 Transportation, total ................................ 5,305,077 140 29,234 77 181

Public

........................................... 586,422 16 1,651 4 355 Private .......................................... 4,718,654 125 28,888 76 163 Other trip costs 1 ................................... 6,272,377 166 26,802 71 234 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment ................................... 4,640,715 123 21,493 57 216 Hunting equipment .................................. 4,866,399 129 10,579 28 460 Auxiliary equipment2 ................................ 2,627,686 70 10,866 29 242 Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ,819,402 762 3,947 10 7,301 OTHER EXPENDITURES Books, magazines

................................... 307,981 8 7,628 20 40 Membership dues and contributions

..................... 515,282 14 5,220 14 99 Land leasing and ownership ........................... 7 ,128,486 189 2,329 6 3,061 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits ..................... 1 ,161,988 31 24,201 64 48

1 Other trip costs include guide fees, pack trip or package fees, public and private land use fees, equipment rental, boating costs (which include launching,

mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel), bait, ice, and heating and cooking fuel. 2 Auxiliary equipment includes camping equipment, binoculars, special fishing and hunting clothing, etc. 3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in subsequent tables may not add to totals shown here because of nonresponse to individual questions.



### 67 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 13. **Expenditures for Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 35,632,257 1,046 31,950 94 1,115 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 14,656,000 430 29,645 87 494 Food and lodging, total ................................. 5,880,997 173 25,603 75 230

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,141,250 122 25,406 75 163 Lodging

............................................ 1,739,747 51 6,473 19 269 Transportation, total ................................... 3,515,756 103 25,146 74 140

Public

.............................................. 400,429 12 1,254 4 319 Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,1 15,328 91 24,816 73 126 Other trip costs, total .................................. 5,259,247 154 25,658 75 205

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 686,903 20 2,587 8 266 Public land use fees

................................... 121,274 4 3,565 10 34 Private land use fees

.................................. 92,961 3 1,283 4 72 Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,514 7 1,992 6 127 Boating costs 1

........................................ 2,630,429 77 8,265 24 318 Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105,350 32 21,757 64 51 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,917 9 12,481 37 23 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 77,899 2 3,334 10 23 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment, total ................................ 4,617,612 136 21,228 62 218

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components

............. 1,900,343 56 11,712 34 162 Lines and leaders

..................................... 460,079 14 13,647 40 34 Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines

..... 800,467 23 14,966 44 53 Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits

............................ 343,525 10 15,497 45 22 Tackle boxes

......................................... 133,093 4 4,169 12 32 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks

..... 101,937 3 3,480 10 29 Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers

................. 52,816 2 3,031 9 17 Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices

............................................ 457,054 13 1,098 3 416 Ice fishing equipment

................................. 82,876 2 644 2 129 Other fishing equipment

............................... 285,423 8 2,990 9 95 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 721,049 21 4,347 13 166

Camping equipment

................................... 340,382 10 2,054 6 166 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. 30,050 1 367 1 82 Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 243,608 7 2,248 7 108 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... 34,992 1 151 (Z) 232 Other

............................................... 72,016 2 551 2 131 Special equipment2 ..................................... 11,624,862 341 2,319 7 5,013 OTHER EXPENDITURES Magazines, books ....................................... 1 17,501 3 3,437 10 34 Membership dues and contributions

........................ 102,762 3 1,614 5 64 Land leasing and ownership

.............................. 3,152,594 93 794 2 3,972 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total

.................... 639,876 19 20,184 59 32

Licenses

............................................ 597,210 18 19,972 59 30 Stamps, tags, and permits

.............................. 42,666 1 3,588 11 12

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 14 to 17 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 68 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 14. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 21,348,370 751 26,132 92 817 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 10,169,234 358 25,352 89 401 Food and lodging, total ................................. 4,338,368 153 21,629 76 201

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,144,549 111 21,449 75 147 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,193,818 42 5,294 19 225 Transportation, total ................................... 2,782,609 98 21,524 76 129

Public

.............................................. 221,099 8 779 3 284 Private

.............................................. 2,561,510 90 21,352 75 120 Other trip costs, total .................................. 3,048,257 107 21,753 76 140

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 255,966 9 1,186 4 216 Public land use fees

................................... 94,769 3 3,082 11 31 Private land use fees

.................................. 73,299 3 1,048 4 70 Equipment rental

..................................... 147,863 5 1,417 5 104 Boating costs 1

........................................ 1,397,420 49 6,483 23 216 Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805,230 28 18,747 66 43 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,803 7 10,323 36 20 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 69,907 2 3,117 11 22 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment, total ................................ 3,162,930 111 17,057 60 185

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components

............. 1,280,446 45 8,996 32 142 Lines and leaders

..................................... 320,810 11 10,575 37 30 Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines

..... 614,032 22 12,013 42 51 Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits

............................ 238,934 8 12,013 42 20 Tackle boxes

......................................... 94,609 3 3,027 11 31 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks

..... 67,335 2 2,567 9 26 Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers

................. 34,625 1 2,228 8 16 Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices

............................................ 235,975 8 741 3 319 Ice fishing equipment

................................. 81,610 3 623 2 131 Other fishing equipment

............................... 194,554 7 2,027 7 96 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 536,406 19 3,338 12 161

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,953 10 1,711 6 174 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. 17,924 1 226 1 79 Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 173,625 6 1,642 6 106 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... 19,828 1 95 (Z) 209 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,076 1 383 1 73 Special equipment2
..................................... 7,479,801 263 1,695 6 4,413 (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 69 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 15. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing Except Great Lakes: 2001** (Population 16 years old and over)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 19,972,014 716 25,543 92 782 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 9,392,904 337 24,771 89 379 Food and lodging, total ................................. 4,028,437 144 21,079 76 191

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,923,180 105 20,904 75 140 Lodging

............................................ 1,105,257 40 5,072 18 218 Transportation, total ................................... 2,624,595 94 20,977 75 125

Public

.............................................. 209,056 7 741 3 282 Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,415,539 87 20,801 75 116 Other trip costs, total .................................. 2,739,872 98 21,173 76 129

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 236,495 8 1,061 4 223 Public land use fees

................................... 90,904 3 2,944 11 31 Private land use fees

.................................. 67,731 2 997 4 68 Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,813 5 1,297 5 99 Boating costs 1

........................................ 1,194,849 43 6,153 22 194 Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761,793 27 18,230 65 42 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,022 7 10,042 36 19 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 67,266 2 3,027 11 22 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment, total ................................ 2,959,515 106 16,458 59 180

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components

............. 1,171,010 42 8,610 31 136 Lines and leaders

..................................... 305,802 11 10,186 36 30 Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines

..... 585,275 21 11,573 41 51 Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits

............................ 228,785 8 11,597 42 20 Tackle boxes

......................................... 91,603 3 2,925 10 31 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks

..... 63,898 2 2,442 9 26 Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers

................. 33,064 1 2,149 8 15 Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices

............................................ 228,855 8 725 3 316 Ice fishing equipment

................................. 77,867 3 591 2 132 Other fishing equipment

............................... 173,356 6 1,963 7 88 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 498,449 18 3,171 11 157

Camping equipment

................................... 278,991 10 1,668 6 167 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. 17,875 1 226 1 79 Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 159,143 6 1,528 5 104 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... 14,994 1 73 (Z) 206 Other

............................................... 27,445 1 374 1 73 Special equipment2
..................................... 7,121,146 255 1,588 6 4,483 (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 70 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 16. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 1,274,435 690 1,699 92 750 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 776,330 420 1,670 90 465 Food and lodging, total ................................. 309,931 168 1,403 76 221

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,370 120 1,392 75 159 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,561 48 357 19 248 Transportation, total ................................... 158,014 86 1,398 76 113

Public

.............................................. *12,043 *7 *57 *3 *210 Private

.............................................. 145,971 79 1,372 74 106 Other trip costs, total .................................. 308,385 167 1,451 79 213

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 19,471 11 156 8 125 Public land use fees

................................... 3,865 2 165 9 23 Private land use fees

.................................. *5,568 *3 *62 *3 *90 Equipment rental

..................................... 19,050 10 135 7 141 Boating costs 1

........................................ 202,571 110 501 27 404 Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,437 24 1,150 62 38 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1,781 6 572 31 21 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 2,641 1 128 7 21 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment, total ................................ 175,213 95 681 37 257

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components

............. 93,223 50 337 18 277 Lines and leaders

..................................... 13,001 7 345 19 38 Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines

..... 23,637 13 410 22 58 Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits

............................ 8,751 5 372 20 24 Tackle boxes

......................................... *2,385 *1 *89 *5 *27 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks

..... *2,749 *1 *105 *6 *26 Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *737 *(W) *50 *3 *15 Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Ice fishing equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Other fishing equipment

............................... *20,807 *11 *58 *3 *358 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 33,201 18 132 7 251

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... *12,549 *7 *105 *6 *120 Processing and taxidermy costs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Special equipment2
..................................... *289,691 *157 *72 *4 *4,046 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (W) Less than 0.5 dollar.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 71 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 17. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per angler (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of anglers Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 8,388,962 927 8,115 90 1,034 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 4,486,766 496 7,980 88 562 Food and lodging, total ................................. 1,542,629 170 6,998 77 220

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996,701 110 6,937 77 144 Lodging

............................................ 545,928 60 1,614 18 338 Transportation, total ................................... 733,148 81 6,440 71 114

Public

.............................................. 179,330 20 560 6 320 Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553,818 61 6,127 68 90 Other trip costs, total .................................. 2,210,990 244 6,886 76 321

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 430,937 48 1,533 17 281 Public land use fees

................................... 26,505 3 589 7 45 Private land use fees

.................................. 19,662 2 272 3 72 Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,651 12 616 7 171 Boating costs 1

........................................ 1,233,009 136 2,328 26 530 Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,121 33 5,038 56 60 Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,114 10 3,460 38 25 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 7,992 1 376 4 21 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Fishing equipment, total ................................ 987,392 109 3,470 38 285

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components

............. 433,774 48 1,827 20 237 Lines and leaders

..................................... 99,376 11 2,144 24 46 Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines ..... 1 19,012 13 1,923 21 62 Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a line, except lures and baits

............................ 70,585 8 2,381 26 30 Tackle boxes

......................................... 21,725 2 711 8 31 Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks

..... 25,618 3 589 7 44 Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers

................. 12,434 1 526 6 24 Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices

............................................ 138,316 15 252 3 548 Other fishing equipment

............................... 66,552 7 582 6 114 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 103,125 11 647 7 159

Camping equipment

................................... 20,736 2 142 2 146 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. 5,850 1 91 1 65 Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 47,180 5 388 4 122 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... *13,983 *2 *42 *(Z) *336 Other

............................................... 15,375 2 127 1 121 Special equipment2
..................................... 2,811,679 311 395 4 7,125 * Estimate based on a small sample. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 72 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 18. **Expenditures for Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 20,611,025 1,581 12,585 97 1,638 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 5,252,391 403 11,280 87 466 Food and lodging, total ................................. 2,449,942 188 10,073 77 243

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980,395 152 10,057 77 197 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469,547 36 1,701 13 276 Transportation, total ................................... 1,789,320 137 10,502 81 170

Public

.............................................. 185,994 14 452 3 411 Private

.............................................. 1,603,326 123 10,421 80 154 Other trip costs, total .................................. 1,013,129 78 3,479 27 291

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 377,233 29 573 4 659 Public land use fees

................................... 53,499 4 630 5 85 Private land use fees

.................................. 370,858 28 919 7 403 Equipment rental

..................................... 36,395 3 262 2 139 Boating costs 1

........................................ 85,912 7 556 4 154 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 89,232 7 1,930 15 46 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Hunting equipment, total ............................... 4,561,709 350 9,516 73 479

Guns and rifles

....................................... 1,966,867 151 2,888 22 681

Rifles

............................................ 907,470 70 1,579 12 575 Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676,619 52 1,262 10 536 Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms

...................... 105,507 8 390 3 271 Pistols, handguns

................................... 277,270 21 567 4 489 Bows, arrows, archery equipment

........................ 462,097 35 1,892 15 244 Telescopic sights

..................................... 307,033 24 1,272 10 241 Decoys and game calls

................................ 139,686 11 2,168 17 64 Ammunition

......................................... 651,896 50 8,451 65 77 Hand loading equipment

............................... 139,919 11 945 7 148 Hunting dogs and associated costs

....................... 604,616 46 892 7 678 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289,595 22 2,201 17 132 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 1,202,845 92 4,584 35 262

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13,661 9 638 5 178 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. 153,862 12 1,168 9 132 Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 463,990 36 2,977 23 156 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... 385,947 30 1,470 11 263 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,385 7 310 2 275 Special equipment2
..................................... 4,596,942 353 573 4 8,020 OTHER EXPENDITURES Magazines, books

....................................... 84,530 6 1,835 14 46 Membership dues and contributions

........................ 243,678 19 2,054 16 119 Land leasing and ownership

.............................. 3,975,892 305 1,680 13 2,367 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total

.................... 693,038 53 10,403 80 67

Licenses

............................................ 572,242 44 9,985 77 57 Federal duck stamps

.................................. 29,524 2 1,968 15 15 Other stamps, tags, and permits

......................... 91,273 7 2,868 22 32

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 19-22 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 73 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 19. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 10,087,930 925 9,962 91 1,013 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 3,565,342 327 9,378 86 380 Food and lodging, total ................................. 1,687,863 155 8,349 77 202

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,377,078 126 8,334 76 165 Lodging

............................................ 310,785 28 1,262 12 246 Transportation, total ................................... 1,128,366 103 8,719 80 129

Public

.............................................. 91,700 8 285 3 321 Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036,666 95 8,645 79 120 Other trip costs, total .................................. 749,113 69 2,671 24 280

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 298,823 27 343 3 870 Public land use fees

................................... 38,104 3 430 4 89 Private land use fees

.................................. 271,648 25 681 6 399 Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,393 2 182 2 123 Boating costs 1

........................................ 50,703 5 208 2 244 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 67,441 6 1,695 16 40 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Hunting equipment, total ............................... 2,218,798 203 6,622 61 335

Guns and rifles

....................................... 921,215 84 1,611 15 572

Rifles

............................................ 600,793 55 1,026 9 586 Shotguns

.......................................... 141,970 13 349 3 407 Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms

...................... 94,685 9 352 3 269 Pistols, handguns

................................... 83,768 8 150 1 557 Bows, arrows, archery equipment

........................ 439,302 40 1,743 16 252 Telescopic sights

..................................... 242,892 22 982 9 247 Decoys and game calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,511 4 1,185 11 38 Ammunition

......................................... 264,359 24 4,913 45 54 Hand loading equipment

............................... 69,814 6 621 6 112 Hunting dogs and associated costs

....................... 73,815 7 105 1 701 Other

............................................... 162,892 15 1,373 13 119 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 935,142 86 3,551 33 263

Camping equipment

................................... 87,188 8 513 5 170 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 1 15,090 11 879 8 131 Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 313,551 29 2,104 19 149 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... 349,914 32 1,364 13 256 Other

............................................... 69,400 6 208 2 333 Special equipment2
..................................... 3,368,648 309 465 4 7,251

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 74 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 20. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 1,816,199 334 4,556 84 399 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 909,006 167 4,255 78 214 Food and lodging, total ................................. 437,891 81 3,635 67 120

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,049 63 3,633 67 94 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,842 18 418 8 234 Transportation, total ................................... 347,605 64 3,844 71 90

Public

.............................................. 29,638 5 113 2 263 Private

.............................................. 317,967 59 3,801 70 84 Other trip costs, total .................................. 123,510 23 799 15 155

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 43,269 8 182 3 238 Public land use fees

................................... 3,022 1 115 2 26 Private land use fees

.................................. 52,627 10 229 4 229 Equipment rental

..................................... *6,862 *1 *71 *1 *96 Boating costs 1

........................................ 9,734 2 99 2 98 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 7,996 1 317 6 25 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Hunting equipment, total ............................... 660,440 122 2,003 37 330

Guns and rifles

....................................... 281,413 52 570 10 493

Rifles

............................................ 50,827 9 196 4 259 Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,787 38 361 7 568 Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Pistols, handguns

................................... 25,799 5 56 1 461 Bows, arrows, archery equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Telescopic sights

..................................... 19,764 4 95 2 209 Decoys and game calls

................................ 7,699 1 175 3 44 Ammunition

......................................... 91,204 17 1,404 26 65 Hand loading equipment

............................... 16,284 3 106 2 153 Hunting dogs and associated costs

....................... 214,635 39 401 7 536 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,769 5 186 3 149 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 63,361 12 385 7 165

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *15,219 *3 *56 *1 *271 Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. *2,889 *1 *51 *1 *56 Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 31,916 6 273 5 117 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... *8,002 *1 *40 *1 *202 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5,335 *1 *24 *(Z) *221 Special equipment2
..................................... *183,393 *34 *21 *(Z) *8,631 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 75 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 21. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 1,388,581 470 2,533 86 548 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 656,943 222 2,398 81 274 Food and lodging, total ................................. 280,369 95 2,085 71 134

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,972 77 2,084 71 109 Lodging

............................................ 52,397 18 237 8 221 Transportation, total ................................... 246,548 83 2,155 73 114

Public

.............................................. 64,655 22 112 4 576 Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,892 62 2,112 71 86 Other trip costs, total .................................. 130,027 44 671 23 194

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

..................... 35,071 12 124 4 282 Public land use fees

................................... 8,949 3 128 4 70 Private land use fees

.................................. 45,996 16 115 4 400 Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,402 *1 *35 *1 *68 Boating costs 1

........................................ 24,738 8 326 11 76 Heating and cooking fuel

.............................. 12,871 4 200 7 64 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Hunting equipment, total ............................... 533,561 180 1,396 47 382

Guns and rifles

....................................... 204,601 69 301 10 679

Rifles

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8,211 60 269 9 662 Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Pistols, handguns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Bows, arrows, archery equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Telescopic sights

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Decoys and game calls

................................ 60,731 21 523 18 116 Ammunition ......................................... 1 18,125 40 1,070 36 110 Hand loading equipment

............................... *5,759 *2 *25 *1 *228 Hunting dogs and associated costs

....................... 120,570 41 222 7 544 Other

............................................... 21,107 7 191 6 110 Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 67,585 23 263 9 257

Camping equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

.................. *5,887 *2 *19 *1 *307 Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... 49,416 17 207 7 239 Processing and taxidermy costs

.......................... *9,981 *3 *45 *2 *224 Other

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Special equipment2
..................................... *130,491 *44 *37 *1 *3,527 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 76 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 22. **Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per hunter (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of hunters Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 243,760 233 648 62 376 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related ...................................... 121,101 116 545 52 222 Food and lodging, total ................................. 43,820 42 427 41 103

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,297 34 426 41 83 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8,523 *8 *33 *3 *259 Transportation, total ................................... 66,802 64 487 46 137

Public

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Private

.............................................. 66,802 64 487 46 137 Other trip costs, total .................................. 10,479 10 57 5 183

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Public land use fees

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Private land use fees

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Equipment rental

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Boating costs 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *923 *1 *30 *3 *30 EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES Hunting equipment, total ............................... 84,759 81 239 23 354

Guns and rifles

....................................... *21,071 *20 *41 *4 *515

Rifles

............................................ *18,355 *18 *32 *3 *574 Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Pistols, handguns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Bows, arrows, archery equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Telescopic sights

..................................... *5,432 *5 *29 *3 *188 Decoys and game calls

................................ 2,724 3 45 4 61 Ammunition

......................................... 9,735 9 142 14 69 Hand loading equipment

............................... *2,080 *2 *20 *2 *105 Hunting dogs and associated costs

....................... *40,570 *39 *27 *3 *1,494 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. *6,137 *6 *32 *3 *193

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and foul weather gear

.................................... *2,521 *2 *23 *2 *109 Processing and taxidermy costs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... Special equipment2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. 2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 77 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 23. **Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Special equipment item Expenditures Spenders Amount (thousands of dollars) Average per sportsperson (dollars) Number (thousands) Percent of sportspersons Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items ........................................ 28,819,402 762 3,947 10 7,301

Motor boat (other than bass boat)

........................ 3,414,855 90 569 2 6,001 Bass boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305,835 35 199 1 6,558 Canoe, other nonmotor boat

............................ 232,607 6 375 1 620 Boat motor, trailer or hitch, and other boat accessories

....... 1,358,130 36 1,191 3 1,140 Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home, recreational vehicle (RV), house trailer

.................. 13,299,315 352 992 3 13,404 Cabin

.............................................. 3,161,500 84 93 (Z) 34,046 Trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle, 4-wheeler, snowmobile . . 5,734,891 152 735 2 7,801 Other

............................................... 312,270 8 876 2 357

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 24. **Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons ........................................ 34,071 100 13,034 100 Total license purchasers 1
.................................... 21,396 63 10,688 82

Sportspersons purchasing licenses:

In state of residence

..................................... 20,004 59 10,192 78 In other states

.......................................... 3,781 11 1,539 12 Total exempt from purchasing licenses ........................ 4,284 13 1,689 13

Sportspersons exempt from license purchase:

In state of residence

..................................... 3,959 12 1,557 12 In other states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 2 209 2 Other2
................................................... 10,268 30 1,453 11 Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 1 155 1

1 Includes persons who had licenses bought for them. Does not include persons who purchased licenses and did not fish or hunt in 2001. 2 Includes persons engaged in activities requiring no licenses or exemptions and those who failed to buy a license for activities requiring a license. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another.



### 78 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 25. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Anglers Hunters
Total Purchased a license 1 Did not purchase a license2 Total Purchased a license 1 Did not purchase a license2
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 100 21,396 63 12,675 37 13,034 100 10,688 82 2,346 18 Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,925 100 13,207 63 7,718 37 5,873 100 4,848 83 1,025 17 Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,146 100 8,190 62 4,957 38 7,161 100 5,840 82 1,322 18 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,391 100 15,049 62 9,341 38 7,749 100 6,291 81 1,458 19 1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . 13,743 100 8,297 60 5,445 40 3,690 100 2,957 80 732 20 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . 6,930 100 4,291 62 2,640 38 2,409 100 1,979 82 430 18 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . 3,718 100 2,461 66 1,257 34 1,650 100 1,354 82 296 18 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,680 100 6,347 66 3,334 34 5,285 100 4,397 83 888 17 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,402 100 743 53 659 47 386 100 340 88 46 12 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,250 100 1,785 55 1,466 45 1,633 100 1,488 91 145 9 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 5,659 100 3,720 66 1,939 34 2,421 100 2,122 88 300 12 West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . 3,836 100 2,830 74 1,006 26 1,710 100 1,424 83 286 17 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,451 100 3,255 50 3,196 50 1,875 100 1,329 71 547 29 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . 2,543 100 1,538 60 1,006 40 1,164 100 889 76 275 24 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . 4,375 100 2,694 62 1,681 38 1,988 100 1,535 77 453 23 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,443 100 1,895 78 548 22 1,020 100 906 89 114 11 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,111 100 2,937 71 1,174 29 837 100 656 78 181 22 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318 100 692 53 626 47 584 100 489 84 95 16 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,931 100 1,814 62 1,117 38 1,251 100 1,018 81 233 19 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,577 100 4,254 65 2,324 35 2,413 100 2,030 84 382 16 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,047 100 5,928 66 3,119 34 3,551 100 2,988 84 563 16 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,940 100 4,613 66 2,327 34 2,821 100 2,402 85 419 15 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,168 100 2,712 65 1,456 35 1,450 100 1,195 82 255 18 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 3,090 100 1,384 45 1,706 55 965 100 565 59 400 41 Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,159 100 16,715 66 8,445 34 11,845 100 9,837 83 2,008 17 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,912 100 4,682 53 4,231 47 1,190 100 851 72 339 28 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 100 774 49 790 51 428 100 315 73 114 27 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,507 100 20,623 63 11,885 37 12,606 100 10,373 82 2,233 18 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,701 100 20,130 64 11,572 37 12,568 100 10,404 83 2,164 17 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600 100 811 51 789 49 297 100 184 62 112 38 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 100 214 62 128 38 *32 *100 ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 100 242 57 186 43 138 100 70 51 68 49 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . 878 100 458 52 420 48 247 100 188 76 59 24 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 1,648 100 899 55 749 45 525 100 372 71 153 29 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 1,474 100 832 56 641 44 565 100 405 72 160 28 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 1,763 100 1,101 62 661 38 763 100 603 79 159 21 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 2,091 100 1,426 68 665 32 830 100 683 82 147 18 $35,999 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 1,939 100 1,354 70 586 30 773 100 677 88 96 12 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 3,696 100 2,495 68 1,200 32 1,569 100 1,328 85 241 15 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 7,113 100 4,698 66 2,415 34 2,915 100 2,497 86 418 14 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . 4,029 100 2,533 63 1,497 37 1,525 100 1,272 83 253 17 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,220 100 2,611 62 1,609 38 1,267 100 1,018 80 249 20 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,221 100 2,989 57 2,232 43 2,057 100 1,646 80 411 20 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,128 100 2,350 57 1,779 43 1,771 100 1,421 80 350 20 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,832 100 7,551 64 4,281 36 4,973 100 4,138 83 836 17 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . 9,069 100 5,843 64 3,226 36 3,412 100 2,775 81 637 19 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,522 100 3,447 62 2,075 38 1,814 100 1,481 82 332 18 5 or more years college . . . . . . . . 3,520 100 2,205 63 1,314 37 1,065 100 873 82 192 18 Days of Participation

1 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,251 100 7,125 50 7,033 49 4,104 100 2,932 71 1,127 27 6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,092 100 3,916 64 2,090 34 2,665 100 2,237 84 393 15 11 to 25 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,066 100 5,236 74 1,771 25 3,555 100 3,134 88 399 11 26 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,316 100 5,049 80 1,194 19 2,615 100 2,343 90 260 10

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Includes persons who purchased a license in 2001 in any state. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another. 2 Includes those persons who did not purchase a license in any state in 2001 and those who did not specify a license purchase in 2001.



### 79 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 26. **Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Water: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing)
Type of water Anglers Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent Total, all types of water .................................... 27,913 100 443,247 100

Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds

................................ 23,611 85 317,834 72 Rivers or streams

......................................... 12,324 44 141,049 32 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 27. **Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Great Lake Anglers Days of fishing Number Percent Number Percent Total, all Great Lakes ...................................... 1,847 100 23,138 100

Lake Ontario, including the Niagara River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13 3,560 15 Lake Erie, including the Detroit River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 35 7,748 33 Lake Huron, including St. Mary’s River System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8 1,171 5 Lake Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 30 4,836 21 Lake Superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *93 *5 *601 *3 Lake St. Clair, including the St. Clair River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *96 *5 *524 *2 St. Lawrence River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *111 *6 *905 *4 Tributaries to the Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 15 3,331 14

* Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 28. **Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters and days of hunting Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent HUNTERS Total, all land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 100 10,911 100 5,434 100 2,956 100 1,047 100

Public land, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,156 40 3,998 37 1,972 36 1,045 35 287 27

Public land only . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,879 14 1,815 17 935 17 576 19 104 10 Public and private land . . . . . . . 3,277 25 2,183 20 1,037 19 469 16 184 18 Private land, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,724 82 8,748 80 4,345 80 2,255 76 904 86

Private land only . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,447 57 6,565 60 3,308 61 1,787 60 720 69 Private and public land . . . . . . . 3,277 25 2,183 20 1,037 19 469 16 184 18 DAYS OF HUNTING Total, all land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,368 100 153,191 100 60,142 100 29,310 100 19,207 100

Public land 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,454 26 36,070 24 16,170 27 9,126 31 3,227 17 Private land2 .................. 1 69,795 74 110,283 72 42,382 70 19,707 67 16,076 84

1 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 80 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 29. **Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Hunters Days of hunting

Total hunters, public and private land Hunters on public land 1
Total days, public and private land Days on public land2

Number Percent of total hunters Percent of hunters

using public land Number Percent of total days Percent of days on public land Total persons ........................ 13,034 5,156 40 100 228,368 60,454 26 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

............................ 5,873 2,592 44 50 84,455 29,225 35 48 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,161 2,564 36 50 143,913 31,229 22 52 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

.... 7,749 3,177 41 62 121,857 34,888 29 58

1,000,000 or more

................ 3,690 1,565 42 30 55,646 16,096 29 27 250,000 to 999,999

............... 2,409 1,027 43 20 40,180 11,373 28 19 50,000 to 249,999

................ 1,650 585 35 11 26,031 7,420 29 12 Outside MSA

...................... 5,285 1,978 37 38 106,511 25,566 24 42 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 169 44 3 7,488 1,758 23 3 Middle Atlantic

.................... 1,633 761 47 15 30,060 9,538 32 16 East North Central

.................. 2,421 771 32 15 39,820 8,690 22 14 West North Central

................. 1,710 655 38 13 27,186 7,109 26 12 South Atlantic

...................... 1,875 529 28 10 39,043 7,077 18 12 East South Central

.................. 1,164 349 30 7 25,482 4,156 16 7 West South Central

................. 1,988 493 25 10 35,116 5,745 16 10 Mountain

......................... 1,020 871 85 17 12,995 9,641 74 16 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 559 67 11 1 1,179 6,739 60 11 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 241 41 5 1 1,420 2,469 22 4 18 to 24 years

..................... 1,251 445 36 9 23,862 6,341 27 10 25 to 34 years

..................... 2,413 971 40 19 44,765 11,835 26 20 35 to 44 years

..................... 3,551 1,460 41 28 62,185 17,488 28 29 45 to 54 years

..................... 2,821 1,098 39 21 47,579 11,846 25 20 55 to 64 years

..................... 1,450 630 43 12 25,236 7,549 30 12 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 310 32 6 13,321 2,926 22 5 Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1,845 4,826 41 94 214,300 57,647 27 95 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 329 28 6 14,068 2,808 20 5 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 205 48 4 5,139 2,027 39 3 Non-Hispanic

...................... 12,606 4,950 39 96 223,228 58,427 26 97 Race

White

............................ 12,568 4,974 40 96 221,019 58,946 27 98 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 95 32 2 5,383 706 13 1 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 ... ... ... *332 ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 75 55 1 1,634 698 43 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 50 20 1 4,525 553 12 1 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 209 40 4 8,889 2,609 29 4 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 194 34 4 10,747 2,820 26 5 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 267 35 5 15,600 2,733 18 5 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 398 48 8 14,532 5,222 36 9 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 337 44 7 15,387 3,421 22 6 $40,000 to $49,999

................. 1,569 632 40 12 26,000 7,185 28 12 $50,000 to $74,999

................. 2,915 1,132 39 22 52,593 14,380 27 24 $75,000 to $99,999

................. 1,525 689 45 13 25,935 8,088 31 13 $100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267 522 41 10 17,879 4,644 26 8 Not reported

....................... 2,057 726 35 14 36,283 8,798 24 15 Education

11 years or less

.................... 1,771 676 38 13 36,091 7,768 22 13 12 years

.......................... 4,973 1,911 38 37 97,298 25,983 27 43 1 to 3 years college

................. 3,412 1,379 40 27 53,206 15,434 29 26 4 years college

..................... 1,814 759 42 15 27,554 7,548 27 12 5 or more years college

.............. 1,065 430 40 8 14,219 3,721 26 6

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Hunters on public land include those who hunted on both public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land. Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using public land and percent of days on public land are based on the total number of hunters on public land and total number of days on public land, respectively.



### 81 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 30. **Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Hunters Days of hunting

Total hunters, public and private land Hunters on private land 1
Total days, public and private land Days on private land 2

Number Percent of total hunters Percent of hunters

using private land Number Percent of total days Percent of days on private land Total persons ........................ 13,034 10,724 82 100 228,368 169,795 74 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

............................ 5,873 4,510 77 42 84,455 55,262 65 33 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,161 6,213 87 58 143,913 114,533 80 67 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

.... 7,749 6,201 80 58 121,857 86,632 71 51

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,690 2,835 77 26 55,646 38,278 69 23 250,000 to 999,999

............... 2,409 1,964 82 18 40,180 29,310 73 17 50,000 to 249,999

................ 1,650 1,401 85 13 26,031 19,043 73 11 Outside MSA

...................... 5,285 4,523 86 42 106,511 83,163 78 49 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 326 85 3 7,488 5,871 78 3 Middle Atlantic

.................... 1,633 1,334 82 12 30,060 21,599 72 13 East North Central

.................. 2,421 2,111 87 20 39,820 30,142 76 18 West North Central

................. 1,710 1,507 88 14 27,186 20,551 76 12 South Atlantic

...................... 1,875 1,669 89 16 39,043 32,012 82 19 East South Central

.................. 1,164 1,101 95 10 25,482 21,731 85 13 West South Central

................. 1,988 1,790 90 17 35,116 28,702 82 17 Mountain

......................... 1,020 443 43 4 12,995 4,579 35 3 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 444 53 4 11,179 4,608 41 3 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 468 80 4 11,420 9,145 80 5 18 to 24 years

..................... 1,251 1,041 83 10 23,862 18,323 77 11 25 to 34 years

..................... 2,413 2,047 85 19 44,765 33,186 74 20 35 to 44 years

..................... 3,551 2,890 81 27 62,185 45,072 72 27 45 to 54 years

..................... 2,821 2,311 82 22 47,579 35,631 75 21 55 to 64 years

..................... 1,450 1,166 80 11 25,236 18,170 72 11 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 801 83 7 13,321 10,267 77 6 Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,845 9,766 82 91 214,300 158,552 74 93 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 957 80 9 14,068 11,243 80 7 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 293 68 3 5,139 2,581 50 2 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,606 10,431 83 97 223,228 167,213 75 98 Race

White

............................ 12,568 10,377 83 97 221,019 164,095 74 97 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 248 84 2 5,383 4,641 86 3 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 ... ... ... *332 ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 80 58 1 1,634 924 57 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 203 82 2 4,525 3,806 84 2 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 395 75 4 8,889 6,591 74 4 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 471 83 4 10,747 7,963 74 5 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 659 86 6 15,600 11,962 77 7 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 624 75 6 14,532 9,427 65 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 655 85 6 15,387 11,985 78 7 $40,000 to $49,999

................. 1,569 1,252 80 12 26,000 18,762 72 11 $50,000 to $74,999

................. 2,915 2,409 83 22 52,593 38,304 73 23 $75,000 to $99,999

................. 1,525 1,221 80 11 25,935 18,776 72 11 $100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267 1,103 87 10 17,879 13,215 74 8 Not reported

....................... 2,057 1,733 84 16 36,283 29,005 80 17 Education

11 years or less

.................... 1,771 1,453 82 14 36,091 28,140 78 17 12 years

.......................... 4,973 4,055 82 38 97,298 71,278 73 42 1 to 3 years college

................. 3,412 2,752 81 26 53,206 38,875 73 23 4 years college

..................... 1,814 1,546 85 14 27,554 21,035 76 12 5 or more years college

.............. 1,065 917 86 9 14,219 10,467 74 6

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. 1 Hunters on private land include those who hunted on both private and public land. 2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land. Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using private land and percent of days on private land are based on the total number of hunters on private land and total number of days on private land, respectively.



### 82 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 31. **Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participants and days of fishing Total, all fishing Freshwater, excludes Great Lakes Great Lakes Saltwater
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total anglers ......................... 34,071 100 27,913 100 1,847 100 9,051 100

Anglers fishing from boats ............ 1 9,481 57 14,787 53 1,193 65 6,261 69 Total days of fishing .................. 557,394 100 443,247 100 23,138 100 90,838 100

Days fishing from boats .............. 258,159 46 190,976 43 12,044 52 55,139 61 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponses.



### Table 32. **Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Anglers and days Number Percent Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 100

Ice anglers

..................................................................... 2,332 7 Fly-anglers

..................................................................... 4,192 12 Total days of fishing............................................................... 557,394 100

Days of ice fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,819 4 Days of fly-fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,758 7 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 33. **Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, and Other Primitive Firearms for Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Hunters Number Percent Total hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 100

Hunters using bow and arrow

...................................................... 3,070 24 Hunters using muzzleloader or other primitive firearm

.................................. 2,050 16 Total days of hunting .............................................................. 228,368 100

With bow and arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ,705 17 With muzzleloader or other primitive firearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,841 6

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### 83 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 34. **Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing or Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years of age or older. Numbers in thousands) Fishing and hunting Number Percent LAND OWNERSHIP Sportspersons Owning Land Total sportspersons ......................................................... 1,752 100

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 48 Hunters .................................................................. 1 ,061 61 Acres Owned Total acres owned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,769 100

Acres for fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,985 17 Acres for hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7,784 83 Expenditures for Land Owned Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,343,397 100

For fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,992,008 47 For hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,3 51,389 53 LAND LEASING Sportspersons Leasing Land Total sportspersons ......................................................... 1,151 100

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 17 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 85 Acres Leased Total acres leased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,585 100

Acres for fishing .......................................................... 1 ,310 1 Acres for hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,275 99 Expenditures for Land Leased Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785,088 100

For fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,586 20 For hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,503 80 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 84 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 35. **Why Anglers and Hunters Did Not Participate More in 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Reason Number Percent ANGLERS Total anglers ............................................................... 34,071 100

Anglers who did not fish as much in 2001 as they would have liked to

.............. 19,114 56 Reasons:

Not enough time

........................................................ 10,778 32 Family or work obligations

................................................ 10,289 30 School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 2 Not enough money/cost too much

.......................................... 1,198 4 Personal health or disability

............................................... 1,359 4 No one to fish with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 2 Not enough places to fish/not enough access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 1 Fishing places too crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 (Z) Did not know where to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *65 *(Z) Catch limits too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *(Z) Length of fishing season too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *26 *(Z) Not enough fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1 Fear of traveling due to terrorist attack

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 1 Pollution or litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *46 *(Z) Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 1 HUNTERS Total hunters ............................................................... 13,034 100

Hunters who did not hunt as much in 2001 as they would have liked to

............. 8,278 64 Reasons:

Not enough time

........................................................ 3,952 30 Family or work obligations

................................................ 4,653 36 School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 4 Not enough money/cost too much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 4 Personal health or disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 5 No one to hunt with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 2 Not enough places to hunt/not enough access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 1 Hunting places too crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *49 *(Z) Did not know where to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *62 *(Z) Bag limits too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *(Z) Length of hunting season too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 2 Did not draw a special license in lottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1 Not enough game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 1 Fear of traveling due to terrorist attack

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 2 Pollution or litter

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 1 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 85 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 36. **Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity Number Percent Total participants ..................... 66,105 100

Nonresidential (away from home)

...... 21,823 33

Observe wildlife

.................. 20,080 30 Photograph wildlife

................ 9,427 14 Feed wildlife

..................... 7,077 11 Activity Number Percent Residential (around the home)

......... 62,928 95

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 64 Photograph wildlife

................ 13,937 21 Feed wildlife

..................... 53,988 82 Visit public parks or areas 1

.......... 10,981 17 Maintain plantings or natural areas . . . 13,072 20

1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly held areas within one mile of home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 37. **Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants, trips, and days of participation Number Percent PARTICIPANTS Total participants ............ 21,823 100

Observe wildlife

........... 20,080 92 Photograph wildlife

......... 9,427 43 Feed wildlife

.............. 7,077 32 TRIPS Total trips .................. 230,631 100 Average days per trip . . . . . . . . . 2 (X) Participants, trips, and days of participation Number Percent DAYS Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,006 100

Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 295,345 79 Photographing wildlife ...... 76,324 21 Feeding wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,307 28 Average days per participant . . . . 17 (X)

Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X) Photographing wildlife . . . . . . 8 (X) Feeding wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X) (X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 86 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 38. **Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Area or Site Visited: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Area or site visited Number Percent AREA Total, all areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,823 100

Public only

.............. 10,616 49 Private only

.............. 2,529 12 Public and private

......... 6,051 28 Not reported

............. 2,627 12 Area or site visited Number Percent SITE Total, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,823 100

Oceanside

............... 5,192 24 Lake and streamside . . . . . . . 13 ,699 63 Marsh, wetland, swamp

.... 9,091 42 Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,859 68 Brush-covered area . . . . . . . . 12,476 57 Open field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,468 57 Man-made area

........... 6,167 28 Other

................... 2,536 12 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 39. **Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Activity Number Percent Total residential participants....... 62,928 100

Observe wildlife

................ 42,111 67 Visit public parks or other public

areas 1

........................ 10,981 17 Photograph wildlife

............. 13,937 22 Feed wildlife

................... 53,988 86 Maintain natural areas

........... 8,671 14 Maintain plantings

.............. 8,732 14 OBSERVE WILDLIFE Participants observing:

Total, all wildlife ............... 42,111 100

Birds

....................... 40,306 96 Land mammals, all

............ 34,641 82

Large mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,481 42 Small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,747 78 Amphibians or reptiles

......... 9,773 23 Insects or spiders

............. 13,835 33 Fish or other wildlife

.......... 7,932 19 Participants observing:

Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 100

1 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,176 19 11 to 20 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,551 8 21 to 50 days

................ 5,640 13 51 to 100 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,520 15 101 to 200 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,735 14 201 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1,376 27 VISIT PUBLIC PARKS OR

OTHER AREAS 1 Participants visiting:

Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,981 100

1 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,553 51 6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 15 11 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,527 32 Activity Number Percent PHOTOGRAPH WILDLIFE Participants photographing:

Total, 1 day or more . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,937 100

1 day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106 15 2 to 3 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,889 28 4 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200 16 6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,335 17 11 to 20 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336 10 21 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,797 13 FEED WILDLIFE Participants feeding:

Total, all wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,988 100

Wild birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,558 97 Other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,793 35 MAINTAIN NATURAL AREAS Participants maintaining:

Total, all acreages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,671 100

1 acre or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,425 63 2 to 10 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,239 26 11 to 50 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 8 More than 50 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 2 MAINTAIN PLANTINGS Participants maintaining

plantings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,732 100 Participants spending:

Less than $25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400 50 $25 to $75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,931 22 More than $75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,920 22 Average expenditure per participant for plantings . . . . . . . . . . . 80 (X) (X) Not applicable.
1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly held areas within 1 mile of home. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 87 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 40. **Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed, Photographed, or Fed and Place: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed Total participants Participation by place Total In state of residence In other states Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total, all wildlife ..................... 21,823 100 21,823 100 18,041 83 6,570 30 Total birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,580 85 18,580 100 16,150 87 5,855 32

Songbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,878 59 12,878 100 11,182 87 3,860 30 Birds of prey

....................... 12,495 57 12,495 100 10,596 85 4,060 32 Waterfowl

.......................... 14,432 66 14,432 100 12,384 86 4,258 30 Other water birds (shorebirds, herons, pelicans, etc.)

............... 10,314 47 10,314 100 8,474 82 3,229 31 Other birds (pheasants, turkeys, road runners, etc.)

.................. 7,907 36 7,907 100 6,640 84 2,248 28 Total land mammals .................. 15,506 71 15,506 100 13,207 85 4,844 31

Large land mammals (deer, bear, etc.) . . . 12,226 56 12,226 100 10,047 82 3,784 31 Small land mammals (squirrel, prairie dog, etc.)

......................... 12,958 59 12,958 100 10,911 84 4,200 32 Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,330 29 6,330 100 5,019 79 2,000 32 Marine mammals

...................... 3,013 14 3,013 100 1,982 66 1,233 41 Other wildlife (turtles, butterflies, etc.)

.... 9,409 43 9,409 100 7,929 84 3,071 33 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Column showing percent of total participants is based on the ‘‘Total, all wildlife’’ number. Participation by place percent columns are based on the total number of participants for each type of wildlife.



### Table 41. **Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Observers and days of observation Number Percent OBSERVERS Total bird observers ............................................................... 45,951 100

Residential (around the home) observers

............................................. 40,306 88 Nonresidential (away from home) observers

.......................................... 18,342 40 DAYS Total days observing birds ......................................................... 5,467,841 100

Residential (around the home)

..................................................... 5,159,259 94 Nonresidential (away from home)

................................................... 308,583 6 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 42. **Number of Participants Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound and Who Keep Birding Life Lists: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Participants Number Percent Total bird observers ............................................................... 45,951 100

Observers who can identify:

1-20 bird species

.............................................................. 33,980 74 21-40 bird species

............................................................. 5,934 13 41 or more species

............................................................. 3,887 8 Observers who keep birding life lists

................................................ 2,315 5 Note: Detail does not add to total because of nonresponse.



### 88 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 43. **Expenditures for Wildlife Watching: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Spenders

Number (thousands) Percent of wildlife-watching participants 1 Average per spender (dollars) Total, all items2
........................................... 38,414,488 52,083 79 738 TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES Total trip-related .......................................... 8,162,439 18,224 84 448 Food and lodging, total ..................................... 4,818,843 15,365 70 314

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,835,868 15,263 70 186 Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,982,975 5,648 26 351 Transportation, total ....................................... 2,595,542 17,091 78 152

Public

.................................................. 702,231 1,986 9 354 Private

................................................. 1,893,311 16,495 76 115 Other trip costs, total ...................................... 748,054 6,350 29 118

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees ......................... 1 13,034 1,209 6 94 Public land use fees ....................................... 1 14,813 3,879 18 30 Private land use fees

...................................... 50,430 869 4 58 Equipment rental

......................................... 105,198 1,156 5 91 Boating costs 3

........................................... 326,461 1,056 5 309 Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,118 1,586 7 24 EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSES Total ..................................................... 30,252,049 47,939 73 631 Wildlife-watching equipment, total ........................... 7,353,977 45,802 69 161

Binoculars, spotting scopes

................................. 507,387 4,683 7 108 Cameras, video cameras, special lenses, and other photographic equipment

.................................. 1,656,755 4,454 7 372 Film and developing

...................................... 910,423 13,528 20 67 Bird food, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604,692 38,435 58 68

Commercially prepared and packaged wild bird food

.......... 2,034,825 35,738 54 57 Other bulk foods used to feed wild birds

.................... 569,867 12,742 19 45 Feed for other wildlife

..................................... 503,006 9,595 15 52 Nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths

....................... 732,671 15,888 24 46 Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing

................ 323,043 2,949 4 110 Other wildlife-watching equipment (such as field guides and maps) ................................................. 1 16,000 3,688 6 31 Auxiliary equipment, total .................................. 716,900 3,807 6 188

Tents, tarps

.............................................. 185,552 1,956 3 95 Frame packs and backpacking equipment

..................... 129,382 1,091 2 119 Other camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,382 1,966 3 136 Other auxiliary equipment (such as blinds)

.................... 135,583 308 (Z) 441 Special equipment, total .................................... 15,468,716 1,410 2 10,971

Off-the-road vehicle

....................................... 6,677,688 543 1 12,300 Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home, house trailer, recreational vehicle (RV)

...................... 6,272,294 413 1 15,196 Boats, boat accessories

.................................... 996,463 464 1 2,150 Cabins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *572,396 *75 *(Z) *7,614 Magazines, books

........................................... 331,955 8,297 13 40 Land leasing and ownership

.................................. 4,761,010 555 1 8,585 Membership dues and contributions

............................ 920,183 7,746 12 119 Plantings

.................................................. 699,309 5,649 9 124 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
1 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column is based on nonresidential participants for trip-related expenditures. For equipment and other expenditures the

percent of wildlife-watching participants is based on total participants. 2 Information on trip-related expenditures was collected for nonresidential participants only. Equipment and other expenditures are based on information

collected from both nonresidential and residential participants. 3 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 89 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 44. **Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Total wildlife-watching participants Total nonresidential participants

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ....................... 212,298 100 66,105 31 100 21,823 10 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

........................... 157,943 74 42,214 27 64 14,838 9 68 Rural

........................... 54,355 26 23,891 44 36 6,986 13 32 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

....... 171,147 81 49,414 29 75 16,536 10 76

1,000,000 or more ................. 1 12,984 53 29,724 26 45 10,126 9 46 250,000 to 999,999

................ 41,469 20 12,880 31 19 4,191 10 19 50,000 to 249,999

................. 16,693 8 6,811 41 10 2,218 13 10 Outside MSA

..................... 41,151 19 16,691 41 25 5,287 13 24 Census Geographic Division

New England

...................... 10,575 5 3,875 37 6 1,155 11 5 Middle Atlantic

.................... 29,806 14 8,740 29 13 2,849 10 13 East North Central

.................. 34,082 16 11,631 34 18 3,571 10 16 West North Central

.................. 14,430 7 6,206 43 9 2,059 14 9 South Atlantic

..................... 39,286 19 11,395 29 17 3,469 9 16 East South Central

.................. 12,976 6 4,514 35 7 1,086 8 5 West South Central

.................. 23,337 11 5,747 25 9 1,822 8 8 Mountain

........................ 13,308 6 4,619 35 7 2,019 15 9 Pacific

.......................... 34,498 16 9,377 27 14 3,793 11 17 Age

16 to 17 years

..................... 7,709 4 1,678 22 3 688 9 3 18 to 24 years

..................... 22,234 10 3,051 14 5 1,364 6 6 25 to 34 years

..................... 35,333 17 8,869 25 13 3,770 11 17 35 to 44 years

..................... 44,057 21 14,939 34 23 5,701 13 26 45 to 54 years

..................... 40,541 19 14,491 36 22 4,991 12 23 55 to 64 years

..................... 25,601 12 10,326 40 16 2,929 11 13 65 years and older

.................. 36,823 17 12,752 35 19 2,381 6 11 Sex

Male, total

....................... 101,916 48 30,695 30 46 11,387 11 52

16 to 17 years

................... 4,106 2 864 21 1 424 10 2 18 to 24 years ................... 1 1,326 5 1,559 14 2 812 7 4 25 to 34 years

................... 17,206 8 3,969 23 6 1,801 10 8 35 to 44 years

................... 21,346 10 6,951 33 11 2,840 13 13 45 to 54 years

................... 19,626 9 6,772 35 10 2,623 13 12 55 to 64 years

................... 12,201 6 4,802 39 7 1,549 13 7 65 years and older

................ 16,105 8 5,778 36 9 1,338 8 6 Female, total ...................... 1 10,381 52 35,409 32 54 10,436 9 48

16 to 17 years

................... 3,603 2 814 23 1 263 7 1 18 to 24 years

................... 10,908 5 1,493 14 2 551 5 3 25 to 34 years

................... 18,127 9 4,899 27 7 1,969 11 9 35 to 44 years

................... 22,711 11 7,987 35 12 2,862 13 13 45 to 54 years

................... 20,915 10 7,719 37 12 2,367 11 11 55 to 64 years

................... 13,400 6 5,523 41 8 1,380 10 6 65 years and older

................ 20,718 10 6,974 34 11 1,044 5 5 Ethnicity

Hispanic

......................... 21,910 10 2,699 12 4 890 4 4 Non-Hispanic

..................... 190,388 90 63,406 33 96 20,933 11 96 Race

White

........................... 181,129 85 62,781 35 95 20,823 11 95 Black

........................... 21,708 10 2,029 9 3 529 2 2 Asian

........................... 7,141 3 654 9 1 178 2 1 All others

........................ 2,320 1 641 28 1 294 13 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000

.................. 10,594 5 2,387 23 4 491 5 2 $10,000 to $19,999

.................. 15,272 7 3,837 25 6 867 6 4 $20,000 to $24,999

.................. 10,902 5 2,879 26 4 854 8 4 $25,000 to $29,999 .................. 1 1,217 5 3,461 31 5 1,109 10 5 $30,000 to $34,999 .................. 1 1,648 5 4,069 35 6 1,459 13 7 $35,000 to $39,999

.................. 9,816 5 3,142 32 5 1,109 11 5 $40,000 to $49,999

.................. 16,896 8 6,402 38 10 2,365 14 11 $50,000 to $74,999

.................. 31,383 15 12,359 39 19 4,585 15 21 $75,000 to $99,999

.................. 17,762 8 7,735 44 12 2,910 16 13 $100,000 or more

................... 19,202 9 8,010 42 12 2,871 15 13 Not reported

...................... 57,606 27 11,823 21 18 3,202 6 15 Education

11 years or less

.................... 32,820 15 7,201 22 11 1,844 6 8 12 years

......................... 73,719 35 21,154 29 32 5,938 8 27 1 to 3 years college

................. 49,491 23 16,013 32 24 5,796 12 27 4 years college

..................... 34,803 16 12,603 36 19 4,464 13 20 5 or more years college

............... 21,464 10 9,133 43 14 3,781 18 17

See footnotes at end of table.



### 90 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 44. **Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001**  —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Nonresidential participants Observe Photograph Feed

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ....................... 20,080 9 100 9,427 4 100 7,077 3 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

........................... 13,677 9 68 6,653 4 71 4,819 3 68 Rural

........................... 6,403 12 32 2,774 5 29 2,259 4 32 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

....... 15,232 9 76 7,251 4 77 5,651 3 80

1,000,000 or more

................. 9,343 8 47 4,642 4 49 3,447 3 49 250,000 to 999,999

................ 3,866 9 19 1,720 4 18 1,392 3 20 50,000 to 249,999

................. 2,024 12 10 888 5 9 812 5 11 Outside MSA

..................... 4,848 12 24 2,176 5 23 1,426 3 20 Census Geographic Division

New England

...................... 1,097 10 5 480 5 5 295 3 4 Middle Atlantic

.................... 2,661 9 13 1,170 4 12 887 3 13 East North Central

.................. 3,280 10 16 1,393 4 15 1,215 4 17 West North Central

.................. 1,947 13 10 725 5 8 636 4 9 South Atlantic

..................... 3,144 8 16 1,550 4 16 1,388 4 20 East South Central

.................. 1,009 8 5 430 3 5 392 3 6 West South Central

.................. 1,541 7 8 708 3 8 861 4 12 Mountain

........................ 1,916 14 10 1,119 8 12 373 3 5 Pacific

.......................... 3,484 10 17 1,853 5 20 1,029 3 15 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 8 3 270 4 3 249 3 4 18 to 24 years

..................... 1,261 6 6 541 2 6 434 2 6 25 to 34 years

..................... 3,393 10 17 1,500 4 16 1,453 4 21 35 to 44 years

..................... 5,310 12 26 2,673 6 28 1,736 4 25 45 to 54 years

..................... 4,673 12 23 2,508 6 27 1,570 4 22 55 to 64 years

..................... 2,698 11 13 1,129 4 12 909 4 13 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 6 11 806 2 9 726 2 10 Sex

Male, total

....................... 10,330 10 51 4,739 5 50 3,498 3 49

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 9 2 *156 *4 *2 *174 *4 *2 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 7 4 315 3 3 234 2 3 25 to 34 years

................... 1,594 9 8 734 4 8 621 4 9 35 to 44 years

................... 2,623 12 13 1,171 5 12 766 4 11 45 to 54 years

................... 2,407 12 12 1,304 7 14 822 4 12 55 to 64 years

................... 1,403 11 7 587 5 6 534 4 8 65 years and older

................ 1,176 7 6 472 3 5 346 2 5 Female, total

...................... 9,751 9 49 4,688 4 50 3,580 3 51

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 7 1 *115 *3 *1 *75 *2 *1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 5 3 226 2 2 200 2 3 25 to 34 years

................... 1,799 10 9 766 4 8 832 5 12 35 to 44 years

................... 2,687 12 13 1,502 7 16 970 4 14 45 to 54 years

................... 2,266 11 11 1,204 6 13 748 4 11 55 to 64 years

................... 1,295 10 6 542 4 6 375 3 5 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 5 5 333 2 4 379 2 5 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 4 4 447 2 5 345 2 5 Non-Hispanic

..................... 19,275 10 96 8,980 5 95 6,732 4 95 Race

White

........................... 19,181 11 96 8,965 5 95 6,673 4 94 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 2 2 *207 *1 *2 287 1 4 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2 1 *109 *2 *1 ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 12 1 146 6 2 *92 *4 *1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 4 2 *153 *1 *2 171 2 2 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 5 4 282 2 3 362 2 5 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 7 4 373 3 4 382 4 5 $25,000 to $29,999

.................. 1,004 9 5 388 3 4 474 4 7 $30,000 to $34,999

.................. 1,363 12 7 586 5 6 506 4 7 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 10 5 415 4 4 358 4 5 $40,000 to $49,999

.................. 2,163 13 11 1,008 6 11 674 4 10 $50,000 to $74,999

.................. 4,219 13 21 2,151 7 23 1,395 4 20 $75,000 to $99,999

.................. 2,723 15 14 1,298 7 14 992 6 14 $100,000 or more

................... 2,671 14 13 1,382 7 15 787 4 11 Not reported

...................... 2,903 5 14 1,390 2 15 976 2 14 Education

11 years or less

.................... 1,696 5 8 622 2 7 742 2 10 12 years

......................... 5,368 7 27 2,282 3 24 2,125 3 30 1 to 3 years college

................. 5,207 11 26 2,514 5 27 1,994 4 28 4 years college

..................... 4,171 12 21 2,042 6 22 1,236 4 17 5 or more years college

............... 3,637 17 18 1,967 9 21 981 5 14

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading.



### 91 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 45. **Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Total wildlife-watching participants Total residential participants

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ...................... 212,298 100 66,105 31 100 62,928 30 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,943 74 42,214 27 64 39,715 25 63 Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,355 26 23,891 44 36 23,214 43 37 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

..... 171,147 81 49,414 29 75 46,889 27 75

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,984 53 29,724 26 45 28,152 25 45 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,469 20 12,880 31 19 12,210 29 19 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,693 8 6,811 41 10 6,527 39 10 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,151 19 16,691 41 25 16,040 39 25 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,575 5 3,875 37 6 3,765 36 6 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,806 14 8,740 29 13 8,452 28 13 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,082 16 11,631 34 18 11,196 33 18 West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 7 6,206 43 9 5,938 41 9 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,286 19 11,395 29 17 10,911 28 17 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,976 6 4,514 35 7 4,390 34 7 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,337 11 5,747 25 9 5,490 24 9 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,308 6 4,619 35 7 4,282 32 7 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,498 16 9,377 27 14 8,504 25 14 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,709 4 1,678 22 3 1,504 20 2 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,234 10 3,051 14 5 2,693 12 4 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,333 17 8,869 25 13 8,137 23 13 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,057 21 14,939 34 23 14,101 32 22 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,541 19 14,491 36 22 13,899 34 22 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,601 12 10,326 40 16 10,084 39 16 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,823 17 12,752 35 19 12,511 34 20 Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,916 48 30,695 30 46 28,825 28 46

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,106 2 864 21 1 736 18 1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,326 5 1,559 14 2 1,362 12 2 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,206 8 3,969 23 6 3,575 21 6 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,346 10 6,951 33 11 6,446 30 10 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,626 9 6,772 35 10 6,427 33 10 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,201 6 4,802 39 7 4,663 38 7 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,105 8 5,778 36 9 5,616 35 9 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,381 52 35,409 32 54 34,103 31 54

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,603 2 814 23 1 768 21 1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,908 5 1,493 14 2 1,332 12 2 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,127 9 4,899 27 7 4,562 25 7 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,711 11 7,987 35 12 7,655 34 12 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,915 10 7,719 37 12 7,472 36 12 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 6 5,523 41 8 5,420 40 9 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,718 10 6,974 34 11 6,895 33 11 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,910 10 2,699 12 4 2,486 11 4 Non-Hispanic

..................... 190,388 90 63,406 33 96 60,443 32 96 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,129 85 62,781 35 95 59,815 33 95 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,708 10 2,029 9 3 1,927 9 3 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 3 654 9 1 593 8 1 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 1 641 28 1 593 26 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 5 2,387 23 4 2,344 22 4 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 7 3,837 25 6 3,728 24 6 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,902 5 2,879 26 4 2,765 25 4 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,217 5 3,461 31 5 3,304 29 5 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,648 5 4,069 35 6 3,799 33 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,816 5 3,142 32 5 2,950 30 5 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,896 8 6,402 38 10 6,070 36 10 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,383 15 12,359 39 19 11,564 37 18 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,762 8 7,735 44 12 7,349 41 12 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,202 9 8,010 42 12 7,705 40 12 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,606 27 11,823 21 18 11,351 20 18 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,820 15 7,201 22 11 6,849 21 11 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 35 21,154 29 32 20,255 27 32 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,491 23 16,013 32 24 15,199 31 24 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,803 16 12,603 36 19 11,931 34 19 5 or more years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,464 10 9,133 43 14 8,696 41 14

See footnotes at end of table.



### 92 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 45. **Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the House) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001**  —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Residential participants Observe Photograph Feed wild birds

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 20 100 13,937 7 100 52,558 25 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,142 17 62 8,066 5 58 32,452 21 62 Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,969 29 38 5,872 11 42 20,106 37 38 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . . . 31,289 18 74 10,358 6 74 38,758 23 74

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,749 17 45 6,036 5 43 22,722 20 43 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,294 20 20 2,673 6 19 10,539 25 20 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,246 25 10 1,649 10 12 5,497 33 10 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,822 26 26 3,579 9 26 13,800 34 26 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,650 25 6 919 9 7 3,203 30 6 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,813 20 14 1,994 7 14 6,795 23 13 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,554 22 18 2,344 7 17 9,896 29 19 West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,977 28 9 1,401 10 10 5,074 35 10 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,027 18 17 2,342 6 17 9,257 24 18 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,783 21 7 742 6 5 4,006 31 8 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,654 16 9 1,014 4 7 4,831 21 9 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,065 23 7 1,137 9 8 3,211 24 6 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,588 16 13 2,045 6 15 6,285 18 12 Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 11 2 421 5 3 933 12 2 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514 7 4 580 3 4 1,815 8 3 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,332 15 13 1,725 5 12 6,159 17 12 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,413 21 22 3,475 8 25 11,430 26 22 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,804 24 23 3,542 9 25 11,874 29 23 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,768 26 16 2,363 9 17 8,879 35 17 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,432 23 20 1,832 5 13 11,470 31 22 Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,132 19 45 6,287 6 45 23,451 23 45

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 10 1 *157 *4 *1 501 12 1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 7 2 261 2 2 818 7 2 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256 13 5 864 5 6 2,672 16 5 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,307 20 10 1,337 6 10 5,017 24 10 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400 22 10 1,626 8 12 5,370 27 10 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,069 25 7 1,114 9 8 4,022 33 8 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,857 24 9 928 6 7 5,051 31 10 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,979 21 55 7,651 7 55 29,107 26 55

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 12 1 264 7 2 432 12 1 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 6 2 319 3 2 996 9 2 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075 17 7 861 5 6 3,487 19 7 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,106 22 12 2,137 9 15 6,412 28 12 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,404 26 13 1,916 9 14 6,504 31 12 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,699 28 9 1,249 9 9 4,857 36 9 65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,575 22 11 904 4 6 6,418 31 12 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,663 8 4 394 2 3 2,033 9 4 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,447 21 96 13,543 7 97 50,525 27 96 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,191 22 95 13,570 7 97 50,238 28 96 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 6 3 *141 *1 *1 1,449 7 3 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 4 1 *113 *2 *1 413 6 1 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 17 1 113 5 1 459 20 1 Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460 14 3 245 2 2 1,965 19 4 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,436 16 6 499 3 4 3,313 22 6 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772 16 4 690 6 5 2,295 21 4 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256 20 5 666 6 5 2,769 25 5 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,731 23 6 781 7 6 3,156 27 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,886 19 4 572 6 4 2,487 25 5 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,146 25 10 1,416 8 10 4,987 30 9 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,827 25 19 2,973 9 21 9,561 30 18 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 29 12 1,697 10 12 6,126 34 12 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,391 28 13 2,065 11 15 6,193 32 12 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,139 12 17 2,334 4 17 9,707 17 18 Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,253 13 10 1,011 3 7 5,763 18 11 12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,080 18 31 4,036 5 29 17,676 24 34 1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,335 21 25 3,630 7 26 12,479 25 24 4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,001 23 19 2,838 8 20 9,654 28 18 5 or more years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,441 30 15 2,423 11 17 6,987 33 13

* Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading.



### 93 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 46. **Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching: 2001** (Population 16 years of age or older) Wildlife watching Number (in thousands) Average per person Land Ownership for Wildlife Watching

Participants owning land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 (X) Acres owned

.................................................................... 44,144 67 Expenditures for owned land (dollars)

............................................... 4,459,706 6,721 Land Leasing for Wildlife Watching

Participants leasing land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 (X) Acres leased

.................................................................... 10,489 90 Expenditures for leased land (dollars)

............................................... 301,304 2,597

(X) Not applicable. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 47. **Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Wildlife Watching: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Disability Total wildlife watching Nonresidential Residential Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total wildlife-watching participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,105 100 21,823 100 62,928 100 Total disabled participants ..................... 4,951 100 1,279 100 4,757 100

Mobility impaired

........................... 3,958 80 1,038 81 3,777 79 Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 9 *110 *9 447 9 Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8 *50 *4 395 8 Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 13 184 14 648 14

*Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 94 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 48. **Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Type of fishing and hunting Total Nonresidential Residential Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total participants ............................. 66,105 100 21,823 100 62,928 100

Nonsportspersons

............................ 44,263 67 11,739 54 43,035 68 Sportspersons

............................... 21,842 33 10,084 46 19,893 32

Anglers

.................................. 19,712 30 9,105 42 17,991 29 Hunters

.................................. 8,066 12 4,005 18 7,286 12 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### Table 49. **Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Wildlife-watching activity Sportspersons Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 34,071 100 13,034 100 Sportspersons who:

Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities

..... 15,963 42 14,359 42 4,969 38 Engaged in wildlife-watching activities

.......... 21,842 58 19,712 58 8,066 62

Nonresidential

............................ 10,084 27 9,105 27 4,005 31 Residential

............................... 19,893 53 17,991 53 7,286 56 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.



### 95 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 50. **Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participant’s state

of residence Population Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total ..... 212,298 82,302 39 37,805 18 66,105 31 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 1,323 39 726 21 965 28 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 320 70 205 45 241 53 Arizona

................. 3,700 1,296 35 437 12 1,107 30 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 1,038 52 621 31 778 39 California

............... 25,982 6,873 26 2,486 10 5,491 21 Colorado

................ 3,215 1,518 47 679 21 1,213 38 Connecticut

.............. 2,536 996 39 331 13 883 35 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 220 37 94 16 170 28 Florida

................. 12,171 3,857 32 2,158 18 2,856 23 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,932 32 1,136 19 1,326 22 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 195 21 114 12 126 14 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 507 52 306 31 388 40 Illinois

.................. 9,244 3,148 34 1,507 16 2,492 27 Indiana

................. 4,558 2,179 48 914 20 1,786 39 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 1,212 55 580 26 983 45 Kansas

................. 2,017 942 47 491 24 735 36 Kentucky

............... 3,121 1,547 50 703 23 1,264 40 Louisiana

............... 3,306 1,326 40 829 25 840 25 Maine

.................. 1,005 607 60 256 26 520 52 Maryland

............... 4,078 1,546 38 571 14 1,311 32 Massachusetts

............ 4,837 1,726 36 521 11 1,493 31 Michigan

................ 7,587 2,950 39 1,325 17 2,424 32 Minnesota

............... 3,688 2,388 65 1,437 39 1,993 54 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 851 40 533 25 579 27 Missouri

................ 4,206 2,010 48 1,076 26 1,612 38 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 438 63 279 40 362 52 Nebraska

................ 1,266 623 49 308 24 498 39 Nevada

................. 1,454 439 30 194 13 334 23 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 506 53 175 18 450 47 New Jersey

.............. 6,300 1,993 32 669 11 1,694 27 New Mexico

............. 1,337 595 45 256 19 471 35 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 3,990 28 1,493 11 3,524 25 North Carolina

........... 5,918 2,330 39 982 17 1,884 32 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 228 47 170 35 135 28 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 3,407 39 1,513 17 2,768 32 Oklahoma

............... 2,587 1,308 51 730 28 1,042 40 Oregon

................. 2,630 1,545 59 611 23 1,286 49 Pennsylvania

............. 9,303 4,169 45 1,648 18 3,522 38 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 280 37 96 13 242 32 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 1,375 45 674 22 1,079 35 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 326 58 176 31 251 45 Tennessee

............... 4,317 2,109 49 903 21 1,706 40 Texas

................... 15,445 4,515 29 2,745 18 3,088 20 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 736 47 468 30 572 37 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 319 67 125 26 287 60 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 2,535 46 970 18 2,168 40 Washington

.............. 4,516 2,537 56 932 21 2,234 49 West Virginia

............ 1,447 694 48 353 24 517 36 Wisconsin

............... 4,059 2,489 61 1,141 28 2,159 53 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 223 59 138 37 172 46 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 96 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 51. **Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where activity took place Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ..... 82,302 100 37,805 46 66,105 80 Alabama

................ 1,557 100 1,021 66 1,016 65 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 100 457 72 420 67 Arizona

................. 1,720 100 486 28 1,465 85 Arkansas

................ 1,369 100 960 70 841 61 California

............... 7,231 100 2,556 35 5,720 79 Colorado

................ 2,138 100 1,077 50 1,552 73 Connecticut

.............. 1,151 100 356 31 967 84 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 100 157 39 317 78 Florida

................. 4,860 100 3,158 65 3,240 67 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,198 100 1,236 56 1,494 68 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 100 151 46 220 68 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 100 486 56 643 74 Illinois

.................. 3,390 100 1,366 40 2,627 77 Indiana

................. 2,427 100 965 40 1,866 77 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334 100 645 48 1,022 77 Kansas

................. 1,091 100 563 52 807 74 Kentucky

............... 1,834 100 901 49 1,362 74 Louisiana

............... 1,558 100 1,059 68 935 60 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 100 449 46 778 80 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,911 100 752 39 1,524 80 Massachusetts

............ 1,988 100 632 32 1,686 85 Michigan

................ 3,481 100 1,659 48 2,666 77 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,915 100 1,733 59 2,155 74 Mississippi

.............. 1,017 100 720 71 631 62 Missouri

................ 2,494 100 1,382 55 1,826 73 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 100 463 53 687 79 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 100 382 50 565 74 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 100 193 29 543 83 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 892 100 295 33 766 86 New Jersey

.............. 2,345 100 855 36 1,895 81 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 100 379 43 671 76 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,620 100 1,760 38 3,885 84 North Carolina

........... 2,882 100 1,386 48 2,168 75 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 100 259 81 190 59 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,658 100 1,540 42 2,897 79 Oklahoma

............... 1,529 100 838 55 1,131 74 Oregon

................. 2,051 100 761 37 1,680 82 Pennsylvania

............. 4,570 100 1,783 39 3,794 83 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 100 181 45 298 75 South Carolina

........... 1,666 100 922 55 1,186 71 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 100 349 67 358 69 Tennessee

............... 2,671 100 1,062 40 2,084 78 Texas

................... 4,949 100 2,857 58 3,240 65 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 100 585 54 806 74 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 100 211 37 496 87 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,001 100 1,137 38 2,460 82 Washington

.............. 2,970 100 1,024 34 2,496 84 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 100 444 53 605 72 Wisconsin

............... 3,165 100 1,611 51 2,442 77 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 100 373 56 498 75 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 97 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 52. **Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) State where spending took place Total, wildlife-associated expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures Total Trip related Equipment Other Total Trip related Equipment Other United States, total . . . . . 108,390,818 28,070,831 64,493,795 14,826,194 69,976,330 19,908,392 40,954,202 8,113,737 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,306,670 633,611 1,297,544 375,514 1,680,270 554,080 889,908 236,282 Alaska

.................. 1,375,057 970,931 305,843 98,283 876,192 584,698 252,505 38,989 Arizona

................. 1,619,724 512,038 1,040,740 66,947 799,006 207,360 556,210 35,436 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,290,326 411,178 656,098 223,050 1,046,336 391,133 451,545 203,657 California

............... 5,709,602 2,169,604 2,952,662 587,337 3,128,727 1,288,798 1,713,467 126,462 Colorado

................ 2,000,962 908,188 924,467 168,306 1,376,560 491,454 751,639 133,467 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 ,940 145,547 273,575 82,819 275,976 107,537 130,757 37,682 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,350 48,268 66,366 15,716 88,012 33,981 45,283 8,748 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,21 1,889 2,886,641 2,941,961 383,288 4,636,408 2,211,257 2,103,920 321,231 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,664,546 561,262 908,864 194,420 1,128,775 437,998 544,162 146,615 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 ,476 143,877 106,095 11,504 129,857 74,820 53,613 1,425 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982,423 296,120 552,420 133,883 754,953 199,314 434,571 121,069 Illinois

.................. 1,947,646 396,329 1,387,167 164,150 1,351,405 310,711 914,582 126,112 Indiana

................. 1,487,815 316,680 939,767 231,368 846,577 198,155 599,687 48,735 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,961 187,677 569,455 65,829 634,570 165,610 425,984 42,975 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 ,123 209,487 320,608 61,027 462,460 177,313 248,659 36,488 Kentucky

............... 1,844,927 334,023 1,232,252 278,652 1,243,377 284,247 903,456 55,675 Louisiana

............... 1,608,468 574,843 933,472 100,154 1,440,048 519,418 836,133 84,496 Maine

.................. 1,083,721 296,847 503,923 282,951 570,154 149,317 364,137 56,700 Maryland

............... 1,743,481 407,769 998,859 336,854 880,794 278,077 548,263 54,455 Massachusetts

............ 1,072,482 389,870 606,939 75,673 603,149 227,437 354,842 20,869 Michigan

................ 2,753,176 963,736 1,603,414 186,027 2,060,419 681,757 1,248,765 129,897 Minnesota

............... 2,702,571 1,089,457 1,417,149 195,965 2,171,514 973,816 1,046,667 151,031 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 ,984 286,452 593,915 93,617 670,508 250,343 350,268 69,897 Missouri

................ 1,828,153 581,939 1,111,023 135,191 1,379,397 424,953 835,336 119,108 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943,118 463 ,392 386,866 92,859 592,782 255,897 271,423 65,463 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584,898 153,515 396,296 35,087 455,151 135,102 293,156 26,893 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680,536 168,194 472,029 40,313 430,390 98,029 298,584 33,776 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 618 ,694 268,859 307,862 41,973 275,754 91,554 159,509 24,691 New Jersey

.............. 2,230,952 583,597 1,505,798 141,557 987,108 441,555 476,286 69,267 New Mexico

............. 1,022,568 301,637 582,895 138,036 464,279 150,622 285,038 28,619 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,523,958 808,167 1,908,322 807,469 2,116,764 559,993 1,105,658 451,113 North Carolina

........... 2,455,216 702,566 1,525,904 226,746 1,628,333 544,043 951,343 132,948 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 ,285 120,787 206,981 23,517 324,184 111,425 191,819 20,941 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,289,385 623,335 1,463,425 202,625 1,666,334 493,547 1,010,071 162,716 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994,527 378,388 531,070 85,069 801,279 309,177 419,613 72,489 Oregon

................. 2,060,509 672,557 1,142,262 245,690 1,291,103 367,567 801,968 121,567 Pennsylvania

............. 2,974,644 644,290 1,868,212 462,142 2,012,845 472,632 1,138,344 401,869 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 ,955 137,708 140,653 9,593 118,319 71,069 44,388 2,862 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337,821 502,654 753,025 82,141 1,081,448 413,609 603,575 64,265 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 ,563 252,812 255,317 53,434 469,605 199,256 231,749 38,600 Tennessee

............... 1,716,100 589,981 975,315 150,804 1,267,557 383,253 762,864 121,441 Texas

................... 5,354,194 1,655,981 2,854,256 843,957 4,071,251 1,427,201 1,909,402 734,648 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,375,152 436,607 775,842 162,704 819,442 260,746 497,853 60,843 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 ,651 138,974 145,806 100,870 181,936 75,731 88,146 18,059 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,897,217 546,206 997,273 353,739 1,108,574 373,855 626,544 108,175 Washington

.............. 2,362,176 727,416 1,445,661 189,100 1,382,446 444,924 851,030 86,493 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 ,147 207,721 238,348 57,078 339,636 128,861 157,881 52,894 Wisconsin

............... 3,617,616 930,300 2,021,794 665,522 2,305,997 679,540 1,184,774 441,683 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634,049 301,701 251,871 80,477 369,118 166,075 140,208 62,835 See footnotes at end of table.



### 98 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 52. **Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001** —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) State where spending took place Wildlife-watching expenditures Total Trip related Equipment Other United States, total ..... 38,414,488 8,162,439 23,539,593 6,712,457 Alabama

................ 626,400 79,531 407,636 139,233 Alaska

.................. 498,865 386,233 53,337 59,295 Arizona

................. 820,718 304,677 484,530 31,511 Arkansas

................ 243,990 20,044 204,553 19,393 California

............... 2,580,875 880,805 1,239,195 460,875 Colorado

................ 624,402 416,734 172,829 34,839 Connecticut

.............. 225,964 38,010 142,817 45,137 Delaware

................ 42,338 14,287 21,083 6,968 Florida

................. 1,575,481 675,384 838,041 62,056 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,771 123,264 364,702 47,805 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,619 69,057 52,482 10,080 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,470 96,807 117,848 12,815 Illinois

.................. 596,241 85,618 472,585 38,038 Indiana

................. 641,239 118,525 340,081 182,633 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,391 22,067 143,471 22,854 Kansas

................. 128,663 32,175 71,949 24,539 Kentucky

............... 601,550 49,776 328,796 222,977 Louisiana

............... 168,420 55,424 97,339 15,657 Maine

.................. 513,566 147,530 139,786 226,251 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,687 129,692 450,596 282,399 Massachusetts

............ 469,333 162,433 252,097 54,803 Michigan

................ 692,757 281,978 354,649 56,130 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,057 115,640 370,482 44,935 Mississippi

.............. 303,477 36,109 243,647 23,721 Missouri

................ 448,756 156,986 275,687 16,083 Montana

................ 350,335 207,496 115,443 27,396 Nebraska

................ 129,747 18,413 103,140 8,194 Nevada

................. 250,145 70,164 173,445 6,537 New Hampshire

.......... 342,940 177,305 148,353 17,282 New Jersey

.............. 1,243,844 142,042 1,029,512 72,290 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 558,290 151,015 297,857 109,417 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,407,193 248,174 802,663 356,356 North Carolina

........... 826,882 158,523 574,561 93,798 North Dakota

............ 27,100 9,361 15,163 2,576 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623,051 129,788 453,354 39,909 Oklahoma

............... 193,248 69,211 111,457 12,580 Oregon

................. 769,407 304,990 340,293 124,123 Pennsylvania

............. 961,799 171,658 729,868 60,274 Rhode Island

............ 169,635 66,639 96,265 6,731 South Carolina

........... 256,372 89,045 149,451 17,876 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,958 53,556 23,568 14,834 Tennessee

............... 448,543 206,729 212,452 29,363 Texas

................... 1,282,943 228,780 944,854 109,309 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555,710 175,861 277,989 101,861 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,715 63,243 57,660 82,811 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,644 172,351 370,729 245,564 Washington

.............. 979,730 282,492 594,631 102,607 West Virginia

............ 163,511 78,860 80,467 4,184 Wisconsin

............... 1,311,619 250,760 837,020 223,838 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,931 135,626 111,663 17,642 Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 99 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 53. **Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) Participant’s state

of residence Total, wildlife-associated expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures Total Trip related Equipment Other Total Trip related Equipment Other United States, total . . . . . 108,390,818 28,070,831 64,493,795 14,826,194 69,976,330 19,908,392 40,954,202 8,113,737 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,241,999 632,522 1,264,711 344,766 1,579,426 522,596 850,551 206,279 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580,847 219,667 325,994 35,187 468,108 170,632 269,247 28,229 Arizona

................. 1,573,354 395,623 1,054,415 123,316 802,249 221,386 546,659 34,204 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,148,365 338,882 638,801 170,683 850,043 268,071 430,642 151,331 California

............... 5,869,216 2,351,281 2,915,644 602,291 3,266,088 1,456,534 1,671,425 138,130 Colorado

................ 1,681,345 470,398 1,094,963 115,984 1,292,497 286,927 919,870 85,700 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,829 238,625 319,752 98,452 407,570 155,859 195,275 56,435 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,444 64,527 77,187 30,730 113,663 48,800 50,771 14,092 Florida

................. 5,585,535 2,206,710 2,986,857 391,968 4,141,515 1,698,191 2,128,045 315,278 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,532,203 684,552 641,681 205,971 1,197,614 510,283 501,016 186,315 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 ,534 96,913 107,171 13,449 122,470 64,595 54,464 3,412 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 ,258 191,317 470,622 105,319 596,587 132,475 370,753 93,359 Illinois

.................. 2,758,847 958,928 1,573,958 225,961 2,006,777 704,229 1,134,499 168,049 Indiana

................. 1,503,917 415,886 823,291 264,740 894,228 275,426 539,507 79,295 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 ,464 289,692 514,826 68,946 634,283 212,680 374,929 46,674 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784,025 258,896 410,402 114,727 608,995 177,665 344,297 87,033 Kentucky

............... 1,956,625 382,558 1,397,283 176,784 1,305,139 289,371 962,812 52,956 Louisiana

............... 1,654,506 566,142 967,060 121,303 1,466,791 512,883 848,075 105,833 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 ,091 142,544 452,418 263,129 431,359 78,342 314,840 38,176 Maryland

............... 1,658,126 471,869 1,046,043 140,215 925,326 283,304 572,511 69,512 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,11 3,321 419,913 591,045 102,363 652,078 274,149 334,015 43,915 Michigan

................ 2,971,088 1,236,266 1,570,537 164,284 2,249,058 903,658 1,233,997 111,403 Minnesota

............... 2,868,171 1,057,136 1,524,463 286,573 2,333,131 932,949 1,155,491 244,691 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988 ,335 256,105 664,521 67,709 708,690 223,302 441,544 43,843 Missouri

................ 1,917,564 598,958 1,102,158 216,447 1,430,522 468,238 824,381 137,903 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664,457 192,987 415,676 55,795 439,149 117,936 281,585 39,628 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572,947 175,421 357,987 39,538 422,158 141,345 249,420 31,394 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760,873 165,748 536,234 58,891 470,055 115,586 312,710 41,758 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 481 ,127 136,809 287,352 56,966 281,117 89,144 150,439 41,534 New Jersey

.............. 2,654,664 683,116 1,627,570 343,979 999,572 453,020 485,252 61,301 New Mexico

............. 1,006,161 201,760 592,530 211,870 508,326 131,957 292,813 83,556 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,833,858 1,085,249 1,941,628 806,981 2,122,592 613,956 917,408 591,228 North Carolina

........... 2,288,942 682,895 1,398,956 207,091 1,562,312 561,165 834,974 166,173 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 364,153 106,434 234,563 23,156 337,084 99,488 216,917 20,679 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,621,858 920,546 1,387,996 313,316 1,741,975 653,697 918,817 169,462 Oklahoma

............... 1,105,577 411,959 605,009 88,609 925,637 369,547 481,013 75,077 Oregon

................. 1,945,277 532,728 1,208,816 203,733 1,357,667 357,050 876,744 123,872 Pennsylvania

............. 3,365,514 1,202,976 1,808,119 354,419 2,137,973 757,051 1,107,883 273,039 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,508 59,601 107,000 13,907 141,573 49,725 84,084 7,764 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252,568 448,775 736,969 66,825 995,031 369,517 576,822 48,692 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 ,540 119,516 166,334 35,690 271,311 105,322 145,181 20,809 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,617,118 553 ,401 907,851 155,866 1,279,254 438,723 715,042 125,488 Texas

................... 5,882,685 2,302,391 2,774,612 805,682 4,130,415 1,612,662 1,825,624 692,129 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304,724 354,688 795,255 154,782 846,041 260,760 515,116 70,166 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 ,364 71,464 164,719 35,180 161,685 41,080 105,550 15,055 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,378,089 651,078 1,125,943 601,068 1,279,475 425,832 744,166 109,477 Washington

.............. 2,707,062 970,799 1,478,680 257,583 1,465,566 536,848 823,994 104,724 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 540,223 175,396 298,748 66,078 389,811 113,112 215,761 60,938 Wisconsin

............... 3,123,047 808,102 1,805,091 509,854 1,905,965 539,191 1,055,855 310,919 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344,345 108,236 222,083 14,026 251,700 81,086 159,503 11,110 See footnotes at end of table.



### 100 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 53. **Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001** —Continued (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars) Participant’s state

of residence Wildlife-watching expenditures Total Trip related Equipment Other United States, total ..... 38,414,488 8,162,439 23,539,593 6,712,457 Alabama

................ 662,574 109,926 414,160 138,488 Alaska .................. 1 12,739 49,035 56,746 6,958 Arizona

................. 771,105 174,237 507,756 89,112 Arkansas

................ 298,322 70,811 208,159 19,352 California

............... 2,603,127 894,746 1,244,219 464,162 Colorado

................ 388,848 183,470 175,093 30,284 Connecticut

.............. 249,260 82,766 124,477 42,016 Delaware

................ 58,781 15,727 26,417 16,637 Florida

................. 1,444,021 508,519 858,811 76,690 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,589 174,269 140,665 19,656 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,063 32,319 52,708 10,037 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,671 58,842 99,869 11,960 Illinois

.................. 752,069 254,698 439,459 57,912 Indiana

................. 609,689 140,460 283,784 185,445 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,181 77,012 139,897 22,272 Kansas

................. 175,030 81,231 66,104 27,694 Kentucky

............... 651,485 93,187 434,471 123,828 Louisiana

............... 187,715 53,259 118,985 15,471 Maine

.................. 426,733 64,202 137,578 224,953 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732,800 188,565 473,532 70,703 Massachusetts

............ 461,242 145,764 257,030 58,448 Michigan

................ 722,030 332,609 336,540 52,881 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,040 124,187 368,972 41,881 Mississippi

.............. 279,646 32,803 222,977 23,866 Missouri

................ 487,041 130,720 277,777 78,544 Montana

................ 225,308 75,050 134,090 16,167 Nebraska

................ 150,789 34,077 108,568 8,144 Nevada

................. 290,819 50,162 223,523 17,133 New Hampshire

.......... 200,010 47,666 136,913 15,431 New Jersey

.............. 1,655,092 230,096 1,142,318 282,678 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 497,835 69,803 299,718 128,314 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,711,265 471,293 1,024,219 215,753 North Carolina

........... 726,630 121,730 563,982 40,918 North Dakota

............ 27,068 6,946 17,646 2,477 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879,882 266,849 469,179 143,854 Oklahoma

............... 179,940 42,413 123,995 13,532 Oregon

................. 587,610 175,678 332,072 79,861 Pennsylvania

............. 1,227,541 445,924 700,236 81,380 Rhode Island

............ 38,935 9,876 22,916 6,143 South Carolina

........... 257,537 79,258 160,147 18,133 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,229 14,195 21,153 14,881 Tennessee

............... 337,864 114,678 192,809 30,377 Texas

................... 1,752,269 689,729 948,988 113,553 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458,683 93,928 280,139 84,616 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,678 30,384 59,169 20,125 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098,614 225,247 381,777 491,591 Washington

.............. 1,241,496 433,951 654,686 152,859 West Virginia

............ 150,412 62,283 82,987 5,141 Wisconsin

............... 1,217,081 268,911 749,235 198,935 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,645 27,150 62,579 *2,916 *Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 101 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 54. **Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportsperson’s state of residence Population Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total . . . . . 212,298 37,805 18 24,771 12 3,734 2 9,300 4 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 726 21 410 12 91 3 224 7 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 205 45 130 29 20 4 55 12 Arizona

................. 3,700 437 12 313 8 *43 *1 81 2 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 621 31 312 16 *70 *4 238 12 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,982 2,486 10 2,209 9 *97 *(Z) *180 *1 Colorado

................ 3,215 679 21 511 16 *53 *2 115 4 Connecticut

.............. 2,536 331 13 285 11 ... ... 38 1 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 94 16 78 13 *5 *1 11 2 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,171 2,158 18 1,888 16 ... ... 221 2 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,136 19 759 12 92 2 284 5 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 114 12 96 11 ... ... 17 2 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 306 31 155 16 45 5 106 11 Illinois

.................. 9,244 1,507 16 1,167 13 *92 *1 248 3 Indiana

................. 4,558 914 20 630 14 *81 *2 203 4 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 580 26 377 17 56 3 147 7 Kansas

................. 2,017 491 24 289 14 60 3 142 7 Kentucky

............... 3,121 703 23 432 14 73 2 198 6 Louisiana

............... 3,306 829 25 515 16 71 2 243 7 Maine

.................. 1,005 256 26 133 13 41 4 82 8 Maryland

............... 4,078 571 14 447 11 *40 *1 84 2 Massachusetts

............ 4,837 521 11 443 9 *21 *(Z) 58 1 Michigan

................ 7,587 1,325 17 600 8 285 4 439 6 Minnesota

............... 3,688 1,437 39 855 23 *91 *2 490 13 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 533 25 276 13 58 3 199 9 Missouri

................ 4,206 1,076 26 663 16 94 2 318 8 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 279 40 108 15 57 8 113 16 Nebraska

................ 1,266 308 24 180 14 43 3 85 7 Nevada

................. 1,454 194 13 146 10 *14 *1 34 2 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 175 18 122 13 *12 *1 42 4 New Jersey

.............. 6,300 669 11 544 9 *30 *(Z) 95 2 New Mexico

............. 1,337 256 19 142 11 40 3 74 6 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 1,493 11 851 6 *152 *1 490 3 North Carolina

........... 5,918 982 17 668 11 *88 *1 226 4 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 170 35 78 16 28 6 65 13 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 1,513 17 1,031 12 122 1 359 4 Oklahoma

............... 2,587 730 28 489 19 *44 *2 197 8 Oregon

................. 2,630 611 23 376 14 60 2 176 7 Pennsylvania

............. 9,303 1,648 18 781 8 378 4 489 5 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 96 13 86 11 ... ... *10 *1 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 674 22 442 14 71 2 162 5 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 176 31 86 15 30 5 59 11 Tennessee

............... 4,317 903 21 583 14 100 2 220 5 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,445 2,745 18 1,619 10 364 2 762 5 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 468 30 290 19 44 3 134 9 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 125 26 50 10 21 4 54 11 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 970 18 661 12 *82 *1 226 4 Washington

.............. 4,516 932 21 701 16 59 1 172 4 West Virginia

............ 1,447 353 24 118 8 80 6 155 11 Wisconsin

............... 4,059 1,141 28 550 14 160 4 431 11 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 138 37 73 19 *16 *4 49 13 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 102 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 55. **Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing or hunting took place Anglers Hunters Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents Total hunters, residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ..... 34,071 100 31,218 92 7,880 23 13,034 100 12,375 95 2,029 16 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 100 610 72 241 28 423 100 307 73 116 27 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 100 183 43 239 57 93 100 72 77 *21 *23 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 351 84 68 16 148 100 119 81 *28 *19 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 100 543 69 239 31 431 100 303 70 128 30 California

............... 2,444 100 2,288 94 156 6 274 100 261 95 *12 *5 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 100 560 61 357 39 281 100 159 57 121 43 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 100 271 78 75 22 45 100 *35 *77 ... ... Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 100 71 47 *78 *53 16 100 13 81 ... ... Florida

................. 3,104 100 2,057 66 1,047 34 226 100 191 84 *35 *16 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086 100 947 87 139 13 417 100 355 85 *62 *15 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 100 109 73 *41 *27 17 100 17 100 ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 251 60 165 40 197 100 150 76 47 24 Illinois

.................. 1,237 100 1,157 94 80 6 310 100 246 79 *64 *21 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 100 784 90 90 10 290 100 269 93 ... ... Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 471 87 70 13 243 100 195 80 *48 *20 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 100 357 88 *47 *12 291 100 189 65 103 35 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 590 76 190 24 323 100 269 83 *54 *17 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 100 753 78 217 22 333 100 293 88 *40 *12 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 100 212 56 165 44 164 100 123 75 41 25 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 100 457 65 243 35 145 100 115 80 *30 *20 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 100 425 69 191 31 66 100 64 97 ... ... Michigan

................ 1,354 100 1,002 74 352 26 754 100 705 94 *48 *6 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624 100 1,293 80 331 20 597 100 568 95 *29 *5 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 100 450 77 136 23 357 100 245 69 111 31 Missouri

................ 1,215 100 942 78 272 22 489 100 405 83 84 17 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 100 212 61 138 39 229 100 170 74 59 26 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 100 241 81 55 19 173 100 124 72 *49 *28 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 100 119 69 *53 *31 47 100 42 90 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 267 100 147 55 119 45 78 100 52 67 *26 *33 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 100 531 66 275 34 135 100 108 80 ... ... New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 197 63 *116 *37 130 100 105 80 *26 *20 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 100 1,243 80 307 20 714 100 635 89 79 11 North Carolina

........... 1,287 100 831 65 456 35 295 100 272 92 *23 *8 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 119 67 *59 *33 139 100 87 63 *52 *37 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,371 100 1,225 89 146 11 490 100 452 92 *38 *8 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 100 648 84 126 16 261 100 241 92 *20 *8 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 100 513 75 174 25 248 100 234 94 *15 *6 Pennsylvania

............. 1,266 100 1,032 82 234 18 1,000 100 858 86 142 14 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 86 48 93 52 *9 *100 *7 *83 ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 812 100 571 70 241 30 265 100 221 83 *44 *17 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 100 140 65 75 35 209 100 90 43 119 57 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 100 709 79 194 21 359 100 288 80 71 20 Texas

................... 2,372 100 2,151 91 221 9 1,201 100 1,101 92 100 8 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 100 388 75 129 25 198 100 177 89 *22 *11 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 100 96 56 75 44 100 100 74 74 *26 *26 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 100 761 75 248 25 355 100 279 79 *75 *21 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 100 808 86 130 14 227 100 210 92 ... ... West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 100 250 79 *67 *21 284 100 229 81 *55 *19 Wisconsin

............... 1,412 100 941 67 471 33 660 100 588 89 *72 *11 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 100 117 40 176 60 133 100 65 49 68 51 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 103 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 56. **Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where hunting took place Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ..... 13,034 100 10,911 84 5,434 41 2,956 23 1,047 8 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 100 392 93 109 26 95 23 *21 *5 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 100 84 90 18 19 *14 *15 ... ... Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 100 81 55 72 49 62 42 ... ... Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 100 322 75 145 34 171 40 *23 *5 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 100 *129 *47 *109 *40 *115 *42 ... ... Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 100 235 84 74 26 *55 *19 ... ... Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 100 *33 *73 *22 *49 ... ... ... ... Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 100 11 67 *4 *28 *8 *50 ... ... Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 188 83 *78 *34 *64 *28 ... ... Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 100 342 82 135 32 *86 *21 *45 *11 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 100 *15 *91 *7 *44 ... ... ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 100 156 79 74 38 *38 *19 ... ... Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 100 245 79 *101 *32 *60 *19 ... ... Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 100 215 74 159 55 *30 *10 ... ... Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 100 139 57 151 62 *56 *23 *29 *12 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 100 159 55 209 72 79 27 *35 *12 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 100 264 82 152 47 *57 *18 *20 *6 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 100 212 64 139 42 147 44 ... ... Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 100 156 95 63 39 ... ... ... ... Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 100 126 87 *44 *30 *47 *32 ... ... Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 100 58 88 *28 *42 *19 *28 ... ... Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 100 680 90 222 29 *55 *7 ... ... Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 100 493 83 249 42 184 31 *43 *7 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 100 295 83 172 48 78 22 *24 *7 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 100 423 87 165 34 *69 *14 ... ... Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 100 206 90 52 23 *23 *10 ... ... Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 100 89 51 114 66 48 28 24 14 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 100 *25 *52 *23 *49 29 61 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 78 100 71 91 22 28 *6 *8 ... ... New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 100 111 83 *61 *45 ... ... ... ... New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 100 112 86 37 29 *34 *26 ... ... New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 100 664 93 274 38 *101 *14 *76 *11 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 295 100 224 76 124 42 102 35 ... ... North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 100 74 53 69 49 61 44 20 14 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 422 86 313 64 *70 *14 *73 *15 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 100 212 81 131 50 81 31 *36 *14 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 100 226 91 60 24 *42 *17 ... ... Pennsylvania

............. 1,000 100 956 96 370 37 *85 *9 *130 *13 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . *9 *100 *6 *68 *5 *60 ... ... ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 265 100 217 82 101 38 71 27 ... ... South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 100 75 36 160 77 51 24 *14 *7 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 100 262 73 157 44 100 28 *44 *12 Texas

................... 1,201 100 888 74 371 31 500 42 *59 *5 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 100 171 86 69 35 52 26 *22 *11 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 94 94 29 29 ... ... *10 *10 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 100 322 91 128 36 *44 *12 ... ... Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 100 187 82 74 32 *50 *22 ... ... West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 100 269 95 123 43 ... ... *39 *14 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 100 606 92 230 35 *55 *8 ... ... Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 100 110 82 33 25 *9 *7 *15 *11 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 104 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 57. **Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State Days of hunting in state Days of hunting by state residents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents Total days, in state of residence and

other states Days in state of residence Days in other states
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 228,368 100 209,880 92 20,891 9 228,368 100 209,880 92 20,891 9 Alabama

................ 7,616 100 6,613 87 1,003 13 7,262 100 6,613 91 650 9 Alaska

.................. 1,146 100 953 83 *193 *17 982 100 953 97 *29 *3 Arizona

................. 1,694 100 1,546 91 *148 *9 1,649 100 1,546 94 ... ... Arkansas

................ 8,411 100 6,970 83 1,441 17 7,249 100 6,970 96 *279 *4 California

............... 3,426 100 3,378 99 ... ... 3,695 100 3,378 91 ... ... Colorado

................ 2,610 100 1,680 64 930 36 1,982 100 1,680 85 *303 *15 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 *691 *90 ... ... 824 100 *691 *84 *132 *16 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 220 98 ... ... 279 100 220 79 *59 *21 Florida

................. 4,693 100 4,504 96 *190 *4 5,865 100 4,504 77 *1,362 *23 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,973 100 7,339 92 *633 *8 7,882 100 7,339 93 *542 *7 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 100 *316 *100 ... ... 322 100 *316 *98 ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 100 1,737 83 363 17 1,784 100 1,737 97 ... ... Illinois

.................. 4,522 100 4,159 92 *363 *8 5,842 100 4,159 71 *1,683 *29 Indiana

................. 5,000 100 4,830 97 ... ... 5,016 100 4,830 96 *186 *4 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,989 100 3,819 96 *170 *4 4,086 100 3,819 93 *267 *7 Kansas

................. 3,647 100 3,067 84 579 16 3,424 100 3,067 90 357 10 Kentucky

............... 4,664 100 4,422 95 *242 *5 4,538 100 4,422 97 *116 *3 Louisiana

............... 6,442 100 6,109 95 *333 *5 7,152 100 6,109 85 1,043 15 Maine

.................. 2,469 100 2,131 86 338 14 2,169 100 2,131 98 ... ... Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,799 100 1,645 91 *154 *9 1,992 100 1,645 83 *347 *17 Massachusetts

............ 1,158 100 1,144 99 ... ... 1,727 100 1,144 66 *583 *34 Michigan

................ 8,994 100 8,477 94 *517 *6 8,784 100 8,477 96 ... ... Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,437 100 7,499 89 *938 *11 8,619 100 7,499 87 *1,120 *13 Mississippi

.............. 8,481 100 6,589 78 1,892 22 6,977 100 6,589 94 *388 *6 Missouri

................ 6,606 100 6,225 94 381 6 6,715 100 6,225 93 *490 *7 Montana

................ 2,442 100 2,052 84 390 16 2,112 100 2,052 97 ... ... Nebraska

................ 2,204 100 1,834 83 *370 *17 1,963 100 1,834 93 *129 *7 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 467 95 ... ... 558 100 467 84 *91 *16 New Hampshire

.......... 1,459 100 1,138 78 *321 *22 1,300 100 1,138 88 *162 *12 New Jersey

.............. 3,120 100 2,500 80 ... ... 3,000 100 2,500 83 *500 *17 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,667 100 1,521 91 *146 *9 1,594 100 1,521 95 *73 *5 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,187 100 12,797 97 390 3 13,124 100 12,797 98 *327 *2 North Carolina

........... 7,526 100 7,338 98 *188 *2 8,372 100 7,338 88 *1,034 *12 North Dakota

............ 1,635 100 1,364 83 *271 *17 1,417 100 1,364 96 *53 *4 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,233 100 9,952 97 *282 *3 11,077 100 9,952 90 *1,125 *10 Oklahoma

............... 5,642 100 5,546 98 *96 *2 5,965 100 5,546 93 *419 *7 Oregon

................. 2,947 100 2,812 95 *135 *5 2,917 100 2,812 96 ... ... Pennsylvania

............. 13,955 100 12,963 93 993 7 14,051 100 12,963 92 *1,088 *8 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 100 *103 *99 ... ... 193 100 *103 *53 *90 *47 South Carolina

........... 4,744 100 4,437 94 *307 *6 4,657 100 4,437 95 *220 *5 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,425 100 1,173 48 1,252 52 1,347 100 1,173 87 *174 *13 Tennessee

............... 6,651 100 6,069 91 582 9 6,962 100 6,069 87 893 13 Texas

................... 14,081 100 13,437 95 644 5 15,062 100 13,437 89 *1,625 *11 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 100 2,332 95 *123 *5 2,512 100 2,332 93 *180 *7 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 100 1,319 87 *190 *13 1,460 100 1,319 90 *141 *10 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,818 100 5,375 92 *443 *8 5,819 100 5,375 92 *444 *8 Washington

.............. 2,951 100 2,836 96 ... ... 3,311 100 2,836 86 *475 *14 West Virginia

............ 5,166 100 4,652 90 *514 *10 4,791 100 4,652 97 *139 *3 Wisconsin

............... 9,653 100 8,998 93 *655 *7 9,305 100 8,998 97 *307 *3 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 100 806 62 498 38 870 100 806 93 *64 *7 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 105 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 58. **Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where hunting took place Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 228,368 100 153,191 67 60,142 26 29,310 13 19,207 8 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,616 100 6,658 87 898 12 481 6 *310 *4 Alaska

.................. 1,146 100 944 82 138 12 *123 *11 ... ... Arizona

................. 1,694 100 860 51 645 38 335 20 ... ... Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,411 100 5,740 68 1,491 18 1,860 22 ... ... California

............... 3,426 100 *1,285 *38 *693 *20 *1,782 *52 ... ... Colorado

................ 2,610 100 1,634 63 483 19 *539 *21 ... ... Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 *522 *68 *260 *34 ... ... ... ... Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 158 70 *36 *16 *50 *22 ... ... Florida

................. 4,693 100 3,493 74 *555 *12 *1,052 *22 ... ... Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,973 100 6,131 77 1,476 19 *474 *6 *861 *11 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *316 *100 *285 *90 *86 *27 ... ... ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 100 1,384 66 551 26 *308 *15 ... ... Illinois

.................. 4,522 100 3,274 72 *602 *13 *862 *19 ... ... Indiana

................. 5,000 100 2,696 54 2,293 46 ... ... ... ... Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,989 100 1,449 36 1,913 48 *584 *15 *378 *9 Kansas

................. 3,647 100 1,570 43 1,604 44 590 16 *487 *13 Kentucky

............... 4,664 100 2,828 61 1,634 35 *386 *8 *567 *12 Louisiana

............... 6,442 100 4,365 68 1,106 17 1,218 19 ... ... Maine

.................. 2,469 100 2,021 82 693 28 ... ... ... ... Maryland

............... 1,799 100 1,350 75 *292 *16 *299 *17 ... ... Massachusetts

............ 1,158 100 683 59 *457 *39 *102 *9 ... ... Michigan

................ 8,994 100 6,532 73 2,622 29 *573 *6 ... ... Minnesota

............... 8,437 100 4,869 58 2,047 24 1,661 20 *615 *7 Mississippi

.............. 8,481 100 7,196 85 2,087 25 394 5 *371 *4 Missouri

................ 6,606 100 4,591 70 1,559 24 *841 *13 ... ... Montana

................ 2,442 100 1,797 74 598 24 *222 *9 ... ... Nebraska

................ 2,204 100 763 35 921 42 398 18 372 17 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 *169 *35 *177 *36 236 48 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 1,459 100 1,127 77 303 21 *84 *6 ... ... New Jersey

.............. 3,120 100 2,813 90 *572 *18 ... ... ... ... New Mexico

............. 1,667 100 711 43 286 17 *262 *16 ... ... New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3,187 100 10,864 82 2,700 20 *1,225 *9 *1,152 *9 North Carolina

........... 7,526 100 5,117 68 1,648 22 1,245 17 ... ... North Dakota

............ 1,635 100 574 35 654 40 409 25 216 13 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0,233 100 4,290 42 4,480 44 *606 *6 *2,599 *25 Oklahoma

............... 5,642 100 3,465 61 2,218 39 1,073 19 *556 *10 Oregon

................. 2,947 100 2,500 85 394 13 *341 *12 ... ... Pennsylvania ............. 1 3,955 100 8,816 63 3,135 22 *575 *4 *2,547 *18 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . *104 *100 *65 *62 *36 *34 ... ... ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 4,744 100 3,757 79 922 19 366 8 ... ... South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,425 100 534 22 1,547 64 526 22 *115 *5 Tennessee

............... 6,651 100 4,112 62 2,267 34 797 12 *1,167 *18 Texas ................... 1 4,081 100 8,868 63 3,665 26 4,179 30 *467 *3 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 100 1,252 51 453 18 510 21 *480 *20 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 100 1,218 81 347 23 ... ... *94 *6 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,818 100 4,305 74 1,130 19 *194 *3 ... ... Washington

.............. 2,951 100 1,841 62 642 22 *522 *18 ... ... West Virginia

............ 5,166 100 3,167 61 1,954 38 ... ... *658 *13 Wisconsin

............... 9,653 100 7,505 78 2,495 26 *379 *4 ... ... Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 100 1,001 77 199 15 *64 *5 *188 *14 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 106 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 59. **Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)
State where spending took place Totalexpenditures Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment Expenditures for other items 1 Total trip

related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Total equipment Hunting equipment Auxiliary equipment Special equipment United States, total . . . . . 20,611,025 5,252,391 2,449,942 1,789,320 1,013,129 10,361,495 4,561,709 1,202,845 4,596,942 4,997,138 Alabama

................ 663,576 195,870 94,275 55,233 46,361 308,730 164,671 37,311 *106,749 158,976 Alaska

.................. 216,972 160,516 26,836 39,957 93,723 38,203 20,207 8,325 ... 18,252 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1,506 65,151 33,646 21,487 10,018 125,478 61,309 15,357 ... 20,876 Arkansas

................ 517,160 207,415 78,352 89,742 39,320 156,813 104,348 16,122 ... 152,933 California

............... 315,207 159,105 62,261 42,093 54,751 131,869 110,919 *20,950 ... 24,233 Colorado

................ 382,599 185,738 70,048 57,139 58,552 109,543 81,581 13,241 ... 87,318 Connecticut

.............. 43,381 6,976 *3,111 2,086 *1,779 20,561 17,193 *3,013 ... 15,844 Delaware

................ 14,662 3,378 1,145 836 *1,396 9,492 2,939 *830 ... 1,793 Florida

................. 394,229 119,945 51,172 38,434 30,339 226,968 89,576 *20,365 ... 47,315 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,677 191,531 92,546 45,212 53,773 200,191 146,286 30,853 ... 111,955 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,076 8,102 2,816 5,028 *258 6,512 5,322 *1,189 ... 463 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,841 83,091 28,083 44,618 10,390 97,964 40,152 17,305 ... 49,786 Illinois

.................. 450,865 104,426 38,710 25,766 39,950 270,255 144,069 *47,035 ... 76,183 Indiana

................. 265,152 45,399 26,378 15,407 *3,613 189,852 114,621 26,620 ... 29,902 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,359 60,335 27,378 30,687 *2,270 79,023 58,925 19,198 ... 28,000 Kansas

................. 235,549 96,364 47,461 36,296 12,607 113,359 84,582 13,143 ... 25,825 Kentucky

............... 373,185 62,853 35,701 23,598 3,554 276,488 117,752 20,987 *137,750 33,844 Louisiana

............... 446,204 120,668 62,739 36,522 21,406 273,295 102,305 18,962 *152,028 52,240 Maine

.................. 162,397 53,779 26,340 16,679 10,760 71,690 29,047 9,665 ... 36,927 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,318 32,450 14,289 11,416 6,745 58,371 43,103 10,692 ... 36,496 Massachusetts

............ 58,527 10,042 5,916 3,572 ... 43,030 28,649 *6,888 ... 5,455 Michigan

................ 490,254 163,205 103,628 50,876 8,701 264,076 194,117 66,591 ... 62,973 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482,614 179,291 101,287 67,552 10,451 241,510 170,832 41,979 ... 61,813 Mississippi

.............. 360,293 132,141 73,063 45,432 13,646 166,185 91,328 15,343 *59,514 61,967 Missouri

................ 424,750 106,882 62,818 36,965 7,099 236,236 118,683 38,360 ... 81,632 Montana

................ 237,605 107,072 42,077 36,656 28,340 98,667 33,479 22,800 ... 31,866 Nebraska

................ 198,120 74,819 22,074 24,846 27,899 106,119 76,746 25,268 ... 17,183 Nevada

................. 134,102 21,494 10,892 7,354 3,248 100,976 23,861 36,715 ... 11,631 New Hampshire

.......... 71,386 15,499 8,137 5,879 *1,483 47,212 36,399 7,323 ... 8,675 New Jersey

.............. 150,884 67,411 21,745 17,844 *27,822 43,515 32,010 11,505 ... 39,957 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,386 59,969 25,697 18,916 15,356 73,932 39,963 13,388 ... 19,485 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,215 179,227 82,419 42,942 53,866 367,360 162,342 53,142 ... 275,628 North Carolina

........... 438,059 91,739 47,428 27,555 16,756 313,480 120,890 24,449 ... 32,839 North Dakota

............ 103,353 53,723 26,440 25,784 1,499 33,559 26,260 6,736 ... 16,071 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636,492 112,660 53,435 51,107 *8,118 424,969 231,838 40,707 ... 98,863 Oklahoma

............... 284,071 96,942 44,939 43,654 8,349 130,198 97,178 22,768 ... 56,931 Oregon

................. 364,859 108,604 46,205 42,251 20,148 232,503 115,873 32,440 ... 23,752 Pennsylvania

............. 941,036 189,881 104,014 73,084 12,782 417,181 234,438 79,119 ... 333,975 Rhode Island

............ 5,059 871 *360 *279 ... 3,877 3,002 *862 ... 311 South Carolina

........... 305,272 95,643 35,530 41,709 18,404 157,655 107,590 19,847 ... 51,974 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 223,195 112,817 57,003 38,397 17,417 81,069 49,960 30,743 ... 29,309 Tennessee

............... 588,691 118,267 63,694 38,223 16,351 384,266 137,839 24,319 *222,108 86,158 Texas

................... 1,513,881 555,833 285,218 167,543 103,072 591,751 314,203 65,094 ... 366,297 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292,108 88,324 38,842 30,271 19,211 166,701 54,793 30,232 *81,677 37,083 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,627 16,469 10,413 5,758 *298 24,041 18,994 5,047 ... 12,116 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,851 96,371 40,102 33,550 22,719 140,768 108,034 20,756 ... 83,712 Washington

.............. 349,771 102,554 48,783 46,801 6,970 207,860 94,405 20,025 ... 39,357 West Virginia

............ 222,899 64,187 38,341 22,934 2,912 111,434 67,697 7,847 ... 47,278 Wisconsin

............... 800,998 167,193 88,888 60,268 18,037 321,074 200,183 59,710 *61,181 312,731 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,296 70,897 29,098 26,607 15,193 35,478 23,264 8,624 ... 16,921 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 107 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 60. **Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers and Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing took place Anglers Days of fishing Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 27,913 100 25,832 93 5,555 20 443,247 100 403,656 91 39,591 9 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 100 557 76 175 24 9,877 100 8,984 91 894 9 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 100 141 53 125 47 2,110 100 1,553 74 556 26 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 351 84 68 16 4,246 100 3,842 91 403 9 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 100 543 69 239 31 13,006 100 11,508 88 1,498 12 California

............... 1,865 100 1,776 95 89 5 19,385 100 18,788 97 597 3 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 100 560 61 355 39 9,267 100 6,478 70 2,789 30 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 100 203 80 *52 *20 3,516 100 3,177 90 *339 *10 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 100 35 48 *38 *52 609 100 396 65 *213 *35 Florida

................. 1,316 100 1,079 82 237 18 20,840 100 19,221 92 1,618 8 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 100 892 88 125 12 13,076 100 12,555 96 521 4 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *12 *100 *12 *100 ... ... *194 *100 *194 *100 ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 251 60 165 40 4,070 100 2,942 72 1,128 28 Illinois

.................. 1,060 100 995 94 *65 *6 14,246 100 13,881 97 *365 *3 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 100 669 90 *77 *10 12,756 100 12,477 98 *279 *2 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 471 87 70 13 7,485 100 7,048 94 436 6 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 100 357 88 *47 *12 5,662 100 5,504 97 *158 *3 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 590 76 190 24 12,394 100 11,143 90 1,251 10 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 100 532 81 127 19 8,419 100 7,766 92 653 8 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 100 178 66 93 34 3,422 100 2,858 84 564 16 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 100 278 76 89 24 4,269 100 3,236 76 1,033 24 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 100 278 86 47 14 4,560 100 4,346 95 213 5 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 100 749 76 231 24 12,817 100 11,719 91 1,098 9 Minnesota

............... 1,560 100 1,262 81 298 19 28,159 100 25,892 92 2,267 8 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 100 389 79 105 21 8,466 100 7,500 89 966 11 Missouri

................ 1,215 100 942 78 272 22 13,279 100 11,309 85 1,970 15 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 100 212 61 138 39 4,068 100 3,515 86 554 14 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 100 241 81 55 19 3,204 100 2,916 91 288 9 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 100 119 69 *53 *31 1,575 100 1,422 90 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 221 100 125 57 96 43 2,871 100 2,380 83 491 17 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 100 271 82 *60 *18 5,553 100 5,139 93 *413 *7 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 197 63 *116 *37 2,485 100 2,091 84 *394 *16 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 100 720 80 180 20 13,022 100 11,369 87 1,653 13 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 848 100 675 80 173 20 12,073 100 11,398 94 675 6 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 119 67 *59 *33 2,186 100 1,969 90 *217 *10 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,081 100 972 90 109 10 15,212 100 14,412 95 800 5 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 100 648 84 126 16 12,741 100 12,395 97 345 3 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 100 461 75 150 25 7,895 100 7,346 93 549 7 Pennsylvania

............. 1,163 100 947 81 216 19 17,201 100 16,028 93 1,173 7 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 100 39 76 ... ... 649 100 547 84 ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 591 100 488 82 *104 *18 8,713 100 8,347 96 *366 *4 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 100 140 65 75 35 2,984 100 2,238 75 746 25 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 100 709 79 194 21 15,035 100 13,409 89 1,627 11 Texas

................... 1,842 100 1,685 91 157 9 25,650 100 24,830 97 820 3 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 100 388 75 129 25 5,238 100 4,701 90 537 10 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 100 96 56 75 44 2,321 100 1,684 73 637 27 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 100 601 83 120 17 10,849 100 10,332 95 516 5 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 100 611 93 *48 *7 9,800 100 9,465 97 *335 *3 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 100 250 79 *67 *21 4,152 100 3,880 93 *272 *7 Wisconsin

............... 1,306 100 906 69 401 31 19,139 100 15,736 82 3,404 18 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 100 117 40 176 60 2,497 100 1,782 71 715 29 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 108 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 61. **Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing took place Anglers Days of fishing Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ..... 1,847 100 1,610 87 348 19 23,138 100 21,048 91 2,090 9 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *120 *100 *114 *95 ... ... *756 *100 *729 *96 ... ... Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *45 *100 *42 *93 ... ... *721 *100 *702 *97 ... ... Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 100 522 77 158 23 7,002 100 6,303 90 699 10 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *60 *100 ... ... *20 *33 *603 *100 ... ... *255 *42 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 100 304 83 64 17 6,324 100 5,875 93 449 7 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 100 390 91 *39 *9 4,241 100 4,100 97 *142 *3 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *100 *60 *75 ... ... *1,406 *100 *1,247 *89 ... ... Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 100 137 69 *61 *31 2,085 100 1,743 84 *341 *16 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.



### Table 62. **Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing took place Anglers Days of fishing Total anglers, residents and nonresidents Residents Nonresidents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ..... 9,051 100 6,914 76 2,661 29 90,838 100 75,670 83 15,168 17 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 100 109 65 *59 *35 1,340 100 1,194 89 *145 *11 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 100 102 38 169 62 1,531 100 942 62 589 38 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 100 875 94 57 6 8,345 100 8,118 97 227 3 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 100 139 87 *22 *13 1,398 100 1,337 96 *60 *4 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 100 44 50 *44 *50 698 100 385 55 *314 *45 Florida

................. 2,437 100 1,591 65 846 35 30,123 100 25,712 85 4,410 15 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *98 *100 *71 *73 ... ... *467 *100 *388 *83 ... ... Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 100 105 73 *40 *27 2,567 100 2,494 97 *73 *3 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 100 386 77 118 23 4,673 100 4,113 88 560 12 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 100 71 47 79 53 727 100 447 61 280 39 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 100 243 66 126 34 3,169 100 2,543 80 626 20 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 100 231 61 145 39 3,304 100 2,718 82 587 18 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 100 90 85 ... ... 988 100 940 95 ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 70 100 42 60 *28 *40 320 100 193 60 *127 *40 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 100 338 59 234 41 5,114 100 3 ,106 61 2,007 39 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 100 344 85 62 15 4,430 100 3,649 82 782 18 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 657 100 335 51 321 49 3,402 100 2,032 60 1,370 40 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 100 130 71 *53 *29 953 100 873 92 *81 *8 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 100 67 45 82 55 1,508 100 928 62 580 38 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 348 100 197 56 152 44 2,013 100 1,471 73 541 27 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 100 791 92 *69 *8 7,538 100 6,553 87 *985 *13 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 100 276 72 109 28 3,279 100 2,789 85 491 15 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 100 329 85 *56 *15 2,941 100 2,737 93 *204 *7 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 109 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 63. **Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State Days of fishing in state Days of fishing by state residents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by state residents Days by nonresidents Total days, in state of residence and

other states Days in state of residence Days in other states
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 557,394 100 501,321 90 56,965 10 557,394 100 501,321 90 56,965 10 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1,275 100 10,173 90 1,102 10 10,841 100 10,173 94 668 6 Alaska

.................. 3,408 100 2,395 70 1,013 30 2,445 100 2,395 98 *50 *2 Arizona

................. 4,246 100 3,842 91 403 9 4,327 100 3,842 89 485 11 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ,006 100 11,508 88 1,498 12 11,954 100 11,508 96 *445 *4 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ,663 100 26,802 97 861 3 27,878 100 26,802 96 1,076 4 Colorado

................ 9,269 100 6,478 70 2,791 30 7,639 100 6,478 85 1,161 15 Connecticut

.............. 4,768 100 4,363 91 405 9 5,482 100 4,363 80 1,120 20 Delaware

................ 1,355 100 824 61 *531 *39 1,341 100 824 61 517 39 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ,417 100 42,416 88 6,002 12 43,439 100 42,416 98 1,023 2 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ,757 100 13,145 96 613 4 15,559 100 13,145 84 2,414 16 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,633 100 2,561 97 *73 *3 2,662 100 2,561 96 *101 *4 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,070 100 2,942 72 1,128 28 3,097 100 2,942 95 155 5 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,133 100 15,699 97 434 3 21,603 100 15,699 73 5,904 27 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,192 100 13,889 98 *302 *2 15,537 100 13,889 89 1,647 11 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,485 100 7,048 94 436 6 8,534 100 7,048 83 1,486 17 Kansas

................. 5,662 100 5,504 97 *158 *3 6,426 100 5,504 86 922 14 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,394 100 11,143 90 1,251 10 12,135 100 11,143 92 992 8 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,637 100 11,518 91 1,119 9 11,952 100 11,518 96 434 4 Maine

.................. 4,234 100 3,392 80 842 20 3,449 100 3,392 98 *58 *2 Maryland

............... 7,471 100 5,818 78 1,653 22 7,112 100 5,818 82 1,294 18 Massachusetts

............ 7,685 100 6,853 89 832 11 8,387 100 6,853 82 1,534 18 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,320 100 17,613 91 1,707 9 18,869 100 17,613 93 *1,256 *7 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,083 100 27,482 91 2,601 9 29,344 100 27,482 94 1,862 6 Mississippi

.............. 9,461 100 8,406 89 1,056 11 9,325 100 8,406 90 920 10 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ,279 100 11,309 85 1,970 15 12,396 100 11,309 91 1,087 9 Montana

................ 4,068 100 3,515 86 554 14 3,656 100 3,515 96 141 4 Nebraska

................ 3,204 100 2,916 91 288 9 3,378 100 2,916 86 462 14 Nevada

................. 1,575 100 1,422 90 ... ... 2,230 100 1,422 64 809 36 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 3,203 100 2,590 81 613 19 2,974 100 2,590 87 384 13 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,857 100 8,490 78 2,367 22 10,973 100 8,490 77 2,483 23 New Mexico

............. 2,485 100 2,091 84 *394 *16 2,407 100 2,091 87 315 13 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,720 100 21,736 88 2,984 12 23,181 100 21,736 94 1,445 6 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ,369 100 13,493 88 1,876 12 14,615 100 13,493 92 1,122 8 North Dakota

............ 2,186 100 1,969 90 *217 *10 2,584 100 1,969 76 615 24 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,882 100 18,882 95 1,000 5 22,014 100 18,882 86 3,132 14 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,741 100 12,395 97 345 3 13,228 100 12,395 94 832 6 Oregon

................. 8,698 100 8,098 93 600 7 8,720 100 8,098 93 622 7 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ,313 100 16,964 93 1,349 7 21,417 100 16,964 79 4,453 21 Rhode Island

............ 2,047 100 1,393 68 655 32 1,638 100 1,393 85 246 15 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 10,679 100 9,769 91 910 9 10,321 100 9,769 95 553 5 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,984 100 2,238 75 746 25 2,414 100 2,238 93 176 7 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ,035 100 13,409 89 1,627 11 15,451 100 13,409 87 2,042 13 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,823 100 30,768 94 2,055 6 34,148 100 30,768 90 3,380 10 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,238 100 4,701 90 537 10 5,346 100 4,701 88 644 12 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,321 100 1,684 73 637 27 1,969 100 1,684 86 285 14 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,468 100 13,402 93 1,066 7 14,774 100 13,402 91 1,373 9 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,841 100 12,284 96 558 4 13,520 100 12,284 91 1,236 9 West Virginia

............ 4,152 100 3,880 93 *272 *7 4,346 100 3,880 89 466 11 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,042 100 18,323 83 3,719 17 19,360 100 18,323 95 *1,037 *5 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 100 1,782 71 715 29 1,901 100 1,782 94 119 6 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 110 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 64. **Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)
State where spending took place Totalexpenditures Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment Expenditures for other items 1 Total trip

related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Total equipment Fishing equipment Auxiliary equipment Special equipment United States, total ..... 35,632,257 14,656,000 5,880,997 3,515,756 5,259,247 16,963,253 4,617,612 721,049 11,624,802 4,012,733 Alabama

................ 723,467 358,210 114,227 68,725 175,258 286,455 104,179 9,010 173,266 78,802 Alaska

.................. 537,355 424,182 154,886 118,875 150,421 92,541 36,732 10,280 45,529 20,632 Arizona

................. 336,293 142,209 68,764 39,871 33,574 181,524 48,655 7,283 *125,585 12,560 Arkansas

................ 445,778 183,719 72,392 58,224 53,102 207,957 66,560 *5,624 *135,773 54,102 California

............... 2,029,581 1,129,693 445,790 232,308 451,595 807,327 459,202 52,981 295,144 92,562 Colorado

................ 645,891 305,716 157,182 102,845 45,689 297,232 75,412 22,147 199,673 42,943 Connecticut

.............. 224,139 100,561 28,724 18,252 53,585 103,914 44,722 6,187 *53,006 19,663 Delaware

................ 69,956 30,603 9,869 7,587 13,148 32,750 20,888 *1,767 *10,095 6,603 Florida

................. 4,083,409 2,091,312 765,284 393,668 932,360 1,733,364 509,158 68,053 1,156,154 258,733 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543,504 246,467 105,637 70,811 70,020 261,797 105,372 16,693 *139,732 35,240 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,002 66,718 20,715 16,021 29,982 39,552 22,539 3,941 *13,072 732 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,872 116,222 53,463 40,458 22,301 121,498 35,863 22,785 *62,850 73,152 Illinois

.................. 598,376 206,285 74,076 72,541 59,668 346,554 118,636 19,412 *208,505 45,538 Indiana

................. 518,863 152,757 62,989 36,352 53,416 347,407 105,914 *7,638 *233,855 18,699 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335,878 105,275 35,622 36,607 33,047 219,005 42,520 12,200 *164,285 11,598 Kansas

................. 192,629 80,948 32,112 25,650 23,186 101,043 29,733 4,268 *67,042 10,638 Kentucky

............... 544,660 221,393 94,734 47,715 78,944 300,732 56,851 *3,944 *239,937 22,535 Louisiana

............... 703,373 398,751 138,825 83,153 176,773 272,126 91,912 7,955 172,259 32,497 Maine

.................. 250,939 95,538 53,579 20,988 20,971 135,524 24,194 16,254 *95,076 19,877 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,185 245,627 78,477 36,373 130,777 218,996 56,404 9,907 *152,685 15,562 Massachusetts

............ 464,991 217,395 50,211 30,404 136,780 235,942 77,522 10,728 *147,692 11,653 Michigan

................ 838,558 518,553 238,149 131,825 148,578 263,452 178,042 *8,860 *76,550 56,553 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284,522 794,526 385,949 228,246 180,331 407,372 204,262 20,793 *182,317 82,625 Mississippi

.............. 210,697 118,202 44,585 28,588 45,029 82,648 52,549 4,996 *25,103 9,847 Missouri

................ 745,514 318,072 165,923 88,755 63,394 395,549 109,632 18,254 *267,662 31,894 Montana

................ 292,050 148,824 79,341 51,121 18,362 109,107 25,251 *3,250 *80,606 34,119 Nebraska

................ 146,359 60,283 26,471 18,401 15,411 76,671 49,070 10,562 *17,039 9,404 Nevada

................. 216,721 76,535 25,257 39,679 11,599 119,707 18,059 8,795 *92,853 20,479 New Hampshire

.......... 164,634 76,055 26,179 12,749 37,128 71,688 28,333 5,841 *37,514 16,891 New Jersey

.............. 699,826 374,144 96,585 50,654 226,905 303,972 104,988 11,786 *187,198 21,710 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,476 90,653 35,924 29,764 24,965 77,830 32,274 6,738 *38,818 7,993 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073,019 380,766 146,930 69,049 164,786 517,027 186,364 27,120 *303,543 175,226 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118 ,028 452,303 233,813 85,480 133,010 567,323 102,219 7,678 *457,426 98,401 North Dakota

............ 159,023 57,703 23,808 22,360 11,535 96,413 21,784 1,232 *73,396 4,908 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761,619 380,887 127,414 83,735 169,738 341,481 163,594 34,554 *143,332 39,252 Oklahoma

............... 476,019 212,235 84,111 58,409 69,716 250,218 67,598 *36,099 *146,521 13,565 Oregon

................. 601,780 258,963 99,880 84,839 74,244 245,469 76,026 11,343 158,100 97,348 Pennsylvania

............. 580,351 282,752 118,171 78,031 86,549 237,023 112,677 20,293 *104,053 60,576 Rhode Island

............ 105,649 70,198 18,433 7,990 43,775 33,132 11,366 *668 *21,098 2,320 South Carolina

........... 558,731 317,966 126,983 64,041 126,942 227,616 79,262 32,885 *115,469 13,149 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,480 86,439 40,290 29,003 17,146 85,987 16,091 2,190 ... 10,054 Tennessee

............... 480,221 264,985 113,584 50,996 100,406 171,789 114,019 14,842 *42,928 43,447 Texas

................... 1,950,902 871,368 340,768 229,359 301,241 698,590 245,128 30,870 *422,592 380,944 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392,617 172,423 78,990 52,676 40,756 196,430 59,771 13,973 122,686 23,764 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,536 59,262 26,980 22,656 9,627 26,500 17,937 *1,752 ... 6,773 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517,802 277,484 105,317 63,412 108,756 221,944 101,601 *10,575 *109,769 18,373 Washington

.............. 853,761 342,369 119,783 98,846 123,741 468,641 116,991 26,329 325,321 42,751 West Virginia

............ 102,281 64,673 29,302 18,471 16,900 30,154 23,106 *4,546 ... 7,454 Wisconsin

............... 1,005,149 512,347 260,820 125,247 126,279 360,919 149,368 17,988 193,563 131,883 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1,530 95,178 43,563 33,824 17,791 71,049 10,988 *2,386 *57,676 45,303 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 111 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 65. **Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Participant’s state

of residence Population Total participants Nonresidential Residential

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total ..... 212,298 66,105 31 21,823 10 62,928 30 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 965 28 280 8 925 27 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 241 53 118 26 221 49 Arizona

................. 3,700 1,107 30 329 9 1,063 29 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 778 39 190 10 762 38 California

............... 25,982 5,491 21 2,191 8 4,853 19 Colorado

................ 3,215 1,213 38 531 17 1,127 35 Connecticut

.............. 2,536 883 35 248 10 859 34 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 170 28 43 7 168 28 Florida

................. 12,171 2,856 23 1,279 11 2,635 22 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,326 22 302 5 1,305 21 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 126 14 50 5 120 13 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 388 40 214 22 333 34 Illinois

.................. 9,244 2,492 27 683 7 2,379 26 Indiana

................. 4,558 1,786 39 484 11 1,727 38 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 983 45 354 16 939 43 Kansas

................. 2,017 735 36 286 14 718 36 Kentucky

............... 3,121 1,264 40 329 11 1,234 40 Louisiana

............... 3,306 840 25 250 8 802 24 Maine

.................. 1,005 520 52 174 17 501 50 Maryland

............... 4,078 1,311 32 413 10 1,261 31 Massachusetts

............ 4,837 1,493 31 427 9 1,443 30 Michigan

................ 7,587 2,424 32 747 10 2,361 31 Minnesota

............... 3,688 1,993 54 562 15 1,932 52 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 579 27 103 5 576 27 Missouri

................ 4,206 1,612 38 581 14 1,514 36 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 362 52 195 28 341 49 Nebraska

................ 1,266 498 39 150 12 469 37 Nevada

................. 1,454 334 23 128 9 300 21 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 450 47 139 15 445 47 New Jersey

.............. 6,300 1,694 27 564 9 1,640 26 New Mexico

............. 1,337 471 35 205 15 449 34 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 3,524 25 1,112 8 3,442 24 North Carolina

........... 5,918 1,884 32 367 6 1,815 31 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 135 28 48 10 125 26 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 2,768 32 887 10 2,653 31 Oklahoma

............... 2,587 1,042 40 340 13 997 39 Oregon

................. 2,630 1,286 49 561 21 1,204 46 Pennsylvania

............. 9,303 3,522 38 1,173 13 3,371 36 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 242 32 58 8 237 31 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 1,079 35 282 9 1,045 34 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 251 45 77 14 241 43 Tennessee

............... 4,317 1,706 40 375 9 1,655 38 Texas

................... 15,445 3,088 20 1,043 7 2,930 19 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 572 37 323 21 515 33 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 287 60 109 23 280 58 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 2,168 40 581 11 2,105 38 Washington

.............. 4,516 2,234 49 874 19 2,105 47 West Virginia

............ 1,447 517 36 166 11 492 34 Wisconsin

............... 4,059 2,159 53 769 19 2,076 51 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 172 46 95 25 154 41 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 112 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 66. **Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where activity took place Total participants Nonresidential Residential Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total ........ 66,105 100 21,823 33 62,928 95 Alabama

................... 1,016 100 276 27 925 91 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 100 292 69 221 53 Arizona

.................... 1,465 100 638 44 1,063 73 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 100 211 25 762 90 California

.................. 5,720 100 2,270 40 4,853 85 Colorado

................... 1,552 100 838 54 1,127 73 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 100 279 29 859 89 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 100 96 41 168 72 Florida

.................... 3,240 100 1,503 46 2,635 81 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,494 100 411 28 1,305 87 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 100 141 64 120 54 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 100 451 70 333 52 Illinois

..................... 2,621 100 638 24 2,379 91 Indiana

.................... 1,866 100 474 25 1,727 93 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 100 310 30 939 91 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 100 297 37 718 89 Kentucky

.................. 1,362 100 385 28 1,234 91 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 100 314 34 802 86 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 100 419 54 501 64 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,524 100 533 35 1,261 83 Massachusetts

............... 1,686 100 542 32 1,443 86 Michigan

................... 2,666 100 884 33 2,361 89 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,155 100 634 29 1,932 90 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 100 131 21 576 91 Missouri

................... 1,826 100 738 40 1,514 83 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 100 511 74 341 50 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 100 186 33 469 83 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 100 309 57 300 55 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 425 56 445 58 New Jersey

................. 1,895 100 688 36 1,640 87 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 100 387 58 449 67 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,887 100 1,330 34 3,442 89 North Carolina

.............. 2,168 100 588 27 1,815 84 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 100 93 49 125 66 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,897 100 898 31 2,653 92 Oklahoma

.................. 1,131 100 403 36 997 88 Oregon

.................... 1,680 100 910 54 1,204 72 Pennsylvania

................ 3,794 100 1,279 34 3,371 89 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 100 98 33 237 80 South Carolina

.............. 1,186 100 331 28 1,045 88 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 100 181 51 241 67 Tennessee

.................. 2,084 100 683 33 1,655 79 Texas

...................... 3,240 100 1,002 31 2,930 90 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 100 530 66 515 64 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 100 307 62 280 56 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460 100 772 31 2,105 86 Washington

................. 2,496 100 1,065 43 2,105 84 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 100 219 36 492 81 Wisconsin

.................. 2,442 100 1,000 41 2,076 85 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 100 416 84 154 31 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 113 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 67. **Participants in Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) State where activity took place Total participants State residents State nonresidents Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 21,823 100 18,041 83 6,570 30 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 100 204 74 *72 *26 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 100 106 36 185 64 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 100 271 42 367 58 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 100 *144 *68 *67 *32 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,270 100 1,885 83 384 17 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 100 477 57 362 43 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 100 189 68 *90 *32 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 100 31 33 *64 *67 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503 100 1,013 67 490 33 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 100 234 57 *178 *43 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100 45 32 *96 *68 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 100 188 42 264 58 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 100 462 72 176 28 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 100 395 83 *80 *17 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 100 248 80 *63 *20 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 100 221 74 *76 *26 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 100 282 73 *102 *27 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 203 65 *111 *35 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 159 38 260 62 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 100 299 56 234 44 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 337 62 205 38 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 100 634 72 250 28 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 100 463 73 171 27 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 100 *77 *58 ... ... Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 100 519 70 219 30 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 100 187 36 325 64 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 100 115 62 *71 *38 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 100 86 28 *222 *72 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 425 100 105 25 320 75 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 100 462 67 225 33 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 100 185 48 202 52 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330 100 938 71 392 29 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 588 100 288 49 300 51 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 100 38 40 ... ... Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 100 753 84 *145 *16 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 100 298 74 *105 *26 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 100 509 56 401 44 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 77 293 23 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 100 40 41 *58 *59 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 331 100 204 61 *128 *39 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 100 71 39 110 61 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 100 301 44 382 56 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 100 828 83 174 17 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 100 286 54 244 46 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 100 94 30 214 70 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 100 459 59 313 41 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065 100 779 73 286 27 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 100 114 52 *105 *48 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 717 72 283 28 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 89 21 327 79 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 114 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 68. **Days of Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activity by State Where Activity Took Place and Participant’s State of Residence: 2001**  (Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State Days of activity in state Days of activity by state residents Total days, residents and nonresidents Days by residents Days by nonresidents Total days, in state of residence and

other states Days in state of residence Days in other states
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent United States, total . . . . . 372,006 100 306,170 82 65,837 18 372,006 100 306,170 82 65,837 18 Alabama

................ 3,643 100 3,350 92 *294 *8 4,052 100 3,350 83 *702 *17 Alaska

.................. 3,892 100 1,654 43 2,237 57 1,799 100 1,654 92 *144 *8 Arizona

................. 4,584 100 2,464 54 2,120 46 3,693 100 2,464 67 1,229 33 Arkansas

................ 1,562 100 *1,229 *79 *333 *21 1,551 100 *1,229 *79 ... ... California

............... 23,807 100 21,661 91 2,145 9 26,556 100 21,661 82 4,895 18 Colorado

................ 9,510 100 5,874 62 3,636 38 6,613 100 5,874 89 *739 *11 Connecticut

.............. 7,241 100 6,227 86 *1,014 *14 7,091 100 6,227 88 864 12 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 100 417 58 *304 *42 668 100 417 62 251 38 Florida

................. 21,388 100 17,725 83 3,663 17 21,705 100 17,725 82 *3,980 *18 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,868 100 4,219 87 *648 *13 5,211 100 4,219 81 *991 *19 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,718 100 1,072 62 *646 *38 1,157 100 1,072 93 *85 *7 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,610 100 2,063 57 1,547 43 2,686 100 2,063 77 *623 *23 Illinois

.................. 7,656 100 6,971 91 685 9 9,378 100 6,971 74 2,407 26 Indiana ................. 1 1,999 100 11,386 95 *613 *5 12,986 100 11,386 88 *1,600 *12 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,393 100 6,135 96 *258 *4 7,135 100 6,135 86 1,000 14 Kansas

................. 2,416 100 1,667 69 *749 *31 2,783 100 1,667 60 1,116 40 Kentucky

............... 5,689 100 5,287 93 *402 *7 7,108 100 5,287 74 *1,821 *26 Louisiana

............... 2,432 100 2,167 89 *265 *11 2,399 100 2,167 90 ... ... Maine

.................. 4,981 100 3,251 65 1,730 35 3,452 100 3,251 94 *201 *6 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 100 5,137 75 1,672 25 6,570 100 5,137 78 1,434 22 Massachusetts

............ 10,198 100 9,094 89 1,103 11 10,796 100 9,094 84 1,701 16 Michigan

................ 13,999 100 12,285 88 1,714 12 14,180 100 12,285 87 *1,895 *13 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,234 100 12,354 93 880 7 13,489 100 12,354 92 *1,135 *8 Mississippi

.............. 3,288 100 *3,121 *95 ... ... 3,486 100 *3,121 *90 *365 *10 Missouri

................ 12,448 100 10,937 88 1,510 12 12,611 100 10,937 87 *1,673 *13 Montana

................ 4,612 100 2,812 61 1,799 39 3,074 100 2,812 91 *262 *9 Nebraska

................ 2,240 100 1,538 69 *702 *31 1,968 100 1,538 78 *430 *22 Nevada

................. 1,567 100 673 43 *894 *57 1,161 100 673 58 488 42 New Hampshire

.......... 3,178 100 1,232 39 1,946 61 1,810 100 1,232 68 578 32 New Jersey

.............. 9,873 100 8,988 91 886 9 12,560 100 8,988 72 3,572 28 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,381 100 5,209 82 1,173 18 5,474 100 5,209 95 *266 *5 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,583 100 18,836 87 2,748 13 22,099 100 18,836 85 *3,263 *15 North Carolina

........... 5,947 100 4,551 77 1,396 23 5,548 100 4,551 82 *997 *18 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 100 396 76 ... ... 469 100 396 85 *72 *15 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,814 100 18,995 96 *819 *4 21,366 100 18,995 89 2,371 11 Oklahoma

............... 4,058 100 3,680 91 *378 *9 3,912 100 3,680 94 ... ... Oregon

................. 8,517 100 6,458 76 2,059 24 7,571 100 6,458 85 1,113 15 Pennsylvania

............. 18,990 100 16,534 87 2,456 13 20,066 100 16,534 82 3,532 18 Rhode Island

............ 1,414 100 773 55 *641 *45 1,003 100 773 77 *230 *23 South Carolina

........... 4,616 100 3,828 83 *788 *17 4,557 100 3,828 84 *729 *16 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,923 100 1,409 73 514 27 2,015 100 1,409 70 *606 *30 Tennessee

............... 6,144 100 3,138 51 3,007 49 3,706 100 3,138 85 *569 *15 Texas

................... 7,711 100 6,345 82 1,366 18 12,561 100 6,345 51 *6,216 *49 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,414 100 3,199 72 1,215 28 4,007 100 3,199 80 808 20 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,717 100 1,705 46 2,012 54 2,143 100 1,705 80 *439 *20 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,906 100 7,541 85 1,365 15 10,212 100 7,541 74 2,671 26 Washington .............. 1 1,256 100 9,647 86 1,609 14 12,763 100 9,647 76 3,115 24 West Virginia

............ 2,619 100 2,195 84 *424 *16 2,508 100 2,195 88 *313 *12 Wisconsin

............... 16,499 100 13,573 82 2,926 18 15,028 100 13,573 90 *1,455 *10 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,924 100 1,724 44 2,200 56 1,791 100 1,724 96 *67 *4 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Detail does not add to total because of nonresponse. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 115 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

### Table 69. **Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001** (Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending took place Totalexpenditures Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment Expenditures for other items 1 Total trip

related Food and lodging Transportation Other trip costs Totalequipment Wildlifewatching equipment Auxiliary equipment Special equipment United States, total . . . . . 38,414,488 8,162,439 4,818,843 2,595,542 748,054 23,539,593 7,353,977 716,900 15,468,716 6,712,457 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626,400 79,531 32,846 36,772 *9,913 407,636 119,232 *3,216 *285,187 139,233 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498,865 386,233 174,348 157,007 54,878 53,337 26,563 *2,749 ... 59,295 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820,718 304,677 193,511 98,217 12,950 484,530 128,202 20,470 *335,858 31,511 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,990 20,044 9,142 9,540 *1,361 204,553 80,980 *22,709 ... 19,393 California

............... 2,580,875 880,805 531,229 300,502 49,074 1,239,195 561,514 51,816 ... 460,875 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,402 416,734 278,931 120,020 17,784 172,829 136,154 19,969 ... 34,839 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,964 38,010 25,911 10,255 *1,844 142,817 113,152 *6,533 ... 45,137 Delaware ................ 42,338 14,287 9,381 3,191 *1,715 21,083 19,677 *1,405 ... 6,968 Florida

................. 1,575,481 675,384 399,998 171,131 104,255 838,041 275,540 *29,814 ... 62,056 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 5,771 123,264 76,011 32,963 14,290 364,702 132,760 *14,086 ... 47,805 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1,619 69,057 39,786 24,537 4,735 52,482 15,261 *1,397 ... 10,080 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,470 96,807 52,140 40,346 4,321 117,848 42,017 *5,499 ... 12,815 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596,241 85,618 50,906 27,711 *7,000 472,585 243,767 *12,988 ... 38,038 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 1,239 118,525 70,951 41,991 5,582 340,081 221,295 *10,665 ... 182,633 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8,391 22,067 11,104 9,740 *1,223 143,471 109,448 ... ... 22,854 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,663 32,175 19,827 11,388 *960 71,949 68,719 ... ... 24,539 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1,550 49,776 26,723 22,344 *710 328,796 107,864 *9,617 ... 222,977 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,420 55,424 28,741 20,502 *6,181 97,339 70,326 *3,918 ... 15,657 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3,566 147,530 78,551 36,659 32,319 139,786 55,437 *7,023 ... 226,251 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,687 129,692 94,261 30,482 4,949 450,596 150,630 10,914 ... 282,399 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . 469,333 162,433 71,543 46,264 44,625 252,097 153,852 *11,025 ... 54,803 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692,757 281,978 189,425 55,156 37,397 354,649 296,279 ... ... 56,130 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1,057 115,640 66,717 40,070 8,853 370,482 204,449 *4,859 ... 44,935 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,477 36,109 *20,572 *12,285 *3,252 243,647 53,082 ... ... 23,721 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,756 156,986 93,056 58,100 5,830 275,687 166,191 *8,304 ... 16,083 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,335 207,496 118,394 75,571 13,531 115,443 53,823 *3,934 ... 27,396 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,747 18,413 9,115 8,860 *439 103,140 42,924 *4,788 ... 8,194 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,145 70,164 31,280 36,093 2,790 173,445 36,312 *7,035 ... 6,537 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 342,940 177,305 132,641 32,523 12,140 148,353 62,514 5,660 ... 17,282 New Jersey

.............. 1,243,844 142,042 94,534 32,274 15,234 1,029,512 180,472 *8,926 ... 72,290 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8,290 151,015 92,938 52,514 5,564 297,857 126,379 39,842 ... 109,417 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,407,193 248,174 124,398 63,911 59,865 802,663 504,293 *10,374 ... 356,356 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 826,882 158,523 107,682 45,662 *5,179 574,561 216,033 *9,487 ... 93,798 North Dakota ............ 27,100 9,361 6,145 2,870 *346 15,163 8,245 ... ... 2,576 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623,051 129,788 79,646 41,361 *8,782 453,354 286,339 *38,204 ... 39,909 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,248 69,211 30,297 33,167 *5,747 111,457 104,186 *3,798 ... 12,580 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769,407 304,990 182,183 108,457 14,350 340,293 136,998 29,672 *173,624 124,123 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1,799 171,658 101,996 59,749 9,913 729,868 359,445 *44,851 *325,572 60,274 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 169,635 66,639 17,518 9,908 *39,213 96,265 13,760 ... ... 6,731 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6,372 89,045 55,833 25,075 *8,137 149,451 113,069 *6,463 ... 17,876 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1,958 53,556 28,227 19,777 5,552 23,568 15,305 *2,417 ... 14,834 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,543 206,729 148,601 55,118 *3,009 212,452 165,441 *5,730 ... 29,363 Texas

................... 1,282,943 228,780 146,525 61,227 *21,028 944,854 314,319 *61,297 ... 109,309 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555,710 175,861 103,573 58,169 14,118 277,989 71,662 18,044 *188,282 101,861 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,715 63,243 36,855 23,632 2,756 57,660 37,115 *2,904 ... 82,811 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 8,644 172,351 106,629 58,065 7,657 370,729 267,653 23,147 ... 245,564 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979,730 282,492 158,195 102,233 22,064 594,631 277,239 62,080 *255,312 102,607 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,511 78,860 28,073 46,270 *4,516 80,467 63,791 *3,766 ... 4,184 Wisconsin

............... 1,311,619 250,760 151,554 77,512 21,694 837,020 251,856 24,380 *560,784 223,838 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,931 135,626 79,584 47,630 8,412 111,663 24,619 *2,383 ... 17,642 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues, and contributions. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.



### 116 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

# Appendix A

## Appendix A A-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Annual household income—Total 2001 income of household members before taxes and other deductions. Auxiliary equipment—Equipment owned primarily for wildlife-associated recreation. These include for the sportspersons section—camping bags, packs, duffel bags and tents, binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, special fishing and hunting clothing, foul weather gear, boots, waders, and processing andtaxidermy costs; and for the wildlifewatching section—tents, tarps, frame packs, backpacking equipment and other camping equipment, day packs, carrying case, and special clothing. Big game—Antelope, bear, deer, elk, moose, wild turkey, and similar large animals which are hunted. Birding life list—A tally of bird species seen during a birder’s lifetime. 

## Census Divisions East North Central Illinois Indiana Michigan Ohio Wisconsin East South Central Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Tennessee Middle Atlantic New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Mountain Arizona Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming New England Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Pacific Alaska California Hawaii Oregon Washington South Atlantic Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia West Virginia West North Central Kansas Iowa Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota West South Central Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Day—Any part of a day spent in a given activity. For example, if someone hunted 2 hours 1 day and 3 hours another day, it would be recorded as 2 days of hunting. If someone hunted 2 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the evening of the same day, it would be considered 1 day of hunting. Education—The highest completed grade of school or year of college. Expenditures—Money spent in 2001 for wildlife-related recreation trips in the United States and wildlife-related recreational equipment purchased in the United States. Expenditures include both money spent by participants for themselves and the value of gifts they received. Federal land—Public land owned by the federal government such as National Forests and National Wildlife Refuges. Fishing—The sport of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook, line, bow and arrow, or spear; it also includes catching or gathering shellfish (clams, crabs, etc.); and the noncommercial seining or netting of fish, unless the fish are for use as bait. For example, seining for smelt is fishing, but seining for bait minnows is not included as fishing. Fishing equipment—Items owned primarily for fishing. These items are listed in Table 13. Freshwater—Reservoirs, lakes, ponds, and the nontidal portions of rivers and streams. Great Lakes fishing—Fishing in Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, their connecting waters such as the St. Marys River system, Detroit River, St. Clair River, and the Niagara River, and the St. Lawrence River south of the bridge at Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes fishing includes fishing in tributaries of the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead, and salmon. 

# Appendix A. Definitions

## Home—The starting point of a wildliferelated recreational trip. It may be a permanent residence or a temporary or seasonal residence such as a cabin. Hunting—The sport of shooting or attempting to shoot wildlife with firearms or archery equipment. Hunting equipment—Items owned primarily for hunting. These items are listed in Table 18. Local land—Public land owned by local government such as county parks or municipal watersheds. Maintain natural areas—To set aside one-quarter acre or more of natural environment such as wood lots or open fields for the primary purpose of benefiting wildlife. Maintain plantings—To introduce or encourage the growth of food and cover plants for the primary purpose of benefiting wildlife. Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

— Except in the New England States, an MSA is a county or group of contiguous counties containing at least one city of 50,000 or more inhabitants or twin cities (i.e., cities with contiguous boundaries and constituting, for general social and economic purposes, a single community) with a combined population of at least 50,000. Also included in an MSA are contiguous counties that are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In the New England States, an MSA consists of towns and cities instead of counties. Each MSA must include at least one central city. Migratory birds—Birds that regularly migrate from one region or climate to another. The survey focuses on migratory birds which may be hunted, including bandtailed pigeons, coots, ducks, doves, gallinules, geese, rails, and woodcocks. Multiple responses—The term used to reflect the fact that individuals or their characteristics fall into more than one reporting category. An example of a big game hunter who hunted for deer and elk demonstrates the effect of multiple responses. In this case, adding the number of deer hunters (1) and elk hunters (1) would over state the number of big game hunters (1) because deer and elk hunters are not mutually exclusive categories. In contrast, total participants is the sum of male and female participants, because male and female are mutually exclusive categories. Nonresidential activity (away from home)—Trips or outings at least 1 mile from home for the primary purpose of observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses, aquariums, and museums are not included. Nonresidents—Individuals who do not live in the state being reported. For example, a person living in Texas who watches whales in California is a nonresident participant in California. Nonresponse—Nonresponse is a term used to reflect the fact that some survey respondents provide incomplete sets of information. For example, a survey respondent may have been unable to identify the primary type of hunting for which a gun was bought. Hunting expenditures will reflect the gun purchase, but it will not appear as spending for big game or any other type of hunting. Nonresponses result in reported totals that are greater than the sum of their parts. Observe—To take special interest in or try to identify birds, fish, or other wildlife. Other animals—Coyotes, crows, foxes, groundhogs, prairie dogs, raccoons, and similar animals that are often regarded as varmints or pests. Other animals may be classified as unprotected or nongame animals by the state in which they are hunted. Participants—Individuals who engagedin fishing, hunting, or a wildlifewatching activity. Primary purpose—The principal motivation for an activity, trip, or expenditure. Public areas—Public lands owned by local, state, or federal governments. Public land—Land that is owned by the local, state, or federal government. Private land—Land that is owned by a private individual, group of individuals, or nongovernmental organization. Residential activity (around the home)—Activity within 1 mile of home with a primary purpose: (1) closely observing or trying to identify birds or other wildlife, (2) photographing wildlife, (3) feeding birds or other wildlife, (4) maintaining natural areas of at least one-quarter acre primarily for the benefit to wildlife, (5) maintaining plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, etc.) primarily for the benefit of wildlife, or (6) visiting public parks within 1 mile of home to observe, photograph, or feed wildlife. Residents—Individuals who lived in the state being reported. For example, persons who live in California and watch whales in California are resident participants in California. Rural—Respondent lived in a rural nonfarm, or rural farm area, as determined by Census. Saltwater—Oceans, tidal bays and sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers and streams. Screening interviews—The first survey contact with a household. Screening interviews with a household representative in each household to identify respondents who are eligible for indepth interviews. Screening interviews gather data about the individuals in the households, such as their age and sex. Screening interviews are discussed in the Survey Background and Method section of this report. Small game—Grouse, partridge, pheasants, quail, rabbits, squirrels, and similar small animals and birds for which many states have small game seasons and bag limits. Special equipment—Items of equipmentthat are owned primarily for wildliferelated recreation. These include for the sportsmen section bass boat and other types of motor boat; canoe and other types of nonmotor boat; boat motor, boat trailer/hitch, and other boat accessories; pickup, camper, van, travel or tent trailer, motor home, house trailer, RV, cabin; and trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle, four-wheeler, and snowmobile. For the wildlife-watching section these include off-the-road vehicles such as snowmobiles, four-wheeler, 4x4 vehicle, trail bike, dune buggy, travel or tent trailer, motor home, pickup, camper, van, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix A A-3

## Appendix A A-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service house trailer, RV boat and boat accessories, and cabin. Spenders—Individuals who reported an expenditure value for fishing, hunting, or wildlife-watching activities or equipment. Sportspersons—Individuals who engaged in fishing, hunting, or both. State land—Public land owned by a state such as state parks or state wildlife management areas. Trip—An outing involving fishing, hunting, or wildlife-watching activities. In the context of this survey, a trip may begin from an individual’s principal residence or from another place, such as a vacation home or the home of a relative. A trip may last an hour, a day, or many days. Type of fishing—Three types of fishing are reported: fishing in (1) freshwater except Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Type of hunting—Four types of hunting are reported: hunting for (1) big game, (2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other animals. Urban—Respondent lived in an urban area, as determined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Wildlife—Animals such as birds, fish, insects, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles that are living in natural or wild environments. Wildlife does not include animals living in aquariums, zoos, and other artificial surroundings or domestic animals such as farm animals or pets. Wildlife-associated recreation

— Recreational fishing, hunting, or wildlife watching. Wildlife-watching activity—An activity engaged in primarily for the purpose of feeding, photographing, or observing fish or other wildlife. In previous years, this was termed nonconsumptive activity. (See also residential and nonresidential activities.) Wildlife-watching equipment—Items owned primarily for observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife. These items are listed in Table 43.

# Appendix B

## Appendix B B-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service The 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (FHWAR) was designed to continue the data collection of the 1955 to 1996 Surveys. While complete comparability between any two surveys cannot be achieved, this Appendix compares major findings of all the surveys and presents trends for the major categories of wildlife-related recreation where feasible. Differences among the Surveys are discussed in the following two sections under the headings of the year in which each survey was conducted. The principal characteristics of the 1955 to 2001 Surveys are summarized in Table B-1. The table shows the scope and design of all 10 surveys. This Appendix provides trend information in two sections (1991 to 2001 and 1955 to 1985). Beginning with 1991, a significant change was made in the recall period used in the detailed phase of the FHWAR Surveys. The recall period in 1991 was shortened from 12 months to 4 months to improve the accuracy of the data collected. As a result of that change in methodology, the surveys conducted since 1991 cannot be compared with those conducted earlier. The 1955 to 1985 Surveys required respondents to recall their recreation activities for the survey year at the beginning of the following year. The 1991 Survey went back to the respondents three times during the survey year to get their activity information. This change in the recall period was due to a study of the effect of the respondent recall length on survey estimates. The recall study found significant differences in FHWAR survey results using annual recall periods and shorter recall periods. Longer recall periods lead to higher estimates. Even when everything else was held constant, such as questionnaire content and sample design, increasing the respondent’s recall period resulted in significantly higher estimates for the same phenomenon. The recall study also found that the extent of recall bias varied for different types of fishing and hunting participation and expenditures. For example, annual recall respondents gave an estimate of average annual days of saltwater fishing that was 46 percent higher than the trimester recall estimate, while the annual recall estimate of average annual saltwater fishing trips was 30 percent higher than the trimester recall estimate. This is evidence against a single “correction factor” for all survey estimates when calculating trends from surveys using different recall periods. Applying a correction factor to estimates of FHWAR surveys with different recall periods is not feasible. Reliable trends analysis needs to use data compiled from surveys in which the important elements, such as the sample design and recall period, are not significantly different. 

## Section I. Trends for 1991 to 2001 This trends section covers the period from 1991 to 2001. The 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys used similar methodologies, therefore all published information for the three surveys is directly comparable. The most significant design differences in the three surveys are as follows: 1. The 1991 Survey data was collected by interviewers filling out paper questionnaires. The data entries were keyed in a separate operation after the interview. The 1996 and 2001 survey data were collected by the use of computer-assisted interviews. The questionnaires were programmed into computers, and the interviewer keyed in the responses at the time of the interview. 2. The 1991 Survey screening phase was conducted in January and February of 1991, when the sample households were contacted and ahousehold respondent was interviewed on behalf of the entire household. The 1991 screening interview consisted primarily of sociodemographic questions and wildlife-related recreation questions concerning activity in the year 1990 and intentions for the year 1991. The screening interviews for the 1996 and 2001 Surveys were conducted April through June of their survey years in conjunction with the first wave of the detailed interviews. The screening interviews consisted primarily of sociodemographic questions and wildlife-related recreation questions concerning activity in the previous year (1995 or 2000) and intentions for the survey year (1996 or 2001). 3. In the 1991 Survey, an attempt was made to contact every sample person in all three detailed interview waves. In 1996 and 2001, respondents who were interviewed in the first detailed interview wave were not contacted again until the third wave. Also, all interviews in the second wave were conducted by telephone. In-person interviews were only conducted in the first and third wave. Important instrument differences in the 1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys 1. The 1991 Survey collected information on all wildlife-related recreation purchases made by participants without reference to where the purchase was made. The 1996 and 2001 Surveys asked in which state the purchase was made. 2. In 1991, respondents were asked what kind of fishing they did, i.e., Great Lakes, other freshwater, or 

# Appendix B. Comparability With Previous Surveys

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-3 Table B-1. **Major Characteristics of Surveys: 1955 to 2001**
Characteristic 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1991 1996 2001 Survey design:

Screening interview mode and population of interest

............ Combined with detailed

phase Personal interview,

12 years old and

older Personal interview, 9 years old

and older Mailquestionnaire, 9 years old

and older Telephone interview, 6 years old

and older Telephone/ personal interview, 6 years old

and older Telephone/ personal interview, 6 years old

and older Telephone/ personal interview, 6 years old

and older Telephone/ personal interview,

6 years old and

older Telephone/ personal interview,

6 years old and

older Detailed interview mode and population of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal interview,

12 years old and

older Personal interview,

12 years old and

older. Substantialparticipants 1 Personal interview,

12 years old and

older. Substantial partici pants 1 Personal interview,

12 years old and

older. Substantialparticipants 2 Mailquestionnaire, 9 years old

and older Personal interview,

16 years old and

older Personal interview,

16 years old and

older Telephone/ personal interview,

16 years old and

older. Telephone/ personal interview,

16 years old and

older Telephone/ personal interview,

16 years old and

older

Respondent’s recall period. 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 4 months 4-8 months 4-8 months Sample sizes:

Screening phase

(households)

.......... 20,000 18,000 16,000 24,000 106,294 116,025 102,694 102,804 44,000 52,508 Detailed phase

(individuals): Fishing and hunting . . . 9,328 10,300 6,400 8,700 20,211 30,291 28,011 23,179 13,222 25,070 Wildlife watching 3 . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 5 ,997 26,671 22,723 9,802 15,303 Response rates:

Screening phase

........ (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 percent 95 percent 93 percent 95 percent 71 percent 75 percent Detailed phase:

Fishing and hunting . . . (NA) 93 percent (NA) (NA) 37 percent 90 percent 92 percent 95 percent 80 percent 88 percent Wildlife watching 3 . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 95 percent 94 percent 95 percent 82 percent 90 percent Level of reporting

........ National National National National State and National State and National State and National State and National State and National State and National Data collection agent

...... Private contractor U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau Private contractor U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable; wildlife-watching (nonconsumptive) interviews were not conducted prior to 1980.
1 Spent $5.00 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year. 2 Spent $7.50 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year. 3 Termed ′′nonconsumptive′′ in 1980, 1985, and 1991 surveys.

## Appendix B B-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service saltwater, and then were asked in what states they fished. In 1996 and 2001, respondents were asked in which states they fished and then were asked the pertinent kind of fishing questions. This method had the advantage of not asking about, for example, saltwater fishing when they only fished in a noncoastal state. 3. In 1991, respondents were asked how many days they “actually” hunted or fished for a particular type of game or fish and then how many days they “chiefly” hunted or fished for the same type of game or fish rather than another type of game or fish. To get total days of hunting or fishing for a particular type of game or fish, the “actually” day response was used, while to get the sum of all days of hunting or fishing, the “chiefly” days were summed. In 1996 and 2001, respondents were asked their total days of hunting or fishing in the country and each state, then how many days they hunted or fished for a particular type of game or fish. 4. Trip-related and equipment expenditure categories were not the same for all Surveys. “Guide fee” and “Pack trip or package fee” were two separate trip-related expenditure items in 1991, while they were combined into one category in the 1996 and 2001 Surveys. “Boating costs” was added to the 1996 and 2001 hunting and wildlife- watching trip-related expenditure sections. “Heating and cooking fuel” was added to all of the trip-related expenditure sections. “Spearfishing equipment” was moved from a separate category to the “Other” list. “Rods” and “Reels” were two separate categories in 1991 but were combined in 1996 and 2001. “Lines, hooks, sinkers, etc.” was one category in 1991 but split into “Lines” and “Hooks, sinkers, etc.” in 1996 and 2001. “Food used to feed other wildlife” was added to the wildlife-watching equipment section, “Boats” and “Cabins” were added to the wildlife-watching special equipment section, and “Land leasing and ownership” was added to the wildlife-watching expenditures section. 5. Questions asking sportspersons if they participated as much as they wanted were added in 1996 and 2001. If the sportspersons said no, they were asked why not. 6. The 1991 Survey included questions about participation in organized fishing competitions; anglers using bows and arrows, nets or seines, or spearfishing; hunters using pistols or handguns and target shooting in preparation for hunting. These questions were not asked in 1996 and 2001. 7. The 1996 Survey included questions about catch and release fishing and persons with disabilities participating in wildlife-related recreation. These questions were not part of the 1991 Survey. The 2001 Survey included questions about persons with disabilities participating in wildlife-related recreation but not about catch and release fishing. 8. The 1991 Survey included questions about average distance traveled to recreation sites. These questions were not included in the 1996 and 2001 Surveys. 9. The 1996 Survey included questions about the last trip the respondent took. Included were questions about the type of trip, where the activity took place, and the distance and direction to the site visited. These questions were not asked in 2001. 10. The 1991 Survey collected data on hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching by U.S. residents in Canada. The 1996 and 2001 Surveys collected data on fishing and wildlife- watching by U.S. residents in Canada. 

## Important instrument changes in the 2001 Survey 1. The 1991 and 1996 single race category “Asian or Pacific Islander” was changed to two categories “Asian” and “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.” In 1991 and 1996, the respondent was required to pick only one category, while in 2001 the respondent could pick any combination of categories. The next question stipulated that the respondent could only be identified with one category and then asked what that category was. 2. The 1991 and 1996 land leasing and ownership sections asked the respondent to combine the two types of land use into one and give total acreage and expenditures. In 2001, the two types of land use were explored separately.3. The 1991 and 1996 wildlifewatching sections included questions on birdwatching for residential users only. The 2001 Survey added a question on birdwatching for nonresidential users. Also, questions on the use of birding life lists and how many species the respondent can identify were added in 2001. 4. “Recreational vehicles” was addedto the sportspersons and wildlifewatchers special equipment section in 2001. “House trailer” was added to the sportspersons special equipment section. 5. Total personal income was asked in the detailed phase of the 1996 Survey. This was changed to total household income in the 2001 Survey.6. A question was added to the triprelated expenditures section in the 2001 Survey to ascertain how much of the total was spent in the respondents state of residence when the respondent participated in hunting, fishing, or wildlife watching out-of-state. 7. Boating questions were added to the 2001 Surveys fishing section. The respondent was asked about the extent of boat usage for the three types of fishing. 8. The 1996 Survey included questions about the months residential wildlife watchers fed birds. These questions were not repeated in the 2001 Survey. 9. The contingent valuation sections of the three types of wildlife-related recreation were altered, using an open-ended question format instead of 1996’s dichotomous choice format.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-5 Table B-2. **Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001** (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons 1991 1996 2001 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES Total population

.............................. 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100 Sportspersons

................................ 39,979 21 39,694 20 37,805 18

Anglers

................................... 35,578 19 35,246 17 34,067 16 Hunters

................................... 14,063 7 13,975 7 13,034 6 New England Total population

.............................. 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100 Sportspersons

................................ 1,658 16 1,673 16 1,504 14

Anglers

................................... 1,545 15 1,520 15 1,402 13 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 4 465 5 386 4 Middle Atlantic Total population

.............................. 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100 Sportspersons

................................ 4,508 15 4,192 14 3,810 13

Anglers

................................... 3,871 13 3,627 12 3,250 11 Hunters

................................... 1,746 6 1,453 5 1,633 5 East North Central Total population

.............................. 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100 Sportspersons

................................ 7,202 22 6,912 21 6,400 19

Anglers

................................... 6,264 19 6,006 18 5,655 17 Hunters

................................... 2,789 9 2,712 8 2,421 7 West North Central Total population

.............................. 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100 Sportspersons

................................ 4,143 31 3,977 29 4,239 29

Anglers

................................... 3,647 27 3,416 25 3,836 27 Hunters

................................... 1,709 13 1,917 14 1,710 12 South Atlantic Total population

.............................. 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100 Sportspersons

................................ 6,996 21 7,282 20 6,957 18

Anglers

................................... 6,441 19 6,636 18 6,451 16 Hunters

................................... 2,083 6 2,050 6 1,875 5 East South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100 Sportspersons

................................ 2,984 26 2,907 23 2,865 22

Anglers

................................... 2,635 23 2,514 20 2,543 20 Hunters

................................... 1,279 11 1,301 10 1,164 9 West South Central Total population

.............................. 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100 Sportspersons

................................ 5,125 26 5,093 23 4,924 21

Anglers

................................... 4,592 23 4,616 21 4,375 19 Hunters

................................... 1,843 9 1,812 8 1,988 9 Mountain Total population

.............................. 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100 Sportspersons

................................ 2,488 25 2,761 23 2,757 21

Anglers

................................... 2,079 21 2,411 20 2,443 18 Hunters

................................... 1,069 11 1,061 9 1,020 8 Pacific Total population

.............................. 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100 Sportspersons

................................ 4,875 17 4,897 15 4,349 13

Anglers

................................... 4,505 15 4,501 14 4,111 12 Hunters

................................... 1,101 4 1,203 4 837 2

## Appendix B B-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table B-3. **Wildlife-Watching Participants by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001** (U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons 1991 1996 2001 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES Total population

.............................. 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100 Wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,111 40 62,868 31 66,105 31

Nonresidential

............................. 29,999 16 23,652 12 21,823 10 Residential

................................ 73,904 39 60,751 30 62,928 30 New England Total population

.............................. 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 4,598 45 3,710 36 3,875 37

Nonresidential

............................. 1,856 18 1,443 14 1,155 11 Residential

................................ 4,544 45 3,586 35 3,765 36 Middle Atlantic Total population

.............................. 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 10,556 36 8,185 28 8,740 29

Nonresidential

............................. 4,166 14 2,960 10 2,849 10 Residential

................................ 10,282 35 8,023 27 8,452 28 East North Central Total population

.............................. 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100 Wildlife Watching, total

........................ 14,511 45 11,731 35 11,631 34

Nonresidential

............................. 5,572 17 4,501 14 3,571 10 Residential

................................ 14,175 44 11,297 34 11,196 33 West North Central Total population

.............................. 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 6,924 51 5,089 37 6,206 43

Nonresidential

............................. 2,654 20 1,927 14 2,059 14 Residential

................................ 6,722 50 4,900 35 5,938 41 South Atlantic Total population

.............................. 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 13,047 39 11,252 31 11,395 29

Nonresidential

............................. 4,450 13 3,992 11 3,469 9 Residential

................................ 12,813 38 10,964 30 10,911 28 East South Central Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 4,864 42 3,904 31 4,514 35

Nonresidential

............................. 1,592 14 1,118 9 1,086 8 Residential

................................ 4,765 41 3,795 30 4,390 34 West South Central Total population

.............................. 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 7,035 35 5,933 27 5,747 25

Nonresidential

............................. 2,459 12 2,096 10 1,822 8 Residential

................................ 6,817 34 5,773 26 5,490 24 Mountain Total population

.............................. 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 4,437 44 4,099 34 4,619 35

Nonresidential

............................. 2,215 22 1,967 16 2,019 15 Residential

................................ 4,145 41 3,855 32 4,282 32 Pacific Total population

.............................. 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100 Wildlife watching, total

........................ 10,139 34 8,966 28 9,377 27

Nonresidential

............................. 5,035 17 3,648 11 3,793 11 Residential

................................ 9,641 33 8,558 27 8,504 25

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-7 

## Section II. Trends from 1955 to 1985 1955 to 1970 Surveys The 1955 to 1970 Surveys included only substantial participants. Substantial participants were defined as people who participated at least 3 days and/or spent at least $5 (the 1955-1965 Surveys) or $7.50 (the 1970 Survey) during the surveyed year. Under most circumstances, the surveys may be compared for totals, but the effects of differences should be considered when comparing the details of the surveys. The 1960, 1965, and 1970 Surveys differed from the 1955 National Surveyin classification of expenditures as outlined below. 1. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the 1955 Survey. 2. Expenditure categories were more detailed in 1970 than in earlier surveys. 3. The 1960 to 1970 classification of some expenditures differs from the 1955 Survey in the following respects: a. “Boats and boat motors” shown under “auxiliary equipment” were included in “equipment, other” in 1955. b. “Entrance and other privilege fees” shown separately were included in “trip expenditures, other” in 1955. c. “Snacks and refreshments” not included with “food” expenditures in the 1960 to 1970 reports were under “trip expenditures, other” in 1955. d. Expenditures on equipment, magazines, club dues, licenses, and similar items were classified by the one sport activity for which expenditures were chiefly made. In 1955, these expenditures were evenly divided among all the activities in which the sportsman took part. e. Compared with 1955, the 1960 to 1970 Surveys reported fewer expenditures within the “other” category because selected items were transferred to more appropriate categories. f. Expenditures on alcoholic beverages were reported separately in the 1970 Survey. g. In 1970, definition of a “substantial participant” was changed from one who spent at least $5.00 during the year or spent 3 days fishing or hunting to one who spent $7.50 for the year or spent 3 days fishing or hunting. 4. The number of waterfowl hunters in the 1970 Survey is not comparable with those reported in the 1960 and 1965 Surveys. In 1960 and 1965, respondent sportsmen were not included in the waterfowl hunter total if they reported that they went waterfowl hunting but did not take the trip chiefly to hunt waterfowl. In 1970, all respondents who reported that they had hunted waterfowl during 1970, regardless of trip purpose, were included in the total. The number of hunters who did not take trips chiefly to hunt waterfowl in 1970 was 1,054,000. 

## 1975 Survey In contrast to previous surveys which covered substantial participants 12 years old and older, the 1975 Survey based all the estimates on responses from individuals 9 years of age and older and did not select respondents based upon substantial participation as defined above. As a result, individuals who participated fewer than 3 days or spent less than $7.50 on hunting or fishingwere included in the estimates of participants, days of activity, and expenditures. Categories of hunting and fishing expenditures differed from the previous four surveys in that only major categories were reported. For example, hunting equipment expenditures were not further delineated by subcategory. Similarly, no detail was provided within the category of fishing equipment expenditures. Expenses for “other” items such as daily entrance fees, magazines, club dues, and dogs were categorized as “other” in the 1975 report. In addition to the above differences, the 1975 Survey gathered data on species sought for the favorite hunting and fishing activity. This data replaced the “chiefly” category where hunting or fishing was the primary purpose of the trip or day of activity. Data omitted in the 1975 Survey that were included in previous surveys include the respondents population density of residence, occupation, and level of education. 

## 1980 to 1985 Surveys The 1980 and 1985 Surveys were similar. Each measured participants, rather than substantial participants. Questions were incorporated into the 1980 and 1985 Survey questionnaires to facilitate the construction of categories of data for comparisons with earlier surveys. The use of “chiefly” to delimit primary purpose appeared in the 1970 and prior surveys, and its use was continued in the 1980 and 1985 Surveys. The expenditure categories in 1980 and 1985 are similar to the 1970 categories with the addition of fish finders, motor homes, and camper trucks as separate categories. The definition of fishing included the use of nets or seines and spearfishing. As in the 1970 and 1975 Surveys, the 1980 and 1985 Surveys used a two-phase process to gather information from households and individuals. In the first phase, household respondents were asked to identify each participant 6 years of age and older who resided in their household. In comparison, the 1975 and 1970 Surveys screened households for participants who were 9 years of age and older. In the second phase, the detailed interview phase, interviews were conducted in person for the 1985, 1980, and 1970 Surveys and were conducted by mail for the 1975 Survey. Participants were included in the detailed phase of the Survey if they were at least 12 years old in 1970, 9 years old in 1975, and 16 years old in 1980 and 1985. As a result, the population of hunters and anglers was more narrowly defined in 1980 and 1985 to include individuals 16 years old and older. However, estimates of sportsmen 6 years old and older, 9 years old and older, and 12 years old and older are available for comparison with past surveys.

## Appendix B B-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table B-4. **Comparison of Major Findings of the National Surveys: 1955 to 1985** (U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands) Sportspersons 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Total sportspersons ...................... 24,917 30,435 32,881 36,277 45,773 46,966 49,827

Anglers

............................... 20,813 25,323 28,348 33,158 41,299 41,873 45,345

Freshwater

.......................... 18,420 21,677 23,962 29,363 36,599 35,782 39,122 Saltwater

........................... 4,557 6,292 8,305 9,460 13,738 11,972 12,893 Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,784 14,637 13,583 14,336 17,094 16,758 16,340

Small game

......................... 9,822 12,105 10,576 11,671 14,182 12,496 11,130 Big game

........................... 4,414 6,277 6,566 7,774 11,037 11,047 12,576 Waterfowl

.......................... 1,986 1,955 1,650 2,894 4,284 3,177 3,201 Expenditures 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,401,464 13,948,974 14,991,502 19,618,548 33,398,677 34,517,421 42,058,860

Anglers

............................... 7,655,522 9,743,971 9,952,411 13,699,311 23,498,506 23,387,469 28,585,686

Freshwater

.......................... 5,700,187 7,476,454 7,231,851 10,315,966 17,333,212 16,663,239 18,942,060 Saltwater

........................... 1,955,336 2,267,512 2,720,574 3,383,345 6,165,294 5,581,976 7,191,387 Hunters

............................... 3,745,942 4,204,997 3,814,303 5,919,236 9,900,171 10,812,058 10,256,668

Small game

......................... 1,975,707 2,629,360 2,093,137 2,612,390 4,525,942 3,335,852 2,342,860 Big game

........................... 1,295,357 1,251,800 1,424,711 2,631,532 4,238,341 5,638,395 5,345,606 Waterfowl

.......................... 474,878 323,840 296,452 675,315 1,135,889 766,033 783,315 Days ................................... 566,870 658,308 708,578 909,876 1,459,551 1,300,983 1,415,379

Fishing

............................... 397,447 465,769 522,759 706,187 1,058,075 952,420 1,064,986

Freshwater

.......................... 338,826 385,167 426,922 592,494 890,576 788,392 895,027 Saltwater

........................... 58,621 80,602 95,837 113,694 167,499 164,040 171,055 Hunting

.............................. 169,423 192,539 185,819 203,689 401,476 348,543 350,393

Small game ......................... 1 18,630 138,192 128,448 124,041 269,653 225,793 214,544 Big game

........................... 30,834 39,190 43,845 54,536 100,600 117,406 135,447 Waterfowl

.......................... 19,959 15,158 13,526 25,113 31,223 26,179 25,933

1 In 1985 dollars. Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this table not comparable with the estimates in Tables B-2 and B-3.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-9 Table B-5. **Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985** (U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Year Population Sportspersons, fished or hunted Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent UNITED STATES 1955 ......................... 1 18,366 100 24,917 21.1 20,813 17.6 11,784 10.0 1960

......................... 131,226 100 30,435 23.2 25,323 19.3 14,637 11.2 1965

......................... 141,928 100 32,881 23.2 28,348 20.0 13,585 9.6 1970

......................... 155,230 100 36,277 23.4 33,158 21.4 14,336 9.2 1975

......................... 171,860 100 45,773 26.6 41,299 24.0 17,094 9.9 1980

......................... 184,691 100 46,966 25.4 41,873 22.7 16,758 9.1 1985

......................... 195,659 100 49,827 25.5 45,345 23.2 16,340 8.4 New England 1955

......................... 7,919 100 1,224 15.4 1,002 12.7 589 7.4 1960

......................... 8,349 100 1,368 16.4 1,205 14.4 517 6.2 1965

......................... 9,256 100 1,650 17.8 1,488 16.0 583 6.3 1970

......................... 8,652 100 1,579 18.3 1,430 16.5 582 6.7 1975

......................... 9,910 100 2,004 20.2 1,861 18.8 566 5.7 1980

......................... 10,205 100 1,974 19.3 1,788 17.5 572 5.6 1985

......................... 10,554 100 2,058 19.5 1,914 18.1 552 5.2 Middle Atlantic 1955

......................... 24,869 100 3,539 14.2 2,811 11.3 1,608 6.5 1960

......................... 26,493 100 3,432 13.0 2,569 9.7 1,723 6.5 1965

......................... 27,346 100 3,602 13.2 2,760 10.1 1,631 6.0 1970

......................... 28,244 100 4,539 16.1 4,504 14.4 1,731 6.1 1975

......................... 30,449 100 5,919 19.4 5,097 16.7 2,096 6.9 1980

......................... 30,256 100 5,181 17.1 4,332 14.3 2,001 6.6 1985

......................... 31,099 100 5,565 17.9 4,820 15.5 1,972 6.3 East North Central 1955

......................... 25,733 100 5,489 21.3 4,583 17.8 2,538 9.9 1960

......................... 26,833 100 6,316 32.5 5,317 19.8 2,985 11.1 1965

......................... 28,124 100 6,214 22.1 5,336 19.0 2,563 9.1 1970

......................... 31,550 100 7,284 23.1 6,699 21.2 2,812 8.9 1975

......................... 32,796 100 9,049 27.6 8,181 24.9 3,392 10.3 1980

......................... 33,526 100 8,725 26.0 7,891 23.5 2,955 8.8 1985

......................... 33,747 100 8,973 26.6 8,270 24.5 2,814 8.3 West North Central 1955

......................... 9,201 100 2,913 31.7 2,346 25.5 1,534 16.7 1960

......................... 10,149 100 3,383 33.3 2,855 28.1 1,709 16.8 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,681 100 3,678 31.5 3,226 27.6 1,620 13.9 1970

......................... 12,904 100 4,000 31.0 3,579 27.7 1,783 13.8 1975

......................... 13,564 100 4,524 33.3 4,089 30.1 1,863 13.7 1980

......................... 13,826 100 4,770 34.5 4,220 30.5 1,965 14.2 1985

......................... 14,137 100 5,140 36.4 4,681 33.1 1,971 13.9 South Atlantic 1955

......................... 14,336 100 3,223 22.5 2,805 19.6 1,449 10.1 1960

......................... 17,798 100 4,423 24.9 3,695 20.8 2,045 11.5 1965

......................... 20,593 100 5,626 27.3 5,054 24.5 1,900 9.2 1970

......................... 23,539 100 5,461 23.2 5,129 21.8 1,904 8.1 1975

......................... 27,127 100 7,110 26.2 6,479 23.9 2,494 9.2 1980

......................... 30,512 100 7,769 25.5 7,086 23.2 2,444 8.0 1985

......................... 33,636 100 8,721 25.9 8,056 24.0 2,467 7.3 East South Central 1955

......................... 7,959 100 1,963 24.7 1,665 20.9 989 12.4 1960

......................... 9,277 100 2,778 29.9 2,207 23.8 1,510 16.3 1965

......................... 9,652 100 2,587 26.8 2,201 22.8 1,294 13.4 1970

......................... 9,862 100 2,660 27.0 2,464 25.0 1,162 11.8 1975

......................... 10,798 100 3,007 27.8 2,689 24.9 1,355 12.5 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,771 100 3,614 30.7 3,173 27.0 1,567 13.3 1985

......................... 12,364 100 3,671 29.7 3,308 26.8 1,441 11.7

## Appendix B B-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table B-5. **Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985**—Continued (U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Year Population Sportspersons, fished or hunted Anglers Hunters
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent West South Central 1955

......................... 10,250 100 2,560 25.0 2,237 21.8 1,165 11.4 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,837 100 3,666 31.0 3,133 26.5 1,750 14.8 1965

......................... 12,724 100 3,713 29.2 3,278 25.8 1,571 12.3 1970

......................... 14,624 100 4,380 30.0 4,006 27.4 1,918 13.1 1975

......................... 16,628 100 5,781 34.8 5,267 31.7 2,563 15.4 1980

......................... 19,136 100 5,862 30.6 5,136 26.8 2,456 12.8 1985

......................... 21,184 100 6,418 30.3 5,704 26.9 2,572 12.1 Mountain 1955

......................... 4,529 100 1,369 30.2 1,112 24.6 796 17.6 1960

......................... 5,222 100 1,646 31.5 1,372 26.3 1,120 21.4 1965

......................... 5,029 100 1,565 31.1 1,261 25.1 988 19.6 1970

......................... 5,656 100 2,044 36.1 1,769 31.3 980 17.3 1975

......................... 7,576 100 2,570 33.9 2,252 29.7 1,159 15.3 1980

......................... 9,160 100 2,903 31.7 2,500 27.3 1,268 13.8 1985

......................... 10,215 100 3,128 30.6 2,765 27.1 1,241 12.1 Pacific 1955

......................... 13,570 100 2,637 19.4 2,252 16.6 1,116 8.2 1960

......................... 15,268 100 3,422 22.4 2,971 19.5 1,279 8.4 1965

......................... 17,523 100 4,246 24.2 3,744 21.4 1,433 8.2 1970

......................... 20,199 100 4,332 21.4 4,030 20.0 1,466 7.3 1975

......................... 23,012 100 5,811 25.2 5,386 23.4 1,607 7.0 1980

......................... 26,299 100 6,168 23.5 5,747 21.9 1,531 5.0 1985

......................... 38,725 100 6,154 21.4 5,829 20.3 1,310 4.6 Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this table not comparable with the estimates in Tables B-2 and B-3.

# Appendix C

## Appendix C C-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service The 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation was carried out in two phases. The first (or screening) phase began in April 2001. The main purpose of this phase was to collect information about persons 16 years old and older in order to develop a sample of potential sportspersons and wildlife watchers for the second (or detailed) phase. Also, information was collected on the number of persons 6 to 15 years old who participated in wildlife-related recreation activities in 2000. This data is included here to report the recreation activity of 6- to 15-year-olds. It is important to emphasize that the information reported from the 2001 screen relates to activity only up to and including 2000. Also, this data is based on long-term recall (at least a 12-month recall) and is reported in most cases by one household respondent speaking for all household members rather than the actual participant, as in the case of the 2001 detailed phase. Tables C-1 thru C-4 report data on firsttime participation and the most recent year of hunting and fishing for participants 6 years of age and older. The remainder of the Tables, C-5 thru C-11,reports data specifically on 6- to 15-yearold participants in 2000. Detailed expenditures and recreational activity data were not gathered for the 6- to 15- year-old participants. Because of differences in methodologies of the screening phase and the detailed phase of the 2001 Survey, their data are not comparable. Only participants 16 years old and older were eligible for the detailed phase. The detailed phase was a series of three interviews conducted at 4- month intervals. The screening interviews were 1-year recall. The shorter recall period of the detailed phase had better data accuracy. Survey research has found that in many caseslonger recall periods result in overestimating participation in and expenditures on wildlife-related recreation. 

# Appendix C. Selected Data From Screening Interviews

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-3 Table C-1. **Anglers and Hunters Participating for the First Time in 2000 by Age Group** (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group Total anglers in 2000 Fishing for first time

Total hunters in 2000 Hunting for first time

Number Percent of anglers in age group Number Percent of hunters in age group Total, all ages .............. 55,430 4,149 7 15,175 1,239 8

6 to 8 years

.............. 3,325 927 28 128 63 49 9 to 11 years

.............. 4,458 731 16 474 205 43 12 to 15 years

............ 5,363 560 10 1,139 399 35 16 to 17 years

............ 2,032 151 7 630 83 13 18 to 24 years

............ 4,626 301 7 1,653 157 9 25 to 34 years

............ 8,180 463 6 2,504 110 4 35 to 44 years

............ 10,765 514 5 3,387 128 4 45 to 54 years

............ 8,252 292 4 2,764 *50 *2 55 to 64 years

............ 4,624 128 3 1,427 *36 *3 65 years or older

.......... 3,805 83 2 1,068 ... ...

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.



### Table C-2. **Anglers and Hunters Participating in 1999 But Not in 2000 by Age Group** (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)
Age group Anglers Hunters Number Percent Number Percent Total, all ages ....................... 9,754 100 2,994 100

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 4 ... ... 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 6 *60 *2 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 8 158 5 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 3 9 8 3 18 to 24 years

..................... 1,011 1 0 4 11 14 25 to 34 years

..................... 1,503 15 628 21 35 to 44 years

..................... 2,067 21 659 22 45 to 54 years

..................... 1,582 16 505 17 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 8 266 9 65 years or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 8 197 7

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries.

## Appendix C C-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-3. **Most Recent Year of Hunting by Age Group** (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group Total, all persons who hunted in 2000

or earlier year Most recent year of hunting 2000 1999 1998 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total, all ages .............. 43,745 100 15,148 35 2,988 7 1,761 4

6 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 100 602 80 72 10 ... ... 12 to 15 years

............ 1,488 100 1,139 77 158 11 *52 *3 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 100 630 69 98 11 *44 *5 18 to 24 years

............ 3,237 100 1,638 51 411 13 286 9 25 to 34 years

............ 5,968 100 2,504 42 623 10 336 6 35 to 44 years

............ 8,466 100 3,377 40 658 8 388 5 45 to 54 years

............ 9,094 100 2,763 30 505 6 296 3 55 to 64 years

............ 6,047 100 1,426 24 266 4 176 3 65 years or older

.......... 7,779 100 1,068 14 197 3 161 2 Most recent year of hunting 1997 1996 1995 Before 1995 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent **Total, all ages**
**............. 1,193 3 1,231 3 927 2 20,062 46** 

6 to 11 years

. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . *48 *3 ... ... ... ... *46 *3 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *4 ... ... ... ... *54 *6 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . 175 5 134 4 121 4 424 13 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . 231 4 238 4 176 3 1,793 30 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 283 3 227 3 169 2 3,258 38 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 211 2 252 3 216 2 4,787 53 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2 183 3 96 2 3,777 62 65 years or older . . . . . . . . . 105 1 165 2 140 2 5,913 76

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-5 Table C-4. **Most Recent Year of Fishing by Age Group** (Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group Total, all persons who fished in 2000

or earlier year Most recent year of fishing 2000 1999 1998 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total, all ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,066 100 55,263 50 9,689 9 5,847 5

6 to 11 years

.............. 9,774 100 7,783 80 952 10 412 4 12 to 15 years

............ 7,587 100 5,360 71 753 10 441 6 16 to 17 years

............ 3,372 100 2,032 60 335 10 318 9 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,116 100 4,575 50 1,001 11 682 7 25 to 34 years

............ 15,381 100 8,098 53 1,475 10 915 6 35 to 44 years

............ 20,351 100 10,747 53 2,059 10 1,020 5 45 to 54 years

............ 18,982 100 8,248 43 1,575 8 1,035 5 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,695 100 4,620 40 799 7 477 4 65 years or older

.......... 14,808 100 3,800 26 741 5 547 4 Most recent year of fishing 1997 1996 1995 Before 1995 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent **Total, all ages**
**............. 3,678 3 3,317 3 2,218 2 29,935 27** 

6 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2 113 1 *80 *1 137 1 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . 264 3 201 3 120 2 400 5 16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5 102 3 53 2 326 10 18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . 414 5 372 4 267 3 1,594 17 25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . 593 4 484 3 341 2 3,245 21 35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 713 4 561 3 420 2 4,636 23 45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 665 4 661 3 424 2 6,217 33 55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 340 3 489 4 211 2 4,709 40 65 years or older . . . . . . . . . 331 2 333 2 304 2 8,671 59

* Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.

## Appendix C C-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-5. **Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000** (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)
Sportspersons Total, 6 to 15 years old 12 to 15 years old 9 to 11 years old 6 to 8 years old Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total sportspersons, fished or hunted . . . 13,369 100 5,524 100 4,504 100 3,342 100

Total anglers ...................... 13,145 98 5,363 97 4,458 99 3,325 99

Fished only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,628 87 4,385 79 4,030 89 3,213 96 Fished and hunted

................ 1,517 11 978 18 428 9 112 3 Total hunters ...................... 1,741 13 1,139 21 474 11 128 4

Hunted only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 2 161 3 *46 *1 *17 *1 Hunted and fished

................ 1,517 11 978 18 428 9 112 3 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult householdmember responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries.



### Table C-6. **Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old by Wildlife-Watching Activity: 2000** (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Activity Total, 6 to 15 years old 12 to 15 years old 9 to 11 years old 6 to 8 years old

Number Percentof participants Percentof population Number Percentof participants Percentof population Number Percentof participants Percentof population Number Percentof participants Percentof population Total participants .......... 15,066 100 37 5,564 100 34 5,192 100 41 4,311 100 36

Nonresidential (away from home)

.................. 6,091 40 15 2,265 41 14 2,043 39 16 1,783 41 15 Residential (around the home)

.................. 13,542 90 33 4,895 88 30 4,718 91 37 3,929 91 33

Observe wildlife

........ 10,659 71 26 3,761 68 23 3,774 73 29 3,124 72 26 Photograph wildlife

...... 1,756 12 4 732 13 4 682 13 5 341 8 3 Feed wild birds or other

wildlife

.............. 8,062 54 20 2,836 51 17 2,825 54 22 2,400 56 20 Maintain plantings or

natural areas . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 14 5 795 14 5 743 14 6 572 13 5 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Columns showing percent of participants are based on the first row of each column. Col

umns showing percent of population in age group are based on the U.S. population in each age category, including those who did not participate in wildlife-watching activities. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-7 Table C-7. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000** (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Sportspersons, fished or hunted Fished only

Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons ....................... 40,949 100 13,369 33 100 11,628 28 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

............................ 29,935 73 8,583 29 64 7,875 26 68 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,014 27 4,787 43 36 3,753 34 32 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). . . 33,020 81 9,888 30 74 8,925 27 77

1,000,000 or more

............... 21,513 53 5,827 27 44 5,371 25 46 250,000 to 999,999

............... 8,161 20 2,799 34 21 2,517 31 22 50,000 to 249,999

................ 3,346 8 1,263 38 9 1,037 31 9 Outside MSA

..................... 7,929 19 3,481 44 26 2,703 34 23 Census Geographic Division

New England

..................... 1,905 5 613 32 5 566 30 5 Middle Atlantic

.................... 5,445 13 1,466 27 11 1,291 24 11 East North Central

................. 6,620 16 2,396 36 18 2,119 32 18 West North Central

................. 2,797 7 1,413 51 11 1,156 41 10 South Atlantic

..................... 7,288 18 2,276 31 17 2,005 28 17 East South Central

................. 2,404 6 921 38 7 731 30 6 West South Central

................. 4,825 12 1,510 31 11 1,215 25 10 Mountain

......................... 2,809 7 1,043 37 8 909 32 8 Pacific

........................... 6,856 17 1,731 25 13 1,636 24 14 Age

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ,848 29 3,342 28 25 3,213 27 28 9 to 11 years

...................... 12,795 31 4,504 35 34 4,030 31 35 12 to 15 years

..................... 16,305 40 5,524 34 41 4,385 27 38 Sex

Male, total

........................ 21,172 52 8,572 40 64 7,105 34 61

6 to 8 years

..................... 6,044 15 1,963 32 15 1,866 31 16 9 to 11 years

.................... 6,707 16 2,917 43 22 2,516 38 22 12 to 15 years

................... 8,421 21 3,693 44 28 2,724 32 23 Female, total

...................... 19,777 48 4,797 24 36 4,523 23 39

6 to 8 years

..................... 5,804 14 1,379 24 10 1,347 23 12 9 to 11 years

.................... 6,089 15 1,587 26 12 1,515 25 13 12 to 15 years

................... 7,884 19 1,831 23 14 1,661 21 14 Ethnicity

Hispanic

......................... 6,343 15 1,092 17 8 1,045 16 9 Non-Hispanic

..................... 34,606 85 12,277 35 92 10,583 31 91 Race

White

............................ 33,378 82 12,337 37 92 10,655 32 92 Black

............................ 5,519 13 602 11 5 577 10 5 Asian

............................ 1,320 3 208 16 2 204 15 2 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 2 222 30 2 191 26 2 Annual Household Income

Under $10,000

.................... 1,849 5 310 17 2 259 14 2 $10,000 to $19,999

................. 3,012 7 662 22 5 593 20 5 $20,000 to $24,999

................. 2,223 5 592 27 4 534 24 5 $25,000 to $29,999

................. 2,344 6 674 29 5 574 24 5 $30,000 to $34,999

................. 2,492 6 778 31 6 678 27 6 $35,000 to $39,999

................. 2,009 5 736 37 6 630 31 5 $40,000 to $49,999

................. 3,956 10 1,454 37 11 1,219 31 10 $50,000 to $74,999

................. 7,239 18 3,137 43 23 2,684 37 23 $75,000 to $99,999

................. 4,168 10 1,847 44 14 1,620 39 14 $100,000 or more

.................. 4,036 10 1,652 41 12 1,504 37 13 Not reported

...................... 7,621 19 1,526 20 11 1,333 17 11

See footnotes at end of table.

## Appendix C C-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-7. **Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000**—Continued (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic Hunted only F ished and hunted

Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 1 100 1,517 4 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 (Z) 39 621 2 41 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1 61 896 8 59 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). . . 115 (Z) 51 847 3 56

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *71 *(Z) *32 384 2 25 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 259 3 17 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *21 *1 *10 204 6 13 Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 1 49 670 8 44 Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 41 2 3 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 156 3 10 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 240 4 16 West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *31 *1 *14 227 8 15 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *33 *(Z) *15 238 3 16 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *28 *1 *12 162 7 11 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *44 *1 *20 251 5 17 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *19 *1 *8 116 4 8 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9 *(Z) *4 86 1 6 Age

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *17 *(Z) *8 112 1 7 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *46 *(Z) *20 428 3 28 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 1 72 978 6 64 Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 1 76 1 ,298 6 86

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 85 1 6 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *39 *1 *17 362 5 24 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1 53 851 10 56 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 (Z) 24 220 1 14

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *27 *(Z) *2 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 66 1 4 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *43 *1 *19 127 2 8 Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *33 *1 *2 Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 1 94 1 ,484 4 98 Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 1 92 1 ,475 4 97 Black

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... Asian

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *14 *2 *6 *16 *2 *1 Annual Household Income

Under $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *37 *2 *2 $10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 59 2 4 $20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *47 *2 *3 $25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 86 4 6 $30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 95 4 6 $35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *16 *1 *7 90 4 6 $40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 218 6 14 $50,000 to $74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1 26 393 5 26 $75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *41 *1 *18 186 4 12 $100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 139 3 9 Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *27 *(Z) *12 166 2 11

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ...Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent. Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished only, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-9 Table C-8. **Selected Characteristics of Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000** (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic U.S. population Participants
Total Nonresidential (away from home) Residential (around the home)

Number Percent Number Percent whoparticipated Percent Number Percent whoparticipated Percent Number Percent whoparticipated Percent Total persons ..................... 40,949 100 15,066 37 100 6,091 15 100 13,542 33 100 Population Density of Residence

Urban

.......................... 29,935 73 10,126 34 67 4,291 14 70 9,030 30 67 Rural .......................... 1 1,014 27 4,941 45 33 1,800 16 30 4,513 41 33 Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) . . 33,020 81 11,790 36 78 4,837 15 79 10,586 32 78

1,000,000 or more

.............. 21,513 53 7,360 34 49 3,119 14 51 6,582 31 49 250,000 to 999,999

............. 8,161 20 3,061 38 20 1,131 14 19 2,805 34 21 50,000 to 249,999

.............. 3,346 8 1,369 41 9 587 18 10 1,199 36 9 Outside MSA

.................... 7,929 19 3,277 41 22 1,254 16 21 2,957 37 22 Census Geographic Division

New England

.................... 1,905 5 714 37 5 244 13 4 664 35 5 Middle Atlantic

.................. 5,445 13 2,015 37 13 781 14 13 1,875 34 14 East North Central

................ 6,620 16 2,689 41 18 1,074 16 18 2,485 38 18 West North Central

............... 2,797 7 1,292 46 9 568 20 9 1,159 41 9 South Atlantic

................... 7,288 18 2,493 34 17 869 12 14 2,277 31 17 East South Central

................ 2,404 6 873 36 6 307 13 5 811 34 6 West South Central

............... 4,825 12 1,502 31 10 569 12 9 1,337 28 10 Mountain

....................... 2,809 7 1,121 40 7 554 20 9 938 33 7 Pacific

......................... 6,856 17 2,367 35 16 1,125 16 18 1,998 29 15 Age

6 to 8 years ..................... 1 1,848 29 4,311 36 29 1,783 15 29 3,929 33 29 9 to 11 years

.................... 12,795 31 5,192 41 34 2,043 16 34 4,718 37 35 12 to 15 years

................... 16,305 40 5,564 34 37 2,265 14 37 4,895 30 36 Sex

Male, total

...................... 21,172 52 7,951 38 53 3,243 15 53 7,154 34 53

6 to 8 years

................... 6,044 15 2,145 35 14 870 14 14 1,952 32 14 9 to 11 years

.................. 6,707 16 2,827 42 19 1,171 17 19 2,566 38 19 12 to 15 years

................. 8,421 21 2,978 35 20 1,202 14 20 2,636 31 19 Female, total

.................... 19,777 48 7,116 36 47 2,848 14 47 6,388 32 47

6 to 8 years

................... 5,804 14 2,165 37 14 913 16 15 1,977 34 15 9 to 11 years

.................. 6,089 15 2,365 39 16 872 14 14 2,152 35 16 12 to 15 years

................. 7,884 19 2,586 33 17 1,063 13 17 2,259 29 17 Ethnicity

Hispanic

........................ 6,343 15 1,483 23 10 597 9 10 1,294 20 10 Non-Hispanic

.................... 34,606 85 13,584 39 90 5,494 16 90 12,248 35 90 Race

White

.......................... 33,378 82 13,435 40 89 5,548 17 91 12,085 36 89 Black

.......................... 5,519 13 1,029 19 7 336 6 6 926 17 7 Asian

.......................... 1,320 3 276 21 2 106 8 2 231 17 2 All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 2 326 45 2 101 14 2 301 41 2 Annual Household Income

Under $10,000

................... 1,849 5 456 25 3 115 6 2 438 24 3 $10,000 to $19,999

............... 3,012 7 757 25 5 276 9 5 668 22 5 $20,000 to $24,999

............... 2,223 5 659 30 4 225 10 4 608 27 4 $25,000 to $29,999

............... 2,344 6 818 35 5 328 14 5 707 30 5 $30,000 to $34,999

............... 2,492 6 883 35 6 365 15 6 799 32 6 $35,000 to $39,999

............... 2,009 5 787 39 5 290 14 5 716 36 5 $40,000 to $49,999

............... 3,956 10 1,637 41 11 707 18 12 1,471 37 11 $50,000 to $74,999

............... 7,239 18 3,205 44 21 1,301 18 21 2,936 41 22 $75,000 to $99,999

............... 4,168 10 2,085 50 14 975 23 16 1,831 44 14 $100,000 or more

................. 4,036 10 2,002 50 13 941 23 15 1,751 43 13 Not reported

..................... 7,621 19 1,779 23 12 567 7 9 1,619 21 12

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who were residential participants, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who were residential participants who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated in wildlife-watching activities only in other countries.

## Appendix C C-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-9. **Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant’s State of Residence: 2000**  (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)
Participant’s state of residence Population Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total ........ 40,949 20,245 49 13,369 33 15,066 37 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 297 48 247 40 178 29 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 83 74 60 54 64 57 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 349 43 211 26 249 31 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 213 57 154 41 145 39 California

.................. 5,239 2,040 39 1,145 22 1,589 30 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 388 62 234 38 289 46 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 225 47 132 28 173 36 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 136 71 35 18 122 64 Florida

.................... 2,159 800 37 586 27 537 25 Georgia

.................... 1,224 501 41 406 33 325 27 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 69 43 47 29 46 29 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 139 67 110 54 93 45 Illinois

..................... 1,833 955 52 609 33 694 38 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 500 57 363 41 368 42 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 265 64 205 50 172 42 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 260 66 208 53 180 46 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 333 60 238 43 261 47 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 306 45 174 26 235 35 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 125 73 83 49 106 62 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 404 52 222 29 343 44 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 358 42 234 28 255 30 Michigan

................... 1,498 811 54 489 33 625 42 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 577 79 456 62 434 59 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 211 48 171 39 144 33 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 443 55 334 41 320 40 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 82 62 69 52 55 42 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 145 58 105 43 103 42 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 126 42 80 27 99 33 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 112 62 79 43 85 47 New Jersey

................. 1,192 545 46 316 27 443 37 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 150 53 102 36 105 37 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 1,062 41 555 21 872 34 North Carolina

.............. 1,171 561 48 400 34 397 34 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 56 63 47 53 34 38 Ohio

...................... 1,637 800 49 595 36 577 35 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 288 58 206 41 207 41 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 308 65 167 35 254 53 Pennsylvania

................ 1,656 897 54 594 36 700 42 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 69 48 44 30 49 34 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 275 50 176 32 213 39 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 74 66 58 51 48 43 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 404 51 265 34 290 37 Texas

...................... 3,276 1,389 42 976 30 916 28 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 253 66 195 51 188 49 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 54 65 41 50 46 56 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 575 59 342 35 443 45 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 518 60 312 36 414 48 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 155 66 110 47 113 49 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 501 64 340 44 426 55 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 55 77 41 58 43 61 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries.

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-11 Table C-10. **Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2000** (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)
Sportsperson’s state of residence Population Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total ........ 40,949 13,369 33 11,628 28 224 1 1,517 4 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 247 40 191 31 ... ... 45 7 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 60 54 49 44 *6 *5 *5 *5 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 211 26 183 23 ... ... *22 *3 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 154 41 112 30 ... ... *38 *10 California

.................. 5,239 1,145 22 1,099 21 ... ... ... ... Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 234 38 211 34 ... ... *23 *4 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 132 28 128 27 ... ... ... ... Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 35 18 32 17 ... ... ... ... Florida

.................... 2,159 586 27 543 25 ... ... ... ... Georgia

.................... 1,224 406 33 348 28 ... ... *49 *4 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 47 29 45 28 ... ... ... ... Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 110 54 97 47 ... ... *12 *6 Illinois

..................... 1,833 609 33 549 30 ... ... ... ... Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 363 41 312 36 ... ... *50 *6 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 205 50 172 42 ... ... *31 *8 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 208 53 180 46 ... ... *26 *7 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 238 43 206 37 ... ... *29 *5 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 174 26 147 22 ... ... *22 *3 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 83 49 71 42 ... ... *10 *6 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 222 29 201 26 ... ... ... ... Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 234 28 227 27 ... ... ... ... Michigan

................... 1,498 489 33 452 30 ... ... ... ... Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 456 62 388 53 ... ... *61 *8 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 171 39 117 27 ... ... 46 11 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 334 41 242 30 ... ... *79 *10 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 69 52 51 39 ... ... *15 *11 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 105 43 90 36 ... ... *11 *5 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 80 27 77 25 ... ... ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 79 43 68 37 ... ... *8 *5 New Jersey

................. 1,192 316 27 303 25 ... ... ... ... New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 102 36 87 30 ... ... *10 *4 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 555 21 490 19 ... ... *66 *3 North Carolina

.............. 1,171 400 34 353 30 ... ... *43 *4 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 47 53 38 42 ... ... *8 *9 Ohio

...................... 1,637 595 36 526 32 ... ... *62 *4 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 206 41 155 31 ... ... *47 *9 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 167 35 152 32 ... ... ... ... Pennsylvania

................ 1,656 594 36 498 30 ... ... *80 *5 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 44 30 42 29 ... ... ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 176 32 150 27 ... ... *23 *4 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 58 51 45 40 ... ... *10 *9 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 265 34 217 27 ... ... *41 *5 Texas

...................... 3,276 976 30 801 24 ... ... *143 *4 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 195 51 169 44 ... ... *23 *6 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 41 50 31 37 ... ... *10 *13 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 342 35 304 31 ... ... ... ... Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 312 36 292 34 ... ... *20 *2 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 110 47 73 31 ... ... *31 *13 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 340 44 280 36 ... ... *48 *6 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 41 58 33 47 ... ... *7 *10 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported onthis table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interviews required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries.

## Appendix C C-12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C-11. **Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant’s State of Residence: 2000**  (Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Participant’s state of residence Population Participants Total Nonresidential Residential

Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total ........ 40,949 15,066 37 6,091 15 13,542 33 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 178 29 52 8 161 26 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 64 57 28 25 54 48 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 249 31 95 12 215 27 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 145 39 *44 *12 138 37 California

.................. 5,239 1,589 30 742 14 1,339 26 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 289 46 143 23 236 38 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 173 36 43 9 166 35 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 122 64 57 30 119 62 Florida

.................... 2,159 537 25 *168 *8 492 23 Georgia

.................... 1,224 325 27 136 11 286 23 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 46 29 24 15 38 24 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 93 45 51 25 82 40 Illinois

..................... 1,833 694 38 210 11 658 36 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 368 42 137 16 350 40 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 172 42 75 18 153 37 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 180 46 72 18 160 41 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 261 47 113 20 238 43 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 235 35 78 12 203 30 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 106 62 40 23 102 60 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 343 44 145 19 319 41 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 255 30 80 9 238 28 Michigan

................... 1,498 625 42 288 19 579 39 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 434 59 152 21 403 55 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 144 33 *38 *9 137 31 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 320 40 188 23 283 35 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 55 42 39 29 45 34 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 103 42 45 18 88 36 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 99 33 44 15 79 26 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 85 47 47 26 71 39 New Jersey

................. 1,192 443 37 184 15 397 33 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 105 37 50 17 89 31 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 872 34 323 12 806 31 North Carolina

.............. 1,171 397 34 117 10 366 31 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 34 38 17 20 30 34 Ohio

...................... 1,637 577 35 207 13 525 32 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 207 41 98 20 178 36 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 254 53 128 27 212 44 Pennsylvania

................ 1,656 700 42 274 17 671 41 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 49 34 15 10 44 31 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 213 39 73 13 195 35 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 48 43 18 16 41 36 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 290 37 104 13 274 35 Texas

...................... 3,276 916 28 350 11 818 25 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 188 49 108 28 159 41 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 46 56 19 23 43 52 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 443 45 149 15 393 40 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 414 48 203 23 356 41 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 113 49 *24 *10 106 46 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 426 55 233 30 372 48 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 43 61 25 34 35 48 * Estimate based on a small sample size. Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries.

# Appendix D

## Appendix D D-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service This Appendix is presented in two parts. The first part is the U.S. Census Bureau Source and Accuracy Statement. This statement describes the sampling design for the 2001 Survey and highlights the steps taken to produce estimates from the completed questionnaires. The statement explains the use of standard errors and confidence intervals. It also provides comprehensive information about errors characteristic of surveys, and formulas and parameters to calculate an approximate standard error or confidence interval for each number published in this report. The second part, Tables D-1 to D-4, reports approximate standard errors and 95-percent confidence intervals for selected measures of participation and expenditures for wildlife-related recreation. Source and Accuracy Statement for the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation 

## Source of Data The estimates in this report are based on data collected in the 2001 NationalSurvey of Fishing, Hunting, and WildlifeAssociated Recreation (FHWAR). The 2001 FHWAR Survey was designed to provide state-level estimates of the number of participants in recreationalhunting and fishing, and in wildlifewatching activities (e.g., wildlife observation). Information was collected on the number of participants, where and how often they participated, the type of wildlife encountered, and the amounts of money spent on wildlife- related recreation. The survey was conducted in two stages: an initial screening of households toidentify likely sportspersons and wildlifewatching participants, and a series of follow-up interviews of selected persons to collect detailed data about their wildlife-related recreation during 2001. The 2001 FHWAR sample was selected from expired samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS). 

## Sample Design A. CPS - Current Population Survey The expired CPS samples used for the 2001 FHWAR had been selected initially from 1990 decennial census files with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The samples, while active, had been continually updated to reflect new construction. The sample addresses were located in 754 geographic areas consisting of a county or several contiguous counties. B. The FHWAR Screening Sample The total screening sample consisted of 80,000 households identified from the expired CPS samples. About 3,300 households were removed from sample because they did not have accurate or consistent address or contact information. Of the remaining households, roughly 8.8 percent were found to be vacant or otherwise not to be enumerated. About 23.1 percent could not be enumerated because the occupants were not found at home, refused to participate in the survey, or were unavailable. Overall, about 52,508 completed household interviews were obtained for a national response rate of approximately 74.8 percent. Local field representatives conducted interviews by telephone when possible, otherwise through a personal visit. The field representatives asked screening questions for all household members 6 years old and older. Interviewing for the screen was conducted during April, May, and June of 2001. Data for the FHWAR sportspersons sample and wildlife-watchers sample were collected in three waves. The first wave started in April 2001, the second in September 2001, and the third in January 2002. In the sportspersons sample, all persons who hunted or fished in 2001 by the time of the screening interview were interviewed in the first wave. The remaining sportspersons sample were interviewed in the second wave. All sample persons (from both the first and second waves) were interviewed in the third wave. The reference period was the preceding 4 months for waves 1 and 2. In wave 3, the reference period was either 4 or 8 months depending on when the sample person was first interviewed. C. The Detailed Samples Two independent detailed samples were chosen from the FHWAR screening sample. One consisted of sportspersons (people who hunt or fish) and the other of wildlife watchers (people who observed, photographed, or fed wildlife). 1. Sportspersons The Census Bureau selected the detailed samples based on information reported during the screening phase. Every person 16 years old and older in the FHWAR screening sample was assigned to a sportspersons stratum based on time devoted to hunting/fishing in the past and time expected to be devoted to 

# Appendix D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy

## hunting/fishing in the future. The sportspersons categories were: Active - a person who had already participated in hunting/fishing in 2001 at the time of the screener interview. Likely - a person who had not participated in 2001 at the time of the screener but had participated in 2000 OR said they were likely to participate in 2001.
Inactive - a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 AND said they were somewhat unlikely to participate in 2001. Nonparticipant - a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 AND said they were very unlikely to participate in 2001. Persons were selected for the detailed phase based on these groupings. Active sportspersons were given the detailed interview twice—at the same time of the screening interview (April-June 2001) and again in January/February 2002. Likely sportspersons and a subsample of the inactive sportspersons were also interviewed twice—first in September/October 2001, then in January/February 2002. If Census field representatives were not able to obtain the first interview, they attempted to interview the person in the final interviewing period with the reference period being the entire year. Persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. About 28,700 persons were designated for interviews. The detailed sportspersons sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state level estimates. During each interview period, about 12 percent of the designated people were not found at home or were unavailable. Overall, about 25,100 detailed sportspersons interviews were completed for a national response rate of 88 percent. 2. Wildlife Watchers The wildlife-watching detailed sample also was selected based on information reported during the screening phase. Every person 16 years of age and older was assigned to a category basedon time devoted to wildlifewatching activities in previous years, participation in 2001 by the time of the screening interview, and intentions to participate in activities during the remainder of 2001. Each person was placed into one of the following groups based on their past participation: Active - a person who had already participated in 2001 at the time of the screening interview. Avid - a person who had not yet participated in 2001 but in 2000 had taken trips to participate in wildlife-watching activities for 21 or more days or had spent $300 or more. Average - a person who had not yet participated in 2001 but in2000 had taken trips to wildlifewatch for less than 21 days and had spent less than $300 OR hadnot participated in wildlifewatching activities but said they were very likely to in the remainder of 2001. Infrequent - a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 but said they were somewhat likely or somewhat unlikely to participate in the remainder of 2001. Nonparticipant - a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 and said they were very unlikely to participate during the remainder of 2001. Persons were selected for the detailed phase based on these groupings. Persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. A subsample of each of the other groups was selected to receive a detailed interview with the chance of being selected diminishing as the likelihood of participation diminished. Wildlife-watching participants were given the detailed interview twice. Some received their first detailed interview at the same time as the screening interview (April-June 2001). The rest received their first detailed interview in September/October 2001. All wildlife-watching participants received their second interview in January/February 2002. If Census field representatives were not able to obtain the first interview, they attempted to interview the person in the final interviewing period with the reference period being the entire year. About 17,100 persons were designated for interviews. The detailed wildlife-watching sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state-level estimates. During each interview period, 11 percent of the designated people were not found at home or were unavailable. Overall, about 15,300 detailed wildlife-watcher interviews were completed for a national response rate of 90 percent. 

## Estimation Procedure Several stages of adjustments were used to derive the final 2001 FHWAR person weights. A brief description of the major components of the weights is given below. All statistics for the population 6 to 15 years of age were derived from the screening interview. Statistics for the population 16 and over came from both the screening and detailed interviews. Estimates which came from the screening sample are presented in Appendix C. A. Screening Sample Every interviewed person in the screening sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Base Weight. The base weight is the inverse of the household’s probability of selection.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-3

## 2. Household Noninterview Adjustment. The noninterview adjustment inflated the weight assigned to interviewed households to account for households eligible for interview but for which no interview was obtained. 3. First-Stage Adjustment. The 754 areas designated for our samples were selected from over 2,000 such areas of the United States. Some sample areas represent only themselves and are referred to as self-representing. The remaining areas represent other areas similar in selected characteristics and arethus designated nonselfrepresenting. The first-stage factor reduces the component of variation arising from sampling the nonself-representing areas. 4. Second-Stage Adjustment. This adjustment brings the estimates of the total population in eachstate into agreement with censusbased estimates of the civilian noninstitutional and nonbarrack military populations for each state. B. Sportspersons Sample Every interviewed person in the sportspersons detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Screening Weight. This is the individual’s final weight from the screening sample. 2. Sportspersons Stratum Adjustment. This factor inflated the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each sportsperson’s stratum. 3. Sportspersons Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed sportspersons to account for sportspersons selected for the detailed sample for whom no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he/she were not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing. 4. Sportspersons Ratio Adjustment Factor. This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within sportspersons sampling stratum. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons age 16 years old or older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample. C. Wildlife-Watchers Sample Every interviewed person in the wildlife-watchers detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors: 1. Screening Weight. This is the individual’s final weight from the screening sample. 2. Wildlife-Watchers Stratum Adjustment. This factor inflated the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each wildlife-watcher stratum. 3. Wildlife-Watchers Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed wildlife-watching participants to account for wildlife watchers selected for the detailed sample for which no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he/she were not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing. 4. Wildlife-Watchers Ratio Adjustment Factor. This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within wildlife-watchers sampling strata. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons age 16 years old or older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample. 

## Accuracy of the Estimates Since the 2001 estimates came from a sample, they may differ from figures from a complete census using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. A sample survey estimate has two possible types of error— sampling and nonsampling. The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, one should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of cases or on small differences between estimates. The standard errors for the 2001 FHWAR estimates primarily indicate the magnitude of sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in responses and enumeration, but do not measure systematic biases in the data. (Bias is the average over all possible samples of the differences between the sample estimate and the actual value.) 

## Nonsampling Variability Let us suppose that a comparable complete enumeration was conducted, that is, an interview is attempted for every person 16 years old and over in the United States. Chances are we will not correctly estimate every parameter under consideration (for example, the proportion of people who fished). In this instance, the difference is due solely to nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors also occur in sample surveys and can be attributed to several sources including the following: • The inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample. • Definitional difficulties. • Differences in the interpretation of questions. • Respondents’ inability or unwillingness to provide correct information. • Respondents’ inability to recall information. • Errors made in data collection such as in recording or coding the data. • Errors made in the processing of data. • Errors made in estimating values for missing data. • Failure to represent all units with the sample (undercoverage).
Appendix D D-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

## Overall CPS undercoverage is estimated to be about 8 percent. Generally, undercoverage is larger for males than for females and larger for Blacks and other races combined than for Whites. Ratio estimation to independent population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the bias due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics from those of interviewed persons in the same age group. Comparability of Data. Data obtained from the 2001 FHWAR and other sources are not entirely comparable. This results from differences in field interviewer training and experience and in differing survey processes. This is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected in the standard errors. Use caution when comparing results from different sources (See Appendix B). Note When Using Small Estimates. Because of the large standard errors involved, summary measures (such as medians and percentage distributions) would probably not reveal useful information when computed on a base smaller than 100,000. Take care in the interpretation of small differences. For instance, even a small amount of nonsampling error can cause a borderline difference to appear significant or not, thus distorting a seemingly valid hypothesis test.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-5

## Sampling Variability The particular sample used for the 2001 FHWAR Survey is one of a large number of all possible samples of the same size that could have been selected using the same sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each other. This sample-to-sample variability is referred to as sampling variability and is generally measured by the standard error. The exact sampling error is unknown. However, guides to the potential size of the sampling error are provided by the standard error of the estimate. Since the standard error of a survey estimate attempts to provide a measure of the variation among the estimates from the possible samples, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all possible samples. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described next in “Standard Errors and Their Use,” are primarily measures of sampling variability, although they may include some nonsampling error. The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval, a range that would include the average result of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 1.96 standard errors below the estimate to 1.96 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples. A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples. However, one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples. Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing—a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters using sample estimates. One common type of hypothesis is that the population parameters are different. An example would be comparing the proportion of anglers to the proportion of hunters. Tests may be performed at various levels of significance where a significance level is the probability of concluding that the characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. To conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.05level of significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.96 times the standard error of the difference. This report uses 95-percent confidence intervals and 0.05 levels of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard statistical textbooks for alternative criteria. Standard Errors and Their Use . A number of approximations are required to derive, at a moderate cost, standard errors applicable to all the estimates in this report. Instead of providing an individual standard error for each estimate, parameters are provided to calculate standard errors for each type of characteristic. These parameters are listed in tables D-5 to D-10. Methods for using the parameters to calculate standard errors of various estimates are given in the next sections. Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard error, sx, of an estimated number shown in this report can be obtained using the following formulas. Formula (1) is used to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, anglers, and wildlife watchers.
(1)

Here, x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic. Formula (2) is used for standard errors of aggregates, i.e., trips, days, and expenditures.
(2)

Here, x is again the size of the estimate; y is the base of the estimate; and a, b, and c are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic.

Appendix D D-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

## Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Number Table 1 in this report shows that 37,805,000 persons 16+ either fished or hunted in the United States in 2001. Using formula ( 1) with the parameters a= -0.000020 and b= 4,289 from table D-6, the approximate standard error of the estimates number of 37,805,000 sportspersons 16+ is

The 95-percent confidence interval for the estimated number of sportspersons 16+ is from 37,088,600 to 38,521,400, ie., 37,805,000 ± 1.96 x 365,500. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples. Table 1 shows that 13,034,300 hunters 16+ engaged in 228,367,800 days of participation in 2001. Using formula (2) with the parameters a = 0.000168, b = -11,904, and c = 12,496 from table D-8, the approximate standard error on 228,367,800 estimated days on an estimated base of 13,034,300 hunters is

The 95-percent confidence interval on the estimate of 228,367,800 days is from 213,695,000 to 243,040,600, ie., 228,367,800 ± 1.96 x 7,486,100. Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples. Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the tables indicated by the numerator. The approximate standard error, sx,p, can be obtained by use of the formula

(3)
Here, x is the total number of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the base of the percentage; p is the percentage (0 < p < 100); and b is the parameter in the tables associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Percentage Table 1 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters 16+, 22.7 percent hunted migratory birds. From table D-6, the appropriate b parameter is 3,793. Using formula (3), the approximate standard error on the estimate of 22.7 percent is

Consequently, the 95-percent confidence interval for the estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16+ is from 21.3 percentto 24.1 percent, ie. 22.7 ± 1.96 x 0.71.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-7

## Standard Error of a Difference . The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to

(4)

where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates x and y. The estimates can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc. This will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic in two dif ferent areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference Table 24 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters, 10,688,000 were licensed hunters, and 1,689,300 were exempt from a hunting license. The corresponding percentages are 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. The apparent difference between the percent of licensed hunters and hunters who are exempt from a license is 69.0 percent. Using formula (3) and the appropriate b parameter from table D-6, the approximate standard errors of 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent are 0.66 and 0.57, respectively. Using formula (4), the approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 69.0 percent is

The 95-percent confidence interval on the difference between licensed hunters and those who were exempt from a hunting license is from 67.3 to 70.7 percent, i.e., 69.0 ± 1.96 x 0.87. Since the interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with 95 percent confidence that the percentage of licensed hunters is greater than the percentage of hunters who are exempt from a hunting license. Standard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown in the report were calculated as the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as:

Standard errors for these averages may be approximated by the use of formula (5) below.

(5)
In formula (5), r represents the correlation coefficient between the numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the above formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r. Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average Table 2 shows that the average days per angler 16 years old or older for all fishing was 16.4 days. Using formulas (1) and (2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, 557,393,900, and total anglers, 34,071,100, to be 8,726,000 and 350,600, respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 16.4 days is

therefore, the 95-percent confidence interval on the estimated average of 16.4 days is from 16.0 to 16.8, i.e., 16.4 ± 1.96 x 0 .18.

Appendix D D-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-9 Table D-1. **Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing Estimates: 2001** 

Anglers, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent ANGLERS (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 351 33,384 34,758

Freshwater

............................................. 28,439 325 27,801 29,077

Freshwater except Great Lakes

........................... 27,913 323 27,281 28,545 Great Lakes

.......................................... 1,847 89 1,673 2,021 Saltwater

.............................................. 9,051 193 8,673 9,429 DAYS OF FISHING (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557,394 8,726 540,291 574,497

Freshwater

............................................. 466,984 8,919 449,502 484,466

Freshwater except Great Lakes

........................... 443,247 8,614 426,364 460,130 Great Lakes

.......................................... 23,138 2,391 18,451 27,825 Saltwater

.............................................. 90,838 3,929 83,137 98,539 Average Days per Angler Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.18 16.0 16.8

Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.23 16.0 16.8

Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 0.22 15.5 16.3 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 0.97 10.6 14.4 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 0.32 9.4 10.6 FISHING EXPENDITURES (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,632,257 $945,263 $33,779,541 $37,484,973

Freshwater

............................................. $21,348,370 $604,067 $20,164,398 $22,532,342

Freshwater except Great Lakes

........................... $19,972,014 $568,976 $18,856,821 $21,087,207 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,274,435 $122,992 $1,033,371 $1,515,499 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,388,962 $381,702 $7,640,826 $9,137,098 Average Expenditure per Spender Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,115 $22 $1,073 $1,157

Freshwater

............................................. $817 $16 $785 $849

Freshwater except Great Lakes

........................... $782 $16 $751 $813 Great Lakes

.......................................... $750 $49 $653 $847 Saltwater

.............................................. $1,034 $32 $972 $1,096

## Appendix D D-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-2. **Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Hunting Estimates: 2001** 

Hunters, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent HUNTERS (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 215 12,612 13,456

Big game

.............................................. 10,911 198 10,523 11,299 Small game

............................................ 5,434 142 5,156 5,712 Migratory bird

.......................................... 2,956 105 2,750 3,162 Other animals

.......................................... 1,047 63 924 1,170 DAYS OF HUNTING (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,368 7,486 213,695 243,041

Big game

.............................................. 153,191 5,385 142,637 163,745 Small game

............................................ 60,142 2,865 54,526 65,758 Migratory bird

.......................................... 29,310 1,851 25,682 32,938 Other animals

.......................................... 19,207 2,058 15,173 23,241 Average Days per Hunter Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 0.64 16.2 18.8

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 0.56 12.9 15.1 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 0.60 9.9 12.3 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 0.72 8.5 11.3 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 2.25 13.9 22.7 HUNTING EXPENDITURES (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,611,025 $941,534 $18,765,618 $22,456,432

Big game

.............................................. $10,087,930 $485,235 $9,136,869 $11,038,991 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1, 816,199 $110,041 $1,600,519 $2,031,879 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,388,581 $108,766 $1,175,400 $1,601,762 Other animals

.......................................... $243,760 $29,928 $185,101 $302,419 Average Expenditures per Spender Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,638 $77 $1,487 $1,789

Big game

.............................................. $1,013 $48 $920 $1,106 Small game

............................................ $399 $22 $356 $442 Migratory bird

.......................................... $548 $40 $469 $627 Other animals

.......................................... $376 $32 $314 $438

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-11 Table D-3. **Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing and Hunting Expenditure Estimates: 2001**  (Numbers in thousands) Expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent FISHING AND HUNTING EXPENDITURES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $69,976,330 $1,791,976 $66,464,058 $73,488,602

Trip-related

................................. $19,908,392 $508,674 $18,911,390 $20,905,394

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,330,938 $211,927 $7,915,561 $8,746,315 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,305,077 $134,367 $5,041,717 $5,568,437 Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,272,377 $159,162 $5,960,420 $6,584,334 Equipment

................................. $40,954,202 $1,048,104 $38,899,918 $43,008,486

Fishing/hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,507,114 $242,075 $9,032,648 $9,981,580 Auxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2, 627,686 $65,733 $2,498,850 $2,756,522 Special

.................................. $28,819,402 $737,075 $27,374,736 $30,264,068 Other

...................................... $9,113,737 $231,992 $8,659,033 $9,568,441

Magazine subscriptions

..................... $307,981 $6,089 $296,046 $319,916 Membership dues and contributions

........... $515,282 $11,498 $492,745 $537,819 Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7, 128,486 $181,106 $6,773,518 $7,483,454 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . $1, 161,988 $28,139 $1,106,835 $1,217,141 Fishing Expenditures Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,632,257 $945,263 $33,779,541 $37,484,973

Trip-related

................................. $14,656,000 $387,889 $13,895,738 $15,416,262

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5, 880,997 $154,718 $5,577,750 $6,184,244 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,515,756 $91,865 $3,335,702 $3,695,810 Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,259,247 $138,196 $4,988,382 $5,530,112 Equipment

................................. $16,963,523 $449,204 $16,083,084 $17,843,962

Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4, 617,612 $121,146 $4,380,166 $4,855,058 Auxiliary

................................. $721,049 $17,550 $686,651 $755,447 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11, 624,862 $307,346 $11,022,465 $12,227,259 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,012,733 $105,072 $3,806,793 $4,218,673

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3, 152,594 $82,213 $2,991,456 $3,313,732 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits

........... $639,876 $15,384 $609,724 $670,028 Hunting Expenditures Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,611,025 $941,534 $18,765,618 $22,456,432

Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,252,391 $237,159 $4,787,560 $5,717,222

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,449,942 $108,603 $2,237,080 $2,662,804 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,789,320 $78,283 $1,635,886 $1,942,754 Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,013,129 $42,614 $929,606 $1,096,652 Equipment

................................. $10,361,496 $471,479 $9,437,397 $11,285,595

Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,561,709 $205,479 $4,158,969 $4,964,449 Auxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,202,845 $51,341 $1,102,216 $1,303,474 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,596,942 $207,095 $4,191,035 $5,002,849 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,997,138 $225,451 $4,555,253 $5,439,023

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,975,892 $178,609 $3,625,819 $4,325,965 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits

........... $693,038 $27,850 $638,452 $747,624

## Appendix D D-12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-4. **Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Wildlife-Watching Estimates: 2001**  Participants and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent WILDLIFE-WATCHING PARTICIPANTS (thousands) Total participants ........................................ 66,105 625 64,880 67,330

Nonresidential (away from home)

.......................... 21,823 559 20,727 22,919

Observe wildlife

...................................... 20,080 395 19,307 20,853 Photograph wildlife

.................................... 9,427 278 8,883 9,971 Feed wildlife

......................................... 7,077 242 6,603 7,551 Residential (around the home)

............................. 62,928 616 61,720 64,136

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 538 41,057 43,165 Photograph wildlife

.................................... 13,937 334 13,283 14,591 Feed wildlife

......................................... 53,988 588 52,836 55,140 Maintain natural areas or plantings

....................... 13,072 324 12,437 13,707 Visit public parks

..................................... 10,981 299 10,396 11,566 DAYS OF PARTICIPATION IN NONRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,006 16,700 339,274 404,738

Observe wildlife

........................................ 295,345 14,584 266,761 323,929 Photograph wildlife

...................................... 76,324 6,969 62,665 89,983 Feed wildlife

........................................... 103,307 8,558 86,534 120,080 Average Days of Participation in

Nonresidential Activities Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 0.56 16.0 18.1

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 0.56 13.6 15.8 Photograph wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 0.60 6.9 9.3 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 0.93 12.8 16.4 EXPENDITURES (thousands) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38,414,488 $644,659 $37,150,955 $39,678,021

Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8, 162,439 $135,441 $7,896,974 $8,427,904

Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4, 818,843 $79,151 $4,663,706 $4,973,980 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,595,542 $41,707 $2,513,796 $2,677,288 Other trip costs

....................................... $748,054 $10,478 $727,518 $768,590 Equipment and other expenses

............................. $30,252,049 $507,267 $29,257,805 $31,246,293

Wildlife watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,353,977 $121,832 $7,115,187 $7,592,767 Auxiliary

............................................ $716,900 $9,944 $697,410 $736,390 Special

.............................................. $15,468,716 $258,428 $14,962,197 $15,975,235 Magazines

........................................... $331,955 $3,095 $325,888 $338,022 Membership dues and contributions

....................... $920,183 $13,413 $893,893 $946,473

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-13 Table D-5. **Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Sportspersons, Anglers, Hunters, and Wildlife-Watching Participants**  (These parameters are to be used only to calculate estimates of standard errors for characteristics developed from the screening sample)

State 6 years old and over 6-15 year olds only ab ab United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000017 4,191 –0.000103 4,052 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000380 1,493 –0.002270 1,417 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000948 512 –0.004485 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000399 1,559 –0.001931 1,303 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001069 2,456 –0.006381 2,444 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000221 6,329 –0.001083 5,240 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000521 1,819 –0.002707 1,551 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000336 996 –0.002227 1,007 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000428 283 –0.002753 284 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 5,619 –0.002768 5,390 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000506 3,361 –0.002856 3,156 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000659 705 –0.003146 538 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001285 1,393 –0.006911 1,424 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 4,572 –0.002310 4,043 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000578 3,064 –0.003388 2,867 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000803 2,084 –0.004015 1,702 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000659 1,528 –0.004453 1,804 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000493 1,760 –0.002857 1,623 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000874 3,461 –0.004231 3,101 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000903 1,035 –0.005933 1,086 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000463 2,151 –0.002684 1,973 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000193 1,065 –0.001155 928 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000606 5,281 –0.003588 5,206 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001004 4,226 –0.006232 4,574 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000955 2,368 –0.005090 2,275 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000681 3,305 –0.004295 3,440 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001327 1,085 –0.008909 1,292 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000479 714 –0.002742 713 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000588 845 –0.003740 838 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000455 482 –0.002565 446 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000220 1,591 –0.001309 1,434 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000887 1,389 –0.004190 1,228 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000298 4,907 –0.001768 4,458 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000506 3,353 –0.004040 4,161 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000994 581 –0.007996 816 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000402 4,091 –0.002543 4,199 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000774 2,323 –0.003822 2,007 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000429 1,261 –0.002347 1,105 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000563 6,176 –0.004018 6,755 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000327 291 –0.002062 276 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000542 1,838 –0.002857 1,566 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000788 522 –0.005465 667 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000798 3,887 –0.005230 3,954 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000674 11,571 –0.003386 10,479 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000532 948 –0.001723 667 Vermont

............................... –0.001116 605 –0.008013 697 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000636 3,870 –0.003336 3,090 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000190 956 –0.001070 889 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000784 1,344 –0.005315 1,323 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000986 4,628 –0.005562 4,461 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001599 718 –0.007708 647

## Appendix D D-14 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-6. **Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample** 

State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ ab ab United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000020 4,289 –0.000018 3,793 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000459 1,570 –0.000489 1,672 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001213 535 –0.000986 435 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000405 1,492 –0.000389 1,431 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001229 2,452 –0.001529 3,050 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000275 7,111 –0.000265 6,859 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000602 1,924 –0.000649 2,075 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000385 976 –0.000429 1,086 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000483 288 –0.000658 392 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000395 4,789 –0.000478 5,788 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000512 3,106 –0.000472 2,858 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000509 454 –0.001043 930 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001216 1,176 –0.001263 1,221 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000487 4,492 –0.000648 5,979 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000549 2,501 –0.000654 2,982 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000888 1,953 –0.000659 1,450 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000642 1,292 –0.000832 1,673 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000835 2,592 –0.000679 2,110 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000991 3,270 –0.000831 2,743 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000954 959 –0.000937 942 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000516 2,087 –0.000397 1,605 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000252 1,221 –0.000278 1,344 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000643 4,874 –0.000592 4,491 Minnesota

.............................. –0.001114 4,105 –0.000889 3,278 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001033 2,169 –0.001124 2,360 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000678 2,843 –0.000857 3,597 Montana

............................... –0.001195 832 –0.001299 904 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000676 851 –0.000707 890 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000617 893 –0.000576 833 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000501 478 –0.000547 522 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000252 1,588 –0.000305 1,918 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000711 944 –0.001259 1,672 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000364 5,159 –0.000301 4,277 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000451 2,646 –0.000616 3,618 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000814 389 –0.001295 619 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000421 3,638 –0.000381 3,292 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000954 2,454 –0.001042 2,679 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000652 1,715 –0.000558 1,468 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000635 5,902 –0.000628 5,840 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000423 322 –0.000510 389 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000527 1,616 –0.000696 2,133 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001088 605 –0.001013 563 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000577 2,490 –0.000749 3,232 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000603 9,273 –0.000733 11,259 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000616 955 –0.000714 1,106 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001086 520 –0.001184 567 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000546 2,930 –0.000658 3,529 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 1,913 –0.000305 1,368 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000781 1,133 –0.000891 1,288 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001026 4,165 –0.000832 3,378 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001209 452 –0.001693 633

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-15 Table D-7. **Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample** 

State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ abcab c United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000209 –81,938 16,935 0.000849 –338,404 16,347 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009175 –61,525 5,860 0.024164 –1,049 5,155 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.006112 –16,312 2,378 0.021402 39,475 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026819 –7,817 2,578 0.092593 –90,851 2,072 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004633 –23,748 6,426 0.014405 –62,820 5,523 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021384 –70,276 15,458 0.113785 –136,283 6,339 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009864 –19,578 5,293 0.022718 –94,581 3,887 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001877 –16,928 2,684 0.079125 –34,580 1,895 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040550 –7,042 809 0.105687 –2,637 311 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.007654 20,508 14,478 0.023874 –155,743 8,973 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014008 –36,268 6,059 0.008831 –95,649 7,863 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.025846 –5,658 1,067 0.097125 –938 788 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002875 –29,463 3,878 0.016379 –64,453 3,289 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019572 10,051 8,854 0.085878 –549,762 11,311 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.022696 –22,961 5,102 0.033251 –103,911 8,051 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005064 –20,998 4,528 0.016656 –138,890 5,392 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015860 18,185 1,730 0.021785 –50,528 2,671 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004591 –41,799 5,443 0.008079 –58,497 4,208 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.00040 –65,739 6,880 0.019445 –21,541 4,669 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017717 –5,998 1,713 0.025284 –13,157 1,841 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008904 –8,843 3,522 0.032998 –11,255 2,731 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016262 –12,678 3,571 0.024064 –1,953 1,922 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019792 –127,849 11,921 0.040148 –65,705 9,671 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008800 –47,947 9,688 0.014048 –30,492 6,73 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016340 –3,615 2,838 0.048203 –12,376 2,679 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010252 –14,938 4,700 0.044792 –43,432 4,274 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006249 2,944 2,023 0.012939 –22,671 1,865 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017333 –3,651 1,663 0.027267 –39,668 2,043 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018933 –14,263 1,569 0.031588 –38,184 1,658 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018219 –2,158 896 0.019369 –16,561 1,337 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008872 –21,461 4,161 0.074090 –47,814 2,925 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009851 –15,340 3,013 0.038148 4,904 1,576 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026625 –55,537 8,963 0.021960 –65,942 13,270 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002898 –52,854 8,564 0.027058 –70,174 6,255 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005072 –1,310 842 0.013476 10,740 593 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006294 –16,259 6,658 0.032819 –343,279 12,406 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004660 –37,618 7,562 0.020499 –34,984 4,891 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003145 –20,997 4,657 0.039506 –209,288 4,495 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001615 –16,424 12,085 0.015010 –45,176 9,408 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008233 –3,065 823 0.163731 1,552 318 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006577 –24,715 4,435 0.014150 –45,230 4,751 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016156 –6,396 1,099 0.041242 13,567 850 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.033971 –12,176 3,739 0.025020 25,879 2,858 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002571 –181,509 27,582 0.012511 228,353 16,609 Utah

.................................. 0.001106 –2,243 3,125 0.011415 –63,829 3,240 Vermont

............................... 0.011747 –4,625 1,103 0.008540 –5,531 1,212 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016382 –12,594 5,152 0.014967 –57,318 6,583 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003760 –21,018 4,033 0.047027 –137,577 2,616 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006720 –9,550 2,878 0.031204 –15,338 1,413 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012407 –19,300 6,202 0.024061 –96,808 6,607 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012293 –9,179 1,344 0.024311 –20,666 1,350

## Appendix D D-16 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-8. **Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Days or Trips for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample** 

State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+ abcab c United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000359 –10,379 21,216 0.000168 –11,904 12,496 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.014899 –1,645 10,642 0.010257 –3,745 3,494 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004232 –2,284 1,514 0.017337 –1,630 1,174 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009813 –504 1,658 0.025859 –2,427 2,408 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000591 –4,532 7,151 0.005331 –5,600 6,560 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005829 –32,577 19,133 0.046419 –14,455 11,763 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002514 –4,440 6,304 0.005304 –3,344 4,269 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004894 –1,905 2,797 0.032365 –208 1,179 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019930 –260 493 0.042659 –901 837 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004327 –8,388 12,123 0.023712 –8,026 8,704 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006853 –15,975 7,865 0.000498 –4,557 6,375 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024692 –3,126 2,236 –0.011390 –629 1,711 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003745 –3,875 4,263 0.007761 –1,392 1,956 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001740 –10,299 13,115 0.116103 –25,870 11,750 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005471 –5,800 7,756 0.015379 –6,119 5,928 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002638 –1,789 4,745 0.013073 –5,442 4,003 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016223 –605 1,633 –0.005996 –2,318 4,722 Kentucky

.............................. –0.001146 –3,831 5,559 –0.008903 –1,883 5,581 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005167 –9,551 6,990 0.031739 –9,447 4,809 Maine

................................. –0.001145 –2,421 3,262 0.012469 –2,544 2,121 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015009 –1,757 3,235 –0.000817 –3,341 4,179 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001279 –5,091 4,088 0.028210 –2,953 2,268 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014345 –13,184 13,688 0.005369 –5,906 7,564 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003565 –17,781 12,718 –0.002763 –5,610 8,671 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019493 –15,942 6,461 0.014162 –6,098 5,274 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002128 –5,253 7,226 0.018480 –8,909 5,746 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000449 –2,600 3,680 0.000401 –1,984 2,302 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001914 –1,750 2,477 –0.000535 –295 1,450 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021810 –2,046 1,649 –0.001816 –1,230 1,883 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002071 –1,578 1,470 0.000312 –511 902 New Jersey

............................. 0.011720 –5,526 6,959 0.022081 –3,488 3,096 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001275 –6,683 5,081 0.035962 –4,491 2,409 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006773 –19,672 13,519 –0.006261 –6,261 14,001 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003764 –7,850 10,700 0.005307 –10,202 11,887 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000254 –1,046 1,099 0.013638 –2,072 1,354 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002277 –12,642 14,807 0.014951 –10,264 9,111 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002908 –8,589 7,908 –0.012896 –7,384 10,343 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004964 –10,252 11,849 0.014008 –4,387 3,466 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000351 –9,506 15,294 0.001946 –7,227 10,734 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003515 –532 829 0.036010 –680 752 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001822 –4,530 4,244 0.016996 –2,924 3,226 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006727 –857 1,163 0.014473 –561 1,029 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003393 –8,542 10,929 0.014450 –5,875 5,933 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008771 –62,115 37,457 0.026724 –40,596 24,438 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000945 –159 2,170 0.009900 –3,490 2,684 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003874 –1,213 1,671 0.001720 –943 1,254 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003305 –6,179 9,142 0.003533 –4,262 5,955 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001423 –4,085 5,250 –0.000778 –1,826 2,912 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003294 –831 2,712 0.003483 –2,510 3,463 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000821 –11,365 13,762 0.002687 –8,025 7,969 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001824 –978 1,466 0.000207 3,198 606

## U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-17 Table D-9. **Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels of Wildlife-Watching Participants for the Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample** 

State Nonresidential users Wildlife-watching participants 1 ab ab United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000076 15,974 –0.000040 8,555 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001806 6,172 –0.000996 3,406 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003984 1,757 –0.007723 1,368 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001862 6,858 –0.001138 4,191 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005383 10,740 –0.003708 7,397 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001245 32,229 –0.000675 17,485 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002666 8,521 –0.001570 5,017 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002028 5,136 –0.001170 2,963 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003015 1,797 –0.001488 887 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002113 25,612 –0.001029 12,478 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002607 15,802 –0.001239 7,512 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001747 1,558 –0.001508 1,345 Idaho

.................................. –0.011466 11,088 –0.002755 2,664 Illinois

................................. –0.001118 10,311 –0.001182 10,900 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002301 10,485 –0.001294 5,899 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002614 5,750 –0.002397 5,274 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002324 4,676 –0.001200 2,414 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001720 5,341 –0.001519 4,717 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002007 6,621 –0.001352 4,459 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003051 3,066 –0.002046 2,056 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001879 7,604 –0.001100 4,449 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001845 8,924 –0.000791 3,824 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002911 22,083 –0.001385 10,506 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003859 14,226 –0.002710 9,989 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002421 5,085 –0.002331 4,896 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.007940 33,309 –0.002372 9,949 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005126 3,568 –0.003963 2,758 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002615 3,292 –0.001558 1,961 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002376 3,438 –0.001641 2,375 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003949 3,767 –0.001860 1,774 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001349 8,490 –0.000839 5,282 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003029 4,023 –0.001796 2,385 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001303 18,488 –0.000811 11,505 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001908 11,203 –0.001382 8,114 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003144 1,503 –0.002659 1,271 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001298 11,210 –0.000884 7,638 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004011 10,317 –0.002253 5,796 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003939 10,356 –0.001506 3,958 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002310 21,485 –0.001198 11,142 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001581 1,205 –0.001226 934 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004009 12,288 –0.001840 5,460 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005473 3,043 –0.002845 1,582 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002163 9,330 –0.001206 5,202 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003860 59,315 –0.001142 17,541 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003023 4,685 –0.002427 3,762 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.007125 3,413 –0.003296 1,579 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002550 13,684 –0.001540 8,266 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002590 11,601 –0.000842 3,773 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002233 3,226 –0.001979 2,859 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002881 11,690 –0.002288 9,283 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004150 1,552 –0.004075 1,524

1 Use these parameters for total wildlife-watching participants and residential participants.

## Appendix D D-18 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D-10. **Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures and Days or Trips for Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample** 

State Expenditures Days or trips abcab c United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000286 –65,186 37,635 0.000052 543,738 10,948 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030708 –4,434 4,714 –0.022833 –34,485 19,838 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.041800 –4,269 1,514 –0.029715 –14,349 8,241 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015564 –88,920 7,092 –0.006753 8,600 9,994 Arkansa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010470 –232,312 19,942 –0.016982 –55,327 23,242 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018066 –66,438 36,961 0.012283 199,721 11,847 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038817 –215,098 11,070 –0.052385 –41,128 50,721 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009671 –39,324 6,004 –0.041089 –115,012 28,194 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.048255 793 1,135 –0.017715 –10,761 3,753 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037237 246,936 15,955 –0.011904 368,712 53,853 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049562 –47,365 13,337 –0.012828 –66,122 35,936 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.073902 –7,392 1,428 –0.107474 –50,423 10,960 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049578 3,816 4,179 –0.012767 26,870 10,809 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023791 –91,738 15,163 0.017880 –26,735 32,660 Indiana

....................... 0.031176 –6,949 11,644 –0.031304 –137,397 50,618 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.027387 –151,677 10,811 –0.043626 –36,375 39,705 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014086 –26,411 5,617 –0.020112 –42,505 16,304 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034724 –14,328 9,748 –0.100682 –143,695 76,120 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.077714 –11,409 5,935 –0.079705 –145,421 49,422 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023033 –44,469 5,406 –0.017174 –7,365 9,098 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.043571 –70,123 6,923 –0.033325 –216,192 46,228 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006810 –178,680 12,400 –0.031568 –234,200 47,548 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040492 –319,042 19,607 –0.018833 –31,270 48,594 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014246 –14,209 13,809 –0.095678 –560,553 139,828 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 124078 18,562 3,885 –0.030843 –100,539 24,176 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034639 –25,636 11,799 –0.010269 219,841 37,795 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057903 –22,171 3,776 –0.012332 5,559 10,812 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024994 –4,237 3,539 –0.038650 –12,323 13,951 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034440 22,068 4,012 –0.005101 –34,384 8,741 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.035666 –13,208 2,568 0.022014 –23,662 6,038 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013039 –52,984 9,831 –0.011200 215,547 18,712 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. 160478 –37,219 3,245 –0.041133 –40,922 17,946 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.055761 –88,911 14,702 –0.018354 –352,468 78,358 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016613 –38,392 14,073 –0.014391 –150,974 57,926 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.083798 –1,532 1,564 0.000482 –16,359 3,936 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013567 –190,802 23,398 0.054816 –205,827 28,294 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016264 –32,772 9,957 0.012938 93,047 14,288 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006779 –12,633 7,354 –0.034862 –36,621 32,540 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.029900 –197,526 29,144 0.024902 969,419 –33,184 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030265 –1,717 1,486 –0.069322 –95,835 12,964 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.053921 14,141 5,196 –0.019706 –230,401 46,919 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057120 7,343 999 –0.031149 –123,874 14,456 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037696 –9,299 8,559 0.000581 38,507 8,480 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038651 –443,322 33,784 0.005378 354,179 23,102 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.056421 9,481 4,059 0.045711 –66,098 23,779 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013746 –43,820 3,010 0.010618 –34,930 7,630 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.036266 –105,349 16,055 –0.016136 –231,865 58,093 Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018752 –46,218 10,365 –0.015432 –108,529 31,269 West Virginia

.................. 0.051192 –2,708 2,632 –0.035244 –80,788 20,819 Wisconsin

..................... –0.001127 –25,290 18,720 –0.064163 –592,681 124,050 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097425 –2,122 1,550 –0.093805 –13,385 14,702