Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed August 29, 2013.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-12-00610-CV

RICHARD C. FORD, Appellant

V.

PREMIER INSTALLATION & DESIGN GROUP, INC. AND 

MORRIS E. SANFORD, III, Appellees

On Appeal from the 295th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2008-66755

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

In this breach-of-contract case, a property owner challenges the sufficiency 

of the evidence to support several jury findings. The property owner also asserts 

that the trial court abused its discretion in an evidentiary ruling. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. The Lease

Appellant Richard C. Ford owned property at 21610 Hempstead Highway in 

Cypress, including Tracts E, F, G, and H, as well as Tract 139, located directly 
2

behind Tract F. Ford also owned property located at Huffmeister and Highway 

290 (the “Huffmeister Property”). Communication from appellee Morris E. 

Sanford, III, to Ford, dated November 7, 2005, indicates that appellee Premier

Installation & Design Group, Inc. was considering the possibility of leasing both 

properties, with the lease of the Huffmiester Property to occur sometime in the 

future. Later that month, Ford and Premier entered into a five-year commercial 

lease agreement for Tracts E, F, G, and H at the Hempstead Highway location (the 

“Leased Property”). A fenced portion on the western edge of Tract H serving as 

“the driveway to Tract 139” was not part of the Leased Property. Sanford, 

Premier’s president, executed both the lease and a personal guaranty of the lease. 

The rent under the lease was $3,500.00 per month for the first three years, $3,750 

per month for the fourth year, and $3,937.50 per month for the fifth year. Rent 

was due on the 15th of each month, with a ten-day grace period. 

According to the lease, Premier planned to use the Leased Property to 

construct permanent displays for its landscaping and hardscaping design services

and to conduct retail sales on the property. Premier agreed to keep the office 

building located on the Leased Property in good repair. But, the lease provided 

that if the office building were removed from the Leased Property due to pending 

court action or Ford electing to use it elsewhere and Ford chose not to replace it, 

Premier was entitled to a $500 reduction in rent per month.

The following provisions of the lease are also pertinent to this dispute:

The lease explicitly provided that time was of the essence.

Premier was required to pay property taxes on the Leased Property 

upon Ford’s submission of the property tax statements to Premier.1

 

1

The lease specified that Premier was only responsible for property taxes on Tracts E, F, G, and 

H.
3

Premier was granted a first option to rent or buy Tract 139 when Ford

decided to lease or sell the property.

Any amendments to the lease were required to be in writing and 

executed by all parties.

Two “piles of gravel already located on the property” were to be used 

by Ford on the entrance drive to Tract 139.

Ford was required to remove the gravel piles and granite from the 

Leased Property within 90 days of signing the lease agreement.

B. Events Leading up to the Dispute

In December 2006, Sanford, on behalf of Premier, notified Ford in writing 

that, after completing three months of “due diligence” on the Huffmeister 

Property,2he had decided that Premier would concentrate on the design and build 

of the Leased Property, rather than further consider leasing the Huffmeister 

Property. In this letter, Sanford stated he would like to discuss leasing the “little 

trailer” at the back of the Leased Property or the possible exchange of trailers when 

Ford was “ready to move the trailer” from the Huffmeister Property. He further

expressed a desire to meet with Ford before the end of the year or speak with him 

as soon as possible in January. 

It is undisputed that Ford never removed the gravel piles and granite from 

the Leased Property. It is further undisputed that at least one attempt to sublet the 

Leased Property failed. On October 14, 2008, Sanford, on behalf of Premier,

notified Ford in writing that Ford had “constructively evicted” Premier from the 

Leased Property and that Premier was terminating the lease for the following 

reasons, among others:

The granite was not moved from the Leased Property within 90 days 

of the inception of the lease. Although Sanford did not “demand” 

 

2

This letter indicates that Premier paid Ford $3,000 per month for the period of October 2006 

through December 2006 to complete the “due diligence” on this property.
4

removal of the granite pursuant to the lease provision, both he and his 

wife had “politely” reminded Ford “on many occasions” that they 

needed him to remove the granite because Premier needed the 

stabilized area where the granite was stored to build a display center 

and other improvements. Because the granite continued to obstruct 

the stabilized area on the Leased Property, Premier had been unable to 

construct its display center during its “down time.”

Ford neither notified Premier when he removed the original 

office/trailer from the Leased Property nor delivered the promised 

replacement office/trailer. Premier was entitled to a $500/month 

credit for the period that the office/trailer was removed and not 

replaced.

Because of Ford’s failure to remove the granite over a two-year period 

and the problem with the office/trailer, Premier determined its 

resources would be better used elsewhere; Sanford decided to 

sublease the property, with Ford’s permission. Sanford contacted 

Ford regarding subleasing the property, and Ford insisted that Ford 

fully control the sublease process, including interviewing potential 

sub-lessees. Ford refused to permit Sanford/Premier to display their 

phone number on a “for lease” sign and instead erected his own sign. 

After eighteen months, Ford told Sanford he had “turned away many 

callers.” In 2008, Ford “had a company with sincere interest,” but this 

company “found dealing with [Ford] too complicated and moved on.”

Ford demanded that Premier pay for fencing, pay for repair of the 

front gates that were damaged due to Ford’s activities on the Leased 

Property, and forfeit the $500/month reduction in rent due to Premier 

for Ford’s removal of the trailer before Ford would permit Premier to 

sublet the Leased Property. 

Ford had caused Premier “unreasonable hardship and loss-of-use” of 

the Leased Property and had “breached the lease agreement with 

numerous offenses and obstructions.” His “actions ha[d] led to the 

property being untenable and ha[d] prevented Premier from 

subleasing the Property.”

Premier had attempted to remove six to seven pallets of pavestone 

located on the property and discovered that Ford had changed the lock 

on the front gates, resulting in Premier being locked out of the 

property and being unable to access its property, worth over 

$1,000.00. As of the date of the letter, Premier had received no 
5

written notification from Ford of his intent to lock Premier out or take 

possession of its property pursuant to the lease. According to the 

terms of the lease, Ford should have taken no action to lock Premier 

out of the property or confiscate its property before October 15, 2008.

Premier sought access to the property to remove its pavestones, return of its 

$3,937.50 security deposit, and reimbursement of $7,000.00—$500 for each month 

that the trailer/office was not provided on the Leased Property.

Ford responded in a letter dated November 4, 2008, with the caption “Final 

Notice Before Legal Action,” also designated as “2nd Notice.”3 This letter 

indicated it was sent by fax on November 5 and by registered mail on November 6. 

In this correspondence, Ford stated:

Mr. Sanford, your letter that you sent on 10-14-08 by FedEx., 

shows me that you have no intent to honor your lease, repair damages 

to your fence, or damages to your office after Hurricane Ike. Mr. 

Sanford you have not maintained the property, office, fence, or paid 

the 2007 taxes after numerous conversations and faxes to you. Mr. 

Sanford you are presently two months behind in rent. Mr. Sanford 

you have been given ample time to cure this problem and you refuse 

to do the right thing. The attorney that I gave you on the first notice 

back in late September will handle this case in District Court. . . . 

C. The Lawsuit

A few days later, Ford filed suit against Premier and Sanford (hereinafter, 

the “Premier Parties”) asserting a claim for breach of contract.

4

 The Premier 

Parties answered and later filed a counterclaim. In their counterclaim, the Premier 

Parties asserted claims for breach of contract, conversion, unlawful lockout, 

constructive eviction, and unlawful retention of Premier’s security deposit. 

 

3

There is no “1st Notice” in our record. 

4

Ford amended his petition to include more facts but still asserted the same claim.
6

The claims were tried to a jury. On appeal, Ford challenges the legal and 

factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the following jury findings:

Ford failed to comply with the terms of the lease;

Ford’s failure to comply with the lease was not excused;

the sum of $73,500, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably 

compensate Premier for its damages that resulted from Ford’s failure 

to comply with the lease;

Ford failed to timely refund Premier’s security deposit;

Ford unlawfully locked Premier out of the property;

Ford converted Premier’s property; and

Premier did not fail to comply with the lease.

Ford, Sanford, and Tammy Sanford, Sanford’s wife, offered conflicting 

testimony regarding the removal of the granite and gravel. Ford testified that there 

were 118 slabs of granite on the Leased Property and two piles of gravel. Ford 

admitted that the reason the granite-removal clause was added to the lease was 

because Sanford wanted it in there “from the getgo” during the lease negotiations. 

Ford explained that he did not remove the granite or gravel because he was never 

asked to do so and because Sanford indicated to him that Sanford planned to use 

some of the granite in building Premier’s displays. According to Ford, there was 

“no doubt” in his mind that he and Sanford had an agreement to keep the granite 

and gravel on the property past the ninety-day period provided in the lease.

The Sanfords, on the other hand, testified that they repeatedly asked Ford to 

remove the granite from the Leased Property because they could not build 

Premier’s permanent displays with the granite on the property. Sanford denied that 

he had any discussions with Ford about keeping the granite on the property past the 

ninety-day deadline in the lease. He stated Premier had “no use” for the granite in 

its displays. Both Sanford and Tammy testified about the December 20, 2006 
7

letter, from Premier to Ford stating that Premier intended to “concentrate on the 

Design & Build of the [Leased Property] in 2007” and “concentrate on the [Leased 

Property] and to make the size of that location work for us in 2007” explaining that 

the letter was preceded by numerous conversations with Ford regarding Premier’s

need for Ford to remove the granite from the Leased Property. According to 

Sanford, this letter meant that Ford needed to “[g]et [his] granite off [Premier’s] 

property.” 

Sanford testified that Premier continued paying rent despite Ford’s failure to 

remove the granite and gravel during the ninety-day term specified by the lease 

because Ford offered multiple excuses for not removing the material. According to 

Sanford, Ford stated repeatedly he would “get to it” after he did something else. 

Sanford further testified that the main reason he had been interested in leasing this 

particular property for Premier was because of the presence of the large concrete 

pad. Sanford explained that having the concrete pad on the property saved him 

considerable money—he stated it would have cost up to $90,000 to have a similar 

concrete pad installed on another property. Sanford testified that Ford’s repeated

excuses for not removing the granite and gravel led Premier to seek to sublease the 

property about two years into the lease, which took more time, while Premier 

continued to pay rent. Finally, Sanford stated that Premier continued to pay rent 

because Ford threatened to sue Premier several times; according to Sanford, he was 

hoping to avoid a lawsuit and hoping that Ford eventually would move the granite 

if Premier kept paying rent. Sanford reiterated that the cost of creating a concrete 

pad on another property also contributed to his decision to continue paying rent.

The parties also offered conflicting testimony regarding payment of the 2007 

and 2008 property taxes. Ford testified that he sent the tax receipts for these two 

years to Premier to be paid. But, Ford admitted that he never provided a receipt to 
8

Premier that he had paid the 2008 taxes. Both Sanford and his wife testified that 

Premier did not receive receipts or notices from Ford that the 2007 or 2008 taxes 

were due and owing. Ford testified that Premier paid rent on August 15, 2008, and 

did not pay any more rent after that time. Sanford and his wife agreed that the 

August 15 rental payment was the last payment Premier made, but asserted that 

Premier stopped paying rent because Ford illegally locked Premier out of the 

Leased Property before the next rent payment became due.

Ford stated that Sanford placed several pallets of “paver stones” on the 

Leased Property about a month before he received the October 14, 2008 letter, 

described above, and entered into evidence at trial. He testified that he did not

know who changed the front lock and that the key he had, which he received from 

Sanford, did not work. Ford further testified that Sanford had access to the Leased 

Property through a gate in the back of the Leased Property through Tract 139. 

According to Ford, Sanford also could have cut the chain on the front gate to 

access the Leased Property. Ford stated that he believed Sanford had the lock 

changed so that he could “get out of the lease.” Finally, Ford testified he did not 

remember having a “heated” telephone conversation with Sanford. 

Sanford testified that, on September 30, 2008, he had a “heated discussion” 

with Ford regarding several issues with the lease. He stated that, during this 

conversation, he blamed Ford for the failure of a sublease opportunity and he 

informed Ford that, moving forward, he expected Ford to abide by the terms of the 

lease. According to Sanford, he informed Ford that, because Ford had removed the 

trailer from the Leased Property, Premier was entitled to a $500 per month 

reduction in rent under to the lease. Sanford also testified that he told Ford that he 

“must absolutely remove the granite immediately.” Sanford stated that Ford would 

not reduce the rent, that Ford insisted Sanford must erect a fence and fix the front 
9

gates,5and that Sanford would be “responsible” for Tract 139. Sanford explained 

that he told Ford he would need to speak with his attorney. According to Sanford, 

Ford then “cussed” him out and stated, “This is not going to go the way you want 

in court. It’s not my first rodeo. I’ve done this before. You don’t know what 

you’re getting into.” Tammy Sanford’s notes, taken while this conversation was 

occurring on a speakerphone, were redacted and admitted into evidence.

Sanford stated that, after this conversation he became concerned about his 

access to the Leased Property and to the six or seven pallets of paver stones that he 

had stored on the property within the first ninety days of the lease. He testified that 

he sent an employee out to the Leased Property, but the employee was unable to 

access the property and informed Sanford that the lock to the gate had been 

changed. Sanford explained that he went out to the Leased Property shortly 

thereafter and was also unable to access the property; he testified that he tried 

using all his keys and none of them worked to open the lock. According to 

Sanford, it was not a “coincidence” that the lock was changed after his September 

30 “heated” conversation with Ford. Sanford testified that he “absolutely” believes 

that Ford changed the lock and intended to lock him out of the Leased Property.

There were no objections by any party to the trial court’s jury charge.6 After 

hearing all the evidence, the jury rendered its verdict. The jury found that (1) the 

sum of $73,500 would fairly and reasonably compensate Premier for its damages 

that resulted from Ford’s failure to comply with the lease; (2) the sum of $1,000 

would fairly and reasonably compensate Premier for its damages resulting from 

 

5

The front gates had been damaged several months into the lease when thieves rammed them in 

to access the property and steal a trailer that Ford had left on the property over the weekend.

6

Ford did submit a proposed charge to the trial court in writing; however, Ford did not object to 

the court’s charge or tender any proposed questions, instructions, or definitions during the charge 

conference.
10

Ford’s conversion of Premier’s property; and (3) Ford wrongfully withheld the 

entire amount of Premier’s $3,937.50 security deposit. The trial court rendered 

judgment on the jury’s verdict, awarding Premier $89,912.50 in damages,7plus 

prejudgment and postjudgment interest, as well as attorney’s fees for trial and 

contingent appellate attorney’s fees. This appeal timely followed.

II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we consider the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding and indulge every 

reasonable inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 

802, 823 (Tex. 2005). We must credit favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder 

could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. 

See id. at 827. We must determine whether the evidence at trial would enable 

reasonable and fair-minded people to find the facts at issue. See id. The factfinder 

is the only judge of witness credibility and the weight to give to testimony. See id.

at 819. When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue 

on which he bears the burden of proof, he must demonstrate on appeal that the 

evidence establishes, as a matter of law, all vital facts in support of the issue; the 

evidence is legally insufficient only if the contrary proposition is conclusively 

established. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001) (per 

curiam). 

When reviewing a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we 

examine the entire record, considering both the evidence in favor of, and contrary 

 

7

This amount includes $3,500 in statutory damages for unlawful lockout under Texas Property 

Code section 93.002(g)(2) and statutory damages of $11,812.50 for unlawful retention of 

Premier’s $3,937.50 security deposit under Texas Property Code section 93.001(a).
11

to, the challenged finding. Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 

406–07 (Tex. 1998). After considering and weighing all the evidence, we set aside 

the fact finding only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence 

as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Id. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the 

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. GTE 

Mobilnet of S. Tex. v. Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d 599, 615–16 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). We may not substitute our own judgment for that 

of the trier of fact, even if we would reach a different answer on the evidence. 

Maritime Overseas Corp., 971 S.W.2d at 407. The amount of evidence necessary 

to affirm a judgment is far less than that necessary to reverse a judgment. 

Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d at 616.

1. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Ford’s failure to comply with the lease was not 

excused by waiver, equitable estoppel, or “oral modification”?

8

In his second issue, Ford challenges the evidence supporting the jury’s 

answer to Question 9, which Ford asserts asked whether his failure to comply with 

the lease was excused by waiver, estoppel, oral modification, or novation.9 The 

jury answered “No” to this question. Ford had the burden of proving these 

affirmative defenses. 

(a). Waiver

The charge defined waiver as “an intentional surrender of a known right or 

intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming the right.” Ford asserts that 

Premier’s continued performance under the lease and its failure to bring suit 

 

8

Ford also includes “novation” in his issue presented, but makes no argument in support of this 

part of the issue, so we will not address the novation defense in our analysis.

9

This question asks whether Ford’s failure to comply with the lease was excused. It was 

predicated on an affirmative answer to Question 2, which asked whether Ford failed to comply 

with the terms of the lease.
12

establishes that Premier was acting inconsistently with its known right to have the 

granite and gravel removed.10 

Ford states in his brief that Premier’s objections to Ford’s failure to remove 

the granite and gravel “is certainly evidence that waiver did not take place.” Ford 

further concedes that “there was no express relinquishment of a known right” by 

Premier. Because he bore the burden of proof to establish this defense and the jury 

found against him, he has acknowledged that there is legally sufficient evidence to 

support the jury’s finding. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 241–42. 

Further, as discussed, supra, the testimony of the Sanfords conflicts with 

Ford’s testimony regarding the removal of the granite and gravel. The jury is the 

sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their 

testimony. GTE Mobilnet of S. Tex., 61 S.W.3d at 615–16. As noted above, the 

Sanfords testified that they repeatedly requested that Ford remove the granite and 

gravel from the property, although Ford testified that they never asked him to 

remove it. Sanford stated that Ford continually promised to remove the granite and 

gravel, but that Ford always had an excuse as to why he could not remove it 

immediately. 

Further, both Sanford and his wife testified in detail about their reasoning 

behind continuing to pay Premier’s lease payments: Sanford explained that 

Premier’s business was “cyclical,” and that generally, its downtime was during the 

late winter months. Thus, Premier was only able to construct its display center 

during certain periods of the year. That is why Sanford had insisted that the 

 

10 Ford also asserts that Premier waived its right to complain about Ford’s failure to credit 

Premier $500 per month for the time period during which he elected not to replace the 

office/trailer he removed from the Leased Property. But, the jury’s finding of breach, on which 

this question is premised, was not based on Ford’s failure to credit Premier for this amount and 

the jury did not award Premier any damages based upon this particular breach of the lease.
13

ninety-day clause for removal of the granite and gravel be put into the lease and 

why Premier had sent the December 2006 letter to Ford emphasizing that Premier 

planned to “concentrate” on building its display center on the Leased Property in 

2007. Sanford further explained the considerable expense involved in constructing 

a concrete pad similar to that which already stood on the Leased Property. 

Finally, both Sanford and his wife detailed their difficulties in working with 

Ford and stated that, had they demanded that Ford remove the granite and gravel, 

rather than continued to try to work with him, Ford would have sued them sooner. 

Although Ford testified that he and Sanford orally agreed that the granite and 

gravel could remain on the property, the jury was free to disbelieve Ford and 

believe the Sanfords’ testimony. See id. When viewed in context, the Sanfords’

and Tammy’s actions may be construed as good-faith efforts to get Ford to perform 

under the contract, rather than a waiver of any claim of breach. See Cal-Tex 

Lumber Co. v. Owens Handle Co., 989 S.W.2d 802, 813 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1999, 

no pet.). 

Ford advances the “voluntary-payment” defense in his brief. Under the 

common-law voluntary-payment rule, money voluntarily paid on a claim of right, 

with full knowledge of all the facts, in the absence of fraud, deception, duress, or 

compulsion, cannot be recovered merely because the party at the time of payment 

was ignorant of or mistook the law as to his liability. BMG Direct Mktg., Inc. v. 

Peake, 178 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex. 2005). This rule is a defense to claims asserting 

unjust enrichment; that is, when a plaintiff sues for restitution claiming a payment 

constitutes unjust enrichment, a defendant may respond with the voluntarypayment rule as a defense. Id. The Premier Parties did not assert an equitable 

claim for unjust enrichment. Additionally, Ford did not assert the voluntarypayment rule as a defense to any of the Premier Party’s claims. Notwithstanding 
14

the foregoing, the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support a failure to 

find the voluntary-payment defense. See R.G. McClung Cotton Co. v. Cotton 

Concentration Co., 479 S.W.2d 733, 743–744 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1972, writ 

ref’d n.r.e.). Ford also asserts an “election” defense for the first time on appeal. 

The record reflects that he never asserted this defense before the trial court. 

Accordingly, he has not preserved this issue for our review, and we do not consider 

it.

Under the applicable standards of review, we conclude that the evidence is 

legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s failure to find waiver in its 

response to Question 9.

(b). Equitable Estoppel

The jury charge provided that Ford was excused from complying with the 

lease if:

1. Premier Installation

a. by words or conduct made a false representation or 

concealed material facts, and

b. with knowledge of the facts or with knowledge or 

information that would lead a reasonable person to 

discover the facts, and

c. with the intention that Richard C. Ford would rely on the 

false representation or concealment in acting or deciding 

not to act; and

2. Richard C. Ford

a. did not know and had no means of knowing the real 

facts, and

b. relied to his detriment on the false representation or 

concealment of material facts.
15

This definition pertains to Ford’s affirmative defense of equitable estoppel. See 

Johnson & Higgins of Tex., Inc. v. Kenneco Energy, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 507, 515–16 

(Tex. 1998) (defining elements of equitable estoppel). 

There is simply no evidence that Premier falsely represented or concealed 

any material facts about which it had knowledge but Ford did not. Instead, when 

viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding, the record evidence 

reflects that Ford knew the lease required him to remove the granite and gravel 

from the Leased Property within ninety days of the execution of the lease; that, 

after this deadline, the Sanfords repeatedly requested that Ford remove the granite 

and gravel; and that Ford repeatedly promised he would remove the granite and 

gravel from the Leased Property but never did. The jury is the sole judge of the 

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. GTE 

Mobilnet of S. Tex., 61 S.W.3d at 615–16. Under the applicable standards of 

review, we conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support 

the jury’s failure to find equitable estoppel in its response to Question 9.

(c). “Oral Modification”

Ford asserts that another affirmative defense submitted to the jury in 

Question 9 was whether he was excused from performance because the contract 

was “orally modified.” Although we do not perceive this question to have been 

asked of the jury, we presume Ford is referring to the following definition provided 

to the jury: “Failure to comply by Richard C. Ford is excused if a different 

performance was accepted as full satisfaction of the original obligations of the 

Lease.”

Ford claims he entered into an oral agreement with Premier, which allowed 

the granite and gravel to remain on the Leased Property. But, both of the Sanfords

testified that they never agreed to allow Ford to keep the granite and gravel on the 
16

Leased Property after the ninety-day deadline had expired. The jury was free to 

believe this testimony and disbelieve Ford’s testimony. See GTE Mobilnet of S. 

Tex., 61 S.W.3d at 615–16. Under the applicable standards of review, we conclude 

that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s failure to 

find this defense in its response to Question 9.

In sum, as to the three defenses challenged under Ford’s second issue, the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s failure to find these 

defenses in its response to Question 9. Accordingly, we overrule Ford’s second 

issue.

2. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s award of damages to Premier resulting from Ford’s failure 

to comply with the lease?

In his third issue, Ford challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the 

evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 10, which asked the jury:

What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly 

and reasonably compensate Premier Installation for its damages, if 

any, that resulted from Richard C. Ford’s failure to comply with the 

Lease?

Consider the following elements of damages, if any, and none 

other.

a. Restitution

The amount of rent paid by Premier Installation to 

Richard C. Ford after the 90-day deadline for Richard C. 

Ford to remove granite and gravel from the Property.

Do not include in your answer any amount that you find 

Premier Installation could have avoided by the instant exercise of 

reasonable care.

Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.

Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.

a. Restitution: $______________
17

The jury answered “$73,500.00.” 

In his argument, Ford focuses on the element of damages, i.e., restitution.11 

Ford asserts that restitution damages are only available under a theory of quantum 

meruit. Regardless of the merits of this assertion, Ford failed to raise this 

argument before the trial court. Further, no party objected to this damages 

question or the instruction submitted to the jury by the trial court regarding this 

question.

12 Therefore, we determine the legal and factual sufficiency of the 

evidence based upon the measure of damages submitted to the jury, even if that 

measure of damages is not correct. See Equistar Chems, L.P. v. Dresser-Rand Co., 

240 S.W.3d 864, 868 (Tex. 2007) (holding that defendant failed to preserve error 

regarding argument that jury’s damage finding was based upon improper measure 

of damages); Energy Maintenance Services Group I, LLC v. Sandt, 401 S.W.3d 

204, 219 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (same as Equistar 

Chems, L.P.). Even if the jury’s finding were based on an incorrect measure of 

damages, this would not make the evidence legally or factually insufficient to 

support the jury’s finding in response to Question 10. Ford does not argue that the 

evidence is legally or factually insufficient to support this damage finding under 

the measure of damages submitted to the jury. Thus, Ford’s third issue is without 

merit and is overruled.

 

11 Ford also raises the voluntary-payment defense again in this issue, which we already have 

rejected above.

12 As noted above, Ford did provide a proposed written jury charge, but Ford did not object to the 

court’s charge or tender any proposed questions, instructions, or definitions during the charge 

conference.
18

3. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Ford failed to timely refund Premier’s security 

deposit?

In Ford’s fifth issue, he contends the evidence is insufficient to support the 

jury’s affirmative answer to Question 13, which asked: “Do you find that [Ford] 

failed to timely refund the balance of [Premier’s] security deposit?”13 Under his 

third issue, the only argument that Ford advances is that the evidence is legally and 

factually sufficient to support a finding that Premier provided Ford with a written 

statement of Premier’s forwarding address for the purpose of refunding the security 

deposit.

As noted by Ford, under the Texas Property Code, “[t]he landlord is not 

obligated to return a tenant's security deposit or give the tenant a written 

description of damages and charges until the tenant gives the landlord a written 

statement of the tenant’s forwarding address for the purpose of refunding the 

security deposit.” Tex. Prop. Code Ann § 93.009(a) (West 2013). But, the trial 

court did not instruct the jury regarding this statute; instead, the trial court 

instructed the jury in pertinent part as follows: “You are instructed that the balance 

of a security deposit must be refunded to the tenant not later than the 60th day after 

the date the tenant surrenders the premises and provides notice to the landlord or 

the landlord’s agent of the tenant’s forwarding address.” Under the jury charge, 

Premier did not need to give Ford “a written statement of the tenant’s forwarding 

address for the purpose of refunding the security deposit”; rather, Premier only had 

to “provide[] notice to [Ford] or [Ford’s] agent of [Premier’s] forwarding address.”

No party objected to Question 13 or the instruction submitted to the jury by the 

trial court regarding this question. Therefore, we determine the legal and factual 

 

13 In response to Question 14, the jury found that the amount of the security deposit that Ford 

wrongfully withheld was $3,937.50.
19

sufficiency of the evidence based upon the question submitted, even if it does not 

correctly state the law. See Osterberg v Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex. 2000);

Sandt, 401 S.W.3d at 219. Because the jury charge did not require Premier to have 

provided Ford with “a written statement of the tenant’s forwarding address for the 

purpose of refunding the security deposit,” Ford’s only argument under this issue 

lacks merit. See Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 55; Sandt, 401 S.W.3d at 219.

Even if Ford had argued that the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support a finding that Premier provided notice to Ford or Ford’s 

agent of Premier’s forwarding address, as required by the charge, we would have 

found no merit in this argument. There is evidence that Premier sent its October 

14, 2008 letter to Ford. This letter, written on Premier’s letterhead, provides 

Premier’s address and expressly requests that Ford “provide Premier the security 

deposit in the amount of $3,937.50.” There is no other address provided in the 

letter. The record reflects that Ford received this letter and that, during the first 

week in November 2008, just before filing this suit, Ford sent a “Final Notice 

Before Legal Action” to Premier by certified mail at the address provided in 

Premier’s October 14, 2008 letter.14 We overrule Ford’s fifth issue.

4. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Ford unlawfully locked out Premier and 

converted its property?

In his sixth issue, Ford asserts that the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support two of the jury’s findings. First, he asserts that the jury’s 

finding that Ford unlawfully locked Premier out of the Property is not supported by 

sufficient evidence. Second, he asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support 

the jury’s finding that Ford converted Premier’s property. We address each of 

these issues in turn.

 

14 The cases cited by Ford involve different facts and are not on point.
20

(a). Evidence of Unlawful Lockout

Jury Question 5 asked, “Did Richard C. Ford unlawfully lock Premier 

Installation out of the Property?” The jury was instructed that, to establish a claim 

for unlawful lockout, Premier had to prove that (1) there was a landlord-tenant 

relationship between Ford and Premier, (2) Ford intentionally locked Premier out 

of the Leased Property, and (3) the lockout was unlawful. In his appellate brief, 

Ford challenges only the second element—that he intentionally locked Premier out 

of the property. The trial court instructed the jury that “[a] person acts 

‘Intentionally’ with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct 

when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the 

result.” 

Ford points to the following testimony as showing that he did not 

intentionally lock out Premier: 

Ford’s testimony that he did not lock the front fence or prevent 

Premier from entering the Leased Property; 

Premier could have cut the chain on the front gate to access the 

Leased Property; 

Premier changed the lock on the front gate; and that Premier could 

have accessed the Leased Property through a gate between Tract 139 

and Tract F, which Premier could have driven through to access the 

Leased Property. 

Testimony of Anthony Santikos, Ford’s current tenant on the Leased 

Property and Tract 139, that the Leased Property could be accessed 

through a gate on Tract 139.

Sanford, on the other hand, testified that just days after he had a heated 

conversation with Ford on September 30, 2008, one of his employees went to the 

Leased Property and discovered that the lock had been changed on the front gate. 

Sanford testified he went to the property shortly thereafter and was unable to 
21

access it. According to Sanford, when Premier was locked out of the property, it 

was completely denied access. Sanford stated that there was no other entry to the 

property. Although Sanford admitted he did not know for sure that Ford changed 

the locks, he testified that “there was no doubt in his mind” that Ford changed the 

lock on the front gate of the Leased Property and intended to lock Premier out of 

the premises.

In short, the parties presented conflicting testimony on this issue. Applying 

the appropriate standards of review, the evidence is legally and factually sufficient 

to support the jury’s finding in response to Question 5 that Ford intentionally 

locked Premier out of the Leased Property. See Gluck v. Hadlock, No. 02-09-

00411-CV, 2011 WL 944439, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 17, 2011, no 

pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that legally and factually sufficient evidence 

supported finding that landlord intentionally locked out tenant based on conflicting 

evidence from parties). We overrule this portion of Ford’s sixth issue.

(b). Conversion

Question 11 concerned whether Ford converted Premier’s property. The 

jury responded “Yes” to this question. The jury was instructed that conversion “is 

the unauthorized and wrongful assumption of dominion and control over the 

property of another to the exclusion of, or inconsistent with, the owner’s rights.” 

The jury was further instructed that, to establish that Ford converted its property, 

Premier had to prove that (1) it owned or had legal possession or entitlement to 

possession of the property, (2) Ford unlawfully and without authorization assumed 

and exercised dominion and control over the property to the exclusion of, or 

inconsistent with, Premier’s rights as owner, (3) Premier demanded return of the 

property, and (4) Ford refused to return it. Ford has not disputed that Premier 

owned the pavestones.
22

It is undisputed that several pallets of these pavestones were on the Leased 

Property when Premier was locked out and that Premier owned these pavestones. 

Ford asserts, for the same reasons described above, that he did not convert 

Premier’s pavestones because Premier could have accessed the property to retrieve 

them. But, again, Sanford offered conflicting testimony. Further, in Premier’s 

October 14, 2008 letter, it demanded return of the pavestones. Finally, Ford 

admitted at trial that he never returned the pavestones.

Under the applicable standards of review, the evidence is legally and 

factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding in response to Question 11 that 

Ford converted Premier’s property. Accordingly, we overrule the remainder of 

Ford’s sixth issue.

6. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Premier did not fail to comply with the lease?

In issue seven, Ford asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Premier did not fail to comply with the lease. In Question 1, the 

jury was asked whether Premier failed to comply with the terms of the lease and 

responded, “No.” The trial court instructed the jury that the failure to comply had 

to be material. Ford asserts that the evidence at trial established that Premier 

unilaterally terminated the lease before to the end of its term, failed to pay property 

taxes for 2007 and 2008, and failed to pay the balance of the rent owed under the 

lease. Ford must demonstrate that the evidence conclusively established that 

Premier breached the lease or that the jury’s adverse finding is so contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See Dow 

Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 241–42; Ellis, 971 S.W.2d at 406–07.

As described above, Premier provided written notice to Ford on October 14, 

2008 that it was terminating the lease. Premier’s cited reasons for termination
23

included Ford’s failure to timely remove the granite and gravel from the Leased 

Property and Ford’s lockout of Premier from the property, and confiscation of 

Premier’s pallets of pavestones.15 Premier emphasized that, as of the date of the 

letter, it had received no written notification from Ford of its intent to lock Premier 

out of the property or take possession of its materials, which violated the terms of 

the lease. The evidence presented at trial supports Premier’s claims that Ford 

breached the lease by failing to timely remove the granite and locking Premier out 

of the property. 

Regarding the 2007 and 2008 property taxes, although Ford testified that he 

sent Premier the tax statements, the Sanfords both testified that Premier did not 

receive them. The jury was free to credit the Sanfords’ testimony and not to credit 

Ford’s testimony in this regard. Ford’s lockout of Premier occurred before Premier 

was past due on any rent on the Leased Property. Premier’s termination letter was 

sent to Ford, and Ford received it, before Premier violated the lease due to unpaid 

rent. 

Under the applicable standards of review, the evidence is legally and 

factually sufficient to support the jury’s finding in response to Question 1 that 

Premier did not fail to comply with the terms of the lease. Accordingly, we 

overrule Ford’s seventh issue. 

7. Is the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the 

jury’s finding that Ford failed to comply with the terms of the 

lease?

In his first issue, Ford challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

the jury’s answer to Question 2. In this question, the jury was asked, “Did Richard 

C. Ford fail to comply with the terms of the lease?” The trial court instructed the 

 

15 Under the Texas Property Code, if a landlord unlawfully locks out a commercial tenant, the 

tenant may terminate the lease. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann § 93.002(g)(1) (West 2013). 
24

jury that the failure to comply had to be material. The jury answered “yes.” Ford 

asserts that this question asked the jury whether his failure to remove the granite 

and gravel within the first ninety days of the lease term was a material breach of 

the lease agreement. 

In his appellate brief, Ford baldly asserts that “Premier admittedly allowed 

Ford to keep the granite and gravel on the leased premises well past the initial 90 

days, and admitted as much in writing,” referring to the October 14, 2008 letter 

from Premier to Ford.16 He next sets out various propositions of law, ending with 

the following quote from Laredo Hides Co. v. H & H Meat Products Co.: “A 

waiver of time of performance of a contract will result from any act that induces 

the opposite party to believe that exact performance within the time designated in 

the contract will not be insisted upon.” 513 S.W.2d 210, 218 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 1974, writ ref’d n.r.e). Ford then states, “That is precisely what the facts 

and testimony show in this case.” That is the entirety of his argument in support of 

this issue. 

In short, Ford provides no legal analysis or record support for his 

assertions.17 Even construing Ford’s appellate brief liberally, we cannot conclude 

 

16 The only record references in this portion of Ford’s brief are to the jury charge in the clerk’s 

record and to Premier’s October 14, 2008 letter in the reporter’s record of trial exhibits.

17 Timely performance is a material term if the contract expressly states that time is of the 

essence or if there is something in the nature or purpose of the contract and the surrounding 

circumstances that makes it apparent that the parties intended time to be of the essence. Breof 

BNK Tex., L.P. v. D.H. Hill Advisors, Inc., 370 S.W.3d 58, 64 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2012, no pet.). There is no dispute that Ford failed to remove the granite and gravel within the 

ninety-day period expressed in the lease. Further, Ford admitted that Sanford insisted on having 

this provision added to the lease; thus, Ford was aware that Premier needed the granite and 

gravel removed from the Leased Property quickly. Sanford testified that Ford’s failure to 

remove the granite from the property completely prevented Premier from installing its permanent 

design displays, which was the purpose of Premier’s leasing this property. Sanford and his wife 

both testified that they repeatedly requested that Ford remove the granite from the Leased 

Property, to no avail. Further, according to Sanford, when he finally demanded that Ford, 
25

that he has briefed this issue adequately.18 See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i); see also 

San Saba Energy L.P. v. Crawford, 171 S.W.3d 323, 337 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Based upon this inadequate briefing, EMS has waived 

the complaints in his first issue. See id. Accordingly, we overrule Ford’s first 

issue.

B. Did the trial court reversibly err in admitting over Ford’s objection 

Premier’s evidence of a prior lawsuit?

In Ford’s fourth issue, he asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in 

admitting evidence of a prior lawsuit over his objection. A decision to admit or 

exclude evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Bay Area 

Healthcare Grp., Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam).

A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without regard for guiding rules or 

principles. U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 132 (Tex. 2012). But,

even if the trial court abuses its discretion in admitting certain evidence, we reverse 

only if the error was harmful—in other words, if it probably caused the rendition of 

an improper judgment. Id.

The evidence about which Ford complains is Premier’s Exhibit 36, a copy of 

a petition filed by Ford’s prior tenants on the Leased Property. This petition 

indicates that Ford’s prior tenants sued him for breach of contract, breach of 

 

comply with the lease and remove the granite and gravel, Ford locked Premier out of the Leased 

Property. Although the Sanfords’ testimony conflicted with Ford’s on many of these factors, 

under both legal and factual sufficiency standards of review, the jury is the sole judge of witness 

credibility and the weight to be given the witnesses’ testimony. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d 

at 819; GTE Mobilnet of S. Tex., 61 S.W.3d at 615–16. The Sanfords’ testimony adequately 

supports the jury’s finding that Ford’s failure to timely remove the granite and gravel from the 

Leased Property was a material failure to comply with the lease.

18 Moreover, as discussed above, the jury was presented with a question regarding whether 

Ford’s failure to comply with the lease was excused by, among other things, waiver. The jury 

answered “no” to this question, and in Section II.3.(a). of this opinion, we determine that legally 

and factually sufficient evidence supports this finding. 
26

implied warranty of quiet enjoyment, unjust enrichment, conversion, and 

attorney’s fees. In this petition, the plaintiffs alleged that Ford “[o]n two separate 

occasions . . . had unlawfully locked Plaintiffs out of the Leased Premises and 

taken possession of Plaintiffs’ valuable equipment, inventory and business

records.” 

Premier sought admission of this evidence because Ford’s counsel, during 

opening argument stated, “Mr. Ford got in a lawsuit and actually sued [the prior 

tenants] and they sued them [sic] back.” Additionally, during direct examination, 

Ford testified about this suit as follows: “What had happened, the other people that 

were there, I had filed a suit against them. They moved out in the middle of the 

night; and then they countersued.” Sanford’s counsel asserted that this evidence 

was admissible to “impeach the fact that [Ford] says he works with his tenants.” 

Ford’s counsel responded by arguing that there were allegations in the petition that 

were “highly prejudicial,” that the evidence was not relevant, and that it was 

hearsay. Sanford’s counsel further asserted the following in support of admission 

of this evidence:

Your Honor, I would also argue, for the benefit of the Court, 

under Rule 403, relevant evidence of prior misconduct is admissible 

to prove some material fact other than character, such as motive, 

opportunity and tenant’s [sic] preparation of plan, identity or absence 

of mistake or accident. This is also Texas law. This is relevant. 

They opened the door. They made it an issue. The fact that 

they opened it, I’m allowed to argue. Whether it’s a little bit or a lot, 

they opened the door; and I should be able to address it.

The trial court took the matter under advisement and recessed for the day. 

The next morning, the trial court admitted the evidence, having determined

that Ford had opened the door to it. But, the trial court stated that only those

allegations having to do with entering the plaintiffs’ offices without authority or 
27

knowledge and unlawfully locking the plaintiffs’ out of the premises were relevant. 

The remainder of the petition, the trial court ruled, was “unnecessary and unduly 

prejudicial.” Accordingly, the petition was redacted substantially before it was 

admitted, with all but the first two paragraphs of factual allegations and all of the 

allegations under the causes of action blacked out. 

Assuming, without deciding, that the trial court abused its discretion in 

admitting this evidence, we cannot say that admission of it probably caused the 

rendition of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). In making this 

determination, we have evaluated the entire case, from voir dire to closing 

argument, considering the state of the evidence, the strength and weakness of the 

case, and the verdict. See Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik, 267 S.W.3d 

867, 871 (Tex. 2008). We have evaluated the role the evidence played in the 

context of the trial, the efforts made by counsel to emphasize the evidence, and 

whether contrary evidence existed that the allegedly improperly admitted evidence 

was calculated to overcome. See U-Haul Int’l, Inc., 380 S.W.3d at 136. We reach 

this decision for the following reasons.

Although Ford was questioned about the lawsuit itself by Premier’s counsel, 

some of this questioning occurred before the admission of the petition. After the 

petition was admitted, counsel for Premier only briefly questioned Ford about the 

petition, focusing on the allegations of illegal lockout and the fact that the plaintiffs 

filed suit against Ford before Ford countersued. Premier’s counsel questioned 

Ford about his counter-suit, which was admitted as Ford’s Exhibit 36, and Ford 

testified that he filed his suit only “about an hour” after he had been sued. 

Premier’s counsel further brought forth Ford’s testimony that the two lawsuits had 

been consolidated and that they had been dismissed. On redirect examination, 

Ford’s counsel emphasized that the lawsuit with Ford’s prior tenants was never 
28

tried and had been dismissed. Ford denied that any of the allegations in the suit 

were true. Importantly, Ford was permitted to call a rebuttal witness in the form of 

his current tenant, Anthony Santikos, specifically in response to the admission of 

Premier’s Exhibit 36. Santikos testified that Ford was an excellent landlord and

that he had never had any problems with him.

This evidence about which Ford complains played a small role in the context 

of the trial. Although Premier’s counsel mentioned it briefly during closing, 

Ford’s counsel countered his argument and emphasized that the statements in the 

petition were merely allegations, not facts. And, finally, as discussed above, the 

jury’s findings in favor of Premier and against Ford are supported by legally and 

factually sufficient evidence. 

Typically, a trial court’s erroneous evidentiary ruling will not be harmful 

unless the judgment turns on the evidence that was erroneously excluded or 

admitted. See Interstate Northborough P’ship v. State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex. 

2001). Under the circumstances in the case under review, we conclude that the 

judgment did not turn on this evidence.19 See id. at 227. Nothing in the jury’s 

verdict on which the judgment is based indicates that “something beyond the 

relevant evidence was guiding the jury’s deliberations.” See Reliance Steel & 

Aluminum Co., 267 S.W.3d at 871. Accordingly, on this record, we conclude that 

any error in admitting Premier’s Exhibit 36 was harmless. We overrule Ford’s 

fourth issue.

 

19 Ford’s argues that “[t]his evidence in day one of testimony was harmful error as the jury was 

prejudiced and failed to consider any other evidence and probably resulted in [an] incorrect 

verdict.” However, this exhibit was not admitted on “day one of testimony”; rather it was 

admitted on the second day of testimony, after Ford already had testified regarding the prior 

lawsuit. 
29

III. CONCLUSION

The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s findings

challenged on appeal. Any error in the admission of the challenged evidence was 

harmless. 

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

/s/ Kem Thompson Frost

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Frost, Brown, and Donovan.