COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Kelsey, Haley and Petty 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

DANILO ESTEBAN GUERARA-SANDOVAL 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗

 BY 

v. Record No. 0922-06-4 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR. 

 AUGUST 7, 2007 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY 

Lon E. Farris, Judge 

 (Robert P. Coleman; Stephens, Boatwright, Primeau, Cooper & 

Coleman, PC, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on 

brief. 

 Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Convicted among other charges of one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted 

felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2,1

 Danilo Esteban Guerara-Sandoval (“appellant”) 

maintains that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence certain exhibits documenting that 

predicate conviction. We affirm. 

STATEMENT OF FACTS

 At trial, the Commonwealth sought to establish appellant’s prior felony conviction by 

offering into evidence three documents: (1) a computer printout of the criminal record of a 

 ∗

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 Appellant was also convicted on counts of first-degree murder, Code § 18.2-32, and use 

of a firearm in the commission of a felony, Code § 18.2-53.1. Appellant was sentenced to a total 

active sentence of seventy years on the three charges. 
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“Danico Guevara” from the VCIN/NCIC database (Exhibit 23); (2) an order of conviction from 

the Superior Court of Hudson County, New Jersey (Exhibit 24); and (3) an “Accusation” from 

the same jurisdiction (Exhibit 25). Each will be described seriatim. 

The NCIC Printout (Exhibit 23)

Using the primary name “Guevara, Danico,” the relevant portion of the document 

indicated an arrest date of “10/14/1988” and a disposition date of “11/13/1989.” The case was 

tried in the “HUDSON CO SUPERIOR COURT,” the disposition was “GUILTY” and noted a 

“FELONY CONVICTION” for “COCAINE-POSSESS” under “NJ2C35-10A1.” The printout 

further refers to “INDICTMENT/ACCUSATION NO: A41-89.” The relevant entry also noted 

that the defendant received three years of probation, a six-month suspension of his driver’s 

license, credit for 27 days served in jail, and fines totaling $1,330. The document lists a number 

of aliases, including “Danilo Esteban G. Sandoval,” “Danilo E. Guerara Sandoval,” and “Danico 

E. Guevara.” Finally, the NCIC printout contains the following language referring to the 

criminal records of the State of New Jersey: “THIS RECORD IS CERTIFIED AS A TRUE 

COPY OF THE CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD INFORMATION ON FILE FOR THE 

ASSIGNED STATE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.” 

 The testimonial foundation for this exhibit came from Officer Kenneth Michael Woods, a 

23-year veteran of the Prince William County Police Department: 

Q: Officer Woods, let me just show you this printout and ask if 

you know what that is? 

A: That’s what we call a CCH or Computerized Criminal 

History. 

Q: How do you obtain that? 

A: They’re run through the VCIN Teletype Network through 

Virginia Crime Information Network. 

Q: Does it also access NCIC, the national network? 

A: Yes, sir. Once it checks through Virginia, it checks 

through NCIC. 
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Q: And are these reports generated in that fashion something 

relied on in a routine course of duties that the police do in 

the course of investigations? 

A: Yes, sir. 

Superior Court, Hudson County, New Jersey Order of Conviction (Exhibit 24)

This document was a copy of a judgment of conviction in the Superior Court of Hudson 

County, New Jersey for “Danico Guevara,” listing the charge as “Poss. CDS” under statute 

“2C:35-10a(1).” The document recites there was a “GUILTY PLEA” to “Indictment No. ACC. 

41-89.” The date of sentencing is listed as “November 13, 1989,” and the disposition was a term 

of probation of three years, a six-month suspension of the defendant’s driver’s license, restitution 

totaling $1,330, and credit for 27 days spent in custody. Thus, the jurisdiction and title of the 

court, the New Jersey statute, the accusation number, and the date and disposition of the charge 

all correspond to the NCIC printout. The order of conviction was stamped with a raised seal and 

with a certification reading, “I, Joseph F. Davis, Deputy Clerk of the Superior Court of New 

Jersey, County of Hudson, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct copy of the 

original on file in my office.” This stamp was followed by the clerk’s signature, his title, and the 

date of “12/07/05.” 

Accusation from Superior Court of Hudson County, New Jersey (Exhibit 25)

This exhibit was a document entitled “ACCUSATION” charging “Danico E. Guevara” 

with “possession of C.D.S. (Cocaine)” in violation of New Jersey statute “2C:35-10(a)(1).” The 

accusation is numbered “41-89” and was returned in the Superior Court of Hudson County, New 

Jersey on February 2, 1989. Thus, the accusation corresponds to both the NCIC printout and the 

order of conviction with respect to appellant’s name (with the exception of the middle initial), 

the jurisdiction and title of the court, the accusation number, the New Jersey statute, the 

description of the charge, and pre-dates the date of conviction. Included with the accusation is a 
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“Complaint” on which is noted that Danico Guevara is “a fugitive from justice from the State of 

Virginia.” Affixed to the document is the same certification referred to in Exhibit 24. 

Testifying in his own defense, appellant stated the following: 

Q. Sir, you are a convicted felon. You have been convicted of 

one or more felonies, haven’t you? 

A. Yes. 

Q. How many felonies have you been convicted of? 

A. I don’t know. I don’t know. It’s in my record. . . . You 

saw my record. 

Q. Do you understand my question? The question is: Do you 

know how many felonies you’ve been convicted of? 

A. One. 

Appellant also testified that he had a gun on the day in question but claimed that he “didn’t 

realize . . . that [he] was not supposed to carry a gun” as a convicted felon. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The “[d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of evidence lie within the trial court’s sound 

discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Michels v. 

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 461, 465, 624 S.E.2d 675, 678 (2006) (citation omitted). “[W]e do 

not review such decisions de novo.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 

S.E.2d 738, 743, adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005). Rather, 

upon review, it is “[o]nly when reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of 

discretion has occurred.” Tynes v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 17, 21, 635 S.E.2d 688, 689 

(2006) (citation omitted). 

ANALYSIS

I. 

 On brief, appellant sets forth as the “Statement of Questions Presented” the following: 

“The criminal history reports from New York and New Jersey offered by the Commonwealth to 

establish that appellant was a convicted felon contained numerous errors and lacked a proper 
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certificate of authenticity in violation of the ‘Best Evidence Rule’ as interpreted by Virginia case 

law.” 

 Initially we note that nowhere in the appendix designated by appellant, or elsewhere in 

the trial transcript, is the phrase “Best Evidence Rule,” or the evidentiary proposition that phrase 

describes, mentioned. Rule 5A:18 requires that “a specific argument must be made to the trial 

court at the appropriate time, or the allegation of error will not be considered on appeal.” 

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) (en banc). See 

also Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 750, 607 S.E.2d at 742 (“Not just any objection will do. It must be 

both specific and timely — so that the trial judge would know the particular point being made in 

time to do something about it.”).2 Accordingly we do not address any portion of the question 

presented based upon the “Best Evidence Rule.” 

 Rather, we address the objections appellant actually made at trial: 

My objection is twofold with respect to [Exhibits 24 and 25] 

standing alone. One, the defendant is identified as Danilo Guerara 

[sic]. That’s not – our defendant today is Danilo Esteban Guerera 

Sandoval, so I would submit that it’s not the same person and not, 

therefore, relevant. 

 Secondly, the documents, even construed together . . . don’t 

recite this is a felony conviction in New Jersey. 

* * * * * * * 

 And I would object to [Exhibit 23] on several grounds: 

One, it’s hearsay. Two, it’s not authenticated. Three, it is riddled 

with qualifications. 

 2

 We likewise do not address “criminal history report(s) from New York” mentioned in 

the question presented, since no such report was relied upon by the trial judge in finding a 

predicate conviction, and Exhibits 23, 24, and 25, here challenged on appeal, deal with a New 

Jersey conviction. 
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II. 

Exhibit 23

In Frye v. Commonwealth, 231 Va. 370, 345 S.E.2d 267 (1986), the Virginia Supreme 

Court addressed hearsay and NCIC records, which that Court analogized to “business records.” 

In certain cases, where verification of the recorded facts is not 

possible through the personal knowledge of the record 

keeper, practical necessity nevertheless requires admission of 

recorded evidence which has a circumstantial guarantee of 

trustworthiness; this guarantee is provided where evidence shows 

the regularity of the preparation of the records and reliance on 

them by their preparers or those for whom they are prepared. The 

NCIC printout, therefore, also comes within the exception. 

Id. at 387, 345 S.E.2d at 279-80 (citations omitted). 

The testimony of Officer Woods that Exhibit 23, the NCIC report, is one generated “in 

the routine course of duties” provides the foundation for its admission over a hearsay objection, 

in accordance with Frye. 

Appellant next argues that the NCIC printout was not “authenticated.” In Owens v. 

Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 309, 391 S.E.2d 605 (1990), we held that “[a]uthentication is 

merely the process of showing that the document is genuine and that it is what its proponent 

claims it to be.” Id. at 311, 391 S.E.2d at 607 (citing C. Friend, The Law of Evidence in Virginia 

§ 180 (3d ed. 1988)). To the extent that appellant means a formal “certification” by his use of 

the word “authentication,” and assuming but not deciding that such a certification is a necessary 

condition precedent to the admission of a NCIC record, we agree with the analysis of the trial 

court on the point: 

THE COURT: There does appear to be a certification 

which I think takes care of the 

authentication process. It says this record is 

certified as a true copy of criminal history 

record information on file for the assigned 

state identification number. 
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Appellant’s final argument is that Exhibit 23 is “riddled with qualifications.” Such an 

argument addresses the weight, not the admissibility, of the document. See Pelletier v. 

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 406, 422, 592 S.E.2d 382, 390 (2004) (“We do not evaluate the 

weight of evidence on appeal; that function resides with the trier of fact.”); Tarmac Mid-Atlantic 

v. Smiley Block Co., 250 Va. 161, 167, 458 S.E.2d 462, 466 (1995). 

We conclude Exhibit 23 was properly admitted into evidence. 

III. 

Exhibits 24 and 25

 The “Statement of Questions Presented” includes the assertion that the “criminal history 

reports from . . . New Jersey . . . lacked a proper certificate of authenticity . . . .” However, as 

with the claim of a violation of the “Best Evidence Rule,” that objection was never made to the 

trial court, as is demonstrated by the exchange between counsel and the trial court quoted above. 

Thus, any question of authenticity or certification of Exhibits 24 and 25 is likewise defaulted 

pursuant to Rule 5A:18. 

 However, a generous parsing of the “Statement of Questions Presented,” concentrating 

upon the words “numerous errors” therein, and in conjunction with counsel’s objection at trial, 

suffice pursuant to Rule 5A:12(c) and Rule 5A:18 to raise the question of their admissibility for 

our consideration. 

 Counsel objected to their admissibility on two grounds. First, that Exhibits 24 and 25 do 

not show that appellant is the same individual referred to in them and, accordingly, are not 

“relevant.” Second, even if they do refer to the appellant, they do not “recite this is a felony 

conviction in New Jersey.” 

 Responding to counsel’s two objections, the trial court concluded, “I think your argument 

. . . goes more to the weight to whether or not it is sufficient to convict.” We agree. 
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 All evidence “however remote or insignificant, that tends to establish the probability or 

improbability of a fact in issue, is factually relevant and admissible.” Epperly v. 

Commonwealth, 224 Va. 214, 230, 294 S.E.2d 882, 891 (1982). See also Walker v. 

Commonwealth, 258 Va. 54, 68, 515 S.E.2d 565, 573 (1999); Barnes v. Commonwealth, 33 

Va. App. 619, 626, 535 S.E.2d 706, 710 (2000). Meeting that standard, Exhibits 24 and 25 were 

admissible. 

IV. 

Rule 5A:12(c) “provides that only questions presented in the petition for appeal will be 

noticed by the Court of Appeals. Further, unlike Rule 5A:18, Rule 5A:12 contains no ‘good 

cause’ or ‘ends of justice exception.’” Selph v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 426, 434, 632 

S.E.2d 24, 28 (2006) (citations omitted). Appellant’s Statement of Questions Presented does not 

maintain that the evidence was insufficient for his conviction; rather, it maintains the evidence 

on which that conviction was based was improperly admitted. We have determined that Exhibits 

23, 24, and 25 were properly admitted. Therefore, we do not address whether that evidence was 

sufficient for conviction. 

Affirmed.
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Petty, J., concurring. 

I concur in the result reached by the majority, and I join in Parts I, II, and IV of the 

opinion. I write separately, however, because I believe that Rules 5A:18 and 5A:12 require us to 

decline to consider the issue discussed in Part III of the opinion. 

As the majority notes, Guerara-Sandoval’s question presented challenged the trial court’s 

decision to admit into evidence the New Jersey charging document and the order of conviction 

(Exhibits 24 and 25) because they “contained numerous errors and lacked a proper certificate of 

authenticity in violation of the ‘Best Evidence Rule’ as interpreted by Virginia case law.” 

However, as the majority also correctly points out, the only objections to the exhibits made to the 

trial court were (1) that the documents were not relevant because the name of the defendant was 

different from that of appellant; and (2) the documents did not recite that the offense was a 

felony. While the majority recognizes appellant failed to raise an objection in the trial court 

based on the best evidence rule, it agrees to address the “objections appellant actually made at 

trial.” 

Rule 5A:12(c) prevents this Court from considering matters not included in an appellant’s 

list of questions presented. I cannot agree that the phrase “contained numerous errors,” no 

matter how it is parsed, can be considered to encompass the relevancy objection made at trial. 

Having concluded that consideration of the question presented is barred under Rule 5A:18, I do 

not believe that we may then proceed to address objections made at trial but not included in the 

questions presented. Therefore, I would decline to consider the issues addressed in Part III and 

affirm the judgment of the trial court.