TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-02-00796-CV

Fred Glazener and James Slagle, Appellants

v.

John M. Jansing, Jr., Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN202629, HONORABLE SUZANNE COVINGTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Fred Glazener and James Slagle appeal from the default judgment rendered against

them and in favor of John M. Jansing, Jr. Appellants complain that Jansing failed to serve his

motion for default judgment on all parties as required by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

Glazener contendsthatservice on him was defective because the signature of the recipient ofservice

was illegible. By six other issues, appellants contend that Jansing’s pleadings and proof are

inadequate to support the judgment rendered. We will affirm the judgment.

BACKGROUND

The following factual summary is taken from the record submitted in the defaultjudgment proceedings. This summary is included to present a context for the discussion in this

opinion, but should not be construed as binding other parties in related pending cases.
1

 Appellants urge that the distinction between Bayside Trading and Bayside Trading, Inc.

is crucial, but the allegations that they admitted by defaulting do not make that distinction. Under

the petition, Rader alleged that he wholly owned “Bayside,” which is the term Jansing uses for the

corporation owned by appellants.

2

John Rader operated a stock day-trading company called Bayside Trading.1 Jansing

loaned money to Rader as evidenced by a $50,000 promissory note made in July 1999 and a $58,000

promissory note made in January 2000; the latter note comprised $8,000 of interest on the first note

and an additional loan of $50,000. Rader represented that Jansing’s funds would be deposited into

a margin control account used to make margin callsfor the day-traders. He represented that this was

a low-risk investment, and the notes guaranteed an interestrate of between nine and eighteen percent.

The first note also indicated that Jansing would receive a ten-percent ownership interest in the

company; this page of the agreement in the record is signed only by Jansing. Although Rader was

not able to repay the first note when it came due in December 1999, he persuaded Jansing that the

money was safe and earning interest, and that additional money would be treated similarly. In the

second note, Rader represented that Jansing would receive an additional fifteen-percent ownership

interest in the company making his total ownership share 25 percent of the company; this page of

the agreement in the record is signed only by Rader.

Jansing alleged that Rader held himself out as the owner of the company with full

authority to execute notes, make contracts, and transfer stock. Although Rader managed the daily

business of the company—such as recruiting, training, and clearing traders—he never owned any

shares of stock in Bayside Trading, Inc. Instead, appellants Glazener and Slagle were the only
2

 The judgment does not make clear if, in addition to judgment being rendered against Rader

in his individual capacity, it is also rendered against him doing business as “Bayside Trading.”

Judgment is not rendered against “Bayside Trading, Inc.”

3

shareholders. Jansing alleged that appellants relied on Rader to manage the company, knew that he

was holding himself out as the owner, and allowed him to conduct business as if he were the only

shareholder.

When Rader defaulted on the notes, Jansing sued Rader, individually and doing

business as Bayside Trading, and Bayside Trading, Inc. Jansing obtained a partial summary

judgment in March 2002 against Rader2for $131,613.75 plus $5,000 in attorney’s fees. After

learning of the ownership structure of Bayside Trading, Inc., Jansing amended his petition in May

2002 to add Glazener and Slagle, each individually and doing business as Bayside Trading (but not

as a corporation). Service of citation on appellants was returned on June 18, 2002.

Jansing filed a motion for default judgment against Glazener and Slagle on July 18,

2002. The district court granted judgment against appellants in their individual capacities that same

day. The court found that appellants committed fraud because (1) they were actually aware that

Rader was making false representations of material facts to induce Jansing to enter a contract,

(2) Jansing relied on the representations, (3) the representations were material and false and made

with actual awareness of their falsity, (4) the representations were made with the intent that Jansing

rely on them, (5) Jansing did rely on them, (6) appellants’ conduct proximately caused actual

damages to Jansing, and (7) appellants violated the Penal Code by securing execution of contract
4

documents by deception. The court awarded Jansing $100,000 in actual damages against appellants

jointly and severally, $150,000 in punitive damages against each appellant, and $8,000 in attorney’s

feesfrom appellantsjointly and severally, plus additional fees in the event of appeal. The judgment

does not mention Jansing’s claims on the notes and allegations of negligence, but the July 29, 2002

ordersevering Jansing’s claims against appellantsfromthe remaining claims states that the judgment

against appellants disposes of all issues between them and Jansing and therefore is final. 

Appellants filed their notice of restricted appeal on December 16, 2002.

DISCUSSION

This is a restricted appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 30. A restricted appeal replaces the

writ of error practice. See id. Review by restricted appeal affords the appellant a review of the entire

case, just as in an ordinary appeal, with the restriction that any error must appear on the face of the

record. Conseco Fin. Servicing v.Klein Indep. Sch. Dist., 78 S.W.3d 666, 670 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.); Norman Communications v. Texas Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270

(Tex. 1997) (setting out writ of error standards). The face of the record for purposes of a restricted

appeal consists of all the papers on file before the judgment as well as the reporter’s record. See

Conseco, 78 S.W.3d at 670; Norman, 955 S.W.2d at 270.

Appellants present four procedural and four substantive issues. The procedural

complaints concern the sufficiency of service, the necessary recipients of the motion for default

judgment, and the necessity of a hearing on damages. The substantive complaints include whether

the statutes allegedly apply to this case, whether mere awareness of misrepresentations is sufficient
5

to prove common-law and statutoryfraud, and whether conclusorystatements are sufficient evidence

to support a fraud judgment.

Service of process

Glazener contendsthat the return ofservice on himisinsufficient because the process

server’s signature is illegible. There are no presumptions in favor of a valid issuance, service, and

return of citation in the face of an attack on a default judgment by restricted appeal. PrimateConstr.,

Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994); TAC Ams., Inc. v. Boothe, 94 S.W.3d 315, 319

(Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). For a default judgment to withstand direct attack, the record

must show strict compliance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure governing citation and return

of service. Boothe, 94 S.W.3d at 319. The rule at issue provides, in relevant part, as follows:

The return ofthe officer or authorized person executing the citation shall be endorsed

on or attached to the same; itshallstate when the citation wasserved and the manner

of service and be signed by the officer officially or by the authorized person. The

return of citation by an authorized person shall be verified.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 107. Glazener argues that the illegibility of the signature means that the return of

service neither shows that it was signed by an officer nor verifies the authority of any non-officer as

required. See id.

We conclude, however, that the fact that the return was signed and a mark made

indicating that the server was a constable satisfies the requirements of the rule. See id. There is no

basis on the face of the record to believe that the person who signed the return was not a constable,

nor is there any requirement in the rule regarding legibility of the signature.
6

Service of motion

Appellants complain that the motion for default judgment was not served on all

parties and therefore is deficient. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 21 (“Every pleading, plea, motion or

application to the court . . . shall be served on all other parties . . . .”). Appellants cite an opinion

reversing a default judgment taken against an obligor because the surety, who was not the target of

the motion, was not served with notice. See Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Briarcrest Country Club

Corp., 831 S.W.2d 453 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied). The court held that

Rule 21 means what it says—that motions must be served on all parties. Id. at 455-56. The court’s

opinion rests on the harm to the appellant surety caused by the failure to serve the motion on the

surety; when the obligor defaulted, the surety was obligated to pay without having the opportunity

to defend on the merits as a result of the lack of notice. Id. 

The reasoning in the Trinity opinion does not apply to the facts of this case.

Appellants here are not seeking to enforce their own right to notice. Indeed, parties served with

citation and a petition are not entitled to additional notice of the intention to take a default judgment

against them. See Continental Carbon Co. v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 27 S.W.3d 184, 188-89 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied). Appellants present no basis on which they can enforce the rights

of others to receive notice. Further, appellants do not make the necessary showing that they were

harmed by the failure to serve others with notice. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1. Even if appellants could

enforce the rights of others to notice, there is no showing that the others were harmed by the lack of

notice. Unlike the surety in Trinity, who wasliable once the obligor defaulted, there is no indication

that appellants’ default imposes any liability on others.
7

Sufficiency of pleadings

Appellants raise several issues on which they assert that Jansing’s pleadings are

insufficient. They contend that Jansing’s allegations are conclusory, that appellants cannot be held

liable for Jansing’s losses under either common-law or statutory fraud theories if they were simply

aware of misrepresentations made by Rader, and that a statutory fraud claim cannot stand without

an allegation that the transaction involved stock or real estate.

Even if Jansing’s allegations are conclusory, they can support a default judgment.

A default judgment must be based on the pleadings. See Stoner v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679,

684-85 (Tex. 1979). Plaintiffs must use plain and concise language in asserting a cause of action in

their petitions. Tex. R. Civ. P. 45(b). The fact that an allegation is a legal conclusion, however, is

not grounds for objection when the allegations as a whole give fair notice to the opponent of the

claims made. Id.; Paramount Pipe & Supply Co. v. Muhr, 749 S.W.2d 491, 494 (Tex. 1988); see

also Westcliffe, Inc. v. Bear Creek Const., Ltd., 105 S.W.3d 286, 291-92 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003,

no pet.). A petition is sufficient if a cause of action may reasonably be inferred from what is

specifically stated in the petition, even if an element of the action is not specifically alleged.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Itz, 21 S.W.3d 456, 470-71 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied); Spiers

v. Maples, 970 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, no pet.). 

The elements of a cause of action for fraud are that (1) a material representation was

made; (2) the representation was false; (3) when the representation was made, the speaker knew it

wasfalse or made it recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion; (4) the

speaker made the representation with the intent that the other party should act upon it; (5) the party
3

 The statute defining fraud in real-estate or corporate-stock transactions provides as follows:

(a) Fraud in a transaction involving real estate or stock in a corporation or joint

stock company consists of a

(1) false representation of a past or existing material fact, when the false

representation is

(A) made to a person for the purpose of inducing that person to enter

into a contract; and

(B) relied on by that person in entering into that contract; or

(2) false promise to do an act, when the false promise is

(A) material;

(B) made with the intention of not fulfilling it;

(C) made to a person for the purpose of inducing that person to enter

into a contract; and

(D) relied on by that person in entering into that contract.

(b) A person who makes a false representation or false promise commits the

fraud described in Subsection (a) of this section and is liable to the person

defrauded for actual damages.

(c) A person who makes a false representation or false promise with actual

awareness of the falsity thereof commits the fraud described in Subsection

(a) of this section and is liable to the person defrauded for exemplary

damages. Actual awareness may be inferred where objective manifestations

indicate that a person acted with actual awareness.

8

acted in reliance on the representation; and (6) the party thereby suffered injury. In re FirstMerit

Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 758 (Tex. 2001). The elements of statutory fraud with respect to a

corporate stock transaction are similar. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 27.01(d) (West 2002).3
(d) A person who (1) has actual awareness of the falsity of a representation or promise

made by another person and (2) fails to disclose the falsity of the representation or

promise to the person defrauded, and (3) benefits from the false representation or

promise commits the fraud described in Subsection (a) of this section and is liable to

the person defrauded for exemplary damages. Actual awareness may be inferred

where objective manifestations indicate that a person acted with actual awareness.

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 27.01 (West 2002).

9

Because the only person Jansing alleges made representations to him is Rader,

Jansing’s claim is that appellants are responsible for Rader’s statements. One seeking to charge a

principal through the apparent authority of its agent must establish conduct by the principal that

would lead a reasonably prudent person to believe that the agent has the authority that it purports to

exercise. NationsBank, N.A. v. Dilling, 922 S.W.2d 950, 953 (Tex. 1996). The principal must have

affirmatively held out the agent as possessing the authority or must have knowingly and voluntarily

permitted the agent to act in an unauthorized manner. Id.

Contrary to appellants’ assertion, Jansing did not allege that appellants were merely

aware ofRader’smisrepresentations. He alleged, “At all times, Glazener and Slagle knew that Rader

was holding himself out as the owner of Bayside and they allowed Rader to conduct business for

Bayside as if he were the only shareholder by cloaking him with full authorization or ratification of

his actions.” Jansing thus alleged that appellants not only were aware of Rader’s misrepresentations

but approved of them and made them their own.

Jansing also alleged that stock was involved in the transaction sufficiently to bring

his claims within the scope of the statutory fraud provisions. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.
4

 As discussed in footnote one, the allegations appellants admitted by defaulting do not make

a distinction between “Bayside” and “Bayside Trading, Inc.”

10

§ 27.01. He alleged that Rader represented that he wholly owned Bayside4and that, in exchange for

Jansing loaning $100,000, one-quarter of the ownership would be transferred to Jansing. Jansing

alleged that Rader made these representations under authority from appellants and intending to

induce Jansing to loan the money. Jansing loaned the money, but was not repaid. Jansing’s petition

indicates that the ownership interest that was to be transferred to him was in the form of shares of

stock. Although Jansing did not use the term “stock” in his petition, he alleged that “Glazener and

Slagle were legally the only shareholders of the corporation of Bayside.” Section 27.01 does not

define “stock,” but the terms “shares” and “stock” seem to be related or interchangeable. See Tex.

Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 1302-1.02(A)(3),(6)(West 2003). Jansing thus alleged that appellants used

fraud to induce him to participate in a transaction involving stock; it isthus within the statutory fraud

provision. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 27.01.

Jansing’s allegations are also sufficient to support the fraud finding. While many of

the statements he alleges Rader made regarding the function of Bayside’s business are not shown to

be false, some crucial ones are. The most critical to Jansing appears to have been Rader’s assertion

that he was the sole owner of the business; instead, appellants—a roofer and a dentist, not licensed

security dealers—owned the day-trading company, and Rader had no ownership stake in the

business. Jansing alleged that he did not know the representation about ownership was false, that
11

he did rely on it when entering the loan transactions, and that he lost the loaned money because of

that reliance. Jansing alleged that appellants knew of this representation, knew it was false, and

nevertheless did not correct the misrepresentation.

Damages

Appellants contend that the damage awards cannot stand because the court failed to

hold evidentiary hearings on either the actual or exemplary damages. They also complain that the

statutory fraud provision does not apply.

Appellants contend that the court erred byfailing to hold evidentiary hearings in order

to assess unliquidated actual damages. No default-judgment hearing is necessary if the claim is

liquidated and proved by an instrument in writing. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 241. If the claim is

unliquidated or not proved by a written instrument, the court must hold a hearing. See id. 243.

Jansing complainsthat the fraud induced him to provide the loans, which were notrepaid. His actual

damages are based on the notes; they are thus proved by a written instrument and are liquidated.

Further, although a hearing is required on unliquidated damages, the supreme court has held that

affidavits—even those containing unobjected-to hearsay—satisfythe requirement that the court hear

evidence and can support an award of unliquidated damages in a default judgment. See id.; Texas

Commerce Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. New, 3 S.W.3d 515, 516-17 (Tex. 1999). 

Appellants argue that they cannot be held liable for actual damages under the fraud

statute because it expressly provides only for exemplary damages against a person who knows of,

fails to correct, and benefits from another’s misrepresentation. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann.
12

§ 27.01(d). The statute, however, expressly states that a person who knows of the other’s

misrepresentation commits the fraud described in subsection (a). See id. § 27.01(a). The statute

provides that a person who commits the fraud described in subsection (a) is liable for actual

damages. See id. § 27.01(b). Thus, a person who knows of another’s misrepresentation can be held

liable for actual and exemplary damages under the statute.

Jansing concedes that the exemplary damages were unliquidated. Affidavit testimony

satisfies the requirement that the court hear evidence of unliquidated damages with regard to

exemplary damages as well. See New, 3 S.W.3d at 516-17. Where claims of legal or factual

sufficiency concern damagesin a default judgment, the appellant is entitled to review ofthe evidence

produced. Transport Concepts, Inc. v. Reeves, 748 S.W.2d 302, 304 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1988, no

writ) (citing Rogers v. Rogers, 561 S.W.2d 172, 173-74 (Tex. 1978)). To sustain an award of

exemplary damages in a default judgment, appellees must both plead knowing conduct and present

evidence that the extent of appellant’s knowledge warrants additional damages. See Sunrizon

Homes, Inc. v. Fuller, 747 S.W.2d 530, 534 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, writ denied) (punitive

damages not admitted by default in DTPA case). In addition, an exemplary damages award must

be reasonably proportioned to actual damages. Alamo Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908, 910

(Tex. 1981). The nature of Jansing’s claims required him to prove by clear and convincing evidence

that the harm for which he seeks exemplary damagesresulted from fraud or malice on the part of the

defendants. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003(a) (West 1997). The trial court must

consider several factors to determine whether an award of exemplary damages is reasonable, such
13

as(1) the nature of the wrong, (2) the character of the conduct involved, (3) the degree of culpability

of the wrongdoer, (4) the situation and sensibilities of the parties concerned, and (5) the extent to

which such conduct offends a public sense of justice and propriety. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d at 910. We

may reverse an exemplary damage award only if the evidence supporting the award isso weak or so

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Lubbock

County v. Strube, 953 S.W.2d 847, 860 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, pet. denied). 

There is no additional evidence that is applicable to the exemplary damage award.

The previously discussed evidence shows that the nature of the wrong is appellants’ knowing

acceptance of benefitsthrough complicity inRader’s deceit. Jansing does not allege anything further

than that appellants authorized or ratified Rader’s misrepresentations of the nature of their business

and his procurement of loans based on those misrepresentations, thus benefitting their business.

There is no showing that Jansing was anything other than a competent, if trusting, individual. The

aggregate punitive damage award against appellants is $300,000—three timesthe principal amount

of actual damages awarded. However, the $150,000 award against each appellant is less than twice

the $100,000 in actual damages awarded against appellants jointly and severally. The amount is

within the statutory limits. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008(b), (c) (West Supp.

2003).

We cannot conclude that this evidence is so weak or against the great weight and

preponderance of evidence as to be manifestly unjust.
14

CONCLUSION

Having resolved all issues presented in favor of the judgment, we affirm.

 

Mack Kidd, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Kidd and Patterson

Affirmed

Filed: September 25, 2003