Penguins, expeditioners, and the R/V Aurora Australis in the Antarctic

My First Antarctic Cruise

by Alex Kozyr, CDIAC

Mission accomplished! The mission of my life,

that is! With pride, I can now say that I have

sailed in every ocean of the world! My most

recent expedition was sailing and collecting

carbon dioxide (CO2) samples in the Southern

Ocean, amid blustery storms, heavy ice, and of

course, the beautiful Antarctic. Although I did

not actually set foot on the continent of the

Antarctic (another dream of mine), I was, in

reality, only a few hundred yards from its

beautiful coast.

Plans for my expedition to the Antarctic

actually began with a telephone call. An

oceanographer colleague of mine at the Pacific

Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in

Seattle, Washington, telephoned one day and

posed the question, “Alex, how would you like

to go on a cruise, a cruise to the Antarctic?”

Would I! A few short weeks after I had

accepted the invitation to participate in the

expedition to the Antarctic, I received a large

package from the Australian Antarctic Division

(AAD) containing several books about the

Antarctic and the Australian National Antarctic

Research Expeditions (ANARE) operations.

Along with procedure books were many, many

forms, including numerous medical examination forms. I have never had so many medical

tests and so much blood taken from me in my

life! At one point, I was convinced that I must 

certainly have no blood left in my body. After all

the testing, I felt fit enough to fly into space

(maybe later I will, but my mission at hand was

to collect CO2 samples in the Antarctic). At last

my efforts were rewarded; the final page of the

medical examination forms was returned to me

stamped “HEALTHY”!

(Continued on p. 6)

What’s Inside ...

Direct from the Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Trends Online Additions and Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Focus Area Outreach .................................... 7

New and Updated Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

CDIAC Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

CDIAC’s Bookshelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

March 2002

Issue No. 29

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/

Editor:

Sonja Jones

CDIAC Communications, funded by the U.S. Department of

Energy’s Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research

Program, is published and distributed free of charge periodically by

the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental

Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). ORNL

is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy

under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. ISSN 1053-1106

CDIAC’s DOE Program Manager: Wanda Ferrell
March 2002

2 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Direct from the Director

I am pleased to note the concept of a centralized data management system that is developing, albeit slowly, for the

network of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) sites around the world. In contrast to earlier CO2 enrichment studies

conducted in growth chambers and open-top chambers, FACE studies are far more realistic in terms of both

permitting longer-term studies of larger individual plants and vegetation systems, and minimizing the effects of

the experimental apparatus (although efforts are under way to quantify the effects of the blowers used to distribute

the CO2 in some of the designs). A few years ago, CDIAC began a FACE Web site 

(http://cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/FACE/face.html) to support the dozens of sites already conducting FACE

research, or with FACE research in development or proposed. That list has now grown to more than 30 sites,

studying ecosystems such as natural grasslands and tropical forests, and agricultural crops such as grapes and rice.

The kinds of data to be generated by the sites may be broadly categorized as (1) operational or systemperformance data and (2) response data. The former group includes quantification of the (significant) cost of the

CO2 needed to maintain the elevated ambient levels and verification of how successful the engineered systems

were in maintaining the target concentrations within the study areas. The latter group includes a host of ecological

and agronomic measurements, such as biomass, species composition, growth, and yield data. Historically, users of

data concerning the effects of elevated CO2 on plants, from studies in growth chambers or open-top chambers,

have assumed that the target concentrations of CO2 were successfully maintained, and that excursions were not a

significant problem. But FACE systems are far more complex, and users of effects data need to give serious

attention to the environmental conditions actually experienced by the plants.

CDIAC has, to date, focused on the response data. Fortunately, George Hendrey’s group at Brookhaven National

Laboratory (BNL) (http://www.face.bnl.gov/) — which developed the engineering approach being used at many

of the FACE sites — has been able to take the lead in compiling operational data for sites using their design.

CDIAC and BNL are working together to develop a data management plan that will provide a secure archive for

the voluminous operational data while offering users concise and understandable summaries of system

performance that can be used in interpreting the response data.

Meanwhile, CDIAC will also work with the many individual FACE researchers to provide access to their data —

either through holdings at CDIAC or through links to data held at the FACE sites themselves. We are pleased to

note that the first of the data to be archived and distributed by CDIAC consist of data from the FACE site

operated by Rich Norby and his colleagues at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CDIAC is working with

investigators at several other sites around the world to offer additional data sets.

I expect that much of the benefit from FACE research will come not from analyses of the individual data sets

from individual FACE sites, but rather from syntheses (including meta-analyses) from multiple data sets. To

facilitate such analyses across data sets and across sites, we have begun to work on a consistent set of variables

and units, so that attempts to integrate data will not get tripped up by issues of nomenclature.

It is my hope that the data management approach being developed by CDIAC, in partnership with our colleagues

at BNL, will work to the benefit of both FACE researchers and users of their data. 

Bob Cushman, Director

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 3

Trends Online Additions and Updates

Atmospheric Trace Gas Concentrations

Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Isotopes

Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air

sampling network (C. D. Keeling and T. P. Whorf)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.htm

Ambient atmospheric CO2 data from the Mauna Loa

Observatory, Hawaii; Barrow, Alaska; Cape Matatula,

American Samoa; and the South Pole have been updated with

data through 2000.

The Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 measurements, which began

in 1958, constitute the longest continuous record of

atmospheric CO2 concentrations available in the world. The

Mauna Loa site is considered one of the most favorable

locations for measuring undisturbed air because the possible

local influences of vegetation or human activities on

atmospheric CO2 concentrations are minimal and any

influences from volcanic vents may be excluded from the

records. The methods and equipment used to obtain these

measurements have remained essentially unchanged during

the four-decade-long monitoring program.

Between 1958

and 2000, the

Mauna Loa record

shows a 17%

increase in the

mean annual

concentration,

from 315.98 parts

per million by

volume (ppmv) of

dry air to 

369.40 ppmv. The

increase in mean

annual concentration from 1999 to 2000 was 1.1 ppmv. (The

largest single yearly jump in the Mauna Loa record was the

2.9 ppmv increase from 1997 to 1998.)

The annual CO2 concentration at Barrow has risen from 

332.8 ppmv in 1974 to 370.73 ppmv in 2000. This represents

an annual increase exceeding 1.4 ppmv per year. The Barrow

record is considered indicative of maritime air masses and

shows the large seasonal amplitude typical of high northerly

latitude sites.

At Cape Matatula, the annual average concentration of CO2

rose from 340.6 ppmv in 1982 to 368.1 ppmv in 2000. This

represents an annual growth rate of ~1.5 ppmv per year at

American Samoa. 

The SIO CO2 record from the South Pole shows that annual

averages of atmospheric CO2 concentrations rose from 

314.8 ppmv in 1958 to 366.9 ppmv in 2000, representing an

annual increase exceeding 1.2 ppmv per year.

The Mauna Loa data are also available in NDP-001. (See 

page 11.)

Atmospheric CO2 from flask measurements at

Lampedusa Island (P. Chamard et al.)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/lampis.htm

From May 1992

through December

2000, air samples

were collected in

glass flasks at the

Lampedusa Station,

on a rocky seashore

on the eastern tip of

Lampedusa Island,

located south of

Sicily in the central

Mediterranean Sea.

On the basis of annual averages calculated from monthly

averages, CO2 levels at Lampedusa Island rose from 

360.80 ppmv in 1993 to 371.27 ppmv in 2000. The data show

an average trend of +1.5 ppmv per year. The record from

Lampedusa Station exhibits a seasonal pattern, with maximum

values measured during late winter or spring and minimum

values recorded during the northern summer. The average

annual cycle has an amplitude of about 10 ppmv. During the

period of investigation, the annual growth rate varied between

0.5 and 4.0 ppmv per year, and the amplitude of the annual

cycle, between 7 and 11 ppmv per year.

Atmospheric CO2 record from continuous measurements

at Jubany Station, Antarctica

(L. Ciattaglia et al.)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/jubany.htm

The Italian National Research Program in Antarctica has taken

continuous atmospheric CO2 measurements at Jubany Station,

Antarctica, since March 1994. Jubany Station is situated on

King George Island, in the South Shetland archipelago north

of the Antarctic Penisula. Based on annual averages calculated

from monthly averages running from March 1994 through

December 2000, CO2 levels at Jubany have risen from 

356.75 ppmv in 1994 to 366.69 ppmv in 2000. 
March 2002

4 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

The general

deceleration 

trend in the

atmospheric CO2

concentration first 

observed during

1997–1998 at

Jubany and other

Antarctic stations

the World

Meteorological

Organization’s

(WMO’s) Global

Atmospheric Watch network may have been caused by several

factors, such as anomalies in sea surface and air temperatures

and changes in general atmospheric circulation.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel

Consumption

Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2

emissions (G. Marland et al.)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm

Since 1751,

roughly 270

billion tons of

carbon have

been released

to the

atmosphere

from the

consumption

of fossil fuels

and cement

production.

Half of these emissions have occurred since the mid-1970s.

The 1998 fossil-fuel emission estimate for global CO2

emissions—6608 million metric tons of carbon—

represents a 0.3% decline from 1997. This small 1997–1998

decline is the first decline in the global record since a 1.6%

decline from 1991 to 1992. 

Globally, liquid and solid fuels accounted for 77.7% of the

emissions from fossil-fuel burning in 1998. Combustion of

gas fuels (e.g., natural gas) accounted for 18.5% (1220 million

metric tons of carbon) of the total emissions from fossil fuels

in 1998 and reflects a gradually increasing global utilization

of natural gas. Emissions from cement production fell slightly,

to 207 million metric tons of carbon, but this is still a 20-fold

increase since the 1920s. Emissions from gas flaring for 1998

were estimated to be 47 million metric tons of carbon, well

below the levels of the 1970s. Collectively, emissions from

cement production and gas flaring comprised 4% of total

emissions for 1998.

Trends Online provides data and graphics for global, regional,

and national CO2 emissions estimates from the combustion of

fossil fuels, gas flaring, and the production of cement; Kyotorelated fossil-fuel CO2 emission totals for the Annex B and

non-Annex B countries from 1990 through 1998; the 1998 

top 20 fossil-fuel CO2 emitting countries; the world’s

countries ranked by 1998 total fossil-fuel CO2 emissions; and

the world’s countries ranked by 1998 fossil-fuel CO2 per

capita emission rates.

These data are also available in NDP-030. (See page 11.)

Climate

Temperature

Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies-land

and marine instrumental records (P. D. Jones et al.)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/jonescru/

jones.html

These global and hemispheric temperature anomaly time

series, which incorporate land and marine data, are updated

and expanded annually. The land portion of the database, from

which the time series are computed, consists of surface air

temperature (SAT) data (land-surface meteorological data and

fixed-position weather ship data) that have been corrected for

nonclimatic errors, such as station shifts and/or instrument

changes. The reanalysis of land surface data has resulted in

the inclusion of over 1000 additional stations, a new reference

period common to all stations (1961–1990; previously 

1950–1979), and an increased grid-box resolution of the

temperature anomalies (5° × 5°). The marine data used in the

present analysis consist of sea surface temperatures (SSTs)

that incorporate in situ measurements from ships and buoys.

The two constituent data sets (SAT and SST) were combined,

and the resulting data set has been used extensively in various

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports.

The global-mean temperature changes evident in the record

have been interpreted in terms of anthropogenic forcing

influences and natural variability. 

Trends in annual mean

temperature anomalies

for the globe show

relatively stable

temperatures from the

beginning of the record

through about 1910, with

relatively rapid and

steady warming through

the early 1940s, followed

by another period of

relatively stable

temperatures through the

mid-1970s. From this

point onward, another

rapid rise similar to that
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 5

in the earlier part of the century is observed. The warmest year

of the global mean temperature series to date occurred in

1998, with an anomaly 0.57°C above the mean temperature of

the 1961–1990 reference period. The next warmest year of the

record occurred in 1997. The 1961–1990 reference period

means for the globe, the Northern Hemisphere, and the

Southern Hemisphere are 14.0°C, 14.6°C, and 13.4°C,

respectively. The year 2000 also saw a significant positive

temperature anomaly (0.29°C) but represents a cooling

compared with the recent very warm years of 1997 and 1998.

Still, 2000 ties 1991 for the sixth warmest year in the global

record, and the eight warmest years of the global record have

all occurred since 1990. These are, in descending order, 1998,

1997, 1995, 1990, 1999, 2000 and 1991 (tie), and 1994. 

A good general description of the full period of record at this

time indicates that the average surface air temperature of the

globe has warmed ~0.5°C since the middle of the nineteenth

century. In addition, with the exception of the last few years

of the record, the warming has varied in extent and magnitude

across the globe, and a few areas have cooled since the

nineteenth century.

Monthly surface air temperature time series areaaveraged over the 30-degree latitudinal belts of the

globe, 1881–1999 (K. M. Lugina et al.)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/lugina/lugina.html

Supplemented with information from different national

publications, these mean monthly and annual values of surface

air temperature have been taken mainly from the World

Weather Records, Monthly Climatic Data for the World, and

Meteorological Data for Individual Years over the Northern

Hemisphere, excluding the USSR. This particular version of

the station temperature archive (used for evaluation of the

zonally averaged temperatures) was created in 1995. The total

number of stations in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern

Hemisphere was 384 and 301, respectively.

These show that

the Northern

Hemisphere has

warmed at a rate of

0.6°C/100 years,

and the Southern

Hemisphere at a

rate slightly greater

than 0.5°C/100

years. The

warming rate for

the globe is slightly

less than 0.6°C/100

years (0.58°C/100 years), a trend very close to that calculated

by Jones et al. (See page 4.)

In the global records, like other records, these anomalies show

that the 1980s, and particularly the 1990s, were much warmer

than the years in the rest of the record. In the global record,

the ten warmest years have occurred since 1981. In

descending order they are 1998, 1995, 1990, 1997, 1991,

1988, 1987, 1981, 1994, and 1989. The mean temperature

deviation for the 1990s is 0.42°C. The mean temperature

deviation for the entire record is -0.02°C including the 1990s 

and -0.06°C without them. The warming in the 1990s is

unprecedented.

Tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperature

anomalies based on global radiosonde network data

(A. M. Sterin)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/temp/sterin/sterin.html

The observed radiosonde data from the Comprehensive

Aerological Reference Data Set (CARDS) is the most

complete collection of radiosonde data available, including

data for more than 2,500 stations. These CARDS data were

used to compute monthly mean temperature values for two

atmospheric layers: the lower stratosphere (100hPa–50hPa)

and the troposphere (850hPa–300hPa), over the globe, the

tropics (20°N–20°S), the northern extratropics (20°N–90°N),

and the southern extratropics (20°S–90°S). The series are

updated on an annual basis. For the preliminary update,

anomalies obtained from the Global Telecommunications

System (GTS) global network radiosonde data collected at the

All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological

Information—World Data Center (RIHMI-WDC) were used.

A more precise final update is obtained from the CARDS

database when it is completed for each year. Estimates of

linear trends in these temperature anomaly time series indicate 

strong cooling in the lower stratosphere. This cooling occurs

both in the full-length time series (beginning in 1958) and in

shorter time series [beginning in 1979 for comparison with the

microwave sounding unit (MSU) time series].

For the globe, the

temperature trends

in the lower

stratosphere are

!0.236°C/decade

for the 1961–1999

series and about

!0.458°C/decade

for the 1979–1999

series. The

temperature trends

in the troposphere

for the globe are: +0.060°C/decade for the 1961–1999 series; 

+0.051°C/decade for the 1958–1999 series; and are about

+0.010°C/decade for the 1979–1999 series. This slight

warming trend is, to a large extent, a result of adding 1998

data, which reflect the very strong El Nino phenomenon of

that year. However, for the tropospheric temperature trends

over the globe estimated for the 1979–997 series, a slight

cooling (-0.03°C/decade) is found. 
March 2002

6 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Alex (second from left) during the Ermak Arctic Expedition, 1985 Alex during the Aurora Australis Antarctic Expedition, 2001

My First Antarctic Cruise (Continued from p. 1)

My expedition to the Antarctic began with my departure from

Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on 24 October 2001. After a brief twoday stop at PMEL to attend a training course on carbonate

system equipment operations, I was really on my way. In spite

of the long flight to Australia and the jet lag I suffered, as

soon as I arrived in Hobart, Tasmania, on 28 October, I

crawled down to the port to see the ship on which I would be

sailing for the next 45 days. At first, the ice-breaking research 

vessel (R/V) Aurora Australis did not impress me as a ship

capable of sailing through the heavy Antarctic ice (I still

remembered the huge Russian commercial icebreaker Ermak

on which I spent 30 days studying heavy Arctic ice in 1985). 

Later, however, I was most impressed by the power and

comfort of the Aurora Australis.

The following day I boarded the ship, spent several hours

exploring it, was issued clothing from AAD appropriate for

the Antarctic climate, and attended a variety of safety courses

(some of which included movies and pictures portraying

potential hazards of the job). Promptly at 2100 hours, the 

Aurora Australis set sail from the Hobart port, and away from

a noisy crowd of family and friends.

Participating in the Antarctic expedition were 70 oceanographers (or “expeditioners” as we were called) and 23 crew

members from 11 countries. The expedition would take us

from Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, to the Antarctic coast and

back. By the early morning hours of 30 October, we were

busy collecting samples at the first oceanographic station on

our route.

My responsibilities during the expedition included sampling

and measuring the carbon-related parameters [total carbon

dioxide (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TALK)]. Since this article

is not a cruise or data report, I will not discuss the sampling

and measuring of TCO2 and TALK. However, the fact that the

Southern Ocean accounts for approximately 25% of oceanic

uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere emphasizes the

importance of these measurements. The CO2 measurement

group on board the Aurora Australis consisted of Bronte

Tilbrook (our group leader), Mark Pretty, Richard Matear [all

of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organisation (CSIRO), Holbart, Tasmania, Australia], and me

(of CDIAC). Perhaps because I was a guest in Australia, or

perhaps because I was born during the first International

Geophysical Year (1957), I was lucky enough to be assigned

by the group leader (also my shift mate) to the 12-hour day

shift, which extended from 1200 hours to 0000 hours. During

this 45-day expedition, I learned much from Bronte Tilbrook:

not only how to take high-quality measurements, but how to

speak authentic Australian. I definitely enjoyed sharing my

12-hour shift every day with such an experienced

oceanographer as Dr. Tilbrook.

Each day, I learned more about the ship, the other

expeditioners, and the Southern Ocean. I was surprised by the

number and variety of oceanographic measurements that were

performed during this expedition. Everything one might

imagine was being measured in the seawater. One scientist on

board the Aurora Australis was studying squids. At every

oceanographic station we occupied after dark, this scientist

could be found fishing for squids with his special squidfishing equipment (squid fishing is conducted in the dark). All

the squids he caught were measured, weighed, and frozen for

further research at a laboratory on land. The squid scientist

was very proud of his catch — 23 squids during the entire expedition, more than any of his colleagues had caught before!

For the first half of the expedition, every day seemed the

same: station after station, samples, measurements, food (a lot

of food!), high winds, heavy seas, and after each shift, a sauna

and/or a beer in the bar and conversations with new friends

from all over the world. 

(Continued on p. 7) 
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 7

Alex inside the CO2 laboratory

Everything changed

when the ship sailed

into the heavy sea

ice. The expeditioners spent more

of their spare time

out on deck or up

on the captain’s

bridge. First

iceberg! It was a

very exciting

moment for those of

us who were

visiting the

Antarctic for the

first time. This iceberg was not the largest that we saw during

the expedition, but it was the first! The ship circled this tiny

iceberg a number of times, so that all the expeditioners had the

opportunity to see it and take many pictures. We were so

excited seeing everything for the first time. Our first penguin

was also a big deal: maybe he was a little too far away, but he

was the first penguin we saw! 

Once we crossed the Antarctic Circle, darkness during the

night hours ceased. We spent hours out on deck looking at

everything the Antarctic had to offer. It was bitterly cold, but

our clothes were appropriate for the Antarctic climate. On the

cold night of 29 November, we spent more then 5 hours out

on deck, as the Aurora Australis came within a few hundred

yards of the Antarctic coast, near Buchanan Bay and Mertz

Glacier, at approximately 67E00' S and 144E45' E. We threw a

huge party to celebrate the crossing of the Antarctic Circle.

(First-timers and even others on board were subjected to the

“jests” of “King Neptune and his guards”.)

The most memorable day during the expedition was on 

2 December. The expeditioners were allowed to spend the

entire day out on the shelf ice in the sunshine and relatively

warm (~20E–25EF) temperatures. We had a lot of fun playing

soccer on the ice for an audience of penguins. The highlight of

the day, however, was a marriage proposal given by a young

German biologist to his girlfriend. He could not have found a

more romantic place on the Earth than the Antarctic shelf ice! 

All too soon, it was time to return to Hobart. Due to the betterthan-average weather we had experienced during the

expedition, we had a few extra days and were able to revisit

some of the stations on our way back. After 45 days at sea,

occupying more than 130 stations, and sailing more then 

3000 nautical miles, the Aurora Australis sailed back into the

Hobart port early on the beautiful, sunny morning of 

12 December 2001.

It was such a great feeling to come home after the successful

completion of this expedition. With valuable, high-quality

data and information stored in my computer and memories of

the Antarctic stored in my head, I can say without hesitation

that this was the most exciting oceanographic expedition I

have taken during my career.

Photos from the R/V Aurora Australis Antarctic Voyage 3 can

be seen at:

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/cruise.html

Focus Area Outreach 

Free-Air CO2 Enrichment

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/programs/FACE/ornldata/

ornldata.html

CDIAC has begun to archive and distribute data from the

ORNL FACE research site. The first of the ORNL FACE

databases available from the CDIAC FACE Web site includes

weather-related data (air temperature, relative humidity, solar

radiation, soil temperature, precipitation, wind) from

1999–2001; Future data sets will cover measured CO2

concentrations in the experimental rings, tree basal area, and

other response variables.

Additional information on CDIAC’s FACE role is noted on

page 2 in “Direct from the Director.”

Global Change Climate Data

Dale Kaiser presented the paper “Assessing observed

temperature and cloud amount trends for China over the last

half of the twentieth century: What can the sunshine duration

record tell us?” at the Science Team Meeting of the United

State and Peoples’ Republic of China Joint Agreement on

Global and Regional Climate Change in Washington, D.C.

(see http://www.er.doe.gov/production/ober/doeprc.html).

CDIAC summer student Daria Scott, representing St. Cloud

State University, Minnesota, presented the paper “Evidence

for a recent advance in the timing of a surface-air warming

singularity in late winter over the north central United States,”

co-authored with CDIAC’s T. J. Blasing and Dale Kaiser, at

the AMS 13th Symposium on Global Change and Climate

Variations in Orlando, Florida. The paper concludes that

“termination of winter” tended to show up earlier in

1976–1999 than it did in 1952–1975, although it is not clear

whether this is a response to global warming or part of a

natural oscillation in the earth-atmosphere system.

T. J. Blasing presented “Global warming: Hot air and cold

facts” at the March meeting of the AMS Smoky Mountain

Chapter in Knoxville, Tennessee. The talk began with a

description of the basic physical chemistry underlying the

radiative properties of greenhouse gases and the observed

increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases,

and proceeded to the more controversial topic of how they

might be related to the observed warming of the lower

atmosphere.
March 2002

8 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Ocean Data

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html

Alex Kozyr attended the North Pacific Marine Science

Organization (PICES) CO2 Data Integration Test Workshop in

Sidney, British Columbia, and participated in discussions on

the synthesis of ocean CO2 data from the North Pacific region.

The workshop included representatives from Canada, Japan,

and the United States. Among the recommendations of the

workshop was the compilation of an International North

Pacific Data Inventory for CO2 and CO2-related data. A

follow-up CO2 Data Integration Implementation Workshop is

planned for Tokyo in May. Alex Kozyr was part of a multiinstitution synthesis team of oceanographers presenting

posters at the Oceanography Society’s Biennial Scientific

Meeting in Miami Beach, Florida. The posters described

analyses conducted as part of the Joint Global Ocean Flux

Study on a Pacific Ocean data set with over 36,000 unique

sample locations.

Alex Kozyr also presented the poster “Electronic tour through

the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center’s Ocean

Web page” at the 10th annual PICES meeting in Victoria,

British Columbia, Canada. 

Alex Kozyr participated in a sampling cruise in the Southern

Ocean on board the Australian research vessel Aurora

Australis, part of a research crew of 70 oceanographers from

11 countries. (See “My First Antarctic Cruise” on page 1.)

Alex Kozyr was named a member of Working Group 17

(Biogeochemical Data Integration and Synthesis) of PICES, 

along with researchers from Canada, Japan, Korea, and

Russia, and five other U.S. scientists.

Alex Kozyr also co-authored (with M. F. Lamb et al.) the

paper “Consistency and synthesis of Pacific Ocean CO2

survey data,” which appeared in the journal Deep-Sea

Research II, 49:21–58 (2002).

Other

Gregg Marland presented the paper “The Increasing

Concentration of Atmospheric CO2:How Much, When, and

Why?” (co-authored with Tom Boden) at the 26th Erice

International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies in Erice,

Sicily. The paper examines the evidence that the observed

increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have been

caused by man-made emissions.

Bob Cushman presented the paper “Adding Value to GlobalChange Data” at the Olga G. Nalbandov Symposium, “New

Frontiers in Biocomplexity and Biodiversity,” held at the

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

(http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/symposium/). He

stressed the importance of satisfying the needs of both data

providers (especially maintaining intellectual property rights)

and data users (locating, obtaining, and understanding the

data) in a successful data management operation. 

New and Updated Databases

Geographical Distribution of Biomass Carbon in Tropical Southeast Asian Forests: A Database

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp068/ndp068.html

S. Brown et al. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-119, NDP-068.

Prepared by Tammy Beaty, Lisa Olsen, Bob Cushman, and Antoinette Brenkert, CDIAC

This database was generated from estimates of geographically

referenced carbon densities of forest vegetation in tropical

Southeast Asia for 1980 by providing detailed geographically 

eferenced information on actual and potential biomass carbon

(1 g biomass = 0.5 g C). A geographic information system

(GIS) was used to incorporate spatial databases of climatic,

CDIAC’s data holdings provide coverage in a number of areas relevant to the greenhouse effect and global climate change. Such areas

include records of the concentration of CO2 and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and

the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects

of elevated CO2 on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea level. Data distributed by CDIAC are released as

numeric data packages (NDPs), computer model packages (CMPs), and databases. Recently released data are described in this section.

The data and documentation (text or HTML version) may be accessed and downloaded from CDIAC’s Web site

(http://cdiac.ornl.gov/), from CDIAC’s anonymous FTP area (cdiac.ornl.gov), or requested directly from CDIAC on a variety of

media (e.g., CD-ROM, floppy diskette). Technical questions (e.g., methodology or accuracy) should be directed to the CDIAC staff

member who is responsible for preparing the individual NDP.
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 9

edaphic, and geomorphological indices and vegetation

to estimate potential (i.e., in

the absence of human

intervention and natural

disturbance) carbon densities

of forests in 1980. The

resulting estimates were then

modified to produce a map

estimating actual 1980 carbon

density as a function of

population density and

climatic zone. The database

covers 13 countries:

Bangladesh, Brunei,

Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar

(Burma), Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and

Vietnam. 

The 3.75-km data in this database yield an actual total carbon

estimate of 42.1 Pg (1 petagram = 1015 grams) and a potential 

carbon estimate of 73.6 Pg, whereas the 0.25-degree data

produced an actual total carbon estimate of 41.8 Pg and a total

potential carbon estimate of 73.9 Pg.

Brown et al. (1993) compared their estimates of biomass 

carbon density with those of other recent assessments for the

same 13-country study area. They found that estimates of

biomass carbon densities derived from the U.N. Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO) Tropical Forest Resource

Assessment 1990 Project were about 75% of their own, and

that estimates of 1980 biomass carbon density of Flint and

Richards (1994) for forests and woodlands were about 65% of

their own. Although differences exist between the estimates of

Brown et al. and the other two studies, the three sets of values

are similar in order of magnitude despite differences in

methodology, input data, and time of assessment. The general

similarity of the estimates provides compelling evidence that

forests of tropical Asian countries have generally low biomass

carbon densities; these low densities are most likely due to the

long history of human use in the region.

WDC database

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained during the R/V Knorr Cruise 138-3, -4, and -5 in

the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P6E, P6C, and P6W, May 2–July 30, 1992)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_077/ndp077.html

K. M. Johnson et al. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-132, NDP-077.

Prepared by Alex Kozyr and Tammy Beaty, CDIAC

CO2-related measurements were made during the R/V Knorr

cruise, which began in Valparaiso, Chile, on May 2, 1992, and

ended 81 days later in Sydney, Australia, on July 20, 1992.

The TCO2 was measured coulometrically by use of two

single-operator multiparameter metabolic analyzers

(SOMMAs). The measurements made during the three legs of

the Knorr cruise included pressure, temperature, salinity

[measured by a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor

(CTD)], bottle salinity, bottle oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite,

phosphate, radiocarbon (14C), TCO2, and pCO2. The precision

and accuracy of the measurements was ±1.65 μmol/kg. The

pCO2 in discrete samples was measured using a headspaceequilibration technique and gas chromatography with

precision of ~1 to 2%.

The need for this experiment arose from serious concern over

the rising atmospheric concentration of CO2 and the effect on

the heat balance of the global atmosphere, and as a goal to 

better understand the ocean’s

role in climate and climatic

changes resulting from both

natural and anthropogenic

causes. The increasing

concentrations of these gases

may intensify the earth’s

natural greenhouse effect and

alter the global climate in

ways that are not well

understood. Carbon in the

oceans is unevenly

distributed because of poorly

characterized and complex

circulation patterns and

biogeochemical cycles.
March 2002

10 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiment Data Report: Site Characterization, System

Performance, Weather, Species Composition, and Growth

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp078a/ndp078a.html

P. J. Hanson et al. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-134, NDP-078A. 

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

This numeric data package provides information on site

characterization, system performance, weather, species

composition, and growth for the Throughfall Displacement

Experiment (TDE), which was established in the Walker

Branch Watershed (WBW) of East Tennessee to provide data

on the responses of forests to altered precipitation regimes.

The WBW site was chosen because of its uniform slope,

consistent soils, and reasonably uniform distribution of

vegetation. The forest community is dominated by white oak,

chestnut oak, and red maple, but it contains more than 25 tree

species. The specific data includes soil water content and

potential, coarse fraction of the soil profile, litter layer

temperature, soil temperature, monthly weather, daily weather,

hourly weather, species composition of trees and saplings,

mature tree and sapling annual growth, and relative leaf area

index.

Models of global climate change predict that increasing levels

of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will cause an increase

in average global temperatures and alter regional levels of

precipitation. It is also predicted that the incidence of drought 

will increase with a warming

global climate. Forests

throughout the southeastern

United States, where

evapotranspiration demand is

high and is predicted to

increase as temperatures rise,

would be particularly

vulnerable to declines in

annual precipitation. Potential

responses of U.S. forests to

future drought associated

with climate change include a

reduction in net primary

production and stand water

use, along with increased mortality of seedlings and saplings.

The past 25 years of research on the WBW provide an

important reference database against which to judge the

outcomes of this large-scale field experiment.

WDC database

Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained during the R/V Meteor Cruise 28/1 in the South

Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A8, March 29–May 12, 1994) 

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/ndp_079/ndp079.html

K. M. Johnson et al. 2002. ORNL/CDIAC-135, NDP-079. 

Prepared by Alex Kozyr and Tammy Beaty, CDIAC

The documentation in this

numeric data package discusses

the procedures and methods

used to measure TCO2 and the

fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) at

hydrographic stations during the

R/V Meteor oceanographic

cruise 28/1 in the South Atlantic

Ocean (Section A8). Conducted

as part of the World Ocean

Circulation Experiment

(WOCE), the cruise began in

Recife, Brazil, on 

March 29, 1994, and ended after

35 days at sea in Walvis Bay,

Namibia, on May 12, 1994. Instructions for accessing the data

are provided.

TCO2 was measured using two SOMMAs coupled to a

coulometer for extracting and detecting CO2 from 

seawater samples. The overall precision of the analyses was

±1.17 μmol/kg. For the second carbonate system parameter,

the fCO2 was measured in discrete samples by equilibrating a

known volume of liquid phase (seawater) with a known

volume of a gas phase containing a known mixture of CO2 in

gaseous nitrogen (N2). After equilibration, the gas phase CO2

concentration was determined by flame ionization detection

following the catalytic conversion of CO2 to methane (CH4).

The precision of these measurements was # 1.0%.
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 11

Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations—Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, 1958–2000

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp001.html

C. D. Keeling and T. P. Whorf (and the Carbon Dioxide Research Group). 2001. NDP-001. 

Prepared by Tom Boden, CDIAC

The ambient atmospheric CO2 data from the Mauna Loa

Observatory have been updated through 2000. The Mauna

Loa measurements, which began in 1958, constitute the

longest continuous record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations

available in the world, and the site is considered one of the

most favorable locations for measuring undisturbed air due to

the lack of local influences of vegetation. The impact of

human activities on atmospheric CO2 concentrations is

minimal at this site, and any influences from volcanic vents

may be excluded from the records. The methods and equipment used have remained essentially unchanged during the

four-decade-long monitoring program. The Mauna Loa record

shows a 17% increase in the mean annual concentration, from

315.98 parts per million by volume (ppmv) of dry air in 1959

to 369.40 ppmv in 2000. The increase in mean annual

concentration from 1999 to 2000 was 1.1 ppmv. (The largest

single yearly jump in the Mauna Loa record was the 2.9 ppmv

increase from 1997 to 1998.) [Data are also available in

Trends Online. (See page 3.)]

WDC database

Global, Regional, and National Annual CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas

Flaring: 1751–1998

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/ndp030.html

G. Marland et al. 2001. NDP-030. 

Prepared by Tom Boden, CDIAC

The global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2

emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and

gas flaring include estimates from as far back as 1751 through 

1998 [data also available in Trends Online. (See page 4.)]

WDC database

A Databank of Antarctic Surface Temperature and Pressure Data

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp032/ndp032.html

P. D. Jones and P. A. Reid. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-27, NDP-032. 

Prepared by Dale Kaiser, CDIAC

An update to the Antarctic surface temperature and pressure

database made available by CDIAC in 1989, this revised

database includes monthly mean surface temperature and

mean sea level pressure data from 29 meteorological stations

within the Antarctic region through early 1999 for most

stations (through 2000 for a few), and also includes all

available mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature

data. For many stations this means that over 40 years of data

are now available, enough for many of the trends associated

with recent warming to be more thoroughly examined. Much

of the original version of this database was obtained from the

World Weather Records volumes (1951–1970), Monthly

Climatic Data for the World (since 1961), and several other

sources. Of particular importance within this study are the

additional data obtained from Australia, Britain, and New

Zealand. Due to the prospects of a warmer climate under 

enhanced greenhouse conditions, there has been much study

undertaken to understand the role which Antarctica may play

under different climatic conditions, although recording

Antarctic station data is particularly prone to errors. These

errors result from climatic extremes, the difficulties of

Antarctic science, and the variability of meteorological staff at

Antarctic stations (high turnover and sometimes untrained

meteorological staff). An increasing trend in surface

temperatures has been observed over the period of record for

Antarctica as a whole, with most of the warming occurring

before 1970. Because a continent-wide analysis of time series

masks considerable spatial detail and variability across this

large region, time series of temperature and pressure trends on

a local (four main regions) and monthly basis were also

examined.
March 2002

12 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp050/ndp050.html

R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-131, NDP-050/R1. 

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

In the attempt to “balance” the global carbon cycle (that is,

reconcile the known sources and sinks of carbon), two major

unknowns remain: the flux between the atmosphere and the

oceans and the flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial

ecosystems. To address the latter, several investigators have

attempted to estimate the flows of carbon between the

atmosphere and both temperate and tropical ecosystems. 

This database, a revision to the database originally published

by CDIAC in 1995, consists of annual estimates, from 1850

through 1990, of the net flux of carbon between terrestrial

ecosystems and the atmosphere resulting from deliberate

changes in land cover and land use, especially forest clearing

for agriculture and the harvest of wood for wood products or

energy. The data are provided on a year-by-year basis for nine

regions (North America, South and Central America, Europe,

North Africa and the Middle East, Tropical Africa, the Former

Soviet Union, China, South and Southeast Asia, and the

Pacific Developed Region) and the globe. Some data begin

earlier than 1850 (e.g., for six regions, areas of different

ecosystems are provided for the year 1700) or extend beyond

1990 (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by

forest type, is provided through 1995). 

The estimated global total net flux of carbon from changes in

land use increased from 397 Tg of carbon (1 teragram = 

1012 gram) in 1850 to 2187 Tg, or 2.2 Pg, of carbon 

(1 petagram = 1015 gram) in

1989 and then decreased

slightly to 2103 Tg, or 2.1 Pg,

of carbon in 1990. The global

net flux during the period

1850–1990 was 124 Pg of

carbon. During this period, the

greatest regional flux was from

South and Southeast Asia

 (39 Pg of carbon), while the

smallest regional flux was

from North Africa and the

Middle East (3 Pg of carbon).

For the year 1990, the global

total net flux was estimated to

be 2.1 Pg of carbon.

This revised database provides estimates for all regions

through 1990, whereas the original database provided

estimates for only three regions (South and Central America,

Tropical Africa, and South and Southeast Asia) through 1990,

for one region (the Former Soviet Union) through 1985, and

for the remaining five regions (North America, Europe, North

Africa and the Middle East, China, and the Pacific Developed

Region) through 1980. WDC database

Tropical Africa: Land Use, Biomass, and Carbon Estimates for 1980

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp055/ndp055.html

S. Brown and G. Gaston. 1996. ORNL/CDIAC-92, NDP-055.

Prepared by Tammy Beaty and Lisa Olsen, CDIAC.

CDIAC released an enhanced Web-based version of this

numeric data package, which includes data on maximum

potential aboveground biomass, land use, estimated actual

biomass, and carbon in 1980. These data were collected to

reduce the uncertainty associated with the possible magnitude 

of historical releases of carbon from land use change. The data

show that in 1980 aboveground biomass averaged 209 and 67

Mg/ha in closed and open forests, respectively, compared with

the corresponding maximum potential aboveground biomass

of 296 and 108 Mg/ha. WDC database

ALE/GAGE/AGAGE

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html

R. Prinn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; D. Cunnold, F. Alyea, D. Hartley, and R. H. J. Wang, Georgia Institute of

Technology; P. Fraser and L. P. Steele, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; R. Weiss,

Scripps Institution of Oceanography; and P. Simmonds, International Science Consultants. 2002. DB1001.

Prepared by T. J. Blasing, CDIAC

In the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE global network program,

continuous high-frequency gas-chromatographic

measurements of two biogenic/anthropogenic gases [methane

(CH4); and nitrous oxide (N2O)] and six anthropogenic gases

[the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and CF2ClCFCl2);

methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3); chloroform (CHCl3); and

carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)] are carried out at five globally

distributed sites. Additional important species (H2, CO,
March 2002

CDIAC Communications 13

HFC-134a, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b) have been added at

select sites in recent years.

The program, which began in 1978, is divided into three parts

associated with three changes in instrumentation: the

Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which used Hewlett

Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global

Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which used HP5880

gas chromatographs; and the present Advanced GAGE

(AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from

the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) containing a

custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle

Instruments gas chromatographic components.

The current station locations are Cape Grim, Tasmania; 

Cape Head, Ireland; and Trinidad Head, California. Stations 

also previously existed at Cape Meares, Oregon, and 

Adrigole, Ireland. The current Mace Head station replaced the

Adrigole station, and the station at Trinidad Head replaced the

Cape Meares station. 

Presently, data from all three experiments are available

through March 2001 for the five existing sites. Individual

measurements (generally made four times daily at each site for

ALE, 12 times daily at each site for GAGE, and more than 

30 times daily at each site for AGAGE) and monthly summary

averages are provided for each site. All ALE and GAGE data

have been recalculated according to the current AGAGE

calibration standards, thus creating a unified ALE/GAGE/

AGAGE data set based upon the same standards.

Proper citation of this database is dependent upon the parts of

the data used; please refer to the “readme” files. WDC

database 

CDIAC Publications

Publications, Presentations, and Awards

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac101/pubslist.html

R. M. Cushman. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-101. 

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

This online publication lists journal articles, book and

proceedings chapters, numeric data packages and online

databases, and other ORNL and DOE reports published 

by CDIAC; presentations of CDIAC staff; and awards

presented to CDIAC since its inception in 1982.

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases Fiscal

Year 2000 Annual Report

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac133/AnnualRpt2000.html

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac133/2000annual.pdf

R. M. Cushman et al. 2001. ORNL/CDIAC-133. 

Prepared by Carolyn Householder and Sonja Jones

The fiscal year 2000 annual report

represents a status report in which the

previous year is reviewed, recalling

new and updated data and

information products, information of

relevance to CDIAC Focus Areas

 (e.g., AmeriFlux, NARSTO, FACE, Oceans), staff

presentations and awards, CDIAC citations, and request

statistics for CDIAC information. The report lists publications

and databases CDIAC will be working on in the coming fiscal

year, plus collaborating institutions, a staff listing, and an

acronym and abbreviation list.
March 2002

14 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Graduate Student Theses Supported by DOE’s Environmental Sciences Division: Fiscal Year 2001 Update

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/cdiac/cdiac136/cdiac136.html

R. M. Cushman. 2002. ORNL/CDIAC-136

Prepared by Bob Cushman, CDIAC

This document updates the 1995 and 2000 Graduate Student

Theses reports, providing complete bibliographic citations, 

abstracts, and keywords for doctoral and master’s theses

published in late 2000 and 2001. 

CDIAC’s Bookshelf

Yearbook of International Co-operation on

Environment and Development 2001/2002

O. S. Stokke and O. B. Thommessen (eds.)

http://www.greenyearbook.org/

The ninth annual edition of the Yearbook

is an essential reference to the everincreasing number of international

agreements. The Yearbook covers current

issues and environmental agreements in

the categories of the general

environment, the atmosphere, hazardous

substances, the marine environment,

marine living resources, nature

conservation and terrestrial living

resources, nuclear safety, and freshwater resources.

Information provided on the various conventions include the

objectives, scope, time and place of adoption, entry into force,

status of participation, affiliated instruments and

organizations, Secretariat, finance, special funds, rules and

standards, monitoring/implementation, decision-making

bodies, publications, and sources available on the Internet.

Our Changing Planet: The Fiscal Year 2002 U.S.

Global Change Research Program 

http://www.gcrio.org/ocp2002/

Our Changing Planet: The FY 2002 U.S.

Global Change Research Program is

produced annually as a report to Congress

supplementing the President’s fiscal year

budget, and describes activities and plans of

the U.S. Global Change Research Program

(USGCRP). Included in this report are

summaries of scientific insights from global

change research, discussions of FY 2002

research in the six Research Program

Elements, as well as program components and program

highlights for each of the departments and agencies of the

USGCRP. 
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