WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 85-4304 

/ 

.-‘ 

. 

-. 

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE 

KNOX GROUP 

IN TENNESSEE 

FOR RECEIVING INJECTED WASTES 

Prepared by 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

in cooperation with the 

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE KNOXGROUP IN TENNESSEE 

FOR RECEIVING INJECTED WASTES 

Michael W. Bradley 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4304 

Prepared in cooperation with the 

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Nashville, Tennessee 

1986 
UNITED STATES DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

For additional information Copies of this report can be 

write to: purchased from: 

District Chief 

U.S. Geological Survey 

A-41 3 Federal Bldg. - 

U.S. Courthouse 

Nashville, TN 37203 

Open-File Services Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Box 25425, Federal Center 

Lakewood, CO 80225 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Purpose and scope 2 

Geohydrology 2 

Application of criteria for receiving injected wastes 3 

Drinking-water use 3 

Mineral and hydrocarbon resources 3 

Water quality 4 

Contamination 4 

Areas potentially suitable for waste injection 4 

Selected references 2 0 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure 1. Map showing the physiographic provinces and area1 extent 

of the Knox Group in Middle and West Tennessee 6 

2. Generalized hydrogeologic section of the Knox Group 

showing water quality and use 8 

3-7. Maps showing: 

3. Areas where the upper Knox aquifer is used for drinking water 10 

4. Hydrocarbon resources and zinc mining in the Knox Group 11 

5. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from the upper Knox aquifer 14 

6. Areas in the Knox Group that may be used for receiving injected wastes 19 

TABLES 

Table 1. Geologic units of the Knox Group 7 

2. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water 

from selected wells in the upper Knox aquifer 12 

3. Quality of ground water from the upper Knox aquifer 16 

4. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water 

from the lower part of the Knox G roup 17 

5. Contamination sites in the lower part of the Knox Group 18 

. . . 

111 
FACTORS FOR CONVERTING INCH-POUND UNITS 

TO INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 

For the convenience of readers who may want to use International System of Units (SI), 

the data may be converted by using the following factors: 

tMultiply 

inch (in.) 

EY 

25.4 

To obtain 

millilneter (mm) 

foot (ft) 0.3048 

foot per mile (ft/mi) 0. I894 

mile (mi) 1.609 

square mile (mi2) 2.590 

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.00006309 

meter (m) 

meter per kilometer (m/km) 

kilometer (km) 

square kilometer (km21 

cubic meter per second 

(m3/s) 

National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NC VD of 1929): A geodetic datum derived 

from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and 

Canada, formerly called “Mean Sea Level.” 

iv 
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE KNOXGROUP IN TENNESSEE 

FOR RECEIVING INJECTED WASTES 

Michael W. Bradley 

ABSTRACT 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is authorized under the Safe Drinking 

Water Act to protect underground sources of drinking water from contamination. However, an aquifer may be exempted from protection and used for injected wastes where the 

aquifer meets criteria established in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Underground Injection Control program. 

The Knox Group in Middle and West Tennessee occurs primarily in the subsurface, and 

the top of the Knox Group ranges from about 350 to 3,000 feet below land surface. The 

upper part of the Knox Group (upper Knox aquifer) is an important source of drinking water 

in parts of the Central Basin and the Highland Rim provinces. The lower part of the Knox 

Group is currently being used for injected wastes at New Johnsonville on the western Highland Rim and at Mount Pleasant in the Central Basin. 

INTRODUCTION 

Part C of the Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523) authorized the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish regulations to assure that underground 

injection of waste will not endanger existing or potential sources of drinking water. In 

order to regulate underground injection, EPA needs to identify and protect existing or 

potential drinking-water sources and to identify the aquifers or parts of aquifers that are 

not and will not be used as sources of drinking water. 

Under part 146.04 of the Federal Underground Injection Control program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981), an underground source of drinking water is protected 

from receiving injected wastes. The EPA, however, may exempt an aquifer or part of an 

aquifer and allow the injection of wastes into the aquifer if: 

It does not currently serve as a source of drinking water; and 

It cannot now and will not in the future serve as a source of drinking 

water because: 

( 1) It is mineral, hydrocarbon, or geothermal-energy producing; 

(2) It is situated at a depth or location which makes recovery of water 

for drinking-water purposes economically or t ethnologically impractical; 

(3) It is so contaminated that it would be economically or technologically impractical to render that water fit for human consumption; 

(4) g is located over a class III well mining area subject to subsidence 

or catastrophic collapse; or 
(Cl The total dissolved-solids content of the ground water is more than 3,000 

and less than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and it is not reasonably 

expected to supply a public water system. 

In addition to these criteria, an aquifer is exempted by EPA only after public notice, 

opportunity for a public hearing, and final approval by the Administrator of EPA. 

There were no class III well mining areas in Tennessee in 1983. 

Under current technology and present economic conditions, it will be considered economically or technologically impractical to recover drinking water from an aquifer that 

contains water of inferior quality to existing, alternate sources of drinking water, and the 

aquifer lies below a source of drinking water that is adequate to supply present and future 

needs. A dissolved-solids concentration of 10,000 mg/L will be considered the limit above 

which demineralization would be uneconomical. The EPA does not consider an aquifer with 

water containing more than 10,000 mg/L dissolved solids to be an underground source of 

drinking water. 

The Tennessee Department of Public Health (1982) has proposed regulations to prohibit the injection of wastes into the ground-water system in parts of Tennessee. These 

regulations state that waste injection will not be permitted into the rocks underlying 

unconsolidated sediments in the Coastal Plain of West Tennessee. 

Purpose and Scope 

The purpose of this report is to provide a preliminary geohydrologic evaluation of 

the Knox Group and to identify areas that meet the criteria for exemption to receive injected wastes under the State and Federal (EPA) Underground Injection Control programs. 

This study also identifies areas where there are limited or no data to evaluate the aquifer 

and emphasizes the need for additional data. Generalizations on hydrology and water 

quality have been made because of limited data. 

GEOHYDROLOGY 

The Knox Group west of the Valley and Ridge province occurs in the subsurface 

through most of Tennessee (fig. 1). The Knox Group consists of a sequence of Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian dolomite and dolomitic limestone approximately 3,000 to 5,000 

feet thick. The Knox Group crops out in the Wells Creek structure in the northwestern 

Highland Rim and in the Sequatchie Valley. The Knox Group overlies the Conasauga Group 

and is unconformably overlain by limestone of the Central Basin aquifer system and Cretaceous sediments in West Tennessee (fig. 2). Depth to the top of the Knox Group below 

land surface ranges from about 350 feet in the Central Basin to more than 2,000 feet in 

West Tennessee and more than 3,000 feet in the Cumberland Plateau. Structurally, the 

Knox Group dips away from the Central Basin in all directions. 

The rocks of the Knox Group are generally impermeable except for zones of secondary permeability such as solution openings and vertical fractures. For the purpose of this 

report, the Knox Group has been separated into the upper 200 to 300 feet of the Knox 

Group, which hereafter will be referred to as the upper Knox aquifer, and the remaining 

several thousand feet of the Knox Group (fig. 2; table 11, which hereafter will be referred 

2 
to as the lower part of the Knox Group. Nearly all of the data available for the Knox 

Group is for the upper Knox aquifer. Data for the lower part of the Knox Group is limited 

to a few waste-injection wells and deep oil test wells. The available data are not sufficient to areally define the hydrologic nature of the lower part of the Knox Group. 

Ground water in the upper Knox aquifer is under confined conditions, except in the 

outcrop areas. Regional ground-water flow in the upper Knox aquifer is primarily toward 

the west, with discharge occurring along the Tennessee River. In the Central Basin, recharge to the upper Knox aquifer appears to come from areas that are topographic highs, 

and discharge from the aquifer may occur along the Cumberland, Stones, and Duck Rivers 

(Newcome and Smith, 1962). The vertical movement of water into and out of the upper 

Knox aquifer probably occurs along vertical fractures in the overlying formations. In 

Middle Tennessee, drillers report that more than 90 percent of the wells completed in the 

upper Knox aquifer yield 5 to 10 gal/min. Below the upper Knox aquifer, the Knox Group 

is saturated but has much lower permeability. 

The hydrology of the lower part of the Knox Group and the amount of vertical flow 

between the upper and lower Knox along joints and fractures are unknown. Neutron porosity logs and porosity analyses indicate that the lower part of the Knox Group generally 

has less than 10 percent porosity. However, there are thin zones of high porosity (20 to 25 

percent) at depths of more than 2,000 feet below the top of the Knox Group. 

APPLICATION OF CRITERIA FOR RECEIVING INJECTED WASTES 

Drinking- Water Use i 

The upper Knox aquifer, which generally contains water having dissolved-solids concentrations less than 10,000 mg/L, is used as a source of drinking water in the Central 

Basin province and the Sequatchie Valley (figs. 2 and 31. In the western Highland Rim 

province, the upper Knox aquifer is only slightly used as a source of drinking water for 

domestic supplies (fig. 31. While the upper Knox aquifer is an important source of drinking 

water where the overlying formations do not yield enough water for domestic supplies, no 

public supplies currently use water from the upper Knox aquifer. The lower part of the 

Knox Group is not used as a source of drinking water because of the depth and availability 

of generally better quality water in the overlying formations. 

Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources 

The rocks of the Knox Group are currently being mined for zinc at the Elmwood 

Mine in Smith County, Tenn. (fig. 4). The zinc ore was deposited along zones of increased 

permeability that were formed by dissolution in the Knox Group (Fischer, 19771. Ground 

water in the Knox Group at this site occurs along zones of increased permeability similar 

to those which allowed the movement of the ore-bearing solution. 

The Knox Group is being investigated for hydrocarbon resources in the Coffee, 

Franklin, and Lincoln County area of the southeastern Highland Rim province and has 

yielded some hydrocarbons in that area (fig. 4). The potential for hydrocarbon resources 

in the Knox Group has not been extensively investigated beneath the Cumberland Plateau. 

3 
Water Quality 

Quality of water is believed to vary considerably throughout the 3,000- to 5,000-foot 

thickness of the Knox Group. Most of the ground-water-quality data available, however, 

are from the upper Knox aquifer. Concentrations of dissolved solids in water from the 

upper Knox aquifer are generally less than 1,000 mg/L in the Central Basin and less than 

3,000 mg/L in the western Highland Rim (table 2; fig. 5). The dissolved-solids concentration in water from the upper Knox aquifer increases away from the Central Basin to more 

than 4,000 mg/L in the northeast Coastal Plain and extreme northern Central Basin and to 

more than 10,000 mg/L in parts of the northern and eastern Highland Rim (fig. 5). 

The quality of water in the upper Knox aquifer in the Cumberland Plateau and northwestern Highland Rim is unknown (fig. 5). Dissolved-solids concentrations greater than 

3,000 mg/L may be present in water in the upper Knox aquifer, estimated from resistivity 

logs, but additional information is needed for verification. 

Table 3 lists major cations and anions in water from nine wells open to the upper 

Knox aquifer. Dissolved-solids concentrations were less than 1,000 mg/L in water from 

the upper Knox aquifer in Maury County in the Central Basin and Cheatham and Hickman 

Counties in the western Highland Rim. In Henry County in the northeastern part of the 

Coastal Plain, water from a well open to the upper Knox aquifer contained 4,320 mg/L 

dissolved solids and had relatively high sodium and chloride concentrations. Dissolvedsolids concentrations were 9,990 mg/L in water from a well in Lincoln County in the eastern Highland Rim. 

The quality of water in the lower part of the Knox Group is defined by only four 

sites. These data show that dissolved-solids concentrations in water from the lower part 

of the Knox Group range from 1,100 to 16,600 mg/L, depending upon depth and location 

(table 4). However, some of these data may be questionable because of drilling and sampling techniques , and may not represent the natural formation fluid. Because of the 

limited data, ground-water quality for the lower Knox Group is essentially unknown. 

Contamination 

There is no known contamination of the upper Knox aquifer. In Tennessee, contamination of the lower part of the Knox Group is known at three waste-injection well sites 

(table 5). The injection wells at these sites are open from the lower part of the Knox 

Group to the Precambrian basement. Ground-water-quality data from observation wells 

penetrating the upper Knox aquifer at the injection sites in Maury County (see MyF-11 

and MyF-13 in table 3) did not show high concentrations of sodium or chloride that would 

be associated with the primarily sodium-chloride wastes at those sites. 

AREAS POTENTIALLY SUITABLE FOR WASTE INJECTION 

In the southeastern Highland Rim province, the upper Knox aquifer is not currently 

used as a source of drinking water and is not expected to be used because it has produced 

hydrocarbons (fig. 6). Although this area meets some of the EPA criteria for exemption, 

the Tennessee Department of Public Health and Environment has proposed regulations to 

prohibit the subsurface injection of wastes into aquifers that contain extractable energyrelated resources. 

4 
The upper Knox aquifer in the northern and eastern Highland Rim (fig. 6) currently 

is not used and probably will not be used as a source of drinking water because of the high 

dissolved-solids concentrations (more than 10,000 mg/L). The upper Knox aquifer in the 

northern part of the Coastal Plain and the extreme northern part of the Central Basin (fig. 

6) is not used as a source of drinking water and is not expected to supply a public water 

system. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from 3,000 to 10,000 mg/L in the upper 

Knox aquifer in these areas. The Tennessee Department of Public Health (1982) proposed 

regulations, however, would prevent the underground injection of wastes west of the 

Tennessee River. 

The upper Knox aquifer in parts of the Highland Rim and Cumberland Plateau may 

contain water having dissolved-solids concentrations more than 3,000 mg/L or, in some 

places, more than 10,000 mg/L (fig. 6). Additional data are needed to define the water 

quality and hydrology of the upper Knox aquifer in these areas. 

In Tennessee, the lower part of the Knox Group currently is not used as a source of 

drinking water and is not expected to be used in the future because of the depth, the 

uncertainty about yield and water quality, and the availability of water from overlying 

aquifers and surface-water sources. The general water quality of the lower part of the 

Knox Group, however, is essentially unknown. Parts of the lower part of the Knox are 

already contaminated at the three waste-injection sites in Tennessee (fig. 6). 

5 
i; 
system 

Table 1 .--Geologic units of the Knox Group 

[Modified from Miller, R.A. (1974); Schwalb, H.R. (1982)] 

Series Group Formations Hydrology 

Ordovician 

Cambrian 

Lower 

Ordovician 

-Knox Group 

Upper 

Cambrian 

Fllascot 

Dolomite 

Kingsport 

Formation 

Longview 

Dolomite 

Chepultepec 

Dolomite 

Copper Ridge 

Dolomite 

The upper Knox aquifer, the 

upper 200 to 300 feet of the 

Knox Group contains water in 

zones of secondary permeability. Consists of dolomite and dolomitic limestone. 

The lower part of the Knox 

Group, the remaining several 

thousand feet of the Knox 

Group, consists of dolomite 

and dolomitic limestone with 

some thin zones of higher 

porosity separated by thick 

sequences of rock with very 

low porosity. The type of 

boundary between the upper 

Knox aquifer and lower part 

of the Knox Group is essentially unknown. 
Coastal Plain I Western Highland Rim 

I 

Centra 

WEST 

3000’ 1 

2000’ 

1000’ 

SEA LEVEL 

1000’ 

2000’ 

3000’ 

4000’ 

5000’ 

6000’ 

7000’ 

Basal sandsto 

EXPLANATION 

WATER QUALITY AND USE 

Dissolved-solids concentrations are less than Dissolved-solids concentrations are more than 

1000 milligrams per liter. Knox Group may n 10,000 milligrams per liter. Knox Group is 

be used as a source of drinking water not used as a source of drinking water 

Dissolved-solids concentrations are 1000 

to 10,000 milligrams per liter q ,:< Very few data, water quality is unknown. Dissolved- 

.n solids concentrations are estimated to be more 

than 1000 milligrams per liter and may be more 

than 10,000 milligrams per liter. Knox Group is 

not used as a source of drinking water 

?- - ? Conceptual boundary between the upper Knox 

aquifer and lower part of the Knox Group. 

Exact locatlon and nature are unknown 

Figure 2.--Generalized hydrogeologic section of the Knox 
asin Eastern Highland Cumberland Plateau 

I 

Valley and Ridge 

Rim 

EAST 

:stem 

w 

Cumberland Plateau 

Highland Rim 

aquifer system 

Vertical scale greatly exaggerated 

3000’ 

2000’ 

1000’ 

SEA L 

1000’ 

2000’ 

3000’ 

4000’ 

5000’ 

6000’ 

7000’ 

.EVEL 

7 , l,C, :; , “0 4; 5,O MILES 

0 10 20 30 40 50 KILOMETERS 

NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 

Group showing water quality and use. 


Table 2 .--Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from selected 

wells in the upper Knox aquifer 

[A, Estimate based on calculation from concentration of major constituents; 

C, Estimate based on average of more than one analysis. Data sources: 

1, Newcome and Smith (1962); 2, Tennessee Division of Water Resources, 

unpublished records; 3, Tennessee Division of Geology, unpublished records; 

4, Tennessee Division of Water Quality Control; 5, U.S. Geological Survey, 

unpublished records; 6, Newcome (1958); 7, Fischer and Hoagland (1970)] 

County Location 

DissolvedDepth to the Well or solids 

top of the sample concentra- Data 

Knox Group, depth, tions, in source 

in feet in feet milligrams 

per liter 

Bedford Farminqton 3 mi E 718 746 610 1 

Shelbyiille 0.5 mi N 795 858 602 1 

Wheel 780 817 428 1 

Unionville 1.75 mi NW 668 694 2,450 C 1 

Cannon 

Davidson 

Woodbury 8.5 mi SW 

Nashville 6 mi N 1050 1095 2,620 

Forest Hills 1010 1110 1,003 

Nashville 1135 1149 2,064 

Old Hickory 3 mi SW 980 1057 6,552 

Brentwood 2.5 mi W 1042 1300 524 

Bellevue 3 mi W 1352 1600 570 c 

Madison 1060 1095 3,248 

LaVergne 1.5 mi NW 730 937 576 

Nashville 794 859 2,350 

DeKalb 

Dickson 

Gibson 

Giles 

Alexandria 746 1385 1,100 c 1 

White Bluff 1 mi NE 

Dyer 3.4 mi NW 

Good Spring m-s 705 1,416 

Lynnville 860 1084 1,257 

Ardmore 3 mi NW 918 957 468 

Pulaski 3.5 mi W 860 874 270 

Pulaski 882 931 720 

Campbellsville 796 1000 1,159 

Humphreys New Johnsonville 

Jackson Gainesboro 9 mi W 

Gainesboro 6 mi ESE 

Lincoln Ardmore 3 mi NE 

744 

1414 

2220 

1620 

1662 

930 

957 

1040 

12 

1005 1,100 c 1 

1551 1,450 c 1 

2309-4450 4,500 c 3 

1980-2196 1,250 2,394 

1584-1690 1,496 2,3,4 

1465 4,520 6 

1034 14,898 1 

1050 16,170 1 
Table 2 .--Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from selected 

wells in the upper Knox aquifer--Continued 

County Location 

DissolvedDepth to the Well or solids 

top of the sample concentra- Data 

Knox Group, depth, tions, in source 

in feet in feet milligrams 

per liter 

Marshall Cornersville 940 3.002 

Lewisburg 4.75 mi WNW 

Verona 3 mi NE 

Lewisburg 

Caney Spring 2 mi NE 

--- 

805 

562 

780 

774 

830 1;060 

595 960 C 

835 750 c 

788 507 

156 

i 

; 

Maury 

Perry 

Pickett 

Rutherford 

Smith 

Sumner 

Trousdale 

Wayne 

Williamson 

Wilson 

Columbia 4.5 mi SW 870 922 685 

Spring Hill 0.5 mi SE 880 970 302 

Culleoko 3.5 mi E 739 800 1,619 

Berlin 4.25 mi NW 508 545 627 

Jameson 1.5 mi SW 956 1047 1,550 c 

Columbia 4 mi NE 959 990 990 c 

Beardstown 1.5 mi SW 1295 1625 860 c 1 

Linden w-w 1320 2,762 1 

Byrdstown 4.5 mi NE 1800 2101 20,383 1 

Lascassas 1 mi NE 444 584 2,314 

Smyrna 3.5 mi NE 559 632 2,225 

Smyrna 2 mi SE 500 513 432 

Double Springs 0.5 mi SE 696 852 1,185 

Concord 1.75 mi W 668 760 518 

Pinnacle Hill 2.25 mi NE 470 493 300 

Elmwood 1 mi W --- --- 4,550 C,A 7 

Bethpage 1372 1415 18,768 1 

Saundersville 2 mi N 986 1133 6,577 196 

Hartsville 5 mi SW 859 1300 2,530 1 

Clifton 3 mi NE 895 1125 804 1 

Waynesboro 6 mi SE 1383 3003 1,551 1 

Bingham 3 mi N 

Brentwood 1.5 mi S 

Ewingville 1 mi NE 

Franklin 1.4 mi W 

Kirkland 

Nolensville 2 mi SE 

Thompson Sta. 3 mi NE 

965 1020 1,440 

940 1002 556 

874 912 1,330 

1305 1338 1,968 

856 916 700 

431 1135 1,428 

777 906 545 

196 

1 

; 

; 

1 

Lebanon 2 mi E 665 2003 1,175 c 1 

Green Hill 1 mi W 900 1004 1,632 1 

13 
M I 5 

3 h 

P I3: i 

A e M 

Figure 5.--Dissolved-solids concentrations 
! - -‘- 

! \ 

/“ 602 

Modliled lrom J. V. Brahana and M. W. Bradley. 1985 

. 

Hy:K-3 

EXPLANATION 

WATER QUALITY 

Dissolved-soltds concentrations are less 

than 1000 milligrams per liter 

Dtssolved-solids concentrations are from 

1000 to 3000 milltgrams per liter 

Dissolved-solids concentrations are from 

3000 to 10,000 milltgrams per liter 

Dissolved-solids concentrations are more 

than 10,000 milligrams per liter 

Dissolved-solids concentration, m milligrams 

oer liter (see table 2) 

Well location 

Well number [see table 3) 

Eastern limit of study area 

ZMERYS 

NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 

in water from the upper Knox aquifer. 

15 
0 -* a 

. . . 

c: 

Lo a3comulo ul c 7 

0 ai 

0 

Ei 8 

,” 

a 

. 

h 

0 ,” 

16 
Table 4 .--Dissolved-solids concentrations in water 

from the lower part of the Knox Group 

[Data from unpublished files with the Tennessee Division of Geology and 

Department of Health and Environment] 

County Location 

DissolvedDepth to the Well or solids 

top of the sample depth, concentraKnox Group, in feet tions, in 

in feet milligrams 

per liter 

Davidson Old Hickory 1070 2806 

3287 

3953-4142 

Humphreys New Johnsonville 1620 2450-2673 1,440 

3220-3400 3,100 

3538-3628 2,500 

4657-6735 4,280 

New Johnsonville 1662 2695-2880 1,100 

5000-6340 cl2,860 

Maury Mount Pleasant 1.5 mi SE 910 5064-5079 4,700 

a3,000+ 

7,370 

bl6,600 

aEstimate based on calculation from concentration of major constituents. 

bEstirnate based on average of more than one analysis. 

cRepresents influence of intercepted wastes. 

17 
Table 5 .--Contamination sites in the lower part of the Knox Group 

[Data from Tennessee Division of Geology and Tennessee Department of Public 

Health, open file records] 

Site 

No. Location Comments 

1 New Johnsonville Contamination due to injection of industrial 

waste. The waste is primarily an iron chloride 

with a pH of less than 1. 

2 Mount Pleasant Contamination due to injection of industrial 

1.5 mi SE. waste. The wastewater is primarily a sodium 

chloride (176,000 million gallons per liter) 

with a pH of 12.5. 

3 Mount Pleasant Contamination due to injection of industrial 

1.5 mi SW. waste. The wastewater is primarily a sodium 

chloride. 

18 

SELECTED REFERENCES 

Brahana, XV., and Bradley, M.W., 1982, Delineation and description of the regional aquifers of Tennessee--The Knox aquifer in central and west Tennessee: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4012, 32 p. 

Fischer, F.T., 1977, The geologic setting of a persisting paleoaquifer--The Elmwood Mine, 

Middle Tennessee zinc district: Society of Mining Engineers, Lead-Zinc Update, 16 p. 

Fischer, F.T., and Hoagland, A.D., 1970, Hydrologic investigations of the Middle Tennessee zinc district: AIME World Symposium on Mining and Metallurgy of Lead and 

Zinc, AIME, New York, p. 95-106. 

Hem, J.D., 1970, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water 

(2d ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1473, 363 p. 

Miller, R.A., 1974, The Geologic History of Tennessee: Tennessee Division of Geology 

Bulletin 74, 63 p. 

Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1958, Ground water in the Central Basin of Tennessee: Tennessee 

Division of Geology Report of Investigations no. 4, 81 p. 

Newcome, Roy, Jr., and Smith, Ollie, Jr., 1962, Geology and ground-water resources of the 

Knox Dolomite in Middle Tennessee: Tennessee Division of Water Resources, Water 

Resources Series no. 4, 43 p. 

Schwalb, H.R., 1982, Paleozoic geology of the New Madrid area: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission, N UREG/CR-2909, 6 1 p. 

Ten,nessee Department of Public Health, 1982, Report of the Tennessee ground-water pro- 

-. tection strategy task force on regulation of subsurface wastewater injection by 

means of wells: 54 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981, 40 CFR Parts 122 and 146, Underground 

injection control program criteria and standards: Federal Register, v. 46, no. 190, p. 

48243-48255. 

20 

hl.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1986-631-262/40022