WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | A

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH ALLIANCE FOR CHEMICAL POLICY REFORM

WHO’S IN DANGER?

Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters

A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF 

CHEMICAL DISASTER VULNERABILITY ZONES

WHO’S IN DANGER?

Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters

A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF 

CHEMICAL DISASTER VULNERABILITY ZONES

May 2014

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH ALLIANCE 

FOR CHEMICAL POLICY REFORM
ii | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Authors

Paul Orum

Richard Moore, Environmental Justice and 

Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform

Michele Roberts, Environmental Justice and 

Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform

Joaquín Sánchez, Los Jardines Institute 

(The Gardens Institute)

Contributors

Robin Saha, Ph.D., School of Public and 

Community Health Sciences, University 

of Montana

Elizabeth Crowe, Coming Clean

Sean Moulton, Center for E!ective Government

Yudith Nieto, Texas Environmental Justice 

Advocacy Services

Sofia Plagakis, Center for E!ective Government

Judy Robinson, Coming Clean

Steve Taylor, Coming Clean

Reviewers

Paul Mohai, Ph.D., School of Natural Resources 

and Environment, University of Michigan

Chingwen Cheng, Ph.D., School of Natural Resources 

and Environment, University of Michigan

John Deans, Greenpeace

Rick Hind, Greenpeace 

Research

Paul Orum

Demographic Analysis

Denise Moore, Center for E!ective Government

Design

David Gerratt, NonprofitDesign.com 

The findings, conclusions, and recommendations in this 

report are those of the authors and sponsoring organizations 

and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of 

the contributors, reviewers, or funders. The authors and 

sponsors accept all responsibility for any errors or omissions 

in this work.

THIS REPORT IS A COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT 

OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS:

The Environmental Justice and Health Alliance 

for Chemical Policy Reform networks grassroots 

organizations throughout the country to build 

collective intelligence and advocate for chemical 

policy reforms that protect environmental justice 

communities. Visit www.comingcleaninc.org/ 

programs/environmental-justice.

Coming Clean unites community organizers, 

scientists, advocates, business leaders, communications specialists, and diverse issue experts 

in collaborative work to transform the chemical 

and fossil fuel industries so they are sources 

of health, economic sustainability, and justice 

rather than of pollution, disease, and planetary 

harm. Visit www.comingcleaninc.org.

The Center for E!ective Government works to 

build an open, accountable government that invests 

in the common good, protects people and the 

environment, and advances the national priorities 

defined by an active, informed citizenry. 

Visit www.fore!ectivegov.org.

THE SPONSORING ORGANIZATIONS WOULD LIKE 

TO THANK THESE FUNDERS FOR THEIR GENEROUS 

SUPPORT OF WORK RELATED TO THIS REPORT:

Bauman Foundation

Cedar Tree Foundation

CS Fund

The Fine Fund

Ford Foundation

John Merck Fund

Marisla Foundation

New York Community Trust

Open Society Foundations

Park Foundation

Rockefeller Brothers Fund

Sills Family Foundation

Cover Photo: Whiting, Indiana

© Global Community Monitor 

Title Page: Anniston, Alabama © Coming Clean
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | iii

TA BLE O F CONTENTS

 iv Figures, Tables and Boxes

 1 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations

 2 Executive Summary

 C H A PTER O N E

 4 Introduction

4 Background on Environmental Justice and Chemical Safety

12 Selected Events in the History of Environmental Justice, 

1964–2014

Community Stories

14 Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Savoonga, 

 St. Lawrence Island, Alaska 

15 The Just Transition Alliance

16 West County Toxics Coalition, Richmond, California

18 Mossville Environmental Action Now (MEAN), Mossville, Louisiana

20 Los Jardines Institute (The Gardens Institute), 

 South Valley of Albuquerque, New Mexico

22 Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (t.e.j.a.s.), 

 Houston, Texas

24 People Concerned About Chemical Safety, Charleston, 

West Virginia

 C H A PTER T WO

26 Demographic Analysis of Chemical Facility 

Vulnerability Zones

27 National Findings

30 Industry Sector Findings

 C H A PTER THREE

35 Removing Chemical Hazards: Solutions for 

Companies and Communities

 C H A PTER FOUR

38 Conclusions and Recommendations

44 Endnotes

APPEN D I X A

46 Methodology

APPEN D I X B

49 “Shelter in Place” Timeline Worksheet

APPEN D I X C

50 Vulnerability Zones of 3,433 Chemical Facilities
iv | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

F I GURES, TA BLES A N D B OXES

F I GURES

9 Figure 1 Distribution of Chemical Facility Vulnerability Zones by Size

10 Figure 2 National Map of 3,433 Chemical Facilities in This Report

1 1 Figure 3 Map of Sample Vulnerability Zones and Fenceline Zones

27 Figure 4 Average Home Value in Fenceline Zones Compared to U.S. Average

27 Figure 5 Average Household Income in Fenceline Zones Compared to U.S. Average

28 Figure 6 Black and Latino Populations in Fenceline Zones Compared to the U.S.

29 Figure 7 Educational Attainment in Fenceline Zones Compared to the U.S.

29 Figure 8 Poverty Rate in Fenceline Zones Compared to the U.S.

36 Figure 9 Reduction in Vulnerability Zones through Safer Alternatives

TA BLES

11 Table 1 Chemical Facilities and Vulnerability Zone Populations by Industry Sector

27 Table 2 Housing Value in Vulnerability Zones

27 Table 3 Household Income in Vulnerability Zones

28 Table 4 Race and Ethnicity in Vulnerability Zones

28 Table 5 Education Levels in Vulnerability Zones

29 Table 6 Poverty Rates in Vulnerability Zones

30 Table 7 Housing Values in Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

31 Table 8 Household Incomes in Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

32 Table 9 Race and Ethnicity in Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

32 Table 10 Education Levels in Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

33 Table 1 1 Poverty Rates in Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

33 Table 12 Vulnerability Zone Distances and Populations by Industry Sector

34 Table 13 Comparison of Vulnerability Zones within Two Industry Sectors

34 Table 14 Top Ten Chemicals in This Report

B OXES

11 Box 1 “Vulnerability Zones” in This Report

40 Box 2 The Toxic Substances Control Act and Chemical Safety
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 1

GLOSS A RY OF TERMS A N D A BBRE VIAT I ONS

AC C

American Chemistry Council, the largest trade association of basic chemical manufacturers. 

F ENCEL I NE ZONE

An area designated as one-tenth the distance of the vulnerability zone, in which those a!ected are least likely to be 

able to escape from a toxic or "ammable chemical emergency, but not representing the outer bounds of potential 

harm. For example, if the vulnerability zone is a radius of 10 miles around the facility, then the fenceline zone is 

a radius of one mile around the facility. See Figure 3 on page 11 for a graphic representation of sample vulnerability zones and fenceline zones.

RMP

Risk Management Plan, a plan prepared under the chemical accident prevention provisions of the Clean Air Act, 

section 112(r), and submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by a facility that produces, handles, 

processes, distributes, or stores more than a threshold amount of certain extremely hazardous substances 

(77 toxic or 63 "ammable chemicals).

SOCM A

Society of Chemical Manufacturers and A#liates, a trade association of batch, custom, and specialty chemical 

manufacturers.

VULNER A B I L I TY ZONE

An estimate made by a facility under EPA’s Risk Management Planning program of the maximum possible area 

where people could be harmed by a worst-case release of certain toxic or "ammable chemicals. $e vulnerability 

zone is a radius (or circle) distance around the facility, for example one mile, %ve miles, or 20 miles in all directions. See Figure 3 on page 11 for a graphic representation of sample vulnerability zones and fenceline zones. 

WORST- C A SE S CEN A R I O

An estimate made by a facility under EPA’s Risk Management Planning program of the largest potential chemical 

release from a single vessel or process under conditions that result in the maximum possible a!ected area.
2 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

E XECUT I V E S UMM A R Y

M

ore than 134 million Americans live in the 

danger zones around 3,433 facilities in several 

common industries that store or use highly 

hazardous chemicals. Millions more people 

work, play, shop, and worship in these areas. 

But who are the people that live daily with the everpresent danger of a chemical disaster?

$is report is the %rst public accounting of the demographic characteristics of populations within the “vulnerability zones” of entire industry sectors that manufacture 

chemicals, treat water or wastewater, produce bleach, 

generate electric power, re%ne petroleum, produce pulp 

and paper, or otherwise have large numbers of people living 

in the path of a potential worst-case chemical release. 

It also shares the stories of some of these communities.

$e new research presented in this report %nds that 

residents of chemical facility vulnerability zones are 

disproportionately Black (African American) or Latino, 

have higher rates of poverty than the U.S. as a whole, 

and have lower housing values, incomes, and education 

levels than the national average. $e disproportionate 

or unequal danger is sharply magni%ed in the “fenceline” 

areas nearest the facilities.

Almost thirty years ago, the Union Carbide chemical spill 

in Bhopal, India killed thousands of people and drew stark 

attention to the need for improved chemical facility safety. 

Unfortunately, no U.S. federal law, regulation, or guidance 

adopted before or since requires companies to fully assess 

and substantiate whether the toxic chemicals they use or 

store are truly necessary—or whether e!ective and safer 

alternatives might be used instead. Chemical facilities, 

many of which endanger thousands of people, continue 

using highly hazardous chemicals even when safer alternatives are available, e!ective, and a!ordable.

$ese policy failures have led to the needless persistence 

of catastrophic chemical hazards in communities. $e 

U.S. experiences several serious toxic chemical releases 

every week, including the August, 2012 explosion at 

the Chevron re%nery in Richmond, CA that sent 15,000 

people to hospitals seeking treatment, and the April, 

2013 fertilizer storage facility explosion in West, TX that 

killed 15 people and leveled an entire neighborhood. 

In a typical year, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board screens 

more than 250 high consequence chemical incidents 

involving death, injury, evacuation, or serious environmental or property damage—and these are only the 

very worst incidents.

KEY FINDINGS

Our analysis produced striking %ndings about the 

fenceline zones nearest to the facilities, where residents 

live closest to hazardous chemicals and with the least 

time to react in the event of a catastrophic release.

In Louisville, KY, industrial facilities border the Chickasaw Park, 

an historic gathering place for the local African American community 

that is also contaminated with dioxin from industry emissions.

© Elizabeth Crowe
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 3

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home values 33% below the national average.

t "WFSBHF IPVTFIPME JODPNFT JO UIF GFODFMJOF [POFT

are 22% below the national average.

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is 75% greater than for the U.S. as a whole, while 

the percentage of Latinos in the fenceline zones 

is 60% greater than for the U.S. as a whole.

t ɨF QFSDFOUBHF PG BEVMUT JO UIF GFODFMJOF [POFT XJUI

less than a high school degree is 46% greater than 

for the U.S. as a whole, and the percentage of adults 

in the fenceline zones with a college or other postsecondary degree is 27% lower than for the U.S. 

as a whole.

t ɨF QPWFSUZ SBUF JO UIF GFODFMJOF [POFT JT 

higher than for the U.S. as a whole.

Separate analysis of di!erent industry sectors generally con-

%rms these %ndings with some regional and other variations.

Fortunately, many existing options can dramatically 

reduce these dangers and protect workers and communities. For example, a wastewater plant that switches from 

chlorine gas to ultraviolet light disinfection removes the 

danger of a chlorine gas release. A power plant that 

replaces highly toxic anhydrous ammonia gas with safer 

aqueous ammonia dramatically reduces the size of its vulnerability zone. But because federal laws and rules don’t 

require companies to research safer alternatives or convert 

even when it’s easily a!ordable, existing solutions are 

not in use by thousands of facilities.

Simple changes could protect millions of Americans, 

reduce costs and liabilities for companies, and modernize 

chemical facilities and regulations.

TIME FOR ACTION

Action to prevent a major chemical disaster is needed 

now—workers, communities, businesses, and governments face severe potential costs to life, health, and 

%nances from chemical hazards that are often unnecessary. 

Federal policies have missed obvious opportunities to improve safety and security by removing avoidable hazards.

$is report recommends several policy solutions that 

can remove millions of Americans from potential harm 

in and around hazardous chemical facilities. Some solutions can—and should—be implemented immediately. 

Others may require more time, but should also be 

started now and aggressively pursued.

1. Make information on chemical hazards and alternatives widely available, and ensure that workers, 

communities, and government at all levels are fully 

informed and actively engaged in prevention planning.

2. Require companies that use or store hazardous 

chemicals to assess and document whether safer 

chemicals or processes could be used that would 

remove hazards and prevent disasters.

3. Develop accessible national data on alternatives 

based on companies’ assessments and lessons learned 

by facilities that have successfully removed chemical 

hazards.

4. Require companies to convert to safer alternatives 

when feasible, and justify in detail any decisions not 

to remove major chemical hazards when alternatives 

are available, e!ective, and a!ordable.

5. End government policies that subsidize danger, and 

ensure that existing patchwork chemical safety and 

security requirements are complete, comprehensive, 

up to date, and mutually reinforcing.

For almost 30 years since the Bhopal disaster, chemical 

facilities, Congress, and a series of Presidential Administrations have neglected the potential for toxic disaster that 

millions of Americans—who are disproportionately Black, 

Latino, and low income—live with every day. While some 

companies have adopted safer alternatives, thousands of 

similar facilities have not.

Enough is enough. It’s time for the federal government, 

state and local governments, and the industries themselves 

to implement the most e!ective strategies that reduce and 

eliminate avoidable chemical hazards whenever possible, 

and adopt a comprehensive set of policies to protect 

workers and communities.

Waiting for a catastrophe is not acceptable. Communities 

that already bear the brunt of industrial pollution will also 

bear the greatest harm from a chemical disaster—making 

chemical safety and security a central environmental 

justice issue of our time.
4 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

CHAPTER ONE

I NTRO D UCT I O N

M

ore than 134 million Americans, and their homes, 

schools, businesses, parks, and places of worship, 

live in harm’s way of a toxic chemical release 

from several basic industries, according to this 

new analysis of 3,433 facilities that use or store 

extremely hazardous chemicals. Neighbors of facilities 

in these industries are disproportionately Black (African 

American) or Latino,1

 have higher rates of poverty than 

for the U.S. as a whole, and have lower housing values, 

incomes, and education levels than the national average.

$is report is the %rst to assess the demographic characteristics of populations within the “vulnerability zones” 

of entire industry sectors that manufacture chemicals, 

treat water or wastewater, produce bleach, generate electric power, re%ne petroleum, produce pulp and paper, or 

otherwise have 100,000 or more people living in the path 

of a potential worst-case chemical release.2 $ese zones—

which are delineated and reported by the companies 

themselves—are the areas around facilities, sometimes extending for many miles, in which people can be seriously 

Background on Environmental Justice and Chemical Safetya

People and organizations who live and work in the 

shadow of chemical and fossil fuels facilities have 

been concerned about their toxic outputs since long 

before the term “environmental racism” was coined. But 

once data began to be collected proving the connection 

between where these facilities were located and the 

demographics of the surrounding communities (including the 1987 report Toxic Wastes and Race in the United 

States) groups concerned about these environmental 

health hazards began creating a more coordinated, grassroots movement to prevent harm to disenfranchised areas. 

The First National People of Color Leadership Summit, 

held in 1991, helped advance this process and expand 

the emerging movement into issues beyond the location 

of hazardous facilities.

Then in 1994, with little movement in Congress toward 

reforms that would protect disproportionately impacted 

communities, President Bill Clinton responded to the outcry for action and issued Executive Order 12898 to address 

Environmental Justice in Minority and Low-Income Populations. Under this Order, government agencies are required 

to consider and assess potential disproportionate impacts 

of activities on low-income and minority communities 

before the activity takes place. Community environmental 

justice and advocacy groups were able to use the Executive 

T H I S REPORT I S THE F I RST to assess the demographic characteristics of populations 

within the “vulnerability zones” of entire industry sectors that manufacture chemicals, treat 

water or wastewater, produce bleach, generate electric power, re%ne petroleum, produce 

pulp and paper, or otherwise have 100,000 or more people living in the path of a potential 

worst-case chemical release.

a This brief summary includes selected environmental justice events that are most relevant to the information contained in this report. 

For a more complete history and timeline of the EJ movement, we recommend Robert Bullard, Ph.D, et al, Environmental Justice Milestones 

and Accomplishments: 1964–2014 (Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public A!airs, Texas Southern University, February 2014), 

available at http://www.tsu.edu/academics/colleges__schools/publica!airs/files/pdf/EJMILESTONES2014.pdf. 

4 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 5

hurt or killed by the sudden release of toxic or "ammable 

chemicals.

Our analysis uses data reported to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in Risk Management Plans 

(RMPs) by facilities that produce, handle, process, distribute, or store certain extremely hazardous substances. $e 

plans include companies’ own assessments of a potential 

worst-case release of speci%c toxic gases or "ammable 

chemicals. $ese RMP assessments identify vulnerability 

zones that are intended to inform people in nearby homes, 

schools, and businesses that they are within range of a 

potentially deadly chemical release and to encourage 

preventive action by industry. Although each facility 

uses only one chemical to prepare a worst-case release 

scenario, many facilities store or use several other 

hazardous chemicals as well.

$e vulnerability zones examined in this report vary widely in scope, ranging from a radius of 0.01 to 25 miles. But 

their potential magnitude can be understood in view of 

one of the world’s worst industrial disasters—the Union 

Carbide Company’s pesticide factory tragedy in Bhopal, 

India. $ousands of people died near the Bhopal factory 

in December 1984 and many thousands more were permanently injured by toxic gases that leaked at night into 

the surrounding community. $ough decades have since 

passed, comparable hazards remain across America virtually unchecked, as people live and work next to hazardous 

chemical facilities with minimal government oversight and 

little community awareness. In many cases, local police, 

%re%ghters, and government o#cials are not aware of the 

speci%c chemical hazards in their community and the 

potential for disaster—or the safer options that can help 

make communities more secure.

While Bhopal-scale chemical catastrophes are thankfully 

rare, chemical %res and spills are remarkably common. 

In a typical year, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board screens 

more than 250 high consequence chemical incidents involving death, injury, evacuation, or serious environmental 

or property damage.3

 Chemical incidents in recent years 

have killed workers, %rst responders, and nearby residents, 

and destroyed homes, businesses, and schools. On April 

17, 2013, an explosion in West, TX leveled an entire 

neighborhood. On August 6, 2012, a %re and explosion 

at the Chevron re%nery in Richmond, CA sent 15,000 

people to hospitals seeking treatment.4

 Other chemical 

release incidents in recent years include Big Spring TX; 

Paulsboro, NJ; Danvers, MA; Rosedale, MD; Delaware 

City, DE.; Mossville, LA; and Charleston, WV; among 

others. $e United States has fortunately avoided in recent 

years a chemical disaster of the scale that occurred in Texas 

City in 1947, when a ship laden with ammonium nitrate 

exploded killing at least 581 people. 

Order as a tool to expose the ongoing human rights 

violations of people of color and low-income people living 

in environments contaminated with toxic chemicals.

However, because the Executive Order carried no legal 

mandates and because there has since been no meaningful federal chemical policy reform (and few significant state 

reforms), the toxic contamination and disproportionate 

impacts have continued. Community leaders and other 

environmental health advocates began to conceptualize 

a more comprehensive reform solution to protect fenceline 

communities, workers, and people exposed to chemicals 

from industrial facilities, fossil fuel operations, and products 

purchased and used each day. In 2004, members of a 

nationwide collaborative environmental health and justice 

network, known as Coming Clean, put these concepts to 

paper in a document called the Louisville Charter for Safer 

Chemicals. The Charter was named at a meeting held in 

Louisville, Kentucky, at which the Charter was finalized. 

C O N T INUED ON NEX T PAG E

Flaring oil refineries in Port Arthur, TX are an all-too-common 

sight for local residents.

© Hilton Kelly, CIDA

WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 5
6 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

The name honors the struggles of the largely African 

American “Rubbertown” community in West Louisville, 

where industrial facilities released 11 millions of pounds per 

year of toxic air emissions and where numerous chemical 

disasters have taken place. Seventy-four diverse organizations endorsed the Charter as a common platform for 

chemical safety policies based on health and justice.b 

Hundreds of groups and networks have used the Louisville 

Charter as a measuring stick against which local, state and 

federal policies can be compared to the health and safety 

needs of all communities. 

Communities from each of the ten Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) Regions led discussions about the Charter 

among hundreds of people and dozens of organizations 

over the next two years, as a way to share and harmonize 

local and national priorities to lift all communities out of 

environmental injustice. In 2006, in an e!ort to raise the 

profile of the need for comprehensive chemical policy 

reforms, groups carried out a national event called “EJ 

For ALL,” a three-bus, 40-stop tour of communities disproportionately impacted by toxic pollution and hazards.c

The Tour placed the environmental exploitation of lowincome people and people of color by polluting industries 

before the public and on the notice of Federal agencies 

and EPA Regional O"ces.

The northeastern and southern legs of the Tour converged 

in Washington, DC, while the western leg concluded in Los 

Angeles. While traveling together and visiting each other, 

far-flung groups shared similar stories of sickness and 

chronic conditions caused by toxic exposures in their 

communities. Many who traveled and gathered were stricken 

with various forms of cancer and heart disease, asthma, 

learning disabilities, childhood leukemia, and neurological 

illnesses. They also represented the many others, young 

CHEMICAL FACILITIES 

AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

In 1987, a landmark national study, Toxic Wastes and Race 

in the United States, helped document a national pattern 

that many people knew anecdotally from daily life: industrial and environmental hazards are concentrated in poorer 

areas and areas with more people of color. Toxic Wastes 

and Race helped catalyze a national movement—known as 

the environmental justice movement—by making visible 

the adverse environmental and health impacts to workers 

and vulnerable communities living near the fencelines of 

chemical facilities. $is movement asserts that equal protection and a healthy environment are basic human rights, 

and promotes precaution and prevention by design as a 

primary strategy to achieve health and justice for all.

Subsequent research has con%rmed the core %ndings from 

1987. Two decades later the report Toxic Wastes and Race 

at Twenty 1987–2007 replicated the 1987 study using 

newer data and analytical methods, and found that people 

of color and poor people are even more heavily concentrated around hazardous waste facilities than the 1987 and 

other earlier studies found.5

 In addition, dozens of other 

quantitative studies have documented inequitable distribution of environmental hazards, such as chemical plants, 

re%neries, incinerators, power plants, waste facilities, and 

other polluting industries.6 $ese studies have consistently 

found people of color and low-income communities are 

disproportionately a!ected; they endure an unfair share 

of adverse impacts to air and water quality, human health, 

property values and the local economy.

Now, this report—Who’s in Danger? Race, Poverty and 

Chemical Disasters—presents new evidence that the dangers 

associated with large quantities of toxic and "ammable 

industrial chemicals are unequally distributed. $is new 

research presents troubling %ndings about housing values, 

household incomes, race and ethnicity, education levels, 

and poverty rates of people who live within range of 

chemical %res and spills from 3,433 industrial facilities, 

and especially of people who live closest to the facilities. 

(See Appendix C for a listing of the facilities and their 

vulnerability zones.)

CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES

Over the years, many initiatives have sought to address the 

avoidable chemical hazards that exist unchecked in many 

communities. In 1994, the same year that President Clinton 

signed his Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to 

Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations 

and Low-Income Populations, scores of public interest 

organizations urged the EPA to make the systematic search 

for safer solutions part of risk management planning rules. 

Unfortunately, the agency took public comment but did 

not act. Every session of Congress since 1999 has considered 

b “Endorsers of the Louisville Charter for Safer Chemicals,” accessed April 20, 2014, http://www.louisvillecharter.org/endorsements.shtml.

c A record of the Tour, including photos, video, and profiles, can be found at http://www.ej4all.org.

6 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 7

and old, who had already died from toxic conditions 

at home and could not join them. 

The Tour helped galvanize interest not only in revising 

federal laws to reduce chemical hazards that could result 

in a toxic release or explosion, but even more so in reforming the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), a law enacted 

in 1976 that was supposed to protect people from everyday toxic chemical exposures. However, since 1976 only 

a handful of chemicals have been fully examined for health 

and safety impacts under TSCA, and only five have ever 

been restricted. Federal bills to revise TSCA have variously 

included elements of meaningful reform and reduction 

of hazards from toxic chemicals, but also proposals 

advocated by the chemical industry to weaken TSCA

even further.d

chemical safety and security legislation that would give 

structure and priority to preventing chemical incidents. 

Yet most workers and residents endangered by the most 

hazardous chemical facilities are still awaiting solutions 

beyond more security guards and fences.

In 2002, Homeland Security and the EPA prepared 

policy options that included reducing chemical inventories, 

substituting materials, or otherwise modifying processes to 

avoid chemical hazards, but the Bush White House blocked 

the proposal.7

 Starting in 2006, then-Senator Obama 

cosponsored legislation and spoke of using safer technology 

to make communities safer and chemical plants less attractive targets for terrorists.8

 In 2009, with the support of 

the Obama administration, the House of Representatives 

passed a comprehensive chemical security bill to make 

removing unnecessary chemical targets a core tenet of 

chemical security.9

 Unfortunately, the bill stalled in the 

Senate. Federal agencies including the Government 

Accountability O#ce and Chemical Safety Board have 

called out opportunities to incorporate prevention 

through design into federal chemical regulations.10,11

In March 2012, the National Environmental Justice 

Advisory Council (NEJAC) recommended that the EPA 

use its existing authority under the Clean Air Act to reduce 

or eliminate catastrophic chemical hazards wherever feasible. 

On August 1, 2013, in response to the devastating fertilizer 

plant explosion at West, TX, as well as to years of organizing, President Obama signed Executive Order 13650, 

Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security. $is 

Executive Order sets forth a process with deadlines for 

improving and modernizing chemical safety and security 

regulations. After months of public input, the federal 

agencies charged with carrying out the Executive Order 

are now considering various measures to improve chemical 

safety and security, including new prevention requirements 

M O M E N T U M F O R R E F O R M 

has continued to grow among grassroots 

community groups and policy advocacy 

networks all over the U.S., who have 

spoken out as constituents to their own 

legislators and collectively to the 

Administration—the White House, 

EPA and other agencies—for meaningful action to reduce chemical hazards 

and exposures. C O N T INUED ON NEX T PAG E

d Bills have included the Kid-Safe Chemicals Act (2008), the Safe 

Chemicals Act (2010–2013), the Chemical Safety Improvement Act 

(2013), and the Chemicals in Commerce Act (2014).

Members of the Environmental Justice and Health Alliance 

at the February 2014 EPA National Environmental Justice 

Advisory Council meeting in Denver, CO.

© Juan Parras

WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 7
8 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Momentum for reform has continued to grow among 

grassroots community groups and policy advocacy networks all over the U.S., who have spoken out as constituents 

to their own legislators and collectively to the Administration—the White House, EPA and other agencies—for meaningful action to reduce chemical hazards and exposures. 

These EJ messengers come from groups in more than 12 

states—primarily states with weak policies and regulations, 

where fossil fuel extraction often takes place, or where 

major oil, gas and chemical facilities are located. Some 

EJ groups are near military bases and harmed by military 

toxics. Others are farmworkers, or farmer and rancher networks whose livelihoods are threatened by toxic releases 

to land and water from chemical facilities or extractive 

industries. Together, these groups, working together as 

the Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for Chemical 

Policy Reform (EJHA), seek to further the work established 

by the environmental justice movement, the Just Transition 

Alliance, and groups working locally to strengthen their 

communities and secure long-lasting reforms and 

practical solutions. 

for safer chemicals and processes that could be implemented 

using existing authorities. 

SCOPE OF ANALYSIS

$e Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require industrial facilities that make, distribute, or use large amounts 

of certain extremely hazardous chemicals to prepare Risk 

Management Plans (RMP) and submit the plans to the 

U.S. EPA.12 $e plans are intended to save lives, protect 

property, and prevent pollution. Some 12,600 facilities 

currently submit RMPs.13

$e RMPs include companies’ own assessments of a 

worst-case chemical emergency, including the distance 

from the facility where toxic or "ammable chemicals could 

cause serious harm if released. Areas within these distances 

—called “vulnerability zones”—extend from 0.01 to 25 

miles from the facility depending on the amount and 

characteristics of the chemical stored or used at the facility 

that poses the greatest danger to the surrounding community. 14 Company chemical release scenarios are intended 

to inform people in the circular vulnerability zones around 

the facilities that they are within range of potential harm 

and to encourage preventive action by industry.

Figure 1 shows the size distribution of the 3,433 vulnerability zones used this report, by the distance range around the 

chemical facilities. Of the distance ranges shown, the 

largest number of facilities (1,172 or 34%) have vulnerability zones that range in distance from 1.01 to 2.50 miles 

around the chemical facilities, and a large majority of 

facilities (82% or 2,813) have vulnerability zones within %ve 

miles of their respective chemical facilities. Some 18% of 

facilities, or 620, have vulnerability zones greater than %ve 

miles. Only 5% of facilities, or 168, have RMP vulnerability zone distances that are greater than 20 miles in radius. 

$e RMP vulnerability zone distances provide the basis 

for the demographic analysis in this report. In order to 

obtain each facility’s vulnerability zone distance, we %rst 

had to research RMP information at federal reading 

rooms. We limited our analysis to a complete review of 

RMP facilities in several basic industries: water treatment; 

wastewater treatment; bleach manufacturing; electric 

power generation; petroleum re%ning; pulp and paper 

production; and chemical manufacturing. We added 

RMP facilities not already included that have 100,000 

or more people residing in their self-reported vulnerability 

zones, in order to include facilities that pose chemical 

safety risks to the largest populations.

Following an established method, we used Geographic 

Information Systems (GIS) software and the most recent 

U.S. Census Bureau population data to estimate residential populations within the vulnerability zone distances. 

(See Appendix A for a discussion of the methods.) 

These environmental justice groups advance a vision for 

change that includes an energy and chemical system that 

makes proven safe alternatives a priority; a movement for 

change in the manufacturing, production, and movement 

of goods in this country; and a movement for local farming that is just and provides all people and the land with 

the right to health and life. EJHA’s work adheres to the 

Principles of Environmental Justice, the Jemez Principles 

for Democratic Organizing, and the Louisville Charter for 

Safer Chemicals as a platform for chemical policy reforms.

These initiatives are challenging all levels of government 

to be accountable and provide the transparency necessary 

to address the inter-related issues that keep environmental 

justice communities exploited. 

To that end, the critical issue of chemical safety and security needed to be addressed. Many community organizations 

had for decades been concerned with acute exposures and 

deaths as a result of leaks, spills and explosions at chemical 

facilities. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in New 

8 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 9

treatment, chemical manufacturing, and wastewater 

treatment sectors have the greatest number of these 

RMP facilities, 1,284, 778, and 686, respectively. Of 

the various industry sectors examined, the chemical 

and bleach manufacturing sectors have the largest 

York City, Pennsylvania, and the Pentagon near Washington, DC, chemical security risks from terrorism gained the 

attention of legislators, but still no policies that focused on 

prevention of chemical hazards were adopted. EJ, labor, 

health, environmental, and advocacy organizations that 

had been working for some time to prevent toxic chemical 

releases banded together in 2011 to form the Coalition to 

Prevent Chemical Disasters.

Since then, community members have testified repeatedly 

in public meetings to the EPA, as well as local and state 

agencies, to address ongoing legacy contamination issues 

and for more e!ective chemical disaster prevention policies 

based on the use of safer design wherever feasible. EJ 

groups and allies urged President Obama and the National 

Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC) to move 

the U.S. EPA to use existing authority under the Clean 

Air Act to require disaster prevention at chemical facilities. 

In August 2013, President Obama issued an Executive 

Order on Chemical Facility Safety and Security—a welcome 

action, but one that community groups know will require 

Altogether, 134 million U.S. residents live within the 

vulnerability zones of one or more of the 3,433 facilities 

studied in this report. Table 1 shows the populations residing in facility vulnerability zones by industry sector and 

the number of these RMP facilities in each sector. Water 

ongoing pressure to result in meaningful reform and 

health protections.

Behind the petitions and beyond the statistics are the 

stories that news outlets rarely report, including how local 

agencies are made aware of hazards at nearby industrial 

operations and yet do not respond until after disasters 

happen. News accounts often ignore the lies communities 

are told about how safe facilities are or how many jobs 

will come to residents when polluting industries move 

or expand near their homes and schools. We don’t often 

hear about the lack of existing infrastructure (sewer, water, 

drainage, and fire hydrants) to support safe operations, or 

the absence of knowledge, protocols and trained sta! and 

community members in the event of a chemical release or 

explosion. Given how many people in America live daily in 

the shadow of extremely dangerous chemical facilities—

more than 134 million as documented by this report—it is 

shocking how little we know about these people and their 

experience. This report sheds light on who lives in these 

chemical disaster zones and tells some of their stories. 

F I GURE 1

Distribution of 3,433 Facility Vulnerability Zones by Size (distance ranges around chemical facilities in miles)

1,200

1,100

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

)0.50 0.51–1.00 1.01–2.50 2.51–5.00 5.01–10.00 10.01–15.00 15.01–20.00 20.01–25.00+

Miles

Frequency (number of facilities)

357

472

1172

812

210

171

71

168

WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 9
10 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

are located at or near the boundary—or fenceline—of 

industrial facilities. But the full vulnerability zones used 

in this report (see Box 1 and Figure 3) can cover circular 

areas as large as 25 miles in radius around a facility and 

can encompass enormous areas—entire cities in some 

cases, such as Los Angeles, Houston, Memphis, Louisville, 

and Chicago. Over such large areas, people choose where 

they live based on many factors such as access to transportation, schools, jobs, and open space. $ey may not be 

aware of the dangers of chemical accidents.

For this reason, we examined both the populations that 

live inside the reported full vulnerability zones and those 

that live within one-tenth the distance of the full zones, 

where people live closest to potential harm. We refer to 

this nearer zone as the “fenceline zone.” For example, if 

the full vulnerability zone distance encompasses a circular 

area seven miles around the facility, then the fenceline 

F I GURE 2

3,433 Chemical Facilities in This Report

populations living in the vulnerability zones, 79.7 million 

and 64.0 million, respectively. 

Additionally, an estimated 400,000 full time equivalent 

personnel work at these sites, and uncounted additional 

people work, travel, shop, study, worship, or recreate in 

vulnerability zones.15 $e shipment of extremely hazardous chemicals by rail and truck also further distributes 

the dangers into unsuspecting communities far from the 

original sources. However, the demographic analysis in 

this report is limited to the residential populations around 

the 3,433 facilities studied. 

Vulnerability Zones and Fenceline Zones

Communities that cope with constant toxic emissions and 

hazards from nearby industries are sometimes referred to 

as “fenceline” communities because homes, schools, businesses, parks, and other places where people live and work 

Some areas—such as 

the city of Houston, TX

or Los Angeles County, 

CA—contain so many 

facilities that each 

individual facility is 

not clearly visible on 

this map.
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 11

Industry Sector

RMP 

Facilities*

Vulnerability 

 Zone 

Population**

Water treatment 1,284 33,692,612

Wastewater treatment 686 21,004,374

Bleach manufacturing 91 63,952,735

Electric power generation 334 4,052,030

Petroleum refining 130 18,484,212

Pulp and paper production 72 5,462,950

Chemical manufacturing*** 778 79,726,744

Total for all sectors 3,433 134,932,009

zone distance is 0.7 miles. (Figure 3 depicts sample 

vulnerability zones and fenceline zones.) Approximately 

3.8 million people live within the fenceline zones closest 

to potential harm, where, as noted above, they are least 

likely to be able to evacuate in the event of a serious 

chemical release. 

$e communities in these fenceline zones bear a greater 

risk to their safety and security from the large quantities 

of extremely hazardous chemicals stored or used in the 

neighboring facilities. A toxic gas cloud or blast wave 

could engulf a large area and enter homes, schools, businesses, eldercare facilities, places of worship, sports arenas, 

hospitals, and automobiles long before people could evacuate or shelter in place. For those who do shelter in place, 

which means to go inside, close doors, windows, and 

vents, and wait for toxic fumes to blow away, toxic gases 

may %lter into the building before the company can stop 

a major chemical release—if it can be stopped. A simple 

analysis shows that shelter in place cannot possibly protect 

people in the fenceline zones (see Appendix B). Shelter in 

place is a desperation strategy, not a plan for public safety 

or for preventing a chemical disaster, yet shelter in place 

is the “safety” measure encouraged by many facilities.

Studies and on-the-ground experience show that practical 

barriers preclude complete evacuation or e!ective shelter 

B OX 1

“Vulnerability Zones” in This Report

The chemical disaster vulnerability zone distances 

described in this report (which represent a radius or 

circle around the facility) were calculated by the companies themselves as part of worst-case chemical release 

scenario analysis required under EPA’s Risk Management 

Program. The scenarios are projections that the chemical 

facilities report to the EPA, and include the maximum 

area of potential serious harm from a worst-case release 

of chemicals, a distance around the facility ranging 

from 0.01 to 25 miles. The area within this distance is 

known as the vulnerability zone for such a release. The 

area within one-tenth of the vulnerability zone distance 

we have called the fenceline zone. The scenarios are 

not forecasts of potential casualties. People living or 

working within vulnerability zones are at risk of serious 

harm, but actual impacts of a release would vary due to 

weather, wind direction, and distance from the facility.

T A BLE 1

Number of RMP Facilities and Vulnerability Zone 

Populations in This Report by Industry Sector

* Facilities may be in more than one industry sector and thus do not equal the 

total for all sectors. 

** Values represent merged overlapping vulnerability zones to eliminate double 

counting within each industry sector. Because facilities may be in more than 

one sector, the sum of population values does not equal the population total 

for all sectors. 

*** Defined as member companies of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) 

and Society of Chemical Manufacturers and A"liates (SOCMA).

F I GURE 3

Sample Vulnerability Zones and Fenceline Zones

in place. Leaks sometimes go undetected for days even 

with alarm systems.16 Companies may not promptly 

report leaks.17 Companies may not provide su#cient 

information, thereby delaying emergency responders.18

Public noti%cations take time and are inevitably incomplete.19 And many residents don’t heed warnings to 

stay indoors.20

● Facility ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

6.9 Miles

.69 Miles

.61 Miles

6.1 Miles
12 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

S ELECTE D E V ENTS I N THE H I S T O R Y 

OF EN V I RONMENTA L JUST I CE, 1964–2014

1964 1965 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 

1964 — U.S. Congress 

passes the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964, prohibiting the 

use of federal funds to 

discriminate based on race, 

color, and national origin.

1965 — U.S. Congress passes 

the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

1984 — Catastrophic toxic gas 

leak at Union Carbide pesticide 

manufacturing facility in Bhopal, 

India. Government confirms 

558,125 injuries and 3,787 deaths. 

NGOs estimate 8,000 immediate 

deaths and 8,000 subsequent 

deaths resulting from e!ects 

of gas exposure.

1987 — United Church of 

Christ (UCC) Commission 

for Racial Justice issues 

the famous Toxic Wastes 

and Race in the United 

States report, the first 

national study to 

document a relationship 

between waste facility 

siting and race.

1990 — Clean Air Act Amendments passed by 

U.S. Congress, establishing the Risk Management 

Plan (RMP) program, the independent Chemical 

Safety Board, and U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency’s (EPA’s) authority to establish design 

and operational requirements to prevent toxic 

chemical releases.

1991 — First National People of 

Color Leadership Summit convenes 

in Washington, DC, leading to the 

Principles of Environmental Justice.

1993 — EPA establishes 

the National Environmental 

Justice Advisory Council

(NEJAC).

1994 — President Clinton signs 

Executive Order 12898: “Federal 

Actions to Address Environmental 

Justice in Minority Populations 

and Low-Income Populations.”

1994 — 

Federal 

Interagency 

Working 

Group on 

Environmental 

Justice

established.

1994 — United Church of Christ 

issues Toxic Wastes and Race 

Revisited, which strengthens the 

association between race and 

siting of waste facilities.

1997 — Just Transition Alliance is formed 

by labor unions and environmental justice 

organizations to support healthy workplaces 

and communities through transition to clean 

production and sustainable economies.

1997 — President 

Clinton issues 

Executive Order 13045: 

“Protection of Children 

from Environmental 

Health and Safety Risks.”

1998 — The Chemical Safety 

Board, authorized by the 1990 

Clean Air Act Amendments, 

becomes operational, charged 

with investigating chemical 

“accidents” and recommending 

safety improvements. T HE PATH T OWA R D S A FETY A N D

J UST I C E is for government and industry to take 

precautionary steps that include a!ordable, common 

sense measures. Precautionary measures would 

reduce and eliminate unnecessary hazards, improve 

oversight of the facilities, and produce better 

engagement of communities living near these 

facilities and the workers who sta! them. 

12 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 13

2014 — Grassroots groups, 

advocacy organizations and 

government agencies celebrate 

the 20th anniversary of 

the Executive Order on 

Environmental Justice.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2001 — Coming 

Clean Collaborative 

formed at founding 

meeting in New 

Orleans, Louisiana.

2001 — The Stockholm 

Convention on Persistent 

Organic Pollutants names an 

initial set of toxic chemicals to 

be banned worldwide. Native 

American and Native Alaskan 

communities and organizations successfully advocate 

for inclusion of language in 

the Convention preamble on 

the disproportionate impacts 

of chemicals on Indigenous 

peoples. 

2002 — Fenceline Action 

Workgroup of Coming Clean 

formed to provide direct support 

to community environmental 

justice groups and include them 

in the network.

2002 — Coming Clean’s Chemical 

Industry Workgroup develops a policy 

platform to maintain chemical plant 

security through “inherent safety” by 

replacing hazardous chemicals with 

safer ones, and reducing or eliminating 

on-site storage and handling.

2002 — Second National 

People of Color Environmental 

Leadership Summit convenes 

in Washington, DC, attracting 

more than 1,400 attendees.

2004 — Coming Clean ratifies 

the Louisville Charter for Safer 

Chemicals: A Platform for 

Creating a Safe and Healthy 

Environment through Innovation 

at a general strategy meeting in 

Louisville, Kentucky.

2005 — Dozens of 

public health, labor and 

environmental groups 

publicly endorse the 

Louisville Charter as a 

road map for policies to 

protect all communities 

based on principles of 

health and justice. 

2006 — Indigenous 

Environmental Network 

Meeting in Bemidji, 

Minnesota adopts 

Bemidji Statement on 

Seventh Generation 

Stewardship.

2006 — Coming Clean’s Fenceline 

Action Workgroup sponsors the 

national 40-stop Environmental Justice 

for All Tour, culminating in actions in 

DC and Los Angeles.

2007 — The UCC releases 

Toxic Wastes and Race at 

Twenty, which updates 

and confirms the findings 

of the original report.

2009 — Fenceline Action 

Workgroup co-hosts the 

Environmental Justice 

Dialogue on Chemical 

Policy in Atlanta among 

30 organizers interested in 

developing the relationship 

between EJ and chemical 

policy campaigns.

2010 — Fenceline Action Workgroup 

co-hosts an Environmental Justice and 

Chemical Policy Dialogue in Washington, 

DC. Twenty-seven environmental justice 

groups in attendance form the Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for Chemical 

Policy Reform to undertake collective 

strategies that promote chemical policy 

reforms that protect environmental justice 

communities.

2011 — Coalition to Prevent 

Chemical Disasters is formed by 

100 diverse organizations committed 

to preventing chemical disasters 

before they happen and demanding 

federal action now to protect 

workers and fenceline communities.

2012 — NEJAC supports grassroots and labor 

groups in asking EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson to use 

the Agency’s authority under the Clean Air Act to require 

chemical companies to prevent chemical disasters at 

their facilities. 

2013 — President Obama announces 

Executive Order 13650: Improving 

Chemical Facility Safety and Security, 

which directs federal agencies to 

develop recommendations for policy 

changes, best practices, information 

sharing, and federal, state, and tribal 

coordination.

2013–2014 — 

Hundreds of community 

members turn out for 

federal Listening 

Sessions on EO 13650 

in Texas, California, New 

Jersey and elsewhere to 

share testimonies about 

chemical hazards in 

their communities and 

call for decisive action 

to prevent disasters.

WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 13
14 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facilities that use and store hazardous chemicals 

don’t only endanger people who live nearby. 

Chemicals that are released can travel long distances 

and build up in the environment and food over 

decades. And facilities often leave toxic chemicals 

behind when they close, further contaminating 

people and the environment.

Alaska Native peoples experience fenceline impacts 

from hundreds of contaminated former military and 

industrial sites in their own backyards, and are also 

connected to communities in states in the “lower 

48” working for chemical security. On Alaska’s small 

St. Lawrence Island in the northern Bering Sea, Yupik

communities are su!ering health hazards linked 

to chemical releases both from contaminated sites 

on the island and from thousands of miles away.

“Indigenous Arctic peoples are among the most 

highly exposed people on earth to toxic chemicals, 

because these chemicals—DDT, PCBs, brominated 

flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds, to 

name a few—are persistent, and drift hundreds and 

thousands of miles north on wind and ocean currents from more southern latitudes where they are 

manufactured, stored, and used,” stated Vi Waghiyi, 

a Yupik mother and grandmother, Native Village of 

Savoonga, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, and Environmental Health and Justice Program Director, Alaska 

Community Action on Toxics (ACAT). “These chemicals contaminate our traditional foods and a!ect 

our health and the health of our children.” 

Ti!any Immingan, a 20-year-old Yupik woman from 

the village of Savoonga, St. Lawrence Island said: 

“As a result of these daily exposures to toxic chemicals, those of us who live in remote places like Alaska 

and the Arctic have some of the highest levels of 

toxic chemicals in our own bodies. These chemicals 

have been linked to serious diseases such as cancer, 

diabetes, learning disabilities, birth defects and 

reproductive harm. Our toxic chemicals laws are 

badly broken. Communities like mine are working 

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

Alaska Community Action on Toxics, 

Savoonga, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska

http://www.akaction.org 

“ O UR TOX I C CHEM I C A LS L AWS

are badly broken. Chemical companies 

are not required to show that the chemicals 

they use to make the products we buy 

are safe for human health and the 

environment.” 

T I F FA N Y IMM INGAN

20-year-old Yupik woman from the village of Savoonga, 

St. Lawrence Island 

on reform for safer chemical laws that protect our 

human health. Everyone who truly cares about the 

health of Alaskans must voice their support for stronger toxic chemicals laws. We want chemical policy 

reform, but we want to ensure that it is done right.”

Ti!any Immingan (right) conducting water testing for 

chemicals, Snake River, Nome, AK. 

© Samarys Seguinot-Medina
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 15

What is a Just Transition?

A“Just Transition” is a principle, a process and 

a practice. The principle of a Just Transition is 

that a healthy economy for everyone and a clean 

environment can co-exist. The process for achieving 

a Just Transition should be a fair one that does not 

cost workers or community residents their health, 

environment, jobs, or economic assets. Any losses 

that occur should be fairly and justly compensated. 

The practice of a Just Transition means that people 

and the environment that are a!ected by pollution 

and economic restructuring – the frontline workers, 

the community and the environment – must all be 

prioritized and that workers along with community 

residents must lead the crafting of solutions.

“People of color, Indigenous communities and lowincome neighborhoods continue to be the canaries 

in the coal mine, in harm’s way from exposure to 

toxic chemical production, storage, incineration, and 

use, and from hazardous waste disposal,” says Jose 

T. Bravo, Executive Director of the Just Transition 

Alliance in San Diego, CA.

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

$e Just Transition Alliance

http://www.jtalliance.org

“WE MUST MO V E TOWA R D

engineering the danger out of chemicals 

and processes that expose workers at the 

frontline of production, and the 

communities at the fenceline of exposure.”

JOSE T. BRAV O

Executive Director of the Just Transition Alliance 

in San Diego, CA

Jose Bravo of the Just Transition Alliance explains the need to protect workers and communities from toxic chemicals 

outside the federal Listening Session on chemical facility security in Los Angeles, CA, January 2014.

“We must move toward engineering the danger out 

of chemicals and processes that expose workers at 

the frontline of production, and the communities at the 

fenceline of exposure. We must also strive to change 

zoning so that sensitive areas are kept out of harm’s 

way, especially those living with the disproportionate 

legacy of toxics. A Just Transition to a sustainable future 

must include: a cradle to cradle approach that protects 

everyone and everything at all the stages. It’s imperative 

that chemical security reforms include a Just Transition 

towards a healthier, safer and sustainable future for all.”

© Ana Mascareñas
16 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

On August 6, 2012, a release of flammable vapor led to 

a fire at the Chevron Refinery in Richmond, California. 

The smoke and toxic fallout caused more than 15,000 

residents to seek treatment at area hospitals with respiratory problems.a Richmond is filled with heavy industry 

and petrochemical containers, and crisscrossed by train 

tracks. About 80 percent of people living within a mile 

of the Chevron refinery are people of color, and a 

quarter of them live below the poverty line. 

Many residents insist that the 2012 release is emblematic 

of a willful negligence that dates back decades, at the 

expense of the low-income communities and communities 

of color who can’t a!ord to leave the area. The refinery 

was in “high priority violation” of federal rules on toxic air 

emissions for several years up through 2010.b The independent U.S. Chemical Safety Board concluded that Chevron 

ignored warnings from its employees about the danger posed 

by corroded pipes.c The pipe that failed in August 2012 

had lost 90 percent of its original thickness.d In December 

2013, the U.S. EPA threatened Chevron with daily fines 

because the company had failed to address 62 violations 

identified since the fire. EPA also found 13 instances when 

Chevron failed to report toxic air releases promptly.e

“Not only do we have to be exposed to chemical fumes 

day and night, but we also get contaminated when these 

explosions happen. They are not ‘accidents,’ they are 

preventable, and we demand protection now,” said Dr. 

Henry Clark, director of the West County Toxics Coalition, 

a multi-racial environmental justice organization that 

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

West County Toxics Coalition, Richmond, CA

http://www.dhventures.com/West_home.htm

“ N OT ONLY D O W E H AV E TO BE

exposed to chemical fumes day and night, 

but we also get contaminated when these 

explosions happen. $ey are not ‘accidents,’ 

they are preventable, and we demand 

protection now.” 

D R. H ENR Y C L A R K

Director of the West County Toxics Coalition

works to empower low and moderate income residents to 

exercise greater control over environmental problems. “We 

applaud any sincere e!orts by Chevron or anyone else that 

wants to do the right thing. But that doesn’t mean that we 

give Chevron a blanket approval to continue to increase 

the pollution.”

a http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/EPA-cites-62-Richmondviolations-by-Chevron-5072914.php

b http://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/14/opinion/la-oe-0814-juhaszchevron-refinery-pollution-20120814

c http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_24734895/

federal-report-calls-sweeping-reforms-aftermath-chevron-richmond

d http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/EPA-cites-62-Richmondviolations-by-Chevron-5072914.php

e Ibid.

Toxic smoke released during the Chevron refinery fire in 

Richmond, CA, August 2012.

© Jonas Bengtsson/Creative Commons

Part of the Chevron refinery in Richmond, CA.

© Nick Fisher/Creative Commons
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 17

R I C H M OND, CA L I F ORNIA

This map shows vulnerability zones and fenceline zones for facilities included 

in this report near Richmond, CA, and the approximate location of nearby schools. 

The fenceline zones for some facilities are too small to appear at this scale.

● Facility ▲ Schools ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

Richmond

San Rabio

El Sobrante

Pinole

Hercules

El Cerrito

Albany

Berkeley

Piedmont

Orinda
18 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

“ T HERE I S NO PL ACE OR

person in Mossville that has not been 

harmed by the toxic chemicals spewed 

out by all of the industrial facilities. 

Instead of our government helping our 

community to become healthy, we see 

our government helping the industries 

to release more and more pollution.” 

E DGAR MOU T O N

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

Mossville Environmental Action Now (MEAN), 

Mossville, Louisiana 

http://meannow.wordpress.com

I

n the historic African American community of Mossville, 

Louisiana, 14 toxic industrial facilities spew millions of pounds 

of pollution into the area annually and their operations dissect 

the 5.5 square mile community throughout with pipelines, 

railroad tracks and tanker cars. An area that used to boast 

some of the richest biodiversity in all of Louisiana is now 

among the state’s most toxic and dangerous places. 

In December 2013, Mossville resident and grandmother Dorothy 

Felix heard an explosion at the Axial chemical production facility 

and saw a huge black cloud hovering near the local school. The 

school was told to shelter the children in place—but there were 

no alarms in the community to advise the residents. Meanwhile, 

the highway was shut down due to the explosion, preventing 

anxious family members from collecting their children from 

the school. The incident was responsible for more than a dozen 

members of the community going to the hospital. Because 

Mossville residents have been living for decades under these 

conditions—massive industrial operations, no alarms, shelter in 

place protocols, undrinkable water, and contaminated fish and 

farming soil from industrial contaminants—a majority of the 

population now consists of children and elderly people 

disproportionately sick and dying.

Mossville Environmental Action Now (MEAN) is one of the grassroots environmental justice groups that are demanding that government and industry be accountable for the destruction caused 

by the chemical industry in their communities. The EJHA has 

worked alongside MEAN to advocate for federal standards and 

regulations of the chemical industry that protect the lives of the 

people of Mossville. In 2013, Mossville residents and members 

of MEAN began a residential relocation process with global 

energy and chemical giant Sasol due to the dangers and chemical hazards of Sasol operations in Mossville. More “relocations” 

or forced migrations are expected in other communities due to 

concentrated chemical contamination and chronic illnesses 

among fenceline residents.

“We were here before these plants came and we were here because this was an Afro-American community and we didn’t have 

anywhere that we could go. We had to go somewhere where we 

felt safe and away from all the racial problems that were going 

on. This was the place for us. Now they’re forcing us to leave.” 

Dorothy Felix, Mossville Environmental Action Now (MEAN).

Edgar Mouton (right) fought to protect the health 

and environment of himself and other residents 

of Mossville, LA, until his death in June 2012.

© Southwest Workers Union
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 19

MOSS V I L L E, LOUISIANA

This map shows vulnerability zones and fenceline zones for facilities included 

in this report near Mossville, LA, and the approximate location of nearby schools. 

The fenceline zones for some facilities are too small to appear at this scale.

● Facility ▲ Schools ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

Lake Charles

Mossville
20 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Community organizing to demand safer alternatives has 

successfully reduced and removed chemical hazards. 

For years, residents and members of the Southwest Network 

for Environmental and Economic Justice and Los Jardines 

Institute (The Gardens Institute) have organized to address 

the water contamination and toxic smells coming from the 

Southside Water Reclamation Plant’s use of chlorine gas 

to treat wastewater. “We have known for decades the unidentifiable sicknesses and cancers in our community were 

the result of the many chemicals we were being exposed 

to, including exposure to chlorine from the wastewater 

treatment plant,” says Richard Moore, former Director of 

the Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic 

Justice, and Coordinator of Los Jardines Institute. Moore 

goes on to say, “We knocked on the doors of people living 

in the community to build the community power needed 

to pressure the government to take action.” 

The Mountain View community is home to a sewage treatment plant that serves the city of Albuquerque. “Approximately 4,300 Mountain View residents live across 8,400 

acres and the homes are mingled with more than 25 junkyards, five gravel and concrete companies, seven petroleum 

bulk terminals, a brick company, and dozens of other industries, many surrounded by razor wire. Seventy-eight percent 

of the people in Mountain View are Chicano/Mexicano and 

more than half speak Spanish as their primary language. 

Nearly 40 percent of the families with children are so poor 

that they would have to triple their income to climb above 

the federal poverty line,” says Magdalena Avila, Dr.P.H., 

resident of the Mountain View community and Associate 

Professor at the University of New Mexico.

With 160,000 people at risk from the bulk use and storage 

of chlorine, an accident involving this chemical could 

potentially impact an area up to 5.40 miles downwind of the 

plant. Community advocates brought this issue to the attention of the Environmental Protection Agency, which found 

the wastewater treatment plant in violation of the federal 

Clean Water Act and issued an order for the plant to fix the 

problem. “We’ve eliminated chlorine gas, which is a very 

hazardous chemical, making the process much safer and 

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

Los Jardines Institute ($e Gardens Institute), 

South Valley of Albuquerque, NM 

www.facebook.com/los.ji.92

more cost-e!ective,” said Albuquerque Bernalillo 

County Water Utility Authority Compliance Manager 

Barbara Gastian.a The plant has upgraded to safer 

alternative technology and implemented an ultraviolet disinfection system, reducing the plant’s use 

of chlorine and reducing the toxic burden felt by 

Mountain View residents. 

“WE H AV E KNOW N F O R 

decades the unidenti%able sicknesses 

and cancers in our community were the 

result of the many chemicals we were 

being exposed to, including chlorine 

from the wastewater treatment plant.” 

R I C HARD MOORE

Coordinator of Los Jardines Institute

a http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/print-edition/2011/10/07/abcwua-launches-massive-waste-water.html?page=all

Participants in a Health Impact Assessment Training learn 

how to conduct community research into health impacts 

from industrial facilities, Mountain View, NM.

© Lauro Silva
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 21

A L B UQUERQUE, N EW M EXI C O

This map shows vulnerability zones and fenceline zones for facilities included 

in this report near Albuquerque, NM, and the approximate location of nearby schools. 

The fenceline zones for some facilities are too small to appear at this scale.

● Facility ▲ Schools ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

Rio Rancho

Albuquerque
22 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Due to concentrated chemical industry presence 

and the lack of zoning laws, the City of Houston 

has more than 100 facilities that have 10,000 or 

more people living in their vulnerability zones, making 

Houston residents unusually vulnerable to chemical 

hazards from many directions. In the historically 

Latino community of Manchester, a community that 

has existed for over 150 years and is now dwarfed 

by industrial operations, there is a large cluster of 

childhood leukemia cases and high rates of asthma.

Being located right next to the Ship Channel means 

Manchester residents and the industrial operations 

nearby are in the direct line of hurricanes that pound 

the Gulf Coast annually.

The Channel near Manchester was recently dredged 

deeper and wider to ship out the refined tar sands 

oil that is expected to come via the Keystone XL

pipeline, if President Obama approves it. 

The Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services 

(t.e.j.a.s.) group works with residents of this overburdened community to bring the issues of Manchester’s 

pollution, poverty, vulnerability and illness to the attention of the U.S. EPA, the Department of Homeland 

Security, and the Department of Labor, as well as 

other local, state, and federal agencies. Manchester is 

seeking redress for damages to their health and their 

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services 

(t.e.j.a.s.), Houston, Texas

http://www.tejasbarrios.org

homes, and for some in the community this includes seeking 

relocation from the path of harm before it is too late. 

“Whether it’s Houston, TX; Mossville, TX; West, TX; West Virginia 

or hundreds of other communities where chemical plants have 

been allowed to be built—millions of people, disproportionately 

people of color and low-income communities, are living in 

harm’s way with chemical threats. There is an urgent need to 

set up strong protections from the toxic and petrochemical 

industry contamination in our communities, now,” says Juan 

Parras, Executive Director of t.e.j.a.s.

“WE C A N C A LL THEM vulnerability 

zones, or hazard zones, but whatever term we 

use, the reality is that people are sick and dying 

from exposure to toxic chemicals. It’s time we 

work together to transform these ‘kill zones’ into 

safe places for people to live, work and play.” 

YUDI T H N I E T O

Manchester resident and youth environmental justice organizer

Members of t.e.j.a.s. and other organizations demand action to prevent chemical disasters at a federal Listening Session 

on chemical safety and security in Houston, TX, January 2014.

© t.e.j.a.s.
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 23

GREAT ER H OUS T ON, TEX A S

This map shows vulnerability zones and fenceline zones for facilities included 

in this report near Houston, TX, and the approximate location of nearby schools. 

The fenceline zones for some facilities are too small to appear at this scale.

● Facility ▲ Schools ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

Pasadena

Baytown

Galveston Bay

League City

Texas City

Galveston

Missouri City

Sugar Land

The Woodlands

Houston
24 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

THE STRUGGLE FOR A TOXIC-FREE COMMUNITY

People Concerned About Chemical Safety, 

Charleston, West Virginia

http://peopleconcernedaboutmic.com

On January 9, 2014, a highly toxic chemical, 

crude 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM), 

was released from a Freedom Industries facility 

into the Elk River in Charleston, West Virginia, just 

upstream from the intake for a water treatment 

plant serving nine counties.

“10,000 gallons of a toxic chemical mix used for 

coal processing spilled into the river, contaminating the public water source that serves 300,000 

residents in nine counties. This chemical disaster 

was 100% preventable,” says Maya Nye, President 

of People Concerned About Chemical Safety 

(PCACS) in Kanawha County, West Virginia. Nye is 

the daughter of employees of the Union Carbide 

chemical company, and as a teen was exposed 

to toxic chemicals following an explosion at a 

neighboring chemical plant.

The Freedom Industries spill forced local community 

organizers to navigate the loss of potable water 

while bringing these issues forward to the responsible government agencies. “We need the EPA, 

the Department of Homeland Security, and the 

Department of Labor to come to Charleston to 

take responsibility and hold Freedom Industries 

accountable.”

People Concerned About Chemical Safety is 

dedicated to the protection of health and safety 

of all who reside, work, and study in the vicinity 

of local plants producing highly toxic chemicals. 

PCACS joined the Environmental Justice and 

Health Alliance (EJHA) to amplify these demands 

after the Elk River chemical disaster. Organizers 

from West Virginia joined the EJHA delegation 

to the National Environmental Justice Advisory 

Council meeting in February 2014 to ask EPA

Administrator Gina McCarthy to prioritize West 

Virginia and chemical security on the 20th 

Anniversary of President Clinton’s Environmental Justice Executive Order. 

“10,000 G A LLONS OF A TOX I C

chemical mix used for coal processing spilled 

into the river, contaminating the public water 

source that serves 300,000 residents in nine 

counties. $is chemical disaster was 100% 

preventable.” 

M AYA N Y E

President of People Concerned About Chemical Safety 

in Kanawha County, WV

Residents demand action from state and federal agencies after 

a chemical spill contaminated the water for 300,000 people 

in Charleston, WV, January 2014.

© Vivian Stockman/OVEC
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 25

CHAR L E S T ON, W E S T VIRGINIA

This map shows vulnerability zones and fenceline zones for facilities included 

in this report near Charleston, WV, and the approximate location of nearby schools. 

The fenceline zones for some facilities are too small to appear at this scale.

● Facility ▲ Schools ■ Fenceline Zone ■ Vulnerability Zone

Charleston
26 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

CHAPTER TWO

DEMOGR A P H I C AN A LYS I S O F 

C HEM I C A L FAC I L I TY VULNER A B I L I TY ZONES

T

his report examines the chemical disaster vulnerability zones reported to EPA by 3,433 facilities that 

are required to %le Risk Management Plans (RMPs) 

because they make, distribute, or use certain 

extremely hazardous substances. $ese facilities 

are in seven basic industrial sectors or have more than 

100,000 people living in their self-reported vulnerability 

zones. All told, 134 million people in the United States 

live within range of a worst-case chemical release from one 

or more of these facilities, and 3.8 million live within the 

fenceline zones closest to potential harm and with the 

least time to react in the event of a catastrophic release.21

Demographic analysis of %ve socio-economic criteria 

show Black, Latino, and low-income populations disproportionately represented in the vulnerability zones of these 

high-hazard chemical facilities, and even more greatly represented in the fenceline zones (one-tenth the distance 

of the full vulnerability zone), compared to the U.S as 

a whole. $e %ve indicators studied are housing value, 

household income, race and ethnicity, education level, and 

poverty. $ese indicators were chosen to assess hazards and 

impacts based on race, income, or social status and to conduct an environmental justice analysis of on-the-ground 

impacts of chemical security policies and practices.

Key %ndings about the fenceline zones nearest to the 

facilities are:

% Residents of the fenceline zones have average 

home values 33% below the national average.

% Residents of the fenceline zones have average household incomes 22% below the national average.

% $e percentage of Blacks in the fenceline zones 

is 75% greater than for the U.S. as a whole, while 

the percentage of Latinos in the fenceline zones 

is 60% greater than for the U.S. as a whole.

% $e percentage of adults in the fenceline zones with 

less than a high school degree is 46% greater than for 

the U.S. as a whole, and the percentage of adults in 

In West Louisville, KY and many 

other communities, homes directly 

border industrial facilities. 

© Elizabeth Crowe
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 27

the fenceline zones with a college or other postsecondary degree is 27% lower than for the U.S. 

as a whole.

% $e poverty rate in the fenceline zones is 50% 

higher than for the U.S. as a whole.

Detailed %ndings are presented below.

Who’s In Danger? 

Demographics of Vulnerability Zone Populations

NATIONAL FINDINGS

Housing Value (Table 2)

Average housing value of owner-occupied homes within 

the vulnerability zones is lower than the national average, 

and much lower in the fenceline zones (one-tenth the 

distance of the vulnerability zone). While home values 

in facility vulnerability zones are only slightly lower compared to the national average, the very large size of some 

zones may mask the association between lower housing 

values and these industrial chemical hazards. Average 

home value in the fenceline zones drops precipitously 

to only two-thirds (66%) of the national average (from 

$246,375 to $164,346) (Figure 4). In addition, many 

families living in fenceline areas may be renters who do 

not own the home or apartment they live in. $ese %gures 

suggest that low-income families gravitate to communities 

surrounding chemical facilities where housing is cheaper. 

Household Income (Table 3)

Similar to the %nding for home values, average household 

income in the full vulnerability zones is slightly lower 

than the national average ($71,333 vs. $73,033), but 

much lower in the fenceline zones: only $56,814, or 22% 

less than the national average (Figure 5).22 $e relatively 

small di!erence between income in the vulnerability zones 

and the national average may be due to many zones being 

found around urban areas that tend to have higher incomes than rural areas, all of which are included in the 

national average. $is %nding reinforces the %nding of 

lower home values in fenceline zones, and indicates that 

these residents who live nearest to hazardous chemical 

industries tend to have lower income, fewer options for 

leaving the area, and less in"uence to ensure that nearby 

facilities upgrade operations.

Race and Ethnicity (Table 4) 

$e proportion of the residential population within the 

vulnerability zones that is Black or Latino is greater than 

Fenceline 

Zones

Vulnerability 

Zones U.S.

Average 

Home Value $164,346 $238,498 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 66.7% 96.8% 100.0%

T A BLE 2

Housing Value in the Vulnerability Zones

$300,000

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

0

F I GURE 4

Housing Value in Fenceline Zones

■ Fenceline Zones ■ U.S.

Fenceline 

Zones

Vulnerability 

Zones U.S.

Average 

Household Income $56,814 $71,333 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 77.8% 97.7% 100.0%

T A BLE 3

Household Income in the Vulnerability Zones

$80,000

70,000

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

F I GURE 5

Household Income in Fenceline Zones

■ Fenceline Zones 

■ U.S.

Average home value in the fenceline zones is only two-thirds 

(66.7%) of the national average.

Average household income in the fenceline zones is 22.2% 

lower than the national average.
28 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Fenceline 

Zones

Vulnerability 

Zones U.S.

Less than 

High School 20.9% 15.8% 14.3%

High School/

Some College 52.8% 48.7% 49.5%

Post-secondary 

degree** 26.3% 35.5% 36.2%

the national average, and greater still in the fenceline 

zones. Nationally Latinos make up 16% of the population 

and Blacks make up 12%. However, these percentages 

increase in the vulnerability zones to 21% for Latinos and 

15% for Blacks, and rise still more within the fenceline 

zones, where Latinos make up more than 25% and Blacks 

make up 21% of the population (Figure 6). Almost half 

the people living in the fenceline zones are Black or 

Latino, compared to less than 30% nationwide. Stated 

di!erently, the percentage of Blacks in the fenceline zones 

is 75% greater than for the U.S. as a whole, and the 

percentage of Latinos is 60% greater than for the U.S. 

as a whole.

T A BLE 4

Race and Ethnicity in the Vulnerability Zones

Race/Ethnicity

Fenceline 

Zones

Population

Vuln. Zones

Population

U.S.

Population

White 

(non-Latino) 1,819,584 75,272,348 196,674,476

Percent 

Within Area 47.2% 55.8% 64.2%

Latino 991,422 28,332,083 49,214,650

Percent 

Within Area 25.7% 21.0% 16.1%

Black 

(non-Latino) 822,531 20,754,953 37,449,500

Percent 

Within Area 21.3% 15.4% 12.2%

Other 

(non-Latino)* 220,237 10,572,625 23,207,279

Percent 

Within Area 5.71% 7.84% 7.57%

F I GURE 6

Black and Latino Populations in Fenceline Zones

* Census category includes Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, 

two or more races, and some other race.

Education (Table 5)

Education levels show an association with vulnerability 

zones and fenceline zones—but only for those with the 

least or most formal education (those without a high 

school degree and those with a post-secondary degree). 

For those in the middle (such as those with a high school 

degree or some college), education levels do not seem 

associated with residence in these zones. $e percentage 

of adults in the fenceline zones who did not complete high 

school education is 46% greater than for the U.S. as a 

whole. Conversely, the percentage of adults in the fenceline 

zones who have completed college or post-college education is 27% lower than for the U.S. as a whole (Figure 7). 

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0%

Black Population

■ Fenceline Zones ■ U.S.

Latino Population

T A BLE 5

Education in the Vulnerability Zones*

* Education figures include people 25 years and older.

** Post-secondary includes a completed Associate’s, Bachelor’s, 

Master’s, Professional, or Doctorate degree.

The percentage 

of Blacks in the 

fenceline zones is 

75% greater than 

for the U.S. as a 

whole.

The percentage 

of Latinos in the 

fenceline zones is 

60% greater than 

for the U.S. as a 

whole.

T HE PERCENTAGE OF A D U LT S 

in the fenceline zones who did not complete 

high school education is 46% greater than 

for the U.S. as a whole.
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 29

Poverty (Table 6)

$e poverty rate in the fenceline zones is much higher 

than in the vulnerability zones, and the poverty rate 

in both zones is higher than the national average. $e 

poverty rate in the fenceline zones is 50% greater than 

the national average (21% compared to 14%) (Figure 8). 

Living in poverty is associated with many forms of social 

disadvantage, including less access to health care, higher 

disability rates, lower education levels, greater prevalence 

of substandard housing, exclusion, and greater exposure 

to environmental health hazards, to which can now be 

added disproportionate representation in the disaster 

vulnerability zones of chemical facilities.

F I GURE 7

Educational Attainment in Fenceline Zones

40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0%

Less then High School Diploma

■ Fenceline Zones ■ U.S.

Post-Secondary Degree

Fenceline 

Zones

Vulnerability 

Zones U.S.

People 

in Poverty 812,211 21,603,803 42,638,091

Poverty Rate 21.5% 16.2% 14.3%

T A BLE 6

Poverty Rates in the Vulnerability Zones

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0

F I GURE 8

Poverty Rate in Fenceline Zones

Poverty Rate

■ Fenceline Zones ■ U.S.

The percentage 

of adults in the 

fenceline zones 

who did not 

complete high 

school is 46% 

greater than for 

the whole U.S. 

The percentage 

of adults in 

the fenceline 

zones who have 

completed 

post-secondary 

education is 

27% lower than 

for the whole U.S.

The poverty rate in the fenceline zones is 50% greater than 

the national average.

T HE PO V ERTY R ATE I N THE FENCEL I NE Z ONES is 50% greater than the 

national average. Living in poverty is associated with many forms of social disadvantage, including less access to health care, higher disability rates, lower education levels, greater prevalence 

of substandard housing, exclusion, and greater exposure to environmental health hazards.
30 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

INDUSTRY SECTOR FINDINGS

$e industry types included in this report are water treatment, wastewater treatment, bleach manufacturing, electric power generation, petroleum re%ning, pulp and paper 

production, and chemical manufacturing. $e %nding that 

facility vulnerability zones have lower housing values, lower incomes, greater Black and Latino populations, lower 

education levels, and higher rates of poverty than national 

averages is generally found across di!erent types of industries, but does vary somewhat by industry. $e tendency 

of racial, income, and other social status disparities to 

be more pronounced in the fenceline zones (one-tenth 

of the vulnerability zone distance) is also generally true 

across industries.

Certain industry sector %ndings stand out as showing 

the greatest disparities or most disproportionate impacts. 

For example, wastewater facilities, SOCMA member 

facilities, and pulp and paper mills had the highest percentage of Blacks in their fenceline zones (2.4 times. 2.3 

times, and 2.2 times greater than for the U.S. as a whole, 

respectively). $e percentage of Latinos living in the 

fenceline zones around bleach plants is twice as high 

as for the U.S. as a whole. When viewing the results in 

Tables 8 and 9 together, it appears that both Blacks and 

low-income whites are overrepresented near petroleum 

re%neries and pulp and paper mills.

Discussion of alternatives that can reduce or eliminate 

vulnerability zone dangers in each industry type is included 

below in Removing Chemical Hazards: Solutions for 

Companies and Communities (page 35).

Housing Value by Industry Sector (Table 7)

Average home values are lower in the vulnerability zones 

than the national average for all but one industry sector 

examined. $e lowest average home values in the full 

vulnerability zones are found around the pulp and paper 

industry facilities, 25% lower than the national average. 

Average home values in the fenceline zones are consistently 

lower across all sectors, often much lower, than in the full 

vulnerability zones. $e highest average home values in the 

fenceline zones of particular industry sectors are only 77% 

of the national average. Again, the pulp and paper sector 

had low average home values in the fenceline zones around 

its facilities, 59% of the national average. Fenceline zones 

around SOCMA facilities showed the largest disparity 

in home values at just 51% of the national average. $e 

bleach manufacturing industry actually showed a higher 

average home value, 107% of the national average, in 

the vulnerability zones. $is may be the result of a masking e!ect from exceptionally large reported vulnerability 

zones around conventional bleach plants, which include 

more a'uent neighborhoods that are often further away. 

$e average home value in the fenceline zones for bleach 

manufacturing, which dropped to 77% of the national 

average, would seem to con%rm that a masking e!ect 

is present.

T A BLE 7

Housing Values in the Vulnerability Zones 

by Industry Sector

Industry Group

Fenceline 

Zone 

Average 

Home 

Value

Vulnerability 

Zone Average 

Home Value

U.S. 

Average 

Home 

Value

Water 

Treatment $191,370 $218,375 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 77.7% 88.6% 100.0%

Wastewater 

Treatment $173,216 $200,471 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 70.3% 81.4% 100.0%

Bleach 

Manufacturing $190,976 $265,778 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 77.5% 107.9% 100.0%

Power 

Generation $178,211 $213,186 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 72.3% 86.5% 100.0%

Petroleum 

Refining $150,455 $230,166 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 61.1% 93.4% 100.0%

Pulp and Paper 

Production $145,975 $183,757 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 59.3% 74.6% 100.0%

ACC Member 

Companies $155,124 $244,021 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 63.0% 99.0% 100.0%

SOCMA Member 

Companies $126,257 $209,013 $246,375

Percent of 

U.S. Average 51.3% 84.8% 100.0%
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 31

Household Income by Industry Sector (Table 8)

For every industry sector examined, household incomes 

are substantially lower than the national average in the 

fenceline zones. In some sectors, household incomes in 

vulnerability zones are close to the national average. $is 

likely demonstrates a masking e!ect of facilities within 

these sectors that have very large vulnerability zones 

(ranging up to 25 miles). $e industry sector with highest 

fenceline zone household incomes is water treatment, 

at 85% of the national average. $e industry sector with 

the lowest fenceline zone household incomes is pulp and 

paper production, with incomes only two-thirds (66%) 

of the national average.

Industry Group

Fenceline 

Zone 

Income 

 Vuln. Zone 

Income 

U.S. 

Average 

Income 

Water 

Treatment $62,385 $69,226 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 85.4% 94.8% 100.0%

Wastewater 

Treatment $57,205 $66,898 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 78.3% 91.6% 100.0%

Bleach 

Production $56,863 $73,078 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 77.9% 100.1% 100.0%

Power 

Generation $60,087 $63,337 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 82.3% 86.7% 100.0%

Pulp and Paper 

Production $48,583 $60,947 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 66.5% 83.5% 100.0%

Petroleum 

Refining $57,758 $73,133 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 79.1% 100.1% 100.0%

ACC Member 

Facilities $56,640 $72,592 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 77.6% 99.4% 100.0%

SOCMA Member 

Facilities $50,976 $71,642 $73,033

Percent of 

U.S. Average 69.8% 98.1% 100.0%

T A BLE 8

Household Incomes in the Vulnerability Zones 

by Industry Sector

Race and Ethnicity by Industry Sector (Table 9)

While our research consistently shows Blacks and Latinos 

more greatly represented in both vulnerability zones and 

fenceline zones than in the U.S. as a whole, the relationship of race and ethnicity to speci%c industry sectors is 

more varied. For example, Latinos are more highly represented near power plants but not pulp and paper mills, 

while the reverse is true for Black populations. Whites 

are less represented in the vulnerability zones of all sectors 

except pulp and paper mills. $e percentage of Latinos 

in the fenceline zones near bleach plants is twice as high 

(or 100% greater) than for the U.S. as a whole. $e percentage of Blacks in the fenceline zones near wastewater 

facilities, SOCMA member facilities, and pulp and paper 

mills is also quite high (2.4 times, 2.3 times, and 2.2

 times greater than for the U.S. as a whole, respectively).

Regional characteristics may explain some of these 

variations. Latinos may be highly represented near power 

plants because of the signi%cant number of these facilities 

found in California, Texas, Nevada, and other states that 

also have relatively larger Latino populations. $ese three 

states together host 38% of the power plants in this report, 

but less than 3% of the pulp and paper mills. Blacks may 

be more represented near pulp and paper mills because 

more than half of mills reviewed are in Southern states 

that also have higher Black populations. 

Education by Industry Sector (Table 10) 

People with the least formal education (less than high 

school) are overrepresented in the fenceline zones across 

all industry sectors examined compared to the U.S. as a 

whole. Conversely, people with the most formal education 

(a post-secondary degree) are underrepresented in the 

fenceline zones of all industry sectors examined. But for 

those in the middle (such as a high school degree or some 

college) there is less association. For those at either end of 

the spectrum—with the most or least formal schooling—

disparities in education level are magni%ed in the fenceline zones when compared to the full vulnerability zones. 

Fenceline zones around SOCMA member facilities 

showed the largest disparity, with 25% of these residents 

having less than a high school education (compared to 

14% nationally) and only 21% having a post-secondary 

degree (compared to 36% nationally).
32 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Sector Area White Latino Black Other*

U.S. Averages Nation 64.2% 16.1% 12.2% 7.57%

Water Treatment

Vulnerability Zone 49.5% 28.8% 14.9% 6.81%

Fenceline Zone 46.8% 30.9% 16.1% 6.29%

Wastewater Treatment

Vulnerability Zone 51.8% 22.4% 18.4% 7.40%

Fenceline Zone 38.2% 24.7% 29.5% 7.71%

Bleach Production

Vulnerability Zone 50.1% 26.0% 14.9% 8.95%

Fenceline Zone 45.0% 32.6% 14.3% 8.06%

Power Generation

Vulnerability Zone 45.9% 32.4% 11.4% 10.3%

Fenceline Zone 55.0% 27.4% 10.8% 6.84%

Petroleum Refining

Vulnerability Zone 58.3% 16.6% 18.1% 6.98%

Fenceline Zone 63.4% 14.6% 17.3% 4.80%

Pulp and Paper Production

Vulnerability Zone 66.1% 5.9% 23.1% 4.84%

Fenceline Zone 65.4% 4.5% 26.9% 3.31%

ACC Member Facilities

Vulnerability Zone 55.5% 18.3% 17.9% 8.29%

Fenceline Zone 49.9% 20.4% 24.1% 5.61%

SOCMA Member Facilities

Vulnerability Zone 54.0% 17.0% 22.5% 6.53%

Fenceline Zone 39.9% 27.2% 28.1% 4.74%

T A BLE 9

Race and Ethnicity in the Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector

* Census category includes Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, two or more races, and some other race.

T A BLE 10

Education Levels in the Vulnerability Zones by Industry Sector*

Sector Area

Less Than 

High School

High School/

Some College

Post-Secondary 

Degree**

U.S. Averages Nation 14.3% 49.5% 36.2%

Water Treatment

Vulnerability Zone 17.2% 47.8% 35.0%

Fenceline Zone 19.3% 48.8% 31.9%

Wastewater Treatment

Vulnerability Zone 17.1% 49.7% 33.2%

Fenceline Zone 23.2% 47.8% 29.0%

Bleach Manufacturing

Vulnerability Zone 17.1% 46.9% 36.0%

Fenceline Zone 21.9% 50.8% 27.3%

Power Generation

Vulnerability Zone 22.0% 50.1% 27.9%

Fenceline Zone 21.7% 52.5% 25.9%

Petroleum Refining

Vulnerability Zone 14.3% 49.5% 36.2%

Fenceline Zone 15.7% 59.1% 25.2%

Pulp and Paper Production

Vulnerability Zone 14.1% 54.3% 31.6%

Fenceline Zone 17.7% 57.7% 24.6%

ACC Member Facilities

Vulnerability Zone 15.7% 48.3% 36.0%

Fenceline Zone 19.9% 55.6% 24.5%

SOCMA Member Facilities

Vulnerability Zone 16.0% 49.2% 34.8%

Fenceline Zone 25.0% 53.6% 21.4%

* Education figures include people 25 years and older.

** Post-secondary includes a completed Associate’s, Bachelor’s, Master’s, Professional, or Doctorate degree.
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 33

T A BLE 11

Poverty Rates in the Vulnerability Zones 

by Industry Sector

Poverty by Industry Sector (Table 11)

For each industry sector examined, the poverty rate is 

higher in the vulnerability zones than the national average 

and consistently still higher in the fenceline zones. $e 

highest poverty rates around facilities in this report are 

found in the fenceline zones of SOCMA chemical manufacturers (25% of residents living in poverty), wastewater 

plants (25%), and pulp and paper mills (24%), compared 

to the national poverty rate of 14%.

Industry Group

Fenceline 

Zone

Percent in 

Poverty

Vulnerability 

Zone

Percent in 

Poverty

U.S.

Percent in 

Poverty

Water Treatment 19.5% 17.5% 14.3%

Wastewater 

Treatment 25.5% 18.3% 14.3%

Bleach 

Manufacturing 21.1% 16.4% 14.3%

Power 

Generation 19.7% 18.9% 14.3%

Petroleum 

Refining 18.8% 15.3% 14.3%

Pulp and Paper 

Production 24.6% 18.0% 14.3%

ACC Member 

Companies 20.3% 16.3% 14.3%

SOCMA Member 

Companies 25.6% 16.7% 14.3%

Vulnerability Zone Distances and A!ected Populations 

by Industry Type (Table 12)

Worst-case chemical release scenarios vary by industry. 

Average vulnerability zone distance ranges from 2.13 

miles radius for water treatment facilities to 15.9 miles for 

bleach manufacturing facilities. Average vulnerability zone 

population ranges from 13,172 people for electric power 

production to 929,826 for bleach plants. Of the industry 

sectors studied in this report, chemical manufacturing and 

bleach manufacturing endanger by far the most people—

almost 80 million for chemical manufacturing and almost 

64 million for bleach (calculated separately by industry). 

On a per-facility average basis, bleach plants endanger 

the most people, with an average vulnerability zone that 

includes 929,826 people. As noted below in Chapter 3, 

safer chemicals and processes could dramatically reduce 

the size and population of vulnerability zones of these 

industry sectors.

Vulnerability Zones within Two Industry Sectors 

(Table 13)

$e chemicals and processes used within industry sectors 

can also have a dramatic impact on the size of vulnerability 

zones. For example, the 202 power plants that use anhydrous ammonia (a toxic gas) have vulnerability zones that 

average 3.74 miles and 21,188 people, while the 86 power 

plants that use less hazardous aqueous (liquid) ammonia 

have vulnerability zones that average just 0.47 miles and 

798 people. Similarly, a single highly hazardous process 

dominates the vulnerability zone pro%le of the petroleum 

re%ning sector. $e 50 petroleum re%neries that use 

* Figures are calculated separately for each industry group using methods that remove any double counting of facilities or persons. 

Industry sector figures in Table 12 cannot be added together to obtain national totals.

** Forty four RMP facilities in this report are members of both the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and the Society of Chemical Manufacturers 

and A"liates (SOCMA).

T A BLE 12

Vulnerability Zone Distances and A!ected Populations by Industry Sector*

Industry Sector RMP Facilities

Vulnerability Zone

Population 

Vulnerability Zone

Average Miles

Vulnerability Zone

Average Population

Water treatment 1,284 33,692,612 2.13 34,951

Wastewater treatment 686 21,004,374 2.27 42,250

Bleach manufacturing 91 63,952,735 15.86 929,826

Electric power generation 334 4,052,030 2.51 13,172

Petroleum refining 130 18,484,212 7.49 232,550

Pulp and paper production 72 5,462,950 11.12 77,663

Chemical manufacturing** 778 79,726,744 6.48 208,415

 ACC member facilities 715 77,046,976 6.53 213,607

 SOCMA member facilities 107 18,459,503 6.33 205,805
34 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

hydro"uoric acid have vulnerability zones that average 

16.3 miles and 551,558 people, while the 80 re%neries 

that do not use hydro"uoric acid have much smaller 

vulnerability average zones of 2.0 miles and 33,170 

people.

Overall, at the reviewed facilities chlorine gas was by 

far the most common chemical in worst-case release 

scenarios, reported by 2,054 facilities. Anhydrous ammonia gas was second, reported by 347 facilities. Anhydrous 

sulfur dioxide gas was third, reported by 143 facilities. 

Of the worst-case scenarios evaluated, 3,175 involve a 

toxic gas scenario and 258 involve a "ammable chemical scenario.23

Industry Sector

RMP 

Facilities

Vulnerability Zone

Population 

Vulnerability Zone

Average Miles

Vulnerability Zone

Average Population

Electric power generation 334 4,052,030 2.51 13,172

 Using anhydrous ammonia 202 3,938,961 3.74 21,188

 Using aqueous ammonia (conc. * 20%) 86 64,864 0.47 798

Petroleum refining 130 18,484,212 7.49 232,550

 Using hydrofluoric acid 50 17,733,913 16.28 551,558

 Not using hydrofluoric acid 80 2,146,709 2.00 33,170

T A BLE 13

Vulnerability Zones within Two Industry Sectors*

* Figures are calculated separately for each industry group using methods that remove any double counting of facilities or persons. Industry subsector figures in Table 

13 cannot be added together to obtain industry totals.

T A BLE 14

Top Ten Chemicals in This Report

* The number of facilities reporting the chemical as their worst-case 

scenario chemical.

Chemical Facilities*

Chlorine 2,054

Ammonia (anhydrous) 347

Sulfur dioxide (anhydrous) 143

Ammonia (conc. * 20%) 109

Flammable mixture 80

Hydrofluoric acid (conc. * 50%) 75

Chlorine dioxide 55

Ethylene oxide 51

Formaldehyde (solution) 50

Vinyl acetate monomer 39

Just some of the massive oil and 

chemical facilities in the Manchester, TX

community.

© Bryan Parras
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 35

CHAPTER THREE

R EMO V I NG C HEM I C A L HAZA R D S :

S OLUT I ONS FOR C OMPA N I ES A N D C OMMUN I T I E S

F

ortunately, there are many ways by which companies 

can dramatically reduce or remove from workplaces 

and communities the major chemical hazards that 

cause tens of millions of people to live in vulnerability zones. A previous survey of high-hazard facilities 

identi%ed some 20 industries in which safer and more 

secure alternatives are already in use, including all of the 

industry sectors studied in this report.24 $ese options 

include a variety of alternate chemicals and processes.

WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 

$e water treatment plants cited in this report have 33.7 

million people living in their merged vulnerability zones. 

$ese 1,284 water treatment plants have vulnerability 

zones that average 2.13 miles and 34,951 people. Water 

treatment plants commonly eliminate bulk chlorine 

gas (used to treat water) by using liquid bleach (sodium 

hypochlorite). Water plants increasingly generate their 

bleach on-site from salt and electricity. More than 235 

water treatment plants had converted from chlorine gas 

according to just one partial survey of the industry.25

WASTEWATER PLANTS

$e wastewater plants cited in this report have 21 million 

people living in their merged vulnerability zones. $ese 

686 wastewater plants have average vulnerability zones of 

2.27 miles and 42,250 people. Wastewater plants eliminate bulk chlorine gas (used to treat wastewater) by using 

liquid bleach, and eliminate sulfur dioxide gas (used to 

remove chlorine) by using sodium bisul%te, or eliminate 

both chemicals by using ultraviolet light. More than 300 

wastewater plants have made such changes according to 

just one partial survey of the industry. When combined 

with the converted water treatment plants above, more 

than 40 million people no longer live in danger from 

one or more of these converted facilities.26

BLEACH MANUFACTURING PLANTS

$e bleach manufacturing plants cited in this report 

have 63.9 million people living within their merged 

vulnerability zones. $ese 91 conventional bleach plants 

have average vulnerability zones of 15.9 miles and 929,826 

people. Many conventional bleach plants receive chlorine 

gas in railcars, resulting in very large vulnerability zones as 

well as additional transportation hazards. A growing number of commercial bleach plants produce chlorine bleach 

as needed from salt and electricity without ever storing or 

transporting chlorine gas, an e!ective solution that removes 

the enormous vulnerabilities of this industry sector.27

ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

$e electric power plants cited in this report have four 

million people living within their merged vulnerability 

zones. Power plants that generate electricity substantially 

reduce vulnerability zones by converting from anhydrous 

ammonia gas (used to control nitrogen oxides, a component of smog) to less hazardous aqueous ammonia or even 

solid urea. Of the 334 total power plants, 202 use anhydrous ammonia, a toxic gas, and have average vulnerability 

zones of 3.74 miles and 21,188 people in areas where 3.9 

million people live. In contrast, the 86 power plants that 

use safer aqueous ammonia have much smaller average 

vulnerability zones of 0.47 miles and 798 people in areas 

where 64,864 people live. Power plants can also avoid 

gaseous chlorine in cooling towers and process water 

by using liquid bleach.28

Clara Smith looking out her window at the Shell refinery 

in Norco, LA.

© Les Stone/Greenpeace
36 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

PULP AND PAPER MILLS

$e pulp and paper mills cited in this report have 5.5 

million people living in their merged vulnerability zones. 

$ese 72 pulp and paper mills have average vulnerability 

zones of 11.1 miles and 77,663 people. Some pulp and 

paper mills remove chlorine by employing an oxygenbased process with ozone or hydrogen peroxide; others 

avoid or minimize storage of chlorine dioxide.29 $ese 

mills may also remove anhydrous sulfur dioxide by 

generating sulfur chemicals on-site.30

PETROLEUM REFINERIES

$e petroleum re%neries listed in this report have 18.5 

million people living in their merged vulnerability zones 

(for 130 facilities). $e hazards posed by concentrated 

hydro"uoric acid, a toxic gas used in re%ning high octane 

gasoline, dominate the catastrophic chemical hazards at 

petroleum re%neries. However, many re%neries already use 

sulfuric acid processes that are not covered by the RMP 

program because of low airborne release hazards. In addition, newer solid acid and liquid ionic catalysts are under 

development in the industry.31 $e 50 re%neries that use 

concentrated hydro"uoric acid have average vulnerability 

zones of 16.3 miles and 551,558 people, and a total 

vulnerability zone population of 17.7 million people. 

In contrast, the 80 re%neries that do not use hydro"uoric 

acid have average vulnerability zones of only 2.0 miles 

and 33,170 people, and a total vulnerability zone population of only 2.1 million people (Figure 9). Some re%neries 

have removed chlorine gas from cooling towers by using 

liquid bleach; others avoid anhydrous ammonia in power 

cogeneration by using aqueous ammonia.

CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

$e chemical manufacturing facilities in this report 

include a combined 778 member company facilities of 

the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and Society of 

Chemical Manufacturers and A#liates (SOCMA). $ese 

ACC and SOCMA facilities combined have average 

vulnerability zones of 6.48 miles and 208,415 people in 

areas where 79.7 million live. Of this total, 715 are ACC 

member company facilities with average vulnerability 

zones of 6.53 miles and 213,607 people in areas where 

77 million people live. And 107 are SOCMA member 

company facilities with averages vulnerability zones of 

6.33 miles and 205,805 people in areas where 18.5 million people live. In this report, 44 facilities are members 

of both ACC and SOCMA. Chemical manufacturers 

use diverse production processes and therefore varied 

solutions are applicable. Common hazard reduction 

strategies include adopting an alternate chemical or process, using a chemical in a less dangerous or less concentrated form, or generating a chemical only as needed 

without storage. For example, some manufacturers of 

polyurethane foam use soy-based polyols rather than store 

and transport bulk amounts of ethylene oxide. Some manufacturers of ferric chloride use hydrochloric acid below 

37% concentration rather than store and transport bulk 

chlorine gas. And some detergent manufacturers have 

switched to on-site sulfur burning equipment rather than 

store and transport large amounts of sulfur trioxide.32

SAFER ALTERNATIVES CAN PROTECT 

COMMUNITIES WHILE AVOIDING COSTS 

AND LIABILITIES

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. And 

in the case of chemical disaster vulnerability zones, the 

prevention turns out to often be easily a!ordable. In one 

survey of nearly 200 respondent facilities that had converted to a safer chemical or process, about half spent 

less than $100,000 to switch and 87% spent less than 

$1 million.33 Another survey found that twenty large 

water and wastewater facilities converted from chlorine 

gas, which they formerly received in vulnerable railcars, 

to safer alternatives for no more than $1.50 per person 

served each year—or the price of a small bag of peanuts—

and often for much less.34

Petroleum refineries that DO NOT use hydrofluoric acid have 

average vulnerability zone populations of 33,170 people, 

compared to 551,558 people for refineries that DO use 

hydrofluoric acid.

F I GURE 9

Hydrofluoric Acid and Petroleum Refineries

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0

Vulnerability Zone Average Population

■ Hydrofluoric Acid 

■ No Hydrofluoric 

 Acid
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 37

In contrast, not seizing opportunities to switch to safer 

chemicals and processes can be surprisingly expensive. 

One insurance industry study projected $7 billion in 

potential damages from the worst-case release of a railroad 

tank car of chlorine in an urban area.35 Damages from 

the April 2013 explosion of a single fertilizer facility in 

West, TX reportedly will start at $100 million.

Many facilities that switch to safer alternatives realize 

savings that o!set some or all costs of converting. In a 

survey of converted facilities, respondents reported many 

types of avoided costs of safety and security measures 

that were no longer needed, including: safety devices and 

personal protective equipment; inspections, certi%cations, 

permits, and fees; higher risk-group insurance and potential liabilities; specialized emergency response teams, 

training, and planning; compliance with chemical related 

%re codes; chemical purchases; chemical thefts; physical 

security measures; worker and community noti%cation; 

background checks; and regulatory compliance.36

Companies do not routinely analyze and document savings 

and avoided costs under the major chemical emergency 

safety and security laws, including EPA Risk Management 

Planning, OSHA Process Safety Management, and DHS 

Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards. Nor do these 

laws create any duty or obligation for chemical facility 

owners or operators to demonstrate knowledge of available 

alternatives, to justify decisions that result in immense but 

avoidable chemical hazards, or to reduce or remove these 

hazards. As a result, these laws don’t develop cost-e!ective 

safer solutions and instead focus outcomes on more costly 

control and management strategies that inevitably fail 

some of the time. $e costs of those failures are unduly 

borne by residents, workers, businesses and the local 

governments where they occur. And, as this report documents, these hazards, costs, and harms are disproportionately borne by low-income, Black, and Latino residents. 

Requiring hazardous chemical facilities to systematically 

review, document, and justify alternatives to highly hazardous chemical operations, and convert when appropriate, 

could modernize chemical safety and security.37

One in ten students in the 

U.S. attend school within one mile 

of a high-risk chemical facility. 

Shown here, Whiting, IN.

© Global Community Monitor
38 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUS I ONS A N D RECOMMEN D AT I ONS

T

his report %nds that more than 134 million Americans live within one or more vulnerability zones 

of 3,433 chemical facilities that use or store highly 

hazardous chemicals. Our research demonstrates 

that the percentages of African Americans and Latinos 

who live in these vulnerability zones, and especially within 

the fenceline zones closest to the facilities, are much greater 

than for the U.S. as a whole. We also document additional 

disparities: lower average home values, lower average household incomes, lower education levels, and greater rates 

of poverty in these zones than for the U.S. as a whole. 

Many people who live in the fenceline zones are aware 

that they are exposed to toxic chemicals regularly and 

are at risk of a chemical disaster. Others—especially those 

who live further from a facility but still within range of 

a catastrophic release—may be unaware of the dangers. 

After years of grassroots organizing and mobilizing, 

testimony to government agencies, and studies that 

demonstrate the pattern of environmental racism 

described in this report, the U.S. government has been 

noti!ed of the hazards created by chemical facilities 

and the threats these hazards pose to human life and 

communities. 

It is time to %nally and fully address the inequitable distribution of these dangers, and the need for everyone—

regardless of race, income, or education—to be protected 

by the government from chemical disasters. $e time to 

act was %rstly in 1964, when the Civil Rights Act was 

passed, prohibiting discrimination and disproportionate 

impacts on the basis of race, color, or national origin. $e 

percentage of African Americans living in the fenceline 

zones of chemical facilities studied in this report is 75% 

greater than for the U.S. as a whole, and the percentage 

of Latinos in the fenceline zones is 60% greater than 

for the U.S. as a whole. $ese and other %ndings in this 

report document a pattern of disproportionate exposure 

to chemical hazards created over a long period of time, 

which should be considered discrimination under Title VI 

of the Civil Rights Act. $e time to address these dangers 

was also twenty years ago, when President Clinton signed 

Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice.

It is past time for local, county, and state governments, 

state and federal agencies, Congress, the White House, 

and the industries themselves to act aggressively to protect the lives of people living near and working in these 

facilities from chemical disasters. 

$e question now is: what will it take for government and 

industry to %nally act to prevent disasters, and protect the 

communities and workers whose safety and security are 

unfairly and unequally put in jeopardy? $e path toward 

safety and justice is for government and industry to take 

precautionary steps that include a!ordable, common 

sense measures. Precautionary measures would reduce and 

eliminate unnecessary hazards, improve oversight of the 

facilities, and produce better engagement of communities 

living near these facilities and the workers who sta! them. 

$ree central approaches could dramatically improve chemical facility safety and security: requiring safer chemicals 

and processes when feasible; improving laws and regulations; and fully engaging workers and communities. 

Without taking these approaches, government and industry will continue to deny to the people living and working 

in the vulnerability zones their right to clean air, water, 

and land. 

SAFER AND MORE SECURE ALTERNATIVES

Many of the dangers cited in this report could be substantially reduced or entirely removed by replacing hazardous 

chemicals and processes with existing safer alternatives. 

For example, many wastewater treatment plants have removed highly toxic chlorine gas by switching to ultraviolet 

light disinfection. Such options remove the potential for a 

major chemical release that could harm employees and the 

public, rather than only attempting to control the hazard 

with fallible controls or security strategies. $ose living 

and working in the vulnerability zones and fenceline zones 

have the most to gain from this approach. Companies also 
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 39

bene%t when they convert to safer chemicals and processes 

by avoiding the costs and liabilities of controlling, managing, mitigating, and remediating chemical hazards. In 

this way, using safer materials or processes can uniquely 

improve economic performance and reduce potential 

harm to those working or living nearby—the proverbial 

win-win solution.

$e Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 makes it the national 

policy of the United States to reduce hazards to public 

health and the environment through source reduction 

(such as substituting safer materials for hazardous ones) 

prior to any add-on pollution management and control.38

Congress also intended the Clean Air Act Amendments 

of 1990 to give preference to “measures which entirely 

eliminate the presence of potential hazards ... as 

opposed to those which merely provide additional 

containment....”39 Nonetheless, current chemical safety 

and security policies and practices are oriented toward 

risk management, rather than %nding and using safer 

and more secure alternatives. 

Prevention through design is the only major chemical 

safety and security approach that is largely undeveloped 

in current U.S. regulations, which attempt to control and 

manage chemical hazards much more than prevent and 

avoid these hazards. $at said, the United States must 

shift immediately from a “risk management” regime to 

a “prevention-based” regime. Under the current risk management regime, the most complete and e!ective solutions 

are left out. Adding management features may reduce 

the frequency of serious accidents but not the underlying 

hazard.40 Under a safety-based or prevention-based regime, 

strategies include the reduction or removal of potential 

catastrophic consequences from ongoing operations. 

Government agencies at all levels should formally adopt 

a prevention-focused approach that gives preference to 

prevention through design before control, management, 

mitigation, or remediation strategies. Regulated facilities 

should be required to demonstrate knowledge of their 

major chemical hazards and options to reduce or remove 

those hazards, switch to safer alternatives when feasible, 

and fully justify any decisions not to convert.

Federal agencies should seamlessly incorporate these 

requirements into existing programs, in particular EPA 

Risk Management Planning (RMP), OSHA Process Safety 

Management (PSM), and DHS Chemical Facility AntiTerrorism Standards (CFATS). $ese agencies should also 

collect and disseminate basic information from facilities 

that are no longer covered by these programs because they 

have removed their underlying hazards, in order to share 

lessons learned and best practices. $e EPA should use 

its existing authority under 112(r)(7)(A) of the Clean Air 

Act to develop standards for the avoidance of catastrophic 

chemical hazards. EPA should also update guidance under 

112(r)(1) of the Clean Air Act to prioritize prevention 

in enforcement.

Residents of the Manchester 

community near Houston, 

TX demand environmental 

justice.

© Bryan Parras
40 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

For example, an EPA Risk Management Plan (RMP) 

consists of a hazard assessment, a prevention program, 

and an emergency response program. $e RMP prevention program includes 12 general elements, but no explicit 

analysis of safer options. Similarly, a process hazards analysis conducted under OSHA Process Safety Management 

(PSM) requires a facility owner or operator to identify 

hazards and then controls to abate those hazards. $ere 

is also no requirement under OSHA PSM to identify and 

document ways to reduce, remove, or modify the underlying hazard—even when a!ordable alternatives are readily 

available. Likewise, vulnerability assessments and site 

security plans conducted under DHS Chemical Facility 

Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) are subject to 18 performance standards for conventional security measures 

such as perimeter security, access controls, and cyber 

security. But none of the CFATS performance standards 

address making the facility a less attractive target by 

avoiding intrinsic hazards.

In short, federal programs almost universally fail to require 

facilities that store or use highly hazardous chemicals and 

endanger millions of people (who are disproportionately 

Black, Latino, and poor) to determine whether safer alternatives could be used instead. $is failure ensures that 

cost-e!ective means to address chemical hazards by avoiding them altogether are routinely ignored in planning 

and analysis.

Voluntary industry public relations programs, such as the 

American Chemistry Council’s “Responsible Care,” also 

do not document and disclose options and costs of removing catastrophic chemical hazards, nor do they have any 

measurable goals and timelines to reduce the vulnerability 

zones of chemical companies. Also, there has been little or 

no meaningful involvement of workers or fenceline communities as joint decision makers. Voluntary industry programs have simply not produced substantial, documented 

progress. In nearly 30 years since the chemical gas disaster 

at Bhopal, India, and 15 years since companies %rst %led 

RMP vulnerability zone reports, the industry as a whole 

has still not even acknowledged the basic expectation of 

workers and communities that companies should remove 

catastrophic chemical hazards wherever possible. 

MORE EFFECTIVE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Better and more equitable enforcement of existing laws 

would help, but can’t %x the underlying problem of failed 

policies. Providing more resources to the federal agencies 

that oversee chemical safety and security could improve 

compliance, but would not address underlying limitations 

that reduce these agencies’ e!ectiveness. $e regulatory 

system overseeing chemical security and safety needs to be 

overhauled and strengthened. In addition to requiring use 

of safer alternatives when feasible (addressed above), this 

e!ort should harmonize the regulatory programs currently 

in place, and eliminate loopholes and weaknesses. 

Existing patchwork laws and infrequent inspections 

entirely miss some hazardous operations and conditions. 

For example, no major law, standard, or code prohibits 

the conditions that apparently contributed to the blast 

that destroyed an entire neighborhood around the West, 

TX fertilizer facility in April 2013 and are found at many 

similar fertilizer facilities. $ese conditions include "ammable wooden storage bins, lack of %re-suppression sprinkler systems, and use of conventional detonable forms of 

ammonium nitrate.41 Federal agencies should immediately 

and comprehensively review chemical security and safety 

B OX 2

The Toxic Substances Control Act 

and Chemical Safety

While this report primarily examines populations that 

could be exposed to acute airborne chemical releases, 

other aspects of the federal chemical safety system, 

such as chronic health hazards, also lack preventive 

approaches. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, 

or TSCA, discourages innovation and encourages the 

ongoing use of hazardous chemicals even when safer 

alternatives might be available. TSCA largely exempts 

all chemicals that existed in 1976, encouraging continued 

use of these older chemicals and limiting both health 

and safety assessment and investigation into existing or 

possible safer alternatives. Even for chemicals registered 

since 1976, a series of barriers make it di"cult for EPA

to require complete safety assessments and virtually 

impossible for the agency to restrict even the most 

dangerous chemicals. Since 1976, only five chemicals 

have ever been restricted under TSCA, and even asbestos could not be fully removed from commerce under 

the law. TSCA must be revised to include requirements 

for full disclosure of toxic substances made and used, 

safety determinations on all chemicals, prompt phase 

out of the most toxic chemicals, protection for disproportionately impacted “hot spot” communities and 

the most vulnerable populations, and innovation 

incentives for identifying new safer chemicals. 
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 41

requirements to ensure that their coverage is complete and 

that the programs complement and reinforce each other.

Where regulations are based on lists of hazardous chemicals, agencies should regularly review the lists and add new 

chemicals as appropriate through a rulemaking process on 

a short schedule, such as every two years. $is would help 

agencies %ll gaps and stay current with the ever-changing 

landscape of chemicals in commerce. But the better approach is to use chemical hazard characteristics and basic 

thresholds to trigger requirements, as is the case for hazardous inventory reporting under the Emergency Planning 

and Community Right-to-Know Act and for Safety Data 

Sheets under OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard. 

$is approach would help ensure that the broadest number of chemicals of concern, types of hazards, and facilities 

are promptly covered in a consistent manner. Federal 

regulations should always include, prioritize, and 

promote safer alternatives.

Government agencies should immediately require chemical facilities to identify and document hazardous materials 

and conditions, the potential consequences of major releases, the speci%c measures that can address these scenarios, 

and possible further measures to reduce hazards. $is is 

especially important in overburdened communities that 

lack appropriate land-use zoning laws and where facilities 

are concentrated. $ere are forward-thinking chemical 

management laws in place, among them the State of 

New Jersey and Contra Costa County in California. $e 

strongest elements of these laws have various requirements 

related to comprehensive reporting on chemical inventories and processes, as well as documented review of 

chemicals and processes that can remove hazards. $e 

central elements of these programs go beyond current federal requirements through a critical focus on prevention.

Facilities should be required to replace hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives when feasible, and to justify 

in detail decisions to not convert when alternatives are 

available, e!ective, and a!ordable. $ese demonstrations 

should be veri%ed through frequent engagement from 

knowledgeable inspectors, preferably funded through 

industry hazard fees to cover the costs of inspections, 

auditing, air monitoring, and other oversight. 

Government agencies should also identify and eliminate 

regulatory provisions that weaken public protections and 

Raven Pena (left), Juan Parras, 

and Yudith Azareth Nieto from 

Texas Environmental Justice 

Advocacy Services (t.e.j.a.s.) 

advocating for safer chemicals 

in Washington, DC.

© t.e.j.a.s.
42 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

leave us less safe. Some laws actually contribute to the 

problem. For example, common carrier railroads are 

required to carry extremely hazardous cargoes without 

sharing the costs of enormous potential liabilities with 

shippers. $e result is systematic overuse of vulnerable 

railcars for shipping and storing extremely hazardous 

substances and unwanted, potentially ruinous liabilities 

for the railroads. Hazardous chemical facilities are not 

required to carry liability insurance commensurate with 

a worst-case incident, which encourages continued use 

of the most hazardous chemicals and often results in taxpayer-funded cleanups. It is not common practice for 

local planners to evaluate vulnerability zones and conduct 

environmental justice analysis when making decisions to 

approve new facilities, expand existing sites, or approve 

housing development, an omission that contributes to 

the very problems documented in this report. 

Local Emergency Planning Committees should be 

supported and strengthened by ensuring that they have 

the resources to increase transparency and community 

engagement, preferably funded through fees paid by 

the industries creating the hazards.

INFORMED AND ENGAGED WORKERS 

AND COMMUNITIES 

Residents and workers exposed to or endangered by 

hazardous chemicals have a right to know about both 

the dangers and alternatives. An informed and engaged 

workforce and public make facilities and communities 

safer. Access to information about hazards and solutions 

can help %x problems before a disaster happens. All levels 

of government should immediately adopt enforceable 

requirements for chemical facilities to provide workers, 

governments, and communities better information 

about available safer options.

Chemical safety and security programs must disclose 

basic information about hazardous chemical operations. 

For instance, disclosing the names and locations of 

Extremely hazardous chemicals are often stored for 

long periods near homes and schools in unsecured 

rail cars like the ones shown here in Louisville, KY.

© Elizabeth Crowe 
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 43

regulated facilities, chemical names and quantities, the 

status of reporting, status of inspections, notices of violations, and other general information would allow the 

public to better understand which facilities are following 

safety rules and which are not. Linking this information 

through a single facility identi%cation number across all 

governmental programs would also facilitate e!ective 

oversight by revealing gaps in regulations and de%ciencies 

in performance. Use of “smart reporting” tools (software 

that automatically "ags incorrect data entry of information, such as a zip code that does not match an address) 

would improve the accuracy of company-reported data, 

including the RMP data used in this report. 

$e Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 took steps to 

manage worst-case chemical hazards by requiring companies that use large amounts of certain extremely hazardous 

substances to prepare Risk Management Plans (RMPs). 

$e plans include chemical facility self-assessments of 

potential worst-case chemical releases, including o!-site 

consequences—the vulnerability zone scenarios that 

inform this report. 

In 1999, Congress limited public access to these scenarios, 

but without adopting policies to reduce vulnerability zones 

or prevent disasters, despite the fact that industrial facilities 

are generally already widely known, readily observed, or 

easily discovered. Chemical disasters, such as the fertilizer 

facility explosion that devastated West, TX, demonstrate 

that these potential risks should not be hidden. $e public, shareholders, and workers have a need and right to 

be informed about dangers and available means to remove 

those dangers, to work with experts of their choosing, and 

to bene%t from informed oversight by government agencies. Excessive secrecy makes government ine!ective and 

costs lives in a chemical emergency. Communities and 

decision-makers at all levels have a right and responsibility 

to know about hazards and solutions. 

THE TIME FOR ACTION IS NOW

$e need for action to prevent a catastrophic chemical 

disaster is urgent—workers, communities, businesses, 

and governments face severe potential costs to life, health, 

and %nances from chemical hazards that are ultimately 

preventable. Waiting for a catastrophic release is not 

acceptable. $e United States must shift its framework 

from a risk management regime to a precautionary, prevention-based regime. If not, communities that already 

bear the brunt of industrial pollution will also bear the 

greatest harm from a chemical disaster, making this one 

of the central environmental justice issues of our time.

We demand that the following recommendations be 

addressed promptly and with concrete actions by the 

President, Congress, federal agencies, State and local 

governments, courts, and the chemical industry:

% Implement national, state, local and industry 

systems based on prevention and safety (rather than 

incident management) that require chemical facilities to use safer chemicals and processes whenever 

feasible, in order to reduce the frequency and 

severity of chemical facility releases;

% Prioritize the most endangered and vulnerable populations by passing and implementing laws that protect the health and safety of workers, %rst responders, 

people of color, low-income communities, women 

and children, and the communities surrounding 

these facilities;

% Recognize, implement, and enforce the Civil 

Rights Act of 1964 to protect communities from 

the disproportionate impacts of chemical disasters 

and the lack of appropriate regulations;

% Adopt and strengthen statutes and regulations—

including the Secure Chemical Facilities Act and the 

Toxic Substances Control Act—to promote chemical 

safety and uphold the recommendations described 

in this report;

% Fully implement Executive Order 12898: Federal 

Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations, and 

Executive Order 13650: Improving Chemical 

Facility Safety and Security;

% Require full disclosure to workers and communities 

of the types and amounts of chemicals stored at 

facilities and of alternatives that could reduce or 

remove hazards. 
44 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

1 This report uses U.S. Census data, in which “Hispanic or Latino” 

refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or 

Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless 

of race, and “Black or African American” refers to a person 

having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa, 

inlcuding people who indicated their race(s) as “Black, African 

American, or Negro” or reported entries such as African 

American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.

2 For demographic analysis of populations around some twodozen specific facilities, see also Rick Hind et al, The Danger 

in Our Backyards (Greenpeace, Los Jardines Institute, Environmental Justice and Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform, 

and Advocates for Environmental Human Rights, January 2013).

3 The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board 

(CSB) screened news media reports of 1,275 high consequence 

incidents over a recent five-year period, 2009–2013. High consequence incidents result in injury, fatality, acute environmental 

damage, evacuation or shelter-in-place of 500 or more members 

of the public, onsite property damage greater than $500,000, 

or o!site property damage. The CSB data do not represent 

the universe of all chemical incidents.

4 Henry K. Lee, “Richmond sues Chevron over refinery fire,” 

San Francisco Chronicle, August 2, 2013, accessed April 20, 

2014, http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Richmondsues-Chevron-over-refinery-fire-4703370.php

5 Robert D. Bullard, Ph.D, et al, Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty, 

1987–2007 (United Church of Christ Justice and Witness Ministries, March 2007). This study found that over half (56%) of all 

people living within 3.0 km of a hazardous waste facility in the 

U.S. are people of color, and where such facilities are clustered 

people of color make up over two-thirds (69%). Poverty rates 

are also much higher in the areas within 3.0 km of such facilities than nationally (18% vs. 12%). 

6 See reviews by: (1) Lester, J.P., D.W. Allen, and K.M. Hill. 

2001. Environmental Injustice in the United States: Myths and 

Realities. Boulder, CO: Westview Press; (2) Mohai, P., and B. 

Bryant. 1992. “Environmental Racism: Reviewing the Evidence.” 

In B. Bryant and P. Mohai (Eds.), Race and the Incidence of 

Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse (163–176). 

Boulder, CO: Westview Press; (3) Mohai, P., and R. Saha, 

2006. “Reassessing Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in 

Environmental Justice Research”. Demography 43(2): 383–399; 

(4) Ringquist, E. 2005. “Assessing Evidence of Environmental 

Inequities: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Policy Analysis and 

Management 24(2): 223–247; (5) Goldman, B.A. 1994. Not just 

prosperity: Achieving sustainability with environmental justice. 

Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation.

E N D NOTES

7 Art Levine, “Dick Cheney’s Dangerous Son-in-Law: Philip Perry 

and the politics of chemical security,” The Washington Monthly, 

March 2007.

8 See “Obama and Obama Administration Examples of Support 

for Chemical Disaster Prevention,” accessed April 20, 2014,

www.documentcloud.org/documents/563364-obama-amphis-administrations-policy-on-chem.html. 

9 House, Chemical and Water Security Act of 2009, 

111th Congress, 2009–2010, H.R. 2868.

10 See for example, U.S. Government Accountability O"ce, 

Wastewater Facilities: Experts’ Views on How Federal Funds 

Should Be Spent to Improve Security, GAO-05-165 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing O"ce, January 2005).

11 See for example, U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation 

Board, Draft Investigation Report: Catastrophic Rupture of 

Heat Exchanger (Seven Fatalities), Tesoro Anacortes Refinery, 

Anacortes, Washington, Report 2010-08-I-WA (January 2014), 

which among other recommendations calls for the U.S. EPA

to “use inherently safer systems analysis and the hierarchy 

of controls to the greatest extent feasible in establishing 

safeguards for identified process hazards.”

12 Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

13 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RMP* National Database 

(without OCA Data), March 3, 2014.

14 The average vulnerability zone radius for the 3,433 facilities 

included in this report is 4.11 miles.

15 This report does not analyze demographic characteristics of 

employees, contractors, or non-residential o!-site populations 

because this information is not included in Risk Management 

Plans or available Census information.

16 See for example, U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation 

Board, Investigation Report: E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 

Belle, West Virginia, Report 2010-6-I-WV (September 2011).

17 See for example, United States Fire Administration, Technical 

Report Series, Massive Leak of Liquefied Chlorine Gas: Henderson, 

Nevada, USFA-TR-05 (May 6, 1991).

18 See for example, U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation 

Board, Final Investigation Report: Pesticide Chemical Runway 

Reaction Pressure Vessel Explosion (Two Killed, Eight Injured), 

Bayer CropScience, Institute, West Virginia, Report 2008-08-IWV (January 2011).
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 45

19 See for example, National Transportation Safety Board, Cargo 

Hose Rupture and Release of Anhydrous Ammonia During 

O"oading of a Werner Transportation Services Cargo Tank 

Motor Vehicle at the Tanner Industries Plant, Swansea, South 

Carolina, July 15, 2009, NTSB/HZM-12/01/SUM (2012). In 2009, 

a mother died of ammonia poisoning after driving her car into 

a cloud of anhydrous ammonia leaking from a Tanner Industries 

facility in Swansea, SC.

20 Only 60% of residents heeded siren, phone, and media warnings to stay indoors after an incident at an Equilon oil refinery; 

“One-quarter didn’t obey Martinez refinery warning,” Contra 

Costa Times, November 7, 2001.

21 These totals count only once people who live within the 

vulnerability zones of more than one facility.

22 Average individual incomes show a similar proportional decline, 

from $34,960 in the U.S., to $34,043 in the vulnerability zones, 

and to $27,129 in the fenceline zones.

23 This report lists only the chemical associated with each facility’s 

largest potential vulnerability zone; covered facilities may hold 

other chemicals that also pose serious hazards.

24 Paul Orum, Chemical Security 101: What You Don’t Have 

Can’t Leak, or Be Blown Up by Terrorists (Center for American 

Progress, November 2008).

25 Reece Rushing and Paul Orum, “Leading Water Utilities Secure 

Their Hazards” (Center for American Progress, March 2010).

26 Rushing and Orum, “Leading Water Utilities Secure Their 

Hazards.”

27 Commercial producers of liquid bleach from salt and electricity 

without bulk transportation and storage of chlorine gas include 

Odyssey Manufacturing (Tampa, FL); BleachTech (Seville, OH

and Petersburg, VA); Kuehne Chemical (Delaware City, DE); 

FSTI (Greenville, TX); Buckman’s (Pottstown, PA); Allied New 

Technologies, (Fort Pierce, FL); and KIK (Denver, CO). In addition, K2Pure Solutions (Pittsburg, CA) co-locates with and 

supplies Dow Chemical eliminating previous deliveries of 

chlorine by railcar.

28 Previous analysis of vulnerability zones and safer alternatives 

at power plants can be found in Paul Orum, Unnecessary 

Dangers: Emergency Chemical Release Hazards at Power Plants 

(Working Group on Community Right-to-Know, July 2004).

29 Alex Fidis, Pulp Fiction: Chemical Hazard Reduction at Pulp 

and Paper Mills (U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education 

Fund, August 2007).

30 Orum, Chemical Security 101.

31 A Risk Too Great: Hydrofluoric Acid in U.S. Refineries, United 

Steelworkers, Tony Mazzocchi Center, New Perspectives 

Consulting Group, April 2013.

32 Orum, Chemical Security 101.

33 Paul Orum and Reece Rushing, Preventing Toxic Terrorism: 

How Some Chemical Facilities Are Removing Danger to 

American Communities (Center for American Progress, 

April 2006).

34 Paul Orum, Toxic Trains and the Terrorist Threat: How Water 

Utilities Can Get Chlorine Gas O! the Rails and Out of American 

Communities (Center for American Progress, April 2007).

35 Catastrophe, Injury, and Insurance: The Impact of Catastrophes 

on Workers Compensation, Life, and Health Insurance (Risk 

Management Solutions, Inc., 2004).

36 Orum and Rushing, Preventing Toxic Terrorism.

37 The Secure Chemical Facilities Act (S.68) would require 

chemical facilities to document: “the technical feasibility, costs, 

avoided costs (including liabilities), personnel implications, 

savings and applicability of implementing each method to 

reduce the consequences of a terrorist attack.” The Secure 

Water Facilities Act (S.67) proposes parallel language for water 

and wastewater facilities to review the feasibility and “costs 

(including capital and operational costs) and avoided costs 

(including savings and liabilities) associated with applying each 

method to reduce the consequences of a chemical release....”

38 Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 13101.

39 Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Report 

on the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 106th Congress, 

S. Report 101-228, at 209 (2000).

40 “Normal accidents” are considered inevitable, especially in 

complex environments, since the interaction of multiple small 

failures foils even the most e!ective conventional safety 

arrangements. See Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living 

With High Risk Technologies (Princeton University Press, 1999).

41 The OSHA Explosives and Blasting Agents Standard 

(1910.109(i)) and National Fire Protection Association codes are 

among relevant standards that do not prohibit conditions 

found at West Fertilizer and many similar facilities.
46 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

APPENDIX A

METHO D OLOGY

T

his report investigates the demographic composition 

of populations residing within vulnerability zone 

distances that are self-reported to the EPA’s Risk 

Management Plan (RMP) program by facilities in 

several industry groups. $is program requires facilities 

that produce, handle, process, distribute, or store threshold 

amounts of certain extremely hazardous toxic or "ammable chemicals to submit an RMP that includes a 

vulnerability zone analysis (more generally called an 

“o!site consequences analysis”) for a worst-case release 

of one of these chemicals. 

$e vulnerability zone is a circular area with a radius 

extending between 0.01 and 25 miles from the facility. 

$e size of the zone depends on the quantity and characteristics of the chemical. EPA de%nes the general methods 

that facilities subject to RMP requirements (RMP facilities) 

must use in determining vulnerability zone size or distance 

(radius), but companies can use any credible modeling 

method that follows the EPA guidelines. 

$e most common methods used by RMP facilities to 

determine vulnerability zone distances include EPA guidance reference tables or equations, dispersion models such 

as Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) 

or Dense Gas Dispersion (DEGADIS), and EPA’s 

RMP*Comp planning program.a

 RMP facilities determine 

vulnerability zones based on the largest potential chemical 

release from a single vessel or process under conditions 

that result in the maximum possible a!ected area. Worstcase scenarios apply to residential populations only (i.e., 

they do not include people who visit, work, shop, recreate, 

or worship in the zones) and are not forecasts of potential 

casualties. All people living or working within vulnerability zones are at risk of serious harm, but actual impacts 

of a release would vary due to weather, wind direction, 

distance from the facility, and activities nearby populations were engaged in at the time.

We obtained RMP program and facility identi%cation data 

other than vulnerability zone information in an electronic 

%le through a Freedom of Information Act request to the 

U.S. EPA. Members of the public can also identify RMP 

facilities by using RTKNET, a project of the Center for 

E!ective Government, at www.rtknet.org/db/rmp. However, o!-site consequences analysis portions of the RMPs 

(including the vulnerability zone distance and the chemical that is the basis of the worst-case release scenario) are 

only available to the public in a restricted manner through 

designated federal reading rooms.b

 We gathered this RMP 

data (presented in Appendix C) in standardized notes 

made through multiple visits to the federal reading 

rooms within the last %ve years. 

We used RMP data that companies had submitted to 

EPA current as of December 27, 2013. Companies submit 

RMPs on an ongoing basis, at a minimum every %ve years 

or when there are signi%cant changes to the chemical hazards that make a facility subject to the RMP program. For 

this reason, we did not include 66 facilities that had RMP 

a RMP dispersion modeling methods are described in United States Environmental Protection Agency, O"ce of Solid Waste and Emergency 

Response, Risk Management Program Guidance for O!site Consequence Analysis, EPA 550-B-99-009 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government 

Printing O"ce, March 2009).

b For information on accessing RMP data through the federal reading rooms, see www.epa.gov/oem/content/rmp/readingroom.htm.

R I SK M A N AGEMENT P L A N 

(RMP) facilities determine vulnerability 

zones based on the largest potential chemical 

release from a single vessel or process under 

conditions that result in the maximum 

possible a!ected area. 
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 47

c The nine facilities for which we did not rely on plainly erroneous latitude-longitude data and instead used the facility street address were: 

Tesoro Hawaii Corporation- Refinery (RMP ID 100000034107); Chevron El Segundo Refinery (100000101454); WJCMWD, Water Treatment 

Plant (100000197761); Total Petrochemicals & Refining U.S.A. Inc. (100000159286); Keegan Bayou Wastewater Treatment Plant 

(100000053354); D’Iberville Wastewater Treatment Plant (100000053498); Long Beach/Pass Christian Treatment Plant (100000050437); 

South Gulfport Wastewater Treatment Plant (100000050614); and West Biloxi Wastewater Treatment Plant (100000049814).

d We obtained the Census data tables through Data Ferrett at http://thedataweb.rm.census.gov/TheDataWeb/launchDFA.html 

e Census tract boundaries used part of the ESRI ArcGIS Desktop Advanced 10.2 software.

re-submissions overdue by six months or more. We also 

did not include RMP facilities in Puerto Rico or U.S. 

Territories.

Our facility selection criteria were: 

1. Facilities that belong to the following industry sectors: 

potable water treatment, wastewater treatment, 

commercial bleach manufacturing, electric power 

production, petroleum re%ning, pulp and paper 

production, and chemical manufacturing. We 

included these industry sectors because of their 

diversity and varied dispersion patterns.

2. Facilities that self-reported in their RMP having 

100,000 or more people living within their 

vulnerability zones, regardless of industry sector. 

We included these facilities regardless of industry 

type because they pose dangers to relatively large 

populations.

We applied our selection criteria using the following 

procedures:

% We identi%ed facilities in the industry sectors other 

than chemical manufacturing primarily based on 

their self-reported North American Industry Classi%cation System (NAICS) codes, and secondarily 

based on facility name or other descriptive information. In some cases, facilities reported more than 

one industrial activity, in which case we relied on 

the facility’s primary reported industrial activity. 

% We identi%ed facilities belonging to the chemical 

manufacturing industry based on company facilities’ 

membership in the two primary chemical manufacturing industry trade associations: the American 

Chemistry Council (ACC) and the Society of 

Chemical Manufacturers and A#liates (SOCMA). 

$ese trade associations represent companies that 

produce the bulk of basic and specialty chemicals in 

the U.S. We identi%ed ACC and SOCMA members 

by comparing RMP facility names, parent companies, 

and Dun and Bradstreet numbers to companies listed 

on the associations’ websites through December 28, 

2013. In some cases it was di#cult to determine 

whether a particular facility is covered by trade association membership. A weakness of these industry 

programs is that they identify member companies 

but not directly member facilities. In addition, companies may have changed name or ownership but 

failed to update EPA registrations as required. In 

ambiguous cases, we used our best judgment based 

on parent company information. Collectively, facilities belonging to those trade associations comprised 

what this report refers to as the chemical manufacturing sector. 

% As noted above, we used information from company 

RMPs that we gathered from federal reading rooms 

to identify facilities that reported 100,000 or more 

people living within their vulnerability zones.

After identifying facilities that met the above selection 

criteria and gathering RMP data for the facilities, we used 

facilities’ self-reported latitude-longitude data to establish 

facility locations and mapped them using Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 

Advanced 10.2). We corrected location data only for nine 

facilities that had obviously inaccurate geographic coordinates that placed the facility in the ocean.c

 We otherwise relied on latitude-longitude location data directly 

as reported by the facilities in their RMPs.

We used the most recent Census tract-level population 

data covering the entire country (2008–2012 American 

Community Survey 5-Year Estimates) to calculate the demographic composition of the populations living within 

vulnerability zones.d

 To do so we used the same method 

used in Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty, known as the areal 

apportionment method. $is method involves using GIS 

to intersect the 2010 Census tract boundariese

 with the 

circles that de%ne facility vulnerability zones, and then 

summing the population living in any tract that lies 
48 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

entirely within the vulnerability zone with estimates of the 

population in any tract that lies partially within the zone.f

For the latter type of tract, the proportion of the tract area 

within the vulnerability zone is used to estimate the population of the partially intersected tract, whereby the population is estimated by multiplying the proportion of the 

area of the tract within the vulnerability zone distance 

times the total population for the tract. For example, if 

30% of the area of the tract lies within that distance, then 

30% of the population is estimated to live within that 

distance. Similar apportioning was used to estimate tract 

subpopulations, for example, the number of people of 

di!erent races in vulnerability zones. $is method estimates the population living in these circular areas that 

do not directly correspond with the shapes of Census 

tracts. It assumes that the population is evenly distributed 

throughout the tract and has been shown to yield reliable 

and consistent results for distances of about a half mile 

or more (Mohai and Saha 2007). 

For the vulnerability zone population estimates, we 

used the following tables from the 2008–2012 American 

Community Survey 5-Year Estimates:

% Average home value—Table B25080, Aggregate 

Value (Dollars) by Units in Structure;

% Mean household income—Table B19025, 

Aggregate Household Income in the Past 12 

Months;

% Race and ethnicity—Table B03002, Hispanic 

or Latino Origin by Race;

% Educational attainment levels—Table B15003, 

Educational Attainment for the Population 

25 Years and Over;

% Poverty rates—Table B17001, Poverty Status 

in the Past 12 Months by Sex and Age.

Demographic data for individual facility vulnerability 

zones presented in Appendix C may di!er from population data that facilities self-report to EPA in their RMPs, 

which may have been determined using di!erent 

methods or earlier Census data sets. 

We also used the areal apportionment method to estimate 

the population characteristics of areas closest to potential 

harm, i.e., areas within one-tenth of the distance of the 

full vulnerability zones. We call these high-risk areas the 

“fenceline zones.”

We used the same method to determine the demographic 

composition of vulnerability zones of facilities belonging 

to various industry sectors. However, if the vulnerability 

zones of di!erent facilities in the same sector overlapped, 

their boundaries were merged, the merged boundaries 

were intersected with Census tract boundaries, and the 

areal apportionment method was applied to the intersected 

tracts (Table 1 and Tables 7–13). $is procedure prevented 

any double counting of people living in vulnerability 

zones of two or more facilities within a sector. Similar 

merging of vulnerability zones of all facilities prevented 

double counting in our national level %ndings (Tables 

2–6).

IF THE V ULNER A B I L I TY Z ONES

of di!erent facilities in the same sector 

overlapped, their boundaries were merged, 

the merged boundaries were intersected with 

Census tract boundaries, and the areal 

apportionment method was applied to the 

intersected tracts. $is procedure prevented 

any double counting of people living in 

vulnerability zones of two or more facilities 

within a sector. 

f An Albers geographic projection was used for digitized Census tracts boundaries and circular bu!ers of vulnerability zones.
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 49

APPENDIX B

“ S HELTER I N P L ACE” WON’T P ROTECT U S 

T I MEL I NE WORKSHEET

People who live near chemical facilities are often told to “shelter in place” in the event of a hazardous chemical release. 

$at means go indoors, close doors, windows, and vents, and wait for toxic fumes to blow away. But a simple 

timeline analysis shows that shelter in place can’t possibly protect numerous people nearby.

1. How long will it take (in minutes) for:

% $e company to %nd a chemical leak? _______ (minutes)

% $e company to decide to report the leak? _______ (minutes)

% $e company to notify the %re department? _______ (minutes)

% $e %re chief to arrive at the scene? _______ (minutes)

% $e %re chief to order protective action? _______ (minutes)

% Emergency responders to fully notify the public? _______ (minutes)

% Workers and neighbors to shelter or evacuate? _______ (minutes)

% All of these events added together? _______ (minutes)

2. How long will it take (in minutes) for:

% A toxic cloud (or blast wave) to reach nearby homes, schools, 

businesses, eldercare facilities, places of worship, sports arenas, 

hospitals, or automobiles? _______ (minutes)

% Toxic gases to %lter into places where people shelter in place? _______ (minutes)

% $e company to stop the chemical leak—if it can? _______ (minutes)

3. Given these estimates, how big is the “fenceline zone” where neither

 sheltering nor evacuation will protect people in a major release? _______ (miles)

 And, if shelter in place won’t work, by when and how will the

 company reduce or eliminate the chemical hazard at the source? _______ (date)
50 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

APPENDIX C

VULNER A B I L I T Y Z O N E S O F 

3,433 C HEM I C A L FAC I L I T I E S

$is table presents basic information about the Vulnerability Zones of 3,433 facilities that produce, handle, 

process, distribute, or store more than a threshold amount of certain extremely hazardous substances. Basic facility 

and vulnerability zone information is self-reported to EPA by the companies in Risk Management Plans. We 

calculated the population in each Vulnerability Zone based on a standardized method using U.S. Census Bureau 

data. See “Appendix A: Methodology” for a complete description of the methods used to research the information 

presented in this table.

Facilities in the table appear in order by State, then County, then City. Most information in the table— 

including Facility Name, State, County, City, and Facility Type—is self-explanatory.

PARENT COMPANIES

If the facility self-reports that it is owned or controlled by another entity, that “parent company” is listed here. 

If the parent company is owned or controlled by yet another company or division, this “second parent company” 

is listed and marked with an asterisk. “Parent Company” is the term used by the U.S. EPA even when the parent 

is a city, county, or other public entity.

CHEMICAL

$e speci%c chemical that is the basis of the facility’s worst-case release scenario, but facilities may store or use 

other hazardous chemicals as well. 

VULNERABILITY ZONE MILES

$e range of a potential worst-case chemical release in miles. $e distance indicated is a radius (or circle) around 

the facility. See Box 1 and Figure 3 on page 11 for a more detailed explanation and depiction of Vulnerability Zones.

VULNERABILITY ZONE CENSUS POPULATION

$e residential population within the Vulnerability Zone, based on U.S. Census data. $ese %gures are not forecasts 

of potential casualties.

A sample page of the data table appears in the printed version of the report. 

PDFs of the complete report and the 143-page table are available online at 

www.EJ4All.org/whos-in-danger-report. 
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 51

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

A L A S K A

Pyramid Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Unalaska AK Aleutians West 

Census Area

Unalaska Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 <10

International Station 

Power Plant

Chugach Electric 

Association, Inc.

AK Anchorage 

Municipality

Anchorage Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 371

John M. Asplund 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Anchorage Water and 

Wastewater Utility

Municipality of 

Anchorage*

AK Anchorage 

Municipality

Anchorage Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 2,300

Univar Anchorage Univar USA, Inc. AK Anchorage 

Municipality

Anchorage Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.80 5,013

Flint Hills Resources 

Alaska, LLC

Flint Hills Resources, LP AK Fairbanks North 

Star Borough

North Pole Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.40 160

Kenai Refinery Tesoro Petroleum 

Corporation

Tesoro Alaska 

Company*

AK Kenai Peninsula 

Borough

Kenai Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.20 284

Petro Star Valdez 

Refinery

AK Valdez–Cordova 

Census Area

Valdez Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.07 <10

A L A B AMA

Tenaska Central 

Alabama Generating 

Station

Tenaska Alabama II 

Partners LP 

AL Autauga County Billingsley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.10 1,814

Tenaska Lindsay Hill 

Generating Station

Tenaska Alabama 

Partners, LP

AL Autauga County Billingsley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.10 1,833

E.B. Harris Electric 

Generating Plant

Southern Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Autauga County Prattville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 1,137

Georgia Pacific 

Consumer Products 

LP, Naheola Mill

Georgia Pacific LLC AL Choctaw 

County

Pennington Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 36,725

Boise White Paper, 

LLC

Boise, Inc. AL Clarke County Jackson Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 9.50 8,268

Cherokee Nitrogen 

Company

ThermoClime, Inc. AL Colbert County Cherokee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 161,239

Harcros Chemcials 

Inc. – Muscle Shoals

Harcros Chemicals Inc. AL Colbert County Muscle Shoals Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 117,593

James A. Vann, Jr. 

Power Plant

PowerSouth Energy 

Cooperative, Inc.

AL Covington 

County

Andalusia Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 29

Cullman Water 

Treatment Plant

The Utilities Board of 

the City of Cullman, 

Alabama

AL Cullman County Cullman Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,745

Ozark Southside 

WWTP

AL Dale County Ozark Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,082

International Paper 

Riverdale Mill

International Paper AL Dallas County Selma Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 6.80 6,361

Fort Payne 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Payne, 

Alabama

AL DeKalb County Fort Payne Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 3,734

Wilako Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Water & Sewer Board of 

the City of Wetumpka

AL Elmore County Wetumpka Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,379

Five Star Water 

Supply District

AL Elmore County Wetumpka Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,915

Georgia–Pacific 

Brewton LLC

Georgia–Pacific LLC AL Escambia 

County

Brewton Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 12.00 17,461

West River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Gadsden Water Works 

and Sewer Board 

AL Etowah County Gadsden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.86 7,880

East River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Gadsden Water Works 

and Sewer Board 

AL Etowah County Gadsden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.05 8,644

*

* Residential population within the facility’s Vulnerability Zone. These figures are not forecasts of potential casualties.
52 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

6th Street Pump 

Station

Gadsden Water Works 

and Sewer Board

AL Etowah County Gadsden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.60 9,198

Water Treatment 

Plant

Gadsden Water Works 

and Sewer Board

AL Etowah County Gadsden Water treatment Chlorine 1.82 9,733

H.E. Neal III Water 

Filtration Plant

Russellville Water and 

Sewer Board

AL Franklin County Russellville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 818

Dothan Utilities 

Water/Electric 

Complex

City of Dothan, 

Alabama 

AL Houston County Dothan Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 201

Dothan Utilities 

Omussee Creek 

WWTP

City of Dothan, 

Alabama 

AL Houston County Dothan Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.20 5,161

Dothan Utilities Little 

Choctawhatchee 

WWTP

City of Dothan, 

Alabama 

AL Houston County Dothan Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.20 13,116

Dothan Utilities 

Beaver Creek WWTP

City of Dothan, 

Alabama

AL Houston County Dothan Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.20 30,663

North Sauty Creek 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Scottsboro Water, 

Sewer & Gas Board 

AL Jackson County Scottsboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 2,655

Skinny Jones Water 

Filtration Plant

Scottsboro Water, 

Sewer and Gas Board

AL Jackson County Scottsboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 5,010

TVA – Widows Creek 

Fossil Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

AL Jackson County Stevenson Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 1,761

Bessemer Water 

Filtration Facility

GUSC of the City of 

Bessemer, Inc.

AL Je!erson 

County

Bessemer Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 144

Donald M. Reed Filter 

Plant

Warrior River Water 

Authority

AL Je!erson 

County

Bessemer Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 226

Village Creek WWTP Je!erson County 

Commission

AL Je!erson 

County

Birmingham Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,299

Western Filter Plant Birmingham Water 

Works Board

City of Birmingham*

AL Je!erson 

County

Birmingham Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 34,480

Putnam Filter Plant Birmingham Water 

Works Board

AL Je!erson 

County

Birmingham Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 37,357

Bermco Aluminum Berman Brothers Iron 

and Metal Company, 

Inc.

AL Je!erson 

County

Birmingham Secondary 

aluminum 

smelting

Chlorine 4.30 124,684

Carson Filter Plant Birmingham Water 

Works Board

City of Birmingham*

AL Je!erson 

County

Pinson Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 17,075

J. H. Miller Electric 

Generating Plant

Alabama Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Je!erson 

County

Quinton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.90 1,062

Wilson Lake Water 

Treatment Plant

AL Lauderdale 

County

Florence Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 22,485

Cypress Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AL Lauderdale 

County

Florence Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.20 24,388

Cypress Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

AL Lauderdale 

County

Florence Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 26,948

International Paper 

– Courtland Mill

International Paper 

Company

AL Lawrence 

County

Courtland Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 9.34 14,919

Plant Franklin 

Combined Cycle 

Units

Southern Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Lee County Smiths Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 2,959

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics – Burkville

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics Holding US LP

AL Lowndes 

County

Burkville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 10.65 28,721

Spring Branch 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AL Madison County Huntsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,547
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 53

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Aldridge Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AL Madison County Huntsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,199

Southwest Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Huntsville, dba 

Huntsville Utilities

AL Madison County Madison Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,101

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. AL Madison County Madison Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 6,757

U.S. Army Garrison 

– Redstone Arsenal 

(WTP 3)

AL Madison County Redstone 

Arsenal

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 158

ISP Chemicals LLC ISP Chemco LLC AL Madison County Redstone 

Arsenal

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Iron, 

pentacarbonyl–

1.90 337

U.S. Army Garrison 

– Redstone Arsenal 

(WTP 1)

AL Madison County Redstone 

Arsenal

Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,774

Demopolis Mill Rock–Tenn Mill 

Company, LLC

AL Marengo 

County

Demopolis Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 19.00 25,472

The Upper Bear 

Creek Water Filter 

Plant

AL Marion County Bear Creek Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 1,390

Albertville Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Albertville Municipal 

Utilities Board 

AL Marshall County Albertville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.96 993

Albertville Water 

Plant

AL Marshall County Albertville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,854

Sunset Water 

Treatment Facility

Guntersville Water and 

Sewer Board

AL Marshall County Guntersville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 2,375

Arab Water 

Treatment Plant

Water Works Board of 

the City of Arab

AL Marshall County Guntersville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,894

Arkema Inc. – 

Mobile Facility

Arkema Delware Inc. AL Mobile County Axis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 0.70 76

Dupont – 

Mobile Plant

E. I. duPont de 

Nemours Company

AL Mobile County Axis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosgene 25.00 369,780

LeMoyne Site Akzo Nobel Chemicals 

Inc.

AL Mobile County Axis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 524,151

Barry Steam Electric 

Generating Plant

Alabama Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Mobile County Bucks Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 4,208

Shell Chemical LP 

(Mobile Site)

Shell Chemical LP AL Mobile County Mobile Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Butane 0.76 60

Clifton C. Williams 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Mobile Area Water and 

Sewer System 

AL Mobile County Mobile Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,452

Harry E. Myers Water 

Filtration Facility

Mobile Area Water and 

Sewer System

AL Mobile County Mobile Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,248

E. Morgan Stickney 

Water Filtration Plant

Mobile Area Water and 

Sewer System

AL Mobile County Mobile Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,063

Wright Smith, Jr. 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Mobile Area Water and 

Sewer System 

AL Mobile County Mobile Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,521

DPC Enterprises, L.P. AL Mobile County Mobile Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 378,049

Praxair – 

Theodore, AL

Praxair, Inc. AL Mobile County Theodore Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 30

Mitsubishi 

Polycrystalline 

Silicon America Corp

Mitsubishi Materials 

Corp 

AL Mobile County Theodore Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Trichlorosilane 0.30 67

Theodore 

Cogeneration Plant

Alabama Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Mobile County Theodore Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.25 1,080

Evonik Degussa 

Corporation

Evonik Degussa AL Mobile County Theodore Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Chlorine 25.00 512,375
54 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Alabama River 

Cellulose LLC

Koch Industries Inc. AL Monroe County Perdue Hill Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 24.00 39,421

Catoma Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant (WPCP)

Montgomery Water 

Works and Sanitary 

Sewer Board

AL Montgomery 

County

Montgomery Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 1,099

C. T. Perry Water 

Treatment Plant

Montgomery Water 

Works and Sanitary 

Sewer Board

AL Montgomery 

County

Montgomery Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 2,986

Day Street Pumping 

Station

Montgomery Water 

Works and Sanitary 

Sewer Board

AL Montgomery 

County

Montgomery Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,976

Econchate Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant (WPCP)

Montgomery Water 

Works and Sanitary 

Sewer Board

AL Montgomery 

County

Montgomery Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 9,830

Decatur – 3M 

Company

AL Morgan County Decatur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinylidene 

chloride

0.20 21

Linde Gas LLC Linde AG AL Morgan County Decatur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

0.35 170

Decatur Utilities Dry 

Creek Wastewater 

Plant

City of Decatur AL Morgan County Decatur Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,033

Decatur Utilities 

Water Plant

AL Morgan County Decatur Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,798

Morgan Energy 

Center LLC

Calpine Corporation AL Morgan County Decatur Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 4,885

Decatur Energy 

Center, LLC

Calpine Corporation AL Morgan County Decatur Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 16,008

Daikin America, Inc. 

(2006 Renewal)

AL Morgan County Decatur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 306,076

Ascend – Decatur 

Plant

Ascend Performance 

Materials, LLC.

AL Morgan County Decatur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propionitrile 22.00 308,258

Meadwestvaco 

Coated Board

MeadWestvaco 

Corporation

AL Russell County Cottonton Pulp and paper, 

ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 <10

Phenix City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Phenix City Utilities AL Russell County Phenix City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,642

Shelby County South 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Shelby County 

Commision 

AL Shelby County Wilsonville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 433

E. C. Gaston Electric 

Generating Plant

Alabama Power 

Company

Southern Electric 

Generating Company*

AL Shelby County Wilsonville Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 1.90 1,049

Lake Howard Water 

Treatment Plant

Utilities Board City of 

Sylacauga

AL Talladega 

County

Sylacauga Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,484

J. E. Ham WWTP Utilities Board City of 

Sylacauga

AL Talladega 

County

Sylacauga Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 8,737

Hillabee Power Plant CER Generation, LLC AL Tallapoosa 

County

Alexander City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 2,658

Northport Water 

Treatment Plant

The City of Northport AL Tuscaloosa 

County

Northport Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,176

Northport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

The City of Northport, 

Alabama 

AL Tuscaloosa 

County

Northport Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,285

Hunt Refining 

Company, A 

Corporation

Hunt Capital 

Corporation 

AL Tuscaloosa 

County

Tuscaloosa Petroleum refinery Butane 0.50 353

Jasper Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Jasper Waterworks and 

Sewer Board

AL Walker County Jasper Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,295
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 55

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Gorgas Electric 

Generating Plant

Alabama Power 

Company

Southern Company*

AL Walker County Parrish Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 4,653

Charles R. Lowman 

Power Plant

PowerSouth Energy 

Cooperative, Inc.

AL Washington 

County

Leroy Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 5,835

Praxair – 

McIntosh, AL

Praxair, Inc. AL Washington 

County

McIntosh Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.80 61

BASF Corporation 

– McIntosh Plant

BASF Corporation AL Washington 

County

McIntosh Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

trichloride

2.70 654

Olin Corp. McIntosh, 

Alabama Plant

Olin Corp. AL Washington 

County

McIntosh Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 75,736

A R K ANS A S

Georgia–Pacific LLC 

– Crossett Paper 

Operations

Georgia–Pacific 

Holdings LLC 

AR Ashley County Crossett Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 24.00 35,881

Robert E. Hurst 

Water Treatment 

Plant

AR Baxter County Mountain Home Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 268

Mountain Home 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AR Baxter County Mountain Home Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,798

Beaver Water District 

Water Treatment 

Facility

Beaver Water District AR Benton County Lowell Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,384

Benton/Washington 

Regional Public 

Water Authority

AR Benton County Rogers Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,266

Daniels Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Siloam Springs AR Benton County Siloam Springs Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 12,625

Carroll–Boone 

Freeman Raney 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Carroll–Boone Water 

District 

AR Carroll County Eureka Springs Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,086

Community Water 

System

AR Cleburne 

County

Greers Ferry Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 43

Magnolia Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Magnolia Wastewater 

System

City of Magnolia*

AR Columbia 

County

Magnolia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 9,905

Sterling Lacy Water 

Purification Plant

Magnolia Municipal 

Water System

AR Columbia 

County

Magnolia Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,236

Albemarle 

Corporation 

South Plant

Albemarle Corporation AR Columbia 

County

Magnolia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 21,421

Albemarle 

Corporation 

West Plant

Albemarle Corporation AR Columbia 

County

Magnolia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 21,873

Conway County 

Regional Water 

Distribution District

AR Conway County Plumerville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 85

CWL – Commerce 

Pumping Station

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,595

CWL–East Side 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 10,246

CWL–West Side 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 21,791

CWL–Airport 

Pumping Station

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 25,282

CWL–Race Street 

Pumping Station

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 27,712
56 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

CWL – Medallion 

Pumping Station

City Water and Light AR Craighead 

County

Jonesboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 31,399

Lake Fort Smith 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Fort Smith AR Crawford 

County

Mountainburg Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 933

Lee Creek Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Fort Smith AR Crawford 

County

Van Buren Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,765

BASF Corporation BASF Corporation AR Crittenden 

County

West Memphis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl chloride 2.50 2,985

Clearwater Paper 

Corporation 

– Cypress Bend Mill

Clearwater Paper 

Corporation 

AR Desha County Arkansas City Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 11.00 5,508

Roger Q. Mills Water 

Treatment Plant

AR Faulkner County Conway Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,889

Tucker Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AR Faulkner County Conway Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 26,823

Stone Dam Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AR Faulkner County Conway Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 27,497

Lakeside Water 

Treatment Plant

Hot Springs Utility, 

Department, AR

AR Garland County Hot Springs Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 892

Hot Springs 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Hot Springs AR Garland County Hot Springs Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,240

Ouachita Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Hot Springs 

Utilities, AR

AR Garland County Mountain Pine Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 166

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Paragould Light and 

Water Commission

AR Greene County Paragould Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 14,396

Water Treatment 

Plant

Paragould Light and 

Water Commission

AR Greene County Paragould Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 15,917

Turk Power Plant SWEPCO AR Hempstead 

County

Fulton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.67 119

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Inc.

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Holdings LLC

AR Hempstead 

County

Hope Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

6.30 7,559

Magnet Cove 

Generating Station

Arkansas Electric 

Cooperative 

Corporation

AR Hot Spring 

County

Malvern Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.50 522

Nashville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Nashville, 

Arkansas 

AR Howard County Nashville Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 4,748

Batesville Water 

Treatment Plant

Batesville water Utilities AR Independence 

County

Batesville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 446

FutureFuel Chemical 

Company

FutureFuel Corp. AR Independence 

County

Batesville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 32,667

Evergreen Packaging 

– Pine Blu! Mill

Evergreen Packaging AR Je!erson 

County

Pine Blu! Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 10.06 45,274

Texarkana Water 

Utility Millwood 

Water Plant

City of Texarkana, 

Arkansas 

AR Little River 

County

Ashdown Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 1,836

Domtar A.W. LLC 

Ashdown Mill

Domtar Corporation AR Little River 

County

Ashdown Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 140,595

Blytheville 

Waterworks

City of Blytheville AR Mississippi 

County

Blytheville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,254

Plum Point Energy 

Station

Plum Point Energy 

Associates, LLC et al 

AR Mississippi 

County

Osceola Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 2,538

Camden Water 

Treatment Plant

Camden Water Utilities AR Ouachita 

County

Camden Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,944

Irons Fork Water 

Treatment Facility

Mena Water Utilities AR Polk County Mena Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 275
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 57

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Atkins Water 

Treatment Plant

City Of Atkins Water 

Works

AR Pope County Pottsville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 255

Russellville Pollution 

Control Works

Russellville Water & 

Sewer System

City Corporation*

AR Pope County Russellville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 14,611

Fourche Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Little Rock Wastewater AR Pulaski County Little Rock Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 1,965

White Oak Bayou 

Treatment Plant

North Little Rock Waste 

Water Utility

AR Pulaski County North Little 

Rock

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 55,519

Benton Water 

Treatment Plant

Benton Utilities AR Saline County Benton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,024

Hot Springs Village 

POA Water Plant

Hot Springs Village 

POA

AR Saline County Hot Springs 

Village

Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,668

P Street Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Fort Smith AR Sebastian 

County

Fort Smith Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 39,679

Lion Oil Company AR Union County El Dorado Petroleum refinery Chlorine 1.30 3,724

Mount Holly Water 

Treatment Plant

AR Union County El Dorado Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,269

Champagnolle Water 

Treatment Plant

AR Union County El Dorado Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,622

El Dorado Chemical 

Company

LSB Chemical 

Corporation

AR Union County El Dorado Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 53,882

Great Lakes 

Chemical, 

South Plant

Chemtura AR Union County El Dorado Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 56,187

DuPont El Dorado 

Plant

E.I. duPont de Nemours 

& Co., Inc. 

AR Union County El Dorado Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 56,216

Great Lakes 

Chemical, Central 

Plant

Chemtura AR Union County El Dorado Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 56,232

Great Lakes 

Chemical, West Plant

Chemtura AR Union County Magnolia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 71,926

Springdale Water 

Utilities

AR Washington 

County

Springdale Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 36,729

Searcy Water 

Treatment Plant

Searcy Water Utilities AR White County Searcy Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 13,221

Searcy Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Searcy Water Utilities AR White County Searcy Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 14,574

A RIZONA

Springerville 

Generating Station

Tucson Electric Power 

Company

AZ Apache County Springerville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 1,017

Wildcat Hill 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Flagsta! AZ Coconino 

County

Flagsta! Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 15,460

Lake Mary Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Flagsta! AZ Coconino 

County

Flagsta! Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 23,643

Arizona Public 

Service Company 

Redhawk Power 

Plant

Pinnacle West Capital 

Corporation 

AZ Maricopa 

County

Arlington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 16

Mesquite Generating 

Station

Mesquite Power, LLC AZ Maricopa 

County

Arlington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 488

Fountain Hills 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

AZ Maricopa 

County

Fountain Hills Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,035

Town of Gilbert 

Water Treatment 

Plant

AZ Maricopa 

County

Gilbert Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 17,335
58 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Pyramid Peak Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Glendale AZ Maricopa 

County

Glendale Water treatment Chlorine 2.25 19,665

Cholla Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Glendale Utilities 

Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Glendale Water treatment Chlorine 1.33 30,912

DPC Enterprises, L.P. AZ Maricopa 

County

Glendale Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,956,553

Val Vista Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Mesa Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,480

MGC Pure Chemicals 

America, Inc.

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical 

Company, Inc.

AZ Maricopa 

County

Mesa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 9,077

Brown Road Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Mesa AZ Maricopa 

County

Mesa Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,195

Lake Pleasant Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix AZ Maricopa 

County

Peoria Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 326

City of Peoria, 

Greenway Water 

Treatment Plant

AZ Maricopa 

County

Peoria Water treatment Chlorine 2.90 105,067

APS West Phoenix 

Power Plant

Pinnacle West Capital 

Corporation

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 13

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

0.60 861

Union Hills Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,393

23rd Avenue 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 4,040

24th Street Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,138

64th Street Reservoir 

(1–ES1, 2C–B1, 

3B–B1)

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department 

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 9,100

Deer Valley Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 15,616

Air Products and 

Chemicals – 

Phoenix, AZ

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Arsine 1.60 17,188

Linde – Phoenix Linde, Inc. AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

2.40 68,411

Hill Brothers 

Chemical Co. – 

Phoenix Facility 

2006

Hill Brothers Chemical 

Co.

AZ Maricopa 

County

Phoenix Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,977,071

Verde Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Scottsdale Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 67

Tolleson Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Tolleson AZ Maricopa 

County

Tolleson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 7,921

91st Avenue WWTP City of Phoenix, Water 

Services Department

AZ Maricopa 

County

Tolleson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 18,206

Gri"th Energy LLC Gri"th Energy LLC

Gri"th Energy LLC*

AZ Mohave County Golden Valley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 174

Praxair Distribution, 

Inc – Kingman, AZ

Praxair, Inc. AZ Mohave County Kingman Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 95

Honeywell Kingman 

Facility

Honeywell International AZ Mohave County Kingman Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 5.10 20,395

Lake Havasu City 

Public Works 

Department

AZ Mohave County Lake Havasu 

City

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,926

South Point Energy 

Center

Calpine Corporation AZ Mohave County Mohave Valley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 5,663
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 59

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Hasa Inc AZ Pinal County Eloy Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 65,331

Yuma Main Street 

Treatment Plant

City of Yuma

Public Works Dept.*

AZ Yuma County Yuma Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 <10

Yuma Desalting Plant U.S. Bureau of 

Reclamation

AZ Yuma County Yuma Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 13,543

C A L IFORNIA

Bayer HealthCare 

LLC – Berkeley Site

Bayer HealthCare 

Pharmaceuticals

CA Alameda 

County

Berkeley Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

0.40 1,582

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. – 

Fremont

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

CA Alameda 

County

Fremont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.08 <10

Fremont EMC / 

Electronics

Air Liquide Electronics 

U.S. LP 

CA Alameda 

County

Fremont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

0.40 129

Russell City Energy 

Company, LLC

CA Alameda 

County

Hayward Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.01 <10

Rohm and Haas – 

Hayward Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Company

CA Alameda 

County

Hayward Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.73 628

Altamont Landfill 

and Resource 

Recovery Facility

Waste Management 

LNG, Inc.

High Mountain Fuels, 

LLC*

CA Alameda 

County

Unincorp 

Alameda Co

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methane 0.50 26

City Of Jackson CA Amador County Jackson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 576

PID Water Treatment 

Plant

CA Butte County Magalia Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,535

SC – OR Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Butte County Oroville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,941

Miners Ranch Water 

Treatment Plant

South Feather Water 

& Power Agency

CA Butte County Oroville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,597

Je! Davis Reservoir 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Calaveras Public Utiltity 

District 

CA Calaveras 

County

Glencoe Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 59

Gateway Generating 

Station

Pacific Gas and Electric CA Contra Costa 

County

Antioch Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 21,568

Antioch Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Antioch CA Contra Costa 

County

Antioch Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 29,937

Air Products, 

Martinez–Tesoro

Air Products and 

Chemincals, Inc.

CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Air Products 

Martinez–Shell

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 17

Shell Chemical LP 

– Martinez Catayst 

Plant

Shell Chemical LP CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylenediamine0.10 17

Shell Oil Products 

US, Martinez Refinery

Shell Oil Products US CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Petroleum refinery Isopentane 1.72 17,289

Solvay, Martinez 

Plant

Solvay USA Inc. CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 42,597

Tesoro Golden Eagle 

Refinery

Tesoro Refining and 

Marketing Company 

LLC

CA Contra Costa 

County

Martinez Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.10 173,818

Randall–Bold Water 

Treatment Plant

Contra Costa Water 

District

CA Contra Costa 

County

Oakley Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 51,315

Pittsburg Generating 

Station

GenOn Delta, LLC CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 10

Los Medanos Energy 

Center

Calpine Corporation CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.18 42

Pittsburg Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Pittsburg, 

California

CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 11,045
60 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Delta Energy Center Delta Energy Center, 

LLC

CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.40 14,525

Hasa Inc.– Pittsburg CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 563,240

The Dow Chemical 

Company, Pittsburg, 

CA site

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 649,849

K2 Pure Solutions – 

Pittsburg Plant

CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 20.00 958,664

General Chemical 

Bay Point Works

General Chemical West 

LLC

CA Contra Costa 

County

Pittsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 2,282,335

General Chemical 

– Richmond Works

General Chemical West 

LLC

GenTek, Inc.*

CA Contra Costa 

County

Richmond Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

3.10 102,616

Chevron Richmond 

Refinery

Chevron U.S.A. Inc. CA Contra Costa 

County

Richmond Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 147,155

Rodeo Hydrogen 

Plant

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP

CA Contra Costa 

County

Rodeo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.10 47

San Francisco 

Refinery at Rodeo, 

California

Phillips 66 Company CA Contra Costa 

County

Rodeo Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.20 4,323

Sly Park (Res A) 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA El Dorado 

County

Pollock Pines Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 459

Coalinga 

Cogeneration 

Company

Texaco Coalinga Energy 

Company

Silverado Energy 

Company*

CA Fresno County Coalinga Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,515

Wellhead Power 

Panoche, LLC

CA Fresno County Firebaugh Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 119

Kings River 

Conservation District 

Peaker Plant

Kings River 

Conservation District 

CA Fresno County Fresno Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 1,672

Inland Star 

Distribution Centers, 

Inc.

CA Fresno County Fresno Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 0.60 1,990

Rio Bravo Fresno CA Fresno County Fresno Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 26,587

California Dairies, 

Inc.

CA Fresno County Fresno Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 129,292

Lamanuzzi & 

Pantaleo – 

Dehydrator #1

Lamanuzzi & Pantaleo 

(Ltd) 

CA Fresno County Fresno Fruit fumigation Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

9.60 408,685

Snowden Enterprises 

– Fresno

Snowden Enterprises, 

Inc.

CA Fresno County Fresno Chemical 

distribution

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

15.00 781,879

Kingsburg 

Cogeneration Facility

KES Kingsburg L.P. CA Fresno County Kingsburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 38,193

Covanta Mendota, 

L.P.

Covanta Energy Group CA Fresno County Mendota Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.50 5,438

Fresno Cogeneration 

Partners

CA Fresno County San Joaquin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 1,628

Humboldt Bay 

Municipal Water 

District (HBMWD)

Essex Control Center CA Humboldt 

County

Arcata Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,285

City of Arcata 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Arcata CA Humboldt 

County

Arcata Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 4,615

Eureka Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Eureka CA Humboldt 

County

Eureka Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 8,094
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 61

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Fortuna 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Humboldt 

County

Fortuna Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,896

MCSD Wastewater 

Management Facility

McKinleyville 

Community Services 

District

CA Humboldt 

County

McKinleyville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 1,364

North Brawley 

Geothermal Project

ORNI 18, LLC

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

CA Imperial County Brawley Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.30 <10

Calexico Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Calexico CA Imperial County Calexico Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 10,957

City of El Centro 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of El Centro CA Imperial County El Centro Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,640

El Centro Generating 

Station

Imperial Irrigation 

District

CA Imperial County El Centro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 56,731

Second Imperial 

Geothermal 

Company (Heber 2)

Orcal Geothermal, Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

CA Imperial County Heber Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.30 37

Heber Geothermal 

Company (Heber 1) Ormat Nevada, Inc.

CA Imperial County Heber Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.30 37

Ormesa Geothermal 

Projects

Ormesa, LLC CA Imperial County Holtville Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.30 <10

Kern River Eastridge 

Cogeneration Facility

Chevron Corporation CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

Alon Bakersfield 

Refining – Area 3

Alon USA Energy, Inc CA Kern County Bakersfield Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.30 165

Kern Oil & Refining 

Co.

CA Kern County Bakersfield Petroleum refinery Butane 0.80 481

Mt. Poso 

Cogeneration Facility

Mt. Poso Cogeneration 

Company, LLC

CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 1,289

Rio Bravo Poso CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 1,343

Rio Bravo Jasmin CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 1,395

Alon Bakersfield 

Refining – Areas 1&2

Alon USA Energy, Inc. CA Kern County Bakersfield Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.09 3,249

Bear Mountain 

Limited

CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 7,222

DAI Oildale Inc. DAI Management 

Consultants, Inc.

CA Kern County Bakersfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 27,002

Mojave Cogeneration 

Company, L.P.

Lake Shore Mojave LLC CA Kern County Boron Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 2,420

City of California City 

WWTP

City of California City CA Kern County California City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.30 4,550

Naval Air Weapons 

Station China Lake, 

CA

Chief of Navy 

Installations Navy 

Region Southwest

Department of Navy*

CA Kern County China Lake Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.50 25,947

Covanta Delano, Inc Covanta Energy 

Corporation

CA Kern County Delano Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 40,916

Sunrise Power 

Company, LLC

Mission Del Sol, LLC

Chevron Power 

Holdings, Inc.*

CA Kern County Fellows Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.90 231

Mid–Set 

Cogeneration 

Company

Texaco Midway Sunset 

Cogeneration Company

Del–Mar Energy 

Company*

CA Kern County Fellows Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 276

Pastoria Energy 

Facility

Calpine CA Kern County Lebec Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 1,255
62 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Berry Cogen–18 

Facility

Berry Petroleum 

Company

CA Kern County Maricopa Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 14,418

La Paloma 

Generating Plant

La Paloma Generating 

Company, LLC

CA Kern County McKittrick Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

Belridge Gas 

Processing Plant and 

Cogen Facility

Aera Energy LLC CA Kern County McKittrick Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 418

Berry Cogen–38 

Facility

Berry Petroleum 

Company

CA Kern County Taft Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 9,859

Taft Manufacturing 

Company

Baker Hughes 

Corporation 

CA Kern County Taft Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrolein 25.00 583,588

Occidental of Elk 

Hills, Inc.

Occidental Oil and Gas

Chevron, USA*

CA Kern County Tupman Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 424

City of Avenal Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Kings County Avenal Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 209

City of Hanford 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Hanford CA Kings County Hanford Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,978

Lemoore Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Lemoore CA Kings County Lemoore Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 22,821

CLMSD Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Lake County Lakeport Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,127

HL Power Company CA Lassen County Wendel Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.91 1,827

City of Burbank 

Water & Power–

Valley Pumping Plant

City of Burbank CA Los Angeles 

County

Burbank Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 38,970

Air Products, Carson Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

CA Los Angeles 

County

Carson Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.12 <10

Los Angeles Refinery 

Carson Plant

Phillips 66 Company CA Los Angeles 

County

Carson Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.00 5,468

Praxair – Carson CA 

(Long Beach)

Praxair, Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

Carson Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 13,976

Solvay, Dominguez 

Plant

Solvay USA Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

Carson Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.60 29,573

TESORO Los Angeles 

Refinery – Carson 

Operations

TESORO Refining and 

Marketing Company 

LLC

CA Los Angeles 

County

Carson Petroleum 

refinery, electric 

power

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 276,161

Los Coyotes Water 

Reclamation Plant

County Sanitation 

Districts of Los Angeles 

County

CA Los Angeles 

County

Cerritos Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.70 225,994

Hill Brothers 

Chemical Co. – 

City of Industry

Hill Brothers Chemical 

Company 

CA Los Angeles 

County

City of Industry Chemical 

distribution

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 341,935

Miramar Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Los Angeles 

County

Claremont Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 78,344

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

Commerce Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.00 10,744

Eagle Rock Reservoir 

Outlet Chlorination 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Eagle Rock Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 12,217

Air Liquide Large 

Ind. US, L.P., El 

Segundo H2 Fac

Air Liquide Large 

Industries US, L.P. 

CA Los Angeles 

County

El Segundo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.20 <10

El Segundo 

Generating Station

NRG Energy, Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

El Segundo Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 25

Chevron El Segundo 

Refinery – 2006C 

6/20/08

Chevron Corporation CA Los Angeles 

County

El Segundo Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 25,919
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 63

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Encino Chlorination 

Station

Los Angles Department 

of Water and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Encino Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 8,584

Glorietta Park Pump 

Station

City of Glendale 

Water & Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Glendale Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,612

James M. Rez Pump 

Station

City of Glendale Water 

& Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Glendale Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 57,634

Joseph Jensen Water 

Treatment Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of Southern 

California

CA Los Angeles 

County

Granada Hills Water treatment Chlorine 4.60 226,495

Hollywood Pumping 

Station Chlorination 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Hollywood Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 9,439

Custom Alloy Light 

Metals, Inc.

CA Los Angeles 

County

Industry Secondary 

aluminum 

smelting

Chlorine 7.00 973,821

Sanford M. Anderson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Inglewood CA Los Angeles 

County

Inglewood Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 35,655

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., 

LaMirada, CA

Airgas Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

La Mirada Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 447,699

F. E. Weymouth 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of So. California 

CA Los Angeles 

County

La Verne Water treatment Chlorine 5.30 308,753

LA County 

WaterWorks District 

#40, Antelope Valley

Los Angeles County 

Department of Public 

Works

CA Los Angeles 

County

Lancaster Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,217

AES Alamitos, LLC AES Corporation CA Los Angeles 

County

Long Beach Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

Haynes Generating 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Long Beach Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 376

Long Beach 

Groundwater 

Treatment Plant

Long Beach Water 

Department 

CA Los Angeles 

County

Long Beach Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,787

Marchem 

Technologies

Marchem Technologies CA Los Angeles 

County

Long Beach Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 3.30 227,959

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc.

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.10 <10

Brenntag Pacific, Inc. 

Santa Fe Springs 

Facility

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

0.40 1,052

Polychemie Inc. – 

Los Angeles, CA

SNF Holding Company CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethylamine 0.40 3,379

Upper Stone Canyon 

Chlorination Station

Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 4,630

Buena Vista 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 24,976

Manhattan Wells 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 43,679

AMVAC Chemical 

Corporation

American Vanguard 

Corporation

CA Los Angeles 

County

Los Angeles Pesticide 

manufacturing

Chlorine 9.90 3,497,187

Berry Cogen–42 

Facility

CA Los Angeles 

County

Newhall Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 48,957

North Hollywood 

Wells Chlorination 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

North 

Hollywood

Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 41,032
64 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Santa Ynez 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Pacific Palisades Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 2,576

Paramount 

Petroleum 

– Paramount

Paramount CA Los Angeles 

County

Paramount Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.50 9,306

Pasadena Water & 

Power Broadway 

Power Plant

City of Pasadena CA Los Angeles 

County

Pasadena Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 186

Pasadena Water & 

Power City Yards 

Facility

City of Pasadena CA Los Angeles 

County

Pasadena Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 4,500

Hyperion Treatment 

Plant

City of Los Angeles CA Los Angeles 

County

Playa Del Rey Wastewater 

treatment

Methane 0.08 <10

Scattergood 

Generating Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Playa Del Rey Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 22

AES Redondo Beach, 

LLC

AES Corporation CA Los Angeles 

County

Redondo Beach Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 226

Rio Vista Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Los Angeles 

County

Santa Clarita Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,750

Phibro–Tech, Inc. Phibro Animal Health 

Corporation

CA Los Angeles 

County

Santa Fe 

Springs

Chemical 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 180,421

Pioneer Americas 

LLCd/b/a Olin Chlor 

Alkali Produc

Pioneer Companies, Inc. CA Los Angeles 

County

Santa Fe 

Springs

Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 9.90 2,570,740

KIK SoCal Inc. KIK International LLC CA Los Angeles 

County

Santa Fe 

Springs

Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 5,045,709

Hasa Inc.– Saugus CA Los Angeles 

County

Saugus Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 918,791

Rowena Chlorination 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Silver Lake Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 25,428

Silver Lake 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Silver Lake Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 381,501

Valley Generating 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Sun Valley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 120

Tujunga Wells 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Sun Valley Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 24,322

Green–Verdugo 

Chlorination Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Sunland Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 4,917

Los Angeles 

Aqueduct Filtration 

Plant

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Sylmar Water treatment Chlorine 5.00 321,639

Arkema Coating 

Resins Torrance 

Facility

Arkema CA Los Angeles 

County

Torrance Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.70 9,423

ExxonMobil Torrance 

Refinery

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

CA Los Angeles 

County

Torrance Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

3.20 272,144

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. – Torrance

CA Los Angeles 

County

Torrance Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 4,670,233

San Jose Creek 

Water Reclamation 

Plant

County Sanitation 

Districts of Los Angeles 

County

CA Los Angeles 

County

Whittier Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.70 101,465

Air Products, 

Wilmington

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 65

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Harbor Generating 

Station

City of Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

and Power

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 654

Air Liquide 

Wilmington, CA CO2 

Plant

Air Liquide Industrial 

US L.P. 

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 50,181

Los Angeles Refinery 

Wilmington Plant

Phillips 66 Company CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 163,961

Harbor Cogeneration 

Company, LLC 

–Wilmington Plant

Harbor Cogeneration 

Company, LLC

Southwest Generation 

Operating Company, 

LLC*

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 217,866

Tesoro Refining and 

Marketing Co. LLC LA 

Refinery

Tesoro Refining and 

Marketing Company 

LLC

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 242,641

Ultramar Inc. d/b/a 

Valero Wilmington 

Refinery

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

CA Los Angeles 

County

Wilmington Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

4.30 368,956

Ampersand 

Chowchilla Biomass 

LLC

Global Ampersand LLC CA Madera County Chowchilla Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 12,179

Sta!ord Water 

Treatment Plant 2011

North Marin Water 

District

CA Marin County Novato Water treatment Chlorine 3.30 22,948

City of Fort Bragg 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Vicinity of Soldier Point CA Mendocino 

County

Fort Bragg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 8,131

Willits Water Quality 

Control Plant

CA Mendocino 

County

Willits Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 839

Atwater Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Atwater CA Merced County Atwater Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 9,005

Merced Power LLC Global Ampersand LLC CA Merced County Merced Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 965

Planada Community 

Services District 

Wastewater

Planada Community 

Services District 

CA Merced County Planada Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 141

City of Alturas 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Alturas CA Modoc County Alturas Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.80 189

Mammoth Pacific L.P. Ormammoth LLC

ORNI 44 LLC*

CA Mono County Mammoth Lakes Electric power 

generation

Isobutane 0.30 <10

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Mammoth Community 

Water District

CA Mono County Mammoth Lakes Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 671

Lake Mary Water 

Treatment Plant

Mammoth Community 

Water District

CA Mono County Mammoth Lakes Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,903

Carmel Area 

Wastewater District 

treatment facility

CA Monterey 

County

Carmel Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,544

Calpine King City 

Cogeneration, LLC

Calpine Corporation CA Monterey 

County

King City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.45 274

Monterey Regional 

Treatment Plant

Monterey Regional 

Water Pollution Control 

Agency

CA Monterey 

County

Marina Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 19,673

Moss Landing Power 

Plant

Dynegy Moss Landing, 

LLC

CA Monterey 

County

Moss Landing Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.26 61

Growers Ice 

Company

CA Monterey 

County

Salinas Refrigerated 

warehouse

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.58 105,070

Sargent Canyon 

Cogeneration 

Company

Texaco San Ardo 

Cogeneration Company

Viejo Energy Company*

CA Monterey 

County

San Ardo Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 81
66 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Salinas River 

Cogeneration 

Company

Texaco Yoakum Energy 

Company

Anacapa Energy 

Company*

CA Monterey 

County

San Ardo Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 81

Lake of the Pines 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Nevada Irrigation 

District 

CA Nevada County Auburn Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,144

Nevada City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Nevada County Nevada City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,362

Tahoe–Truckee 

Sanitation Agency

CA Nevada County Truckee Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.40 9,082

Huntington Beach 

Utilities – 

Well Number 7

Huntington Beach 

Utilities 

CA Orange County Huntington 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 25,332

Huntington Beach 

Utilities Well Number 

13

CA Orange County Huntington 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 25,855

Huntington Beach 

Utilities – 

Well Number 9

Huntington Beach 

Utilities 

CA Orange County Huntington 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 39,028

Huntington Beach 

Utilities – 

Well Number 6

Huntington Beach 

Utilities 

CA Orange County Huntington 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 42,364

Huntington Beach 

Utilities – 

Well Number 10

Huntington Beach 

Utilities 

CA Orange County Huntington 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 43,154

Rattlesnake 

Reservoir 

Disinfection Facility

Irvine Ranch Water 

District 

CA Orange County Irvine Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,151

Joint Regional Plant South Orange County 

Wastewater Authority

CA Orange County Laguna Niguel Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 37,656

City of San Clemente 

– Water Reclamation 

Facility

City of San Clemente 

Utilities Division 

CA Orange County San Clemente Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 16,966

Primary Disinfection 

Facility

Irivine Ranch Water 

District

CA Orange County Santa Ana Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 13,018

Initial Disinfection 

Facility

Irvine Ranch Water 

District

CA Orange County Santa Ana Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 15,859

Robert B. Diemer 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of Southern 

California

CA Orange County Yorba Linda Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 35,771

Bowman Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Placer County Auburn Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,058

SMD–1 Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Placer County Auburn Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,536

San Juan Water 

District

CA Placer County Granite Bay Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,615

Rio Bravo Rocklin CA Placer County Lincoln Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 106,668

Blythe Energy, LLC LS Power CA Riverside 

County

Blythe Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.70 188

Water Reclamation 

Plant No. 7

Coachella Valley Water 

District

CA Riverside 

County

Indio Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 31,889

Colmac Energy, Inc. American Consumer 

Industries

CA Riverside 

County

Mecca Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 6,246

Inland Empire Energy 

Center, LLC

Inland Empire Holding 

Limited I, Inc.

Inland Empire Holding 

Limited II, Inc.*

CA Riverside 

County

Menifee Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.35 249
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 67

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Moreno Valley 

Regional Water 

Reclamation Facility

Eastern Municipal 

Water District 

CA Riverside 

County

Moreno Valley Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 214,804

RCWD Santa Rosa 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

Rancho California 

Water District (RCWD) 

CA Riverside 

County

Murrieta Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,526

Water Reclamation 

Plant No. 10

Coachella Valley Water 

District

CA Riverside 

County

Palm Desert Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 48,078

Water Reclamation 

Plant No. 9

Coachella Valley Water 

District

CA Riverside 

County

Palm Desert Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 48,192

Water Reclamation 

Plant

Desert Water Agency CA Riverside 

County

Palm Springs Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,042

Perris Valley 

Regional Water 

Reclamation Facility

Eastern Municipal 

Water District 

CA Riverside 

County

Perris Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 11.00 384,385

Chemical Unloading 

Facility

Metropolitan Water 

District of So. California

CA Riverside 

County

Perris Water treatment Chlorine 25.00 2,686,424

Henry J. Mills Water 

Treatment Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of Southern 

California

CA Riverside 

County

Riverside Water treatment Chlorine 2.00 29,319

Airgas Specialty 

Products – Riverside, 

CA

Airgas, Inc. CA Riverside 

County

Riverside Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 462,815

San Jacinto Valley 

RWRF

Eastern Municipal 

Water District

CA Riverside 

County

San Jacinto Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 6.70 151,255

Temecula Valley 

RWRF

Eastern Municipal 

Water District

CA Riverside 

County

Temecula Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.40 100,519

Water Reclamation 

Plant No. 4

Coachella Valley Water 

District

CA Riverside 

County

Thermal Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 3,927

Robert A. Skinner 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of Southern 

California

CA Riverside 

County

Winchester Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 16,762

Sacramento Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Sacramento 

County

Elk Grove Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,094,298

Cosumnes Power 

Plant

Sacramento Municipal 

Utility District

CA Sacramento 

County

Herald Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 <10

Coloma Treatment 

Plant

Golden State Water 

Company

CA Sacramento 

County

Rancho Cordova Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,948

RMCSD Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Sacramento 

County

Rancho Murieta Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 141

RMCSD Wastewater 

Reclamation Facility

CA Sacramento 

County

Rancho Murieta Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 843

SCA Cogeneration 

Plant II

Sacramento 

Cogeneration Authority

CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 181

Air Products, 

Sacramento

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.38 281

Sacramento River 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Sacramento, 

Department of Utilities 

CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,616

E.A. Fairbairn Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Sacramento, 

Department of Utilities

CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,700

HP Hood Sacramento HP Hood LLC CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.00 106,724

Carson Energy 

Cogeneration Plant

CA Sacramento 

County

Sacramento Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 172,762

City of Colton Water 

Reclamation Facility

City of Colton Utility 

Department

CA San Bernardino 

County

Colton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 86,120
68 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

GATX – Colton, CA 

Tank Car Facility

GATX Corporation

General American 

Transportation 

Corporation*

CA San Bernardino 

County

Colton Railroad tank car 

service

Bromine 25.00 2,910,909

Huston Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA San Bernardino 

County

Crestline Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,656

Lloyd W. Michael 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA San Bernardino 

County

Etiwanda Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,598

TST Inc. CA San Bernardino 

County

Fontana Secondary 

aluminum 

smelting

Chlorine 7.00 519,734

Grass Valley 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Lake Arrowhead 

Community Services 

District

CA San Bernardino 

County

Lake Arrowhead Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,749

Praxair – Ontario, CA Praxair, Inc. CA San Bernardino 

County

Ontario Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.60 499

KIK Pool Additives, 

Inc.

KIK International LLC CA San Bernardino 

County

Ontario Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,834,292

Henry Tate Water 

Treatment Plant

CA San Bernardino 

County

Redlands Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,293

Horace Hinckley 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA San Bernardino 

County

Redlands Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,556

Gage Chlorination 

Station

City of Riverside, 

Public Utilities

CA San Bernardino 

County

San Bernardino Water treatment Chlorine 1.70 17,254

Sixth Street 

Chlorination Station

City of Riverside, 

Public Utilities

CA San Bernardino 

County

San Bernardino Water treatment Chlorine 1.70 48,133

Searles Valley 

Minerals – 

Westend Facility

Nirma Limited CA San Bernardino 

County

Trona Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.40 29

ACE Cogeneration 

Facility

ACE Cogeneration 

Company

CA San Bernardino 

County

Trona Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 84

Searles Valley 

Minerals – 

Trona Facility

Nirma Limited CA San Bernardino 

County

Trona Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

6.80 189

Agua de Lejos 

Treatment Plant

Water Facilities 

Authority Joint Power 

Agency

CA San Bernardino 

County

Upland Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,748

Seeley Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA San Bernardino 

County

Valley of 

Enchantme

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 887

Church & Dwight Co. 

Inc.

Church & Dwight Co. 

Inc.

CA San Bernardino 

County

Victorville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

High Desert Power 

Project

High Desert Power 

Project, LLC

CA San Bernardino 

County

Victorville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.64 942

Henry N. Wochholz 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Yucaipa Valley Water 

District 

CA San Bernardino 

County

Yucaipa Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 36,987

VWD Meadowlark 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

CA San Diego 

County

Carlsbad Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 14,040

Carlsbad Municipal 

Water District 

Maerkle Facility

Carlsbad Municipal 

Water District 

CA San Diego 

County

Carlsbad Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 76,802

R.A.R. Desalination 

Facility

Sweetwater Authority CA San Diego 

County

Chula Vista Water treatment Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 152

Otay Water 

Treatment Plant

City of San Diego

Water Department*

CA San Diego 

County

Chula Vista Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 37,661

Goal Line, LP CA San Diego 

County

Escondido Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 27
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 69

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Escondido/

Vista Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Escondido

Vista Irrigation District*

CA San Diego 

County

Escondido Water treatment Chlorine 4.60 132,925

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Fallbrook Public Utility 

District

CA San Diego 

County

Fallbrook Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,975

Alvarado Water 

Treatment Plant

City of San Diego Water 

Department

CA San Diego 

County

La Mesa Water treatment Chlorine 2.40 51,033

R.M. Levy Water 

Treatment Plant

Helix Water District CA San Diego 

County

Lakeside Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,397

R.E. Badger Filtration 

Plant

Santa Fe Irrigation 

District

San Dieguito Water 

District*

CA San Diego 

County

Rancho Santa 

Fe

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,263

Otay Mesa Energy 

Center LLC

Calpine Corporation CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

City of Poway Lester 

J. Berglund – Water 

Treatment

CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,315

North Island Energy 

Facility

Applied Energy LLC

Atlantic Power 

Corporation*

CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 25,334

NTC/MCRD Energy 

Facility

Applied Energy LLC

Atlantic Power 

Corporation*

CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.60 29,250

Naval Station Energy 

Facility

Applied Energy LLC

Atlantic Power 

Corporation*

CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 57,279

Miramar Water 

Treatment Plant

City of San Diego

Water Department*

CA San Diego 

County

San Diego Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 94,489

Vallecitos Water 

District Twin Oaks 

Reservoir

Vallecitos Water District CA San Diego 

County

San Marcos Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 8,972

Water Recycling 

Facility

Padre Dam Municipal 

Water District

CA San Diego 

County

Santee Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 6,692

Robert A. Perdue 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Sweetwater Authority CA San Diego 

County

Spring Valley Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 31,675

Ralph W. Chapman 

Water Recycling 

Facility

Otay Water District CA San Diego 

County

Spring Valley Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 59,592

Robert A. Weese 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Oceanside CA San Diego 

County

Vista Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 94,620

University of 

California San 

Francisco

CA San Francisco 

County

San Francisco Electric power 

generation

Ammonia (conc. 

*20%)

0.01 <10

Combustion Turbine 

Project No. 2

Northern California 

Power Agency

CA San Joaquin 

County

Lodi Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 11,317

Mountain House 

Community Services 

District

CA San Joaquin 

County

Mountain House Water treatment Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 238

Ripon Cogeneration 

Facility

Ripon Cogeneration, 

LLC

CA San Joaquin 

County

Ripon Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.80 7,588

Dr. Joe Waidhofer 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Stockton East Water 

District 

CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Water treatment Chlorine 0.10 <10

POSDEF Power 

Company L.P.

NextEra Energy 

Resources

CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 128,162

Pacific Ethanol 

Stockton, LLC

Pacific Ethanol, Inc. CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Ethyl alcohol 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

4.20 142,924
70 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

California Ammonia 

Company dba 

CALAMCO

CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Chemical 

distribution

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 228,970

Sierra Chemical Co., 

Stockton Facility

CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 500,558

City of Stockton 

Tertiary Treatment 

Plant

City of Stockton, 

Municipal Utilities 

Department

CA San Joaquin 

County

Stockton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 14.00 530,031

City of Tracy John 

Jones Water 

Treatment Plant

CA San Joaquin 

County

Tracy Water treatment Chlorine 4.40 51,692

City of Tracy Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA San Joaquin 

County

Tracy Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 86,765

Pioneer Americas 

LLC dba Olin Chlor 

Alkali Product

Olin Corporation CA San Joaquin 

County

Tracy Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 1,087,764

Santa Maria Facility Phillips 66 CA San Luis Obispo 

County

Arroyo Grande Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.08 <10

Polonio Pass Water 

Treatment Plant

Central Coast Water 

Authority

CA San Luis Obispo 

County

Shandon Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 40

City of Santa Maria 

Blending Station

City of Santa Maria 

Utilities Department

City of Santa Maria*

CA Santa Barbara 

County

Santa Maria Water treatment Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.00 34,044

Metcalf Energy 

Center, LLC

Calpine Corporation CA Santa Clara 

County

San Jose Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.01 <10

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. CA Santa Clara 

County

San Jose Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.00 3,796

OLS Energy Agnews Calpine Corporation CA Santa Clara 

County

San Jose Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 80,549

Air Products, Santa 

Clara

Air Products and 

Chemical, Inc.

CA Santa Clara 

County

Santa Clara Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

selenide

3.80 207,423

Sunnyvale Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

City of Sunnyvale CA Santa Clara 

County

Sunnyvale Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.60 112

Anderson 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Shasta County Anderson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,410

Redding Stillwater 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Shasta County Anderson Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

0.90 1,788

Redding Clear Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Shasta County Anderson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 7,509

Wheelabrator Shasta 

Energy Company Inc.

Waste Management Inc CA Shasta County Anderson Electric power 

generation, ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 12,217

Burney Forest Power Burney Biomass Power 

LLC.

Forest Products L.P.*

CA Shasta County Burney Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 551

Clear Creek CSD 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA Shasta County Redding Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 17

Wintu Pumping Plant CA Shasta County Redding Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,643

Redding Foothill 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA Shasta County Redding Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,375

Redding Buckeye 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CA Shasta County Shasta Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 17
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 71

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Shasta Lake Water 

Treatment Facility

CA Shasta County Shasta Lake Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,495

Shasta Lake 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Shasta Lake CA Shasta County Shasta Lake Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 17,344

Mt. Shasta 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Siskiyou County Mt. Shasta Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 102

Benicia Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Benicia CA Solano County Benicia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,171

Praxair – Benicia, CA Praxair, Inc. CA Solano County Benicia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 6,295

Valero Refining 

Company – CA

Valero Energy 

Corporation

CA Solano County Benicia Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 13,718

Fairfield Suisun 

Sewer District WWTP

CA Solano County Fairfield Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 7,106

Cement Hill Water 

Treatment Plant

Suisun–Solano Water 

Authority

CA Solano County Fairfield Water treatment Chlorine 6.70 197,884

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Vacaville Public 

Works Department

CA Solano County Vacaville Water treatment Chlorine 3.10 86,053

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Bodega Bay Public 

Utility District

CA Sonoma County Bodega Bay Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 539

City of Cloverdale 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

CA Sonoma County Cloverdale Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.60 404

SCWA: River Road 

Chlorine Building

Sonoma County Water 

Agency

CA Sonoma County Forestville Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 6,335

SCWA: Mirabel 

Chlorine Building

Sonoma County Water 

Agency

CA Sonoma County Healdsburg Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 5,720

SCWA: Wohler 

Chlorine Building

Sonoma County Water 

Agency

CA Sonoma County Healdsburg Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 6,566

SCWA: Airport SZTP Sonoma County Water 

Agency

CA Sonoma County Santa Rosa Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 29,511

SCWA: Sonoma 

Valley CSDTP

Sonoma County Water 

Agency

CA Sonoma County Sonoma Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,548

Almond Power Plant Turlock Irrigation 

District

CA Stanislaus 

County

Ceres Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.90 49,243

Woodland 

Generation Station

CA Stanislaus 

County

Modesto Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.53 2,935

Secondary 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Modesto CA Stanislaus 

County

Modesto Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

11.00 175,797

Crop Production 

Services – Modesto

Crop Production 

Services

CA Stanislaus 

County

Modesto Chemical 

distribution

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 280,161

Snowden Enterprises 

– Modesto

Snowden Enterprises, 

Inc.

CA Stanislaus 

County

Modesto Chemical 

distribution

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

15.00 512,662

Walnut Energy 

Center

Walnut Energy Center 

Authority

CA Stanislaus 

County

Turlock Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 25,344

City of Turlock CA Stanislaus 

County

Turlock Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.20 55,806

Yuba City Energy 

Center

Gilroy Energy Center, 

LLC

CA Sutter County Yuba City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.01 <10

Feather River Energy 

Center

Gillroy Energy center, 

LLC

Calpine Corporation*

CA Sutter County Yuba city Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.01 <10

Yuba City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City Of Yuba City CA Sutter County Yuba City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 6,637

Sutter Energy Center Calpine Corporation CA Sutter County Yuba City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 7,196
72 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Yuba City Water 

Treatment Plant

CA Sutter County Yuba City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,861

Greenleaf 2 Calpine Corporation CA Sutter County Yuba City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 59,627

Corning Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Corning CA Tehama County Corning Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.00 2,465

City of Red Blu!

Wastewater 

Reclamation Plant

City of Red Blu! CA Tehama County Red Blu! Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,855

Trauger Pumping 

Plant

CA Tulare County Lindsay Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 8,155

Pixley Cogen 

Partners

Calgren Renewable 

Fuels

CA Tulare County Pixley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.10 4,113

Community 

Renewable Energy 

Services Inc.

CA Tulare County Reedley Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 2,344

Bradford Pumping 

Plant

Terra Bella Irrigation 

District

CA Tulare County Terra Bella Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 830

Visalia Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Visalia CA Tulare County Visalia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.10 17

Elbow Farm Supply, 

Inc.

CA Tulare County Visalia Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 130,611

Pacific–Ultrapower 

Chinese Station

CA Tuolumne 

County

Jamestown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.04 5,776

Calleguas MWD 

Grimes Canyon 

Disinfection Facility

Calleguas Municipal 

Water District 

CA Ventura County Moorpark Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 10,503

Ormond Beach 

Generating Station

NRG California South 

LP

CA Ventura County Oxnard Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 84

Mandalay Generating 

Station

NRG California South 

LP

CA Ventura County Oxnard Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 258

El Rio Booster Plant United Water 

Conservation District

CA Ventura County Oxnard Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,965

E. F. Oxnard, LLC Atlantic Power 

Corporation

CA Ventura County Oxnard Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.70 152,634

Baker Petrlote 

Corporation – 

Santa Paula

CA Ventura County Santa Paula Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrolein 24.00 875,121

Calleguas MWD Lake 

Bard Water Filtration 

Plant

Calleguas Municipal 

Water District 

CA Ventura County Thousand Oaks Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 28,858

Marion Walker 

Filtration Plant

Casitas Municipal Water 

District

CA Ventura County Ventura Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 2,509

Ventura Water 

Reclamation Facility

City of San 

Buenaventura

CA Ventura County Ventura Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,036

Avenue Water 

Treatment Plant

City of San 

Buenaventura

CA Ventura County Ventura Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,036

Bailey Water 

Conditioning Facility

City of San 

Buenaventura

CA Ventura County Ventura Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 18,033

Davis Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

CA Yolo County Davis Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.10 4,368

Bryte Bend Water 

Treatment Plant

City of West 

Sacramento

CA Yolo County West 

Sacramento

Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,943

Woodland Biomass 

Facility

DTE Energy Services CA Yolo County Woodland Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 46,164

Linda County Water 

District

CA Yuba County Marysville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 22,432
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 73

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

C O L ORADO

BASF Contruction 

Chemicals

BASF Corporation CO Adams County Brighton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.31 163

Recycling Plant Denver Water CO Adams County Commerce City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,997

SEUSA Commerce 

City Refinery

Suncor Energy (USA), 

Inc.

Suncor Energy, Inc.*

CO Adams County Commerce City Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

2.40 31,721

Klein Water 

Treatment Facility

South Adams County 

Water and Sanitation 

District

CO Adams County Commerce City Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 32,876

Thornton Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Thornton CO Adams County Thornton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 29,980

Binney Water 

Purification Facility

CO Arapahoe 

County

Aurora Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 724

Griswold Water 

Treatment Plant

Aurora Water CO Arapahoe 

County

Aurora Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 11,664

Wemlinger WTP Aurora Water CO Arapahoe 

County

Aurora Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 15,017

Spurgeon Water 

Treatment Plant

Left Hand Water 

District

CO Boulder County Longmont Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 382

Dodd Water 

Treatment Plant

Left Hand Water 

District

CO Boulder County Longmont Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 837

Louisville Water 

Treatment 

Plant – South Plant

City of Louisville, 

Colorado 

CO Boulder County Louisville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,754

Louisville Water 

Treatment Plant 

– North Plant

City of Louisville, 

Colorado 

CO Boulder County Louisville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,324

Marston Water 

Treatment Plant

Denver Water CO Denver County Denver Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,433

Joseph B. Blake 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Centennial Water and 

Sanitation District 

CO Douglas County Highlands 

Ranch

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,266

Foothills Water 

Treatment Plant

Denver Water CO Douglas County Littleton Water treatment Chlorine 4.40 10,611

Mesa Water 

Treatment Plant

Colorado Springs 

Utilities

CO El Paso County Colorado 

Springs

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,545

Nixon Power Plant Colorado Springs 

Utilities

CO El Paso County Fountain Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 3.00 2,601

Fountain Valley 

Authority Water 

Treatment Plant

Fountain Valley 

Authority 

CO El Paso County Fountain Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,089

McCullough Complex Colorado Springs 

Utilities

CO El Paso County USAir Force 

Academy

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,044

Canon City Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Canon City CO Fremont County Canon City Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,905

Red Mountain Water 

Plant

City of Glenwood 

Springs

CO Garfield County Glenwood 

Springs

Water treatment Chlorine 2.79 6,949

Praxair – Walden, CO Praxair, Inc. CO Jackson County Walden Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 <10

Mo!at Water 

Treatment Plant

Denver Water CO Je!erson 

County

Lakewood Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,610

Bellvue Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Greeley CO Larimer County Bellvue Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 626

Carter Lake Filter 

Plant

Little Thompson Water 

District

Central Weld County 

Water District*

CO Larimer County Berthoud Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,695
74 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Solider Canyon Filter 

Plant

FCLWD, ELCO, and 

NWCWD

CO Larimer County Fort Collins Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,027

Fort Collins Water 

Treatment Facility

CO Larimer County Fort Collins Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 25,548

Drake Water 

Reclamation Facility

CO Larimer County Fort Collins Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 49,227

City of Loveland 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Loveland, 

Colorado 

CO Larimer County Loveland Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,024

Boyd Lake Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Greeley, 

Colorado

CO Larimer County Loveland Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 17,392

Peetz Recovered 

Energy Facility

OREG 4, Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

CO Logan County Peetz Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Charles A. Strain 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Clifton Water District CO Mesa County Clifton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,355

Cray Vally Grand 

Junction

Total Holdings, USA CO Mesa County Grand Junction Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 0.42 265

City of Grand 

Junction Water 

Treatment Plant

CO Mesa County Grand Junction Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,534

Persigo Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Grand Junction

Mesa County*

CO Mesa County Grand Junction Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,891

Ute Water Treatment 

Plant

Ute Water Conservancy 

District

CO Mesa County Palisade Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 <10

Project 7 Water 

Authority

CO Montrose 

County

Montrose Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 6,462

Nucla Station Tri–State Generation 

and Transmission 

Association

CO Montrose 

County

Nucla Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 1.30 13

City of Fort Morgan 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CO Morgan County Wiggins Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 136

KMG Electronic 

Chemicals, Inc

KMG Chemicals, Inc CO Pueblo County Pueblo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 907

Pueblo Wastewater 

Reclamation Facility

Wastewater Dept.

City of Pueblo, 

Colorado*

CO Pueblo County Pueblo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,766

BWWP Whitlock 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Board of Water Works 

at Pueblo, Colorado 

CO Pueblo County Pueblo Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,833

Pueblo West Water 

Treatment Plant

Pueblo West 

Metropolitan District

CO Pueblo County Pueblo West Water treatment Chlorine 3.07 17,356

Lone Tree Industrial 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

JBS USA, LLC CO Weld County Greeley Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 754

DPC Industries, Inc. DX Holding Company CO Weld County Hudson Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 75,187

Rocky Mountain 

Energy Center

Public Service Company 

of Colorado

CO Weld County Keenesburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 3,173

Boulder Scientific 

Company

CO Weld County Mead Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethyl ether 0.28 25

C ONNECTICUT

R.T. Vanderbilt 

Company, Inc., 

Vanderbilt Chemical

CT Fairfield County Bethel Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 0.15 85

Bridgeport Energy, 

LLC

Emera Energy 

Generation II LLC

CT Fairfield County Bridgeport Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 115
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 75

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Dominion Bridgeport 

Fuel Cell Park

Bridgeport Fuel Cell, 

LLC

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.*

CT Fairfield County Bridgeport Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.10 201

H. Krevit & Co., Inc. CT New Haven 

County

New Haven Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 651,919

CYTEC Industries 

Inc., Wallingford CT 

Plant

CYTEC Industries Inc. CT New Haven 

County

Wallingford Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.67 2,404

Evonik CYRO LLC aka 

CYRO Industry’s 

prior to 7/1/08

EvonikDegussaCorp aka 

DegussaPolymr’s until 

7/1/08

CT New Haven 

County

Wallingford Chemicals – 

ACC, SOCMA

Acrylonitrile 2.10 23,088

Allyn’s Point Latex Styron LLC CT New London 

County

Gales Ferry Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 3.10 18,718

City of Groton, Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Groton CT New London 

County

Groton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,594

Dr. Charles W. 

Solomon Water 

Purification Plant

Norwich Public Utilites 

(NPU) 

CT New London 

County

Lebanon Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,918

D E L A WARE

Honeywell 

– Delaware Plant

Honeywell International 

Inc. 

DE New Castle 

County

Claymont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

19.00 2,168,367

Delaware City 

Refinery

Delaware City Refining 

Company, LLC

DE New Castle 

County

Delaware City Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.00 729

Air Liquide Delaware 

City, DE CO2 Plant

Air Liquide Industrial 

US L.P.

DE New Castle 

County

Delaware City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 1,149

Kuehne Chemical 

Co., Inc. – 

Delaware City

Kuehne Chemical Co., 

Inc. 

DE New Castle 

County

Delaware City Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 13.00 546,199

Dupont – Edge Moor, 

DE Facility

E.I. duPont DeNemours 

& Company

DE New Castle 

County

Edge Moor Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 13.20 680,885

Croda, Inc. – 

Atlas Point

DE New Castle 

County

New Castle Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 2.40 25,588

Aearo Technologies 

LLC

Aearo Technologies LLC DE New Castle 

County

Newark Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.40 1,082

Calpine – Hay Road 

Energy Center

Calpine Mid–Atlantic 

Generation, LLC

Calpine Corp.*

DE New Castle 

County

Wilmington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 61,960

Indian River 

Generating Station

NRG Energy, Inc. DE Sussex County Dagsboro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.90 2,282

Town of Selbyville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Town of Selbyville DE Sussex County Selbyville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,003

F L ORID A

Murphree Water 

Treatment Plant

Gainesville Regional 

Utilities

FL Alachua County Gainesville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 487

SiVance LLC FL Alachua County Gainesville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.90 2,001

Rock–Tenn CP, LLC Rock–Tenn CP, LLC FL Bay County Panama City Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 16.00 150,153

Lansing Smith 

Electric Generating 

Plant

Gulf Power Company FL Bay County Southport Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 3.00 3,995

Deerfield Beach 

West Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Deerfield Beach FL Broward County Deerfield Beach Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 11,089

George T. Lohmeyer 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Lauderdale

Public Service 

Department*

FL Broward County Fort Lauderdale Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 5,973
76 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Fiveash Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Lauderdale

Public Services 

Department&

FL Broward County Fort Lauderdale Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 1,583,263

Southern Regional 

WWTP

City of Hollywood, FL 

Public Utilities

FL Broward County Hollywood Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 11,299

Lauderhill Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lauderhill FL Broward County Lauderhill Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 29,197

Pembroke Pines 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Pembroke Pines FL Broward County Pembroke Pines Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 33,609

North Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Broward County Water 

& Wastewater Services 

FL Broward County Pompano Beach Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 15,474

City of Punta Gorda 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Punt Gorda FL Charlotte 

County

Punta Gorda Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,197

Telman Road Facility Englewood Water 

District

FL Charlotte 

County

Rotonda West Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.60 5,360

North County 

Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

Collier County Water–

Sewer District 

FL Collier County Naples Water treatment Chlorine 0.09 <10

City of Naples 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Naples FL Collier County Naples Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 36

South County 

Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

Collier County Water–

Sewer District 

FL Collier County Naples Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,714

City of Naples Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Naples FL Collier County Naples Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,800

Atlantic Beach WTP 

# 1

City of Atlantic Beach FL Duval County Atlantic Beach Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,724

Atlantic Beach 

WWTP # 1

City Of Atlantic Beach FL Duval County Atlantic Beach Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 12,571

Atlantic Beach WTP 

# 2

City of Atlantic Beach FL Duval County Atlantic Beach Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,678

Atlantic Beach WTP 

# 3

City of Atlantic Beach FL Duval County Atlantic Beach Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,199

Cedar Bay 

Generating Plant

Cogentrix FL Duval County Jacksonville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 10

Univar USA Inc Univar USA Inc FL Duval County Jacksonville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.10 16

Praxair Distribution 

– Jacksonville, FL

Praxair, Inc. FL Duval County Jacksonville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.10 68

Brandy Branch 

Generating Station

JEA FL Duval County Jacksonville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 74

Blanchard Terminal 

Company – 

Jacksonville Terminal

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

FL Duval County Jacksonville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.60 446

St. Johns River 

Power Park

JEA

Florida Power and Light 

Company*

FL Duval County Jacksonville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.10 79,096

IFF Chemical 

Holdings Inc

International Flavors 

and Fragrances Inc. 

FL Duval County Jacksonville Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 637,964

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. Jacksonville

FL Duval County Jacksonville Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 830,121

City of Jacksonville 

Beach Pollution 

Control Plant

CIty of Jacksonville 

Beach 

FL Duval County Jacksonville 

Beach

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 7,389
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 77

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Jacksonville 

Beach Water Plant 

No. 1

City of Jacksonville 

Beach 

FL Duval County Jacksonville 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,349

City of Jacksonville 

Beach Water Plant 

No. 2

City of Jacksonville 

Beach 

FL Duval County Jacksonville 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,465

Pensacola Mill International Paper 

Company 

FL Escambia 

County

Cantonment Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 11.40 171,185

CEREX Advanced 

Fabrics, Inc.

FL Escambia 

County

Cantonment Synthetic fabric 

manufacturing

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

16.00 339,252

Ascend Performance 

Materials – 

Pensacola Plant

Ascend Performance 

Materials Operations 

LLC

FL Escambia 

County

Gonzalez Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 1.10 1,448

Crist Electric 

Generating Facility

Gulf Power Company FL Escambia 

County

Pensacola Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.30 3,805

City of Moore Haven 

WTP

FL Glades County Moore Haven Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 227

Industrial 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

The City of Port St. Joe FL Gulf County Port St. Joe Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 660

Midulla Generating 

Station

Seminole Electric 

Cooperative, Inc.

FL Hardee County Bowling Green Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

Cosme Water 

Treatment Plant

City of St. Petersburg FL Hillsborough 

County

Odessa Water treatment Chlorine 1.09 2,131

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 7,083

Bayside Power 

Station

Tampa Electric 

Company

TECO Energy 

Company*

FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 27,821

Port Sutton 

Ammonia Terminal

Yara North America, 

Inc.

FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Chemical storage 

terminal

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

7.80 356,464

David L. Tippin 

Water Treatment 

Facility

City of Tampa

Water Department*

FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Water treatment Chlorine 9.90 709,159

DPC Enterprises, L.P. FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 906,640

Chemical 

Formulators Inc.

FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,116,211

City of Tampa – 

Howard F. Curren 

AWTP

FL Hillsborough 

County

Tampa Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,197,103

City of Vero Beach 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Vero Beach 

Water & Sewer Dept. 

FL Indian River 

County

Vero Beach Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 34,605

City of Vero Beach 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Vero Beach 

Water & Sewer Dept. 

FL Indian River 

County

Vero Beach Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 38,045

Turnpike Wastewater 

Reclamation Facility

FL Lake County Leesburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.30 3,593

Leesburg Water 

Treatment Plant

FL Lake County Leesburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,140

The Island Water 

Association Inc.

FL Lee County Sanibel Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 783

Arvah B. Hopkins 

Electric Generating 

Station

City of Tallahassee FL Leon County Tallahassee Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 967

Thomas P. Smith 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

City of Tallahassee FL Leon County Tallahassee Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,752
78 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

FPL Manatee Plant Florida Power & Light 

Company

FPL Group*

FL Manatee County Parrish Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 6,223

Indiantown 

Cogeneration 

Company, L.P.

FL Martin County Indiantown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 <10

FPL Martin Power 

Plant

Florida Power & Light 

Company

FL Martin County Indiantown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 3,728

FKAA/ J. Robert 

Dean Water 

Treatment Plant

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Florida City Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 20,677

John E. Preston 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Miami–Dade Water and 

Sewer Department

Miami–Dade County*

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Hialeah Water treatment Chlorine 9.90 1,604,415

Wittkop Park Water 

Treatment Plant

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Homestead Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 23,820

Harris Field Water 

Treatment Plant

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Homestead Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 24,853

Central District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Miami–Dade Water and 

Sewer Deparment

Miami–Dade County*

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Miami Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 40,688

Alexander Orr Water 

Treatment Plant

Miami–Dade Water and 

Sewer Department

Miami–Dade County*

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Miami Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 1,819,814

Sentry Industries, 

Inc.

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Miami Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 2,347,882

Allied Universal 

Corporation

FL Miami–Dade 

County

Miami Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 2,421,806

North District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Miami–Dade Water and 

Sewer Department

Miami–Dade County*

FL Miami–Dade 

County

North Miami Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 24,764

City of Fernandina 

Beach Water Plant 

#3

FL Nassau County Fernandina 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,505

City of Fernandina 

Beach Water Plant 

#2

FL Nassau County Fernandina 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,102

City of Fernandina 

Beach Water Plant #1

FL Nassau County Fernandina 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,454

Rayonier 

Performance Fibers 

LLC, Fernandina Mill

Rayonier, Inc. FL Nassau County Fernandina 

Beach

Pulp and paper Chlorine 14.00 86,890

George F. French 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

FL Okaloosa 

County

Destin Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 1.30 4,112

North Beal Extension 

Site

Okaloosa County Water 

and Sewer

FL Okaloosa 

County

Fort Walton 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 2.10 17,622

Russell Stephenson 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Okaloosa County Water 

and Sewer

Okaloosa County*

FL Okaloosa 

County

Mary Esther Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.70 10,608

NV Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment facility

NV Regional Sewer 

Board, Inc. 

FL Okaloosa 

County

Niceville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,566

Praxair Distribution 

– Okeechobee, FL

Praxair, Inc. FL Okeechobee 

County

Okeechobee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.20 32

Western Regional 

Water Production 

Facility

Orange County Utilities FL Orange County Apopka Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,915

Tanner Industries, 

Inc.

Tanner Industries, Inc. FL Orange County Apopka Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.70 122,355
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 79

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Claude H. Dyal Water 

Treatment Plant 

– 2009

City of Cocoa FL Orange County Christmas Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 542

Kirkman Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.20 615

South Water 

Reclamation Facility

Orange County Utilities FL Orange County Orlando Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 692

Southwest Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 3,991

Southeast Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 1.40 4,956

Highland Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.70 5,236

Sky Lake Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 5,555

Navy Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 7,380

Pine Hills Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.70 8,103

Curtis H. Stanton 

Energy Center Unit A

Southern Company– 

Florida LLC

Orlando Utilities 

Commission*

FL Orange County Orlando Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.10 10,930

Conway Water 

Treatment Plant

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 11,503

Water Conserv II 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

The City of Orlando FL Orange County Orlando Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 11,888

Stanton Energy 

Center

Orlando Utilities 

Commission

FL Orange County Orlando Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 46,348

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. FL Orange County Orlando Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 969,891

Jupiter Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Jupiter FL Palm Beach 

County

Jupiter Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,911

Loxahatchee River 

Environmental 

Control District

FL Palm Beach 

County

Jupiter Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,627

Richard Road Water 

Treatment Plant

Seacoast Utility 

Authority

FL Palm Beach 

County

Lake Park Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 20,392

PGA Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Seacoast Utility 

Authority

FL Palm Beach 

County

Palm Beach 

Gardens

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,379

Hood Road Well 

Field

Seacoast Utility 

Authority

FL Palm Beach 

County

Palm Beach 

Gardens

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,121

Hood Road Water 

Treatment Plant

Seacoast Utility 

Authority

FL Palm Beach 

County

Palm Beach 

Gardens

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,097

Lilac Street Repump 

Station

Seacoast Utility 

Authority

FL Palm Beach 

County

Palm Beach 

Gardens

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,964

Central Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Riviera Beach FL Palm Beach 

County

Riviera Beach Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,091

City of Largo 

Wastewater 

Reclamation Facility

City of Largo FL Pinellas County Clearwater Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 13,379

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. FL Pinellas County Clearwater Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 909,300

City of Dunedin 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

FL Pinellas County Dunedin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 7,912
80 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Dunedin R.O. 

Water Treatment 

Plant

FL Pinellas County Dunedin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,388

W. E. Dunn 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Pinellas County Utilities FL Pinellas County Palm Harbor Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 4,591

South Cross Bayou 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Pinellas County Utilities FL Pinellas County St. Petersburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 7,168

Washington Terrace 

Pumping Station

City of St. Petersburg FL Pinellas County St. Petersburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.01 11,836

Oberly Pumping 

Station

City of St. Petersburg FL Pinellas County St. Petersburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.02 13,749

Keller Water 

Treatment Plant

Pinellas County Utilities FL Pinellas County Tarpon Springs Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,462

City of Tarpon 

Springs Wastewater 

Facility

City of Tarpon Springs FL Pinellas County Tarpon Springs Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.10 67,351

Sewell Products of 

Florida LLC

KIK International Inc. FL Polk County Auburndale Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 410,956

Hines Energy 

Complex

Duke Energy Florida, 

Inc.

FL Polk County Bartow Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 41

City of Bartow Water 

Treatment Facility

FL Polk County Bartow Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,469

Douglas H. Allen 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

FL Polk County Bartow Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 18,317

C.W. Combee Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lakeland , Water 

Utilities Department

FL Polk County Lakeland Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 1,352

Glendale Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Lakeland Water 

Utilities 

FL Polk County Lakeland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,964

Williams Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lakeland FL Polk County Lakeland Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,099

Mcintosh Power 

Plant/Northside 

WWTP

City of Lakeland FL Polk County Lakeland Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 169,723

City of Palatka Platt 

Drew WWTP

City of Palatka FL Putnam County Palatka Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,163

R.C. Willis Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Palatka FL Putnam County Palatka Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,306

Palatka Operations Georgia–Pacific 

Consumer Operations 

LLC

FL Putnam County Palatka Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 188,925

City of Milton 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Milton FL Santa Rosa 

County

Milton Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,648

Pace Plant Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc.

FL Santa Rosa 

County

Pace Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.70 1,143

Pace Wastewater 

Reclamation Plant

Pace Property Finance 

Authority, Inc.

FL Santa Rosa 

County

Pace Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,273

Taminco Pace Plant Taminco, Inc FL Santa Rosa 

County

Pace Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

15.00 306,376

Selma Avenue 

Facility

Englewood Water 

District

FL Sarasota County Englewood Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 8,215

Iron Bridge Water 

Reclamation Facility

City of Orlando FL Seminole 

County

Oveido Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 5,745

Winter Springs WTP 

#1

FL Seminole 

County

Winter Springs Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,747

City of St. Augustine 

WTP 2009

City of St. Augustine FL St. Johns 

County

St. Augustine Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,317
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 81

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Henry A. Gahn Water 

Treatment Plant

Fort Pierce Utilities 

Authority

FL St. Lucie County Fort Pierce Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 9,924

James E. Anderson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Port St. Lucie

Utility Systems 

Department*

FL St. Lucie County Port St. Lucie Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,448

Westport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Port St. Lucie

Utility Systems 

Department*

FL St. Lucie County Port St. Lucie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 47,423

Prineville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Port St. Lucie

Utility Systems 

Department*

FL St. Lucie County Port St. Lucie Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 60,385

Mason H. Kelley 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Perry FL Taylor County Perry Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 256

Perry Water Works 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Perry FL Taylor County Perry Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 256

City of Perry 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Perry FL Taylor County Perry Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 3,099

Buckeye Florida, 

Limited Partnership

Buckeye Technologies 

Inc.

FL Taylor County Perry Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 35,028

DeLand Regional 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

City of DeLand FL Volusia County DeLand Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,377

City of Holly Hill FL Volusia County Holly Hill Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 5.40 111,474

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Utilities Commission, 

City of New Smyrna 

Beach

FL Volusia County New Smyrna 

Beach

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 41,130

Water Treatment 

Plant

Utilities Commission, 

City of New Smyrna 

Beach

FL Volusia County New Smyrna 

Beach

Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 44,569

G E ORGIA

Water Pollution 

Control Plant

City of Milledgeville GA Baldwin County Milledgeville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 668

James Baugh Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Milledgeville GA Baldwin County Milledgeville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 806

Lamar Ham Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Milledgeville GA Baldwin County Milledgeville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,719

Commerce Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Commerce GA Banks County Commerce Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 2,243

Solvay USA Inc., 

Winder Facility

Solvay USA Inc. GA Barrow County Winder Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 0.60 814

Stepan Company Stepan Company GA Barrow County Winder Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 7.40 95,314

NorthStar Chemicals, 

Inc.

GA Bartow County Cartersville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.30 133

Resource 

Innovations, Inc.

GA Bartow County Cartersville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Carbon disulfide 0.50 244

Plant Bowen Georgia Power 

Company

GA Bartow County Cartersville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.88 1,571

Clarence B. Walker 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Cartersville GA Bartow County Cartersville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 3,774

Hercules Inc–Macon 

Plant

Ashland Inc. GA Bibb County Macon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Cyclohexylamine 0.11 <10

Lower Poplar Street 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

Macon Water Authority GA Bibb County Macon Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 293
82 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Rocky Creek Water 

Reclamation Facility 

(WRF)

Macon Water Authority GA Bibb County Macon Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 386

Ocmulgee River 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Butts County, et al. 

Water & Sewer 

Authority

GA Butts County Jackson Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,836

City of Kingsland 

Water Treatment 

Facility # 2

City of Kingsland GA Camden County Kingsland Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 120

City of Kingsland 

Water Treatment 

Facility #1

City of Kingsland, 

Georgia 

GA Camden County Kingsland Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 502

City of Kingsland 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

GA Camden County Kingsland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,347

Plant Wansley Georgia Power 

Company

Oglethorpe Power Co., 

MEAG, City of Dalton*

GA Carroll County Carrollton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.89 795

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Port Wentworth

Weyerhaeuser NR

Weyerhaeuser 

Company*

GA Chatham 

County

Port Wentworth Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 5.53 30,812

Industrial & Domestic 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Savannah GA Chatham 

County

Pt. Wentworth Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 5,143

Hercules 

Incorporated 

– Savannah

Ashland Incorporated GA Chatham 

County

Savannah Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 0.38 639

President Street 

Water Quality 

Control Plant

City of Savannah GA Chatham 

County

Savannah Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,553

Tronox Pigments 

(Savannah) Inc.

Tronox LLC GA Chatham 

County

Savannah Dye and pigment 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 265,808

MIddle Oconee 

Water Pollution 

Control Facility

Athens–Clarke County 

Public Utilities 

GA Clarke County Athens Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 39,810

North Oconee Water 

Pollution Control 

Facility

Athens–Clarke County 

Public Utilities 

GA Clarke County Athens Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 57,697

The Dow Chemical 

Company

GA Cobb County Marietta Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.40 878

Plant McDonough 

Combined Cycle

Southern Company GA Cobb County Smyrna Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 7,802

Water Pollution 

Control Plant

City of Moultrie, 

Georgia

GA Colquitt County Moultrie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 6,734

Hershall B. Norred 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Newnan Utilities GA Coweta County Newnan Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,990

Dade County Water 

Treatment Plant

GA Dade County Trenton Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 240

BASF Corporation 

– Attapulgus 

Operations

BASF Corporation GA Decatur County Attapulgus Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 1,562

Snapfinger AWT 

Facility

DeKalb County, Georgia

Dept. of Watershed 


*#!)!*0đ

GA DeKalb County Decatur Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 5,505

Pole Bridge AWT 

Facility

DeKalb County, Georgia

Dept. of Watershed 

Management*

GA DeKalb County Lithonia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,722

W,G & L Water 

Filtration Plant

Albany Water Gas & 

Light Commission

GA Dougherty 

County

Albany Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,918
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 83

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Water Pollution 

Control – Joshua 

Street Plant

City of Albany, GA GA Dougherty 

County

Albany Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 22,614

McIntosh Combined 

Cycle Facility

Southern Company GA E"ngham 

County

Rincon Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.10 1,912

City of Fayetteville 

Water & Wastewater 

Facilities

GA Fayette County Fayetteville Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 1.30 3,668

Crosstown Water 

Treatment Plant

GA Fayette County Peachtree City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,994

Plant Hammond Georgia Power 

Company

GA Floyd County Rome Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.54 739

Rome Water 

Treatment Plant

GA Floyd County Rome Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 852

Rome–Coosa Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

City of Rome, Georgia GA Floyd County Rome Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 2,125

Rome Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

City of Rome, Georgia GA Floyd County Rome Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,683

city of cumming GA Forsyth County Cumming Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 23,022

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. GA Fulton County East Point Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 14,454

East Point Water 

Department

City of East Point, 

Georgia

GA Fulton County East Point Water treatment Chlorine 1.67 16,796

PPG Architectural 

Coatings Fairburn 

Distr. Center

PPG Industries, Inc. GA Fulton County Fairburn Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

Linde – Union City Linde Gas North 

America LLC

GA Fulton County Fairburn Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.30 380

Pinova, Inc. Pinova, Inc. GA Glynn County Brunswick Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Trimethylchlorosilane1.00 2,696

Academy Creek 

Water Pollution 

Control Plant

GA Glynn County Brunswick Wastewater 

treatment

chlorosilane 1.30 5,070

Allied Universal 

Corporation

GA Glynn County Brunswick Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

15.00 72,234

Brunswick Cellulose Brunswick Cellulose, 

Inc.

GA Glynn County Brunswick Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 113,803

OMNOVA Solutions 

Inc. – Calhoun 

Latex Plant

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. GA Gordon County Calhoun Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.70 692

City of Calhoun WTP GA Gordon County Calhoun Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,018

City of Calhoun 

WWTP

City of Calhou GA Gordon County Calhoun Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 14,924

Allied Universal 

Corporation

GA Gordon County Ranger Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

15.00 87,360

Lanier Filter Plant Gwinnett County GA Gwinnett 

County

Buford Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,961

Shoal Creek Filter 

Plant

Gwinnett County GA Gwinnett 

County

Buford Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,825

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. GA Gwinnett 

County

Norcross Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 31

City of Gainesville 

Water Works

GA Hall County Gainesville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,267

Chattahoochee 

Energy Facility

Oglethorpe Power 

Corporation

GA Heard County Franklin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.21 <10

Plant Wansley 

Combined Cycle 

Units

Southern Power 

Company 

GA Heard County Franklin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.36 271
84 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

MEAG Plant Wansley 

Unit 9

Municipal Electric 

Authority of Georgia

GA Heard County Franklin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 1,413

KIK (Georgia) LLC KIK International LLC GA Henry County Hampton Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 469,065

Towaliga River Water 

Treatment Facility

Henry County Water & 

Sewerage Authority

GA Henry County Locust Grove Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 714

Mid–Georgia Cogen Mid–Georgia Cogen 

Limited Partnership

GA Houston County Kathleen Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

City of Perry Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

GA Houston County Perry Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 6,311

Sandy Run Creek 

– WWTP2

City of Warner Robins GA Houston County Warner Robins Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,364

Bear Creek Water 

Treatment and 

Transmission Facili

Upper Oconee Basin 

Water Authority 

GA Jackson County Bogart Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 925

Amerson Water 

Treatment Plant

Macon Water Authority GA Jones County Macon Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 795

Potato Creek Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

City of Gri"n GA Lamar County Gri"n Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 468

City of Dublin 

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

GA Laurens County Dublin Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 828

City of Dublin Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

GA Laurens County Dublin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,351

Interstate Paper, LLC Interstate Resources, 

Inc.

GA Liberty County Riceboro Pulp and paper Chlorine 3.00 843

SNF Holding 

Company – Riceboro, 

GA Facilities

SNF Holding Company GA Liberty County Riceboro Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 17.00 90,090

Withlacoochee River 

WPCP/ City of 

Valdosta

City of Valdosta GA Lowndes 

County

Valdosta Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 300

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. GA Lowndes 

County

Valdosta Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 1,673

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Company, Flint River 

Operations

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Company 

GA Macon County Oglethorpe Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 6.10 6,306

Plant Scherer Georgia Power 

Company

OPC, MEAG, City of 

Dalton, FPL, Gulf Power, 

JEA*

GA Monroe County Juliette Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.20 674

North Columbus 

Water Resource 

Facility (WRF)

Columbus Water Works GA Muscogee 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 26,325

South Columbus 

Water Resource 

Facility

Columbus Water Works GA Muscogee 

County

Columbus Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 29,325

North Columbus 

River Pump Station

Columbus Water Works GA Muscogee 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 46,342

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., 

Columbus, GA

Airgas Inc. GA Muscogee 

County

Columbus Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 111,847

Cornish Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

GA Newton County Covington Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 6,182

Waycross Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant #2

City of Waycross, 

Georgia 

GA Pierce County Blackshear Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 659
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 85

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Still Branch Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Gri"n, Georgia GA Pike County Concord Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 779

4 H Club Road Water 

Treatment Plant #2

Augusta–Richmond 

Utilities Department 

GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,132

Peach Orchard Road 

Water Treatment 

Plant #1

Augusta–Richmond 

Utilities Department 

GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,878

General Chemical 

LLC, Augusta Plant

General Chemical LLC GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

2.90 6,575

International Paper 

– Augusta Mill

International Paper 

Company

GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 3.90 9,518

DSM Chemicals North 

America, Inc.

DSM Finance GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.80 17,412

PCS Nitrogen 

Fertilizer, L.P. 

Augusta Georgia

PCS Nitrogen Fertilizer 

Operations, Inc. 

GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

17.00 431,082

Olin Corporation 

Augusta, Georgia 

Plant

Olin Corporation GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 495,708

Solvay Specialty 

Polymers USA, L.L.C. 

– Augusta

Solvay Specialty 

Polymers USA, LLC, – 

Alpharetta

GA Richmond 

County

Augusta Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Sulfur trioxide 25.00 502,900

Quigg Branch Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

Rockdale County, 

Georgia 

GA Rockdale 

County

Conyers Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 10,718

Simmons Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Gri"n GA Spalding 

County

Gri"n Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,123

City of Toccoa Water 

Treatment Facility

GA Stephens 

County

Toccoa Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 362

Long Cane Creek 

Water Pollution 

Control Plant

City of LaGrange, GA GA Troup County LaGrange Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 733

Walter D. Williams 

Water Filter Plant

City of LaGrange GA Troup County LaGrange Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 741

Rayonier 

Performance Fibers, 

LLC, Jesup Mill

Rayonier Inc. GA Wayne County Jesup Pulp and paper Chlorine 14.00 36,872

Styron LLC – 

Dalton, GA

Styron LLC GA Whitfield 

County

Dalton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.10 767

Tiarco Chemical 

Division

Textile Rubber and 

Chemical Company 

GA Whitfield 

County

Dalton Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Carbon disulfide 2.10 2,977

Ashland Aqualon 

Functional 

Ingredients

Ashland, Inc. GA Whitfield 

County

Dalton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 1.40 6,367

V.D. Parrott Jr. Water 

Treatment Plant

Dalton Utilities GA Whitfield 

County

Dalton Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 6,530

Land Application 

System

Dalton Utilities GA Whitfield 

County

Dalton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 10,718

H A WAII

Hamakua Energy 

Partners, L.P.

Great Point Power, 

Hamakua Holdings, LLC

HI Hawaii County Honokaa Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 417

Puna Geothermal 

Venture

Orni 8 LLC HI Hawaii County Pahoa Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 23

East Honolulu WWTP HawaiiAmerican 

Water Co.

American Water 

Western Region*

HI Honolulu 

County

Honolulu Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 7,547

Tesoro Hawaii 

Corporation– 

Refinery

Tesoro Corporation HI Honolulu 

County

Kapolei Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.40 <10
86 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

BEI Hawaii – Barbers 

Point Facility, Oahu

Phoenix V LLC HI Honolulu 

County

Kapolei Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 1.30 195

Chevron Refinery – 

2009

Chevron Corporation HI Honolulu 

County

Kapolei Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.50 1,254

AES Hawaii, Inc. AES Corporation HI Honolulu 

County

Kapolei Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 46,367

Wailuku/Kahului 

WWRF

County of Maui HI Maui County Kahului Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,072

Kihei WWTP County of Maui HI Maui County Kihei Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,098

Lahaina WWRF County of Maui HI Maui County Lahaina Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 341

Waihee Deepwells 

Pump Station

Maui Dept. of Water 

Supply

County of Maui*

HI Maui County Wailuku Water treatment Chlorine 0.10 <10

I O W A

Rathbun Regional 

Water Association, 

Inc.

IA Appanoose 

County

Centerville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 35

Hydrite Chemical Co. 

– Waterloo

Hydrite Chemical Co. IA Black Hawk 

County

Waterloo Chemical 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

18.00 160,050

Osceola Water Plant IA Clarke County Osceola Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 2,637

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation 

Camanche, IA

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation 

IA Clinton County Camanche Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

CBI Halogens 

and Halogen 

Oxides

14.00 57,806

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP Clinton Plant

Equistar Chemicals, LP IA Clinton County Clinton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

4.50 6,980

ADM Clinton 

Cogeneration

Archer Daniels Midland IA Clinton County Clinton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 14,696

Burlington Municipal 

Waterworks

IA Des Moines 

County

Burlington Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,078

Forest City 

Distribution 

Center–3M Company

IA Hancock County Forest City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 0.01 <10

Air Liquide Industrial 

US Galva, IA CO2 

Facility

Air Liquide Industrial 

US LP 

IA Ida County Galva Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.00 166

Iowa City Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Iowa City 

Department of Public 

Works

IA Johnson County Iowa City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,425

Iowa City 

Wastewater 

Treatment – 

South Plant

City of Iowa City IA Johnson County Iowa City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,732

Iowa City 

Wastewater 

Treatment – North 

plant

City of Iowa City IA Johnson County Iowa City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 26,894

The University of 

Iowa Water Plant

The University of Iowa IA Johnson County Iowa City Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 87,594

Keokuk Water 

Treatment Plant

Keokuk Municipal Water 

Department, Keokuk, 

Iowa

IA Lee County Keokuk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,983

Roquette America, 

Inc. (Keokuk)

Roquette America, Inc. IA Lee County Keokuk Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 8,419

Water Pollution 

Control Facilities

City of Cedar Rapids IA Linn County Cedar Rapids Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,413

J Avenue Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Cedar Rapids IA Linn County Cedar Rapids Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,586

Penford Products Co. Penford Corporation IA Linn County Cedar Rapids Wet corn milling Ethylene oxide 9.90 190,871
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 87

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

ADM Corn Processing 

– Cedar Rapids

Archer Daniels Midland 

Company

IA Linn County Cedar Rapids Wet corn milling Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 242,058

Northwest Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Cedar Rapids IA Linn County Palo Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 15,889

Winterset Water 

Treatment Plant

Winterset Municipal 

Utilities

IA Madison County Winterset Water treatment Chlorine 2.23 1,946

Progress Park 

Drinking Water 

Treatment

Muscatine Power 

and Water 

IA Muscatine 

County

Muscatine Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 94

Grandview Avenue 

Drinking Water 

Treatment

Muscatine Power 

and Water 

IA Muscatine 

County

Muscatine Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 192

Power Generation 

Station

Muscatine Power 

and Water

IA Muscatine 

County

Muscatine Electric power 

generation

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

0.90 816

Drinking Water 

Treatment at 

Generation Station

Muscatine Power 

and Water 

IA Muscatine 

County

Muscatine Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,075

Linde – Muscatine LInde LLC IA Muscatine 

County

Muscatine Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 2,316

Des Moines 

Wastewater 

Reclamation 

Authority

City of Des Moines IA Polk County Des Moines Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 46,493

Greater Des Moines 

Energy Center

MidAmerican Energy 

Company

MidAmerican Holdings 

Company*

IA Polk County Pleasant Hill Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

Council Blu!s Water 

Works

NA IA Pottawattamie 

County

Council Blu!s Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,200

East River Station 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Iowa–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Company, Inc.*

IA Scott County Davenport Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,069

Colorbiotics BASF IA Story County Ames Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.50 4,451

Twelve Mile Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Creston Water 

Works

IA Union County Creston Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 164

Ottumwa Water & 

Hydro

IA Wapello County Ottumwa Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,573

Praxair – 

Fort Dodge, IA

Praxair, Inc. IA Webster County Duncombe Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.60 122

City of Sioux City 

Water Plant

IA Woodbury 

County

Sioux City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 135

I DAHO

City of Pocatello 

POTW

ID Bannock County Pocatello Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,285

City of Idaho Falla 

Water Pollution 

Control Plant

ID Bonneville 

County

Idaho Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 11,960

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. ID Canyon County Nampa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

0.20 106

Raft River Energy I 

LLC

U.S. Geothermal Inc. ID Cassia County Malta Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.50 <10

Coeur d’Alene 

Advanced 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Coeur d’Alene, 

Idaho 

ID Kootenai 

County

Coeur d’Alene Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,882

Clearwater Paper 

Corp. Idaho P&P 

Divison

Clearwater Paper 

Corporation 

ID Nez Perce 

County

Lewiston Pulp and paper Chlorine 7.70 43,175
88 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

ILL INOIS

City of Quincy 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

IL Adams County Quincy Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,254

City of Quincy, 

Water Department 

Filtration Facili

City of Quincy IL Adams County Quincy Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,323

Illinois American 

Water – Champaign 

West Plant

American Water IL Champaign 

County

Champaign Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,324

Illinois American 

Water – Urbana East 

Plant

American Water IL Champaign 

County

Urbana Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 36,724

Kincaid Generation, 

L.L.C.

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.

IL Christian 

County

Kincaid Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.00 1,286

Arkema Coating 

Resins

Arkema Inc. IL Cook County Alsip Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.90 8,132

Argo Terminal Kinder Morgan Liquids 

Terminals, LLC

Kinder Morgan, Inc.*

IL Cook County Argo Chemical storage 

terminal

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

12.00 2,567,913

Univar USA Inc. – CB Univar USA Inc. IL Cook County Bedford Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.10 77

Ashland Specialty 

Chemical Co. 

–Calumet City, IL

Ashland, Inc. IL Cook County Calumet City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.31 970

Nalco Company – 

Plant 1

Ecolab IL Cook County Chicago Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 0.40 1,999

South Water 

Purification Plant 

(SWPP)

City of Chicago 

Department of Water 

Management

IL Cook County Chicago Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 26,587

James W. Jardine 

Water Purification 

Plant (JWPP)

City of Chicago 

Department of Water 

Management

IL Cook County Chicago Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 48,546

Chicago Hospitality, 

Chicago, IL

Tyson Foods Inc IL Cook County Chicago Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 105,513

PVS Chemical 

Solutions, Inc.

PVS Chemicals 

Incorporated

IL Cook County Chicago Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 4,952,436

Polychemie Inc. 

– Dolton, IL Facility

SNF Holding Company IL Cook County Dolton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethylamine 0.28 1,501

Evanston Water 

Utility

City of Evanston IL Cook County Evanston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 26,951

K.A. Steel Chemicals, 

Inc.

IL Cook County Lemont Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,555,061

Pelron IL Cook County Lyons Chemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 8.70 1,715,472

Village of 

Northbrook, IL

– Water Filtration 

Plant

IL Cook County Northbrook Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,964

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., 

Riverdale, IL

Airgas Inc. IL Cook County Riverdale Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 262,080

Brenntag Great 

Lakes, LLC – Chicago

Brenntag North 

America Inc. 

IL Cook County Stickney 

Township

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chloroform 0.05 12

Willow Springs 

Terminal

Rowell Chemical 

Corporation

IL Cook County Willow Springs Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 2,371,153

Village of Winnetka 

Water Plant

IL Cook County Winnetka Water treatment Chlorine 0.50 1,247
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 89

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP IRD

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

IL Crawford 

County

Robinson Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 81,290

3M DeKalb 

Distribution Campus 

– 3M Company

IL DeKalb County Dekalb Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl ether 0.02 <10

DeKalb Distribution 

Center (DK1) – 3M 

Company

IL DeKalb County DeKalb Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 0.01 <10

DeKalb Distribution 

Center North – 3M 

Company

IL DeKalb County DeKalb Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 0.01 <10

Air Products, Tuscola 

IL

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

IL Douglas County Tuscola Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.27 14

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP – Tuscola Plant

Equistar Chemicals, LP IL Douglas County Tuscola Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethyl ether 0.40 30

Cabot Corporation Cabot Corporation IL Douglas County Tuscola Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyltrichlorosilane2.20 872

West Chicago Rgnl 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

IL DuPage County West Chicago Wastewater 

treatment

3.70 65,212

Duck Creek Power 

Station

Ameren IL Fulton County Canton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 1,692

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP – Morris Plant

LyondellBasell 

Industries

IL Grundy County Morris Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.40 2,270

Akzo Nobel Surface 

Chemistry LLC Morris 

Plant

Akzo Nobel Chemicals 

Inc. 

IL Grundy County Morris Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 14.00 186,362

City of Galesburg 

– Oquawka Facility

IL Henderson 

County

Oquawka Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 350

Kinkaid Area Water 

System

Kinkaid–Reed’s Creek 

Conservancy District

IL Jackson County Murphysboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,197

PPG Architectural 

Coatings Distribution 

Center

PPG Industries, 

Incorporated 

IL Kane County Aurora Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

City of Elgin – Airlite 

Water Treatment 

Facility

IL Kane County Elgin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,781

City of Elgin – 

Riverside Water 

Treatment Facility

IL Kane County Elgin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,426

Aqua Illinois, Inc. AQUA America

Aqua Illinois, Inc.*

IL Kankakee 

County

Kankakee Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 128

Kankakee Polymer 

Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC

IL Kankakee 

County

Kankakee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.45 726

Kankakee River 

Metropolitan Agency 

– KRMA

IL Kankakee 

County

Kankakee Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.70 39,239

BASF Corporation 

– Kankakee, IL, Mfg. 

Facility

BASF Corporation IL Kankakee 

County

Kankakee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.90 40,769

Dynegy Kendall 

Energy, LLC

Dynegy, Inc. IL Kendall County Minooka Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.20 1,352

Fox Metro Water 

Reclamation District

IL Kendall County Oswego Wastewater 

treatment

Methane 0.20 283

Agrium US, Inc. IL La Salle County Marseilles Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 210,560

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics–Ottawa

SABIC US Innovative 

Plastics Holding US LP

IL La Salle County Ottawa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 2.80 3,113
90 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Peru 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

IL La Salle County Peru Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,990

Petroferm Inc. 

Gurnee Plant site

HIG Chemicals, Inc. IL Lake County Gurnee Cleaning agent 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 9.90 393,166

George B. Prindle 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Highland Park, 

IL 

IL Lake County Highland Park Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,419

North Chicago Water 

Treatment Plant

City of North Chicago IL Lake County North Chicago Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 18,314

City of Waukgen 

Water Treatment 

Plant

IL Lake County Waukegan Water treatment Chlorine 0.70 1,949

Illinois American 

Water – Streator 

Plant

American Water IL Livingston 

County

Streator Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,649

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag North 

America

IL Macon County Decatur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 4,817

City of Decatur – 

South Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Decatur, Illinois IL Macon County Decatur Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,399

Tate & Lyle – Decatur Tate & Lyle Ingredients 

America, Inc

IL Macon County Decatur Wet corn milling Ethylene oxide 9.90 98,267

Illinois–American 

Water Company, 

Alton Plant1

IL Madison County Alton Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,793

Koch Nitrogen 

Company – Wood 

River Terminal

Koch Nitrogen 

Company, LLC

Koch Mineral Services, 

LLC*

IL Madison County East Alton Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

11.00 273,854

Air Products, Granite 

City, IL

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

IL Madison County Granite City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 348

Illinois–Amer. Water 

Co, Granite City 

Facility

American Water Works 

Company, Inc. 

IL Madison County Granite City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,850

Airgas Specialty 

Products – Granite 

City

Airgas, Inc. IL Madison County Granite City Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 350,064

Air Liquide 

Woodriver, IL CO2 

Plant

Air Liquide Industrial 

US LP 

IL Madison County Roxana Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.10 1,407

Phillips 66 Wood 

River Refinery

Phillips 66 Company IL Madison County Roxana Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.13 1,857

Centralia Water 

Treatment Plant

IL Marion County Centralia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,435

Salem Water 

Treatment Plant

IL Marion County Salem Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 7,647

Mexichem Specialty 

Resins, Inc. – Henry 

Plant

Mexichem, S.A.B. de 

C.V.

IL Marshall County Henry Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl chloride 0.76 590

Emerald 

Performance 

Materials – 

Henry Plant

Emerald Performance 

Materials, LLC 

IL Marshall County Henry Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Carbon disulfide 18.00 52,507

Honeywell 

Metropolis Works

Honeywell International 

inc. 

IL Massac County Metropolis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 130,073

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals, LLC, 

Ringwood Facility

Dow Chemical 

Company 

IL McHenry 

County

Ringwood Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.40 518

City of Bloomington 

Water Treatment 

Plant

IL McLean County Hudson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 226
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 91

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Town of Normal 

(Water Department)

IL McLean County Normal Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 17,008

Co!een Energy 

Center

Illinois Power 

Generating Company

IL Montgomery 

County

Co!een Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.30 3,320

Celanese Ltd Celanese Ltd IL Morgan County Meredosia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.03 83

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. IL Peoria County Bartonville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 19,180

Ameren Edwards 

Station

IL Peoria County Bartonville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.20 25,967

Chemtura 

Corporation – Metal 

Organics Plant

Chemtura Corporation IL Peoria County Mapleton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.30 19

Lonza Inc. Lonza Group Ltd. IL Peoria County Mapleton Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Methyl chloride 3.20 2,053

Evonik Goldschmidt 

Corporation

Evonik Goldschmidt 

Corporation

IL Peoria County Mapleton Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 4,859

Illinois–American 

Water Co. Main 

Station Facility

American Water Works 

Company, Inc. 

IL Peoria County Peoria Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,327

Illinois–American 

Water Company San 

Koty facility

American Water Works 

Company, Inc. 

IL Peoria County Peoria Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,080

Dynegy Midwest 

Generation, Baldwin 

Energy Complex

Dynegy Midwest 

Generation LLC. 

IL Randolph 

County

Baldwin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

11.00 20,023

City of Olney IL Richland County Olney Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,093

Cordova Energy 

Company, LLC

MidAmerican Energy 

Holdings Company 

IL Rock Island 

County

Cordova Electric power 

generation

Ammonia (conc. 

*20%)

0.50 50

Cordova – 

3M Company

IL Rock Island 

County

Cordova Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 381,454

Rock Island 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Rock Island, 

Illinois 

IL Rock Island 

County

Rock Island Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 155,103

Rock Island Water 

Plant

City of Rock Island IL Rock Island 

County

Rock Island Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 172,995

CWLP’s Water 

Purification Plant

City of Springfield IL Sangamon 

County

Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,646

CWLP’s Dallman 

Power Station

City of Springfield IL Sangamon 

County

Springfield Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 103,481

Holland Energy, LLC. Wabash Valley Power 

Assoication

Hoosier Energy*

IL Shelby County Beecher City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 1,624

Solvay Fluorides, LLC 

– Alorton Plant

Solvay Fluorides, L.L.C. IL St. Clair County Alorton Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

16.00 1,224,359

Praxair Distribution 

– Cahokia IL

Praxair, Inc. IL St. Clair County Cahokia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.20 95

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation Dupo, IL

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation 

IL St. Clair County Dupo Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

CBI Halogens 

and Halogen 

Oxides

14.00 993,614

Illinois–Amer. Water 

Co., East St. Louis 

Facility

IL St. Clair County East St. Louis Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,803

Kaskaskia Water 

District Water 

Treatment Plant

IL St. Clair County New Athens Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 1,267
92 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Solutia W. G. 

Krummrich Plant

Solutia IL St. Clair County Sauget Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,127,710

Afton Chemical 

Corporation

NewMarket Corporation IL St. Clair County Sauget Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,127,779

Scott Air Force Base HQ Air Mobility 

Command

HQ USAF*

IL St. Clair County Scott AFB Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,263

City of East Peoria 

Wastwater Treatment 

Plant

IL Tazewell County East Peoria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 184

Praxair – Pekin, IL Praxair, Inc. IL Tazewell County Pekin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 6,764

Aqua Illinois, Inc. AQUA America

AQUA Illinois, Inc.*

IL Vermilion 

County

Danville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,876

DynaChem, Inc. IL Vermilion 

County

Georgetown Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 0.60 259

Prairie State 

Generating Station

IL Washington 

County

Marissa Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

7.70 5,793

ExxonMobil Oil 

Corporation Joliet 

Refinery

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

IL Will County Channahon Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 1,275,778

Stepan Company Stepan Company IL Will County Elwood Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur trioxide 25.00 1,531,627

PDV Midwest 

Refining, LLC

CITGO Petroleum 

Corporation 

IL Will County Lemont Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

22.00 3,394,412

Solvay University 

Park Facility

Solvay USA Inc. IL Will County University Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 0.37 107

The Dow Chemical 

Company

IL Will County Wilmington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.30 307

Lake of Egypt Water 

and Sewer District

IL Williamson 

County

Marion Water treatment Chlorine 1.60 373

Marion Generating 

Station

IL Williamson 

County

Marion Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.50 3,388

INDIANA

Brenntag Great 

Lakes, LLC – Fort 

Wayne

Brenntag North 

America, Inc. 

IN Allen County Fort Wayne Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 17

Three Rivers 

Filtration Plant

City of Fort Wayne

City of Fort Wayne, 

Division of Utilities*

IN Allen County Fort Wayne Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 20,948

Columbus Water 

Treatment Plant 

No. 2

City of Columbus 

Utilities 

IN Bartholomew 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,809

Columbus Water 

Treatment Plant No. 1

City of Columbus 

Utilities

IN Bartholomew 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 35,368

Logansport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Logansport Municipal 

Utilities

City of Logansport, 

Indiana USA*

IN Cass County Logansport Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

0.90 3,065

Logansport Water 

Treatment Plant

Logansport Municipal 

Utilities

City of Logansport*

IN Cass County Logansport Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,511

Town of Clarksville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Dept.

IN Clark County Clarksville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,883

Indiana American 

Water–Southern 

Indiana

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Clark County Je!ersonville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,418
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 93

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

DSM NeoResins – 

Frankfort

DSM INC IN Clinton County Frankfort Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.20 270

Frankfort 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

IN Clinton County Frankfort Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 15,867

Washington, Indiana 

CO2 Plant

Air Liquid Industrial US IN Daviess County Washington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.20 2,152

Air Products, Butler, 

IN

Air Products and 

Chemicals

IN DeKalb County Butler Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.30 25

Muncie Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Muncie Sanitary District IN Delaware 

County

Muncie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,742

Indiana American 

Water – Muncie

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Delaware 

County

Muncie Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,272

Patoka Lake Regional 

Water & Sewer 

District

IN Dubois County Dubois Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 82

Jasper Municipal 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Jasper, Indiana IN Dubois County Jasper Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,234

Elkhart NW Well 

Field Water 

Treatment Plant

IN Elkhart County Elkhart Water treatment Chlorine 3.30 26,235

Elkhart Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

IN Elkhart County Elkhart Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.20 46,542

Elkhart N. Main St. 

WaterTreatment 

Plant

IN Elkhart County Elkhart Water treatment Chlorine 3.20 52,580

Connersville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Connersville Utilities

City of Connersville*

IN Fayette County Connersville Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 13,613

Gibson Generating 

Station

Duke Energy Corp. IN Gibson County Owensville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.30 385

Marion Municipal 

Utilities

City of Marion IN Grant County Marion Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 1.30 270

Indiana American 

Water – Noblesville

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Hamilton 

County

Noblesville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 29,660

City of Kokomo 

Waste Water 

Treatment Facility

IN Howard County Kokomo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 6,975

Indiana American 

Water–Kokomo

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Howard County Kokomo Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,953

Indiana American 

Water–Seymour

American Water IN Jackson County Seymour Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,932

Indiana American 

Water–Johnson 

County Sugar Creek

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Johnson County Franklin Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,699

Indiana American 

Water – Marlin Plant

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Johnson County Greenwood Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 35,935

Edwardsport IGCC Duke Energy Indiana, 

Inc.

IN Knox County Edwardsport Electric power 

generation

Hydrogen 

sulfide

8.70 9,898

Praxair – Whiting 

West Side

Praxair, Inc. IN Lake County East Chicago Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 96

Praxair – East 

Chicago, IN

Praxair, Inc. IN Lake County East Chicago Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.80 3,593

Praxair – Whiting, IN 

#5,6

Praxair, Inc. IN Lake County East Chicago Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 34,304

Kemira Water 

Solutions, Inc.

Kemira IN Lake County East Chicago Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,362,857
94 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Indiana American 

Water – Northwest, 

Borman Park

American Water Works 

Company 

IN Lake County Gary Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,587

Linde – Hammond Linde Gas North 

America, LLC

IN Lake County Hammond Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.10 73

Hammond Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Hammond IN Lake County Hammond Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,862

Saniatry District of 

Hammond

IN Lake County Hammond Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 12,609

BP Products N.A. 

Whiting Business 

Unit

BP America, Inc. IN Lake County Whiting Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

2.04 18,945

Whiting Clean 

Energy

BP Alternative Energy IN Lake County Whiting Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 30,775

Alexander Chemical 

Corporation

Carus Corporation IN LaPorte County Kingsbury Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 393,169

City of La Porte – 

Water Works – 

East Plant

IN LaPorte County La Porte Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 647

City of La Porte – 

Water Works – Lake 

Street Plant

IN LaPorte County La Porte Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 895

City of La Porte – 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

IN LaPorte County La Porte Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,650

Michigan City Water 

Filtration Plant

Michigan City 

Department of Water 

Works

IN LaPorte County Michigan Water treatment Chlorine 0.70 1,465

J.B. Gi!ord WWTP IN LaPorte County Michigan City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 12,172

OnLine Packaging, 

Incorporated 

– Michigan City

IN LaPorte County Michigan City Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 125,953

Bedford Illinois 

Street Water 

Treatment Plant

IN Lawrence 

County

Bedford, Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,060

City of Anderson, IN 

– Wheeler Ave Water 

Plant

IN Madison County Anderson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,787

City of Anderson, IN 

– Lafayette Water 

Plant

IN Madison County Anderson Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,155

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. Beech Grove, IN

IN Marion County Beech Grove Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,138,689

Lilly Technology 

Center

Eli Lilly and Company IN Marion County Indianapolis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylenediamine 0.20 124

Praxair Distribution 

– Indianapolis, IN

Praxair, Inc. IN Marion County Indianapolis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.30 659

Heritage–Crystal 

Clean LLC 

Indianapolis 

Re–refiner

Heritage–Crystal Clean, 

Inc. 

IN Marion County Indianapolis Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrogen 0.30 872

Heritage 

Environmental 

Services, LLC

Heritage Environmental 

Services, LLC 

IN Marion County Indianapolis Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

0.50 1,036

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag North 

America, Inc.

IN Marion County Indianapolis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 19,975

Vertellus Agriculture 

& Nutrition 

Specialties LLC

Vertellus Specialties Inc. IN Marion County Indianapolis Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 249,780
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 95

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Speedway Water 

Works Surface Water 

Plant

IN Marion County Speedway Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 11,319

Indiana American 

Water–

Crawfordsville

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Montgomery 

County

Crawfordsville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,587

Indianapolis Power & 

Light Company

AES Corporation IN Pike County Petersburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 4,191

Praxair – 

Chesterton, IN

Praxair, Inc. IN Porter County Chesterton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 23

Indiana American 

Water, Northwest, 

Ogden Dunes

American Water 

Company 

IN Porter County Portage Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,625

Countrymark Co–op, 

LLP.

IN Posey County Mt. Vernon Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

7.50 12,516

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics – Mt. Vernon

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics US LLC 

IN Posey County Mt. Vernon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosgene 12.00 22,283

Indiana American 

Water–Shelbyville

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Shelby County Shelbyville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,641

City of South Bend 

Wastewater 

Treatement Plant

City of South Bend, 

Department of Public 

Works

IN St. Joseph 

County

South Bend Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,805

North Pumping 

Station and Well 

Field

City of South Bend IN St. Joseph 

County

South Bend Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,712

Merom Generating 

Station

Hoosier Energy Rural 

Electric Cooperative Inc

IN Sullivan County Sullivan Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.00 5,569

Tippecanoe 

Laboratories

Evonik Industries AG IN Tippecanoe 

County

Lafayette Chemicals – 

ACC, SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 21,023

Tate & Lyle Sagamore Staley Holdings, Inc. IN Tippecanoe 

County

Lafayette Wet corn milling Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

5.60 129,511

Tate & Lyle, Lafayette 

South

Tate & Lyle Ingredients

A.E. Staley 

Manufacturing 

Company*

IN Tippecanoe 

County

Lafayette Wet corn milling Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

13.00 177,793

Westside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Evansville IN Vanderburgh 

County

Evansville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 2,564

Eastside Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Evansville Water & 

Sewer Utility

Environmental 

Management 

Corporation*

IN Vanderburgh 

County

Evansville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 6,389

Evansville Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Evansville 

Indiana

IN Vanderburgh 

County

Evansville Water treatment Chlorine 1.70 15,070

Clinton Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company IN Vermillion 

County

Clinton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 1,202

Terre Haute 

Wastewater Utility

City of Terre Haute, IN IN Vigo County Terre Haute Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.10 10,585

Indiana American 

Water–Terre Haute

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Vigo County Terre Haute Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,786

Hydrite Chemical Co. 

– Terre Haute

Hydrite Chemical Co. IN Vigo County Terre Haute Chemical 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

13.00 111,613

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. IN Vigo County Terre Haute Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 117,707

Indiana American 

Water–Newburgh

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Warrick County Newburgh Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,674
96 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Indiana American 

Water–Richmond 

Elks Road

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Wayne County Richmond Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,099

Indiana American 

Water–Richmond

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Wayne County Richmond Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,158

Richmond Sanitary 

District

IN Wayne County Richmond Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,467

Indiana American 

Water–Richmond 4th 

Street

Thames Water LLC

RWE AG*

IN Wayne County Richmond Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,716

Blu!ton Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

IN Wells County Blu!ton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 4,451

K ANSAS

Fort Scott Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Scott, KS KS Bourbon County Fort Scott Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,618

City of El Dorado 

Water Treatment 

Facility

City of El Dorado KS Butler County El Dorado Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,018

Frontier El Dorado 

Refining LLC

HollyFrontier 

Corporation 

KS Butler County El Dorado Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

4.80 13,625

Evonik Jayhawk Fine 

Chemicals

Evonik Industries KS Cherokee 

County

Galena Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Methyl 

chloroformate

17.00 129,126

Arkansas City Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Arkansas City, 

Kansas

KS Cowley County Arkansas City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,062

City of Winfield 

Municipal Water 

Plant

KS Cowley County Winfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,872

Pittsburg, Kansas 

Water Treatment 

Plan

KS Crawford 

County

Pittsburg Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 7,846

Tri–District Water 

Treatment Facility

KS Douglas County Berryton Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 343

City of Hays 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Hays KS Ellis County Hays Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,153

City of Hays Water 

Softening Plant

City of Hays, Kansas KS Ellis County Hays Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,841

Praxair – Dodge City, 

KS

Praxair, Inc. KS Ford County Wright Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.40 1,390

Ottawa Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Ottawa, Kansas KS Franklin County Ottawa Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,750

Junction City Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Junction City KS Geary County Junction City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 30

Mission Plant City of Newton KS Harvey County Newton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 157

Olathe Water 

Treatment Plant 

No. 2

KS Johnson County Lenexa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,909

Parsons Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Parsons, KS KS Labette County Parsons Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,359

Water Plant #2 Leavenworth Water 

Dept.

KS Leavenworth 

County

Lansing Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,510

Water Plant #1 Leavenworth Water 

Dept.

KS Leavenworth 

County

Leavenworth Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,639

LaCygne Generating 

Station

Kansas City Power & 

Light Company

Great Plains Energy, 

Inc.*

KS Linn County LaCygne Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.90 4,783

Emporia Water 

Treatment Plant

KS Lyon County Emporia Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 21,113
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 97

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

National Cooperative 

Refinery Association 

(NCRA)

Cenex–Harvest States 

(CHS) 

KS McPherson 

County

McPherson Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 92,786

City of Gardner, 

Hillsdale Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Gardner, Kansas KS Miami County Spring Hill Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,710

Co!eyville, Kansas 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of co!eyville, 

Kansas 

KS Montgomery 

County

Co!eyville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 6,064

Co!eyville Resources 

Refining and 

Marketing, LLC

CVR Refining, LP KS Montgomery 

County

Co!eyville Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

12.00 19,910

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Independence, 

Kansas

KS Montgomery 

County

Independence Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,090

City of Chanute 

Water Treatment 

Plant

CIty of Chanute KS Neosho County Chanute Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,180

Hutchinson Water 

Treatment Center

City of Hutchinson KS Reno County Hutchinson Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 5,718

Russell Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Russell KS Russell County Russell Water treatment Chlorine 2.90 2,100

Salina Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Salina, Kansas KS Saline County Salina Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,731

Air Products 

Manufacturing 

Corporation

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc. 

KS Sedgwick 

County

Haysville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

22.00 536,536

Brenntag Southwest, 

Inc. Wichita

Brenntag, Inc. KS Sedgwick 

County

Wichita Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 17,472

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Wichita,Kansas KS Sedgwick 

County

Wichita Water treatment Chlorine 6.20 283,978

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation

KS Sedgwick 

County

Wichita Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 552,723

City of Liberal 

Domestic Waste 

Treatment Plant

City of Liberal KS Seward County Liberal Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 12,067

Topeka Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Topeka, Kansas KS Shawnee 

County

Topeka Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 181,078

City of Wellington, 

KS Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Wellington, KS KS Sumner County Wellington Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 92

Hansen Water 

Treatment Plant

Water District No. 1 of 

Johnson County

KS Wyandotte 

County

Kansas City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 748

Nearman Water 

Treatment Plant

Board of Public Utilities, 

Kansas City, KS.

KS Wyandotte 

County

Kansas City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,595

The Procter & 

Gamble 

Manufacturing 

Company

The Procter & Gamble 

Company 

KS Wyandotte 

County

Kansas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 1.10 6,758

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., Kansas 

City, KS

Airgas Inc. KS Wyandotte 

County

Kansas City Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 189,902

Harcros Chemicals 

Inc. – Kansas City

KS Wyandotte 

County

Kansas City Cleaning agent 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 8.70 432,027

KENTUC K Y

MeadWestvaco 

Virginia Corp–

Wickli!e Carbon 

Plant

MeadWestvaco 

Corporation 

KY Ballard County Wickli!e Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 1,477

Wickli!e Paper 

Company

NewPage Corporation KY Ballard County Wickli!e Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 93,579

Lucas Water 

Treatment Plant

Glasgow Water 

Company

KY Barren County Glasgow Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 567
98 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Glasgow Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Glasgow Water 

Company

KY Barren County Glasgow Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 812

East Bend 

Generating Station

Duke Energy 

Corporation

KY Boone County Union Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 464

Paris Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Paris KY Bourbon County Paris Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,962

Paris Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Paris Combined 

Utilities

KY Bourbon County Paris Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,610

Ashland Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

KY Boyd County Ashland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,066

Air Products – 

Catlettsburg, KY

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

KY Boyd County Catlettsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.06 <10

Catlettsburg 

Refining, LLC

Marathon Petroleum 

Company, LP 

KY Boyd County Catlettsburg Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 303,045

R.T. Vanderbilt Co., 

Inc. – Murray Division

R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. KY Calloway 

County

Murray Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 0.86 637

Dow Corning 

Corporation 

Carrollton Site

The Dow Chemical 

Company

Corning Incorporated*

KY Carroll County Carrollton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethyldichlorosilane25.00 132,840

PMC Organometallix 

– Carrollton Plant

PMC Group, Inc. KY Carroll County Carrollton Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 136,350

Ghent Station Kentucky Utilities 

Company

PPL Corp.*

KY Carroll County Ghent Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

7.00 11,661

Amfine Chemical 

Corporation

ADEKA Corporation

Mitsubishi Co. Japan/ 

Mitsubishi Int. USA*

KY Christian 

County

Hopkinsville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

oxychloride

1.00 107

HWEA: Northside 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

Hopkinsville Water 

Environment Authority 

KY Christian 

County

Hopkinsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,394

HWEA: Moss Water 

Treatment Plant

Hopkinsville Water 

Environment Authority

KY Christian 

County

Hopkinsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 11,925

Winchester Water 

Treatment Plant

Winchester Municipal 

Utilities

KY Clark County Winchester Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,400

Owensboro 

Municipal Utilities

Owensboro Municipal 

Utilities

KY Daviess County Owensboro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 36,020

Water Plant A Owensboro Municipal 

Utilities

KY Daviess County Owensboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 37,591

Kentucky–American 

Water Company 

Kentucky River Sta

American Water Works 

Service Company, Inc. 

KY Fayette County Lexington Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 4,383

Town Branch WWTP Lexington–Fayette 

Urban County 

Government

KY Fayette County Lexington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 6,216

Kentucky American 

Water Co Richmond 

Rd Station

American Water Works 

Service Company, Inc. 

KY Fayette County Lexington Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 104,874

DuPont Wurtland 

Plant

E. I. du Pont de 

Nemours and Company

KY Greenup County Wurtland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

25.00 309,387

Domtar Paper 

Company, 

LLC–Hawesville Mill

Domtar Paper 

Company, LLC 

KY Hancock County Hawesville Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 4.78 12,058

Pirtle Springs Plant Hardin County Water 

District #1

KY Hardin County Cecilia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 243

Valley Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Elizabethtown KY Hardin County Elizabethtown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 4,205

City Spring Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Elizabethtown KY Hardin County Elizabethtown Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 13,692
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 99

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Freeman Lake Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Elizabethtown KY Hardin County Elizabethtown Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 21,569

White Mills 

Treatment Plant

Hardin County Water 

District No. 2

KY Hardin County Glendale Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 963

Mosaic Henderson 

KY Terminal

Mosaic Crop Nutrition, 

LLC

KY Henderson 

County

Henderson Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.90 37,683

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. KY Henderson 

County

Henderson Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 328,509

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

Louisville, KY

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.59 5,936

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 15,703

Mill Creek Station LG&E and KU Energy, 

LLC

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 33,796

Crescent Hill Water 

Treatment Plant

Louisville Water 

Company

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 71,708

JBS Louisville Pork 

Processing Facility

JBS USA LLC KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.20 110,926

Forth Technologies, 

Inc.

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Dye and pigment 

manufacturing

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

3.60 154,974

Lubrizol Advanced 

Materials, Inc.

The Lubrizol 

Corporation

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 795,131

Dupont Louisville 

Works

E. I. Dupont de 

Nemours Inc. 

KY Je!erson 

County

Louisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

16.00 873,861

B. E. Payne Water 

Treatment Plant

Louisville Water 

Company

KY Je!erson 

County

Prospect Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,529

West Hickman Creek 

WWTP

Lexington–Fayette 

Urban County 

Government

KY Jessamine 

County

Nicholasville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 22,599

London Water 

Treatment Plant

Utility Commision of 

the City of London

London Utility 

Commission*

KY Laurel County London Water treatment Chlorine 10.00 47,718

Berea Municipal 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Berea Municipal Utilities KY Madison County Berea Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 3,797

Wacker Chemical 

Corporation, 

Polymers Division–

Mai

KY Marshall County Calvert City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.10 527

Brennag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag USA KY Marshall County Calvert City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 735

Wacker Chemical 

Corporation, 

Polymers Division–

VAM

KY Marshall County Calvert City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

4.00 4,427

ISP Chemicals LLC ISP Chemco LLC KY Marshall County Calvert City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.90 20,215

Westlake Vinyls, Inc. Westlake Chemical 

Corporation

KY Marshall County Calvert City Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 144,474

Arkema Inc. – Calvert 

City, KY plant

Arkema Delaware Inc. KY Marshall County Calvert City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 146,511

Spurlock Power 

Station

East Kentucky Power 

Cooperative, Inc.

KY Mason County Maysville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 14,059

Arch Chemicals,Inc.–

Brandenburg, Ky. 

Facility

A fully owned 

subsidiary of Lonza 

KY Meade County Brandenburg Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 12.00 41,438
100 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Harrodsburg 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

KY Mercer County Harrodsburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,057

Kentucky Utilities 

– E.W. Brown Station

LG&E and KU Energy 

LLC

KY Mercer County Harrodsburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 20,310

TVA – Paradise Fossil 

Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

KY Muhlenberg 

County

Drakesboro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 3,001

Bardstown Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bardstown KY Nelson County Bardstown Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 6,704

Bardstown 

Wastewater 

Treatment 

Plant – Town Creek

City of Bardstown KY Nelson County Bardstown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 8,507

Big Rivers Electric 

Corp. – D. B. Wilson 

Station

Big Rivers Electric Corp. KY Ohio County Centertown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.00 9,511

Kentucky River 

Station II

KY Owen County Owenton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,363

Somerset Water 

Service

City of Somerset KY Pulaski County Somerset Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,003

Pitman Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Somerset, KY KY Pulaski County Somerset Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 10,108

Mount Vernon Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Mount Vernon

Mount Vernon Water 

Works*

KY Rockcastle 

County

Mount Vernon Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 1,064

Morehead Utility 

Plant Board Water 

Treatment Plant

Morehead Utility Plant 

Board 

KY Rowan County Morehead Water treatment Chlorine 5.00 3,231

Jamestown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

KY Russell County Jamestown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 308

Jamestown Water 

Plant

KY Russell County Jamestown Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,597

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. KY Scott County Georgetown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 504

Shelbyville Water 

Treatment Plant

Shelbyville Municipal 

Water & Sewer 

Commission

KY Shelby County Shelbyville Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 3,461

Franklin Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Franklin KY Simpson County Franklin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 703

Campbellsville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Campbellsville 

Municipal Water and 

Sewer System

KY Taylor County Campbellsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 7,957

Henry County Water 

Treatment Plant

Henry County Water 

District #2

KY Trimble County Bedford Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 738

Trimble County 

Station

LG&E and KU Energy 

LLC

Louisville Gas & 

Electric Company*

KY Trimble County Bedford Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 2,987

BGMU Water 

Treatment Plant

Bowling Green 

Municipal Utilities

KY Warren County Bowling Green Water treatment Chlorine 10.00 101,406

Big Rivers Electric 

Corp. – Reid/

Henderson/Green

Big Rivers Electric Corp. KY Webster County Robards Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 5,547

Water Treatment 

Plant

KY Whitley County Corbin Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,016

Versailles 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

KY Woodford 

County

Versailles Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 6,452

Versailles Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Versailles, 

Kentucky

KY Woodford 

County

Versailles Water treatment Chlorine 6.30 25,762
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 101

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

L OUISIANA

Louisiana Water 

Company – 

Crowley Water Plant

Utility Holdings, Inc. LA Acadia Parish Crowley Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,001

Acadia Power Station Cleco Power, LLC LA Acadia Parish Eunice Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 1,551

City of Rayne Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Acadia Parish Rayne Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,694

Baker Petrlolite 

Corporation – 

Rayne Blend Plant

LA Acadia Parish Rayne Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrolein 25.00 425,347

City of Oakdale 

Treatment Plant

City of Oakdale LA Allen Parish Oakdale Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,889

DuPont Burnside 

Plant

E.I. Dupont de Nemours 

and Company

LA Ascension 

Parish

Darrow Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur trioxide 25.00 498,364

Air Products, 

Geismar 2 SSU Plant

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.17 18

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Inc.

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Inc.

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.54 185

Praxair – Geismar, LA Praxair, Inc. LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 4,256

Lion Copolymer 

Geismar, LLC

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 8,288

BASF Corporation 

Geismar Site

BASF Corporation LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Phosgene 6.80 45,774

Shell Chemical 

Company LP

Shell Oil Company LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 11.00 106,053

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation 

– Geismar Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 649,226

Rubicon LLC LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Chemical 

manufacturing

Phosgene 25.00 661,435

Westlake Vinyls 

Company

Westlake Group of 

Companies

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 670,922

PCS Nitrogen 

Fertilizer, L.P.

Potash Corporation of 

Sacatchewan

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Chemical 

manufacturing

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

25.00 674,944

Honeywell 

International Inc., 

Geismar Plant

Honeywell International 

Inc. 

LA Ascension 

Parish

Geismar Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 687,088

The Dow Chemical 

Company – Grand 

Bayou Operations

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

LA Assumption 

Parish

Belle Rose Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 2,015

Assumption Parish 

Water Works District 

#1

LA Assumption 

Parish

Napoleonville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 908

City of Bunkie – 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

The City of Bunkie LA Avoyelles Parish Bunkie Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 1,900

Boise Packaging and 

Newsprint, LLC

Boise Inc. LA Beauregard 

Parish

DeRidder Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 14.00 30,600

Bossier City Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bossier City LA Bossier Parish Bossier City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,361

Northeast 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bossier City LA Bossier Parish Bossier City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,111

Red River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bossier City LA Bossier Parish Bossier City Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 53,489

Calumet Shreveport 

Lubricants and 

Waxes, LLC

Calumet Specialty 

Products Partners, LP 

LA Caddo Parish Shreveport Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.80 5,785
102 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Calcasieu Refining 

Company

Transworld Oil USA, Inc. LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.60 196

GH West Water Plant City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,209

Southwest Water 

Plant

City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,530

City of Lake Charles 

– Chennault Water 

Plant

City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,108

McNeese Water Plant City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,513

Center West Water 

Plant

City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,773

Center East Water 

Plant

City of Lake Charles LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,813

CITGO Petroleum 

Corporation–

Refinery

LA Calcasieu Parish Lake Charles Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

4.00 22,407

Gradney Street 

Water Treatment 

Facility

City of Sulphur, 

Louisiana 

LA Calcasieu Parish Sulphur Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,678

Verdine Street Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Sulphur, 

Louisiana

LA Calcasieu Parish Sulphur Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,812

Texas Butylene 

Chemical 

Corporation–Lake 

Charles

Texas Petrochemicals, 

LLC

LA Calcasieu Parish West Lake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

1.10 174

Westlake, Louisiana 

Hydrogen Facility

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP – Lake Charles 

Polymers

Equistar Chemicals, LP LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1–Butene 0.46 18

Phillips 66 Company 

– Lake Charles 

Refinery

Phillips 66 Company LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.94 477

Louisiana Pigment 

Company, L.P.

KRONOS Louisiana, Inc.

Tioxide Americas, Inc.*

LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Dye and pigment 

manufacturing

Titanium 

tetrachloride

9.30 128,583

Sasol North America 

Inc.

LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

17.00 181,892

Eagle US 2 LLC, Lake 

Charles Plant

Eagle US 2 LLC LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 21.10 196,808

Arch Chemicals, Inc. Lonza LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Methyl 

hydrazine

25.00 207,600

Georgia Gulf Lake 

Charles, LLC

Georgia Gulf 

Corporation 

LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

25.00 208,110

Excel Paralubes Phillips 66 Company

FHR Lubricants, LLC*

LA Calcasieu Parish Westlake, La Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.38 47

Town of Vidalia 

Water Treatment 

Plant

LA Concordia 

Parish

Vidalia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,538

Town of Vidalia 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Concordia 

Parish

Vidalia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 6,548

Baton Rouge SMR Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

ExxonMobil Baton 

Rouge Polyolefins 

Plant (BRPO)

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.43 159
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 103

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

ExxonMobil Baton 

Rouge Resin 

Finishing Plant

ExxonMobil Corporation LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Pentane 1.20 1,321

ExxonMobil Chemical 

Co. Baton Rouge 

Plastics Plant

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.20 3,623

ExxonMobil Refining 

& Supply – Baton 

Rouge Refiner

ExxonMobil Corporation LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Petroleum refinery Butane 1.50 15,856

Albemarle 

Corporation Process 

Development Center

Albemarle Corporation LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Bromine 2.77 44,614

North Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baton Rouge 

– East Baton Rouge 

Parish

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 77,706

Central Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baton Rouge 

– East Baton Rouge 

Parish

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 134,372

Solvay USA Inc., 

Baton Rouge Facility

Solvay USA Inc. LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propionitrile 6.80 170,240

Lion Copolymer, 

Baton Rouge Plant

Lion Copolymer, Inc. LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 11.00 368,900

ExxonMobil Baton 

Rouge Chemical 

Plant

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 475,951

Formosa Plastics 

Corp., LA

Formosa Plastics Corp., 

USA

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

25.00 701,578

Honeywell 

International Inc. 

Baton Rouge Plant

Honeywell International 

inc. 

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Baton Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

40.00 871,143

BASF–Zachary BASF Americas 

Corporation

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Zachary Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl chloride 3.70 6,956

Port Hudson 

Operations

Georgia–Pacific 

Consumer Operations 

LLC

LA East Baton 

Rouge Parish

Zachary Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 565,273

Myriant Lake 

Providence, Inc.

Myriant Corporation LA East Carroll 

Parish

Lake Providence Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.00 3,988

Evangeline Power 

Station

CLECO Evangeline, LLC

CLECO Mid Stream 

Resources, LLC*

LA Evangeline 

Parish

St. Landry Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 2,102

Tete Bayou Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Iberia Parish Sewerage 

District #1

City of New Iberia*

LA Iberia Parish New Iberia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,671

CVD, Inc The Dow Chemical 

Company

LA Iberia Parish New Iberia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyltrichlorosilane6.20 3,860

Highway 14 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of New Iberia LA Iberia Parish New Iberia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,204

Louisiana Water 

Company – New 

Iberia Water Plant

Utility Holdings, Inc. LA Iberia Parish New Iberia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,406

Flopam, Inc. SNF Holding Company LA Iberville Parish Plaquemine Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 17.00 490,678

The Dow Chemical 

Company–Louisiana 

Operations

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

LA Iberville Parish Plaquemine Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

19.00 517,411

Shintech Plaquemine 

Plant 1

Shintech Incorporated

C–K Tech, Inc.*

LA Iberville Parish Plaquemine Plastics 

manufacturing

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

23.00 634,108

Axiall Corporation 

– Plaquemine Facility

LA Iberville Parish Plaquemine Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 654,413
104 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Brenntag Southwest 

St Gabriel

Brenntag, Inc. LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.40 829

Brenntag Southwest, 

Inc. St. Gabriel 

Bleach Plant

Brenntag, Inc. LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 5.40 11,066

St. Gabriel Plant Taminco, Inc. LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 15.00 393,855

Balchem Corporation 

– St. Gabriel

Balchem Corporation LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Animal food 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 18.00 516,011

Mexichem Fluor Inc. 

– St. Gabriel Site

Mexichem Fluor SA de 

CV

LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

22.00 609,157

Pioneer Americas 

LLC d/b/a/ Olin 

Chlor Alkali

Olin Chlor Alkali LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 689,240

Delta St. Gabriel Delta Petroleum 

Company

Grief*

LA Iberville Parish St. Gabriel Chemical 

wholesale

Toluene 

2,6–diisocyanate

25.00 691,740

City of Gretna 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

LA Je!erson Parish Gretna Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 9,613

City of Gretna Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Je!erson Parish Gretna Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 10,006

East Je!erson Water 

Treatment Plant

Je!erson Parish Water 

Department

LA Je!erson Parish Je!erson Water treatment Chlorine 0.50 3,005

West Bank Water 

Treatment Plant

Je!erson Parish 

Department of Water

LA Je!erson Parish Marrero Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,939

Evonik CYRO – 

Fortier Plant

EVONIK C YRO 

Industries LLC

LA Je!erson Parish Waggaman Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrocyanic 

acid

1.40 4,771

Cornerstone 

Chemical Company

LA Je!erson Parish Waggaman Chemical 

manufacturing

Hydrocyanic 

acid

6.80 232,598

City of Westwego’s 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

LA Je!erson Parish Westwego Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.72 3,191

City of Westwego 

Water Treatment 

Plant

LA Je!erson Parish Westwego Water treatment Chlorine 0.72 3,825

South Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,498

North Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,736

East Sewage 

Treatment Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,449

Ambassador Ca!ery 

Treatment Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,722

South Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 13,883

Northeast Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

LA Lafayette Parish Lafayette Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 21,387

Lafourche Parish 

Water District No. 

1– South Plant

LA Lafourche 

Parish

Lockport Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,745

Lafourche Parish 

Water District No. 

1– North Plant

LA Lafourche 

Parish

Thibodaux Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,990

Air Products New 

Orleans Terminal

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc

LA Orleans Parish New Orleans Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 <10

Air Products, New 

Orleans H2 Facility

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc

LA Orleans Parish New Orleans Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.80 301
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 105

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Westbank Sewage 

Treatment Plant

Sewerage & Water 

Board of New Orleans

LA Orleans Parish New Orleans Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,821

Carrollton Water 

Purification Plant

Sewerage and Water 

Board of New Orleans

LA Orleans Parish New Orleans Water treatment Chlorine 9.90 751,074

East Bank 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Sewerage & Water 

Board of New Orleans 

LA Orleans Parish New Orleans Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 14.00 758,182

City of Monroe Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Ouachita Parish Monroe Water treatment Chlorine 4.49 70,835

Perryville Electric 

Generating Plant

Entergy Louisiana, Inc. LA Ouachita Parish Sterlington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 2,327

Angus Chemical 

Company–

Sterlington Plant

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

LA Ouachita Parish Sterlington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

11.00 52,336

City of West Monroe 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

LA Ouachita Parish West Monroe Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,353

Chevron Oronite 

Company LLC – Oak 

Point Plant

Chevron Corporation LA Plaquemines 

Parish

Belle Chasse Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Boron trifluoride 3.40 7,655

Phillips 66 Company 

Alliance Refinery

Phillips 66 Company LA Plaquemines 

Parish

Belle Chasse Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 703,760

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Inc.

Momentive Speciality 

Chemicals Holdings LLC

LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.57 592

Water Department, 

Ground Storage 

Castor Plunge

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 612

Water Department, 

Hwy. 28 West Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 1,943

WW Treatment Plant, 

Hudson Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,823

Water Department, 

Lewis Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 12,975

Water Department, 

Hamilton Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 16,626

Water Department, 

Hwy 1 Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 22,706

Water Department, 

Armory Site

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 28,920

Water Department, 

City Park Station

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 36,541

Water Department, 

Sterkx Road

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 36,695

Water Department, 

Adams Station

City of Alexandria LA Rapides Parish Alexandria Water treatment Chlorine 11.00 84,923

Odor–Tech LLC Arkema Delaware Inc. LA Rapides Parish Pineville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethyl mercaptan 0.32 30

Water Department, 

Libuse Water Well

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 463

Water Department, 

Janet Drive Water 

Well

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 642

Water Department, 

Highway 107

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,874

Water Department , 

Je!erson Hwy Water 

Well

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,677

City of Pineville 

Paper Mill Road 

Wells

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,822
106 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Water Department, 

Lakeview Water Well

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,953

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Pineville LA Rapides Parish Pineville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,208

Many Water 

Treatment Plant

LA Sabine Parish Many Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 523

St. Bernard Parish 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Department of Public 

Works

St. Bernard Parish 

Government*

LA St. Bernard 

Parish

Chalmette Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,164

Chalmette Refining, 

L.L.C.

Chalmette Refining, 

L.L.C 

LA St. Bernard 

Parish

Chalmette Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 920,095

Meraux Refinery Valero Refining – 

Meraux LLC 

LA St. Bernard 

Parish

Meraux Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 913,057

Praxair Distribution 

– Taft, LA

Praxair, Inc. LA St. Charles 

Parish

Hahnville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.20 20

Galata Chemicals – 

Taft Facility

Galata Chemicals, LLC LA St. Charles 

Parish

Hahnville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 34,985

Arkema Coating 

Resins– Hahnville

Arkema Inc. LA St. Charles 

Parish

Hahnville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 7.40 48,083

Occidental Chemical 

Taft Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Hahnville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 759,471

Air Products, Luling 

H2

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Luling Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.11 19

St. Charles Parish 

Waterworks District 

2

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Luling Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,063

Luling Oxidation 

Pond

St. Charles Parish 

Council

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Luling Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 6.00 25,865

Monsanto Company 

Luling Plant

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Luling Chemical 

manufacturing

Phosphorus 

trichloride

16.00 530,484

St. Charles Parish 

Waterworks District 1

LA St. Charles 

Parish

New Sarpy Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 8,419

Praxair 416 SMR 

HYCO Site (St. 

Charles)

Praxair, Inc. LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.07 <10

Cypress Catalyst 

Plant

W.R. Grace & Conn. – 

Conn.

W.R. Grace & Co.*

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

0.60 1,224

Norco Chemical Plant 

– West Site

Shell Chemical LP LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 1.80 3,626

Norco Chemical Plant 

– East Site

Shell Chemical LP LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 8,745

Valero St. Charles 

Refinery

Valero Refining–New 

Orleans, L.L.C.

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

2.40 10,854

MOTIVA Enterprises, 

LLC – Norco, LA 

Refinery

Motiva Enterprises, LLC LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Petroleum refinery Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

4.10 16,354

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. Norco 

Facility

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Norco Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 16.00 317,596

St. Rose Facility Equilon Enterprises LLC 

dba Shell Oil Products 

US

LA St. Charles 

Parish

St. Rose Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrogen 

sulfide

12.00 320,361

St. Charles 

Operations

Union Carbide 

Corporation

The Dow Chemical 

Company*

LA St. Charles 

Parish

Taft Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrolein 25.00 796,239
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 107

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Convent, Louisiana 

Hydrogen Facility

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

LA St. James Parish Convent Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Motiva Enterprises 

LLC – Convent 

Refinery 2012

Motiva Enterprises, LLC LA St. James Parish Convent Petroleum refinery Butane 1.10 220

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation Convent 

Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

LA St. James Parish Convent Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 316,251

Faustina Plant Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC

Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC*

LA St. James Parish St. James Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 403,278

Garyville, LA SMR Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Garyville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.11 15

Nalco Company – 

Garyville, LA facility

Nalco Company LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Garyville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 5,333

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

LARefiningDivision

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Garyville Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 943,819

River Road 

Treatment Plant

St. John the Baptist 

Parish

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

LaPlace Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 5,004

Woodland Treatment 

Plant

St. John the Baptist 

Parish

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

LaPlace Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 16,217

DuPont 

Pontchartrain Site

E.I. du Pont de 

Nemours & Co., Inc.

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

LaPlace Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 43,533

DuPont Performance 

Elastomers L.L.C., 

Pont. Site

E.I. duPont de Nemours 

& Company 

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

LaPlace Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 16.00 138,734

Lyons Water plant St. John the Baptist 

Parish

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Reserve Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,506

Air Products, 

Reserve, LA

Air Products 

Performance 

Manufacturing, Inc.

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.*

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Reserve Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 9.90 58,433

DPC Enterprises, L.P. LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Reserve Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 85,109

Ruddock Water Well St. John the Baptist 

Parish

LA St. John the 

Baptist Parish

Ruddock Water treatment Chlorine 5.20 1,180

Louisiana Water 

Company – Eunice 

Water Plant

Utility Holdings, Inc. LA St. Landry 

Parish

Eunice Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,807

Alon Refining Krotz 

Springs, Inc.

Alon USA Energy, Inc. LA St. Landry 

Parish

Krotz Springs Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 1,329

City of Opelousas 

Water Department

LA St. Landry 

Parish

Opelousas Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,898

Breaux Bridge Water 

Treatment Plant

LA St. Martin Parish Breaux Bridge Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 8,738

Breaux Bridge 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

LA St. Martin Parish Breaux Bridge Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 10,263

The Village of Parks 

Water Treatment 

Plant

The Village of Parks LA St. Martin Parish Parks Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 913

St. Martin Parish 

Water Treatment 

Plant

LA St. Martin Parish St. Martinville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,463

City of St. Martinville 

Wastewater

LA St. Martin Parish St. Martinville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,685

St. Martinville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of St. Martinville LA St. Martin Parish St. Martinville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,235

Berwick/Bayou Vista 

Joint Waterworks

LA St. Mary Parish Berwick Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,605
108 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Morgan City 

Water Plant

LA St. Mary Parish Morgan City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,138

City of Slidell – 

Robert Road Water 

Tower

LA St. Tammany 

Parish

Slidell Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,724

TPCG Pollution 

Control – South 

Treatment Plant

Terrebonne Parish 

Consolidated 

Government

LA Terrebonne 

Parish

Houma Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 3,398

TPCG Pollution 

Control – North 

Treatment Plant

Terrebonne Parish 

Consolidated 

Government

LA Terrebonne 

Parish

Houma Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,480

Schriever Water 

Treatment Plant

Consolidated 

Waterworks District 

No. 1

LA Terrebonne 

Parish

Schriever Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,385

Farmerville Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Town of Farmerville LA Union Parish Farmerville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,395

Abbeville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Abbeville LA Vermilion Parish Abbeville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,201

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #5

City of Bogalusa LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 8,643

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #1

City of Bogalusa LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,484

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #4

LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,411

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #6

City of Bogalusa LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,518

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #2

LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,092

City of Bogalusa 

Well Site #3

LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,210

City of Bogalusa 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bogalusa LA Washington 

Parish

Bogalusa Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 11,380

Cotton Valley 

Refinery

Calumet Lubricants Co., 

L.P.

Asphalt Material, Inc.*

LA Webster Parish Cotton Valley Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.48 33

Intercontinental 

Terminals Co.–

Anchorage Terminal

Intercontinental 

Terminals Company, 

LLC

LA West Baton 

Rouge Parish

Port Allen Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 1.70 3,338

Placid Refining Co. 

L.L.C. –Port Allen 

Refinery

LA West Baton 

Rouge Parish

Port Allen Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

12.00 384,879

City of Winnfield 

– Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

LA Winn Parish Winnfield Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.00 6,117

City of Winnfield – 

Water Treatment 

Facility

LA Winn Parish Winnfield Water treatment Chlorine 5.00 6,151

M ASSACHUSETTS

ISP Freetown Fine 

Chemicals Inc.

ISP Chemicals LLC MA Bristol County Assonet Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.33 143

Fall River Water 

Filtration Plant

MA Bristol County Fall River Water treatment Chlorine 0.60 2,708

Borden & Remington 

Corp

MA Bristol County Fall River Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 479,142

North Attleborough 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Town of North 

Attleborough 

MA Bristol County North 

Attleborough

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,710

Town of Somerset 

Water Treatment 

Facility

MA Bristol County Somerset Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 23,897
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 109

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Somerset Water 

Pollution Control

Town of Somerset MA Bristol County Somerset Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.04 86,477

Lynn Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Lynn Water and Sewer 

Commission 

MA Essex County Lynn Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 38,457

Lynn Water 

Treatment Plant

Lynn Water and Sewer 

Commission

MA Essex County Lynn Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 39,094

Springfield Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Springfield Water & 

Sewer Commissiion

United Water*

MA Hampden 

County

Agawam Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 9,706

Hercules 

Incorporated

Ashland Incorporated MA Hampden 

County

Chicopee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 1.50 27,654

Holyoke Water 

Treatment Facility

MA Hampden 

County

Holyoke Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,428

Solutia Inc., Indian 

Orchard Plant

Solutia Inc. MA Hampden 

County

Springfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

6.20 289,692

West Parish Filters Springfield Water and 

Sewer Commission

MA Hampden 

County

Westfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,771

Northampton 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MA Hampshire 

County

Northampton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,866

Air Products, 

Marlborough

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

MA Middlesex 

County

Marlborough Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 132

NeoResins Inc. DSM MA Middlesex 

County

Wilmington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

2,4–diisocyanate

0.06 15

OMNOVA Solutions 

Fitchburg Plant

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. MA Worcester 

County

Fitchburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 0.70 1,117

Worcester Water 

Filtration Plant

MA Worcester 

County

Holden Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,235

Webster WWTF MA Worcester 

County

Webster Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 22,140

Warren Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MA Worcester 

County

West Warren Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,215

M ARY L AND

Cumberland 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Cumberland MD Allegany 

County

Cumberland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 4,967

AES Warrior Run The AES Corporation MD Allegany 

County

Cumberland Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 5,731

Luke Paper Company NewPage Corporation MD Allegany 

County

Luke Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 11.12 30,451

Broadneck Water 

Reclamation Facility

Anne Arundel County

Dept. of Public Works*

MD Anne Arundel 

County

Annapolis Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.90 12,893

Brandon Shores 

Power Plant

Constellation Energy 

Group

MD Anne Arundel 

County

Baltimore Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 113

Cox Creek Water 

Reclamation Plant

Anne Arundel County 

Maryland 

Dept. of Public Works*

MD Anne Arundel 

County

Curtis Bay Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.90 34,226

Patapsco Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MD Baltimore city Baltimore Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 <10

Kemira Water 

Solutions, Inc.

Kemira Chemicals, Inc. MD Baltimore city Baltimore Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,483,457

Grace – Davison 

Curtis Bay

W R Grace & Co. – Conn MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

0.60 612

Ashburton 

Chlorinator Station

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Water and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 45,587
110 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Montebello Filtration 

Plant E Building

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Water and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 47,521

Guilford Chlorinator 

Station

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Water and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 53,528

Druid Lake Influent 

Chlorinator Station

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Water and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 61,931

Druid Lake E#uent 

Chlorinator Station

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Water and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Baltimore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 64,995

Towson Chlorinator 

Station

City of Baltimore – 

Department of Public 

Works

Bureau of Waste and 

Wastewater*

MD Baltimore 

County

Towson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 28,076

Perryville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Perryville MD Cecil County Perryville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,968

Monocacy Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Frederick, MD MD Frederick 

County

Frederick Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 1,187

City of Frederick 

Wastewater 

Treatment 

Plant–2012

City of Frederick, 

Maryland 

MD Frederick 

County

Frederick Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,602

Linganore Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Frederick MD Frederick 

County

Frederick Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,076

Fort Detrick MD Frederick 

County

Frederick Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,310

New Design Road 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Frederick County Board 

of County 

Commissioners

Frederick County 

DUSWM*

MD Frederick 

County

Tuscarora Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 691

Abingdon Water 

Treatment Plant

Harford County 

Government

Department of Public 

Works*

MD Harford County Abingdon Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 635

U.S. Army Garrison 

Aberdeen Proving 

Ground

U.S. Department of 

Defense 

MD Harford County APG Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 3.00 8,819

Sod Run Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Harford County 

Government

Department of Public 

Works*

MD Harford County Perryman Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 240

GTS Welco – 

Jessup, MD

Praxair, Inc.

GT&S, Inc.*

MD Howard County Jessup Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.10 34

Potomac Water 

Filtration Plant

Washington Suburban 

Sanitary Commission

MD Montgomery 

County

Potomac Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,635

Patuxent Water 

Filtration Plant

Washington Suburban 

Sanitary Commission

MD Prince George’s 

County

Laurel Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,022

Maryland 

Correctional Facility 

WWTF

State of Maryland MD Washington 

County

Hagerstown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 7,346
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 111

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

R.C. Willson Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Hagerstown 

Water Department

MD Washington 

County

Williamsport Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 7,349

City of Salisbury 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MD Wicomico 

County

Salisbury Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,027

Ocean City Water 

Plant 44th Street

Town of Ocean City, 

Maryland

Public Works Division 

Water Department*

MD Worcester 

County

Ocean City Water treatment Chlorine 0.50 288

Ocean City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Ocean City, 

Maryland

Public Works Division 

Wastewater 

Department*

MD Worcester 

County

Ocean City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 806

Ocean City Water 

Treatment Plant 15th 

Street

Town of Ocean City, 

Maryland

Public Works Division 

Water Department*

MD Worcester 

County

Ocean City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,355

Ocean City Water 

Treatment Plant 

136th Street

Town of Ocean City, 

Maryland

Public Works Division 

Water Department*

MD Worcester 

County

Ocean City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,235

MAINE

Westbrook Energy 

Center

Calpine O&M Company ME Cumberland 

County

Westbrook Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 49,447

Rumford Paper 

Company

NewPage Corporation ME Oxford County Rumford Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.40 1,159

Rumford Power, Inc. Capital Power 

Corporation

ME Oxford County Rumford Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 4,523

Red Shield 

Acquisition, LLC

ME Penobscot 

County

Old Town Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 9.30 39,913

Casco Bay Energy 

Company, LLC

Dynegy Power, LLC ME Penobscot 

County

Veazie Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 166

S.D. Warren 

Somerset Mill

S. D. W. Holdings 

Corporation

ME Somerset 

County

Skowhegan Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.00 1,420

GAC Chemical – New 

England

GAC Chemical 

Corporation

ME Waldo County Searsport Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 126,229

Domtar Maine LLC Domtar, Corporation ME Washington 

County

Baileyville Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 13,136

MICHIGAN

Whitestone Pumping 

Facility

Saginaw–Midland 

Municipal Water Supply 

Corporation

MI Arenac County AuGres Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 58

Bay City Terminal Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP

MI Bay County Bay City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.60 1,532

Bay Metro Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bay City MI Bay County Bay City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,792

West Bay County 

Department of 

Water/Sewer

MI Bay County Bay City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,044

St. Joseph Water 

Filtration Plant

City of St. Joseph, 

Michigan

MI Berrien County St. Joseph Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 348

City of Benton 

Harbor Water Plant

City of Benton Harbor MI Berrien County St. Joseph Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,371

CBPU Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Coldwater MI Branch County Coldwater Water treatment Chlorine 0.10 52

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Battle Creek

Department of Public 

Works*

MI Calhoun County Battle Creek Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,131
112 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Verona Pumping 

Station

City of Battle Creek MI Calhoun County Battle Creek Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,921

Sault Ste. Marie 

Water Treatment 

Facility

MI Chippewa 

County

Sault Ste. Marie Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,000

Sault Ste. Marie 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MI Chippewa 

County

Sault Ste. Marie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,472

Escanaba Paper 

Company

NewPage Corporation MI Delta County Escanaba Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 17.00 34,079

Verso Paper 

Quinnesec Mill

Verso Paper 

Corporation

MI Dickinson 

County

Quinnesec Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 5.80 15,291

Flint Water Pollution 

Control Facilities

City of Flint MI Genesee County Flint Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,824

Anthony Ragnone 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Genesee County 

Division of Water and 

Waste

MI Genesee County Montrose Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,786

Dow AgroSciences 

L.L.C., Harbor Beach, 

Michigan

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

MI Huron County Harbor Beach Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 565

Alexander Chemical 

Corporation, Mason, 

MI Facility

Alexander Chemical 

Corporation 

MI Ingham County Mason Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 641

Huron Shore 

Regional Utility 

Authority

Huron Shore Regional 

Utility Authority 

MI Iosco County East Tawas Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,071

City of Jackson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MI Jackson County Jackson Water treatment Chlorine 4.70 71,542

Water Station #1 City of Kalamazoo MI Kalamazoo 

County

Kalamazoo Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 21,804

City of Wyoming 

Clean Water Plant

City of Wyoming MI Kent County Wyoming Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,397

ADC–SCP Anderson Development 

Company

MI Lenawee 

County

Adrian Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

0.90 5,129

Great Lakes Chemical Great Lakes Chemical 

Corporation

Chemtura Corporation*

MI Lenawee 

County

Adrian Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 88,627

Air Products, 

Midland MI

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

MI Midland County Midland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 35

Midland Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Midland, 

Michigan

MI Midland County Midland Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,765

Midland Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Midland MI Midland County Midland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,563

Midland Styron 

Manufacturing

MI Midland County Midland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

3.20 29,032

Dow Corning – 

Midland Plant

The Dow Chemical 

Company

Corning, Inc.*

MI Midland County Midland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

16.00 220,722

Dow Chemical 

Midland Operations

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

MI Midland County Midland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

19.00 292,932

Burdick & Jackson Honeywell MI Muskegon 

County

Muskegon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chloroform 0.53 2,122

Bayer CropScience–

Muskegon Site

Bayer CropScience AG 

(Germany)

Bayer CropScience L.P. 

(United States)*

MI Muskegon 

County

Muskegon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 37,817

MacDermid, Inc. MI Oakland County Ferndale Chemical 

manufacturing

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

3.80 230,495
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 113

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

J. B. Sims Generating 

Station

City of Grand Haven 

Board of Light & Power

MI Ottawa County Grand Haven Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 3.00 21,814

Grand Haven/Spring 

Lake Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MI Ottawa County Grand Haven Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.30 30,990

City of Grand Rapids 

Lake Michigan 

Filtration Plan

MI Ottawa County West Olive Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,353

Vertellus Health & 

Specialty Products 

LLC

Vertellus Specialties, 

Inc. 

MI Ottawa County Zeeland Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Methyl chloride 0.10 58

Praxair – Hemlock MI Praxair, Inc. MI Saginaw County Hemlock Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 38

Hemlock 

Semiconductor Corp.

Dow Corning Corp.

Shinetsu Handotai*

MI Saginaw County Hemlock Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

20.00 330,920

City of Saginaw 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Saginaw, 

Michigan 

MI Saginaw County Saginaw Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,534

Saginaw Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Saginaw MI Saginaw County Saginaw Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,998

DWSD – Lake Huron 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Detroit Water and 

Sewerage Department 

MI St. Clair County Fort Gratiot Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,517

Albemarle 

Corporation

Albemarle Corporation MI Van Buren 

County

South Haven Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

1.10 2,897

DWSD – Southwest 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Detroit Water and 

Sewerage Department 

MI Wayne County Allen Park Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 26,507

Linde – Canton Linde North America, 

Inc.

MI Wayne County Canton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.03 <10

DWSD – Springwells 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Detroit Water and 

Sewerage Department 

MI Wayne County Dearborn Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 36,106

Alpha Resins, LLC Technisand Inc. MI Wayne County Detroit Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.30 1,193

DWSD – Water 

Works Park Water 

Treatment Plant

Detroit Water and 

Sewerage Department 

MI Wayne County Detroit Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,721

DWSD – Northeast 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Detroit Water and 

Sewerage Department 

MI Wayne County Detroit Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 26,173

Michigan Refining 

Division

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP

MI Wayne County Detroit Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

2.50 60,633

Woodworth Inc. Woodworth Inc MI Wayne County Detroit Metal heat 

treating

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 75,389

PVS Technologies, 

Inc. (Detroit)

PVS Chemicals, Inc. MI Wayne County Detroit Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,600,188

Detroit WWTP –

Chlorination/

Dechlorination 

Facility

City of Detroit MI Wayne County Detroit Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,825,983

Grosse Pointe Farms 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Grosse Pointe 

Farms 

MI Wayne County Grosse Pointe 

Farms

Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 14,576

Praxair – Ecorse, MI Praxair, Inc. MI Wayne County River Rouge Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 49

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. – Riverview

MI Wayne County Riverview Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 829,271
114 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Trenton 

WWTP

MI Wayne County Trenton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.70 35,695

Solutia Trenton Plant Solutia Inc. MI Wayne County Trenton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

5.60 114,708

Polychemie Inc. 

– Wayne, MI

SNF Holding Company MI Wayne County Wayne Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethylamine 0.24 302

MPL Woodhaven 

Cavern Facility

Marathon Pipe Line 

Company, LLC

MI Wayne County Woodhaven Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.70 2,487

BASF Corporation – 

Wyandotte Site

BASF Corporation MI Wayne County Wyandotte Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 3.20 89,180

MINNES OTA

Columbia Heights 

Membrane Plant

Minneapolis Water 

Works

MN Anoka County Columbia 

Heights

Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 12,285

City of Coon Rapids 

Water Treatment 

Plant – West

City of Coon Rapids, 

MN 

MN Anoka County Coon Rapids Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,394

City of Coon Rapids 

Water Treatment 

Plant – East

City of Coon Rapids, 

MN 

MN Anoka County Coon Rapids Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 17,319

Fridley Complex Minneapolis Water 

Works

MN Anoka County Minneapolis Water treatment Chlorine 5.20 338,477

Sauk Rapids Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Sauk Rapids MN Benton County Sauk Rapids Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,489

City of Mankato 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Mankato MN Blue Earth 

County

Mankato Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,237

Mankato Energy 

Center

Mankato Energy Center, 

LLC

MN Blue Earth 

County

Mankato Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.90 22,030

Moorhead 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MN Clay County Moorhead Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 49,907

Moorhead Water 

Plant

Moorhead Public 

Service

MN Clay County Moorhead Water treatment Chlorine 2.90 56,159

Moorhead Simplot 

Grower Solutions

J.R. Simplot Company MN Clay County Moorhead Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 135,036

Apple Valley Water 

Treatment Facility

MN Dakota County Apple Valley Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 61,483

Black Dog 

Generating Plant

Xcel Energy MN Dakota County Burnsville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.90 2,402

City of Burnsville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Burnsville, 

Minnesota 

MN Dakota County Burnsville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 65,147

Coachman Point 

Water Treatment 

Facility

MN Dakota County Eagan Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,324

Cli! Road Water 

Treatment Facility

MN Dakota County Eagan Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,708

Inver Grove Heights 

Water Treatment 

Facility

MN Dakota County Inver Grove 

Heights

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,405

City of Lakeville 

Water Treatment 

Facility

MN Dakota County Lakeville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 227

Flint Hills Resources 

Pine Bend, LLC

Flint Hills Resources, LP MN Dakota County Rosemount Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.40 1,306

DPC Industries, Inc. DX Holding Company MN Dakota County Rosemount Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 978,056

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., S. St. 

Paul, MN

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc.

Airgas Inc.*

MN Dakota County South St. Paul Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 335,691
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 115

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

ALASD Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MN Douglas County Alexandria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,833

City of Bloomington 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Bloomington MN Hennepin 

County

Bloomington Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 67,711

Brooklyn Park Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Brooklyn Park, 

MN

MN Hennepin 

County

Brooklyn Park Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,470

Eden Prairie Water 

Treatment Plant

MN Hennepin 

County

Eden Prairie Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,027

Cambridge 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Cambridge MN Isanti County Cambridge Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 889

Willmar Municipal 

Utilities (Northeast 

Plant)

MN Kandiyohi 

County

Willmar Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,936

Willmar Municipal 

Utilities (Southwest 

Plant)

MN Kandiyohi 

County

Willmar Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,373

Boise White Paper, 

LLC– International 

Falls, MN

Boise Paper Holdings, 

LLC

MN Koochiching 

County

International 

Falls

Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 6.00 7,817

CS–12 Recovered 

Energy Facility

Ormat Technologies, 

Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

MN Lyon County Garvin Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.20 <10

CS–13 Recovered 

Energy Facility

Ormat Technologies, 

Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

MN Martin County Trimont Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.20 <10

City of Austin 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MN Mower County Austin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,935

Worthington 

Industrial Treatment 

Facility

MN Nobles County Worthington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 6,167

Worthington 

Municipal 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Worthington MN Nobles County Worthington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 8,883

Worthington Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Worthington, 

MN

MN Nobles County Worthington Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,892

Rochester Water 

Reclamation Plant

City of Rochester MN Olmsted County Rochester Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 13,133

City of Fergus Falls 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MN Otter Tail 

County

Fergus Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 988

City of Fergus Falls 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MN Otter Tail 

County

Fergus Falls Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,059

Thief River Falls 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Thief River Falls, 

Minnesota 

MN Pennington 

County

Thief River Falls Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 8,236

East Grand Forks 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MN Polk County East Grand 

Forks

Water treatment Chlorine 2.70 27,727

St. Paul Regional 

Water Services–

McCarron

St. Paul Regional Water 

Services 

MN Ramsey County Maplewood Water treatment Chlorine 9.90 971,468

Hawkins Water 

Treatment Group 

– Red Rock

Hawkins, Inc. MN Ramsey County St. Paul Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,185,186

City of Fairbault 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MN Rice County Fairbault Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,255
116 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Faribault Energy 

Park

Minnnesota Municipal 

Power Agency

MN Rice County Faribault, MN Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

2.20 5,608

Blue Lake 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Metropolitan Council MN Scott County Shakopee Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.90 10,312

Lakewood Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Duluth Public 

Works and Utilities

MN St. Louis County Duluth Water treatment Chlorine 3.03 4,575

Cloquet Pump 

Station No. 2

City of Cloquet, 

Minnesota

MN St. Louis County Duluth Water treatment Chlorine 3.03 17,437

St. Cloud Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MN Stearns County St. Cloud Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 454

St. Cloud Water 

Treatment Facility

City of St. Cloud MN Stearns County St. Cloud Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,752

Cottage Grove – 3M 

Company

MN Washington 

County

Cottage Grove Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

4.20 32,450

Saint Paul Park 

Refining Company 

LLC

Northern Tier Energy MN Washington 

County

St. Paul Park Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 2,325,820

City of Winona Main 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Winona MN Winona County Winona Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 100

City of Winona Main 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Winona MN Winona County Winona Water treatment Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 13,992

MIS SOURI

Kirksville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Kirksville MO Adair County Kirksville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,732

Savannah Drinking 

WTP

City of Savannah, 

Missouri

MO Andrew County Amazonia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 400

City of Monett 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Monett, MO MO Barry County Monett Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.80 868

Water Treatment 

Plant, City of Lamar

MO Barton County Lamar Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 3,722

City of Columbia 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Columbia MO Boone County Columbia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 850

Missouri American 

Water Co. St. Joseph 

Plant

Missouri American 

Water Company 

MO Buchanan 

County

St. Joseph Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,249

Cape Rock Treatment 

Plant #1

City of Cape Girardeau MO Cape Girardeau 

County

Cape Girardeau Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,481

Church & Dwight Co., 

Inc.

Church & Dwight Co., 

Inc.

MO Cass County Harrisonville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

Dogwood Energy 

Facility

Dogwood Power 

Management LLC

MO Cass County Pleasant Hill Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.90 17,884

Excelsior Springs 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MO Clay County Excelsior 

Springs

Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 411

Kansas City, Missouri 

Water Treatment 

Plant

MO Clay County Kansas City Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 892,213

Cameron Municipal 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Cameron MO DeKalb County Cameron Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 850

Springfield – 3M 

Company

3M MO Greene County Springfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.02 <10

Fulbright Water 

Treatment Plant

City Utilities of 

Springfield, Missouri 

MO Greene County Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,985
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 117

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Blackman Water 

Treatment Plant

City Utilities of 

Springfield, Missouri

MO Greene County Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,177

Brenntag Mid–

South,Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. MO Greene County Springfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 13,068

Trenton Municipal 

Utilities Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Trenton, Missouri MO Grundy County Trenton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,382

Henry County Water 

Company Water 

Treatment Plant

MO Henry County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 5,294

KCPL – Hawthorn 

Generating Facility

Kansas City Power & 

Light Company

Great Plains Energy, 

Inc.*

MO Jackson County Kansas City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 95,124

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag, Inc. MO Jackson County Kansas City Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 898,701

Bayer CropScience MO Jackson County Kansas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 911,932

Courtney Bend Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Independence MO Jackson County Sugar Creek Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 12,009

Asbury Power Plant The Empire Distric 

Electric Company

MO Jasper County Asbury Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 6,284

Carthage Water and 

Electric

City of Carthage MO Jasper County Carthage Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,119

DPC Enterprises, L.P. MO Je!erson 

County

Festus Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 105,645

The Dow Chemical 

Company

The Dow Chemical 

Company

MO Je!erson 

County

Pevely Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Difluoroethane 0.40 309

Chillicothe Municipal 

Utilities

City of Chillicothe MO Livingston 

County

Chillicothe Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,061

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Hannibal Board of 

Public Works

MO Marion County Hannibal Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,320

Air Products, 

Hannibal

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

MO Marion County Palmyra Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 <10

BASF – Hannibal 

Plant

BASF MO Marion County Palmyra Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Bromine 6.00 13,082

Clarence Cannon 

Wholesale Water 

Commission

MO Monroe County Stoutsville Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 290

Shoal Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Joplin, Missouri MO Newton County Joplin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 2,687

Water Filtration Plant MO Newton County Neosho Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 469

Crowder Wastewater 

Plant

MO Newton County Neosho Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 1,160

Sedalia Water 

Treatment Plant

Sedalia Water 

Department

City of Sedalia, 

Missouri*

MO Pettis County Sedalia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,271

Iatan Power Plant Kansas City Power 

& Light

Great Plains Energy*

MO Platte County Weston Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 1,591

C.P.W.S.D. # 2 of Ray 

County

MO Ray County Orrick Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,445

Chain of Rocks Water 

Treatment Plant

City of St. Louis Water 

Division

MO St. Louis city St. Louis Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,375

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag North 

America

MO St. Louis city St. Louis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 45,765
118 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Missouri American 

Water Company 

Central Plant

American Water Works 

Company 

MO St. Louis County Chesterfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,996

Howard Bend Water 

Treatment Plant

City of St. Louis Water 

Division

MO St. Louis County Chesterfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,866

Missouri American 

Water Company 

North Plant

American Water Works 

Company 

MO St. Louis County Florissant Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,535

Whitmire Micro–Gen 

Research 

Laboratories, Inc.

BASF MO St. Louis County Kirkwood Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Isobutane 0.30 506

MarChem 

Corporation

Dash Multi–Corp MO St. Louis County Maryland 

Heights

Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.40 558

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. MO St. Louis County St. Louis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 18,661

NCMRWC Water 

Plant

MO Sullivan County Milan Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 99

Compton Drive 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Branson MO Taney County Branson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 761

Meadows Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Branson MO Taney County Branson Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,336

MIS SISSIPPI

Natchez Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

Natchez Water Works MS Adams County Natchez Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 213

Natchez Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Natchez MS Adams County Natchez Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,188

Quantum Choctaw 

Power, LLC

Quantum Utility 

Generation, LLC

MS Choctaw 

County

Ackerman Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.00 49

Choctaw County 

Generating Station

NRG Wholesale 

Generation LP

NRG Energy, Inc.*

MS Choctaw 

County

French Camp Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

J. N. Orr Water 

Treatment Plant

City of West Point MS Clay County West Point Water treatment Chlorine 4.20 10,128

MI College Water 

Treatment Plant

City of West Point MS Clay County West Point Water treatment Chlorine 4.20 10,422

The Valvoline 

Company

Ashland, Inc. MS DeSoto County Hernando Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethyl ether 0.30 33

Hattiesburg Water 

Plant #1

City of Hattiesburg MS Forrest County Hattiesburg Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 80

Hattiesburg South 

Lagoon

City of Hattiesburg MS Forrest County Hattiesburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,093

Hattiesburg Water 

Plant #2

MS Forrest County Hattiesburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.00 4,087

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics – 

Bay St. Louis

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics Holding US LP 

MS Hancock County Bay St. Louis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 5.22 3,827

Polychemie Inc. 

– Pearlington, MS 

Facility

SNF Holding Company MS Hancock County Pearlington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.10 82

Keegan Bayou 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MS Harrison County Biloxi Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 24,348

West Biloxi 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MS Harrison County Biloxi Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 33,744

D’Iberville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MS Harrison County D’Iberville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 34,004
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 119

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Channel Chemical 

Corporation

MS Harrison County Gulfport Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.20 76

South Gulfport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MS Harrison County Gulfport Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 36,472

Long Beach / Pass 

Christian Treatment 

Plant

MS Harrison County Pass Christian Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,974

DuPont DeLisle Plant E.I. du Pont de 

Nemours & Co., Inc.

MS Harrison County Pass Christian Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 259,722

Brighton Well City of Clinton MS Hinds County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,914

Ballpark Well City of Clinton MS Hinds County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 23,738

Armory Well City of Clinton MS Hinds County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 24,174

Cascades Circle West 

Well

City of Clinton MS Hinds County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 24,681

Trahon / Big Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Jackson Water / 

Sewer Utilities 

MS Hinds County Jackson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 954

Savanna Street 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Jackson Water / 

Sewer Utilities 

MS Hinds County Jackson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,090

J.H. Fewell Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Jackson, 

Mississippi

MS Hinds County Jackson Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 26,499

NeMRWSD 

Treatment Plant

Northeast Regional 

Water Supply District

MS Itawamba 

County

Fulton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,958

Daniel Electric 

Generating Plant

Mississippi Power 

Company

Southern Company*

MS Jackson County Escatawpa Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 553

Gautier Regional 

WWTP

Jackson County Utility 

Authority

MS Jackson County Gautier Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 26,068

West Jackson County 

WWTP

Jackson County Utility 

Authority

MS Jackson County Ocean Springs Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 21,364

Pascagoula / Moss 

Point WWTP

Jackson County Utility 

Authority

MS Jackson County Pascagoula Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 40,717

Chevron Pascagoula 

Refinery

Chevron Corporation MS Jackson County Pascagoula Petroleum refinery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

10.00 48,212

First Chemical 

Corporation

Chemfirst, Inc.

E.I. du Pont de 

Nemours and 

Company*

MS Jackson County Pascagoula Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

12.00 63,435

Allied Universal 

Corporation

MS Jones County Ellisville Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 64,064

Municipal Plant #2 MS Jones County Laurel Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,095

Municipal Plant #3 MS Jones County Laurel Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,531

Hunt Southland 

Refining Company 

– Sandersville

Hunt Refining Company MS Jones County Sandersville Petroleum refinery Pentane 0.70 117

Meridian Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MS Lauderdale 

County

Meridian Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,297

City of Meridian 

Freshwater 

Treatment Plant, 

North

City of Meridian MS Lauderdale 

County

Meridian Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,522

City of Meridian 

Freshwater 

Treatment Plant, 

South

City of Meridian MS Lauderdale 

County

Meridian Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,373

Tupelo Wastewater 

Treatment Branch

City of Tupelo MS Lee County Tupelo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 8,640
120 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Greenwood, 

MS – Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Greenwood, MS MS Leflore County Greenwood Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 10,678

Sam A Head, Jr. 

Water Plant

Columbus Light and 

Water Department

MS Lowndes 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,806

Reynolds R. Ridgely 

Wastewater Plant

Columbus Light and 

Water Department

MS Lowndes 

County

Columbus Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,443

North Water Plant Columbus Light and 

Water Department

MS Lowndes 

County

Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,806

Weyerhaeuser 

Columbus Cellulose 

Fibers

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Company 

MS Lowndes 

County

Columbus Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 131,633

Canton West Water 

Plant

Canton Municipal 

Utilities

MS Madison County Canton Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 5,942

Tip H. Allen Water 

Treatment Plant

Canton Municipal 

Utilities

MS Madison County Canton Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 9,916

Western Water Tank 

and Well

City of Ridgeland MS Madison County Ridgeland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 8,232

Hardy Road Water 

Well

City of Ridgeland MS Madison County Ridgeland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,195

Old Canton Road 

Well

City of Ridgleand MS Madison County Ridgeland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 37,333

School Street Well City of Ridgeland MS Madison County Ridgeland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 42,329

O.B.Curtis 

WaterTreatment 

Plant

City of Jackson MS Madison County Ridgeland Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 48,756

Axiall, LLC MS Monroe County Aberdeen Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 1,664

Aberdeen East 

Lagoon Facility

City of Aberdeen, 

Mississippi

MS Monroe County Aberdeen Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,059

Starkville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

MS Oktibbeha 

County

Starkville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 7,486

Leaf River Cellulose, 

LLC

GP Cellulose, LLC MS Perry County New Augusta Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 24.00 135,954

McComb Water 

Treatment Plant

MS Pike County McComb Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,277

City of Forest POTW City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 572

City of Forest (Hwy 

80 & 21 waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,094

City of Forest (I–20 

waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,177

City of Forest (Cedar 

Street Waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,393

City of Forest (Hwy 

80 west waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,564

City of Forest (Oak 

Park)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,924

City of Forest 

(Trenton Road 

waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,934

City of Forest (Little 

Princess Waterwell)

City of Forest MS Scott County Forest Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,030

City Of Indianola 

Public Works 

Department

City of Indianola MS Sunflower 

County

Indianola Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 2.63 5,303

Ergon Refining, Inc. Ergon Inc MS Warren County Vicksburg Petroleum refinery Propane 0.61 21
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 121

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

M ONTANA

Hardin Generating 

Station

Rocky Mountain Power

Bicent Power*

MT Big Horn 

County

Hardin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 111

City of Great Falls 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Great Falls MT Cascade County Great Falls Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,264

Great Falls 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

MT Cascade County Great Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,569

Montana Refining 

Company, Inc.

Connacher Oil and Gas, 

Limited 

MT Cascade County Great Falls Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

7.50 66,526

Bozeman Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bozeman MT Gallatin County Bozeman Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,328

Ten Mile Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Helena

Public Works, Water 

Department*

MT Lewis and Clark 

County

Helena Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 91

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals 

Inc. – Missoula

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

MT Missoula County Missoula Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.71 2,968

CS–3 Recovered 

Energy Facility

Ormat Technologies, Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

MT Roosevelt 

County

Culbertson Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.20 <10

Basin Creek 

Reservior

Butte–Silver Bow Water 

Utility Division

Butte–Silver Bow City/

County Government*

MT Silver Bow 

County

Butte Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 43

Big Hole Water 

Treatment Facility

Butte–Silver Bow Water 

Utility Division

Butte–Silver Bow City/

County Government*

MT Silver Bow 

County

Divide Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 230

Praxair – Butte, MT Praxair, Inc. MT Silver Bow 

County

Silverbow Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.10 <10

City of Billings Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Billings, 

Montana

MT Yellowstone 

County

Billings Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,020

Phillips 66 Billings 

Refinery

Phillips 66 Company MT Yellowstone 

County

Billings Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

14.00 124,339

CHS INC. – 

Laurel Refinery

CHS INC. MT Yellowstone 

County

Laurel Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

15.00 92,497

ExxonMobil Billings 

Refinery

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

MT Yellowstone 

County

Near Billings Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

8.70 97,569

N ORTH CARO L INA

J.D. Mackintosh, Jr. 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Burlington NC Alamance 

County

Burlington Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,206

East Burlington 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Burlington NC Alamance 

County

Burlington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,010

South Burlington 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Burlington NC Alamance 

County

Graham Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,188

City of Washington 

Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

NC Beaufort County Washington Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 887

Town of 

Elizabethtown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Elizabethtown NC Bladen County Elizabethtown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 392

DuPont – Fayetteville 

Works

E.I. DuPont de Nemours 

& Company, Inc.

NC Bladen County Fayetteville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

3.00 1,842
122 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Northwest Water 

Treatment Plant

NC Brunswick 

County

Leland Water treatment Chlorine 1.86 1,983

Highway 211 Water 

Treatment Plant

NC Brunswick 

County

Southport Water treatment Chlorine 2.80 7,421

Ivy River Treatment 

Plant

Town of Weaveerville NC Buncombe 

County

Weaverville Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 2,678

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

Morganton Plant

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

NC Burke County Morganton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.42 363

Catawba River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Morganton NC Burke County Morganton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,700

Town of Valdese 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Town of Valdese NC Burke County Valdese Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,297

Town of Valdese 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Valdese NC Burke County Valdese Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,445

SAFT America, Inc. SAFT America, Inc. NC Burke County Valdese Battery 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

13.00 176,108

Lower Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Lenoir NC Caldwell County Lenoir Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,102

City of Hickory Henry 

Fork WWTP

City of Hickory NC Catawba 

County

Hickory Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,466

City of Hickory 

Northeast WWTP

City of Hickory NC Catawba 

County

Hickory Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,610

City Of Newton WTP City of Newton

City of Newton Water 

Plant*

NC Catawba 

County

Newton Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 33,735

Town of Pittsboro 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Town of Pittsboro NC Chatham 

County

Pittsboro Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,707

Pilot Creek WWTP City Of Kings Mountain NC Cleveland 

County

Kings Mountain Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.33 1,598

T.J. Ellison Water 

Plant

City Of Kings Mountain NC Cleveland 

County

Kings Mountain Water treatment Chlorine 1.33 2,033

Cleveland County 

Sanitary District

NC Cleveland 

County

Lawndale Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 348

First Broad 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Shelby NC Cleveland 

County

Shelby Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,997

Shelby Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Shelby NC Cleveland 

County

Shelby Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,793

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. Acme 

Plant

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

NC Columbus 

County

Riegelwood Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 5,838

International Paper 

Company – 

Riegelwood Mill

International Paper 

Company, Purchase, NY 

NC Columbus 

County

Riegelwood Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 8.42 10,681

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc., 

Fayetteville

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

NC Cumberland 

County

Fayetteville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 46,872

North Reverse 

Osmosis Plant

Dare County NC Dare County Kill Devil Hills Water treatment Chlorine 2.40 7,944

Davidson Water, Inc., 

Water Plant

Davidson Water, Inc. NC Davidson 

County

Lexington Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 351

Brenntag Mid–South 

Inc.

Brenntag Inc. NC Durham County Durham Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.00 11,662
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 123

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Tar River Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Rocky Mount NC Edgecombe 

County

Rocky Mount Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 661

City of Belmont 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Belmont NC Gaston County Belmont Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,197

City of Belmont 

Water Pollution 

Control Facility

City of Belmont NC Gaston County Belmont Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 18,597

J.V. Tarpley Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Bessemer City NC Gaston County Bessemer City Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 334

City of Cherryville 

Water Plant

NC Gaston County Cherryville Water treatment Chlorine 1.60 1,851

Long Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Gastonia NC Gaston County Dallas Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.33 4,128

Chemtura 

Corporation

Chemtura Corporation NC Gaston County Gastonia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

2,4–diisocyanate

0.01 <10

Lubrizol The Lubrizol Company NC Gaston County Gastonia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.90 1,239

Crowder’s Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Gastonia NC Gaston County Gastonia Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,026

City of Mount Holly 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Mount Holly NC Gaston County Mount Holly Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 22,184

City of Mount Holly 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Mount Holly NC Gaston County Mount Holly Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 27,874

Clariant Mt Holly 

Plant

Clariant Corporation NC Gaston County Mt. Holly Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 10.00 284,220

DSM Desotech, Inc. DSM Desotech, Inc. NC Gaston County Stanley Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.10 11

Brenntag Mid–South 

Inc.

Brenntag Inc. NC Guilford County Grennsboro Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 19

Kao Specialties 

Americas LLC

Kao Chemicals 

Americas Corporation

NC Guilford County High Point Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 6.50 144,300

Canton Pre–

Chlorination 

Treatment Facility

Town of Canton NC Haywood 

County

Canton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 4,290

Blue Ridge Paper 

Products Inc.

Blue Ridge Holding 

Corporation

NC Haywood 

County

Canton Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 25.00 382,223

Waynesville Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Waynesville NC Haywood 

County

Waynesville Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 4,371

Town Of Waynesville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Waynesville NC Haywood 

County

Waynesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.30 6,160

City of 

Hendersonville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Hendersonville NC Henderson 

County

Mills River Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 3,483

Fourth Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Statesville, 

North Carolina 

NC Iredell County Statesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 4,356

Third Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Statesville, 

North Carolina 

NC Iredell County Statesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 5,006

Blanchard Terminal 

Company LLC 

– Selma Terminal

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

NC Johnston 

County

Selma Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.50 258
124 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Smithfield Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Smithfield NC Johnston 

County

Smithfield Water treatment Chlorine 0.91 1,294

City of Sanford Big 

Bu!alo WWTP

City of Sanford NC Lee County Sanford Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 288

City of Lincolnton 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Lincolnton, NC NC Lincoln County Lincolnton Water treatment Chlorine 2.70 7,250

Marion Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Marion NC McDowell 

County

Marion Water treatment Chlorine 2.64 6,703

Emerald Carolina 

Chemical, LLC

Emerald Performance 

Materials, LLC 

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.31 91

Univar USA Inc Univar USA Inc NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 166

Blanchard Terminal 

Company LLC –

Charlotte Terminal

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.50 1,316

Franklin Water 

Treatment Plant

Charlotte–Mecklenburg 

Utilities

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,866

Vest Water 

Treatment Plant

Charlotte–Mecklenburg 

Utilities

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,199

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC 

– Charlotte Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC 

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.79 33,569

Brenntag Southeast 

Inc

Brenntag Inc. NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

3.00 42,156

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc – Charlotte

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Charlotte Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,100,335

Lee S. Dukes Jr. 

Water Treatment 

Plant

NC Mecklenburg 

County

Huntersville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,387

Montgomery County 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Montgomery County NC Montgomery 

County

Mt. Gilead Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 286

Town of Southern 

Pines Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Southern Pines, 

North Carolina 

NC Moore County Pineblu! Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 256

Tar River Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Rocky Mount NC Nash County Rocky Mount Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,398

M’Kean Ma"tt 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Cape Fear Public Utility 

Authority 

NC New Hanover 

County

Wilmington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,055

Dixon Water 

Treatment Plant

Onslow Water and 

Sewer Authority 

(ONWASA)

NC Onslow County Holly Ridge Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 764

City of Jacksonville 

Land Treatment 

System

City of Jacksonville NC Onslow County Jacksonville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 292

Town of Hillsborough 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Town of Hillsborough NC Orange County Hillsborough Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,331

Rogerson 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Elizabeth City NC Pasquotank 

County

Elizabeth City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,021

Elizabeth City Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Elizabeth City NC Pasquotank 

County

Elizabeth City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,235

Mayo Plant SCR Progress Energy 

Carolinas, Inc.

NC Person County Roxboro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.10 249

City of Roxboro 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Roxboro NC Person County Roxboro Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,522
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 125

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Roxboro Steam 

Electric Plant

Carolina Power and 

Light Company

(d.b.a. Progress Energy 

Carolinas, Inc.)*

NC Person County Semora Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

0.99 175

Town of Farmville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Farmville NC Pitt County Farmville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 564

Trinity 

Manufacturing, Inc.

Trical, Inc. NC Richmond 

County

Hamlet Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 61,697

Lumberton 

Wastewater 

Treartment Plant

City of Lumberton, 

North Carolina 

NC Robeson 

County

Lumberton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 9,085

Lunberton Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lumberton, 

North Carolina

NC Robeson 

County

Lumberton Water treatment Chlorine 2.70 15,758

City of Eden, Mebane 

Bridge WWTP

NC Rockingham 

County

Eden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 24,826

City of Eden, Robert 

A. Harris Water Plant

NC Rockingham 

County

Eden Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 24,925

City of Reidsville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Reidsville, 

North Carolina 

NC Rockingham 

County

Reidsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,090

City of Reidsville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Reidsville, 

North Carolina 

NC Rockingham 

County

Reidsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,882

DyStar LP NC Rockingham 

County

Reidsville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

3.80 15,561

Akzo Nobel Surface 

Chemistry LLC.

Akzo Nobel Inc. NC Rowan County Salisbury Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.77 1,204

Cli!side Steam 

Station

Duke Energy NC Rutherford 

County

Cli!side Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 10,544

Belews Creek Steam 

Station

Duke Energy Company NC Stokes County Belews Creek Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 13,621

City of Monroe 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

NC Union County Monroe Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.80 3,854

City of Monroe John 

Glenn Water 

Treatment Plant

NC Union County Monroe Water treatment Chlorine 1.87 4,158

Mallinckrodt Inc. Mallinckrodt Inc. NC Wake County Raleigh Pharmaceutical 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 110,852

North Wilkesboro 

Water Treatment 

Plant

NC Wilkes County North 

Wilkesboro

Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 2,315

Wilkesboro Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Wilkesboro NC Wilkes County Wilkesboro Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 686

City of Wilson 

Wiggins Mill Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Wilson, 

North Carolina 

NC Wilson County Wilson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,893

City of Wilson 

Toisnot Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Wilson, 

North Carolina 

NC Wilson County Wilson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,996

Town of Yadkinville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Yadkinville NC Yadkin County Yadkinville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.30 8,801

N ORTH D A K O T A

Valley City Water 

Treatment Plant, 

Noth Dakota

ND Barnes County Valley City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,205

Bismarck Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Bismarck ND Burleigh County Bismarck Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,078
126 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Bismarck Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bismarck ND Burleigh County Bismarck Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,468

City of Fargo 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Fargo ND Cass County Fargo Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 10,202

City of Fargo Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Fargo ND Cass County Fargo Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 23,175

SWA Dodge Pumping 

Station

Southwest Water 

Authority

ND Dunn County Dodge Water treatment Chlorine 3.10 55

CS–5 Recovered 

Energy Facility

OREG–2, Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

ND Dunn County Manning Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Grand Forks Water 

Treatment

City of Grand Forks ND Grand Forks 

County

Grand Forks Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,703

CS–8 Recovered 

Energy Facility

OREG 2, Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

ND McIntosh 

County

Zeeland Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Coal Creek Station ND McLean County Underwood Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 2.00 32

Great Plains Synfuels 

Plant

Basin Electric Power 

Cooperative

ND Mercer County Beulah Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.50 188

MDU CS–6 Recovered 

Energy Generation 

Facility

MDU Resources Group, 

Inc.

Montana–Dakota 

Utilities Co.*

ND Morton County Glen Ullin Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Mandan Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Mandan ND Morton County Mandan Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,813

Tesoro Mandan 

Refinery

Tesoro Refining & 

Marketing Company 

LLC

ND Morton County Mandan Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

9.50 90,890

CS–7 OREG1

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

ND Morton County St. Anthony Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

SWA Water 

Treatment Plant

Southwest Water 

Authority

ND Stark County Dickinson Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,510

Jamestown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Jamestown, ND ND Stutsman 

County

Jamestown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.30 2,182

Jamestown Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Jamestown, ND ND Stutsman 

County

Jamestown Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,440

Grafton Water 

Department

City of Grafton ND Walsh County Grafton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,312

City of Minot Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Minot, North 

Dakota

ND Ward County Minot Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,168

Williston Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Williston ND Williams County Williston Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 <10

N E B RAS K A

Whelan Energy 

Center Unit 2

Public Power 

Generation Agency 

(PPGA)

NE Adams County Hastings Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.50 2,828

Platte West Water 

Treatment plant

Metropolitan Utilities 

District

NE Douglas County Omaha Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 12,048

Florence Water 

Treatment Plant

Metropolitan Utilities 

District

NE Douglas County Omaha Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 636,897

Rokeby Generating 

Station

Lincoln Electric System NE Lancaster 

County

Lincoln Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

0.26 21

Terry Bundy 

Generating Station

Lincoln Electric System NE Lancaster 

County

Lincoln Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.00 133

City Of Norfolk West 

Water Plant

City Of Norfolk NE Madison County Norfolk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 756

City Of Norfolk East 

Water Plant

City Of Norfolk NE Madison County Norfolk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,374
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 127

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Omaha Public Power 

Nebraska City Power 

Station

Omaha Public Power 

District 

NE Otoe County Nebraska City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.10 1,898

Nebraska City Water 

Treatment Plant

Nebraska City Utilities NE Otoe County Nebraska City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,344

Platte River Water 

Treatment Plant

Metropolitan Utilities 

District

NE Sarpy County Omaha Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 3,374

DPC Industries, Inc. DX Holding Company NE Sarpy County Omaha Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 753,723

Ashland Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Lincoln, 

Nebraska

NE Saunders 

County

Ashland Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 728

Blair Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Blair, Nebraska NE Washington 

County

Blair Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,178

N E W HAMPSHIRE

Nashua Corporation 

– Merrimack Facility

Cenveo Corporation NH Hillsborough 

County

Merrimack Pulp and paper Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.40 395

JCI Jones Chemicals, 

Inc. – Merrmack

NH Hillsborough 

County

Merrimack Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 465,822

PSNH Merrimack 

Generating Station

Northeast Utilities

Public Service of New 

Hampshire*

NH Merrimack 

County

Bow Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 18,570

Essential Power 

Newington, LLC

Essential Power, LLC NH Rockingham 

County

Newington Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 3,157

N E W JERSEY

Delaware River 

Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

New Jersey American 

Water

American Water*

NJ Burlington 

County

Delran Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,809

CVC Specialty 

Chemicals, Inc. 

– Maple Shade Plant

Emerald Performance 

Materials 

NJ Burlington 

County

Maple Shade Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 2.20 44,370

Dow Chemical 

Pennsauken Site

The Dow Chemical 

Company

NJ Camden County Pennsauken Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Pentane 0.40 501

Wildwood/Lower 

Region

Cape May County 

Municipal Utilities 

Authority

NJ Cape May 

County

Rio Grande Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.55 140

Deltech Resin 

Company

Newchem, Inc. NJ Essex County Newark Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.10 17

Cardolite 

Corporation

Cardolite Corporation NJ Essex County Newark Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 1.10 6,602

Ferro Delaware River 

Plant

Ferro Corporation NJ Gloucester 

County

Bridgeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 7.50 253,639

Paulsboro Refining 

Company LLC

PBF Holding Company 

LLC

NJ Gloucester 

County

Paulsboro Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

19.00 3,219,850

Logan Generating 

Co., L.P.

NJ Gloucester 

County

Swedesboro Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.07 <10

Johnson Matthey Inc. Johnson Matthey Plc. NJ Gloucester 

County

West Deptford Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 5,926

Thorofare Plant Solvay Specialty 

Polymers USA, LLC 

NJ Gloucester 

County

West Deptford Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 4,267,539

Bayonne Plant 

Holding L.L.C.

NJ Hudson County Bayonne Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.13 122,188

PSEG Fossil, LLC – 

Hudson Generating 

Staiton

PSEG Power LLC NJ Hudson County Jersey City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10
128 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Kuehne Chemical 

Co., Inc.

NJ Hudson County South Kearny Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 9,039,893

PSEG Fossil, LLC – 

Mercer Generating 

Station

PSEG Power, LLC NJ Mercer County Hamilton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 47

Trenton Water Works 

– Filtration Plant – 

EPARMP

NJ Mercer County Trenton Water treatment Chlorine 0.20 794

Grace Edison Plant W.R. Grace & Co. Conn. NJ Middlesex 

County

Edison Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

0.90 3,836

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP

LyondellBasell 

Industries

NJ Middlesex 

County

Edison Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

6.20 406,649

DuPont – Parlin E.I.DuPont de Nemours 

& Co. Inc.

NJ Middlesex 

County

Parlin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 0.43 1,747

Hercules 

Incorporated – 

Parlin Plant

Ashland Incorporated NJ Middlesex 

County

Parlin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 5.50 267,547

Air Liquide America 

Specialty Gases, LLC.

American Air Liquide 

Holdings, Inc.

NJ Middlesex 

County

South Plainfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 0.20 197

Swimming River 

Water Treatment 

Plant

New Jersey American 

Water

American Water*

NJ Monmouth 

County

Colts Neck Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,055

Jumping Brook 

Water Treatment 

Plant

New Jersey American 

Water

American Water*

NJ Monmouth 

County

Neptune Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,864

Brick Township 

Municipal Utilities 

Authority

NJ Ocean County Brick Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,001

Church & Dwight 

Company Inc.

NJ Ocean County Lakewood Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.28 309

Pequannock Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Newark

NWCDC*

NJ Passaic County West Milford Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,130

Carneys Point 

Generating Co., L.P.

NJ Salem County Carneys Point Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 <10

DuPont Performance 

Polymers – 

Chambers Works

E.I. DuPont de Nemours 

& Co. , Inc. 

NJ Salem County Deepwater Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

13.00 562,775

DuPont Chambers 

Works

E.I. DuPont de Nemours 

and Co., Inc.

NJ Salem County Deepwater Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 2,161,351

Mexichem Specialty 

Resins, Inc.

Mexichem Specialty 

Resins, Inc.

NJ Salem County Pedricktown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl chloride 0.22 14

Oxy Vinyls, LP Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation

NJ Salem County Pedricktown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.80 1,010

Lubrizol Advanced 

Materials, Inc 

Pedricktown Plant

The Lubrizol 

Corporation 

NJ Salem County Pedricktown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 3.10 8,116

Siegfried USA, LLC Siegfried Holding AG NJ Salem County Pennsville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethyl ether 0.04 <10

Cogen Technologies 

Linden Venture, LP

East Coast Power LLC NJ Union County Linden Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 49

Bayway Refinery Phillips 66 Company NJ Union County Linden Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.40 28,657

Infineum USA L.P. 

Bayway Chemical 

Plant

Infineum USA Inc. NJ Union County Linden Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 4,488,369

BASF Corporation 

Washington

BASF Corporation NJ Warren County Washington Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 3.58 18,993
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 129

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

N E W M EXICO

Southside Water 

Reclamation Plant

Albuquerque Bernalillo 

County Water Utility 

Author

NM Bernalillo 

County

Albuquerque Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 159,879

DPC Industries, Inc DX Holding Company NM Bernalillo 

County

Albuquerque Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 658,598

Jacob A. Hands 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Las Cruces NM Dona Ana 

County

Las Cruces Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,019

Navajo Refining 

Company

Holly Corporation NM Eddy County Artesia Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

11.00 14,435

Navajo Refining 

Company, 

LLC– Lovington, NM

HollyFrontier 

Corporation 

NM Lea County Lovington Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.30 <10

Santa Fe Pump 

Station/Water 

Chlorination Facility

City of Gallup Joint 

Utilities 

NM McKinley 

County

Gallup Water treatment Chlorine 0.30 194

City of Gallup 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Gallup Joint 

Utilities 

NM McKinley 

County

Gallup Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,153

Gallup Refinery Western Refining 

Southwest, Inc. 

NM McKinley 

County

Jamestown Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

5.90 1,281

Yah–ta–hey 

PumpStation Water 

Chlorination Facility

City of Gallup Joint 

Utilities 

NM McKinley 

County

Yah Ta Hey Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 327

Holloman Air Force 

Base

U. S. Air Force Air 

Combat Command, 

49th Fighter W

NM Otero County Holloman AFB Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.80 10

N EVADA

Soda Lake I 

Geothermal Project

NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.02 <10

Enel Salt Wells, LLC Enel North America NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Isobutane 0.40 <10

Enel Stillwater, LLC Enel North America NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Isobutane 0.40 <10

Soda Lake II 

Geothermal Project

NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.29 <10

Brady Geothermal 

Power Plant

ORNI 1, LLC

ORNI 2, LLC*

NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Desert Peak II ORNI 3, LLC NV Churchill County Fallon Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Desert Star Energy 

Center

San Diego Gas and 

Electric

NV Clark County Boulder City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.70 <10

Southern Nevada 

Water System

Southern Nevada Water 

Authority

NV Clark County Boulder City Water treatment Chlorine 6.00 3,980

Saguaro Power 

Company

NRG Energy Inc. NV Clark County Henderson Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 18,237

Thatcher Company 

of Nevada, Inc.

NV Clark County Henderson Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,137,040

Pioneer Americas 

LLC dba Olin Chlor 

Alkali Product

Olin Corporation NV Clark County Henderson Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 18.00 1,586,954

Goodsprings Energy 

Recovery Station

NV Energy NV Clark County Jean Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.20 <10

Apex Generating 

Station

Las Vegas Power 

Company LLC

Broadway Gen. Funding 

LLC*

NV Clark County Las Vegas Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.70 28
130 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Silverhawk 

Generating Station

NV Energy NV Clark County North Las Vegas Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

Walter M. Higgins III 

Generating Station

NV Energy NV Clark County Primm Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 <10

Tuscorora 

Geothermal

Ormat Technologies, 

Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

NV Elko County Tuscorora Electric power 

generation

Butane 0.40 <10

Blue Mountain 

Faulkner 1

NGP Blue Mountain I 

LLC

NV Humboldt 

County

Winnemucca Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.40 <10

McGinness Hills Ormat Technologies, 

Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

NV Lander County Austin Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.40 <10

Hawthorne Army 

Depot

Department of Army

Department of 

Defense*

NV Mineral County Hawthorne Water treatment Chlorine 3.40 562

Wild Rose Ormat Technologies, 

inc.

ORNI 47 LLC*

NV Mineral County Luning Electric power 

generation

Butane 0.40 <10

Jersey Valley Ormat Technologies, 

Inc.

Ormat Nevada, Inc.*

NV Pershing 

County

Battle Mountain Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.40 <10

TRI–Center Power 

Plant

Naniwa Energy LLC NV Storey County McCarran Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 463

Steamboat 

Geothermal Power 

Complex

Ormat Technologies, 

Inc. 

NV Washoe County Reno Electric power 

generation

Isobutane 0.40 143

Sierra Chemical Co., 

Sparks Facility

NV Washoe County Sparks Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 401,965

N E W YOR K

Surpass Chemical 

Company, Inc. Bridge 

Street Plant

NY Albany County Albany Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 539,167

Feura Bush Filtration 

Plant

Albany Water Board NY Albany County Feura Bush Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,830

Guilderland Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Gulderland NY Albany County Guilderland 

Center

Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,342

Mohawk View Water 

Treatment Plant

Town of Colonie 

Division of Latham 

Water

NY Albany County Latham Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,606

Town of Bethlehem 

Dinmore Rd. 

Chlorination Station

Town of Bethlehem 

Department of Public 

Works

NY Albany County Selkirk Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 111

Town of Bethlehem 

Water Treatment 

Plant – Selkirk

Town of Bethlehem 

Department of Public 

Works

NY Albany County Selkirk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,194

Town of Bethlehem 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Bethlehem 

Department of Public 

Works

NY Albany County Selkirk Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,205

Town of Bethlehem 

Water Treatment 

Plant–Vly Creek

Town of Bethlehem 

Department of Public 

Works

NY Albany County Voorheesville Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 54

CYTEC Olean Inc CYTEC Industries Inc. NY Cattaraugus 

County

Olean Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.03 <10

Dunkirk Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

NY Chautauqua 

County

Dunkirk Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,756

Dunkirk Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Dunkirk NY Chautauqua 

County

Dunkirk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,479

Elmira Water Board 

Filtration Plant

Elmira Water Board NY Chemung 

County

Elmira Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,469
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 131

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Saranac Power 

Partners, L.P.

CalEnergy Company, 

Inc.

NY Clinton County Plattsburgh Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 2,095

Leroy R. Summerson 

WWTF

City of Cortland, NY NY Cortland County Cortland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 5,563

City of Beacon 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

The City of Beacon NY Dutchess 

County

Beacon Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 55,801

DuPont Yerkes Plant E. I. DuPont de 

Nemours & Co. Inc.

NY Erie County Bu!alo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl fluoride 0.12 25

City of Bu!alo Water 

Facility

NY Erie County Bu!alo Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 22,423

Tyson Deli, Bu!alo, 

NY

Tyson Foods Inc. NY Erie County Bu!alo Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 85,000

PVS Chemical 

Solutions, Inc.

PVS Chemicals, Inc. NY Erie County Bu!alo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

6.50 378,302

Sturgeon Point 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Erie County Water 

Authority 

NY Erie County Derby Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,166

Van de Water, Water 

Treatment Plant

Erie County Water 

Authority

NY Erie County Tonawanda Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,261

Town of Tonawanda 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

NY Erie County Tonawanda Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,861

Town of Tonawanda 

Water Treatment 

Plant

NY Erie County Tonawanda Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,982

Tonawanda – 

3M Company

NY Erie County Tonawanda Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 2.40 34,851

FMC Corporation 

– Peroxygens 

Tonawanda

FMC Corporation NY Erie County Tonawanda Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 352,383

International Paper 

– Ticonderoga Mill

International Paper NY Essex County Ticonderoga Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.00 635

Warneck Pump 

Station

Development Authority 

of the North Country

NY Je!erson 

County

Watertown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,713

Watertown Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Watertown, NY NY Je!erson 

County

Watertown Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,932

Lakeside Beaver 

Falls, LLC

Lakeside New York, LLC NY Lewis County Beaver Falls Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 28

JCI Jones Chemicals, 

Inc. – Caledonia

NY Livingston 

County

Caledonia Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 877,870

Arkema Inc. Arkema Delaware Inc. NY Livingston 

County

Pi!ard Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propyl 

chloroformate

1.70 681

Monroe County 

Water Authority 

– Shoremont Facility

Monroe County Water 

Authority 

NY Monroe County Rochester Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 22,929

Arch Chemicals, Inc. 

– Rochester, NY 

Facility

Arch Chemicals, Inc. NY Monroe County Rochester Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Chlorine 25.00 886,626

Somerset Operating 

Company, LLC

Upstate New York 

Power Producers, Inc.

NY Niagara County Barker Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.90 3,730

VanDeMark Chemical 

Inc.

Buckingham 

VanDeMark Holding 

Corp

NY Niagara County Lockport Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Chlorine 14.00 240,997

Twin Lake Chemical, 

Inc.

NY Niagara County Lockport Chemical 

manufacturing

Phosgene 15.00 293,421

Praxair – 

Niagara Falls, NY

Praxair, Inc. NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.70 3,156

Michael C. 

O’Laughlin Municipal 

Water Plant

Niagara Falls Water 

Board 

NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,524
132 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

NCWD Williams 

Road Treatment 

Plant

NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 30,785

Niacet Corporation NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 411,475

Olin Corporation, 

Niagara Falls, NY –

Foote Yard

Olin Corporation NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 942,369

Olin Corporation – 

Niagara Falls, 

New York Plant

Olin Corporation NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 960,730

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation 

– Niagara Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

NY Niagara County Niagara Falls Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 974,770

North Tonawanda 

Wastwater Treatment 

Facility

City of North 

Tonawanda, NY 

NY Niagara County North 

Tonawanda

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 12,260

City of Rome Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Rome NY Oneida County Lee Center Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,058

Hinckley Water 

Treatment Plant

Upper Mohawk Valley 

Regional Water Board

NY Oneida County Prospect Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 385

City of Oneida Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Oneida NY Oneida County Taberg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 188

Skaneateles Water 

Treatment Plant

NY Onondaga 

County

Skaneateles Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 409

Lakeside Syracuse, 

LLC

Lakeside New York, LLC NY Onondaga 

County

Solvay Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 1,749

Onondaga 

Renewables LLC

Onondaga Renewables 

LLC

NY Onondaga 

County

Syracuse Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.09 76

General Chemical 

LLC – Syracuse 

Works

General Chemical LLC NY Onondaga 

County

Syracuse Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 176,756

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. – Warwick

NY Orange County Warwick Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 324,901

City of Fulton Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

NY Oswego County Fulton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,125

Eastside Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Oswego NY Oswego County Oswego Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,240

City of Oswego 

Water Treatment 

Facility

City of Oswego, 

New York 

NY Oswego County Oswego Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,387

Westside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Oswego NY Oswego County Oswego Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,162

Melrose Chlorination 

Station

City of Troy NY Rensselaer 

County

Melrose Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,472

John P. Buckley 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Troy Department 

of Public Utilities 

NY Rensselaer 

County

Troy Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,780

Joint Regional 

Sewerage Board 

WWTP

Joint Regional 

Sewerage Board 

NY Rockland 

County

West 

Haverstraw

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 17,791

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc., 

Moreau

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

NY Saratoga 

County

South Glens 

Falls

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.27 133

MPM Silicones, LLC Momentive 

Performance Materials 

USA, Inc.

NY Saratoga 

County

Waterford Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethyldichlorosilane7.50 165,013

SI Group NY Schenectady 

County

Rotterdam 

Junction

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

25.00 842,753
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 133

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Massena Energy 

Facility

Power City Partners, 

L.P.

NY St. Lawrence 

County

Massena Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 8,384

City Of Ogdensburg 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City Of Ogdensburg NY St. Lawrence 

County

Ogdensburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 250

City of Hornell Water 

Treatment Plant

NY Steuben County Hornell Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 198

Village of Monticello 

Water Department

NY Sullivan County Kiamesha Lake Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,561

SCLIWC Bolton Point 

Water System

Southern Cayuga Lake 

Intermunicipal Water 

Com.

NY Tompkins 

County

Ithaca Water treatment Chlorine 1.80 5,155

Cayuga Operating 

Company LLC

NY Tompkins 

County

Lansing Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 1,106

Finch Paper LLC Finch Paper Holdings 

LLC

NY Warren County Glens Falls Pulp and paper Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 141,165

Thatcher Company of 

New York

NY Wayne County Williamson Industrial gas 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 160,850

Kensico (Shaft 18) New York City Dept. 

of Environmental 

Protection

NY Westchester 

County

Valhalla Water treatment Chlorine 1.33 5,849

Hillview Reservoir New York City 

Environmental 

Protection

NY Westchester 

County

Yonkers Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 62,025

Attica Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Village of Attica NY Wyoming 

County

Attica Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 227

Attica Water 

Treatment Plant

Village of Attica NY Wyoming 

County

Attica Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,140

O HIO

DP&L – J.M. Stuart 

Generating Station

AES Corporation OH Adams County Aberdeen Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.10 11,593

DP&L – Killen Electric 

Generating Station

DPL Inc. OH Adams County Manchester Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 7,011

Cairo Sulphur 

Products

Chemtrade Logistics, 

Inc.

OH Allen County Cairo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

4.60 8,575

PPG Refinish – 

Lima, OH

PPG Industries Ohio, 

Inc.

OH Allen County Lima Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

ISP Lima LLC International Specialty 

Products

OH Allen County Lima Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.30 197

Fort Amanda 

Specialties LLC

Akzo Nobel Functional 

Chemicals LLC

BASF Corporation*

OH Allen County Lima Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrocyanic 

acid

0.60 683

Linde – Lima Linde LLC OH Allen County Lima Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 6,027

Lima Refining 

Company

Husky Energy 

Corporation

OH Allen County Lima Petroleum refinery Butane 1.50 8,870

Lima Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lima, Ohio OH Allen County Lima Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,128

PCS Nitrogen Ohio 

L.P.

Potash Corporation of 

Saskatchewan Inc.

OH Allen County Lima Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

17.00 149,789

Ineos USA LLC OH Allen County Lima Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Acrylonitrile 25.00 238,295

Gabriel Performance 

Products, LLC

OH Ashtabula 

County

Ashtabula Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrogen 

sulfide

16.00 90,647

ASHTA Chemicals 

Incorporated

ASHTA Chemicals 

Incorporated

OH Ashtabula 

County

Ashtabula Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 17.00 95,214

Detrex Chemicals Detrex Corporation OH Ashtabula 

County

Ashtabula Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 161,102
134 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Univar USA Inc. – 

Cincinnati Branch

Univar USA Inc. OH Butler County Cincinnati Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 987,758

Charles M. Bolton 

Plant

Greater Cincinnati 

Water Works

OH Butler County Fairfield Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 25,270

Air Products, 

Middletown, OH

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc.

OH Butler County Middletown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.30 323

Pilot Chemical 

Company of Ohio 

Middletown Plant

Pilot Chemical 

Corporation 

OH Butler County Middletown Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Sulfur trioxide 2.90 32,900

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Springfield, Ohio OH Clark County Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,759

Clermont County 

Bob McEwen WTP

Clermont County Sewer 

and Water District 

OH Clermont 

County

Batavia Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,753

Clermont County 

Pierce–Union–

Batavia WTP

Clermont County Sewer 

and Water District 

OH Clermont 

County

New Richmond Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,840

Heritage–WTI, Inc Heritage–WTI, LLC. OH Columbiana 

County

East Liverpool Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Furan 3.90 22,161

Coshocton Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Coshocton OH Coshocton 

County

Coshocton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,841

City of Bucyrus, Ohio 

– Water Department

OH Crawford 

County

Bucyrus Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,185

McGean–Rohco, Inc. OH Cuyahoga 

County

Cleveland Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 0.04 <10

Air Products, 

Cleveland Ohio

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

OH Cuyahoga 

County

Cleveland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 72

Ashland Inc. Ashland Inc. OH Cuyahoga 

County

Cleveland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.20 569

Greenville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Greenville OH Darke County Greenville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,484

Defiance Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

City of Defiance, Ohio OH Defiance 

County

Defiance Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,632

PPG Industries Ohio, 

Inc.

PPG Industries, Inc. OH Delaware 

County

Delaware Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 0.22 179

City of Delaware 

Ohio Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Delaware Ohio OH Delaware 

County

Delaware Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 11,033

The Glidden 

Company

Akzo Nobel OH Erie County Huron Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.30 1,423

Capital Resin 

Corporation

OH Franklin County Columbus Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.62 1,437

Hap Cremean Water 

Plant

City of Columbus 

Division of Power & 

Water

OH Franklin County Columbus Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 80,638

Parsons Avenue 

Water Plant

City of Columbus 

Division of Power & 

Water

OH Franklin County Lockbourne Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,739

City of Westerville 

Water Plant

City of Westerville OH Franklin County Westerville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,543

MPC – Fairborn Miami Products and 

Chemical Company

OH Greene County Fairborn Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 555,208

Wetzler/Haynes 

Water Filtration Plant

Village of Byesville OH Guernsey 

County

Byesville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,816

Cambridge Water 

Treatment Plant

OH Guernsey 

County

Cambridge Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,216
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 135

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Air Products, 

Cincinnati, OH

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc.

OH Hamilton 

County

Cincinnati Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.30 687

EMD Chemicals Inc. EMD Chemicals Inc. OH Hamilton 

County

Cincinnati Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chloroform 0.70 5,632

Richard Miller Water 

Treatment Plant

Greater Cincinnati 

Water Works

OH Hamilton 

County

Cincinnati Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,706

Emerald Hilton Davis, 

LLC

Emerald Performance 

Materials, LLC 

OH Hamilton 

County

Cincinnati Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

1.00 15,886

PMC Cincinnati, Inc. PMC–Group OH Hamilton 

County

Cincinnati Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,221,515

Pilot Chemical 

Company of Ohio 

Lockland Plant

Pilot Chemical 

Corporation 

OH Hamilton 

County

Lockland Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Sulfur trioxide 3.80 101,103

Agrium , North Bend 

Nitrogen Operation

Agrium U.S. Inc. OH Hamilton 

County

North Bend Chemical 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

19.00 875,066

DuPont Fort Hill 

Plant

OH Hamilton 

County

North Bend Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur trioxide 25.00 1,353,900

City of Norwalk 

Water Treatment

OH Huron County Norwalk Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,480

W. H. Sammis Plant First Energy Generation 

Corp

OH Je!erson 

County

Stratton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 48

Painesville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Painesville OH Lake County Mentor Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,168

NOVA Chemicals, Inc NOVA Chemicals, Inc OH Lake County Painesville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Pentane 0.40 406

Lake County Water 

Treatment East

Lake County 

Commissioners

OH Lake County Painesville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,630

The Lubrizol 

Corporation, 

Painesville Facility

The Lubrizol 

Corporation 

OH Lake County Painesville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

sulfide

4.70 83,330

Willoughby Quartz 

Plant

Momentive 

Performance Materials, 

Quartz Inc.

OH Lake County Willoughby Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

1.68 29,197

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. OH Licking County Hebron Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 7,941

PolyOne Corporation 

Avon Lake Facility

PolyOne Corporation 

(Formerly The Geon 

Company)

OH Lorain County Avon Lake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl chloride 0.35 347

Avon Lake Water 

Filtration Plant

OH Lorain County Avon Lake Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 25,354

City of Elyria 

Wastewater Pollution 

Control Plant

OH Lorain County Elyria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,085

3M Elyria OH Lorain County Elyria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 2.10 21,452

City of Elyria Water 

Works

OH Lorain County Lorain Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,527

Lorain Water 

Purification Plant

City of Lorain OH Lorain County Lorain Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,265

The Andersons 

Maumee Terminal

The Andersons, Inc. OH Lucas County Maumee Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 113,380

BP–Husky Refining 

LLC

Toledo Refinery Holding 

Company LLC

Husky Oil Toledo 

Company*

OH Lucas County Oregon Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.40 2,626

City of Oregon Water 

Plant

City of Oregon OH Lucas County Oregon Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,574

Oregon Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Oregon OH Lucas County Oregon Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,755
136 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Toledo Refining 

Company LLC

PBF Holding Company 

LLC

OH Lucas County Oregon Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.62 27,059

Oregon Refinery 

Services

Chemtrade Logistics 

Inc.

OH Lucas County Oregon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

3.70 48,601

Perstorp Polyols, Inc. Perstorp Inc. OH Lucas County Toledo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.62 1,666

City of Toledo 

Division of Water 

Reclaimation

OH Lucas County Toledo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,356

Specialty Gases of 

America, Inc.

Praxair Distribution, Inc. OH Lucas County Toledo Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl chloride 1.70 11,080

City of Toledo 

Division of Water 

Treatment

City of Toledo OH Lucas County Toledo Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 19,346

Aqua Ohio Struthers 

Division WTP

Aqua America OH Mahoning 

County

Poland Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 5,678

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Youngstown OH Mahoning 

County

Youngstown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 8,731

Aqua Ohio Water 

Company, Inc.

Aqua America, Inc. OH Marion County Marion Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,827

City of Marion, Ohio 

Division of Water 

Pollution C

OH Marion County Marion Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 16,245

Medina County – 

Liverpool WWTP (SD 

#500)

Medina County Board 

of Commissioners

Medina Coutny Sanitary 

Engineers*

OH Medina County Valley City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,263

City of Piqua Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Piqua OH Miami County Piqua Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,307

City of Piqua 

Wastewater Plant

City of Piqua OH Miami County Piqua Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,579

City of Troy, Ohio 

– Water Treatment 

Plant

OH Miami County Troy Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,333

Tri–Cities North 

Regional Wastewater 

Authority

TCA OH Montgomery 

County

Dayton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,268

City of Dayton 

Ottawa Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Dayton OH Montgomery 

County

Dayton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,206

City of Dayton Miami 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Dayton OH Montgomery 

County

Dayton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 55,064

City of Zanesville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Zanesville OH Muskingum 

County

Zanesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 21,549

Ottawa County 

Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

OH Ottawa County Port Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,937

PPG Industries 

Ohio,–Circleville, 

Ohio Plant

PPG Industries, Inc. OH Pickaway 

County

Circleville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.40 30

City of Kent Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Kent, Ohio OH Portage County Kent Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,565

OMNOVA Solutions 

Inc., Performance 

Chemicals

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. OH Portage County Mogadore Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

3.20 36,661

City of Ravenna 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Ravenna, Ohio OH Portage County Ravenna Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,785

Mansfield Water 

Treatment Plant – R1

OH Richland County Mansfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,473
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 137

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Mansfield 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

OH Richland County Mansfield Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,358

P.H. Glatfelter 

Company – 

Chillicothe Facility

P.H. Glatfelter Company OH Ross County Chillicothe Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 13.00 73,755

City of Clyde Water 

Treatment Plant

OH Sandusky 

County

Clyde Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,316

City of Fremont 

Water Treatment 

Plant

OH Sandusky 

County

Fremont Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,439

Church & Dwight Co., 

Inc.

Church & Dwight Co., 

Inc.

OH Seneca County Fostoria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

Aqua Ohio Inc. – 

Ti"n Division

AQUA America

Aqua America Inc*

OH Seneca County Ti"n Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,814

City of Sidney, Ohio 

– Water Treatment 

Plant

OH Shelby County Sidney Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,463

Alliance Water Tr. 

Plant and 

Wastewater Tr. Plant

City of Alliance OH Stark County Alliance Water treatment, 

wastewater

Chlorine 0.90 543

Canton Northwest 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Canton OH Stark County Canton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,434

Canton Northeast 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Canton OH Stark County Canton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 18,141

Ohio Refining 

Division MPC

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

OH Stark County Canton Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 925,034

OMNOVA Solutions 

Inc. – Akron Plant

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. OH Summit County Akron Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 0.40 1,617

Emerald Polymer 

Additives, LLC

Emerald Performance 

Materials, LLC 

OH Summit County Akron Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrylonitrile 9.30 424,705

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. – Barberton, 

Ohio

OH Summit County Barberton Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 1,289,178

PPG Industries, 

Barberton

PPG Industries, Inc. OH Summit County Barberton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosgene 25.00 1,347,751

City of Cuyahoga 

Falls Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Cuyahoga Falls OH Summit County Cuyahoga Falls Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 17,174

Linde – Twinsburg OH Summit County Twinsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.10 52

Nexeo Solutions –

Twinsburg, OH

Nexeo Solutions LLC

TPG Capital*

OH Summit County Twinsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Pentane 0.43 409

Albemarle Sorbent 

Technologies

Albemarle Corporation OH Summit County Twinsburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Bromine 0.70 964

Mahoning Valley 

Sanitary District

OH Trumbull 

County

Mineral Ridge Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 24,046

Dover Chemical 

Corporation

ICC Industries Inc. OH Tuscarawas 

County

Dover Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 104,629

Canton Sugar Creek 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Canton OH Tuscarawas 

County

Strasburg Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,023

Franklin Area 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Veolia Water North 

America 

OH Warren County Franklin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 30,785

Solvay Specialty 

Polymers USA, L.L.C.

Solvay America, Inc. OH Washington 

County

Marietta Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Methyl chloride 1.20 552
138 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Orrville Department 

of Public Utilities

OH Wayne County Orrville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,042

O K L AHOMA

City of Durant Water 

Treatment Plant

OK Bryan County Armstrong Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 358

El Reno Waterworks 

Treatment Plant

City of El Reno OK Canadian 

County

El Reno Water treatment Chlorine 3.10 11,600

Brenntag Southwest, 

OKC 6–09

Brenntag, Inc OK Canadian 

County

Oklahoma City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 3,375

City of Ardmore 

Water Plant

OK Carter County Ardmore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,123

Ardmore Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Ardmore, OK OK Carter County Ardmore Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,583

Valero Refining 

Company – 

Oklahoma

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

OK Carter County Ardmore Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

11.00 36,049

OnLine Packaging, 

Incorporated 

– Ardmore Plant

OK Carter County Ardmore Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 37,192

Tahlequah Water 

Pumping and 

Treatment Facility

OK Cherokee 

County

Tahlequah Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,170

Vernon Campbell 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Norman, 

Oklahoma 

OK Cleveland 

County

Norman Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,805

South Canadian 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant 

(SCWWTP)

Oklahoma City Water 

Utilities Trust

City of Oklahoma City*

OK Cleveland 

County

Oklahoma City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,266

Draper Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Oklahoma City 

Utilities Department

OK Cleveland 

County

Oklahoma City Water treatment Chlorine 11.00 377,602

Vinita Water 

Treatment Plant

Vinita Utility Authority OK Craig County Vinita Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 97

Creek County Rural 

Water District No. 1

OK Creek County Kellyville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 114

Weatherford Public 

Works Authority

City of Weatherford OK Custer County Weatherford Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.20 5,665

City of Enid Water 

Plant #2 PWSID 

2002445

OK Garfield County Enid Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,063

City of Enid Water 

Plant #1 PWSID 

2002412

OK Garfield County Enid Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,378

Wynnewood Refining 

Company, LLC

CVR Refining, LP OK Garvin County Wynnewood Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid (conc. 

*50%)

12.00 19,113

Altus Water 

Treatment Plant

OK Jackson County Altus Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 12

Blackwell Water 

Plant

OK Kay County Blackwell Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,232

Ponca City Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

OK Kay County Ponca City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,380

Ponca City Water 

Treatment Plant

OK Kay County Ponca City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,413

Phillips 66 Refinery 

– Ponca City, 

Oklahoma

Phillips 66 Company

Phillips 66*

OK Kay County Ponca City Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

12.00 32,951

Poteau Valley 

Improvement 

Authority

OK Le Flore County Wister Water treatment Chlorine 0.60 17
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 139

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Chandler 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Chandler, 

Oklahoma 

OK Lincoln County Chandler Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 174

City of Chandler 

Water Plant

City of Chandler, 

Oklahoma

OK Lincoln County Chandler Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 193

City of Chandler New 

Water Plant

City of Chandler, 

Oklahoma

OK Lincoln County Chandler Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 492

MidAmerica 

Industrial Park Water 

Plant

Oklahoma Ordnance 

Works Authority 

OK Mayes County Pryor Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 739

AECI CC Power Plant 

– Chouteau Power 

Plant

Associated Electric 

Cooperative 

Incorporated

OK Mayes County Pryor Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 2,290

Pryor Chemical 

Company

LSB Industries, Inc. OK Mayes County Pryor Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 138,951

BSW Nowata Brenntag, Inc OK Nowata County Nowata Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 101,119

City of Edmond – 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Edmond OK Oklahoma 

County

Arcadia Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,211

City of Del City 

Pollution Control 

Plant

OK Oklahoma 

County

Del City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.90 170,185

City of Del City 

Water Treatment 

Plant

OK Oklahoma 

County

Del City Water treatment Chlorine 5.90 194,867

Deer Creek 

Wastewater Plant

City of Oklahoma City OK Oklahoma 

County

Edmond Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 345

Co!ee Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Edmond OK Oklahoma 

County

Edmond Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 8,128

North Canadian 

Wastewater Plant

City of Oklahoma City OK Oklahoma 

County

Jones Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 1,885

Midwest City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Midwest City OK Oklahoma 

County

Midwest City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 18,081

Midwest City water 

treatment plant

City of Midwest City 

Oklahoma

OK Oklahoma 

County

Midwest City Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 21,009

Hefner Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Oklahoma City 

Water & Wastewater 

Utilities

OK Oklahoma 

County

Oklahoma City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,909

Okmulgee Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Okmulgee OK Okmulgee 

County

Okmulgee Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,330

Baker Petrolite 

Corporation 

– Barnsdall, OK

Baker Hughes OK Osage County Barnsdall Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethylene 0.40 <10

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company 

LP – Bartlesvill

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP 

OK Osage County Bartlesville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.20 <10

City of Bartlesville 

Ted D. Lockin Water 

Tmt Plant

OK Osage County Bartlesville Water treatment Chlorine 6.20 33,048

Stillwater Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Stillwater OK Payne County Stillwater Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 275

OSU Water 

Treatment Plant

Oklahoma State 

University

OK Payne County Stillwater Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,602

City of Shawnee 

Water Treatment 

Plant

OK Pottawatomie 

County

Shawnee Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,582

Advance Research 

Chemicals, Inc.

OK Rogers County Catoosa Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

0.81 651
140 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Air Products Catoosa 

ESM Facility

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

OK Rogers County Catoosa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Arsine 1.60 2,353

Brenntag Southwest, 

Inc. Port of Catoosa

Brenntag, Inc. OK Rogers County Catoosa Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 773,313

City of Claremore 

WWTP

City of Claremore OK Rogers County Claremore Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 1,340

Claremore Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Claremore OK Rogers County Claremore Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 7,276

Duncan Water 

Treatment Plant

OK Stephens 

County

Duncan Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 137

Lynn Lane Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Broken Arrow OK Tulsa County Broken Arrow Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 900

Haikey Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Regional Metropolitan 

Utility Authority 

OK Tulsa County Broken Arrow Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,639

Sand Springs Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Sand Springs OK Tulsa County Sand Springs Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,023

Brenntag Southwest, 

Inc. Sand Springs

Brenntag, Inc. OK Tulsa County Sand Springs Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

3.00 18,020

Baker Petrolite 

Corporation – Sand 

Springs

Baker Hughes, Inc. OK Tulsa County Sand Springs Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

20.00 680,987

Holly Refining & 

Marketing – Tulsa 

(East) LLC

Holly Corporation OK Tulsa County Tulsa Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.30 9,375

Holly Refining & 

Marketing – Tulsa 

LLC

Holly Corporation OK Tulsa County Tulsa Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.50 11,985

ChemTrade Refinery 

Services, Inc.

OK Tulsa County Tulsa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

4.60 62,986

A.B. Jewell Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Tulsa OK Tulsa County Tulsa Water treatment Chlorine 9.30 288,604

Mohawk Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Tulsa OK Tulsa County Tulsa Water treatment Chlorine 9.30 301,262

Bartlesville 

Chickasaw 

Wastewater Plant

City of Bartlesville OK Washington 

County

Bartlesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,017

Clinton Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Clinton, 

Oklahoma

Severn Trent 

Enviromental Services 

Contract Operat*

OK Washita County Foss Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 48

ORE GON

Oak Lodge Sanitary 

District

OR Clackamas 

County

Milwaukie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 21,026

Tri–City Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

Clackamas County OR Clackamas 

County

Oregon City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 13,235

Headworks City of Portland Water 

Bureau

OR Clackamas 

County

Sandy Water treatment Chlorine 0.70 15

City of Astoria Waste 

Water Treatment 

Facility

OR Clatsop County Astoria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 18

Wauna Mill Fort James Operating 

Company

Georgia–Pacific 

Corporation*

OR Clatsop County Clatskanie Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 14.00 10,627

City of Astoria 

Headworks

OR Clatsop County Svensen Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 20
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 141

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Dyno Nobel Inc. – 

St. Helens Plant

Incitec Pivot, Ltd. OR Columbia 

County

Deer Island Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

18.00 222,065

Pony Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

Coos Bay – North Bend 

Water Board 

OR Coos County Coos Bay Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 20,575

City of North Bend 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of North Bend, OR OR Coos County North Bend Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.20 281

City of Bend 

Wastewater Control 

Plant

OR Deschutes 

County

Bend Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 1,052

City of Bend Water 

Supply Contact Time 

Basin

OR Deschutes 

County

Bend Water treatment Chlorine 2.10 5,994

Linde – Medford Linde LLC OR Jackson County White City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 1,261

Klamath 

Cogeneration Project

Iberdrola Renewables 

LLC

OR Klamath County Klamath Falls Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 6,993

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals 

Inc. – Springfield

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

OR Lane County Springfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.27 226

Hayden Bridge 

Filtration Plant

Eugene Water & 

Electric Board

OR Lane County Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,532

ATI Wah Chang Allegheny Technologies OR Linn County Albany Nonferrous metal 

smelting

Chlorine 14.00 166,325

Cascade Pacific Pulp, 

Halsey Pulp Mill

Cascade Pacific Pulp OR Linn County Halsey Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 3.70 1,902

Coyote Springs Plant Portland General 

Electric

OR Morrow County Boardman Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 1,111

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. OR Multnomah 

County

Portland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.00 744

Siltronic Corporation Siltronic AG

Wacker Chemie*

OR Multnomah 

County

Portland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

0.40 753

Rivergate Terminal J.R. Simplot Company, 

dba Simplot 

Agribusiness

OR Multnomah 

County

Portland Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

7.20 183,488

Hercules Incorpated 

–Portland Plant

Ashland Inc OR Multnomah 

County

Portland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 4.20 217,613

City of Dallas Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Dallas, Oregon OR Polk County Dallas Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 319

Monmouth 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Monmouth OR Polk County Monmouth Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,688

Hermiston 

Generating Plant

Perennial Power 

Company, LLC

PacifiCorp Energy*

OR Umatilla County Hermiston Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 34

City of Hermiston 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Hermiston OR Umatilla County Hermiston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,373

City of Hermiston 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Hermiston

Port of Umatilla*

OR Umatilla County Hermiston Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,104

City of Hermiston 

Public Well No. 5

City of Hermiston OR Umatilla County Hermiston Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 7,604

Hermiston Power, 

LLC

Calpine Corporation OR Umatilla County Hermiston Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.90 16,927

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. – 

La Grande

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

OR Union County Island City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.61 110
142 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Joint Commission 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Joint Water 

Commission 

OR Washington 

County

Forest Grove Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 7,999

Intel Corporation 

Ronler Acres Campus

Intel Corporation OR Washington 

County

Hillsboro Semiconductor 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 113,953

Tualatin Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc 

OR Washington 

County

Tualatin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

1.10 7,742

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant, 

Newberg Oregon

City of Newberg, 

Oregon 

OR Yamhill County Newberg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 14,017

PENNS Y L V ANIA

Hunterstown 

Combined–Cycle 

Power Plant

NRG Wholesale 

Generation LP

NRG Energy, Inc.*

PA Adams County Gettysburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.50 112

Hanover Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Borough of Hanover PA Adams County McSherrystown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 5,636

Allison Park Water 

Pollution Control 

Plant

PA Allegheny 

County

Allison Park Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,597

Univar USA Inc., 

Bunola Branch 4–10

Univar USA Inc. PA Allegheny 

County

Bunola Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 679,870

Eastman Chemical 

Company – 

Je!erson Site

Eastman Chemical 

Company 

PA Allegheny 

County

Je!erson 

Borough

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Pentadiene 1.60 5,149

McKeesport Water 

Treatment Plant

PA Allegheny 

County

McKeesport Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,172

Hulton Treatment 

Plant

Mun. Auth. of the 

Bourough of Oakmont

PA Allegheny 

County

Oakmont Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,408

Allegheny Valley 

Joint Sewage 

Authority

PA Allegheny 

County

Pittsburgh Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,004

Neville Island 

Treatment Plant

Municipal Authority 

of the Borough of 

West View

PA Allegheny 

County

Pittsburgh Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,039

Piney Fork Sewage 

Treatment Plant

Bethel Park Municipal 

Authority

PA Allegheny 

County

South Park Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,944

W.P.J.W.A. Nadine 

Road Pump Station

Wilkinsburg–Penn Joint 

Water Authority

PA Allegheny 

County

Verona Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 13,258

W.P.J.W.A. Treatment 

Plant

Wilkinsburg–Penn Joint 

Water Authority

PA Allegheny 

County

Verona Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 23,030

Praxair – Bagdad, PA Praxair, Inc. PA Armstrong 

County

Leechburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.20 29

Keystone Station GenOn Northeast 

Management Company

PA Armstrong 

County

Shelocta Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.70 92

Chippewa Township 

San. Authority POTW

PA Beaver County Beaver Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 25,586

NOVA Chemicals Inc., 

Beaver Valley Site

NOVA Chemicals 

Corporation

PA Beaver County Monaca Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isopentane 0.30 132

BASF Corporation 

Monaca Site

BASF Corporation PA Beaver County Monaca Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Acrylonitrile 0.68 624

First Energy Bruce 

Mansfield Plant

First Energy Generation 

LLC

PA Beaver County Shippingport Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 27

Evitts Creek Water 

Company

City of Cumberland 

Water Filtration Plant

PA Bedford County Bedford Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 624

Maiden Creek 

Filtration Plant

Reading Area Water 

Authority

City of Reading*

PA Berks County Ontelaunee 

Township

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,747
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 143

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Brenntag Northeast, 

Inc.

Brenntag North 

America 

PA Berks County Reading Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

1.00 2,664

Fritz Island Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Reading, PA PA Berks County Reading Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,076

Ontelaunee Energy 

Center

Dynegy Gas Holdings, 

LLC

Dynegy, Inc.*

PA Berks County Reading Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 40,819

Western Berks Water 

Authority

PA Berks County Sinking Spring Water treatment Chlorine 6.40 189,695

Univar USA Inc., 

Altoona Branch

Univar USA Inc. PA Blair County Altoona Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

1.30 4,594

Albemarle 

Corporation– Tyrone 

Facility

Albemarle Corportion PA Blair County Tyrone Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.20 1,467

Bristol Boro Water 

Treatment Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Bucks County Bristol Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,892

Rohm and Haas 

Company Bristol 

Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Company 

PA Bucks County Croydon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.67 5,323

LBCJMA Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Bucks County Levittown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 6,431

Praxair Distribution /

Mid Atlantic

Praxair, Inc.

GTS–Welco, Inc.*

PA Bucks County Morrisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

1.10 1,192

Morrisville ESG / 

Electronics

Air Liquide Electronics 

U.S. LP 

PA Bucks County Morrisville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

2.40 23,503

Neshaminy Pumping 

Station

Aqua America, Inc. PA Bucks County Oakford Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 7,291

LBCJMA Water 

Filtration Plant

PA Bucks County Tullytown Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,615

Yardley Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Bucks County Yardley Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,219

Morrisville Water 

Filtration Plant

Morrisville Borough 

Municipal Authority

PA Bucks County Yardley Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 30,710

Oneida Valley 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Butler County Butler Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 910

Butler Area Sewer 

Authority 

Wastewater 

Treatment

PA Butler County Butler Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,681

BASF Corporation 

– Evans City Site

BASF Corporation PA Butler County Evans City Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Boron trifluoride 3.80 19,220

Air Products Butler, 

PA

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

PA Butler County Lyndora Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.40 351

James Austin 

Company

PA Butler County Mars Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 12.00 277,399

INDSPEC Chemical 

Corporation

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation

PA Butler County Petrolia Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

25.00 241,854

Colver Power Project Inter–Power/AhlCon 

Partners, L.P.

PA Cambria County Colver Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 4,619

Cambria Cogen 

Company

Northern Star 

Generation Services

PA Cambria County Ebensburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 35

City of Johnstown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Cambria County Johnstown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,488
144 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Riverside Water 

Treatment Plant

Greater Johnstown 

Water Authority

PA Cambria County Johnstown, PA 

15904

Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 25,063

Panther Creek 

Energy Facility

Panther Creek Partners, 

Inc.

PA Carbon County Nesquehoning Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.70 8,137

Airgas Specialty 

Products Inc., 

Palmerton, PA

Airgas Inc. PA Carbon County Palmerton Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

21.00 745,192

Downingtown 

Regional Water 

Pollution Cont. 

Center

PA Chester County Downingtown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,768

Pickering Creek West 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Chester County Phoenixville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,529

Pickering Creek East 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Chester County Phoenixville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,529

Phoenixville Water 

Works

Borough of Phoenixville PA Chester County Phoenixville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,545

Home Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Chester County Spring City Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 17,762

Ingram’s Mill Water 

Treatment Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Chester County West Chester Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,162

Taylor Run 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Borough of West 

Chester 

PA Chester County West Chester Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,133

Goose Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Borough of West 

Chester 

PA Chester County West Chester Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 17,710

PAW Clarion 

Wastewater

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water Works*

PA Clarion County Clarion Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,506

City of DuBois 

Sewage Treatment 

Plant

City of DuBois PA Clearfield 

County

DuBois Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 8,601

Shawville Station NRG REMA LLC PA Clearfield 

County

Shawville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 708

Avery Dennison 

Performance 

Polymers

Avery Dennison PA Clinton County Mill Hall Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.11 <10

Croda, Inc. – 

Mill Hall, PA

Croda International Plc PA Clinton County Mill Hall Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 9.30 24,385

Carlisle Region 

Water Pollution 

Control Facility

Borough of Carlisle 

Sewer System Authority

PA Cumberland 

County

Carlisle Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,434

Borough of Carlisle 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Borough of Carlisle 

Municipal Authority 

PA Cumberland 

County

Carlisle Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,390

Silver Spring Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Cumberland 

County

Mechanicsburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,313

Harrisburg Advanced 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Harrisburg

The Harrisburg 

Authority*

PA Dauphin County Harrisburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 16,919

Dr. Robert E. Young 

Water Services 

Center

City of Harrisburg

The Harrisburg 

Authority*

PA Dauphin County Harrisburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 21,490

Hershey Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Dauphin County Hummelstown Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,257
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 145

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Univar USA Inc. 

– Middletown Branch

Univar USA Inc. PA Dauphin County Middletown PA Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 614,582

DELCORA–Western 

Regional Treatment 

Plant

PA Delaware 

County

Chester Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 5,513

Braskem Marcus 

Hook Polymers

Braskem America, Inc PA Delaware 

County

Marcus Hook Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.50 2,094

Marcus Hook 

Industrial Complex

Sunoco Logistics LP PA Delaware 

County

Marcus Hook Petroleum refinery Ethylene oxide 9.90 502,779

Ridley Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Delaware 

County

Media Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,912

Crum Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

Aqua America, Inc. PA Delaware 

County

Springfield Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,306

Trainer Refinery Monroe Energy LLC PA Delaware 

County

Trainer Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

19.00 2,459,900

Domtar – 

Johnsonburg Mill 

(formerly 

Weyerhaeuser)

Domtar Paper 

Company, LLC 

(formerly 

Weyerhaeuser)

PA Elk County Johnsonburg Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.48 2,912

Chestnut Filtration 

Plant

Erie Water Works PA Erie County Erie Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,656

City of Erie, PA – 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Erie County Erie Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 81,716

Connellsville Water 

Treatment Plant

PA Fayette County Connellsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,715

Filtration Plant A North Fayette County 

Municipal Authority

PA Fayette County Connellsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 5,161

Washington 

Township Municipal 

Authority WWTP

Washington Township 

Municipal Authority 

PA Franklin County Waynesboro Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 901

Southwestern 

Pennsylvania Water 

Authority – WTP

PA Greene County Rices Landing Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 2,942

Huntingdon 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Borough of Huntingdon PA Huntingdon 

County

Huntingdon Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,076

Huntingdon Water 

Treatment Plant

Borough of Huntingdon PA Huntingdon 

County

Huntingdon Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,852

Homer City 

Generating Station

Homer City Generation 

LP

PA Indiana County Homer City Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.00 10,445

Two Lick Creek 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Indiana County Indiana Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 244

Seward Station NRG Wholesale 

Generation LP

PA Indiana County New Florence Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

Conemaugh Station GenOn Northeast 

Management Company

PA Indiana County New Florence Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 16

Brownell Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Lackawanna 

County

Carbondale Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,239

Lake Scranton Plant Pennsylvania American 

Water Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Lackawanna 

County

Moscow Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,485

The Scranton Sewer 

Authority

PA Lackawanna 

County

Scranton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 761
146 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Polychemie Inc. 

– Taylor, PA Facility

SNF Holding Company PA Lackawanna 

County

Taylor Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Dimethylamine 0.24 227

Ephrata Borough 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant # 1

PA Lancaster 

County

Ephrata Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,340

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc

PA Lancaster 

County

Lancaster Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.30 534

City of Lancaster 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Lancaster 

County

Lancaster Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 29,341

Octoraro Water 

Treatment Plant

Chester Water 

Authority

PA Lancaster 

County

Little Britain Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 6,806

Ellwood City Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water

American Water*

PA Lawrence 

County

Ellwood City Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,960

New Castle 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Lawrence 

County

New Castle Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,360

New Castle Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Lawrence 

County

New Castle Water treatment Chlorine 1.60 13,362

City of Lebanon 

Authority Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lebanon 

Authority 

PA Lebanon County Lebanon Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 8,719

PPL Ironwood, LLC PPL Ironwood, LLC

The PPL Corporation*

PA Lebanon County South Lebanon 

Twp

Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 29

City of Allentown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Allentown PA Lehigh County Allentown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 38,023

Huntsville Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Luzerne County Dallas Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 110

Lower Lackawanna 

Valley Sanitary 

Authority

PA Luzerne County Duryea Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.50 55,022

Wyoming Valley 

Sanitary Authority

PA Luzerne County Hanover 

Township

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 5.40 116,396

Hazleton City 

Authority – Roan 

Filtration Facility

PA Luzerne County Hazleton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 31,280

Ceastown Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Luzerne County Hunlock Creek Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 328

Crystal Lake Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Luzerne County Mountaintop Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 360

Nesbitt Water 

Treatment Plant

PA–American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Luzerne County Pittston Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 146

Watres Water 

Treatment Plant

PA – American Water 

Company

American Water Works 

Service Company*

PA Luzerne County Plains Township Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 634

Montoursville 

Regional Sewer 

System WWTP

Lycoming County Water 

and Sewer Authority 

PA Lycoming 

County

Montoursville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 268

WMWA Filtration 

Plant

PA Lycoming 

County

Williamsport Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 6,817
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 147

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Williamsport 

Sanitary Authority 

– Central Plant

PA Lycoming 

County

Williamsport Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 35,079

Lonza, Inc. PA Lycoming 

County

Williamsport Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Chlorine 14.00 107,763

American Refining 

Group, Bradford 

Refinery

American Refining 

Group, Inc. 

PA McKean County Bradford Petroleum refinery Propane 0.30 441

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc., 

Mount Jewett

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. 

PA McKean County Mount Jewett Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.53 11

Greenville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Mercer County Greenville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,883

Aqua Pennsylvania, 

Inc.

Aqua America Inc. PA Mercer County Sharon Water treatment Chlorine 1.40 12,360

Vertellus Health & 

Specialty Products 

LLC

Vertellus Specialties Inc. PA Monroe County Delaware Water 

Gap

Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 15,749

Stony Garden Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Monroe County Hamilton 

Township

Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 371

Norristown Water 

Treatment Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Montgomery 

County

Norristown Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 55,006

Pottstown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Pottstown Borough

Pottstown WWTP*

PA Montgomery 

County

Pottstown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 12,166

Pottstown Water 

Filtration Plant

Pottstown Borough PA Montgomery 

County

Stowe Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,293

Montour Steam 

Electric Station (SES)

PPL Montour, LLC

PPL Generation LLC*

PA Montour County Washingtonville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.90 28,615

GTS Welco – 

Bethlehem, PA

Praxair, Inc.

GT&S, Inc.*

PA Northampton 

County

Bethlehem Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.20 88

Piramal Critical Care 

Inc.

PA Northampton 

County

Bethlehem Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

1.80 13,280

Bethlehem Energy 

Center

Calpine Corporation PA Northampton 

County

Bethlehem Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 28,098

City of Bethlehem 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bethlehem PA Northampton 

County

Bethlehem Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 73,404

City of Bethlehem 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Bethlehem, PA PA Northampton 

County

Lehigh 

Township

Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 5,550

Northampton 

Generating Plant

Northampton 

Generating Company, 

LP

PA Northampton 

County

Northampton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.05 24

Roaring Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

Aqua Pennsylvania, Inc. PA Northumberland CountyElysburg Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 441

Milton Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Milton Regional Sewer 

Authority

Milton Regional Sewer 

Authority*

PA Northumberland CountyMilton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,192

Milton Filter Plant Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA Northumberland CountyMilton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,583

Shamokin–Coal 

Township Joint 

Sewer Authority

PA Northumberland CountyShamokin Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 2.00 6,567
148 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Sunbury 

Water Filtration Plant

PA Northumberland CountySunbury Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,081

Tanner Industries, 

Inc.

Tanner Industries, Inc. PA Philadelphia 

County

Philadelphia Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.70 369,864

Philadelphia Refining 

Complex

Philadelphia Energy 

Solutions 

PA Philadelphia 

County

Philadelphia Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

8.04 1,435,188

Broad Mountain WTP Schuylkill County 

Municipal Authority

PA Schuylkill 

County

Pottsville Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 194

Shenandoah Water 

Treatment Plant

PA Schuylkill 

County

Raven Run Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 657

Still Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

PA Schuylkill 

County

Tamaqua Water treatment Chlorine 5.20 18,446

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

(Hometown)

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

PA Schuylkill 

County

Tamaqua Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

16.00 192,573

Somerset Borough 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Somerset 

County

Somerset Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.50 11,770

Merisol Antioxidants 

LLC, Oil City, PA

Merisol LP PA Venango 

County

Cornplanter 

TWP

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

2–

Methylpropene

0.46 28

United Refining 

Company

United Refining 

company

PA Warren County Warren Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.40 1,017

Authority of the 

Borough of Charleroi

PA Washington 

County

Charleroi Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,704

Flexsys America L.P. Solutia, Inc. PA Washington 

County

Monongahela Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 2.20 10,317

Washington–East 

Washington Joint 

Authority

PA Washington 

County

Washington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 7.40 75,315

Greater Greensburg 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA Westmoreland 

County

Greensburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,342

Mun. Sanitary Auth. 

of the City of New 

Kensington

PA Westmoreland 

County

New Kensington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 29,316

H. Burns Smith Water 

Treatment Plant

Municipal Authority 

of the City of New 

Kensington

PA Westmoreland 

County

New Kensington Water treatment Chlorine 2.63 37,092

George Sweeney 

Water Treatment 

Plant

PA Westmoreland 

County

Saltsburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 797

The Procter & 

Gamble Paper 

Products Co. 

–Mehoopany

The Procter & Gamble 

Company 

PA Wyoming 

County

Tunkhannock Pulp and paper Chlorine 3.00 1,018

York Energy Center Calpine Mid–Merit, LLC

Calpine Corporation*

PA York County Delta Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 4,190

Hanover Municipal 

Water Works – Filter 

Plant

Borough of Hanover PA York County Hanover Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,652

Penn Township 

WWTP

Penn Township PA York County Hanover Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,380

West Shore Regional 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Pennsylvania American 

Water

American Water*

PA York County New 

Cumberland

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,876

Church & Dwight 

Company, Inc.

Church & Dwight 

Company, Inc.

PA York County York Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.01 <10

Springettsbury 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

PA York County York Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 14,104
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 149

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

R HODE I S L AND

City of Newport 

Station 1 Water Plant

City of Newport RI Newport 

County

Newport Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,839

Lawton Valley Water 

Plant

City of Newport RI Newport 

County

Portsmouth Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,808

Tiverton Power Tiverton Power LLC

Emera Energy 

Generation II, Inc.*

RI Newport 

County

Tiverton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 35,983

Tanner Industries, 

Inc.

Tanner Industries, Inc. RI Providence 

County

East Providence Chemical 

wholesale

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.70 207,558

TCLP Ocean State 

Power

TransCanada RI Providence 

County

Harrisville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.60 2,155

Philip J. Holton 

Water Purification 

Works

City of Providence, 

Rhode Island 

RI Providence 

County

Hope Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 7,195

Univar USA Inc., 

Providence Branch

Univar USA Inc. RI Providence 

County

Providence Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 957,980

Charles Hamman 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Woonsocket, RI RI Providence 

County

Woonsocket Water treatment Chlorine 0.30 667

S OUTH CARO L INA

Abbeville Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Abbeville SC Abbeville 

County

Abbeville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 315

North Augusta Water 

Treatment Plant

City of North Augusta SC Aiken County North Augusta Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,655

Halocarbon Products 

Corp.

SC Aiken County North Augusta Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

9.90 222,760

Generostee Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

SC Anderson 

County

Anderson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 2,655

Leo Fisher 

Wastewater 

treatment Plant 

(Ducworth)

City of Belton 

Combined Utilities 

SC Anderson 

County

Belton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 2,976

Belton–Honea Path 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Belton–Honea Path 

Water Authority 

SC Anderson 

County

Honea–Path Water treatment Chlorine 1.75 1,320

Bamberg BPW 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

SC Bamberg 

County

Bamberg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 259

Barnwell Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Barnwell SC Barnwell County Barnwell Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.52 592

Broad Creek Public 

Service District

SC Beaufort County Hilton Head 

Island

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,813

Reclaimed Water 

Plant

South Island Public 

Service District

SC Beaufort County Hilton Head 

Island

Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.20 7,222

LANXESS Bushy Park 

Plant

Lanxess Deutschland 

GmbH

SC Berkeley County Goose Creek Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Cyclohexylamine 0.10 <10

Sun Chemical 

Corporation, Bushy 

Park Facility

Sun Chemical 

Corporation

DIC Americas 

Incorporated*

SC Berkeley County Goose Creek Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 4,755

South Carolina 

Electric & Gas, 

Williams Station

SCANA SC Berkeley County Goose Creek Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 42,898

Hanahan Water 

Treatment Plant

Charleston Water 

System

SC Berkeley County Hanahan Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 13,638

Santee Cooper 

Regional Water 

System

South Carolina Public 

Service Authority 

SC Berkeley County Moncks Corner Water treatment Chlorine 1.24 991
150 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Santee Cooper Cross 

Generating Station

Santee Cooper SC Berkeley County Pineville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.90 769

Brenntag Mid–South 

Inc.

Brenntag Inc. SC Charleston 

County

Charleston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 0.40 601

Solvay USA Inc. – 

Charleston, SC Plant

Solvay SA SC Charleston 

County

Charleston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

oxychloride

24.00 597,861

MeadWestvaco S. 

Carolina, LLC –Chas. 

Chem. Plant

MeadWestvaco 

Corporation 

SC Charleston 

County

N. Charleston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.12 71

Milliken Chemical 

Allen Plant

Milliken & Company SC Cherokee 

County

Blacksburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

oxychloride

1.16 665

Broad River Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Ga!ney Board 

of Public Works 

SC Cherokee 

County

Ga!ney Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 87

Clary Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

Ga!ney Board 

of Public Works

SC Cherokee 

County

Ga!ney Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 87

Cherokee Water 

Treatment Plant

Ga!ney Board 

of Public Works

SC Cherokee 

County

Ga!ney Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 112

Victor Ga!ney Water 

Treatment Plant

Ga!ney Board of Public 

Works

SC Cherokee 

County

Ga!ney Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 114

Chemtrade 

Performance 

Chemicals US LLC 

Leeds Site

Chemtrade Logistics SC Chester County Carlisle Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 93,654

OMNOVA Solutions 

Inc.

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. SC Chester County Chester Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

7.40 15,141

CMD – Filter Plant Chester Metropolitan SC Chester County Ft. Lawn Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,372

Walterboro 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

SC Colleton County Walterboro Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.70 8,699

Summerville CPW 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Summerville 

Commissioners of 

Public Works

SC Dorchester 

County

Summerville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,628

ECW&SA Water 

Treatment Plant

Edgefield County Water 

& Sewer Authority

SC Edgefield 

County

North Augusta Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 773

Winnsboro 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Winnsboro SC Fairfield County Winnsboro Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 727

Lake City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Lake City SC Florence County Lake City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 1,181

Santee Cooper 

Winyah Generating 

Station

SC Georgetown 

County

Georgetown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.30 2,215

City of Georgetown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Georgetown SC Georgetown 

County

Georgetown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.47 2,261

City of Georgetown 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Georgetown SC Georgetown 

County

Georgetown Water treatment Chlorine 1.46 2,383

International Paper 

Georgetown Mill

International Paper SC Georgetown 

County

Georgetown Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 7.90 24,074

Murrells Inlet 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Georgetown County 

Water and Sewer 

District

SC Georgetown 

County

Murrells Inlet Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 12,999

Waccamaw Neck 

Water Plant

Georgetown County 

water and Sewer 

District

SC Georgetown 

County

Pawleys Island Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,663

Pawleys Island 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Georgetown County 

Water and Sewer 

District

SC Georgetown 

County

Pawleys Island Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 5,492
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 151

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Tiarco Chemical Textile Rubber and 

Chemical Company 

SC Greenville 

County

Greenville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Sulfur trioxide 3.80 27,843

Ethox Chemicals LLC. Piedmont Chemical 

Industries, Inc. 

SC Greenville 

County

Greenville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 11.00 315,669

City of Greer Water 

Treatment Plant

Greer Commission 

of Public Works

SC Greenville 

County

Greer Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 9,053

BASF Corporation 

Mauldin Plant

BASF Corporation SC Greenville 

County

Mauldin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 9.90 308,488

Cytec Carbon Fibers 

LLC, Greenville, SC

Cytec Industries, Inc. SC Greenville 

County

Piedmont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 2.50 8,207

Ashland Inc. Ashland Inc. SC Greenville 

County

Piedmont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

5.35 38,354

LANXESS Southeast 

Dist Center, 

Simpsonville, SC

Lanxess AG SC Greenville 

County

Simpsonville Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.01 <10

Table Rock and North 

Saluda Filtration 

Plant

Greenville Water 

System

SC Greenville 

County

Travelers Rest Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 534

Dairy Street 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Ware Shoals SC Greenwood 

County

Ware Shoals Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.18 1,073

Hampton 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Hampton SC Hampton 

County

Hampton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 967

City of Camden WTP City of Camden SC Kershaw County Camden Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 325

City of Camden 

WWTP

City of Camden SC Kershaw County Camden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 3,219

Weylchem US Inc International Chemicals 

Investor Group 

SC Kershaw County Elgin Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Chlorine 2.20 3,101

Lake Wateree Water 

Treatment Plant

Lugo!–Elgin Water 

Authority

SC Kershaw County Ridgeway Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,664

City of Clinton Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Clinton SC Laurens County Clinton Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 1,977

Clinton/Joanna 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Laurens County Water 

and Sewer Commission 

SC Laurens County Kinards Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 257

Little River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Commission of Public 

Works 

SC Laurens County Laurens Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,862

Saxon Street Water 

Treatment Plant

Commission of Public 

Works

SC Laurens County Laurens Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,826

Batesburg–Leesville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Batesburg–

Leesville 

SC Lexington 

County

Batesburg–

Leesville

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.34 669

Batesburg–Leesville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Town of Batesburg–

Leesville 

SC Lexington 

County

Batesburg–

Leesville

Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 2,837

E.H. Huestess Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Cayce – 

Public Utilities 

SC Lexington 

County

Cayce Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,558

Stanley L. Goodwin 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Cayce – 

Public Utilities 

SC Lexington 

County

Cayce Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,590

Lake Murray Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Columbia SC Lexington 

County

Columbia Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 9,537

City of Bennettsville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bennettsville SC Marlboro 

County

Bennettsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.20 493
152 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Bennettsville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Bennettsville SC Marlboro 

County

Bennettsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.10 787

Marlboro Paper Mill Domtar Paper 

Company, LLC

SC Marlboro 

County

Bennettsville Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 6.10 10,009

Bush River 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Newberry SC Newberry 

County

Newberry Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 117

George Hugh 

Connelly Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Newberry SC Newberry 

County

Silverstreet Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 637

Coneross Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Oconee Joint Regional 

Sewer Authority 

SC Oconee County Seneca Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 547

Seneca Water 

Treatment Plant

Seneca Light and Water SC Oconee County Seneca Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,402

South Carolina 

Electric and Gas 

Company

Scana SC Orangeburg 

County

Cope Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 3,833

Orangeburg DPU 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Orangeburg 

Department of Utilities 

SC Orangeburg 

County

Orangeburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 471

Orangeburg DPU 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Orangeburg 

Department of Public 

Utilities

SC Orangeburg 

County

Orangeburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,346

Albemarle 

Corporation

Albemarle Corporation SC Orangeburg 

County

Orangeburg Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

20.00 93,546

Gulbrandsen 

Chemicals

Gulbrandsens SC Orangeburg 

County

Orangeburg Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 125,466

Don L Moore Water 

Treatment Plant

Easley Combined 

Utilities 

SC Pickens County Easley Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 806

Ortec, Inc. SC Pickens County Easley Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrylonitrile 1.70 7,640

Witty Adkins Water 

Treatment Plant

Greenville Water 

System

SC Pickens County Six Mile Water treatment Chlorine 1.15 341

Columbia Canal 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Columbia SC Richland County Columbia Water treatment Chlorine 1.15 8,792

International Paper 

Eastover Mill

International Paper SC Richland County Eastover Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 4.00 3,187

South Carolina 

Electric and Gas, 

Wateree Station

SCANA Corporation SC Richland County Eastover Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 4,233

Brenntag Mid–South 

inc.

Brenntag Inc. SC Spartanburg 

County

Duncan Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,682

Celanese Emulsions Celanese Ltd. SC Spartanburg 

County

Enoree Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

4.90 7,478

City of Inman 

Waterwater 

Treatment Plant

SC Spartanburg 

County

Inman Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 14,095

Milliken Chemical – 

Dewey Plant

Milliken & Company SC Spartanburg 

County

Inman Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 14.39 292,348

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc.

SC Spartanburg 

County

Roebuck Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 0.34 237

SantoLubes Mfg, LLC 

dba Blackman Uhler 

Specialties

SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Methyl chloride 0.33 174

Univar USA Inc. Univar USA Inc. SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.60 686
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 153

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Lake Blalock Water 

Treatment Plant

Spartanburg Water 

System

SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.35 1,921

BASF Corporation 

Whitestone Site

BASF Corporation SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 2.11 2,397

Fairforest 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Spartanburg Water

Spartanburg Sanitary 

Sewer District*

SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.52 4,658

Solvay USA Inc., 

Spartanburg Facility

Solvay USA Inc. SC Spartanburg 

County

Spartanburg Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 4.03 53,321

Pocotaligo 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Sumter SC Sumter County Sumter Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 5,022

Tosches Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

SC Union County Union Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,489

Kingstree 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Town of Kingstree SC Williamsburg 

County

Kingstree Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.50 508

Resolute Catawba Resolute Forest 

Products

SC York County Catawba Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 8.87 55,699

Manchester Creek 

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Rock Hill SC York County Rock Hill Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,976

Lake Wylie Raw 

Water Pump Station

City of Rock Hill SC York County Rock Hill Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,936

InChem Corporation 

ReSubmit–2004

InChem Holdings SC York County Rock Hill Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 1.70 9,416

Cherry Road Filter 

Plant

City of Rock Hill SC York County Rock Hill Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,851

City of York – 

Fishing Creek WWTP

City of York SC York County York Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 901

York Water Filter 

Plant

City of York SC York County York Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,944

S OUTH D A K O T A

Aberdeen Water 

Works

City of Aberdeen, 

South Dakota

SD Brown County Aberdeen Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 215

CS–10 OREG1

Ormat Nevada Inc.*

SD Clark County Clark Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

City of Mitchell 

Water Treatment 

Facility

City of Mitchell, 

South Dakota 

SD Davison County Mitchell Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 847

CS–11 OREG1

Ormat Nevada Inc.*

SD Deuel County Estelline Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

CS–9 OREG1

Ormat Nevada Inc.*

SD Edmunds 

County

Wetonka Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.30 <10

Mid–Dakota Water 

Treatment Plant

Mid–Dakota Rural 

Water System, Inc.

SD Hughes County Pierre Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 61

Mid–Dakota 

Chemical Feed 

Building

Mid–Dakota Rural 

Water System, Inc. 

SD Hughes County Pierre Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 270

Sioux Falls Water 

Purification Plant

City of Sioux Falls 

Public Works

SD Minnehaha 

County

Sioux Falls Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 5,195

Web Water Plant Web Water 

Development 

Association, Inc.

SD Walworth 

County

Selby Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 69

B–Y Rural Water 

District

B–Y Rural Water District SD Yankton County Tabor Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 161
154 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

T ENNESSEE

TVA Bull Run Fossil 

Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

TN Anderson 

County

Clinton Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 30,844

Oak Ridge Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Anderson 

County

Oak Ridge Water treatment Chlorine 4.30 28,755

Hallsdale Powell 

Utility District Melton 

Hill WTP

TN Anderson 

County

Powell Water treatment Chlorine 3.70 28,329

Bedford County 

Utility District Water 

Treatment

TN Bedford County Shelbyville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 978

Shelbyville Water 

Plant

Shelbyville Power, 

Water and Sewerage 

System

TN Bedford County Shelbyville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,097

City of Maryville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TN Blount County Louisville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 5,897

City of Maryville, TN 

Water Filtration Plant

TN Blount County Maryville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 7,086

Hiwassee Utilities 

Commission Water 

Treatment Plt.

TN Bradley County Charleston Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 5,180

Cleveland Utilities 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TN Bradley County Charleston Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

2.80 5,346

Olin Chlor–Alkali, 

Charleston Plant

Olin Corporation TN Bradley County Charleston Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 297,451

MSD Consumer Care, 

Inc.

Merck & Co., Inc. TN Bradley County Cleveland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isobutane 0.40 121

Cleveland Utilities 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TN Bradley County Cleveland Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 5,575

SI Group Inc. SI Group Inc. TN Cocke County Newport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

2–

Methylpropene

0.50 141

Duck River Utility 

Commission

TN Co!ee County Tullahoma Water treatment Chlorine 0.77 291

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Tullahoma Utilities 

Board

TN Co!ee County Tullahoma Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,742

Madison Suburban 

Utility District

TN Davidson 

County

Madison Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,477

Dry Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Metro Water and Sewer 

Department 

TN Davidson 

County

Madison Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 24,721

Blanchard Terminal 

Company LLC 

–Nashville Terminal

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.50 1,236

Harpeth Valley 

Utilities District

TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,273

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 2,482

K. R. Harrington 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Metro Water and Sewer 

Department 

TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 17,083

Omohundro Water 

Treatment Plant

Metro Water and Sewer 

Department

TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Water treatment Chlorine 20.00 1,001,312

Central Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Metro Water and Sewer 

Department

TN Davidson 

County

Nashville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 25.00 1,142,054

Winchester Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Franklin County Winchester Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 791

Pulaski Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Giles County Pulaski Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 191
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 155

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Denzil Bowman 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Greeneville Water 

Commission 

TN Greene County Greeneville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 850

Greeneville Water 

Treatment Plant

Greeneville Water 

Commission

TN Greene County Greeneville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,953

Jarden Zinc 

Products, LLC

Jarden Corporation TN Greene County Greeneville Metal products 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 291,164

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. TN Greene County Midway Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 2.20 1,063

Roy S. Oakes Water 

Treatment Plant

Morristown Utility 

Systems – Water 

System

TN Hamblen 

County

Morristown Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 26,663

BASF Corporation 

Chattanooga 

Polymer Drive Site

BASF Corporation TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

1,3–Butadiene 0.41 593

AkzoNobel Surface 

Chemistry LLC

AkzoNobel NV TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 0.53 714

BASF Corporation 

Chattanooga 

Amnicola Highway 

Site

BASF Corporation TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

0.94 2,817

Eastside Utility 

Water Treatment 

Plant (WTP)

TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,285

Chattem Chemicals, 

Inc.

Sun Pharmaceutical 

Industry, Inc. 

TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.30 5,403

Citico Water 

Treatment Plant

Tennessee American 

Water

American Water Works 

Company*

TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,055

Moccasin Bend 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Moccasin Bend 

Wastewater Treatment 

Plant

TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 20,728

Lamberti Synthesis 

USA, Inc.

Lamberti S.p.a TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Chemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 7.50 212,020

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 310,592

DPC Enterprises, L.P. TN Hamilton 

County

Chattanooga Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 418,812

Holston Army 

Ammunition Plant

Ordnance Systems Inc.

BAE Systems Holdings 

Inc.*

TN Hawkins County Kingsport Manufacturing Nitric acid 

(conc. *80%)

13.00 134,054

L.T. “Pie” Hay Filter 

Plant

City of Lexington TN Henderson 

County

Lexington Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 366

DuPont Johnsonville 

Plant

E. I. DuPont de 

Nemours & Co. Inc.

TN Humphreys 

County

New 

Johnsonville

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 72,235

TIN dba Temple–

Inland (Inland 

Paperboard and Pkg)

Temple–Inland TN Humphreys 

County

Waverly Pulp and paper Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 2,629

Loves Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Knoxville Utilties Board TN Knox County Knoxville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 16,071

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC

Rohm and Haas 

Company

TN Knox County Knoxville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.70 29,085

Fourth Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Knoxville Utilties Board TN Knox County Knoxville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 32,388

Mark B. Whitaker 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Knoxville Utilties Board TN Knox County Knoxville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 53,400
156 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Kuwahee Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Knoxville Utilties Board TN Knox County Knoxville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 56,834

FPU Water Treatment 

Plant

TN Lincoln County Fayetteville Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,742

Lewisburg Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Marshall County Lewisburg Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 1,302

Columbia Water 

System Filter Plant

Board of Public Utilities 

of the City of Columbia

TN Maury County Columbia Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 18,411

AbiBow US Inc. – 

Calhoun Operations

AbitibiBowater Inc. TN McMinn County Calhoun Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 7.70 27,910

Tellico Area Service 

System WTP

Tellico Area Service 

System

TN Monroe County Vonore Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 258

Cunningham–East 

Montgomery Water 

Plant

TN Montgomery 

County

Clarksville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 352

Hemlock 

Semiconductor, 

L.L.C.

TN Montgomery 

County

Clarksville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

3.40 11,646

Cookeville Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Putnam County Baxter Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 1,675

TVA Kingston Fossil 

Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

TN Roane County Harriman Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 16,487

Springfield Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Springfield TN Robertson 

County

Cedar Hill Water treatment Chlorine 3.30 1,254

K.Thomas Hutchinson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Consolidated Utilities 

District of

Rutherford County*

TN Rutherford 

County

Murfreesboro Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 1,733

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc

Brenntag U.S.A. TN Shelby County Memphis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 34

TVA – 

Allen Fossil Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

TN Shelby County Memphis Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 17,398

LucyWoodstock 

Marine Terminal

Terminal Pipeline 

Management

DuPont*

TN Shelby County Memphis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 1.70 32,858

PMC Biogenix Inc PMC Group TN Shelby County Memphis Chemical 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.50 360,636

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation 

Memphis, TN

Vertex Chemical 

Corporation 

TN Shelby County Memphis Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

CBI Halogens 

and Halogen 

Oxides

14.00 521,110

Valero Memphis 

Refinery

Valero Refining 

Company–Tennessee, 

L.L.C.

TN Shelby County Memphis Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

16.00 800,973

Buckeye 

Technologies Inc. 

– Memphis Plant

Buckeye Technologies 

Inc. 

TN Shelby County Memphis Pulp and paper Chlorine 14.00 895,153

Lucite International TN Shelby County Memphis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

20.00 949,636

DuPont Memphis 

Plant

E. I. DuPont de 

Nemours and Company

TN Shelby County Memphis Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

24.00 1,120,829

Helm Fertilizer 

Terminal, Inc.

Helm Dungemittle TN Shelby County Memphis Chemical storage 

terminal

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 1,134,738

Velsicol Chemical 

LLC (Memphis)

Velsicol Chemical LLC TN Shelby County Memphis Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 1,173,206

Pennakem, LLC Minafin SARL TN Shelby County Memphis Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Furan 25.00 1,176,101

Millington, TN 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Millington, TN TN Shelby County Millington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,055
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 157

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

TVA – Cumberland 

Fossil Plant

Tennessee Valley 

Authority

TN Stewart County Cumberland 

City

Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 2,536

City of Kingsport 

– Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Kingsport TN Sullivan County Kingsport Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 26,691

Tennessee 

Operations

Eastman Chemical 

Company

TN Sullivan County Kingsport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.60 70,362

Domtar Paper 

Company, LLC 

– Kingsport Mill

Domtar Paper 

Company, LLC 

TN Sullivan County Kingsport Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 9.10 109,370

Air Products, Gallatin Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

TN Sumner County Gallatin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 27

Gallatin Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Gallatin – 

Department of Public 

Utilities

TN Sumner County Gallatin Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 6,938

Hendersonville 

Utility Dist. Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Sumner County Hendersonville Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 27,410

White House Utility 

District Water 

Treatment Plant

TN Sumner County Hendersonville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 35,277

Covington 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Covington, TN TN Tipton County Covington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 1,984

Brush Creek Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Johnson City TN Washington 

County

Johnson City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.10 964

Watauga Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Johnson City TN Washington 

County

Johnson City Water treatment Chlorine 1.10 1,179

Lebanon 

WaterTreatment 

Plant

TN Wilson County Lebanon Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,297

West Wilson Utility 

District

TN Wilson County Mount Juliet Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 26,611

T EXAS

Town Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Anderson 

County

Palestine Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,349

City of Palestine 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Anderson 

County

Palestine Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,296

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. – 

Diboll TX

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

TX Angelina 

County

Diboll Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.61 154

City of Lufkin Water 

Plant

TX Angelina 

County

Lufkin Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 16,395

City of Lufkin 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Angelina 

County

Lufkin Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 17,772

City of Rockport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Aransas County Rockport Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,528

Sudan Pump Station City of Lubbock, TX TX Bailey County Muleshoe Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 186

S Pump Station Aqua Water Supply TX Bastrop County Bastrop Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 1,927

Camp Swift Pump 

Station

Aqua Water Supply 

Corporation

TX Bastrop County Bastrop Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 2,661

Lost Pines 1 Power 

Plant

Gentex Power Corp.

Lower Colorado River 

Authority*

TX Bastrop County Bastrop Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 3,234

L Pump Station Aqua Water Supply 

Corporation

TX Bastrop County Smithville Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 450
158 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

North Central Texas 

Municipal Water 

Authority WTP

North Central Texas 

Municipal Water 

Authority 

TX Baylor County Seymour Water treatment Chlorine 3.10 103

Bell County WCID #1 

Water Treatment 

Facility

Bell Co. Water Control 

& Improvement 

District #1

TX Bell County Belton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,290

Temple–Belton 

Regional Sewerage 

System

Brazos River Authority TX Bell County Belton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.10 15,371

Central Texas Water 

Supply Corporation

TX Bell County Harker Heights Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,105

Bell County WCID #1 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Bell Co. Water Control 

& Improvement 

District #1

TX Bell County Killeen Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 69,706

Bluebonnet Water 

Supply Corporation

TX Bell County Temple Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,194

Temple Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Temple TX Bell County Temple Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 16,764

Doshier Farm 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Temple, Texas TX Bell County Temple Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.10 21,717

VP Racing Fuels, Inc. 

San Antonio Facility

Texas Allied Holdings, 

Inc

TX Bexar County Elmendorf Petroleum refinery Isoprene 0.09 <10

Clearwater 

International, L.L.C.

Weatherford 

International 

TX Bexar County Elmendorf Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.60 196

SAWS Twin Oaks 

Water Treatment 

Plant

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County Elmendorf Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,478

Brenntag Southwest–

Elmendorf 12–2012

Brenntag TX Bexar County Elmendorf Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 3,673

Wurzbach Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County Leon Valley Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 24,156

Univar USA, Inc.––

San Antonio–Director

TX Bexar County San Antonio Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 42

Calumet San Antonio 

Refining, LLC

Calumet Specialty 

Products

TX Bexar County San Antonio Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.50 553

Leon Creek Water 

Recycling Center

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 5,027

Dos Rios Water 

Recycling Center

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 5,831

Oliver Ranch 

Pumping Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,689

Salado Creek 

Chemical Storage 

Facility

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 7,347

Seale Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,455

Maltsberger Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,183

Artesia Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,880

Randolph Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,422

Basin Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 18,487

Micron Primary Pump 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 20,584

Marbach Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 21,375
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 159

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Nacogdoches 

Pumping Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 25,975

34th Street Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 32,973

Anderson Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 72,854

Mission Pumping 

Station

San Antonio Water 

System

TX Bexar County San Antonio Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 111,172

Cibolo Creek 

Municipal Authority 

WWTP

TX Bexar County Schertz Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 34,377

Wright Patman 

Water Plant

TX Bowie County Texarkana Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 686

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP Chocolate Bayou 

Polymers

Equistar Chemicals, LP TX Brazoria County Alvin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isobutane 0.60 17

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP Chocolate Bayou 

Chemicals

Equistar Chemicals, LP TX Brazoria County Alvin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

3.30 506

Ascend Performance 

Materials LLC

Ascend Performance 

Materials LLC

TX Brazoria County Alvin Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 25.00 768,548

Oyster Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Angleton, Texas TX Brazoria County Angleton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 458

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Co. LP 

Clemens Terminal

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Co. LP 

TX Brazoria County Brazoria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

1.20 764

Clute/Richwood 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Clute/Richwood TX Brazoria County Clute Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,584

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP – 

Freeport HPU

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP 

TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Braskem Oyster 

Creek Plant

Braskem America, INC. TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.30 11

DSM Nutritional 

Products, Inc.

TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.40 325

SI Group Texas 

Operations

SI Group, Inc. TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

2–

Methylpropene

0.90 468

Freeport Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

The City of Freeport, 

Texas

TX Brazoria County Freeport Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,271

Hydrochlor LLC TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

3.40 20,085

BASF Corporation 

– Freeport Terminal

BASF Corporation TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.90 36,025

Nalco TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 10.41 60,233

BASF Corporation – 

Freeport Site

BASF Corporation TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

8.60 63,963

The Dow Chemical 

Company, Texas 

Operations

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

TX Brazoria County Freeport Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosgene 25.00 129,515

Brazosport Water 

Authority

TX Brazoria County Lake Jackson Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,537

Dyson Campbell 

Water Reclamation 

Center

City of Lake Jackson TX Brazoria County Lake Jackson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,614

Sweeny 

Cogeneration Facility

Sweeny Cogeneration 

Limited Partnership

TX Brazoria County Old Ocean Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 2,259
160 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Phillips 66 Company 

– Sweeny Refinery

Phillips 66 Company

Phillips 66*

TX Brazoria County Old Ocean Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

16.00 57,065

Brazoria Co. 

Municipal Utility 

District No. 3 WTP

Brazoria County 

Municipal Utility District 

No. 3

TX Brazoria County Pearland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 6,268

Chevron–Phillips 

Chemical Company 

LP, Sweeny

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP 

TX Brazoria County Sweeny Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 1,342

Sandy Point Road 

Pump Station

City of College Station, 

Texas

TX Brazos County Bryan Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,098

Well Field Pump 

Station

TX Brazos County Bryan Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,288

Still Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Brazos County Bryan Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,548

Burton Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Bryan, Texas TX Brazos County Bryan Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 15,594

Honeywell Electronic 

Chemicals, L.L.C.

Honeywell International, 

Inc.

TX Brazos County Bryan Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 223,459

Dowling Road Pump 

Station

City of College Station, 

Texas

TX Brazos County College Station Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 38,604

MMWA Treatment 

Plant

Mackenzie Municipal 

Water Authority

TX Briscoe County Silverton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 63

BCWID # 1 Water 

Treatment Plant

Brown County Water 

Improvement District #1

TX Brown County Brownwood Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 15,469

City of Brownwood 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Brown County Brownwood Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 16,341

Delhi Treatment 

Plant

Aqua Water Supply 

Corporation

TX Caldwell County Delhi Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 550

Lockhart Water 

Works

Guadalupe–Blanco 

River Authority

City of Lockhart*

TX Caldwell County Lockhart Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 129

Lockhart Wastewater 

Reclamation Division

Guadalupe–Blanco 

River Authority

City of Lockhart*

TX Caldwell County Lockhart Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 5,101

Luling Water 

Treatment Plant

Guadalupe–Blanco 

River Authority

TX Caldwell County Luling Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 2,800

Hays Caldwell Water 

Treatment Plant

Canyon Regional Water 

Authority

TX Caldwell County San Marcos Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 6,036

San Marcos Water 

Treatment Plant

Guadalupe Blanco River 

Authority

TX Caldwell County San Marcos Water treatment Chlorine 2.10 8,927

Seadrift Operations Union Carbide

The Dow Chemical 

Company*

TX Calhoun County North Seadrift Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 12.00 14,400

GBRA Port Lavaca 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Guadalupe Blanco River 

Authority 

TX Calhoun County Port Lavaca Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,093

Ineos USA LLC. Ineos USA LLC. TX Calhoun County Port Lavaca Chemical 

manufacturing

Hydrocyanic 

acid

25.00 102,098

Braskem America 

Seadrift Operations

Braskem America, Inc. TX Calhoun County Seadrift Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.30 <10

Robindale 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Brownsville Public 

Utilities Board 

TX Cameron 

County

Brownsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 9,478

South Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Brownsville Public 

Utilities Board

TX Cameron 

County

Brownsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 12,671
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 161

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Reverse Osmosis 

Water Treatment 

Facility

Southmost Regional 

Water Authority

Brownsville Public 

Utilities Board*

TX Cameron 

County

Brownsville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,190

Water Plant #1 Brownsville Public 

Utilities Board

TX Cameron 

County

Brownsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,780

Water Plant #2 Brownsville Public 

Utilities Board

TX Cameron 

County

Brownsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 21,383

Waste Water 

Treatment Plant #2

City of Harlingen Water 

Works System

TX Cameron 

County

Harlingen Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 30,220

Dixieland Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Harlingen Water 

Works System

TX Cameron 

County

Harlingen Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 38,401

Downtown Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Harlingen Water 

Works System

TX Cameron 

County

Harlingen Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 53,433

La Feria Wastewater 

Treatment Plant #2

TX Cameron 

County

La Feria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,101

The City of La Feria 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Cameron 

County

La Feria Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,479

Laguna Vista Water 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District

TX Cameron 

County

Laguna Vista Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 177

Laguna Vista 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District 

TX Cameron 

County

Laguna Vista Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 228

Port Isabel 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District 

TX Cameron 

County

Port Isabel Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,467

Port Isabel Water 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District

TX Cameron 

County

Port Isabel Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,708

City of San Benito 

WTP #2

TX Cameron 

County

San Benito Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 161

Martha Ann Simpson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

East Rio Hondo Water 

Supply Corporation 

TX Cameron 

County

San Benito Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,065

City of San Benito TX Cameron 

County

San Benito Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,508

Isla Blanca 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District 

TX Cameron 

County

South Padre 

Island

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 209

Andy Bowie 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Laguna Madre Water 

District 

TX Cameron 

County

South Padre 

Island

Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 290

Carson County Pump 

Station

City of Amarillo

Utilities Division*

TX Carson County Amarillo Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 198

Plains Water Station WRB Refining, LP TX Carson County Panhandle Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 198

Northeast Texas 

Municipal Water 

District Mims

TX Cass County Avinger Water treatment Chlorine 3.07 768

Texarkana Mill International Paper 

Company

TX Cass County Queen City Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 7.20 7,536

Texarkana Water 

Utilities I. P. Chlorine 

Building

City of Texarkana, Texas TX Cass County Texarkana Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 821

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc. – 

Baytown TX

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings LLC 

TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.32 60

LANXESS Baytown 

Plant

Lanxess AG TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Butane 0.40 94

El Dorado Nitrogen, 

L. P.

LSB Industries TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 3,943
162 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Chemicals 

Incorporated

TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

2.70 4,879

FloMin Inc. SNF Holding Company TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Carbon disulfide 2.40 5,965

Baytown Energy 

Center

Calpine Corporation TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.00 15,525

Delta Baytown Delta Petroleum 

Company, Inc.

TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Warehousing and 

distribution

Propionitrile 25.00 1,172,193

Bayer 

MaterialScience 

– Baytown

Bayer MaterialScience TX Chambers 

County

Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 1,309,721

Cedar Bayou Electric 

Generating Station

NRG Texas Power LLC TX Chambers 

County

Eldon Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.50 538

ExxonMobil Chem. 

Co. (Mont Belvieu 

Plastics Plant)

Exxon Mobil Corp. TX Chambers 

County

Mont Belvieu Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.47 90

Enterprise Products 

– Mont Belvieu 

Facility

Enterprise Products 

Texas Operating L.P. 

TX Chambers 

County

Mont Belvieu Petroleum refinery Chlorine 3.00 5,660

West Regional Water 

Treatment Plant

Lower Neches Valley 

Authority

TX Chambers 

County

Winnie Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 645

Kickapoo Street 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Jacksonville TX Cherokee 

County

Jacksonville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,774

Canada Street 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Jacksonville TX Cherokee 

County

Jacksonville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,566

Double Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Jacksonville TX Cherokee 

County

Jacksonville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 5,413

Rusk Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Rusk TX Cherokee 

County

Rusk Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 409

City of Coleman 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Coleman, Texas TX Coleman 

County

Coleman Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 935

Wilson Creek 

Regional Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

North Texas Municipal 

Water District 

TX Collin County Lucas Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 8,959

Rowlett Creek 

Regional WWTP

TX Collin County Plano Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 76,475

Texas Instruments – 

RFAB

Texas Instruments 

Incorporated 

TX Collin County Richardson Semiconductor 

manufacturing

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

6.20 474,245

NTMWD Wylie Water 

Treatment Plant

North Texas Municipal 

Water District

TX Collin County Wylie Water treatment Chlorine 25.00 2,646,818

Western Canyon 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Guadalupe–Blanco 

River Authority 

TX Comal County Canyon Lake Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,937

NBU Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

New Braunfels Utility TX Comal County New Braunfels Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,701

Kuehler Wastewater 

Treatment Plants 

(N & S)

New Braunfels Utility TX Comal County New Braunfels Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,724

City of Gainesville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Cooke County Gainesville Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,245

Gatesville Regional 

Water Plant

City of Gatesville TX Coryell County Gatesville Water treatment Chlorine 2.60 673

Stillhouse 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Gatesville, Texas TX Coryell County Gatesville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 1,628
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 163

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

White River M.W.D. 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Crosby County Spur Water treatment Chlorine 3.10 166

Elm Fork Water 

Treatment Plant

Dallas Water Utilities TX Dallas County Carrollton Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 1,776,705

TI Boulevard Gas 

Plant

Air Liquide Electronics 

U.S. LP

TX Dallas County Dallas Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propane 0.30 861

Dallas Chemical 

Center

Air Liquide Electronics 

U. S. LP 

TX Dallas County Dallas Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

0.30 948

Air Products and 

Chemicals, 

Inc.–Dallas, TX

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

TX Dallas County Dallas Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrochloric 

acid 

(conc. *37%)

0.70 1,237

Univar USA Inc. –

Dallas, TX

Univar USA Inc. TX Dallas County Dallas Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

1.00 9,031

Tyson Prepared 

Foods, Dallas

Tyson Foods Inc. TX Dallas County Dallas Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 139,116

Pierce Chemicals / 

Royal Bond

TX Dallas County Dallas Specialty chemical 

manufacturing

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

5.72 315,220

Bachman Water 

Treatment Plant

Dallas Water Utilities TX Dallas County Dallas Water treatment Chlorine 9.90 1,101,515

Southside WWTP Dallas Water Utilities

City of Dallas*

TX Dallas County Dallas Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

19.00 1,558,532

Central Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Dallas Water Utilities TX Dallas County Dallas Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 14.00 1,742,816

Petra Chemical 

Company

Petra Chemical 

Company

TX Dallas County Dallas Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 2,039,384

Ten Mile Creek 

Regional Wastewater 

System

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas 

TX Dallas County Ferris Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

19.00 1,081,241

Rowlett Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Dallas County Garland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.30 1,038

Central Regional 

Wastewater System

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas

TX Dallas County Grand Prairie Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 4,470,864

Brenntag Southwest, 

Inc. Lancaster

Brenntag, Inc TX Dallas County Lancaster Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 27,662

South Mesquite 

Regional Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

North Texas Municipal 

Water District 

TX Dallas County Mesquite Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 37,275

Eastside Water 

Treatment Plant

Dallas Water Utilities

City of Dallas*

TX Dallas County Sunnyvale Water treatment Chlorine 25.00 2,733,416

Lake Ray Roberts 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Denton TX Denton County Aubrey Water treatment Chlorine 7.50 28,485

Stewart Creek West 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Denton County Frisco Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 61,008

Lewisville Prairie 

Creek Wastewater 

Trmt Plant

City of Lewisville, Texas TX Denton County Lewisville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.67 8,249

Lewisville C.R. 

(Tommy) Feaster 

Water Trmt Plant

City of Lewisville, Texas TX Denton County Lewisville Water treatment Chlorine 1.40 9,573

Champion 

Technologies’ 

Odessa Plant

Permian Mud Services, 

Inc. 

TX Ector County Odessa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

7.30 106,202

Fred Hervey Water 

Reclamation Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 5,989

Western Refining Western Refining 

Company, L. P.

TX El Paso County El Paso Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.10 9,446
164 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Canutillo Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 12,921

Jonathan Rogers 

Water Treatment 

Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board 

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 23,302

Roberto Bustamante 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board 

TX El Paso County El Paso Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 26,673

Robertson–

Umbenhauer Water 

Treatment Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board 

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 32,903

Artcraft Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 39,599

Americas Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 41,880

Loop 375 Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 45,512

Northeast Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 46,804

Northwest Water 

Treatment Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 50,910

McRae Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 52,289

Lindbergh Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 52,903

Haskell R. Street 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board 

TX El Paso County El Paso Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.50 60,491

Montana Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 61,286

Nevins Station El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 64,313

Pebble Hills Booster 

Station

El Paso Water Utilities–

Public Service Board

TX El Paso County El Paso Water treatment Chlorine 2.50 88,787

Ennis Power 

Company, LLC

Suez Energy Generation 

North America

IPR–GDF Suez*

TX Ellis County Ennis Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 131

City of Ennis Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Ellis County Ennis Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 189

City of Ennis 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Ennis, Texas TX Ellis County Ennis Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,417

Midlothian Water 

Treatment Plant

Midlothian Texas TX Ellis County Midlothian Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,265

City of Waxahachie 

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Waxahachie TX Ellis County Waxahachie Water treatment Chlorine 2.10 8,480

Magnablend, Inc. Magnablend, Inc. TX Ellis County Waxahachie Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 9,719

Stephenville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Erath County Stephenville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 10,418

Winchester Power 

Park

Lower Colorado River 

Authority

TX Fayette County Winchester Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 747

Champion 

Technologies’ Fresno 

Facility

Champion 

Technologies, Inc.

Permian Mud Services, 

Inc.*

TX Fort Bend 

County

Fresno Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

19.00 2,391,602

Ridgemont Plant TX Fort Bend 

County

Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 20,421
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 165

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Katy Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Fort Bend 

County

Katy Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,009

City of Rosenberg 

– WWTP 1A

City of Rosenberg, 

Texas

TX Fort Bend 

County

Rosenberg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 37,392

Nalco Sugar Land 

Plant

Nalco Company TX Fort Bend 

County

Sugar Land Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

3.40 103,316

W.A. Parish Electric 

Generating Station

NRG Texas Power LLC TX Fort Bend 

County

Thompsons Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 48

Galveston County 

W.C.I.D. #1

TX Galveston 

County

Dickinson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,493

Airport Water Pump 

Station

TX Galveston 

County

Galveston Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 23,970

Galveston Airport 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Galveston 

County

Galveston Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 26,315

59th Street Water 

Pump Station

City of Galveston, Texas TX Galveston 

County

Galveston Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 33,729

Galveston Main 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Galveston 

County

Galveston Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 34,961

Main Water Pump 

Station

TX Galveston 

County

Galveston Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 35,773

City of La–Marque 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

TX Galveston 

County

La–Marque Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.10 101

Praxair – 

BP Texas City TX

Praxair, Inc. TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.05 <10

ISP Technologies – 

Texas City

International Specialty 

Products Inc.

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

2.00 3,631

Eastman Chemical 

Texas City, Inc.

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.90 10,398

Thomas S. Mackey 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Gulf Coast Water 

Authority 

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 36,245

Union Carbide 

Corporation TCO

UCC a Subsidiary 

of The Dow Chemical 

Company

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

6.20 63,860

Valero Refining – 

Texas, L.P.

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

12.00 163,026

Oiltanking Texas City TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Chemical storage 

terminal

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

25.00 600,751

Marathon Petroleum 

Company Texas 

Refining

Marathon Petroleum 

Company LP 

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 646,496

Blanchard Refining 

Company LLC – 

Galveston Bay Ref

Blanchard Holdings 

Company LLC 

TX Galveston 

County

Texas City Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 701,992

Gonzales Surface 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Gonzales, Texas TX Gonzales 

County

Gonzales Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,245

Schertz/Seguin 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Shertz/Seguin 

Local Government 

Corporation

TX Gonzales 

County

Rural Gonzales 

Co.

Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 568

Pampa Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Gray County Pampa Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.30 12,240

Pampa Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Gray County Pampa Water treatment Chlorine 3.30 16,818

Water Treatment 

Plant, City of Denison

City of Denison TX Grayson County Denison Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,698
166 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Sherman 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City Of Sherman TX Grayson County Sherman Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,512

BSW Longview 

6–2009

Brenntag, Inc. TX Gregg County Longview Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 2,775

Sabine River Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Gregg County Longview Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 10,775

Cherokee Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Gregg County Longview Water treatment Chlorine 3.70 21,606

Lake O the Pines 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Longview TX Gregg County Longview Water treatment Chlorine 4.30 29,549

City of Navasota 

Water Plant

City of Navasota, TX. TX Grimes County Navasota Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 306

City of Navasota 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Grimes County Navasota Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 1,618

Canyon Regional 

Water Authority – 

Lake Dunlap WTP

TX Guadalupe 

County

New Braunfels Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 5,199

Wells Ranch Water 

Treatment Plant

Canyon Regional Water 

Authority 

TX Guadalupe 

County

Seguin Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 417

Seguin Water Plant City of Seguin TX Guadalupe 

County

Seguin Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,613

Geronimo Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Seguin TX Guadalupe 

County

Seguin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 3,549

Walnut Branch 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Seguin TX Guadalupe 

County

Seguin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 4,314

Springs Hill Water 

Treatment Plant

Springs Hill Water 

Supply Corporation 

TX Guadalupe 

County

Seguin Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 13,147

Jack Skaggs 

Municipal Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Hale County Plainview Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 7,247

City of Plainview 

Water Reclamation 

Plant

TX Hale County Plainview Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 8,795

Lumberton Municipal 

Utility District

TX Hardin County Lumberton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 8,456

City of Beaumont 

Loeb Chlorination 

Facility

City of Beaumont TX Hardin County Lumberton Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 10,750

Sour Lake Storage 

Facility

Port Arthur Refinery

Motiva Enterprises LLC*

TX Hardin County Sour Lake Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.20 <10

Air Products LLC 

(Baytown)

Air Products and 

Chemicals Inc. 

TX Harris County Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.40 72

ExxonMobil Chemical 

Company Baytown 

Olefins Plant

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation 

TX Harris County Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 3,587

Lynchburg Pump 

Station

Coastal Water Authority TX Harris County Baytown Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,006

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company 

LP – Cedar Bayou

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP 

TX Harris County Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Boron trifluoride 3.20 12,048

Northeast District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baytown TX Harris County Baytown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 15,826
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 167

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

West District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baytown TX Harris County Baytown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 23,240

East District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baytown TX Harris County Baytown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 30,486

Central District 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Baytown TX Harris County Baytown Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 34,519

Baytown Area Water 

Authority

TX Harris County Baytown Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 38,026

ExxonMobil Baytown 

Refinery

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation

TX Harris County Baytown Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

4.10 58,418

ExxonMobil Baytown 

Chemical Plant

ExxonMobil Corporation TX Harris County Baytown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Bromine 4.70 63,902

Solvay USA Inc., 

Baytown Plant

Solvay USA Inc. TX Harris County Baytown Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Carbon disulfide 9.90 226,729

TPC Group LLC – 

Baytown

TPC Group LLC TX Harris County Baytown Texas Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.80 2,649

Harris County WCID 

# 84

Harris County Water 

Control & Improvement 

District

TX Harris County Channelview Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 16,672

Equistar Chemicals 

– Channelview 

Operations

Lyondell Chemical 

Company 

TX Harris County Channelview Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 28,326

Harris County Fresh 

Water Supply District 

No. 51

TX Harris County Channelview Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 85,218

Lyondell Chemical 

Company – 

Channelview 

Operations

Lyondell Chemical 

Company 

TX Harris County Channelview Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 7.40 173,937

Stolthaven Houston 

Inc.

Stolt–Nielsen USA Inc.

Stolt–Nielsen Limited*

TX Harris County Channelview Chemical storage 

terminal

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

8.70 442,977

KMCO, LLC TX Harris County Crosby Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 3.50 12,246

Arkema Inc. – 

Crosby Plant

Arkema, Inc. TX Harris County Crosby Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

23.00 1,272,453

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC, Lone 

Star Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC 

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.40 1,314

Oxy Vinyls, LP – 

Deer Park PVC Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.90 3,269

Shell Deer Park 

Refinery

Deer Park Refining, LP TX Harris County Deer Park Petroleum refinery Pentane 1.80 6,692

Shell Chemical L.P. – 

Deer Park Plant

Shell Oil Company TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isoprene 1.30 6,875

Occidental Chemical 

Corp. – Deer Park 

VCM Site 3

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl chloride 1.30 6,940

The Lubrizol 

Corporation – 

 Deer Park Plant

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 2.90 27,633

Rohm and Haas Texas 

Incorporated

Rohm and Haas 

Company

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 28,799

Deer Park Energy 

Center, LP

Calpine Corporation TX Harris County Deer Park Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 63,095

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Inc.

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals Holdings 

LLC

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl 

mercaptan

6.80 275,302
168 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

GEO Specialty 

Chemicals (formerly 

Hampshire)

GEO Specialty 

Chemicals, Inc. 

TX Harris County Deer Park Chemical 

manufacturing

Hydrocyanic 

acid

15.00 1,087,979

Delta Deer Park Delta Petroleum 

Company

Grief*

TX Harris County Deer Park Chemical 

wholesale

Toluene 

2,6–diisocyanate

22.00 2,241,597

Occidental Chemical 

Corp. – Deer Park 

VCM Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

TX Harris County Deer Park Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

25.00 2,957,917

City of Deer Park 

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Deer Park, Texas TX Harris County Deer Park, Water treatment Chlorine 1.40 14,684

GIM Channelview 

Cogeneration, LLC

GIM Channelview 

Cogeneration, LLC

TX Harris County Houston Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.20 64

Westhollow 

Technology Center

Shell Chemical, L.P.

Shell Oil Company*

TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.10 80

Univar USA, Inc. –

Houston, TX

Univar USA, Inc. TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Cyclohexylamine 0.20 115

Ashland Hercules 

Water Technologies 

– Houston, TX

Ashland, Inc. TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Cyclohexylamine 0.30 251

Brenntag Southwest 

Inc., Houston 1–13 

Update

Brenntag, Inc TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Cyclohexylamine 0.50 563

Robert T. Savely 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

Clear Lake City Water 

Authority 

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 5,908

Katy Addicks Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,584

Katy Addicks Surface 

Water Pump Station

TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,650

HRSC Milk Plant H. E. Butt Grocery 

Company

TX Harris County Houston Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.00 11,744

Jersey Village Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,254

Valero Refining Texas 

– L. P.

Valero Energy 

Corporation

TX Harris County Houston Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.60 13,344

Houston Refining LP Lyondellbasell 

Industries

TX Harris County Houston Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Pentane 1.70 14,984

Lake Forest Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 16,082

Kleinwood Central 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Kleinwood Joint Powers 

Board 

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 16,516

Sims Bayou Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,898

Acres Homes Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 17,262

Ponderosa Joint 

Powers Agency 

WWTP

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 20,914

Spears Road 

Regional Pumping 

Station

TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 25,832

Heights Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 25,954

Harris County 

Municipal Utility 

District #170

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 27,028

Spring Branch Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 31,644

Chelford City 

Regional Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Chelford City Municipal 

Utility District 

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 32,010
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 169

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Southwest Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 32,891

District 158 Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 33,680

Memorial Villages 

Water Authority 

WWTP

TX Harris County Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 37,806

Johann Haltermann 

Ltd.

TX Harris County Houston Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

4.11 40,573

Bellaire Braes Plant TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 41,152

Cray Valley 

Wallisville Road

Total Holdings, USA TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Boron trifluoride 3.40 41,156

TPC Group LLC TPC Group LLC TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 1.70 46,198

Channel Energy 

Center

TX Harris County Houston Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 62,493

City of Houston 

Southeast Water 

Purification Plant

TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 77,380

Akzo Nobel Surface 

Chemistry LLC 

Houston Plant

Akzo Nobel Chemicals 

Inc. 

TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 12.00 1,247,041

GB Biosciences 

Corporation/Greens 

Bayou Plant

Syngenta Crop 

Protection, Inc. 

TX Harris County Houston Pesticide 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,314,099

Brenntag Southwest 

– Greens Bayou

Brenntag, Inc. TX Harris County Houston Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 1,371,400

East Water 

Purification Plant

TX Harris County Houston Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 1,508,560

DXI Industries, Inc. DPC Industries, Inc. TX Harris County Houston Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 1,558,769

Arkema Inc. – 

Houston Plant

Arkema Inc. TX Harris County Houston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

sulfide

16.00 1,693,865

KIK (Houston) Inc. KIK International LLC TX Harris County Houston Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 2,313,284

Solvay USA Inc., 

Houston Plant

Solvay USA Inc. TX Harris County Houston Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

25.00 4,062,378

White Oak Bayou 

Joint Powers Board 

WWTP

TX Harris County Jersey Village Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 14,748

West Memorial 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Harris County Katy Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 26,986

North Park Water 

Treatment Plant A

TX Harris County Kingwood Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 492

Rustic Wood Water 

Treatment Plant B

TX Harris County Kingwood Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 508

Mills Branch Water 

Treatment Plant C

TX Harris County Kingwood Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 14,136

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP–La 

Porte SMR

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP 

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Braskem America, 

Inc. La Porte Plant

Braskem America, Inc. TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.58 289

La Porte 

Polypropylene Plant

Total Petrochemicals 

USA Inc.

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 1.00 379

Noltex La Porte, 

Texas Plant

Nippon Gohsel USA 

79%

Mitsubishi Chemicals 

USA 21%*

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

1.40 1,472
170 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Akzo Nobel Polymer 

Chemicals LLC – 

Deer Park

Akzo Nobel Chemicals 

Inc. 

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl chloride 1.10 2,208

Little Cedar Bayou 

Wastewater Plant # 1

City of La Porte TX Harris County La Porte Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,209

Gas Innovations TX Harris County La Porte Chemical 

wholesale

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

4.50 46,756

Intercontinental 

Terminals Company

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

5.60 133,853

Rohm and Haas 

Chemicals LLC, 

Bayport Plant

Rohm and Haas 

Company (subs. of 

Dow Chemical)

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 8.70 278,355

Eagle US 2 LLC – 

La Porte

Axiall Corporation TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 12.38 630,459

Clean Harbors Deer 

Park, LP

Clean Harbors 

Environmental Services, 

Inc.

TX Harris County La Porte Hazardous waste 

incineration

Chloromethyl 

methyl ether

22.00 2,137,906

La Porte Plant DuPont TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid (conc. 

*50%)

25.00 2,187,121

Occidental Chemical 

Corp. – BG Chlor–

Alkali–VCM

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

TX Harris County La Porte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 2,658,707

South Coast 

Terminals

South Coast Acquisition

South Coast Delaware*

TX Harris County LaPorte Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Toluene 

2,4–diisocyanate

0.10 <10

Air Products LLC 

(LaPorte)

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

TX Harris County LaPorte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.25 26

Equistar Chemicals–

LaPorte

LyondellBasell 

Industries–LaPorte

TX Harris County LaPorte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 1.20 1,063

Linde Gas North 

America LLC

TX Harris County LaPorte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 1,228

LyondellBasell 

Acetyls LLC 

(formerly 

Millennium)

LyondellBasell 

Industries 

TX Harris County LaPorte Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

5.60 96,898

INVISTA 

Intermediates 

LaPorte Plant

INVISTA S.a.r.l. TX Harris County LaPorte Chemical 

manufacturing

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

25.00 2,189,102

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. 

LP–Bayport SMR

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP 

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Air Products, LLC 

(Pasadena)

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 20

Linde – Clear Lake Linde, LLC TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.20 23

Centauri 

Technologies, LP

TX Harris County Pasadena Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Methylamine 0.20 23

Akzo Nobel Polymer 

Chemicals – 

Pasadena

Akzo Nobel Inc. TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Allyl alcohol 0.33 63

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP.

Lyondell Chemical 

Company

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.60 208

BASF Corporation 

Pasadena Texas Plant

BASF Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.60 564

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation – 

Pasadena PVC Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl chloride 0.88 1,074

Dixie Chemical 

Company

DX Holding Company TX Harris County Pasadena Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrylonitrile 1.10 1,491
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 171

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Air Liquide Large 

Industries U.S. LP

Air Liquide America L.P. TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 1,861

Pasadena Plastics 

Complex

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP*

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 3,733

Axiall, LLC – 

Pasadena

Axiall Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

1.60 4,736

Golden Acres Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Pasadena, Texas TX Harris County Pasadena Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 9,776

Red Blu! Water 

Treatment Plant

Coastal Water Authority TX Harris County Pasadena Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,113

The Lubrizol 

Corporation 

– Bayport Plant

Berkshire Hathaway TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 2.20 14,673

SSI Chusei, Inc. SSI Chusei, Inc. TX Harris County Pasadena Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Allyl alcohol 2.70 17,975

Total Petrochemicals 

& Ref USA, Inc. 

Bayport HDPE

Total Holdings USA, Inc. TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

4.10 29,504

Albemarle 

Corporation, 

Pasadena Plant

Albemarle Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Methyl chloride 2.70 30,600

Lyondell Chemical – 

Bayport Plant

Lyondell Chemical 

Company

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 6.10 135,374

BASF Corporation – 

Pasdena Catalyst Site

BASF Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Titanium 

tetrachloride

6.50 164,684

E. R. Carpenter L.P. – 

Powell Plant

Carpenter Urethanes I, 

LLC

TX Harris County Pasadena Chemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 8.70 271,946

Clariant Clear Lake 

Plant

Clariant Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

8.80 323,723

AES Deepwater AES Corporation

AES Deepwater*

TX Harris County Pasadena Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.10 413,118

Pasadena Refinery Pasadena Refining 

Systems, Inc. 

TX Harris County Pasadena Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

9.30 756,630

Houston Plant Ethyl Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,321,135

Equistar Chemicals 

L.P. – Bayport 

Underwood

Lyondell Chemical 

Company 

TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 18.00 1,359,868

Clear Lake Plant Celanese, Ltd. TX Harris County Pasadena Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 21.00 1,594,794

Kaneka Texas 

Corporation

Kaneka Corporation TX Harris County Pasadena Plastics 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 2,322,731

Baker Petrolite 

Corporation 

– Bayport

Baker Hughes, Inc. TX Harris County Pasadena Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

25.00 2,671,813

Houston Ammonia 

Terminal, L.P.

Terra Mississippi 

Nitrogen, Inc.

PCS Nitrogen Ammonia 

Terminal Corporation*

TX Harris County Pasadena Chemical storage 

terminal

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 3,236,486

Agrifos Fertilizer 

L.L.C.

TX Harris County Pasadena Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 3,640,970

LBC Houston/

Bayport Terminal

LBC Houston, LP TX Harris County Seabrook Chemical storage 

terminal

Ethylenediamine 8.70 246,405

South Houston 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Harris County South Houston Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 153,626
172 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Treschwig Central 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Harris County Spring Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,231

Webster Central 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Webster TX Harris County Webster Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.33 7,804

Eastman Chemical 

Company, Texas 

Operations

Eastman Chemical 

Company 

TX Harrison County Longview Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 5.30 28,978

City of Marshall 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Harrison County Marshall Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 11,499

Buda Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Buda

Guadalupe–Blanco 

River Authority*

TX Hays County Buda Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 9,087

Athens 6.0 MGD 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Athens Municipal Water 

Authority 

TX Henderson 

County

Athens Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 290

West Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Athens TX Henderson 

County

Athens Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,196

North Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Athens TX Henderson 

County

Athens Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,264

McKay Water 

Treatment Plant

East Cedar Creek 

F.W.S.D.

TX Henderson 

County

Enchanted Oaks Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,672

North Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

East Cedar Creek 

F.W.S.D.

TX Henderson 

County

Gun Barrel Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,856

City of Mabank – 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Henderson 

County

Gun Barrel City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,193

Brookshire Water 

Treatment Plant

East Cedar Creek 

F.W.S.D.

TX Henderson 

County

Gun Barrel City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,906

South Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

East Cedar Creek 

F.W.S.D.

TX Henderson 

County

Mabank Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.40 158

Malako! Surface 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Malako! TX Henderson 

County

Malako! Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 727

Cedar Creek Pump 

Station

TX Henderson 

County

Trinidad Water treatment Chlorine 4.40 9,351

North Alamo Water 

Supply Plant #5

North Alamo Water 

Supply Corporation

TX Hidalgo County Donna Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,375

City of Donna 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Donna TX Hidalgo County Donna Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,056

City of Donna Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Donna TX Hidalgo County Donna Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 15,765

North Alamo Water 

Supply Plant # 2

North Alamo Water 

Supply Corporation

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,393

North Alamo Water 

Supply Plant #1

North Alamo Water 

Supply Corporation

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 10,784

City of Edinburg 

Pump Station #1

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 16,961

City of Edinburg 

Water Filtration Plant

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 28,456

Magic Valley 

Generation

Calpine Construction 

Finance Company, LP

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 34,959

City of Edinburg 

West Edinburg Water 

Plant

TX Hidalgo County Edinburg Water treatment Chlorine 4.40 127,878

City of McAllen South 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Hidalgo County McAllen Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.64 13,596
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 173

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

McAllen South West 

Water Treatment 

Plant

McAllen Public Utilities

City of McAllen*

TX Hidalgo County McAllen Water treatment Chlorine 2.80 68,694

North Water 

Treatment Plant

McAllen Public Utilities TX Hidalgo County McAllen Water treatment Chlorine 6.21 203,497

City of Mercedes 

Water Filtration Plant

TX Hidalgo County Mercedes Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 8,383

Havana Water 

Treatment Plant

Agua Special Utility 

District

TX Hidalgo County Mission Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,439

North Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Mission TX Hidalgo County Mission Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 8,546

South Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Mission TX Hidalgo County Mission Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 19,906

492 Water Treatment 

Plant

Agua Special Utility 

District

TX Hidalgo County Mission Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 34,438

Abram Water 

Treatment Plant

Agua Special Utility 

District

TX Hidalgo County Palmview Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 31,624

City of Pharr Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Hidalgo County Pharr Water treatment Chlorine 4.20 138,308

City of San Juan 

Water Plant

City of San Juan, Texas TX Hidalgo County San Juan Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,177

North Alamo Water 

Supply Plant #4 & 

Owassa RO

North Alamo Water 

Supply Corporation 

TX Hidalgo County San Juan Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,831

Swtp – Plant 1 City of San Juan, Texas TX Hidalgo County San Juan Water treatment Chlorine 1.70 26,026

City of Weslaco 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Hidalgo County Weslaco Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 19,010

City of Weslaco 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Hidalgo County Weslaco Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 20,896

Aquilla Water Supply 

District

TX Hill County Hillsboro Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 484

Wolf Hollow I, LP TX Hood County Granbury Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

2.70 3,741

Sulphur Springs 

Water Plant

City of Sulphur Springs TX Hopkins County Sulphur Springs Water treatment Chlorine 3.20 11,606

Sulphur Springs 

Waste Water Plant

City of Sulphur Springs TX Hopkins County Sulphur Springs Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

4.40 15,194

Northside 

Wastewater 

Treament Plant #1

TX Houston County Crockett Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,954

P Chem, Inc. P Chem, Inc. TX Houston County Latexo Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 393

Houston County 

WCID #1

TX Houston County Latexo Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 453

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Howard County Big Spring Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,767

Alon USA Big Spring 

Refinery

Alon USA LP

Alon USA GP Inc*

TX Howard County Big Spring Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 39,084

City of Commerce–

SWTP

City of Commerce TX Hunt County Campbell Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,528

City of Commerce–

WWTP

TX Hunt County Commerce Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,437

City of Greenville 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Greenville, Texas TX Hunt County Greenville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 14,270

City of Borger Water 

Treatment Facility

City of Borger, Texas TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,501
174 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Borger 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Borger TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,491

Blackhawk Station Borger Energy 

Associates, L.P.

TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 4,547

Brenntag Southwest 

Borger 5–2011

Brenntag, Inc. TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,301

Borger Refinery WRB Refining, LP TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 41,482

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Co. LP – 

Borger Plant

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Co. LP 

TX Hutchinson 

County

Borger Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl 

mercaptan

25.00 42,649

Pumping Plant # 1 Canadian River 

Muncipal Water 

Authority

TX Hutchinson 

County

Sanford Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 38

Herring Water 

Station

WRB Refining, LP TX Hutchinson 

County

Stinnett Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 136

Kay Water Station WRB Refining LP TX Hutchinson 

County

Stinnett Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 136

MeadWestvaco Texas 

L.P.

MeadWestvaco TX Jasper County Evadale Pulp and paper, 

ACC

Chlorine dioxide 25.00 275,337

City of Jasper 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Jasper TX Jasper County Jasper Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,786

WJCMWD, Water 

Treatment Plant

West Je!erson County 

Municipal Water District

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 392

ExxonMobil Chemical 

Company – BPEP

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 1,425

Cray Valley 

Beaumont TX

Total Holding USA TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Boron trifluoride 2.70 1,609

ExxonMobil 

Beaumont Chemical 

Plant (BMCP)

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation

ExxonMobil Oil 

Corporation*

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Boron trifluoride 2.40 16,822

City of Beaumont 

Water Reclamation 

Plant

City of Beaumont TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 29,521

City of Beaumont 

Water Production 

Plant

City of Beaumont TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 41,382

ExxonMobil 

Beaumont Refinery 

(BMRF)

Exxon Mobil 

Corporation

ExxonMobil Oil 

Corporation*

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

5.60 87,628

BASF, Beaumont 

Plant

BASF Corporation TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 263,667

GE Betz Inc. 

Beaumont – Plant

General Electric 

Company

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Chemical 

manufacturing

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

20.00 276,672

Neches Terminal Martin Operating 

Partnership, LP

TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Refrigerated 

warehouse

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 376,297

Arkema Inc. – 

Beaumont Plant

Arkema Inc. TX Je!erson 

County

Beaumont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrolein 25.00 378,380

City of Groves Wilson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Je!erson 

County

Groves Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 35,376

City of Port Neches 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Je!erson 

County

Groves Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 49,973

City of Nederland 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Nederland TX Je!erson 

County

Nederland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 33,130
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 175

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Lucite International, 

Inc

Lucite International, Inc. TX Je!erson 

County

Nederland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

25.00 366,743

Praxair 379 SMR 

HYCO Site (Port 

Arthur)

Praxair, Inc. TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.07 <10

Air Products LLC 

(Port Arthur I)

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc.

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 <10

Air Products LLC 

(Port Arthur II 

Hydrogen/Cogen)

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 <10

Praxair – 

Port Arthur, TX

Praxair, Inc. TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.05 <10

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Co. – PA 

Plant

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Holding II, 

LLC*

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 1.30 27

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical – PA 

Terminal

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Holding II, 

LLC*

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

2.40 918

Main Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,116

Gulf Coast Water 

Reclamation Center

City of Groves TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,368

Port Arthur Refinery Motiva Enterprises TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

1.60 6,330

BASF Port Arthur 

Site

BASF TOTAL 

Petrochemicals LLC

BASF TOTAL 

Petrochemicals LLC*

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 2.10 13,047

KMCO Port Arthur 

inc. dba KMTEX

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

8.10 50,161

Port Acres 

Wastewater Plant

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 6.70 68,939

Total Petrochemicals 

& Refining U.S.A. Inc.

Total S.A. TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Petroleum 

refinery, ACC

Hydrogen 

sulfide

5.60 84,316

City Of Port Arthur 

(Water Purification 

Plant)

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Water treatment Chlorine 6.70 99,370

Premcor Port Arthur 

Refinery

The Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Arthur Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 328,817

ISP Synthetic 

Elastomers LP

ISP Synthetic GP LLC TX Je!erson 

County

Port Neches Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 0.01 <10

TPC Group– Port 

Neches Operations

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Neches Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

1.50 5,869

City of Port Neches 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Je!erson 

County

Port Neches Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 25,906

Calabrian 

Corporation

Calabrian Corporation TX Je!erson 

County

Port Neches Chemical 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 243,765

Huntsman LLC – Port 

Neches Performance 

Products

Huntsman LLC TX Je!erson 

County

Port Neches Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 25.00 347,563

City of Alice 

(Northeast)

TX Jim Wells 

County

Alice Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 3,394

City of Alice TX Jim Wells 

County

Alice Water treatment Chlorine 3.30 16,266
176 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Alice (South) TX Jim Wells 

County

Alice Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.20 17,668

City of Cleburne 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Cleburne TX Johnson County Cleburne Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,807

Johnson County 

Generation Facility

Brazos Electric Power 

Cooperative, Inc. 

TX Johnson County Cleburne Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.80 11,043

City of Cleburne 

Water Reuse Facility

City of Cleburne TX Johnson County Cleburne Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 13,121

City of Cleburne 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Cleburne TX Johnson County Cleburne Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 14,800

SACHEM, Inc. TX Johnson County Cleburne Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyl chloride 3.20 21,154

DPC Industries, Inc. DX Holding Company TX Johnson County Cleburne Bleach 

manufacturing

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 192,565

Raw Water 

Disinfection Facility

City of Abilene TX Jones County Abilene Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,111

Abilene Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Abilene TX Jones County Abilene Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,972

Stamford Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Stamford TX Jones County Stamford Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 453

Stamford 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Stamford TX Jones County Stamford Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 458

Ashland Aqualon 

Functional 

In– Kenedy, Texas 

Plant

Ashland. Inc. TX Karnes County Kenedy Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 0.30 11

Duck Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Kaufman 

County

Sunnyvale Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.10 4,575

City of Terrell – 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Terrell TX Kaufman 

County

Terrell Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 498

City of Kerrville – 

Wastewater Plant

TX Kerr County Kerrville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 11,263

City of Kerrville – 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Kerr County Kerrville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 17,898

City of Paris 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Paris, Texas TX Lamar County Paris Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 3,071

City of Paris Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Paris, Texas TX Lamar County Paris Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,944

Bayer CropScience TX Lamb County Littlefield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

3.40 856

City of Liberty 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Liberty TX Liberty County Liberty Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 2,380

Diamond Shamrock 

Refinery – Three 

Rivers

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Live Oak County Three Rivers Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

12.00 5,919

Bayer CropScience 

– Erskine Facility

Bayer CropScience TX Lubbock County Lubbock Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

2.40 23,913

Lubbock Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Lubbock, TX TX Lubbock County Lubbock Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

8.00 85,933

City of Midland Paul 

Davis Well Field

City of Midland TX Martin County Tarzan Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 51
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 177

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Celanese – 

Bay City Plant

Celanese Ltd. TX Matagorda 

County

Bay City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

6.20 3,456

City of Bay City 

Water Reclamation 

Facility

TX Matagorda 

County

Bay City Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 10,182

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP Matagorda Plant

Equistar Chemicals, LP TX Matagorda 

County

Wadsworth Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

2.90 243

Waco Metropolitan 

Area Regional 

Sewerage System

City of Waco Water 

Utilities Department 

TX McLennan 

County

Waco Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.10 3,018

Mount Carmel Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Waco TX McLennan 

County

Waco Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,187

Riverside Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Waco TX McLennan 

County

Waco Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 5,870

Raw Water Station 

and DAF Plant

City of Waco TX McLennan 

County

Waco Water treatment Chlorine 1.40 8,961

Gholson water 

storage facility

City of Waco TX McLennan 

County

Waco Water treatment Chlorine 3.50 27,714

Old Mc Gregor Road 

Ground Storage

City of Waco Water 

Utilities Department

TX McLennan 

County

Waco Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 30,755

City of Midland 

Water Purification 

Plant

City of Midland TX Midland County Midland Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,875

Bob Derrington 

Water Reclamation 

Plant

City of Odessa TX Midland County Odessa Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.10 372

Sandow Steam 

Electric Station

Energy Future Holdings

Luminant Generation 

Company LLC*

TX Milam County Rockdale Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 1,360

Bowie Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Bowie TX Montague 

County

Bowie Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 5,245

Southwest 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Conroe, Texas TX Montgomery 

County

Conroe Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 6,068

Huntsman 

Petrochemical LLC – 

Conroe Plant

Huntsman 

Petrochemical LLC 

TX Montgomery 

County

Conroe Chemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 12.50 232,525

Drilling Specialties 

Company, Alamo 

Plant

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP 

TX Montgomery 

County

Conroe Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur trioxide 25.00 1,009,030

San Jacinto River 

Authority – 

Water Plant 4

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 29,097

San Jacinto River 

Authority – 

Water Plant 5

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 38,763

San Jacinto River 

Authority – 

Water Plant 3

San Jacinto River 

Authority 

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 44,865

San Jacinto River 

Authority – 

Water Plant 1

San Jacinto River 

Authority 

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 54,469

San Jacinto River 

Authority WW Plant 

1 – Cl2 & SO2

San Jacinto River 

Authority 

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 55,775

San Jacinto River 

Authority – 

Water Plant 2

San Jacinto River 

Authority 

TX Montgomery 

County

The Woodlands Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 58,221

Lewis Creek Plant Entergy Texas, Inc. TX Montgomery 

County

Willis Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 18,681
178 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Diamond Shamrock 

Refining Company, 

L.P.

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Moore County Sunray Petroleum refinery Butane 1.00 32

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Nacogdoches TX Nacogdoches 

County

Nacogdoches Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 275

City of Nacogdoches 

WWTP

City of Nacogdoches TX Nacogdoches 

County

Nacogdoches Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 639

City of Nacogdoches 

Southside WTP

City of Nacogdoches TX Nacogdoches 

County

Nacogdoches Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,368

Lake Halbert Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Corsicana, Texas TX Navarro County Corsicana Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,313

Overland Flow 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Corsicana, Texas TX Navarro County Corsicana Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 1,972

City of Corsicana 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant 

No. 2

City of Corsicana, Texas TX Navarro County Corsicana Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 2,272

Corsicana 

Technologies’ 

Corsicana Plant

Permian Mud Services, 

Inc. 

TX Navarro County Corsicana Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 15,575

Richland Chambers 

Pump Station

TX Navarro County Kerns Water treatment Chlorine 4.40 1,351

Navarro Mills Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Corsicana, Texas TX Navarro County Purdon Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 605

City of Sweetwater 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Sweetwater TX Nolan County Sweetwater Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,585

DPC Industries, Inc. DX Holding Company TX Nolan County Sweetwater Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 13,866

OXEA Bishop LLC OXEA Corporation TX Nueces County Bishop Chemical 

manufacturing

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

25.00 121,554

Ticona Polymers, Inc. Celanese Chemicals, 

Inc.

TX Nueces County Bishop Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

25.00 134,327

Air Products LLC 

(Corpus Christi)

Air Products & 

Chemicals

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Flammable 

Mixture

0.10 54

Equistar Chemicals, 

L.P. – Corpus Christi 

Complex

Equistar Chemcials, L.P.

LyondellBasell 

Industries*

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 0.90 260

Equistar Chemicals, 

L.P. – Marine Loading 

Facility

Equistar Chemcials, L.P.

LyondellBasell 

Industries*

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Basic chemicals 

– ACC

1,3–Butadiene 1.50 787

FHRCorpus Christi – 

East Refinery

Flint Hills Resources, LP TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Butane 0.79 5,052

CITGO Corpus Christi 

Refinery, West Plant

CITGO Refining and 

Chemicals L.P.

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Chlorine 5.20 38,146

Valero Refining Co – 

Texas, L.P. – 

East Plant

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Hydrogen 

sulfide

4.60 72,208

O.N. Stevens Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Corpus Christi TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Water treatment Chlorine 14.00 109,531

CITGO Corpus Christi 

Refinery East Plant

CITGO Refining and 

Chemicals L.P. 

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

15.00 337,922

Valero Refining Co. – 

Texas, L.P. – 

West Plant

Valero Energy 

Corporation 

TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

17.00 350,206

FHR Corpus Christi 

LLC A West Plant

Flint Hills Resources, LP TX Nueces County Corpus Christi Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

22.00 372,341
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 179

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Robstown 

Wastewater Plant

TX Nueces County Robstown Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 13,370

Solvay – Orange 

Facility

TX Orange County Orange Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Trifluorochloroethylene0.15 10

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company: 

Orange Plant

Chevron Phillips 

Chemical Company LP 

TX Orange County Orange Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isopentane 0.40 69

Honeywell, Inc., 

formerly AlliedSignal

Honeywell International, 

Inc.

TX Orange County Orange Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.90 602

LANXESS 

Corporation, Orange, 

Texas

Lanxess AG TX Orange County Orange Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Chlorine 2.20 3,103

Link Avenue Water 

Production Plant

City of Orange TX Orange County Orange Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,678

Meeks Drive Water 

Production Plant

City of Orange TX Orange County Orange Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 12,930

DuPont Sabine River 

Works

E. I. DuPont De 

Nemours & Co., Inc

TX Orange County Orange Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

25.00 316,397

Hilltop Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Palo Pinto 

County

Mineral Wells Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,442

Pollard Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Palo Pinto 

County

Mineral Wells Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 9,927

City of Carthage 

Water Plant

City of Carthage, Texas TX Panola County Carthage Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,490

City of Carthage 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Panola County Carthage Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 3,882

Weatherford Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Parker County Weatherford Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 9,551

Livingston Regional 

Water Supply System

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas

TX Polk County Livingston Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 6,723

Potter County Pump 

Station

City of Amarillo

Utilities Division*

TX Potter County Amarillo Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 101

River Road Water 

Reclamation Plant

City of Amarillo

Utilities Division*

TX Potter County Amarillo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 2,108

Amarillo Chlorine 

Station

Canadian River 

Municipal Water 

Authority

TX Potter County Amarillo Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,329

Asarco LLC / 

Amarillo Copper 

Refinery

Americas Mining 

Corporation (AMC) 

TX Potter County Amarillo Copper refinery Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

25.00 239,810

City of Emory Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Rains County Emory Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,308

Hollywood Road 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Amarillo

Utilities Division*

TX Randall County Amarillo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 1,899

Osage Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Amarillo

Utilities Division*

TX Randall County Amarillo Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 45,921

Twin Oaks Optim Energy Twin 

Oaks, LP

TX Robertson 

County

Bremond Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.60 297

Oak Grove Steam 

Electric Generation

Energy Future Holdings

Oak Grove Management 

Company LLC.*

TX Robertson 

County

Franklin Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 2,015

GATX – Hearne, TX 

Tank Car Facility

GATX Corporation

General American 

Transportation 

Corporation*

TX Robertson 

County

Hearne Railroad tank car 

service

Bromine 25.00 170,168
180 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

City of Ballinger 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Runnels County Ballinger Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 391

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Henderson TX Rusk County Henderson Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,222

Henderson 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Henderson TX Rusk County Henderson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 6,248

Baker Petrolite 

Corporation – 

Kilgore Blend Plant

Baker Hughes 

Incorporated 

TX Rusk County Kilgore Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acrolein 24.00 297,331

Occidental Chemical 

Corporation 

Ingleside Plant

Occidental Petroleum 

Corporation 

TX San Patricio 

County

Gregory Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 382,512

San Patricio 

Municipal Water 

District

TX San Patricio 

County

Ingleside Water treatment Chlorine 6.70 33,652

DuPont Company – 

Corpus Christi Plant

E. I. duPont de 

Nemours and Co., Inc. 

TX San Patricio 

County

Ingleside Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

25.00 383,697

AOC Sinton Facility Praxair Distribution Inc. TX San Patricio 

County

Sinton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acetylene 0.30 171

W. H. Bigham Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Scurry County Snyder Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 2,432

Albany Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Shackelford 

County

Albany Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 105

Pinkston Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Center, Texas TX Shelby County Center Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 47

Eastbank Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Center, Texas TX Shelby County Center Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 841

City of Center – 

Mill Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Center, Texas TX Shelby County Center Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,090

Delek Refining Ltd Delek US Refining GP, 

LLC

TX Smith County Tyler Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.23 183

Eastman Chemical 

Company, Tyler 

Terminal

Eastman Chemical 

Company 

TX Smith County Tyler Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.65 681

City of Tyler –

Southside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Smith County Tyler Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,467

City of Tyler– 

Westside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Smith County Tyler Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 4,430

Golden Road Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Smith County Tyler Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,673

Lake Palestine Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Tyler, Texas TX Smith County Tyler Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 7,579

Rio Grande City 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Rio Grande City TX Starr County Rio Grande City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,480

Rio Grande City 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Rio Grande City TX Starr County Rio Grande City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,480

Rio Grande City 

Water Treatment 

Plant No. 2

City of Rio Grande City TX Starr County Rio Grande City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,457

Breckenridge, Texas 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Stephens 

County

Breckenridge Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,219
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 181

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Kress Chlorine 

Station

Canadian River 

Municipal Water 

Authority

TX Swisher County Kress Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 10

John Kubala Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Tarrant County Arlington Water treatment Chlorine 7.00 348,498

Pierce–Burch Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Tarrant County Arlington Water treatment Chlorine 7.00 464,263

Village Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Worth TX Tarrant County Arlington Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

21.00 3,056,502

Azle Water Plant City of Azle TX Tarrant County Azle Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,427

Benbrook Water 

Authority Water 

Treatment Plant

Benbrook Water 

Authority 

TX Tarrant County Benbrook Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,935

Tarrant County Water 

Supply Project

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas

TX Tarrant County Euless Water treatment Chlorine 13.50 1,511,730

Akzo Nobel Surface 

Chemistry LLC Ft 

Worth Plant

Akzo Nobel Chemicals 

Inc 

TX Tarrant County Fort Worth Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.43 1,263

Miller Coors LLC (TX) TX Tarrant County Fort Worth Brewery Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 172,030

Rolling Hills Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Fort Worth TX Tarrant County Fort Worth Water treatment Chlorine 7.90 478,740

Eagle Mountain 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Fort Worth TX Tarrant County Fort Worth Water treatment Chlorine 12.00 666,489

Grapevine Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Grapevine TX Tarrant County Grapevine Water treatment Chlorine 1.66 6,307

City of Mansfield 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Tarrant County Mansfield Water treatment Chlorine 1.54 14,143

Honeywell Electronic 

Chemicals, LLC

Honeywell International, 

Inc.

TX Tarrant County Mansfield Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 40,356

Northeast Treatment 

Plant

City of Abilene TX Taylor County Abilene Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.40 12,541

Grimes Treatment 

Plant

City of Abilene TX Taylor County Abilene Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.90 23,856

Hargesheimer 

Treatment Plant

City of Abilene TX Taylor County Tuscola Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,040

City of Mount 

Pleasant Wastewater 

Plant

TX Titus County Mount Pleasant Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,652

City of Mount 

Pleasant Water 

Treatment Plant

City Of Mount Pleasant TX Titus County Mount Pleasant Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 13,258

City of San Angelo 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of San Angelo, 

Texas

TX Tom Green 

County

San Angelo Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 46,933

Travis County WC&ID 

No. 17 – 

Eck Lane WTP

TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,577

West Travis County 

PUA SWTP

West Travis County 

Public Utility Agency

TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 2,721

Travis County MUD 

#4 Water Treatment 

Plant

Travis County MUD #4 TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,733

Walnut Creek 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Travis County Austin Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,869

River Place MUD 

Water Treatment 

Plant

River Place MUD TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,513
182 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Albert R. Davis Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 9,598

South Austin 

Regional Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Travis County Austin Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,624

Albert H. Ullrich 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Travis County Austin Water treatment Chlorine 7.00 432,727

Lakeway MUD WTP 

W–3

TX Travis County Lakeway Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,025

Lakeway MUD – 

Reclaimed Water 

Storage Pond I–4

TX Travis County Lakeway Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,156

City of Cedar Park 

WTP

TX Travis County Leander Water treatment Chlorine 1.55 2,642

Brenntag Southwest 

– Manor

Brenntag, Inc. TX Travis County Manor Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 3.00 11,563

City of Pflugerville–

Central Wastewater 

Treatment

City of Pflugerville TX Travis County Pflugerville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.20 23,422

Trinity County 

Regional Water 

Supply System

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas 

TX Trinity County Trinity Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 2,309

City of Woodville 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Tyler County Woodville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 650

Equistar Chemicals, 

LP

Lyondell Chemical 

Company

LyondellBasell 

Industries*

TX Victoria County Victoria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene 0.07 <10

Victoria Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

TX Victoria County Victoria Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 9,814

Victoria Willow 

Street Plant

TX Victoria County Victoria Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 24,660

City of Victoria 

Water Plant 3

City of Victoria, Texas TX Victoria County Victoria Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 47,321

City of Victoria 

Surface Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Victoria, Texas TX Victoria County Victoria Water treatment Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 50,425

Du Pont Victoria 

Plant

E. I. Du Pont de 

Nemours & Co. Inc.

TX Victoria County Victoria Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

12.00 58,062

INVISTA Victoria 

Plant

INVISTA S.A A r.l. TX Victoria County Victoria Petrochemical 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 112,857

A. J. Brown 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Huntsville TX Walker County Huntsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 470

N. B. Davidson 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Huntsville TX Walker County Huntsville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.70 1,050

Huntsville Regional 

Water Supply System

Trinity River Authority 

of Texas

TX Walker County Huntsville Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 1,634

Spring Creek Water 

Plant

City of Huntsville TX Walker County Huntsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,980

Palm Street Water 

Plant

City of Huntsville TX Walker County Huntsville Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 13,560

Brenham Lake Pump 

Station

City of Brenham TX Washington 

County

Brenham Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 801

Brenham Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Brenham TX Washington 

County

Brenham Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 6,660

Brenham Main Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Brenham TX Washington 

County

Brenham Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 7,170
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 183

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Zacate WWTP City of Laredo TX Webb County Laredo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 7,502

North Laredo WWTP City of Laredo TX Webb County Laredo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 10,404

Je!erson Street 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Laredo Utilities TX Webb County Laredo Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 10,696

Southside WWTP City of Laredo TX Webb County Laredo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 11,133

Northside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Wichita Falls TX Wichita County Wichita Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 15,215

River Road 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City Of Wichita Falls TX Wichita County Wichita Falls Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

3.10 20,302

Cypress Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Wichita Falls TX Wichita County Wichita Falls Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 32,483

Secondary Reservoir City of WichitaFalls TX Wichita County Wichita Falls Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 37,028

Jasper Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Wichita Falls TX Wichita County Wichita Falls Water treatment Chlorine 13.00 122,773

Solvay USA Inc. 

Vernon, Texas 

Facility

Solvay USA Inc. TX Wilbarger 

County

Vernon Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 0.70 340

Brushy Creek 

Regional Wastewater 

System – East

Lower Colorado River 

Authority

Brazos River Authority*

TX Williamson 

County

Round Rock Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 4,292

City of Round Rock 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Williamson 

County

Round Rock Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,340

East Williamson 

County Water 

Treatment Plant

Brazos River Authority TX Williamson 

County

Taylor Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 379

Royce W. Simpson 

Water Treatment 

Plant

TX Wise County Decatur Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,112

Zapata County Water 

Treatment Plant

TX Zapata County Zapata Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 8,185

UTAH

Enel Cove Fort LLC Enel Green Power North 

America Inc.

UT Beaver County Beaver Electric power 

generation

Pentane 0.40 <10

PacifiCorp – Blundell 

Geothermal Plant

MidAmerican Energy 

Holdings Company 

UT Beaver County Milford Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.40 <10

Thermo No. 1 Facility UT Beaver County Milford Electric power 

generation

Isopentane 0.40 <10

Castlegate Culinary 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Price River Water 

Improvement District 

UT Carbon County Helper Water treatment Chlorine 2.28 155

Price River Water 

Improvement District

UT Carbon County Wellington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 217

Central Davis Sewer 

District

UT Davis County Kaysville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,682

South Davis Sewer 

District South Plant

UT Davis County North Salt Lake Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,609

Big West Oil LLC FJ Management Inc. UT Davis County North Salt Lake Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

11.00 391,689

Chevron Salt Lake 

Refinery

ChevronCorporation UT Davis County Salt Lake City Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

22.00 1,251,908
184 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

North Davis Sewer 

District

UT Davis County Syracuse Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.40 40,814

South Davis Sewer 

District North Plant

UT Davis County West Bountiful Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 1,310

Woods Cross 

Refinery

Holly Refining & 

Marketing Company

Holly Corporation*

UT Davis County Woods Cross Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

11.00 291,206

Duchesne Valley 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Central Utah Water 

Conservancy District 

UT Duchesne 

County

Duchesne Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 11

American Pacific 

Corporation, Utah 

Operations

American Pacific 

Corporation 

UT Iron County Cedar City Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 314

Cedar City Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

Cedar City Corporation UT Iron County Cedar City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 497

Intermountain 

Generating Station

Intermountain Power 

Agency

Los Angeles 

Department of Water 

& Power*

UT Millard County Delta Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 2.20 139

Little Cottonwood 

Water Treatment 

Plant

Metropolitan Water 

District of Salt Lake and 

Sandy 

UT Salt Lake 

County

Cottonwood 

Heights

Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,108

Jordan Valley Water 

Treatment Plant

Jordan Valley Water 

Conservancy District 

UT Salt Lake 

County

Herriman Water treatment Chlorine 1.50 3,219

Magna Water District 

WWTP

Magna Water District UT Salt Lake 

County

Magna Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 32,448

Honeywell Electonic 

Materials – 

Salt Lake City

Honeywell International 

Inc. 

UT Salt Lake 

County

Salt Lake City Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Titanium 

tetrachloride

1.40 2,928

Salt Lake City Water 

Reclamation Plant

Salt Lake City 

Corportaion

UT Salt Lake 

County

Salt Lake City Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 3,644

Tesoro Refining and 

Marketing Company

Tesoro Petroleum 

Corporation 

UT Salt Lake 

County

Salt Lake City Petroleum refinery Butane 1.10 6,926

Thatcher Company UT Salt Lake 

County

Salt Lake City Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 970,863

Ashley Valley Water 

Treatment Plant

Central Utah Water 

Conservancy District

UT Uintah County Vernal Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 24

Utah Valley Water 

Treatment Plant

Central Utah Water 

Conservancy District

UT Utah County Orem Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 6,489

City of Orem Water 

Reclamation Facility

City of Orem UT Utah County Orem Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.60 9,951

Payson City WWTP UT Utah County Payson Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.50 21,967

Provo City 

Corporation – Water 

Reclamation Plant

UT Utah County Provo Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 <10

Spanish Fork City 

WWTP

UT Utah County Spanish Fork Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,715

Geneva Nitrogen LLC UT Utah County Vineyard Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 996,135

Central Weber Sewer 

Improvement District

UT Weber County Ogden Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 4.40 40,373

Western Zirconium Westinghouse Electric 

Company, LLC

UT Weber County Ogden Chemical 

manufacturing

Chlorine 25.00 459,989
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 185

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

VIRGINIA

Covington Water 

Treatment Plant

VA Alleghany 

County

Covington Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 839

MeadWestvaco 

Corporation 

Paperboard 

Operations

MeadWestvaco 

Corporation 

VA Alleghany 

County

Covington Pulp and paper, 

ACC

Chlorine dioxide 4.84 8,119

Brenntag mid–South 

Inc.

Brenntag Inc. VA Bedford County Bedford Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 0.80 430

City of Bedford 

WWTP

VA Bedford County Bedford Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,053

Conaway Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Buchanan County 

Public Service Authority

VA Buchanan 

County

Bigrock Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 91

Altavista Power 

Station

Virginia Electric and 

Power Company

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.*

VA Campbell 

County

Altavista Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.70 8,553

Otter River Water 

Treatment Plant

Campbell County 

Utilities and Service 

Authority

VA Campbell 

County

Evington Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 1,860

JCI Jones Chemicals, 

Inc. Milford

VA Caroline County Milford Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 25.00 305,706

Galax Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Galax VA Carroll County Galax Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 2,742

Galax Water 

Treament Plant

City of Galax VA Carroll County Galax Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,415

Chesapeake Energy 

Center

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.

VA Chesapeake city Chesapeake Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.40 9,926

Univar USA Inc Univar USA Inc VA Chesterfield 

County

Chester Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 0.40 242

Chesterfield Power 

Station

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.

VA Chesterfield 

County

Chester Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.12 4,456

DuPont James River 

Plant

E.I. DuPont de Nemours 

& Company

VA Chesterfield 

County

Richmond Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

0.19 24

DuPont – Spruance E.I. du Pont de 

Nemours & Company, 

Inc.

VA Chesterfield 

County

Richmond Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chloroform 1.40 7,511

City of Danville 

Water Treatment 

Facility

VA Danville city Danville Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 3,303

John Flannagan 

Water Authority

VA Dickenson 

County

Haysi Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 174

Tenaska Virginia 

Generating Station

Tenaska Virginia 

Partners, LP

VA Fluvanna 

County

Scottsville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.30 1,859

James T. Anderson 

Water Filtration Plant

Frederick County 

Sanitation Authority

VA Frederick 

County

Clearbrook Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 860

James H. Diehl Water 

Filtration Plant

Frederick County 

Sanitation Authority 

Plant

VA Frederick 

County

Stephens City Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,336

James River 

Correction Ctr. Water 

Treatment Plant

VA Goochland 

County

State Farm Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 3,501

Maple Avenue Waste 

Water Treatment 

Plant

VA Halifax County South Boston Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 425

Leigh Street Water 

Treatment Facility

VA Halifax County South Boston Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 832

Doswell Energy 

Center

Doswell Limited 

Partnership

VA Hanover County Ashland Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.90 2,811
186 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Upper Smith River 

Water Filtration Plant

Henry County Public 

Service Authority

VA Henry County Bassett Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 869

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Martinsville VA Henry County Ridgeway Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.71 636

Linde – Hopewell Linde, Inc. VA Hopewell city Hopewell Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.00 3,958

Hopewell Power 

Station

Virginia Electric and 

Power Company

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.*

VA Hopewell city Hopewell Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.10 28,108

Hercules – 

Hopewell Plant

Ashland Inc. VA Hopewell city Hopewell Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 9.90 138,978

International Paper International Paper VA Isle of Wight 

County

Franklin Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 6.10 14,914

Birchwood Power 

Facility

Birchwood Power 

Parteners, L.P. (owner)

VA King George 

County

King George Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.50 2,774

West Point Mill RockTenn CP, LLC VA King William 

County

West Point Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.10 2,577

Goose Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Fairfax,VA VA Loudoun 

County

Ashburn Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 57,008

Gordonsville Power 

Station

Virginia Electric and 

Power Company

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.*

VA Louisa County Gordonsville Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.10 248

NRV Regional Water 

Authority

VA Montgomery 

County

Radford Water treatment Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.90 284

Blackstone Water 

Utilites

Town of Blackstone VA Nottoway 

County

Fort Pickett Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 <10

Blackstone Water 

Polution Control 

Facility

Town of Blackstone VA Nottoway 

County

Fort Pickett Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 <10

City of Danville 

Northside WWTP

City of Danville, VA VA Pittsylvania 

County

Danville Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 1,484

DanChem 

Technologies, Inc.

DanChem Technologies, 

Inc. 

VA Pittsylvania 

County

Danville Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.85 1,856

U. S. Amines – 

Portsmouth Plant

U. S. Amines Limited VA Portsmouth city Portsmouth Chemical 

manufacturing

Allylamine 12.00 756,714

Hopewell Water 

Treatment Plant

Virginia–American 

Water Company

American Water Works 

Company*

VA Prince George 

County

Hopewell Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 5,772

Evonik Goldschmidt 

Corporation

Evonik Industries VA Prince George 

County

Hopewell Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 8.70 101,353

Honeywell Hopewell 

Plant

Honeywell International 

Inc

VA Prince George 

County

Hopewell Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

24.00 774,998

Town of Pulaski 

Water Filtration Plant

VA Pulaski County Pulaski Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 628

Radford Water 

Treatment Plant

VA Radford City Radford Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 3,121

Bellemeade Power 

Station

Dominion Resources 

Inc.

VA Richmond City Richmond Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

3.60 90,762

City of Richmond 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Richmond VA Richmond City Richmond Wastewater 

treatment

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

14.70 799,055

Carvins Cove Water 

Filter Plant

Western Virginia Water 

Authority

VA Roanoke 

County

Roanoke Water treatment Chlorine 0.92 1,718

Spring Hollow Water 

Treatment Facility

Western Virginia Water 

Authority

VA Roanoke 

County

Salem Water treatment Chlorine 2.30 2,863
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 187

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

KIK (Virginia) LLC KIK International LLC VA Roanoke 

County

Salem Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 239,709

Buena Vista WWTP City of Buena Vista, VA VA Rockbridge 

County

Buena Vista Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 3,801

Stonewall Plant Merck Sharp & Dohme 

Corporation 

VA Rockingham 

County

Elkton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

20.00 172,257

Salem Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Salem, Virginia VA Salem city Salem Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,148

Hercules 

Incorporated – 

Franklin, Virginia

Ashland Inc. VA Southampton 

County

Courtland Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

trichloride

0.58 63

Motts Runt Water 

Treatment Plant

Spotsylvania County VA Spotsylvania 

County

Fredericksburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 1,804

BASF Corporation BASFCorporation VA Su!olk City Su!olk Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.10 1,284

Westside 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

The Sanitary Board of 

Bluefield 

VA Tazewell County Bluefield Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 10,821

Front Royal 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

VA Warren County Front Royal Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,332

WCSA Middle Fork 

Drinking Water Plant

Washington County 

Service Authority 

(WCSA)

VA Washington 

County

Abingdon Water treatment Chlorine 3.04 4,280

C–N–W Regional 

Wastewater 

Treatment Authority

C–N–W Regional 

Wastewater Treatment 

Authority

VA Wise County Coeburn Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 3,437

Harwood’s Mill Water 

Treatment Plant

VA York County Grafton Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 2,713

W ASHINGTON

Agrium KFO – 

Kennewick Area

Agrium US, Inc.

Agrium Inc.*

WA Benton County Kennewick Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 245,117

Agrium KFO – 

Finley Area

Agrium US, Inc.

Agrium Inc.*

WA Benton County Kennewick Fertilizer 

manufacturing

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 245,965

City of Richland 

Water Treatment 

Plant

City of Richland WA Benton County Richland Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 23,931

City of Richland 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Richland WA Benton County Richland Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 41,489

Georgia–Pacific 

Consumer Products 

(Camas) LLC

Georgia–Pacific 

Consumer Products 

Holdings LLC

WA Clark County Camas Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 14.00 934,258

Operations Center 

Brookside Yard

City of Vancouver WA Clark County Vancouver Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 1,985

Emerald Kalama 

Chemical, LLC

Emerald Performance 

Materials, LLC 

WA Cowlitz County Kalama Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Acetaldehyde 0.40 72

Chemtrade 

Performance 

Chemicals LLC 

Kalama Plant

Chemtrade Logistics WA Cowlitz County Kalama Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

19.00 167,369

Longview Regional 

Water Treatment 

Plant

WA Cowlitz County Longview Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,647

Hasa Inc. – Longview WA Cowlitz County Longview Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 91,695

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Company – 

Longview 

Washington

Weyerhaeuser NR 

Company

Weyerhaeuser 

Company*

WA Cowlitz County Longview Pulp and paper Chlorine 14.00 92,013
188 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Eagle US 2 LLC Axiall LLC WA Cowlitz County Longview Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 20.00 122,826

Butterfield Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Pasco WA Franklin County Pasco Water treatment Chlorine 1.90 30,238

Moses Lake / 

Electronics

Air Liquide Electronics 

U.S. LP 

WA Grant County Moses Lake Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 0.40 143

City Lake 

Chlorination Facility

City of Port Townsend WA Je!erson 

County

Port Townsend Water treatment Chlorine 0.40 52

Tolt Treatment 

Facility

American Water CDM WA King County Duvall Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 159

Landsburg Water 

Treatment Plant

Seattle Public Utilities

City of Seattle*

WA King County Maple Valley Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 52

South Treatment 

Plant

Wastewater Treatment 

Div., King County, DNRP

WA King County Renton Wastewater 

treatment

Flammable 

Mixture

0.17 75

Cedar Water 

Treatment Facility

Seattle Public Utilities WA King County Renton Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 4,827

West Point 

Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment 

Div., King County, DNRP

WA King County Seattle Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,620

Ponderay Newsprint 

Company

WA Pend Oreille 

County

Usk Pulp and paper Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

13.00 8,068

Fredrickson Power 

LP

EPCOR USA

Puget Sound Energy*

WA Pierce County Tacoma Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.30 272

U.S. Oil & Refining 

Co.

Astra West Coast 

Refining Inc.

WA Pierce County Tacoma Petroleum refinery Butane 0.60 453

Pioneer Americas 

LLC Tacoma Bleach 

Plant

Pioneer Companies, Inc. WA Pierce County Tacoma Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,025,185

JCI Jones Chemicals 

Inc. Tacoma, WA

WA Pierce County Tacoma Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 1,082,492

Tesoro Anacortes 

Refinery

Tesoro Refining and 

Marketing Company

WA Skagit County Anacortes Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.50 498

Puget Sound 

Refinery

Shell Oil Products US WA Skagit County Anacortes Petroleum 

refinery, elec. 

power, ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.50 544

Anacortes Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Anacortes WA Skagit County Mount Vernon Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 9,457

Skagit PUD #1 Water 

Treatment Plant

PUD #1 of Skagit 

County

WA Skagit County Sedro Woolley Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 189

Lynnwood 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Lynnwood WA Snohomish 

County

Edmonds Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 8,231

City of Spokane – 

Riverside Pk. Water 

Reclam. Facility

WA Spokane County Spokane Wastewater 

treatment

Methane 0.20 367

Wilbur–Ellis 

Company – Waverly

WA Spokane County Waverly Chemical 

distribution

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

6.90 130,446

Mill Creek Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Walla Walla WA Walla Walla 

County

Walla Walla Water treatment Chlorine 0.80 333

Boise White Paper, 

LLC

Boise Inc WA Walla Walla 

County

Wallula Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 14.28 81,876

Bellingham Water 

Filtration Plant

City of Bellingham 

Public Works

WA Whatcom 

County

Bellingham Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12,926

Post Point 

Wastewater Facility

City of Bellingham 

Public Works

WA Whatcom 

County

Bellingham Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 3.00 29,146

BP Cherry Point 

Refinery

BP West Coast 

Products LLC

WA Whatcom 

County

Blaine Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

1.70 2,204

Praxair – 

Ferndale, WA

Praxair, Inc. WA Whatcom 

County

Ferndale Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.70 2,020
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 189

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Tenaska Washington 

Partners, LP

Tenaska Washington 

Partners, LP

WA Whatcom 

County

Ferndale Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.00 7,454

Phillips 66 Ferndale 

Refinery

Phillips 66 Company WA Whatcom 

County

Ferndale Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

14.00 144,524

Belmont Rail Siding 

Storage Facility

Washington Idaho 

Railway

Canexus U.S. Inc.*

WA Whitman 

County

Belmont Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 53,826

City of Pullman 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Pullman WA Whitman 

County

Pullman Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,449

WIS CONSIN

OMNOVA Solutions 

Inc – Green Bay 

Facility

OMNOVA Solutions Inc. WI Brown County Green Bay Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia (conc. 

*20%)

2.20 11,373

3M Frenchtown 

Warehouse

WI Crawford 

County

Prairie du Chien Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isobutane 0.01 <10

Prairie du Chien – 

3M Company

WI Crawford 

County

Prairie du Chien Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Isobutane 0.01 <10

Hydrite Chemical Co. 

– Cottage Grove East

Hydrite Chemical Co. WI Dane County Cottage Grove Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Epichlorohydrin 4.20 17,641

City of Superior 

Wastewater Div. of 

Public Works

WI Douglas County Superior Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.90 13,570

Calumet Superior 

Refinery

Calumet Specialty 

Products Partners, L.P. 

WI Douglas County Superior Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

22.00 172,365

Cascades Tissue 

Group – WI, Inc.

Cascades, Inc. WI Eau Claire 

County

Eau Claire Pulp and paper Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.10 69

Kenosha Water 

Utility Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

WI Kenosha County Kenosha Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 14,122

Kenosha Water 

Utility Water 

Production Plant

WI Kenosha County Kenosha Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 15,508

Pleasant Prairie 

Power Plant

Wisconsin Energy 

Corporation

Wisconsin Electric 

Power Co. d/b/a 

We Energies*

WI Kenosha County Pleasant Prairie Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

 (conc. *20%)

2.90 23,875

Green Bay Water 

Utility

WI Kewaunee 

County

Town of Pierce Water treatment Chlorine 1.60 180

Manitowoc Public 

Utilities

City of Manitowoc WI Manitowoc 

County

Manitowoc Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 8,302

Manitowoc 

Wastewater 

Treatment Facility

City of Manitowoc, 

Wisconsin 

WI Manitowoc 

County

Manitowoc Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.60 19,021

LignoTech USA, Inc. Borregaard Industries 

Limited 

WI Marathon 

County

Rothschild Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.10 40

ChemDesign 

Products, Inc.

Specialty Chem 

Acquisition Corp 

WI Marinette 

County

Marinette Specialty 

chemicals 

– SOCMA

Methyl chloride 1.40 7,734

Ashland Hercules 

Water Technology– 

Milwaukee Plant

Ashland Inc WI Milwaukee 

County

Milwaukee Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Epichlorohydrin 1.84 63,291

Palermo Villa, Inc., 

Milwaukee, WI

WI Milwaukee 

County

Milwaukee Ammonia 

refrigeration

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

2.00 115,558

Elm Road Generating 

Station

Wisconsin Energy 

Corporation

ERGS Supercritical, 

LLC*

WI Milwaukee 

County

Oak Creek Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

2.50 8,302
190 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

Brenntag Great 

Lakes, LLC – 

Wauwatosa 

Warehouse

Brenntag North 

America Inc. 

WI Milwaukee 

County

Wauwatosa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Toluene 

diisocyanate 

(unsp. isomer)

0.01 <10

Wausau Paper 

Specialty Products, 

LLC

Wausau Paper WI Oneida County Rhinelander Pulp and paper Chlorine 1.30 2,959

WPSC– Fox Energy 

Center

Wisconsin Public 

Service Corporation

WI Outagamie 

County

Kaukauna Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 81

OnLine Packaging, 

Inc. – Plover Plant

WI Portage County Plover Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 14.00 84,275

Flambeau River 

Papers

WI Price County Park Falls Pulp and paper Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

7.30 3,628

Oak Creek Power 

Plant

Wisconsin Energy 

Corporation

Wisconsin Electric 

Power Co. d/b/a 

We Energies*

WI Racine County Oak Creek Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

1.50 3,320

Racine Water Utility Racine Water & 

Wastewater Utilities

WI Racine County Racine Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 17,741

WPL – Riverside 

Energy Center

Wisconsin Power and 

Light Company (WPL)

Alliant Enegy*

WI Rock County Beloit Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.40 65

Evonik Goldschmidt 

Corporation, 

Janesville Plant

Evonik Industries AG WI Rock County Janesville Chemicals – ACC, 

SOCMA

Ethylene oxide 9.90 100,330

ABITEC Corporation North America 

Holdings, Inc.

WI Rock County Janesville Chemical 

manufacturing

Ethylene oxide 9.90 106,280

Air Products 

Performance 

Manufacturing

Air Products and 

Chemicals, Inc. 

WI Rock County Milton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 11.00 93,769

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals, Inc. – 

Sheboygan

Momentive Specialty 

Chemicals, Inc. 

WI Sheboygan 

County

Sheboygan Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Formaldehyde 

(solution)

0.61 2,506

Fox River Water 

Pollution Control 

Center

City of Brookfield, 

Wisconsin 

WI Waukesha 

County

Brookfield Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 6,248

Brenntag Great 

Lakes, LLC – 

Menomonee Falls

Brenntag North 

America Inc. 

WI Waukesha 

County

Menomonee 

Falls

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Cyclohexylamine 0.10 28

Oshkosh Water 

Filtration Plant

WI Winnebago 

County

Oshkosh Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,417

Oshkosh Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Oshkosh WI Winnebago 

County

Oshkosh Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 23,477

Hydrite Chemical Co. 

– Oshkosh

Hydrite Chemical Co. WI Winnebago 

County

Oshkosh Bleach 

manufacturing

Chlorine 20.00 300,614

Nekoosa Mill – ClO2 Domtar A.W. LLC WI Wood County Nekoosa Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 2.90 5,205

E#uent Treatment 

Plant – Anhydrous 

Ammonia

Domtar A.W. LLC WI Wood County Nekoosa Pulp and paper Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

5.40 22,589

ERCO Worldwide 

(USA) Inc.

Superior Plus (US) 

Holdings, Inc.

WI Wood County Nekoosa Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 25.00 128,130

NewPage – Water 

Quality Center

NewPage Corporation WI Wood County Wisconsin 

Rapids

Pulp and paper Ammonia 

(conc. *20%)

0.08 <10

Wisconsin Rapids 

Mill – Fiber and 

Energy

NewPage Corporation WI Wood County Wisconsin 

Rapids

Pulp and paper Chlorine dioxide 3.80 17,479
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 191

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

W EST V IRGINIA

Weirton Area Water 

Board

WV Brooke County Weirton Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,690

West Virginia 

American Water – 

Huntington, WV WTP

American Water WV Cabell County Huntington Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 11,729

West Virginia 

American Water – 

New River

American Water Works 

Company 

WV Fayette County Beckwith Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 275

Mt. Storm Power 

Station

Dominion Resources, 

Inc.

WV Grant County Mt. Storm Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.97 152

ERGON–West 

Virginia, Inc.

Ergon, Inc. WV Hancock County Newell Petroleum refinery Propane 0.47 209

Clarksburg 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Clarksburg Sanitary 

Board 

WV Harrison County Clarksburg Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 0.90 2,517

Clarksburg Water 

Board

WV Harrison County Clarksburg Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 6,938

DuPont Belle Plant E. I. du Pont de 

Nemours and Company

WV Kanawha 

County

Belle Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

25.00 263,722

West Virginia–

American Water 

Kanawha Valley WTP

WV Kanawha 

County

Charleston Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 235

North Charleston 

Distribution 

Terminal, Union Carb

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

WV Kanawha 

County

Charleston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Vinyl acetate 

monomer

0.65 1,212

Lyondell North 

Charleston 

Distribution Terminal

WV Kanawha 

County

Charleston Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene oxide 2.80 32,669

New Yard, Union 

Carbide Corporation

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

WV Kanawha 

County

Institute Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 4.20 46,044

Union Carbide 

Institute Plant

The Dow Chemical 

Company

WV Kanawha 

County

Institute Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 5.40 67,653

Praxair – 

Marmet, WV

Praxair, Inc. WV Kanawha 

County

Marmet Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

1.20 1,477

Technology Park, 

Union Carbide 

Corporation

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

WV Kanawha 

County

South 

Charleston

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.20 174

Bayer South 

Charleston, WV Plant

Bayer Corporation WV Kanawha 

County

South 

Charleston

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 1.70 12,457

South Charleston 

Plant, Union Carbide 

Corporation

The Dow Chemical 

Company 

WV Kanawha 

County

South 

Charleston

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 3.80 56,948

Bayer ACN Railcar at 

Dow Massey Railyard

Bayer Corporation WV Kanawha 

County

South 

Charleston

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 11.00 161,647

Clearon Corp. Israel Chemicals Limited 

(ICL)

WV Kanawha 

County

South 

Charleston

Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 190,365

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. WV Kanawha 

County

St. Albans Bleach 

manufacturing, 

ACC

Chlorine 14.00 185,799

West Virginia–

American Water 

Weston WTP

WV Lewis County Weston Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 144

Fairmont Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

City of Fairmont 

Sanitary Sewer Board

WV Marion County Fairmont Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.30 4,728

Fairmont Water 

Treatment Plant

WV Marion County Fairmont Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,937

Bayer 

MaterialScience LLC 

–New Martinsville, 

WV Site

Bayer Corporation WV Marshall County New Martinsville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Ethylene oxide 1.80 656
192 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

PPG Industries, Inc., 

Natrium

PPG Industries, Inc. WV Marshall County New Martinsville Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 21.65 100,556

ICL–IP America Inc. 

– Gallipolis Ferry Site

ICL Performance 

Products Finance Inc.

Israel Chemicals 

Limited*

WV Mason County Gallipolis Ferry Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Chlorine 14.00 41,983

Mountaineer Plant American Electric 

Power

WV Mason County New Haven Electric power 

generation

Chlorine 3.80 3,446

Princeton 

Wastewater 

Treatment Plant

Princeton Sanitary 

Board 

WV Mercer County Princeton Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.00 3,596

Addivant USA, LLC – 

South Plant

Addivant USA, LLC WV Monongalia 

County

Morgantown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

trichloride

0.40 357

Addivant USA, LLC. – 

North Plant

Addivant USA, LLC. WV Monongalia 

County

Morgantown Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Phosphorus 

trichloride

0.40 357

Morgantown Utility 

Board Water 

Treatment Plant

City of Morgantown WV Monongalia 

County

Morgantown Water treatment Chlorine 1.60 8,573

City of Wheeling – 

Water Treatment 

Plant

WV Ohio County Wheeling Water treatment Chlorine 2.10 11,252

City of Wheeling 

Water Pollution 

Control Facility

WV Ohio County Wheeling Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 1.80 11,924

Brenntag Mid–South, 

Inc.

Brenntag U.S.A. WV Putnam County Nitro Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Sulfur dioxide 

(anhydrous)

16.00 210,021

Beckley Water 

Company 

(Sweeneysburg 

Plant)

WV Raleigh County Beckley Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 4,735

Beckley Water 

Company (Glade 

Creek Plant)

WV Raleigh County Shady Spring Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 4,557

Elkins Water Works City of Elkins WV Randolph 

County

Elkins Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 757

West Virginia–

American Water 

Mercer/Summers 

WTP

WV Summers 

County

True Water treatment Chlorine 3.00 859

MPM Silicones, LLC, 

Sistersville WV

Momentive 

Performance Materials, 

USA Inc.

WV Tyler County Friendly Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Methyltrichlorosilane8.01 7,929

Water Filtration Plant City of Buckhannon WV Upshur County Buckhannon Water treatment Chlorine 5.40 13,916

Huntington Sanitary 

Board Wastewater 

Treatment Plt

WV Wayne County Huntington Wastewater 

treatment

Chlorine 2.80 16,594

Braskem Americas 

Neal Plant

Braskem Americas Neal 

Plant

WV Wayne County Kenova Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Propylene 0.49 153

Ashland Performance 

Materials Neal Plant

Ashland Incorporated WV Wayne County Neal Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Butane 0.49 148

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics – 

Washington

SABIC Innovative 

Plastics Holding US LP 

WV Wood County Washington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Acrylonitrile 3.00 5,428

DuPont Washington 

Works

E. I. du Pont de 

Nemours and Company 

WV Wood County Washington Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Hydrogen 

chloride 

(anhydrous)

14.00 103,899
WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS | 193

Facility Name Parent Companies State County City Facility Type Chemical

Vulnerability 

Zone Miles

Vulnerability 

Zone Census 

Population

W Y OMING

Dry Fork Station WY Campbell 

County

Gillette Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.40 237

Pump Station #1 City of Gillette WY Campbell 

County

Gillette Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 4,990

Neil Simpson 

Complex WyGen 1, 

WyGen 2, Wygen 3

Black Hills Power, Inc WY Campbell 

County

Gillette Electric power 

generation

Ammonia 

(anhydrous)

4.30 8,379

Sinclair Wyoming 

Refining Company

Sinclair Oil Corporation WY Carbon County Sinclair Petroleum refinery Butane 1.40 <10

Madison Pump 

Station

City of Gillette WY Crook County Moorcroft Water treatment Chlorine 1.30 12

Chemtrade Refinery 

Services Inc. – 

Riverton

Chemtrade Logistics 

(US) Inc. 

WY Fremont County Riverton Basic chemicals 

– ACC

Oleum (Fuming 

Sulfuric acid)

4.20 8,790

Sherard Water 

Treatment Plant

Cheyenne Board 

of Public Utilities

City of Cheyenne*

WY Laramie County Cheyenne Water treatment Chlorine 2.20 64

Frontier Refining LLC HollyFrontier 

Corporation 

WY Laramie County Cheyenne Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

14.00 78,639

Sinclair Casper 

Refining Company

Sinclair Oil Corporation WY Natrona County Evansville Petroleum refinery Butane 1.09 <10

Big Goose Water 

Treatment Plant

Sheridan Area Water 

Supply Joint Powers 

Board

City of Sheridan, 

Wyoming*

WY Sheridan 

County

Sheridan Water treatment Chlorine 1.20 20

GR/RS/Sw Co. 

J.P.W.B. Water 

Treatment Facility

GR/RS/Sw Co. Joint 

Powers Water Board 

WY Sweetwater 

County

Green River Water treatment Chlorine 0.90 12

Silver Eagle Refining, 

Inc.

Silver Eagle Refining 

Inc.

WY Uinta County Evanston Petroleum refinery Flammable 

Mixture

0.50 <10

Wyoming Refining 

Company

Hermes Consolidated, 

Inc. 

WY Weston County Newcastle Petroleum refinery Hydrofluoric 

acid 

(conc. *50%)

7.50 4,080
54 | WHO’S IN DANGER? RACE, POVERTY, AND CHEMICAL DISASTERS

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH ALLIANCE FOR CHEMICAL POLICY REFORM

WHO’S IN DANGER?

Race, Poverty, and Chemical Disasters

A DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF 

CHEMICAL DISASTER VULNERABILITY ZONES

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH ALLIANCE FOR CHEMICAL POLICY REFORM

28 VERNON STREET, SUITE 434, BRATTLEBORO, VT 05301

More than 134 million Americans live in the danger zones around 3,433 facilities in 

several common industries that store or use highly hazardous chemicals. But who are 

the people that live daily with the ever-present danger of a chemical disaster?

This report presents new research showing that residents of chemical facility “vulnerability zones” are disproportionately Black (African American) or Latino, have higher 

rates of poverty than the U.S. as a whole, and have lower housing values, incomes, and 

education levels than the national average. The disproportionate or unequal danger is 

sharply magnified in the “fenceline” areas nearest the facilities.

Action to prevent chemical disasters is needed now—workers, communities, businesses, 

and governments face severe potential costs to life, health, and finances from chemical 

hazards that are often unnecessary. Despite the fact that the U.S. experiences several 

serious toxic chemical releases every week, federal policies do not require companies 

to fully assess whether the chemicals they use or store could be replaced with safer 

alternatives. This report recommends policy solutions that can remove millions of 

Americans from potential harm in and around hazardous chemical facilities.

© LES STONE/GREENPEACE