Please attach a separate sheet if you need additional comment space.

Thank you for your assistance.

This Author Guide is our attempt to provide authors with a guide

to submitting and publishing their manuscripts using the services

of Air University Press. As you look through the Author Guide

and use it, please give us your thoughts on its contents. Was it

useful? Could we have included more/less information? Did it

answer your questions? What would have been more helpful to

you? Please submit your comments to AU Press, 131 W. Shumacher Ave., Maxwell AFB AL 36112, or fax them to us at (334)

953-6862 or DSN 493-6862.

Contents

Page

Introducing Air University Press . . . . . . . . . . . v

Submitting Your Book or Monograph for Publication . . . . . 1

AU Press Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Submission Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Front Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Text Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Back Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Art and Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Distribution List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Incorporating Copyrighted Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Composing Your Manuscript on Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Classified Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Security and Policy Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Payment for Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Stepping through the Publication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Appendix

 A Correlated Contents and Text Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

 B Sample Format for Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

 C Sample Formats for a Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

 D Sample Formats for Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

 E Sample Captions List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

 F Citation of Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Illustrations

Figure

 1 General Workflow—AU Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

iii
Introducing Air University Press

Welcome to Air University (AU) Press. You are about to begin an experience

that will culminate in an exciting and satisfying event, the publication of your

manuscript. We hope the publication process will be enjoyable and rewarding

for you. We’ll do our best to see that it is. But first a few words about who we are.

The AU Press is a key tool for maintaining and reinforcing Air

University’s position as the center of America’s airpower thinking and

research. AU Press supports the community of Air Force authors and other

airpower thinkers by editing, packaging, and publishing their writings, and

by distributing those writings to the appropriate audiences. Depending on

the nature of the writing project, authors seeking AU Press services must get

project approval from the commandant of their Air University school or

agency, from the director of AU Press, or from the Air University

Publication Review Board.

AU Press publishes a range of scholarly materials, from books and

monographs to research studies, long essays, textbooks, and the Air

University Catalog, plus the English, Spanish, and Portuguese editions of

Aerospace Power Journal, the professional journal of the Air Force. Over

the years, we have compiled a significant body of literature on how best to

use airpower. These publications, used increasingly by airpower scholars

and students throughout the world, are described in our catalog, Air

University Press Publications (also available at our web site).

The AU Press provides authors substantive editing and detailed copy

editing and proofreading to enhance their written communication of ideas.

We also offer layout planning and design, assistance in selecting

illustrations, preparation of camera-ready copy, and cover design and

development for the best possible visual presentation of the author’s ideas.

Our production services include liaison with appropriate government

agencies and contract printers, and marketing.

AU Press products are distributed to a select list of people and

agencies, supplemented by the author’s list of recipients. Our products

are available from the AU Press or the US Government Printing Office,

for which we are an exclusive sales agent. To receive a catalog of our

products, to request additional information, or to order publications from

the AU Press, phone [commercial (334) 953-2773, DSN 493-2773], fax

[commercial (334) 953-6862, DSN 493-6862], or access the AU Press

Homepage [http://www.au.af.mil/au/oas/aupress.]

This guide is designed to make your publishing experience as easy as

possible by explaining what the AU Press expects of you, the author. It tells

you how to prepare your manuscript for submission to AU Press, including

v
special requirements for the type of manuscript you’re preparing, whether

book or monograph or instructional material. Then it tells you how to

submit your manuscript, what will happen next, and when you will get your

product back from the printer. Some policy matters you should know about

as you prepare your manuscript are that AU Press (1) reserves the right to

edit any manuscript it will publish, (2) won’t publish material containing

profanity, and (3) doesn’t normally accept classified material for

publication.

Specifics of our press style—as opposed to your writing style—are found

in the companion guide, Air University Style Guide for Writers & Editors,

which is available from AU Press upon request. That guide offers all the

authoritative, detailed guidance on matters of style you need to prepare a

publishable manuscript. Items in the style guide are arranged alphabetically,

as in a dictionary, for ease of use. They cover a wide range of topics,

including abbreviations and acronyms, capitalization, punctuation,

documentation, numbers, military titles, and so forth. Several examples

accompany most entries to illustrate and clarify their proper usage.

If you are unsure about such mysteries as whether to spell airpower as

one word or two, whether to write 13 as a word or numeral, or whether to

set off titles with italics or quotation marks, you need only turn to your copy

of the AU Style Guide. Our style guide is based on principles and

approaches outlined in The Chicago Manual of Style, which has become the

standard for many university presses; but it also encompasses some matters

specific to the Air Force and its sister services. Our spelling preferences are

those in the 10th edition of Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, and

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language

Unabridged. Used together, these sources will smooth your way to

successful publication through the AU Press.

vi
Submitting Your Book or Monograph

 for Publication

Air University Instruction (AUI) 37-101, Air University Press

Publications, governs submission of all material for publication by the AU

Press. Essentially, there are three avenues open to AU Press services for

people writing for various audiences. All of these methods are meant to

ensure that the book in question will be used by enough people to justify the

cost involved in producing it. (The method chosen also determines which

agency will pay the printing cost.)

The first avenue is reserved for those few texts used in more than one Air

University agency and designated as AU-numbered texts. These books are

revised on a routine schedule by or under the guidance of school faculty in

concert with AU Press personnel. The second avenue is endorsement by the

commandant of an author’s Air University school or agency. This is the

normal method for people producing material that will be used for

instructional purposes at specific schools. The third avenue is through the

Air University Publication Review Board. This route is open to authors

whose manuscripts may be useful to the Air Force in general and those

who have no sponsor at Air University. If you are uncertain which route

is appropriate for your manuscript, the AU Press director can help you

decide.

The Air University Publication Review Board is composed of senior

representatives from the officer professional military education (PME)

schools, the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), and the College of

Aerospace Doctrine Research and Education. The board reviews

manuscripts and recommends publication, modification, or rejection. It

also serves a number of other functions. Its members identify topics of

interest to the Air Force and national security planners. They seek out

prospective authors and solicit worthwhile manuscripts, find outside

reviewers for certain manuscripts, and identify recipients of individual

publications based on subject matter. Manuscripts accepted through the

board must meet a dual test of (1) value to the Air Force and (2) interest

to Air University.

You may send your manuscript to Director, AU Press, 131 W.

Shumacher Ave., Maxwell AFB, AL 36112, or you may go through your

organization’s chain of command to have your commander sponsor and

submit your project. In either case, in a letter to accompany your

manuscript, you should identify the probable audience, describe the

project’s value to the Air Force, and tell us your background and expertise

in the manuscript’s subject.

1
AU Press Services

Organizations or individual authors requiring the services of AU Press

should notify the AU Press as soon as possible. Like good cooking, good

writing and editing take time, so please involve us in the planning phase for

your project. The sooner we know what you’re doing and how we can help

you, the better prepared we’ll be to serve your needs.

Early scheduling is important. AU Press staff members typically work on

several projects simultaneously; it will be a rare case if your project is the

only one assigned to your editor, editorial assistant, print specialist, or

illustrator. This system allows us to serve more people efficiently, but it can

also affect the time it takes to get your project out. AU Press determines

production schedules based on current workload and project priorities

recommended by the Publication Review Board.

Submission Packages

Manuscripts submitted for publication should conform to the standards

set forth in the AU Style Guide. Make sure you properly identify

individuals—that is, provide rank or title, full names, and nicknames, if any,

on first occurrence. Likewise, properly establish abbreviations and

acronyms—that is, spell them out on first use. Check abbreviations and

acronyms for exact wording to avoid errors; some abbreviations and

acronyms have multiple possibilities, so don’t make us guess which one you

meant. Be sure you cite your sources properly and give other people

appropriate credit for their words and ideas. If you have questions about

these or other matters of style, please consult your editor, the AU Style Guide,

or The Chicago Manual of Style.

You should submit a complete, double-spaced draft of your manuscript

on paper, along with a disk copy identical to the paper one. “Complete”

means the package contains the entire manuscript, including front matter,

body, illustrations, captions, notes, and back matter, as appropriate. These

parts are described more fully below.

Front Matter

Front matter comprises all of the manuscript segments that occur before

the body of the text. Front matter pages are normally arranged in the

following order:

1. Cover. Our illustrators will design and prepare the cover art (see the

“Art and Illustrations” section on page 5), but if you have cover ideas,

please share them with us. 

2
2. Disclaimer. The disclaimer is a statement that assigns accountability

for the manuscript’s contents to the author. It also states whether the printed

product has been cleared by the Air Force for public release. We will

prepare an appropriate disclaimer for you.

3. Title page. We will prepare an appropriate title page for your

publication. Be sure to give your editor the correct title of your study, and

make sure it’s exactly the same title you give our illustrators.

4. Epigraph/dedication (optional). If you use a dedication, please keep it

simple. If you use epigraphs, document them properly (i.e., type the name of

the person quoted and/or source title, if available, just after and below the

epigraph). Be advised that epigraphs don’t take a note number whether they

set the tone for a chapter or an entire book. Their documentation is

self-contained.

5. Table of contents. The table of contents tells the reader what’s in your

book, and many readers decide whether to read a book by going there first.

The table of contents shows section and chapter titles, table/appendix

headings, and figure/photo captions (optional) precisely as they appear in

the text. You may have to rewrite and revise several times before your

manuscript is considered complete. Please remember to make a last-minute

check to be sure that what’s in the table of contents matches exactly what’s

inside your manuscript. List front matter, chapter titles, and subordinate

heads down to the second breakdown (flush headings: see sample contents

page and related text at appendix A). You need not list page numbers, since

these will change when the document is typeset.

6. Foreword (optional). First impressions are important, and the

foreword is the first bit of narrative in the front matter. It serves as an

endorsement and is written and signed by someone other than the author. It

should be brief, clear, and crisp. It may describe the purpose and limits of

the manuscript and its relation to other works in print or in preparation.

Please provide the foreword writer’s signature in black ink on a separate

sheet of white bond paper.

7. About the author. Provide a biographical sketch that describes your

education, training, and experience, and include a current black-and-white

photograph of yourself. Tell us your year of birth (the Library of Congress

requires it). If the manuscript has multiple authors, we will need this

information for each one.) Where possible, spell out names of offices

instead of using office symbols, and be sure to provide first names of people

you mention.

8. Preface (optional). You should write and sign the preface, using it to

give the reader a short overview of your work—your reasons for

undertaking the study and your approach to it. You may also use the last

paragraph to acknowledge those who helped you through your study if your

3
list is brief. Be sure to include your signature in black ink on a separate

sheet of white bond paper.

9. Acknowledgments (optional). If you have extensive acknowledgments,

place them on a separate “acknowledgments” page. You may use an

acknowledgments section to express appreciation for support given and for

research and editorial assistance provided by others during the development of

your writing project.

10. Introduction (optional). The introduction allows you to provide a

background for the rest of the study or to provide information to enhance the

reader’s understanding of what prompted you to write the study. If your

introduction turns out to be long and involved, give it another title (not

“Introduction”) and include it as part of the text.

Text Material

The text, the body of your manuscript, is normally divided into chapters.

It also includes documentation (in the form of endnotes), illustrations, and

tables, which are discussed more fully in the section below entitled “Art and

Illustrations.”

1. Chapters. Chapters should provide discussion of major segments of the

topic about which you are writing. It’s good practice to let the reader know at

the beginning of the chapter what to expect. In concluding a chapter, summarize

its major ideas and briefly relate them to the topic in the next chapter. 

2. Documentation. To lend credibility to your study, you should provide, in

the form of endnotes, documentation of the sources (books, articles, interviews, lectures, manuals, regulations, directives, staff and historical studies,

public documents, unpublished papers, and other publications) you used in

preparing the manuscript. For AU Press publications, this documentation is

done in chapter endnotes with the source author’s first name first. (For

samples of the formats for endnotes, see appendix B of this guide or consult

the AU Style Guide.) Use footnotes—placed at the bottom of the page—only

for explanatory purposes. Check and double-check sources in notes to

ensure they are as complete as possible. Also check note numbers to be sure

that notes are placed where you wish them to be. (Occasionally during

revisions, authors move sections of copy but neglect to make corresponding

moves of endnotes.)

Back Matter 

Back matter includes the appendixes, glossary, bibliography, and index.

All but the last are optional. If you use more than one of these, submit them in

the order given. Be sure to include back matter items in your table of contents.

4
1. Appendixes. Information included in appendixes should be information

that will help the reader better understand the material provided in the study.

Give each appendix a capital letter designation and a title. If you use such

published documents as regulations or magazine articles as appendixes,

reproduce them verbatim. Please provide a source designation for such

documents. In your manuscript, number the appendix pages consecutively to

follow from the last page of the regular text. We will renumber the appendix

pages, if required, when we prepare the camera-ready copy. Refer to each

appendix within the body of your text.

2. Glossary. A glossary is composed of words, abbreviations, or acronyms

and their meanings, arranged alphabetically. Provide a glossary when your

text includes technical terms or terms that may be unfamiliar to your

readers.

3. Bibliography. Use a bibliography to provide the reader with a list of

works (books, articles, and other sources) you used in preparing your

manuscript. Place it at the end of the book, before the index. A selected

bibliography, which we normally prefer, would include all the documents

you looked at that would be of value to the reader in pursuit of additional

knowledge about different aspects of your book. See appendix C of this

guide for more information. Also, you may wish to consult The Chicago

Manual of Style for the proper format of a bibliography and its entries.

4. Index. We normally publish an index in each book. Since you are the

subject matter expert for the subject of your book, please give us a list of

suggested entries (seed list). If you use the index feature of your word

processing program, we prefer that you create a concordance (separate

document) file and do not compile the index, since the page numbers in your

draft manuscript will not match those in the final typeset copy. We’ll

compile the index with page number references after we produce the

camera-ready copy. We’ll also format the index as appropriate with main

headings, subentries, and cross-references (see and see also). If production

deadlines permit, you will have an opportunity to review the final index

before it goes to print.

Art and Illustrations

Your manuscript may include a variety of illustrative materials, including

original artwork, photographs, tables, figures, maps, and so forth. Our

design division can develop whatever new drawings you need, but for the

other pieces you should give us originals. If originals are not available, we

can provide assistance. Unless you develop the illustration yourself, you

should also include a source note for each illustration. You can find samples

5
of illustrations at appendix D of this guide. Note that each illustration is

supported by text that refers to it.

1. Cover. We will design the final cover, but we welcome your ideas. If

you have an idea for the cover art, make a rough sketch and label each element.

Be sure your labels are legible.

2. Photographs. We prefer black-and-white prints. Photos are delicate: the

least pressure may leave an impression on the surface. Also, some inks bleed

through photographs. Therefore,

– don’t write on the photograph itself.

– don’t fasten anything to the photograph with a paper clip.

– don’t write on the back of an unmounted photograph.

One good way to provide information about a photo is to write that

information on a piece of paper and tape it to the back of the photo.

3. Other illustrations. Provide each on a separate page. We prefer original line

drawings if they are available. Number illustrations consecutively throughout

the manuscript using arabic numbers. If the illustration requires a legend (an

explanation of symbols or abbreviations), please make sure you include it.

4. Electronic submissions. If you’re submitting artwork electronically—that

is, on disk—provide each piece as a separate file. Also, be advised that we

cannot use PowerPoint slides in their electronic form.

5. Captions list. Submit a list of captions for all illustrations, figures,

maps, photographs, tables, or other artwork. Do not place captions on

individual items; instead, tape a piece of paper identifying the figure, photo,

or table number onto the back edge of the illustration. We’ll match your

figures with the captions (from the captions list) at the appropriate time.

Make sure your numbered captions describe the correspondingly numbered

illustrations and that the illustration itself is the one you refer to by that

number in the body of your manuscript. Break your captions list into

separate categories: list of figures, list of tables, list of maps, list of

photographs. Appendix E shows a sample captions list.

Signatures

Provide original signatures on white bond paper signed in black ink. We

need the originals because photocopies and fax copies bleed. Signatures will

be used at the end of the foreword and preface.

Distribution List

AU Press has a standard distribution list for initial mailings of new

publications. You may submit additional names and addresses to supplement

our standard mailing.

6
Incorporating Copyrighted Material

The AU Press does not publish documents containing unreleased

copyrighted material. You, the author, must obtain and furnish written releases

or permissions to use copyrighted material, whether that material is written or

graphic—including drawings, tables, graphs, photos, or other artwork. You are

responsible for determining whether borrowed material is copyrighted and

for securing the necessary releases or permissions. If the copyright holder

requires payment, that cost must be borne by the author or sponsoring

agency. AU Press publications are not in themselves copyrighted and are in

the public domain, but material from a copyrighted source contained in an

AU Press publication must be afforded appropriate protection.

Authors or offices of primary responsibility (OPR) must submit copyright

release letters to the AU Press along with instructions from the copyright owner

as to credit lines and publication limitations. We keep the original on file and

send a copy to Headquarters USAF, Office of the Staff Judge Advocate.

Most authors have no objection to having brief passages of their work

quoted for scholarly purposes, as long as they receive proper credit. It is

difficult to say how extensively you may cite someone else’s work without

obtaining permission. Certainly, though, if you want to include a lengthy

section from a copyrighted source as an appendix to your study or as a

reading in your text, you must request permission in writing from the holder

of the copyright. The AU Style Guide provides further discussion of

copyright protection. You should incorporate source material in your

manuscript so that the reader has no trouble distinguishing your writing and

ideas from someone else’s. Refer to appendix F of this guide for a detailed

explanation of how to properly cite your sources and avoid plagiarism.

Remember that illustrations in a copyrighted source are copyrighted too and

that you must have permission to use them.

Be sure to identify the source of material you borrow. If we think you

need additional permissions/releases, we will contact you as soon as

possible after we begin editing the manuscript. This will enable you to

request those releases early on to avoid delays in printing.

In the case of material developed for school coursework, the OPR in the

using organization is responsible for reviewing copyright permissions and

releases and ensuring that the use of the copyrighted material adheres to any

limitations or requests indicated by the copyright holder (see AFI 37-160,

The Air Force Publications and Forms Management Programs, vol. 1,

Developing and Processing Publications; and AFI 511-303, Intellectual

Property—Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights). The project officer should

provide AU Press with copies of releases and, if applicable, AF Form 9,

7
Request for Purchase, along with DD Form 1155, Order for Supplies or

Services.

Composing Your Manuscript on Disk

Follow these guidelines when composing your manuscript on disk.

1. Prepare your entire manuscript using the same version of your wordprocessing software. If you upgrade to a newer version or to a new software

program, make sure you convert your entire manuscript to the later

software. Submit your manuscript on 3.5-inch high-density floppy disks in a

format compatible with Windows. AU Press currently uses Word for

Windows 7.0 as its standard word-processing program. If you’re using

something else, the SAVE AS option in your word-processing program may

be able to save your files in Word for Windows document format. Most of

the popular word-processing programs on the market today have the SAVE

AS feature. If you are unsure whether your program is compatible with our

software, contact us early and we will work out a solution.

2. Keep the look of your manuscript plain and simple. AU Press

specialists will handle the layout and design for your project after the final

edit. At the submission stage, what you say is far more important than how it

looks on paper. Don’t create your own style sheets or use fancy fonts or

combinations of fonts and type sizes, special color coding or spacing,

templates, or similar desktop publishing features. Doing so will delay

publication of your project. Our goal is to get your work on the street as

quickly as possible. You can help us do that by focusing on the ideas and

leaving the design and typesetting to us.

3. Create all major sections of your manuscript on separate files. Your

disk should include separate files for each part of the front matter, a file for

each chapter, and separate files for each part of the back matter (e.g., the

glossary, bibliography, index, and each appendix). Do not use the MASTER

DOCUMENT feature available in many programs such as Word for

Windows or WordPerfect.

4. Please use this basic format when you create your document:

a. Left margin: 1.5 inches (justify left).

b. Right margin: 1 inch (ragged, do not justify). Don’t use the automatic

hyphenation feature of your word-processing program.

c. Paragraph indention: five spaces (use tabs instead of automatic

indenting).

8
d. Block-quote indention: additional five spaces for left- and right-hand

margins. Change left and right margins; do not use word-processing

features such as double indent or multiple tabs.

e. Spacing: Double-space all parts of the manuscript, including block

quotes, footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography.

f. Fonts: Use the same font and type size throughout, including the

body of the text, block quotes, endnotes, and footnotes. Remember, we

will select appropriate font sizes when we typeset your manuscript.

Set the default format to meet the above guidelines and do not insert new

format codes for each section of your manuscript (e.g., don’t define or

apply a style code to each note that you create).

5. Number the parts of your manuscript as follows:

a. Pages: Use arabic numbers throughout, including the front matter

and the back matter. If you use a series of files to compile your

manuscript (see paragraph 3 above), begin each file with page number 1.

After the edit is complete, we’ll combine the files into a continuous

manuscript prior to preparation of camera-ready copy. At that time we’ll

renumber the whole thing consecutively, with roman numerals for the

front matter and arabic numbers for the rest of the manuscript. 

b. Illustrations: Number illustrations consecutively throughout the

manuscript (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.) rather than chapter by chapter.

c. Footnotes: Use bottom-of-page footnotes for explanatory information

only, not for documentation of textual material. Almost all explanatory

notes can be handled better—and less intrusively—at the end of the chapter,

so use footnotes sparingly. Denote the first footnote on any page with a

single asterisk. In the rare event that you need to use more than one footnote

on a page, denote them with asterisks in the appropriate multiples.

d. Endnotes: Use superscript numbers in the body of the text, and

number notes consecutively within each chapter beginning with note 1.

In the body of the note use standard numbers (not superscript). Indent the

note text five spaces (use tab), and place the notes at the end of the

chapter. See appendix B of this guide or the Air University Style Guide or

The Chicago Manual of Style for examples of several categories of notes.

6. Don’t underline words, phrases, terms, and the like that should be

italicized. Use italics for special emphasis and for all titles of books. See the

Air University Style Guide and The Chicago Manual of Style for other

special word treatment (e.g., foreign terms, names of specific ships and

submarines, titles of motion pictures and plays, etc.). If you don’t have the

capability to italicize, you may underline instead.

9
7. Make sure each heading is separated from the next by text. Failure to

achieve this separation gives your manuscript an aesthetically undesirable

condition we refer to as “stacked heads.” Remember, too, that you can’t

break a section into one part: every level of head must have a partner. If you

feel you must divide a piece of text, break it into at least two pieces. Use the

format at page 18 for headings and subheadings.

8. If you’re using electronic graphics files or other computerized figures

and illustrations, submit them in a standard format compatible with our

software. Submit line art such as line-drawn maps and figures in EPS or

Post Script formats; submit image files such as scans of photos and

illustrations in TIFF format. Scan the images at a minimum resolution of

200 dots or pixels per inch. Editorial requirements or printing variables may

force us to rescan or recreate an image or figure. If we don’t have the

program you used to create the graphics, we won’t be able to make the

needed changes. Therefore, always include original hard-copy prints of

figures and photographs. Do not send photocopies or facsimiles.

9. Submit a complete, double-spaced hard (paper) copy of your manuscript

along with your disk. This copy should include all parts of the front matter,

the body of your text, and the back matter as well as originals of all

illustrations and photographs. Make certain that the hard copy matches

exactly the files on your disk and that it is easily readable.

Classified Material

As a rule, the AU Press does not process or publish classified materials.

If you (author or OPR) believe an exception to this rule is justified, you

should notify the AU Press director as early in the development process

as possible. If an exception is granted, you are responsible for properly

marking the manuscript (both paper and disk copies) for compliance with

security regulations. This responsibility includes marking the overall

document—pages, paragraphs, endnotes, and illustrations—and providing

downgrading/declassification instructions and markings. The AU Press is

responsible for marking the published product in accordance with the

author’s or the security and policy review authority’s instructions.

The OPR is responsible for retaining record copies of such printed materials

and for their downgrading/declassification.

Security and Policy Review

All documents that will or may be released to the public must undergo

security and policy review to ensure that they are unclassified and don’t

10
misrepresent current Air Force policy. Since AU Press advertises all books,

monographs, and papers to potential customers within and outside the

USAF and Department of Defense (DOD), we submit all manuscripts

prepared by Air Force and DOD employees to the local public affairs office

for security clearance and policy review.

• We request this review as soon as your manuscript is approved for

publication. We cannot edit or otherwise process materials until

they are cleared through the security and policy review process.

• You as the author are responsible for ensuring that your

manuscript does not include classified material or sensitive

matter (e.g., you don’t cite inspector general reports or other

documents marked for official use only or include sensitive

personal information such as social security numbers). If you cite

unclassified material from a classified document, make sure you

indicate in your endnote that the cited material is unclassified.

One way to do this is to include the statement, “Information

extracted is unclassified.” A bit of advice: Stick as closely as

you can to the source’s wording of the unclassified material you

extract. Rephrasing such information can result in its becoming

sensitive or classified.

• We do not request clearance on projects that normally will not be

sent to customers outside DOD and Air University. Examples are

materials developed strictly for classroom instruction purposes.

Payment for Publication

In general, laws and regulations prohibit government employees from

accepting payment for manuscripts written as part of their jobs; on

government time; using government equipment, supplies, or facilities; or

based on knowledge gained through official duties. In some cases, however,

sponsoring agencies may commission manuscripts and send them through

the AU Press publishing process. In any case, AU Press does not pay for

manuscripts it publishes. Payment, if appropriate, is negotiated between the

sponsoring agency and the author.

Stepping through the Publication Process

To many new authors, the publication process is shrouded in mystery.

There’s no reason for that, and in fact, we want you to know what happens

after you bring us your manuscript, because you will still be involved.

11
One thing every author wants to know is how long it will take to get the

manuscript published—when will the finished book be back from the

printer. Of all the questions asked of AU Press, this is the one that most

defies an easy answer, because there are so many variables at work. These

include length and quality of your manuscript, your availability to work with

the editor, workload and priorities within the AU Press team, and the

competence of the printer who wins the contract on your project, among

other factors. We’ll work with you to set an initial publication schedule that

is both possible for us and satisfactory to you. When we get the last bit of

input from you, the author, we’ll lay out a reasonable final schedule based

on your needs.

Figure 1 shows a simplified flowchart of the publication process with a

step-by-step explanation of author/press responsibilities. We expect to remain in

more or less constant contact with you as we move toward publication.

Typically, we don’t change your manuscript without your approval. We

look to you as the expert on your manuscript and its subject matter. But we

expect you to look to us as the experts in matters pertaining to writing for

publication and getting your project into print: we’re in this as a team.

Ideally, this is how it works. AU Press leadership establishes a project

team of the various players involved in the project. The team leader is the

content editor (AKA content editor), who also is the author’s point of contact

throughout the process. Members of the team come together, each with

knowledge of and responsibility for a particular part of the publication process,

and a knowledge of their division’s workload. Balancing this information, the

team establishes a realistic production schedule that will move the project as

quickly as possible toward distribution.

The content editor reads the manuscript for content, coherence,

organization, and smoothness of writing, always with an eye to how well

and how efficiently the author’s ideas are being communicated to the reader.

While this is going on, the illustrator is preparing internal and cover art as

necessary. The content editor marks suggested changes on the manuscript

and discusses them with the author, and they come to an accommodation.

The content editor enters the agreed upon changes onto the working disk.

The technical editor (aka copy editor) then reads the manuscript for

consistency, grammar, punctuation, and so forth and reaches agreement

with the content editor and, if necessary, the author before entering those

changes onto the final disk.

 Once the disk is finalized, the content editor (as team leader) forwards it

to the print specialist for preparation of camera-ready copy. This involves

layout, formatting, and font changes, as appropriate, and printing a cameraready copy (typescript) for review. The content and copy editors oral proof

the camera-ready copy as a quality check, mark necessary corrections, and

12
return it to the print specialist for final correction. The print specialist then

prepares the final typescript, which is packaged with the illustrations and

delivered to the Defense Automated Printing Service (DAPS) office at the

Gunter Annex of Maxwell Air Force Base. DAPS forwards the package to

the US Government Printing Office (GPO) in Atlanta.

That office finds a contract printer, who produces a set of blue-line proofs

from the typescript and the illustrations. The printer sends the blue lines

back to AU Press for a last check prior to printing. This is a technical check

to see that the illustrations are in the right place, that the margins are aligned

correctly, that there’s no “broken” type evident, that the print is of uniform

darkness, and so forth. Sometimes, we require several iterations of blue lines

before we’re satisfied that everything is as it should be. When we are

satisfied, the printer produces the finished book and sends it to the

warehouse for distribution. The normal time required for the printing

process, from the time we deliver the manuscript to DAPS until the finished

book is ready for distribution, is 45 working days.

Each case has variations from this ideal, but generally speaking, that’s the

AU Press publication process. We hope you enjoy working with our team.

13
Author submits completed manuscript (MS)

Press forms

publication team

Team establishes time line

and milestones

Team edits MS, prepares

illustrations/cover, and

coordinates changes

Design Division typesets

transcript. Services Division

prepares requisition and

release for printing

Sponsored by

–Air University Publication Review Board

–AU school/agency

Team includes content

editor, copy editor,

printing specialist, illustrator,

publishing assistant, and author

DAPS/GPO arranges

contract printing

Press makes initial

distribution

Figure 1. General Work Flow—AU Press

14
Appendix A

Correlated Contents and Text Pages
Sample Contents Page

Contents

 Chapter Page 

DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii 

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 

ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 

 1 CONSTRAINING THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

The Networked Classroom System . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

What Is Teaching Effectiveness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Parameters Bounding Studies of Teaching Styles . . . . . 6 

Identifying Students for the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Contributing Factors Due to the Instructors . . . . . . . 11 

How Do You Assess Studies of Teaching Styles? . . . . . 14 

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

 2 THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: TRADITIONAL

VERSUS EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . 19 

Teaching Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Traditional Teaching Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Didactic Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Inquiry Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Cooperative Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Student-Centered Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 

iii

17
Sample Related Text

Teaching styles developed from one of the four models outlined

above have one common goal: to increase a student’s performance in a

classroom environment. The means by which the styles educators can

use to accomplish this goal vary greatly, as evidenced by the different

teaching models; however, they must realize that effective teaching

styles normally integrate aspects of all four models.

Traditional Teaching Methods

In many ways, traditional teaching methods are associated with the

“old ways” of conveying knowledge to students: memorization, drill,

essays, phonics, rules of mathematics, diagramming sentences, and

basic concepts of citizenship, ethics, geography, discipline, and

individual, family, and community responsibility.14 Frederick Hill

states that “the old ways showed, on the blackboard, how you

reasoned and arrived at an answer. The new ways ignore the skills the

old ways generated.”15

Didactic Teaching

The most common style of traditional teaching is catechetical, or

didactic, teaching, which is conceived as an expert imparting

knowledge or explaining or describing phenomena to a group of

learners.16 This teaching style invites the student to acquire a body of

knowledge as defined and presented by an expert. It is simple,

systematic, and usually passive: students speak only in response to

questioning by the expert or instructor.

Lectures. One can argue that lectures are unnecessarily formal and

authoritarian, promoting passivity among students.17 Many academicians,

in fact, are convinced that lectures are ineffective and that other

teaching styles facilitate the learning process by involving the students

and making them active agents.

21

The Learning Environment

CENTERED

 HEAD

FIRST

BREAKDOWN

SECOND

BREAKDWON

18
Appendix B

Sample Format for Endnotes
Notes

AU Press prefers documentation in the form of chapter endnotes rather

than in footnotes. Number these notes consecutively throughout the chapter,

indent each entry, and place them at the end of the text. You can find a full

explanation of our documentation philosophy and style as well as endnote

examples of many kinds of documents in the Air University Style Guide, but

here are a few samples. Note the punctuation style.

Book

1. John A. Warden III, The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat (Washington, D.C.:

National Defense University Press, 1988), 132.

Periodical

2. Lt Col Thomas E. Griffith Jr., USAF, “Air Pressure: Strategy for a New World

Order?” Airpower Journal 8, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 18–26.

[Note: If the title page of the book or article lists the author’s military rank, include it in

your documentation. If not, omit the rank.]

3. “Prying Open a Secret Army,” Newsweek, 31 October 1994, 40.

Public Document

4. Senate, Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Utility Corporations, 70th Cong.,

1st sess., 1935, S. Doc. 92, pt. 71A.

Multivolume Work

5. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, Their Finest Hour (Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 356.

Manual

6. AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, September 1997, 25.

Interview

7. Lt Gen Charles A. Horner, Shaw AFB, S.C., interview with author, 2 December 1991.

Staff Study

8. Col Herbert V. Staudenmaier, CONUS Aeromedical Evacuation Study, staff study,

31 March 1983.

CD-ROM

9. Natalie Angier, “Chemists Learn Why Vegetables Are Good for You,” New York Times, 13

April 1993, late ed., C1; New York Times Ondisc, CD-ROM, UMI-Proquest, October 1993.

21
Diskette

10. Michael Joyce, Afternoon: A Story; diskette (Watertown, Conn.: Eastgage, 1987).

Computer Service

11. “Middle Ages”; Academic American Encyclopedia, on-line, Prodigy, 30 March 1992.

Computer Network

12. Tom Huntington, “Encore for an SST,” Air and Space Magazine, 30

October 1995, n.p.; on-line, Internet 15 February 1996, available from

http://www.airspacemag.com/articles/T144-on95/asm-t144-on95.html.

22
Appendix C

Sample Formats for a Bibliography
Bibliography Entries

 The bibliography may be strictly an alphabetical list (by author) or one

divided into the kinds of sources used (e.g., books, periodicals, government

publications, and papers and theses) and arranged alphabetically under each

category. When alphabetizing, use the author’s last name first (in contrast to

endnote style); if no author is given, use the first important word of the book

or article title to alphabetize (disregard the, a, and an). Note also that the

punctuation in bibliographies is different from endnote punctuation. Each

section ends with a period. No page numbers are given for books; you may

omit page numbers from article citations too, although including them might

be helpful to your reader. If you give page numbers for articles, the numbers

should be inclusive—that is, from the first page of the article to the last.

Indent the second line of the bibliographical entry.

Here are a few sample bibliographical entries.

Books

Magyar, Karl P., and Constantine P. Danopoulos, eds. Prolonged Wars: A

Post-Nuclear Challenge. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994.

Paulsen, Richard A. The Role of US Nuclear Weapons in the Post–Cold War

Era. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994.

Periodicals

“B-1Bs Complete Global Flight.” Airman 37, no. 10 (October 1993): 13.

Fedorchak, Capt Scott A. “Close Air Support: Repeating the Past . . .

Again?” Airpower Journal 8, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 22–33.

Post, Tom, with George Wehrfritz and John Barry. “Prying Open a Secret

Army.” Newsweek, 31 October 1994, 40.

Research Reports

Martin, Jerome V. Victory from Above: Air Power Theory and the Conduct

of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air

University Press, 1994.

25
Appendix D

Sample Formats for Illustrations
 Sample Table

Table 4

CSEL Radio Characteristics

Frequency L-Band: Data uplink, 1610–1626.5 MHz

S-Band: Data downlink, 2453.5–2500 MHz

C-Band: Sat to grd station link, 5150–5216 MHz

 Grd station to sat link, 6525–6541.5 MHz

Size 35 Cu. in. maximum

7.2 in. length (max)

Current prototype: 28 Cu. in. (5.6 x 3.1 x 1.6 in.)

Weight 2.1 lb w/o batteries (max)

Current prototype: 22 ounces w/o batteries

Positioning Self locating: 3D using GPS

Hub locating: 2D + terrain database using time of arrival (TOA)

 determination

Features Physical Unique user ID

LPI/LPD: data-burst transmission, SS-DS, CDMA

COMSEC: KM, OTR, and cold start capable

Keyboard

Display

Built-in antenna

External antenna port

External serial data port

External power supply port

Operational 99% probability of successful communications on first try (90%

level of confidence)

NTR information transfer: Position data and 100-character packet

 with multiple levels of communications

 priority

Worldwide coverage: With required space segments 24 hours/day,

 365 days/year with space segments

Source: Briefing, Morris Hornik, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense Intelligence and Communications Architectures Project Office, Washington, D.C., 21 May 1993, slide 7.

According to Maj Michael F. Witterried, an engineer with the Military

Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) Systems office, a joint

interoperability and engineering organization, the CSEL concept (table 4)

has several areas of concern. First, there is a frequency management

problem, as there is no foreseen support to use commercial “L” frequency

bands as approved by the Office of Secretary of Defense (OSD).

29
Since its founding in 1775, the US Marine Corps has played a significant

role in the military and diplomatic affairs of the United States. It has

continued to provide a powerful source of military strength, prepared at any

time to assert the nation’s will on foreign shores. The Marine Corps may

serve in purely land campaigns but is organized primarily as a naval

expeditionary force-in-readiness. The Marine Corps’ portion of this joint

force is to function essentially as a highly integrated command air-groundlogistic expeditionary force capable of executing a full range of operations.

Inherent to the successful execution of the Marine Corps’ mission is its

affiliation with the strategic and tactical flexibility of a naval fleet (fig. 1).

Although Marine Corps functions have traditionally been associated with

the fleet, the Marine Corps is not a part of the US Navy. It is, more precisely,

a separate military service within the Department of the Navy; and it continues

to be assigned missions not associated with naval campaigns. For example,

marines were used in Korea, South Vietnam, Grenada, and most recently in

Desert Shield/Storm. These and other types of missions may be assigned to

the corps at the direction of the president.

:Source: Amphibious Warfare Review 10, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1992): 20.

Figure 1. The Nassau (LHA-4) transports marines, fighting vehicles,

and aviation assets—thus providing the Marine Corps its expeditionary

capability.

Sample Figure

30
Appendix E

 Sample Captions List
Illustrations

Figure

1 57th Fighter Weapons Wing Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 2 A Change in US Military Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

3 National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of the Federal

 Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

4 National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of the Gross

 National Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

5 Traditional Wing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6 Objective Wing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

7 Composite Wing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

8 Future World: US Military Roles/Response . . . . . . . . . . . . 

9 E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

 In-Flight Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

10 Concept of Operations Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

11 Composite Wing and Air Logistics Center Locations . . . . . . . 

12 F-15E Strike Eagle Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

13 F-16C Fighting Falcon Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

14 E-3 Sentry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

15 B-52G Stratofortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

16 A-10 Thunderbolt II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

17 Flight of F-16C Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

18 AC-130 Gunship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

19 C-130 Hercules Loading Airborne Troops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

20 C-130 Aircraft Loading M1A2 Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

21 Removing an F-15 Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

22 Munitions Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

23 Air Force Materiel Command Logistics Airlift Command

 Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Tables

1 The Projected Force Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

2 366th Wing Maintenance Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

33
Appendix F

Citation of Sources
Proper Citations 

If you use the exact wording of your source, identify the passage by

enclosing it in quotation marks. Since these marks indicate that you are

quoting directly, you should take care to reproduce the passage word for

word—do not arbitrarily change a word or phrase or punctuation here and

there. However, there are some exceptions to this principle.

1. You may alter a quote for purposes of clarity, enclosing the alteration

in square brackets.

Source: This system will expand the current US field coverage.

Citation: “This system will expand the current US [intercontinental

ballistic missile (ICBM)] field coverage.” 1

2. You may change an initial letter (e.g., to cap or lowercase).

Source: The Soviets are increasing the number and variety of their

communications satellites.

Citation: Intelligence sources indicate that “the Soviets are increasing the

number and variety of their communications satellites.” 2

3. You may omit part of a quote, using three dots (ellipsis points) to mark

the omission. Use three dots to indicate an omission within a sentence.

Source: The nuclear-armed GALOSH ABM interceptor deployed around

Moscow has an inherent ASAT capability against low-altitude

satellites.

Citation: “The nuclear-armed GALOSH ABM interceptor . . . has an

inherent ASAT capability against low-altitude satellites.” 3

4. Use four dots (a period plus three ellipsis points) to indicate omissions

between sentences. For example, you may omit the last part of a sentence.

Source: The Soviets also have research programs under way on kinetic

energy weapons, which use the high-speed collision of a small

object with the target as the kill mechanism. These programs

have been highly successful.

Citation: “The Soviets also have research programs under way on kinetic

energy weapons. . . . These programs have been highly successful.”4

5. Or you may omit the first part of the next sentence (note that the

bracketed interpolation means that you don’t need ellipsis points).

37
Source: The Soviets continue to expand an already mature satellite

reconnaissance program. Several enhancements, such as

incorporation of a data-relay satellite system, could improve the

timeliness of their satellite reconnaissance data.

Citation: “The Soviets continue to expand an already mature satellite

reconnaissance program [and] improve the timeliness of their

satellite reconnaissance data.” 5

6. You may also omit an entire intervening sentence.

Source: The Soviets are increasing the number and variety of their

communications satellites. They have filed their intent with the

International Frequency Registration Board to place about 100

individual communication payloads in more than 25 positions in

the geostationary orbit belt. Some of the satellites are expected

to be used to relay data between two ground sites, including

ships, or between a satellite and ground site.

Citation: “The Soviets are increasing the number and variety of their

communications satellites. . . . Some of the satellites are expected

to be used to relay data between two ground sites, including ships,

or between a satellite and ground site.” 6

7. You may even omit an entire paragraph.

Source: Major organizational changes instituted in 1980 transferred control

of air defense aircraft, SAMs, and radars from national air

defense authorities to local military district commanders. This

change was probably implemented to provide battlefield

commanders with greater flexibility. Even after reorganizing,

the Soviets appeared to be dissatisfied with their air defense

structure. 

More recent shifts are apparently resubordinating surface-to-air

missiles and aircraft back to the national air defense forces. The

rationale may involve a desire for greater centralized control

over weapons rather than the flexibility of the local commander

in making certain decisions.

The Soviets have deployed a large number of strategic air

defense systems with capabilities against aircraft flying at

medium and high altitudes. They are now in the midst of a major

38
effort to improve their capabilities against aircraft and cruise

missiles that operate at low altitudes.

Citation: Major organizational changes instituted in 1980 transferred control

of air defense aircraft, SAMs, and radars from national air defense

authorities to local military district commanders. This change was

probably implemented to provide battlefield commanders with

greater flexibility. Even after reorganizing, the Soviets appeared to

be dissatisfied with their air defense structure. . . .

The Soviets have deployed a large number of strategic air defense

systems with capabilities against aircraft flying at medium and

high altitudes. They are now in the midst of a major effort to

improve their capabilities against aircraft and cruise missiles that

operate at low altitudes.7

8. A direct quotation is usually incorporated into the syntax of your own

writing. It may be set off by a comma.

During a private meeting in Washington with American Jewish

leaders, Prime Minister Meir emotionally commented, “For

generations to come, all will be told of the immense planes from the

United States bringing in the materiel that meant life to our

people.”8

9. It also may be set off by a colon.

Colonel Strobaugh described working conditions at Lod in an

article in the McGuire AFB, New Jersey, newspaper Airtides: “Our

men did a fantastic job. They worked 12 hours a day—84 hours a

week. Some worked more than that.” 9

10. Or it may be made part of a clause.

The GAO report also made the point that “to manage an airlift

efficiently, MAC should control the flow of aircraft.”10

11. A long direct quotation (10 lines or more) is usually made into a

block quotation. That is, it is set off from the rest of the text by extra

spacing and is indented from both margins. Furthermore, a block

quotation has no quotation marks and no indention for the paragraph (use

extra spacing to identify a new paragraph in the block quotation). A note

number marks the end of a block quotation (as is the case with all direct

39
quotations). Like the preceding examples, a block quotation may be set off

by a comma.

Describing the problems of command and control during Nickel

Grass in a 1984 interview, General Carlton said,

The concept of operating within an established

command and control structure was violated—the

Air Force didn’t set up a command post to handle our

activity; yet, we were working for the Air Force. We

found ourselves taking instruction primarily from

JCS/J-4, Logistics. Command and control, or rather

a lack of it, caused indecision.11

12. It also may be set off by a colon.

General Carlton described the problems of command and control

during Nickel Grass in a 1984 interview:

 The concept of operating within. . . . 12

13. Or it may be made part of a clause.

In a 1984 interview about the problems of command and control

during Nickel Grass, General Carlton said that

the concept of operating within. . . . 13

Improper Citations

Failure to identify the words and ideas of another writer constitutes

plagiarism. If you intentionally use someone else’s words and/or ideas as

your own (e.g., by omitting quotation marks and note numbers), you are

guilty of the worst kind of plagiarism.

Source: The most obvious benefit of programs emphasizing the art of

war rather than service-peculiar subjects is broader

understanding that will increase our ability to produce viable

joint doctrine, improve our ability to operate successfully in the

joint arena, and help to eliminate service parochialism. (Col

Dennis M. Drew, “Joint Operations: The World Looks Different

from 10,000 Feet,” Airpower Journal 2, no. 3 [Fall 1988]: 15.)

Citation without attribution (i.e., plagiarism): We need to establish

programs of study in military history. The most obvious

benefit of programs emphasizing the art of war rather than

service-peculiar subjects is broader understanding that will

40
increase our ability to produce viable joint doctrine,

improve our ability to operate successfully in the joint

arena, and help to eliminate service parochialism.

At the least, this practice is intellectually dishonest. At the worst—as

theft—it can have professional and legal repercussions for the plagiarist.

Other instances of this problem may be less blatant than the above

example—indeed, may be unintentional—but remain plagiarism nevertheless.

Rather than quoting source material directly—word for word—you may

paraphrase it (i.e., convey the sense of the passage in your own words).

Because a paraphrase is not a verbatim quote of another study, it requires no

quotation marks. However, the fact that a paraphrase conveys someone

else’s idea means that you must identify the source of that idea. To do a

proper job of paraphrasing, you must (1) express the other author’s idea in

your own words, (2) make clear where the paraphrase begins, and (3) make

clear where the paraphrase ends. Further, your paraphrase should not retain

the basic structure of the borrowed passage and merely change or rearrange

words or phrases here and there. It must be recast.

Source: Strategy [is] the art of distributing and applying military

means to fulfill the ends of policy. (B. H. Liddell Hart,

Strategy, rev. ed. [New York: Frederick Praeger, Inc.,

1954], 335.)

Unacceptable paraphrase: Strategy is the art of applying and

distributing military means to achieve the objectives of

policy.14

Acceptable paraphrase: B. H. Liddell Hart envisioned a country’s

military as an instrument for carrying out national policy.

The purpose of strategy, then, is deciding how to use the

military toward this end.15

The first attempt at paraphrasing Liddell Hart is unacceptable because it

retains the basic structure and most of the wording of the original. Because

there are no quotation marks, the reader assumes that this passage is a

paraphrase—recast in the author’s own words. But the author has deceived

the reader by essentially quoting directly. This is plagiarism, whether

intentional or not.

Even if the unacceptable passage had been redone in the author’s own

words, it still would have been flawed because the reader cannot tell where

the paraphrase begins. This problem becomes more serious when the

paraphrase consists of several sentences. If the reader cannot tell where the

41
author’s ideas end and the paraphrased ideas begin, he may mistakenly

attribute a borrowed idea to the author. Again, because the author has

deceived the reader—however unintentionally—this constitutes plagiarism.

The acceptable paraphrase, shown above, corrects these problems by

properly recasting the passage, identifying the beginning of the paraphrase

by mentioning the name of the original author, and marking the end of the

paraphrase with a note number.

42