EPA/600/R-98/143 

November 1998 

Environmental Technology Verification

Report

Photoacoustic Spectrophotometer

Innova AirTech Instruments

Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor

by

Wayne Einfeld

Sandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-0755

IAG DW89936700-01-0

Project Officer

Stephen Billets

National Exposure Research Laboratory

Office of Research and Development

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Las Vegas, Nevada 89193
Notice 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), funded 

and managed, under Interagency Agreement No. DW89936700-01-0 with the U.S. Department of Energy=s Sandia 

National Laboratory, the verification effort described in this document. This report has received both technical peer 

and administrative policy reviews and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of 

corporate names, trade names, or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 

ii 
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Office of Research and Development

Washington, D.C. 20460

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION PROGRAM

VERIFICATION STATEMENT

TECHNOLOGY TYPE: PHOTOACOUSTIC INFRARED MONITOR

 APPLICATION: MEASUREMENT OF CHLORINATED VOLATILE ORGANIC 

COMPOUNDS IN WATER

 TECHNOLOGY NAME: Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor

 COMPANY Innova AirTech Instruments

 ADDRESS: Energivej 30 

2750 Ballerup, Denmark

 PHONE: (714) 974-5560 

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Environmental Technology Verification Program 

(ETV) to facilitate the deployment of innovative environmental technologies through verification of performance 

and dissemination of information. The goal of the ETV Program is to further environmental protection by 

substantially accelerating the acceptance and use of improved and cost-effective technologies. The ETV Program is 

intended to assist and inform those involved in the design, distribution, permitting, and purchase of environmental 

technologies. 

Under this program, in partnership with recognized testing organizations, and with the full participation of the 

technology developer, the EPA evaluates the performance of innovative technologies by developing demonstration 

plans, conducting field tests, collecting and analyzing the demonstration results, and preparing reports. The testing 

is conducted in accordance with rigorous quality assurance protocols to ensure that data of known and adequate 

quality are generated and that the results are defensible. The EPA’s National Exposure Research Laboratory, in 

cooperation with Sandia National Laboratories, the testing organization, evaluated field-portable systems for 

monitoring chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water. This verification statement provides a 

summary of the demonstration and results for the Innova AirTech Instruments Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. 

DEMONSTRATION DESCRIPTION 

The field demonstration of the Type 1312 photoacoustic infrared monitor was held in September 1997. The 

demonstration was designed to assess the instrument’s ability to detect and measure chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds in groundwater at two contaminated sites: the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site, near Aiken, 

South Carolina, and the McClellan Air Force Base, near Sacramento, California. Groundwater samples from each 

site were supplemented with performance evaluation (PE) samples of known composition. Both sample types were 

used to assess instrument accuracy, precision, sample throughput, and comparability to reference laboratory results. 

The primary target compounds at the Savannah River Site were trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. At the 

McClellan Air Force Base, the target compounds were trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-

EPA-VS-SCM-28 The accompanying notice is an integral part of this verification statement November 1998 

iii 
trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and trans-1,2-dichloropropene. These sites were chosen because they contain 

varied concentrations of chlorinated VOCs and exhibit different climatic and geological conditions. The conditions 

at these sites are typical, but not inclusive, of those conditions under which this technology would be expected to 

operate. A complete description of the demonstration, including a data summary and discussion of results, may be 

found in the report entitled Environmental Technology Verification Report, Photoacoustic Spectrophotometer, 

Innova AirTech Instruments, Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. (EPA/600/R-98/143). 

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION 

The Type 1312 utilizes photoacoustic spectroscopy for the detection of chlorinated VOCs in the headspace of a 

water sample. The vapors from the equilibrium headspace of a stirred water sample are circulated through the 

instrument’s measurement cell. When a gas in the cell is irradiated with electomagnetic energy at frequencies that 

correspond to resonant vibration frequencies of VOC compounds in the gas, a portion of the incident energy is 

absorbed, causing some of the molecules of the gas to be excited to a higher vibrational energy state. These 

molecules subsequently relax back to the lower-energy, vibrational state through a combination of radiative and 

kinetic processes. The kinetic energy decay process results in increased heat energy of the gas molecules and a 

corresponding temperature and pressure increase in the gas. The incident infrared source is modulated and the 

resulting pressure is also modulated. The varying pressure in the cell produces an acoustic wave that is detected with 

a high-sensitivity microphone. Compound specificity is achieved by using bandpass filters tuned to the energy 

absorption bands of target compounds, and quantification is done by measuring the intensity of the resulting 

acoustic signal. 

The Type 1312 is a commercially available measurement system that provides groundwater analysis capabilities in a 

field-portable package. The instrument weighs 30 pounds with accessories and is encapsulated in a weather-resistant 

case. Required accessories include a motorized stir plate, a 2-L flask, and assorted connecting tubing. The system 

can be easily transported and operated in the rear compartment of a minivan. Instrument detection limits for TCE 

and PCE in water are in the vicinity of 5 mg/L. Sample composition must be known since the measurement 

technique is susceptible to interference from unknown VOCs in the sample. Sample processing and analysis can be 

accomplished by a technician; however, method development and periodic instrument calibration require a higher 

level of operator experience and training. About 1 day of training is recommended for a technician to be able to 

perform routine sample processing. At the time of the demonstration, the baseline cost of the Type 1312 was 

$28,000. Maintenance costs are less than $100 per year. And with the exception of a disposable inlet air filter, the 

instrument uses no consumable items, such as carrier gases or calibration standards. 

VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE 

The following performance characteristics of the Type 1312 were observed: 

Sample Throughput: Throughput was approximately one to two water samples per hour. 

Completeness: The Type 1312 reported results for all but one of the 141 PE and groundwater samples provided for 

analysis at the two demonstration sites. One PE sample was dropped by the Innova team during preparation and 

handling. 

Analytical Versatility: The Type 1312 was calibrated for and reported results for TCE and PCE. The Type 1312 

reported results for 29 of 31 detects of TCE and PCE in groundwater samples from both sites that were reported by 

the reference laboratory. The instrument also reported results for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and cis-1,2­

dichloroethene under appropriate circumstances. The instrument can report results for up to five compounds from a 

single analysis; however, sample composition must be known to account for possible spectral interferences from all 

sample components. 

Precision: Instrument precision was determined by analysis of sets of four replicate samples from a variety of PE 

mixtures containing known concentrations of TCE and PCE. The range of relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 

TCE was 4 to 22%, and 5 to 46% for PCE. The distribution of RSD values for combined TCE and PCE 

EPA-VS-SCM-28 The accompanying notice is an integral part of this verification statement November 1998 

iv 
measurements from both sites had a median value of 15% and a 95th percentile value of 34%. By comparison, the 

compiled RSDs for TCE and PCE from the reference laboratory had a median value of 9% and a 95th percentile 

value of 18%. 

Accuracy: Instrument accuracy was evaluated by comparing Type 1312 results with the known concentrations of 

TCE and PCE in PE mixtures. The range of absolute percent differences (APD) for TCE was 4 to 48%, and 2 to 

48% for PCE. The distribution of APD values for combined TCE and PCE measurements at both sites had a 

median value of 29% and a 95th percentile value of 47%. By comparison, the compiled APDs for TCE and PCE 

from the reference laboratory had a median value of 10% and a 95th percentile value of 25%. 

Comparability: A comparison of Type 1312 and reference laboratory data was based upon 33 groundwater 

samples analyzed at each site. The correlation coefficient (r) for TCE and PCE detected by both the Type 1312 and 

the reference laboratory below the 300 mg/L concentration level was 0.984 at Savannah River and 0.892 at 

McClellan. The number of data pairs above the 300 mg/L concentration level was insufficient for a meaningful 

correlation analysis. The observed correlation coefficients reveal a linear relationship between the Type 1312 and 

laboratory data at both sites. The median absolute percent difference between mutually detected TCE and PCE by 

the Type 1312 and the reference laboratory was 29% with a 95th percentile value in excess of 2000%. 

Deployment: The system was ready to analyze samples within 30 minutes of arrival at the site. At both sites, the 

instrument was transported in a rental vehicle and was powered by line or generator ac power. During this 

demonstration, the system was set up and operated on a table. It can also be set up and operated in the rear luggage 

compartment of a minivan or station wagon. 

The results of the demonstration show that the Innova AirTech Instruments Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor can 

provide useful, cost-effective data for routine groundwater monitoring when the composition of the samples is 

known. Since the composition of the sample must be known to avoid spectral interference, the instrument is not 

well suited for site characterization applications where the VOC content of the samples is unknown. In the selection 

of a technology for deployment at a site, the user must determine what is appropriate through consideration of 

instrument performance and the project’s data quality objectives. 

Gary J. Foley, Ph. D. Samuel G. Varnado 

Director Director 

National Exposure Research Laboratory Energy and Critical Infrastructure Center 

Office of Research and Development Sandia National Laboratories 

NOTICE: EPA verifications are based on an evaluation of technology performance under specific, predetermined criteria 

and the appropriate quality assurance procedures. EPA makes no expressed or implied warranties as to the performance of 

the technology and does not certify that a technology will always, under circumstances other than those tested, operate at 

the levels verified. The end user is solely responsible for complying with any and all applicable federal, state and local 

requirements. 

EPA-VS-SCM-28 The accompanying notice is an integral part of this verification statement November 1998 

v 
Foreword 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the nation’s natural 

resources. The National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) is the EPA center for the investigation of technical 

and management approaches for identifying and quantifying risks to human health and the environment. The 

NERL research goals are to (1) develop and evaluate technologies for the characterization and monitoring of air, 

soil, and water; (2) support regulatory and policy decisions; and (3) provide the science support needed to ensure 

effective implementation of environmental regulations and strategies. 

The EPA created the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program to facilitate the deployment of 

innovative technologies through verification of performance and dissemination of information. The goal of the ETV 

Program is to further environmental protection by substantially accelerating the acceptance and use of improved 

and cost-effective technologies. It is intended to assist and inform those involved in the design, distribution, 

permitting, and purchase of environmental technologies. 

Candidate technologies for this program originate from the private sector and must be market ready. Through the 

ETV Program, developers are given the opportunity to conduct rigorous demonstrations of their technologies under 

realistic field conditions. By completing the evaluation and distributing the results, the EPA establishes a baseline 

for acceptance and use of these technologies. 

Gary J. Foley, Ph. D. 

Director 

National Exposure Research Laboratory 

Office of Research and Development 

vi 
Executive Summary 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through the Environmental Technology Verification Program, is 

working to accelerate the acceptance and use of innovative technologies that improve the way the United States 

manages its environmental problems. As part of this program, the Consortium for Site Characterization Technology 

was established as a pilot program to test and verify field monitoring and site characterization technologies. The 

Consortium is a partnership involving the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Defense, and the 

Department of Energy. In 1997 the Consortium conducted a demonstration of five systems designed for the analysis 

of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in groundwater. The developers participating in this demonstration were 

Electronic Sensor Technology, Perkin-Elmer Photovac, and Sentex Systems, Inc. (portable gas chromatographs); 

Inficon, Inc. (portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, GC/MS); and Innova AirTech Instruments 

(photoacoustic infrared analyzer). This report documents demonstration activities, presents demonstration data, and 

verifies the performance of the Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. Reports documenting the performance of the 

other technologies have been published separately. 

The demonstration was conducted at two geologically and climatologically different sites: the U.S. Department 

of Energy’s Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina, and McClellan Air Force Base, near Sacramento, California. Both sites have groundwater resources that are significantly contaminated with a variety of chlorinated 

volatile organic compounds. The demonstrations designed to evaluate the capabilities of each field-portable system 

were conducted in September 1997 and were coordinated by Sandia National Laboratories. 

The demonstration provided adequate analytical and operational data with which to evaluate the performance of 

the 1312 Multi-gas Monitor (hereafter, the Type 1312 or 1312). Instrument precision and accuracy were determined 

from analysis of replicate samples from 13 standard mixtures containing trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene, 

also known as perchloroethene (PCE). The relative standard deviations obtained from an analysis of replicate 

samples from each of the 13 two-component mixtures were used as measures of precision. The distribution of 

relative standard deviations for combined results from TCE and PCE had a median value of 15% and a 95th percentile 

value of 34%. Accuracy was expressed as the absolute percent difference between the 1312 measured value and the 

true value of the component in the standard mixtures. The distribution of absolute percent difference values for TCE 

and PCE in all mixtures had a median value of 29% and a 95th percentile value of 47%. A comparison of Type 1312 

and reference laboratory TCE and PCE results from 33 groundwater samples at each site resulted in a median 

absolute percent difference of 29% with a 95th percentile value in excess of 2000%. The Type 1312 reported results 

for 29 of 31 detects of either TCE or PCE reported by the reference laboratory in all groundwater samples from both 

sites. A correlation analysis of 1312 and laboratory TCE and PCE groundwater results revealed a relatively high 

degree of linear correlation for Savannah River data (r >0.98) and McClellan data (r > 0.89). 

The Type 1312 costs between $28,000 and $35,000, depending on options, and can be operated by a field 

technician with minimal training. Method development and analysis of multicomponent samples may require a 

higher level of operator training and knowledge in use of the instrument. The throughput rate was in the range of 

one to two samples per hour. Analytical results are available at the conclusion of a sample run. The results of the 

demonstration show that the 1312 can provide useful, cost-effective data for routine groundwater monitoring in 

circumstances where the sample composition is known. As with any technology selection, the user must determine 

what is appropriate for the application by taking into account instrument performance and the project’s data quality 

objectives. 

vii 
viii
Contents 

Notice .................................................................................................................................................................. ii

Verification Statement ......................................................................................................................................... iii

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ vi

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... vii

Figures.............................................................................................................................................................. xiii

Tables............................................................................................................................................................... xiv

Acronyms and Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................. xv

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................ xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1

Site Characterization Technology Challenge....................................................................................... 1

Technology Verification Process ........................................................................................................ 2

Identification of Needs and Selection of Technology..................................................................... 2

Planning and Implementation of Demonstration............................................................................ 2

Preparation of Report .................................................................................................................. 3

Distribution of Information.......................................................................................................... 3

The Wellhead VOC Monitoring Demonstration .................................................................................. 3

Chapter 2 Technology Description........................................................................................................................ 5

Technology Overview........................................................................................................................ 5

Principle of Operation........................................................................................................................ 5

History of the Technology.................................................................................................................. 6

Advantages........................................................................................................................................ 7

Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Improvements.................................................................................................................................... 8

Applications ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Performance Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 8

Method Detection Limits and Practical Quantitation Limit ........................................................... 8

Accuracy..................................................................................................................................... 9

ix 
Precision ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Instrument Working Range.......................................................................................................... 9

Comparison with Reference Laboratory Analyses ........................................................................ 9

Data Completeness.................................................................................................................... 10

Specificity................................................................................................................................. 10

Other Field Performance Characteristics .......................................................................................... 10

Instrument Setup and Disassembly Time.................................................................................... 10

Instrument Calibration Frequency During Field Use................................................................... 10

Ancillary Equipment and Field Maintenance Requirements......................................................... 10

Sample Throughput Rate........................................................................................................... 10

Operator Training Requirements and Ease of Operation ............................................................. 10

Chapter 3 Demonstration Design and Description ............................................................................................... 11

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 11

Overview of Demonstration Design.................................................................................................. 11

Quantitative Factors .................................................................................................................. 11

Qualitative Factors.................................................................................................................... 12

Site Selection and Description.......................................................................................................... 13

Savannah River Site .................................................................................................................. 13

McClellan Air Force Base ......................................................................................................... 15

Sample Set Descriptions .................................................................................................................. 17

PE Samples and Preparation Methods........................................................................................ 20

Groundwater Samples and Collection Methods .......................................................................... 22

Sample Handling and Distribution.................................................................................................... 23

Field Demonstration Schedule and Operations.................................................................................. 23

Site Operations and Environmental Conditions ................................................................................. 23

Field Audits..................................................................................................................................... 24

Data Collection and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 25

Demonstration Plan Deviations ........................................................................................................ 25

Chapter 4 Laboratory Data Results and Evaluation............................................................................................. 27

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 27

Reference Laboratory ...................................................................................................................... 27

x 
Laboratory Selection Criteria........................................................................................................... 27

Summary of Analytical Work by DataChem Laboratories ................................................................ 28

Summary of Method 8260A............................................................................................................. 28

Method 8260A Quality Control Requirements.................................................................................. 28

Summary of Laboratory QC Performance ........................................................................................ 28

Target Compound List and Method Detection Limits ................................................................. 29

Sample Holding Conditions and Times....................................................................................... 29

System Calibration.................................................................................................................... 29

Daily Instrument Performance Checks ....................................................................................... 31

Batch-Specific Instrument QC Checks ....................................................................................... 31

Sample-Specific QC Checks...................................................................................................... 31

Summary of Analytical and QC Deviations................................................................................ 33

Other Data Quality Indicators.......................................................................................................... 33

PE Sample Precision ................................................................................................................. 34

PE Sample Accuracy................................................................................................................. 34

Groundwater Sample Precision.................................................................................................. 39

Summary of Reference Laboratory Data Quality.............................................................................. 40

Chapter 5 Demonstration Results........................................................................................................................ 41

Type 1312 Calibrated and Reported Compounds.............................................................................. 41

Preanalysis Sample Information....................................................................................................... 41

Sample Completion.......................................................................................................................... 41

Blank Sample Results...................................................................................................................... 42

Performance at Instrument Detection Limit ...................................................................................... 42

PE Sample Precision........................................................................................................................ 42

PE Sample Accuracy ....................................................................................................................... 44

Comparison with Laboratory Results ............................................................................................... 46

Sample Throughput ......................................................................................................................... 49

Performance Summary .................................................................................................................... 49

Chapter 6 Field Observations and Cost Summary ............................................................................................... 51

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 51

xi 
Method Summary...................................................................................................................... 51

Equipment................................................................................................................................. 51

Sample Preparation and Handling.............................................................................................. 51

Consumables............................................................................................................................. 52

Historical Use ........................................................................................................................... 52

Equipment Cost......................................................................................................................... 52

Operators and Training.............................................................................................................. 53

Data Processing and Output ...................................................................................................... 53

Compounds Detected................................................................................................................. 53

Initial and Daily Calibration ...................................................................................................... 53

QC Procedures and Corrective Actions ...................................................................................... 54

Sample Throughput................................................................................................................... 54

Problems Observed During Audit .............................................................................................. 54

Data Availability and Changes................................................................................................... 54

Applications Assessment.................................................................................................................. 54

Chapter 7 Technology Update............................................................................................................................. 55

Chapter 8 Previous Deployments ........................................................................................................................ 56

References.......................................................................................................................................................... 57

xii 
Figures 

2-1. A diagram of the Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor configured for headspace monitoring.................... 6

3-1. The general location of the Savannah River Site in the southeast United States........................................ 13

3-2. A map of the A/M area at the Savannah River Site showing the subsurface TCE plume. ......................... 14

3-3. A map of Sacramento and vicinity showing the location of McClellan Air Force Base............................. 16

3-4. Subsurface TCE plumes at McClellan Air Force Base in the shallowest (A) aquifer layer ....................... 18

4-1. Laboratory control standard recovery values for SRS analyses. .............................................................. 32

4-2. Laboratory control standard recovery values for MAFB analyses............................................................ 32

4-3. Laboratory precision on SRS PE samples containing mix 1 .................................................................... 35

4-4. Laboratory precision on SRS PE samples containing mix 2 .................................................................... 35

4-5. Laboratory precision on MAFB PE samples containing mix 2................................................................. 36

4-6. Laboratory precision on MAFB PE samples containing mix 3................................................................. 36

4-7. Laboratory mean recoveries for SRS PE samples containing mix 1 ......................................................... 37

4-8. Laboratory mean recoveries for SRS PE samples containing mix 2 ......................................................... 37

4-9. Laboratory mean recoveries for MAFB PE samples containing mix 2 ..................................................... 38

4-10. Laboratory mean recoveries for MAFB PE samples containing mix 3 ..................................................... 38

5-1. Type 1312 PE sample precision at the SRS. ........................................................................................... 43

5-2. Type 1312 PE sample precision at MAFB.............................................................................................. 43

5-3. Type 1312 PE sample recovery at the SRS............................................................................................. 45

5-4. Type 1312 PE sample recovery at MAFB. ............................................................................................. 45

5-5. Type 1312 groundwater results at the SRS relative to laboratory results. ................................................ 48

5-6. Type 1312 groundwater results at MAFB relative to laboratory results................................................... 48

6-1. The Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor.............................................................................................. 52

xiii 
Tables 

2-1. MDL and PQL in Air and Water Samples for the Type 1302 Multi-gas Monitor....................................... 9

2-2. Working Range of the Innova Type 1312 Photoacoustic Monitor in Water................................................ 9

3-1. Quarterly Monitoring Results for SRS Wells Sampled in the Demonstration ........................................... 15

3-2. Groundwater Contaminants at MAFB .................................................................................................... 19

3-3. Quarterly Monitoring Results for MAFB Wells Sampled in the Demonstration ....................................... 19

3-4. Composition of PE Source Materials...................................................................................................... 21

3-5. PE Sample Composition and Count for SRS Demonstration ................................................................... 21

3-6. PE Sample Composition and Count for MAFB Demonstration ............................................................... 22

3-7. Weather Summary for SRS and MAFB During Demonstration Periods .................................................. 24

3-8. Innova PE Sample Composition and Count for SRS Demonstration........................................................ 26

3-9. Innova PE Sample Composition and Count for MAFB Demonstration .................................................... 26

4-1. Method 8260A Quality Control Summary .............................................................................................. 29

4-2. Reference Laboratory Method Detection Limits for Target Compounds .................................................. 30

4-3. Summary of Reference Laboratory Quality Control and Analytical Deviations........................................ 33

4-4. Sources of Uncertainty in PE Sample Preparation................................................................................... 34

4-5. Summary of SRS Groundwater Analysis Precision................................................................................. 39

4-6. Summary of MAFB Groundwater Analysis Precision ............................................................................. 39

5-1. Type 1312 Calibrated and Reported Compounds .................................................................................... 41

5-2. False Positive Rates from Blank Sample Analysis................................................................................... 42

5-3. False Negative Rates from Very Low Level PE Sample Analysis............................................................ 42

5-4. Precision for TCE and PCE at Both Sites............................................................................................... 42

5-5. Summary of PE Sample Precision and Percent Difference Statistics for the SRS and MAFB................... 44

5-6. Target PE Compound Recovery at Both Sites......................................................................................... 44

5-7. Type 1312 and Reference Laboratory Results for SRS Groundwater Samples......................................... 46

5-8. Type 1312 and Reference Laboratory Results for MAFB Groundwater Samples..................................... 47

5-9. Type 1312 Absolute Percent Difference Summary for Pooled Groundwater Results ................................ 49

5-10. Correlation Coefficients for Reference Laboratory and Type 1312 Groundwater Analyses ...................... 49

5-11. Type 1312 Performance Summary ......................................................................................................... 50

6-1. Type 1312 Cost Summary ..................................................................................................................... 53

xiv 
Acronyms and Abbreviations 

ac alternating current 

APD absolute percent difference 

BNZN benzene 

�C degrees centigrade 

CCC calibration check compounds 

CCL4 carbon tetrachloride 

CLFRM chloroform 

cm -1 one per centimeter (wave number) 

cm3 cubic centimeters 

dc direct current 

11DCA 1,1-dichloroethane 

12DCA 1,2-dichloroethane 

DCE dichloroethene 

11DCE 1,1-dichloroethene 

c12DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene 

t12DCE trans-1,2-dichloroethene 

DCL DataChem Laboratories 

DOE Department of Energy 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

ETV Environmental Technology Verification Program 

�F degrees Farenheit 

FTIR Fourier-transform infrared 

eV electron-volt 

GC gas chromatograph 

GW groundwater 

GC/MS gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer 

L liter 

m meter 

mg milligram 

mg/L milligrams per liter 

mL milliliter 

mm millimeter 

MAFB McClellan Air Force Base 

MCL maximum concentration level 

MDL method detection limit 

MS mass spectroscopy 

NERL National Exposure Research Laboratory 

NR not reported 

xv 
PC personal computer 

PCE tetrachloroethene (perchloroethene) 

PE performance evaluation 

ppb parts per billion 

ppbv parts per billion volume 

ppm parts per million 

ppmv parts per million volume 

PQL practical quantitation limit 

PVC poly (vinyl chloride) 

QA quality assurance 

QC quality control 

r correlation coefficient 

RPD relative percent difference 

RSD relative standard deviation 

SPCC system performance check compounds 

SRS Savannah River Site 

TCA trichloroethane 

111TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane 

TCE trichloroethene 

V volts 

V-A volts-ampere 

V ac volts alternating current 

V dc volts direct current 

VOA volatile organics analysis 

VOC volatile organic compound 

mg microgram 

mg/L micrograms per liter 

mL microliter 

xvi 
Acknowledgments 

The author wishes to acknowledge the support of all those who helped to plan and conduct the demonstrations, 

analyze the data, and prepare this report. In particular, the technical expertise of Gary Brown, Robert Helgesen, 

Michael Hightower, and Dr. Brian Rutherford of Sandia National Laboratories in the planning and conduct of the 

study are recognized. The assistance of Dr. Timothy Jarosch and Joseph Rossabi of Westinghouse Savannah River 

Co. in planning the demonstration and field activities at both Savannah River and McClellan is also recognized. 

The willingness of Phillip Mook and Timothy Chapman of the Environmental Directorate at McClellan Air Force 

Base to host the McClellan phase of the study is also greatly appreciated. The availability of funding from the 

Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program helped to make the 

McClellan phase of the study possible. The guidance and contributions of project technical leaders Dr. Stephen 

Billets and Eric Koglin of the EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division in 

Las Vegas, Nevada, during all phases of the project are also recognized. 

The participation of personnel from Innova AirTech Instruments in this technology demonstration is also 

acknowledged. Michael Vecht served as the primary point of contact at Innova. IngeLise Olsen and Charlotte 

Kaarsberg operated the instruments during the demonstrations. 

For more information on the wellhead monitoring demonstration, contact: 

Stephen Billets, Project Technical Leader, Environmental Protection Agency

National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division

P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89193-3478 

(702) 798-2232 

For more information on the Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor, contact: 

Michael Vecht, Director of Marketing, Innova AirTech Instruments

Energivej 30, 2750 Ballerup

Denmark

International: 45 4420 01 00

Hal Peper, California Analytical Instruments Inc.

1238 West Grove Avenue, Orange, CA 92665

(714) 974-5560 

xvii 
xviii
Chapter 1 

Introduction

Site Characterization Technology Challenge 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) 

Program to facilitate the deployment of innovative environmental technologies through verification of performance 

and dissemination of information. The goal of the ETV Program is to further environmental protection by 

substantially accelerating the acceptance and use of improved and cost-effective technologies. It is intended to 

assist and inform those involved in the design, distribution, permitting, purchase, and use of environmental 

technologies. The ETV Program capitalizes on and applies the lessons that were learned in the implementation of 

the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program to twelve pilot programs: Drinking Water Systems, 

Pollution Prevention for Waste Treatment, Pollution Prevention for Innovative Coatings and Coatings Equipment, 

Indoor Air Products, Advanced Monitoring Systems, EvTEC (an independent, private-sector approach), Wet 

Weather Flows Technologies, Pollution Prevention for Metal Finishing, Source Water Protection Technologies, Site 

Characterization and Monitoring Technology, Climate Change Technologies, and Air Pollution Control. 

For each pilot, the EPA utilizes the expertise of partner “verification organizations” to design efficient procedures 

for performance tests of the technologies. The EPA selects its partners from both public and private sectors, 

including federal laboratories, states, and private sector entities. Verification organizations oversee and report 

activities based on testing and quality assurance protocols developed with input from all major stakeholder and 

customer groups associated with the technology area. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Sandia National 

Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, served as the verification organization for the demonstration described 

in this report. 

The performance verification reported here is based on data collected during a demonstration of technologies for the 

characterization and monitoring of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater. Rapid, 

reliable, and cost-effective field screening and analysis technologies are needed to assist in the complex task of 

characterizing and monitoring hazardous and chemical waste sites. Environmental regulators and site managers are 

often reluctant to use new technologies that have not been validated in an objective EPA-sanctioned testing program 

or other similar process. Until the field performance of a technology can be verified through objective evaluations, 

users will remain skeptical of innovative technologies, despite the promise of better, less expensive, and faster 

environmental analyses. This demonstration was administered by the Site Characterization and Monitoring 

Technology Pilot Program, which is also known as the Consortium for Site Characterization Technology. The 

mission of the Consortium is to identify, demonstrate, and verify the performance of innovative site characterization 

and monitoring technologies. The Consortium also disseminates information about technology performance to 

developers, environmental remediation site managers, consulting engineers, and regulators. 

1
Technology Verification Process 

The technology verification process consists of the four key steps shown here and discussed in more detail in the 

following paragraphs: 

1. identification of needs and selection of technology; 

2. planning and implementation of demonstration; 

3. preparation of report; and 

4. distribution of information. 

Identification of Needs and Selection of Technology 

The first aspect of the verification process is to determine the technology needs of the EPA and the regulated 

community. The EPA, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Defense, industry, and state 

agencies are asked to identify technology needs for site characterization and monitoring. Once a need is recognized, 

a search is conducted to identify suitable technologies that will address this need. This search and identification 

process consists of reviewing responses to Commerce Business Daily announcements, searching industry and trade 

publications, attending related conferences, and following up on suggestions from technology developers and 

experts in the field. Candidate characterization and monitoring technologies are evaluated against the following 

criteria: 

• may be used in the field or in a mobile laboratory; 

• has a regulatory application; 

• is applicable to a variety of environmentally affected sites; 

• has a high potential for resolving problems for which current methods are unsatisfactory; 

• has costs that are competitive with current methods; 

• has performance as good or better than current methods in areas such as data quality, sample preparation, and/or 

analytical turnaround time; 

• uses techniques that are easier and safer than current methods; and 

• is a commercially available, field-ready technology. 

Planning and Implementation of Demonstration 

After a technology has been selected, the EPA, the verification organization, and the developer(s) agree on a 

strategy for conducting the demonstration and evaluating the technology. A conceptual plan for designing a 

demonstration for a site characterization technology has been published by the Site Characterization and 

Monitoring Technology Pilot Program (EPA, 1996a). During the planning process, the following steps are carried 

out: 

• identification of at least two demonstration sites that will provide the appropriate physical or chemical attributes 

in the desired environmental media; 

• identification and definition of the roles of demonstration participants, observers, and reviewers; 

• determination of logistical and support requirements (for example, field equipment, power and water sources, 

mobile laboratory, communications network); 

• arranging for field sampling and reference analytical laboratory support; and 

2
• preparation and implementation of a demonstration plan that addresses the experimental design, sampling design, 

quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), health and safety considerations, scheduling of field and 

laboratory operations, data analysis procedures, and reporting requirements. 

Preparation of Report 

Each of the innovative technologies is evaluated independently and, when possible, against a reference technology. 

The technologies are operated in the field by the developers in the presence of independent observers who are 

provided by the EPA or the verification organization. Demonstration data are used to evaluate the capabilities, 

limitations, and field applications of each technology. Following the demonstration, all raw and reduced data used 

to evaluate each technology are compiled in a technology evaluation report, which is a record of the demonstration. 

A data summary and detailed evaluation of each technology are published in an environmental technology 

verification report. The report includes a verification statement, which is a concise summary of the instrument’s 

performance during the demonstration. 

Distribution of Information 

The goal of the information distribution strategy is to ensure that environmental technology verification reports and 

accompanying verification statements are readily available to interested parties through traditional data distribution 

pathways, such as printed documents. Related documents and updates are also available on the World Wide Web 

through the ETV Web site (http://www.epa.gov/etv) and through a Web site supported by the EPA Office of Solid 

Waste and Emergency Response Technology Innovation Office (http://clu-in.com). Additional information at the 

ETV Web site includes a summary of the demonstration plan, test protocols (where applicable), demonstration 

schedule and participants, and in some cases a brief narrative and pictorial summary of the demonstrations. 

The Wellhead VOC Monitoring Demonstration 

In August 1996, the selection of a technology for monitoring chlorinated VOCs in water was initiated by 

publication in the Commerce Business Daily of a solicitation and notice of intent to conduct such a technology 

demonstration. Potential participants were also solicited through manufacturer and technical literature references. 

The original demonstration scope was limited to market-ready in situ technologies; however, only a limited response 

was obtained, so the demonstration scope was expanded to include technologies that could be used to measure 

groundwater (GW) at or near the wellhead. The final selection of technologies was based on the readiness of the 

technologies for field demonstration and their applicability to the measurement of chlorinated VOCs in groundwater 

at environmentally affected sites. 

For this demonstration, five instrument systems were selected. Three of them were field-portable gas 

chromatographs with various detection systems: one with a surface acoustic wave detector from Electronic Sensor 

Technology, one with dual electron capture and photoionization detectors from Perkin-Elmer Photovac, and one 

with an argon ion/electron capture detector from Sentex Systems. The fourth instrument was a field-portable gas 

chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) from Inficon, and the fifth was a photoacoustic infrared spectrometer 

from Innova AirTech Instruments. This report documents demonstration activities, presents demonstration data, 

and verifies the performance of the photoacoustic infrared spectrometer from Innova AirTech Instruments. Reports 

documenting the performance of the other four technologies have been published separately. 

The demonstration was conducted in September 1997 at the DOE Savannah River Site (SRS) near Aiken, Georgia, 

and at McClellan Air Force Base (MAFB), near Sacramento, California. Both sites have subsurface plumes of 

3
chlorinated VOCs and extensive networks of groundwater monitoring wells. The demonstrations were coordinated 

by Sandia National Laboratories with the assistance of personnel from the Savannah River Site. 

The primary objective of this demonstration was to evaluate and verify the performance of field-portable 

characterization and monitoring technologies for analysis of chlorinated VOCs in groundwater. Specific 

demonstration objectives were to: 

• verify instrument performance characteristics that can be directly quantified (such factors include response to 

blank samples, measurement accuracy and precision, sample throughput, and data completeness); 

• verify instrument characteristics and performance in various qualitative categories such as ease of operation, 

required logistical support, operator training requirements, transportability, versatility, and other related 

characteristics; and 

• compare instrument performance with results from standard laboratory analytical techniques currently used to 

analyze groundwater for chlorinated VOCs. 

The goal of this and other ETV demonstrations is to verify the performance of each instrument as a separate entity. 

Technologies are not compared with each other in this program. The demonstration results are summarized for 

each technology independent of other participating technologies. In this demonstration, the capabilities of the five 

instruments varied and in many cases were not directly comparable. Some of the instruments are best suited for 

routine monitoring where compounds of concern are known and there is a maximum contaminant concentration 

requirement for routine monitoring to determine regulatory compliance. Other instruments are best suited for 

characterization or field-screening activities where groundwater samples of unknown composition can be analyzed 

in the field to develop an improved understanding of the type of contamination at a particular site. This field 

demonstration was designed so that both monitoring and characterization technologies could be verified. 

4
Chapter 2 

Technology Description

This chapter was provided by the developer and was edited for format and relevance. The data presented include 

performance claims that may not have been verified as part of the demonstration. Chapters 5 and 6 report 

instrument features and performance observed in this demonstration. Publication of this material does not 

represent EPA approval or endorsement. 

Technology Overview 

The Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor (hereafter referred to as the Type 1312 or the 1312) is a field-portable, 

photoacoustic spectrophotometer designed for monitoring volatile organic compounds in the vapor phase. A 

headspace sampling accessory extends the measurement capabilities of the instrument to water matrices as well. 

The instrument’s measurement technique utilizes a photoacoustic effect, which is based on the conversion of light 

energy into sound energy by a gas, liquid, or soil. This effect was discovered and investigated by Alexander 

Graham Bell in the late 1800s, but was little more than a curiosity until the 1970s, when interest in the technique 

was renewed following the development of lasers and very sensitive detection techniques. Since that time, 

instruments employing photoacoustic principles have been used to monitor a wide variety of chemicals in stack and 

vent emissions, ambient air, and in the troposphere. 

Principle of Operation 

When a gas is irradiated with electromagnetic energy at a frequency that corresponds to a resonant vibration 

frequency of the gas, some of the energy will be absorbed by the gas. The absorption causes some of the molecules 

of the gas to be excited to a higher vibrational energy state. These molecules subsequently relax back to the initial 

vibrational state through a combination of radiative and nonradiative processes. For vibrational excitation, the 

primary relaxation process is a nonradiative, vibrational-to-translational energy transfer. An increase in the 

translational energy of the gas molecules corresponds to a temperature and pressure increase in the gas. The 

irradiating source is modulated, and the temperature and pressure response of the gas is also modulated. The 

modulated pressure will result in an acoustic wave, which can be detected with a sound measuring device, such as a 

microphone. The amplitude of the acoustic wave depends upon such factors as the geometry of the gas cell, the 

incident light intensity, the absorbing gas concentration, the absorption coefficient, and the background gas. For a 

nonresonant spherical gas cell under steady-state conditions, the amplitude of the acoustic wave can be determined 

from the following equation: 

P = K[(Cp / Cv )-1] I0c(1/ f ) 

In the above, P is the sound pressure—the measured parameter, I0 is the incident light intensity, c is the absorbing 

gas concentration, f is the modulation frequency, Cp and Cv are heat capacities, and K is a cell- and gas-dependent 

constant. 

5
The monitor, shown in Figure 2-1, is known as the Innova (formerly Brüel & Kjaer) Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. 

The instrument uses a heated nichrome wire as its infrared radiation source. The light from the source is focused 

by an ellipsoidal mirror, modulated with a mechanical chopper, and passed through an optical filter before entering 

the photoacoustic gas cell. The acoustic signal is detected with a pair of condenser microphones. The electrical 

signals from the microphones are amplified by preamplifiers mounted directly on the back side of the microphones 

and added in a summation amplifier before being sent to an analog-to-digital converter for further processing. The 

digitized signal is then converted to a concentration reading using a calibration factor that is stored in the 

instrument. 

The 1312 measures 6.9 · 15.6 · 11.8 inches and weighs 20 pounds. Its power consumption is 100 V-A and power 

can be supplied by either a 110-V ac or a 12-V dc source. The cost of the system depends on the intended use and 

expected sample matrix, but will fall in the range of $28,000 to $35,000. 

The 1312 is a newer version of the Type 1302 that was previously tested at the Savannah River Site for the 

measurement of chlorinated VOC compounds in air. The Type 1312 has a signal-to-noise ratio that is improved 

over the 1302, resulting in lower detection limits. The 1312 can also work with lower sample volumes, making it 

more suitable for headspace monitoring applications. During this demonstration, the instrument was connected to a 

stirred recirculation flask, as shown in Figure 2-1, for improved response time. 

Figure 2-1. A diagram of the Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor 

configured for headspace monitoring. 

History of the Technology 

Both optical filter and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) photoacoustic instruments have been used and evaluated 

for monitoring chlorinated volatile organic compounds in the air at soil remediation sites and from gas wells and 

boreholes at contaminated sites. They have also been used to analyze chlorinated VOCs purged from soil and water 

samples. 

6
One application of chlorinated VOC monitoring with the 1312 is the analysis of perchloroethene (tetrachloroethene) 

(PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) mixtures. The ability of the instrument to monitor the compounds 

simultaneously has been evaluated in the laboratory and in the field at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. 

TCE and PCE are monitored using the 861 cm-1 and 900 cm-1 spectral regions, respectively. The optical bandpass 

of the filters used for these regions is approximately 60 cm-1

. Since some interfering absorbance from each 

compound is encountered in these spectral regions, a matrix method is used to determine each concentration. In this 

method, the matrix equation KC = S is solved for C, where S is a column vector containing the measured signals for 

each optical region, K is a matrix containing the response factors for each gas in each of the different spectral 

regions, and C is a column vector containing the concentrations of each chemical. 

Laboratory work has shown a linear photoacoustic sensor response for both PCE and TCE up to approximately 

700 parts per million volume (ppmv) with a detection limit of approximately 0.07 ppmv for each. Above 700 

ppmv, the response becomes nonlinear. Measurements on mixtures of TCE and PCE indicate that accurate results 

can be obtained using the above matrix method. 

The 1312 has previously been evaluated for field use in several different test scenarios at the Savannah River Site. 

In one scenario, the instrument was used to monitor the concentration of PCE and TCE in the gas from a horizontal 

extraction well. Measurement results were compared with the results from a gas chromatograph (HP Model 5890). 

In general, the two instruments agreed to within 20% for both gases. The average relative percent difference 

(RPD)1

 for the 1312 compared with the GC was 10.0% (at concentrations less than 250 ppmv) and 11.4% (at 

concentrations greater than 250 ppmv) for PCE, with accuracy values of 9.8% and 7.4%, respectively, for TCE. 

The precision (or stability) of the instrument was also evaluated over a 30-day interval by periodically measuring 

100 ppmv standards. The relative standard deviation (RSD)2

 for five measurements over this time period was 

0.9% for PCE and 1.2% for TCE. 

The instrument has also been used to monitor gas from vadose-zone wells, from off-gas treatment systems, and to 

determine depth-discrete, soil-vapor concentrations of TCE and PCE with a cone penetrometer. A Fouriertransform infrared photoacoustic instrument from Innova has also proven successful for laboratory-based purgeand-trap analysis of PCE, TCE, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform in water at Ames Laboratory, Iowa State 

University. These investigations revealed detection limits for these compounds in the very low parts per billion 

(ppb) range. Photoacoustic spectroscopy monitors from Innova have also been successfully used in indoor air 

quality measurements (several units have been sold to the U.S. EPA), industrial hygiene applications, fermentation 

emissions monitoring, and many more applications. 

Advantages 

Some of the advantages and characteristics of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy as it pertains to monitoring trace 

gases are as follows: 

• High sensitivities can be obtained. Instruments using conventional infrared light sources, such as heated 

nichrome wires, have demonstrated detection limits in the low parts per billion volume to parts per million volume 

range for single gases. 

1 The relative percent difference between two samples is the absolute value of their difference divided by their mean and 

multiplied by 100. 2 The relative standard deviation is the sample standard deviation divided by the mean value and multiplied by 100. 

7
• Photoacoustic instruments are very stable, primarily as a result of the stability of the microphones. Microphones 

are some of the most stable transducers known, with output drifts of <10% over hundreds of years. 

• A dynamic range of up to six orders of magnitude relative to the detection limit for a particular gas can be 

achieved. Thus, very low as well as high contaminant concentrations can be measured with a single instrument. 

• Cell volume is very small (3 cm3), thus reducing the amount of sample and calibration gas needed. The small cell 

volume also results in a compact instrument. 

• Simple instrument and optical setups can be used. In particular, multipass gas cells are not needed, thus

eliminating the problems of maintaining optical alignment through this type of cell.

• Photoacoustic systems measure the absorbance directly instead of indirectly as in transmission-type instruments. 

Consequently, a good baseline stability results. 

• No consumables are needed, keeping operational costs low. 

• The instrument will function in temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 �C. 

Limitations 

The main limitation of the technology is the fact that most organic gases absorb energy over a wide range of the 

infrared spectrum, making the measurement susceptible to interferences. The 1312 has a unique crosscompensation algorithm that allows it to compensate for known interferences. Potential interferences include all 

compounds that are active in the midinfrared region. In a sample matrix with unknown interferences, measurement 

results could be erroneous. The technology cannot wholly replace laboratory testing, but it can significantly reduce 

the amount of testing needed. 

Improvements 

Innova is investigating the use of various semipermeable silicone tubing configurations that will potentially permit 

measurements to be made directly in the liquid sample, thus eliminating the need to do headspace monitoring. 

Applications 

Photoacoustic spectroscopy technologies have been successfully used to measure various organic compounds in air. 

By bringing the analyte of interest into the gas phase, the technology can also be used to monitor various organic 

compounds in water, soil, and sludge. 

As a result of high sensitivity combined with an extremely small sample cell, this technology is the only infraredbased technology that can achieve the low detection limits needed for water and soil analysis applications. Since 

the technology is extremely easy to use, even unskilled operators can achieve good results. The instrument is best 

suited for routine monitoring applications where the composition of the contaminants in the water is known. 

Performance Characteristics 

Method Detection Limits and Practical Quantitation Limit 

With this technology, almost any volatile chlorinated species that absorbs in the infrared spectrum can be measured 

with a headspace sampling technique. In general, chlorinated species have strong infrared absorption and thus have 

low detection limits. In this demonstration, measurements were made for TCE, PCE, and chloroform. Detection 

limits for chlorinated species in air are typically in the range of 50 to 100 ppbv. Detection limits for the same 

8
compounds in water range from 1 to 10 ppb. Detection and quantitation limits for PCE and chloroform have been 

determined for the Type 1302 monitor (a predecessor to the 1312) and are given in Table 2-1. With the newer 1312 

monitor, expectations are that the method detection limits (MDLs) and practical quantitation limits (PQLs) will 

improve by a factor of three without affecting the upper limit of the working range. The practical quantitation 

limits (defined as 3 · MDL) are also given in Table 2-1. 

Table 2-1. MDL and PQL in Air and Water Samples for the Type 1302 Multigas Monitor 

Analyte MDL Air (ppb) MDL Water (ppb) PQL Water (ppb) 

Tetrachloroethene 70 2 7 

Chloroform 70 3 10 

Accuracy 

Measurements have not been made on a certified standard with the headspace measurement technique. However, as 

mentioned earlier, the results of the Type 1302 air sample measurements were within 20% of the gas 

chromatography results. 

Precision 

Instrument precision for the Type 1312 is better than 20% RSD for concentrations ranging from the PQL to 0.5 

ppm and better than 10% RSD over the upper end of the instrument’s working range. 

Instrument Working Range 

For air samples, the working range for chloroform and tetrachloroethene, with a one-point calibration, is from the 

PQL (0.2 ppmv) to 700 ppmv. 

For water samples, a test of a 1-L volume of water in a 2.5-L flask gave the following results: 1 ppm chloroform in 

water correlated to 35 ppm in the headspace, and 1 ppm tetrachloroethene in water correlated to 50 ppm in the 

headspace. These results yielded a working range for chloroform and PCE as shown in Table 2-2, using a onepoint calibration of the instrument. With a two-point calibration, the range was extended as shown in Table 2-2. 

Table 2-2. Working Range of the Innova Type 1312 Photoacoustic Monitor in Water 

Analyte Single-Point Calibration Two-Point Calibration 

Tetrachloroethene 7 ppb–15 ppm 7 ppb–150 ppm 

Chloroform 10 ppb–20 ppm 10 ppb–200 ppm 

Comparison with Reference Laboratory Analyses 

At the time of the demonstration, the developer had not performed this comparison. 

9
Data Completeness 

Analysis and valid results will be reported for 95% or more of the samples presented for analysis during the 

demonstration, provided that no unknown interferences are present. 

Specificity 

The Type 1312 has a built-in cross-compensation feature. The instrument can compensate for up to four known 

interfering species and water vapor. If the instrument is not calibrated to perform compensation for an interfering 

substance, the signals are added and the measurement result is dependent upon the degree of energy absorption of 

the interfering substance at the wavelength range of the optical filter in use. Consider the following example: 

• 10 ppm of chloroform and 100 ppm of xylene are present in the headspace. 

• Without cross-compensation, 100 ppm of xylene are equivalent to 3.5 ppm of chloroform. 

• With cross-compensation, the interference is reduced to a positive interference of 0.07 ppm. 

Other Field Performance Characteristics 

Instrument Setup and Disassembly Time 

The setup time for the system is less than 15 minutes. The system can be air shipped in a container or, 

alternatively, can be transported as a carry-on item. 

Instrument Calibration Frequency During Field Use 

The recommended instrument calibration interval is 3 months. 

Ancillary Equipment and Field Maintenance Requirements 

The system requires 110-V ac but can also be operated on 12-V dc through an external dc-to-ac inverter. A fineparticle air inlet filter needs replacement once a month. No other consumables are required for routine field use or 

maintenance. 

Sample Throughput Rate 

The expected throughput rate is three samples per hour. 

Operator Training Requirements and Ease of Operation 

Less than 1 hour of training is required to become proficient in operating the instrument. 

10
Chapter 3 

Demonstration Design and Description

Introduction 

This chapter summarizes the demonstration objectives and describes related field activities. The material is 

condensed from the Demonstration Plan for Wellhead Monitoring Technology Demonstration (Sandia, 1997), 

which was reviewed and approved by all participants prior to the field demonstration. 

Overview of Demonstration Design 

The primary objective was to test and verify the performance of field-portable characterization and monitoring 

technologies for the analysis of chlorinated VOCs in groundwater. Specific demonstration objectives are listed 

below: 

• verify instrument performance characteristics that can be directly quantified; such factors include response to 

blank samples, measurement accuracy and precision, data completeness, sample throughput, etc.; 

• verify instrument characteristics and performance in various qualitative categories such as ease of operation, 

required logistical support, operator training requirements, transportability, versatility, and other considerations; 

and 

• compare instrument results with data from standard laboratory analytical methods currently used to analyze 

groundwater for chlorinated VOCs. 

The experimental design included a consideration of both quantitative and qualitative performance factors for each 

participating technology. 

Quantitative Factors 

The primary quantitative performance factors that were verified included such instrument parameters as precision 

and accuracy, blank sample response, instrument performance at sample concentrations near its limit of detection, 

sample throughput, and comparability with reference methods. An overview of the procedures used to determine 

quantitative evaluation factors is given below. 

Precision 

Measurement uncertainty was assessed over the instrument’s working range by the use of blind replicate samples 

from a number of performance evaluation (PE) mixtures. Eight PE mixtures containing chlorinated VOCs at 

concentrations ranging from 50 mg/L to over 1000 mg/L were prepared and distributed at each site. The mixtures 

were prepared from certified standard mixes with accompanying documentation giving mixture content and purity. 

The relative standard deviation was computed for each compound contained in each set of replicate PE samples and 

was used as a measure of instrument precision. 

11
Accuracy 

Instrument accuracy was also evaluated by using results from the PE samples. A mean recovery was computed for 

each reported compound in each PE mixture. The average instrument result for each compound, based on four 

blind replicate sample analyses, was compared against the known concentration in the PE mixture and reported as 

the average percent recovery and the absolute percent difference. 

Blank Sample Response 

At least two blank groundwater samples were analyzed with each instrument system per demonstration day. These 

were distributed as blind samples in the daily set of samples provided to each instrument operator. The results from 

these samples were used to assess the degree to which instrument contamination and sample-to-sample carryover 

resulted in a false positive. 

Low-Level Sample Response 

The scope of this demonstration did not include an exhaustive determination of instrument detection limits. 

However, 10 replicate spiked samples at concentrations near typical regulatory action limits were provided for 

analysis at each site to validate the instrument performance at these low concentration levels. The results from 

these analyses were compiled as detects and nondetects and were used to calculate the percentage of correct 

determinations and false negatives. 

Sample Throughput 

Sample throughput takes into account all aspects of sample processing, including sample preparation, instrument 

calibration, sample analysis, and data reduction. The multiday demonstration design permitted the determination of 

sample throughput rates over an extended period. Thus the throughput rates are representative of those likely to be 

observed in routine field use of the instrument. 

Laboratory–Field Comparability 

The degree to which the field measurements agree with reference laboratory measurements is a useful parameter in 

instrument evaluation. In this demonstration, comparisons were made on groundwater samples by computing the 

absolute percent difference between laboratory and field technology results for all groundwater contaminants 

detected. Linear regression of the two data sets was also carried out to determine the strength of the linear 

correlation between the two data sets. 

Qualitative Factors 

Key qualitative instrument performance factors observed during the demonstration were instrument portability, 

logistical support requirements, operator training requirements, and ease of operation. Logistical requirements 

include the technology’s power requirements, setup time, routine maintenance, and the need for other equipment or 

supplies, such as a computers, reagent solutions, or gas mixtures. Qualitative factors were assessed during the 

demonstration by review of vendor information and on-site audits. Vendors provided information concerning these 

factors during preparation of the demonstration plan. Vendor claims regarding these specifications and 

requirements are included in Chapter 2. During the field demonstration phase, auditors from the verification 

organization observed instrument operation and documented the degree of compliance with the instrument 

specifications and methodology. Audit results are included in Chapter 6. 

12
Site Selection and Description 

Two sites—the DOE Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina, and McClellan Air Force Base near 

Sacramento, California—were chosen for this demonstration. This section provides a brief history of each site, a 

discussion of important geological features, and an outline of the nature and extent of contamination at each site. 

The sites chosen met the following selection criteria: 

• presence of chlorinated VOCs in groundwater; 

• multiple wells at the site with a variety of contaminants and depths; 

• documented well-sampling history with characterization and monitoring data; 

• convenient access; and 

• support facilities and services at the site. 

Savannah River Site 

The Savannah River Site is operated under contract by the Westinghouse Savannah River Company. The complex 

covers 310 square miles in western South Carolina, adjacent to the Savannah River, as shown in Figure 3-1. The 

SRS was constructed during the early 1950s to produce the basic materials used in the fabrication of nuclear 

weapons, primarily tritium and plutonium-239. Production of weapons material at the SRS also produced unusable 

byproducts such as intensely radioactive waste. In addition to these high-level wastes, other wastes at the site 

include low-level solid and liquid radioactive wastes, transuranic waste, hazardous chemical waste, and mixed 

waste. 

Figure 3-1. The general location of the Savannah River Site in 

the southeast United States. 

Geological Characteristics 

The SRS is located on the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain. The site is underlain by a thick wedge (approximately 

1000 feet) of unconsolidated Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments that overlie Precambrian and Paleozoic 

metamorphic rocks and consolidated Triassic sediments (siltstone and sandstone). The younger sedimentary section 

consists predominantly of sand and sandy clay. The depth to the water table from the surface ranges from 50 to 

170 feet for the wells used in this demonstration. 

13
Groundwater and Monitoring Wells 

The wells selected for sampling in this demonstration were in the A/M area, located in the northwest section of the 

site. This area encompasses an abandoned process transfer line that, beginning in 1958, carried wastewater for 27 

years from M-area processing facilities to a settling basin. Site characterization data indicate that several leaks 

occurred in the transfer line, which is buried about 20 feet below the surface, producing localized contamination. 

Past industrial operations resulted in the release of chlorinated solvents, primarily trichloroethene (TCE), 

tetrachloroethene (PCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, to the subsurface. 

The A/M area monitoring-well network, shown in Figure 3-2, consists of approximately 400 wells. The dark 

squares in the figure indicate soil borings and the light squares indicate monitoring wells. The largest group of 

wells, comprising approximately 70% of the total, are associated with the plume originating from the process 

transfer lines and the settling basin. The majority of these wells are constructed of 4-inch poly(vinyl chloride) 

(PVC) casing with wire-wrapped screens varying in length from 5 to 30 feet. The wells are screened either in the 

water-table aquifer (M-area aquifer, well depths ranging from 30 to 170 feet), the underlying tertiary aquifer (Lost 

Lake aquifer, well depths ranging from 170 feet to 205 feet), or a narrow permeable zone within the confining unit 

above the cretaceous aquifer (Crouch Branch Middle Sand, well depths ranging from 215 to 260 feet). The wells 

are all completed with approximately 2.5 feet of standpipe above ground and a protective housing. Most wells are 

equipped with a dedicated single-speed centrifugal pump (1/2 hp Grundfos Model 10S05-9) that can be operated 

with a control box and generator. Wellhead pump connections also contain a flow meter and totalizer for 

monitoring pumped volumes. 

All the wells are measured quarterly for water levels. On a semiannual basis, all point-of-compliance wells (41), 

plume definition wells (236), and background wells (6) are sampled to assess compliance with groundwater 

protection standards. Other water quality parameters such as conductivity, turbidity, temperature, and pH are 

Figure 3-2. A map of the A/M area at the Savannah 

River Site showing the subsurface TCE plume. 

14
also measured. As a part of the monitoring program, VOCs are measured using EPA Method 8260A at an off-site 

contract laboratory. The most recent (winter of 1996) quarterly water analysis results for the 10 wells used in this 

demonstration are shown in Table 3-1. Well cluster numbers shown in the table include a letter designation (A 

through D) that indicates the relative screening depth and aquifer zone. The A wells are the deepest of a cluster, 

while the D wells mark the shallowest. 

Table 3-1. Quarterly Monitoring Results for SRS Wells Sampled in the Demonstration 

Sample Description Well Number Compound Qtrly. Resultsa (mg/L) 

Very low 1 MSB 33B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

10 

5 

Very low 2 MSB 33C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

5 

12 

Low 1 MSB 18B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

12 

12 

3 

Low 2 MSB 37B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

28 

2 

2 

Mid 1 MSB 4D Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

219 

178 

Mid 2 MSB 64C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

51 

337 

13 

Very high 1 MSB 4B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

830 

43 

Very high 2 MSB 70C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

1290 

413 

61 

17 

Very high 1 MSB 14A Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3240 

2440 

Very high 2 MSB 8C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3620 

2890 a

 Winter 1996. 

McClellan Air Force Base 

McClellan Air Force Base is located 7 miles northeast of downtown Sacramento, California, as shown in 

Figure 3-3. The installation consists of about 3000 acres bounded by the city of Sacramento on the west and 

southwest, the city of Antelope on the north, the unincorporated areas of Rio Linda on the northwest, and North 

Highlands on the east. 

McClellan has been an active industrial facility since its dedication in 1936, when it was called the Sacramento Air 

Depot. Operations have changed from maintenance of bombers during World War II and the Korean War, to 

maintenance of jet aircraft in the 1960s, and now include the maintenance and repair of communications equipment 

and electronics. McClellan currently operates as an installation of the Air Force Materiel Command and employs 

approximately 13,400 military and civilian personnel. 

15
Figure 3-3. A map of Sacramento and vicinity showing the 

location of McClellan Air Force Base. 

Currently, most of the industrial facilities are located in the southeastern portion of the base. The southwestern 

portion has both industrial and storage areas. In the far western part are vernal pools and wetland areas. Between 

these wetlands and the engine test cells along the taxiways is an open area that was used for disposal pits. 

McClellan Air Force Base is listed on the EPA Superfund National Priorities List of hazardous waste sites. The 

most important environmental problem at MAFB is groundwater contamination caused by the disposal of 

hazardous wastes, such as solvents and oils, into unlined pits. Approximately 990 acres beneath McClellan are 

contaminated with volatile organic compounds. Remediation activities at MAFB include an extensive groundwater 

pump-and-treat network, as well as soil-vapor extraction systems. 

McClellan has been designated a Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Remedial Demonstration Site as part of the National 

Environmental Technology Test Sites program. The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program 

is the parent organization that provides support staff for the environmental technologies undergoing development 

and testing at MAFB. 

16
Geological Characteristics 

Surface features at MAFB include open grassland, creeks and drainages, and vernal pools, as well as industrial, 

residential, and runway areas. The land surface is a relatively flat plain that slopes gently to the west. Surface 

elevations range from about 75 feet above mean sea level on the eastern side of the base to about 50 feet above 

mean sea level on the western side. 

Surface soils at MAFB are variable, but are generally sediments that have formed from stream erosion of granite 

rocks in the Sierra Nevada. Soil in the vadose zone—the unsaturated region between the surface and the 

groundwater table—is composed of interbedded layers of sands, silts, and clays. The vadose zone ranges from 90 

to 105 feet. Clays and hardpan layers in this zone slow, but do not halt, infiltration of liquids into the underlying 

aquifer. 

The groundwater beneath MAFB behaves as one hydrogeologic unit. This single aquifer has been divided into five 

groundwater monitoring zones, designated A, B, C, D, and E, from shallowest to deepest. 

Groundwater and Monitoring Wells 

An estimated 14 billion gallons of contaminated water underlie MAFB. Trichloroethene is the most frequently 

detected contaminant in the subsurface groundwater. Over 90% of the contaminant mass is located in the A zone, 

the shallowest portion of the aquifer. An estimated surface area of approximately 664 acres is underlain by a 

plume in the A zone that exceeds the 5-μg/L maximum contaminant level for TCE, as shown in Figure 3-4. 

Groundwater contaminants consistently detected above federal maximum concentration limits (MCLs) are shown in 

Table 3-2. 

Other detected compounds that are either below regulatory levels or are not currently regulated are also shown in 

the table. 

Monitoring wells at McClellan range from 2 to 8 inches in diameter. Well casings are Schedule 5 stainless steel 

(304) and the well screen is Johnson stainless steel (304) with a 0.01- or 0.02-inch screen slot size. The screen is 

surrounded by either 16 · 40 or 8 · 20 mesh gravel pack to a level about 3 feet above the screen. An 

approximately 3-foot sand bridge and 3-foot bentonite seal are placed above the gravel pack. A concrete sanitary 

seal containing about 3% bentonite powder is used to seal the well casing between the bentonite seal and the ground 

surface. 

For this demonstration, monitoring wells that penetrate both A and B aquifer zones in operational units A and B 

were selected for sample collection. Quarterly monitoring data exist for 354 wells at the A and B zone aquifer 

levels in these operational units. Monitoring results for TCE were used to select ten wells. Groundwater TCE 

concentrations in the selected wells ranged from very low (~10 mg/L) to very high (>5000 mg/L) levels. 

Wells that had multiple contaminants or nonchlorinated contaminants were given selection preference over those 

with only a few chlorinated hydrocarbons. The most recent (winter of 1996) monitoring results for the wells chosen 

for this demonstration are shown in Table 3-3. 

Sample Set Descriptions 

The experimental design of the demonstration specified the preparation and collection of an approximately equal 

number of PE samples and groundwater samples for distribution to the participants and reference laboratory. 

Descriptions of the PE and groundwater samples and their preparation are given below. 

17
Figure 3-4. Subsurface TCE plumes at McClellan Air Force Base in the 

shallowest (A) aquifer layer. The circular lines enclose plume concentrations in 

excess of 5 mg/L TCE. OU refers to operational units. Monitoring wells used in 

the demonstration were primarily in OUs A and B. The demonstration setup area 

was very near OU D (upper left in the figure). 

18
Table 3-2. Groundwater Contaminants at MAFB 

Detected above MCLa Detected below MCL Detected – Not Regulated 

Benzene Bromodichloromethane Acetone 

Carbon tetrachloride Trichlorofluoromethane 2-Butanone 

Chloroform 1,1-Dichloroethane 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 

1,2-Dichloroethane Toluene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethene (cis and trans) 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

Trichloroethene 

Vinyl chloride 

a MCL = maximum concentration limit. 

Table 3-3. Quarterly Monitoring Results for MAFB Wells Sampled in the Demonstration 

Sample Description Well Number Compound Qtrly. Resultsa

 (mg/L) 

Very low 1 EW-86 Trichloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

8 

13 

Very low 2 MW-349 Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

Chloroform 

Acetone 

9 

5 

8 

9 

Low 1 MW-331 1,1-Dichloroethane 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

16 

5 

7 

19 

41 

Low 2 MW-352 1,1-Dichloroethane 

Tetrachloroethene 

Freon11 

6 

5 

115 

Mid 1 EW-87 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

17 

334 

220 

5 

Mid 2 MW-341 Trichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

350 

18 

High 1 MW-209 Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

53 

586 

80 

13 

High 2 MW-330 Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

44 

437 

64 

9 

19
Table 3-3. Quarterly Monitoring Results for MAFB Wells Sampled in the Demonstration 

(Continued) 

Sample Description Well Number Compound Qtrly. Resultsa

 (mg/L) 

Very high 1 MW-334 1,1-Dichloroethene 

Benzene 

1000 

705 

Carbon tetrachloride 728 

Chloroform 654 

Dichloromethane 139 

Trichloroethene 20,500 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 328 

Xylene 59 

Very high 2 MW-369 1,2-Dichloroethane 

Carbon tetrachloride 

13 

91 

Chloroform 84 

Tetrachloroethene 6 

Trichloroethene 10,200 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 246 a Winter 1996. 

PE Samples and Preparation Methods 

Note: The description of PE samples in the following paragraphs pertains to the other four field technologies 

that participated in the demonstration. The narrative is included here since the laboratory data validation was 

based on analysis results from the PE sample set. Since the Innova 1312 is not capable of analyzing complex 

mixtures, a separate set of PE samples was prepared and distributed for analysis. A description of these Innova 

PE samples is given in the “Deviations” section at the end of this chapter. 

Three different commercially available (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania) standard solutions of chlorinated VOCs 

in methanol were used to prepare the PE mixtures. The standard solutions were supplied with quality control 

documentation giving the purity and weight of the compounds in the mixture. The contents of the three mixtures, 

termed mix 1, mix 2, and mix 3, are given in Table 3-4. VOC concentration levels in these standard solutions were 

either 200 mg/L or 2000 mg/L. The PE mixtures were prepared by dilution of these standard solutions. 

The number of replicate samples and the compound concentrations from each of the nine PE mixtures prepared at 

each site are given in Table 3-5 for the SRS and Table 3-6 for MAFB. Ten replicates of the mixture with the 

lowest concentration level were prepared so technology performance statistics near typical regulatory action levels 

could be determined. Four replicates were prepared for each technology and the reference laboratory from the other 

eight PE mixtures. The highest-level PE mixture, denoted “spike/low” in the tables, consisted of high-level (>1000 

mg/L) concentrations of TCE and PCE (and other compounds at MAFB as noted in the table) in the presence of a 

low-level (50 or 100 mg/L) PE mixture background. Eight blank samples were also provided to each technology at 

each site. The blank samples were prepared from the same batch of deionized, carbon-filtered water used to 

prepare the PE mixtures. 

Performance evaluation mixtures were prepared in either 8-L or 10-L glass carboys equipped with bottom spigots. 

Stock PE solutions were dispensed with microsyringes into a known volume of deionized, carbon-filtered water in 

the carboy. The mixture was gently stirred for 5 minutes with a Teflon-coated stir bar prior to 

20
Table 3-4. Composition of PE Source Materials 

PE Mix 1 - Purgeable A 

Supelco Cat. No. 4-8059 

Lot LA68271 

PE Mix 2 - VOC 3 

Supelco Cat. No. 4-8779 

Lot LA64701 

PE Mix 3 - Purgeable B 

Supelco Cat. No. 4-8058 

Lot LA 63978 

Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1-Dichloropropene 1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

Dichloromethane Trichloroethene cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloropropane trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

Chloroform 1,1,2-Trichloroethane trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

Trichloroethene 1,2-Dibromoethane Benzene 

1,2-Dichloropropane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromodichloromethane 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Toluene 

Tetrachloroethene 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Ethyl benzene 

Dibromochloromethane 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane Bromoform 

Chlorobenzene cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether Hexachlorobutadiene 

Table 3-5. PE Sample Composition and Count for SRS Demonstration 

Sample Concentration Level PE Mixture - Mixture Concentrationa No. of Replicates 

Very low level VOC Mix 1 - 10 mg/L 10 

Low level VOC Mix 1 - 50 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 100 mg/L 4 

Mid level VOC Mix 1 - 200 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 200 mg/L 4 

High level VOC Mix 1 - 600 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 800 mg/L 4 

Spike / low 1.02 mg/L TCE spike + 50 mg/L mix 1 4 

1.28 mg/L TCE and 1.23 mg/L PCE 

spike + 100 mg/L mix 2 

4 

Total number of samples 42 a TCE = trichloroethene; PCE = tetrachloroethene. 

dispensing samples from the bottom of the carboy. A twofold excess volume of PE mixture was prepared in order 

to ensure a sample volume well in excess of the required volume. The mixture was not stirred during sample 

dispensing to minimize headspace losses in the lower half of the carboy. Headspace losses that did occur during 

dispensing were limited to the top portion of the mixture, which was discarded after the samples were dispensed. 

Samples were dispensed into bottles specified by participants (40 mL, 250 mL, and 1 L) with zero headspace. The 

samples for field analysis were not preserved with chemical additives since sterile, nutrient-free water was used in 

their preparation. 

21
Table 3-6. PE Sample Composition and Count for MAFB Demonstration 

Sample Concentration Level PE Mixture - Mixture Concentrationa No. of Replicates 

Very low level VOC Mix 3 - 10 mg/L 10 

Low level VOC Mix 3 - 50 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 100 mg/L 4 

Mid level VOC Mix 3 - 200 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 300 mg/L 4 

High level VOC Mix 1 - 600 mg/L 4 

VOC Mix 2 - 800 mg/L 4 

Spike / low 1.22 mg/L TCE, 1.00 mg/L PCE, 0.50 mg/L 11DCA, 

and 0.50 mg/L BNZN spike + 100 mg/L mix 3 

4 

1.04 mg/L 11DCA, 0.86 mg/L BNZN, 0.57 mg/L 

TCE, and 0.51 mg/L PCE spike + 50 mg/L mix 2 

4 

Total number of samples 42 a TCE = trichloroethene; PCE = tetrachloroethene; 11DCA = 1,1-dichloroethane; BNZN = benzene. 

Reference laboratory samples were preserved by acidification as specified in Method 8260A. Following 

preparation, all samples were kept under refrigeration until they were distributed to participants. All PE mixtures 

were prepared and dispensed on the weekend before the demonstration week. 

Groundwater Samples and Collection Methods 

A total of 33 groundwater samples were provided to each participant and reference laboratory at each 

demonstration site. These samples were collected from 10 wells selected to cover TCE concentrations ranging from 

10 mg/L to >1000 mg/L. The presence of other groundwater contaminants was also considered in well selection, as 

noted previously. Samples from each well were prepared in either triplicate or quadruplicate to allow statistical 

evaluation of instrument precision and accuracy relative to the reference laboratory results. 

Groundwater at both sites was sampled by the same contract personnel who conduct sampling for quarterly well 

monitoring. Site-specific standard operational procedures, published in the demonstration plan, were followed at 

both sites. The sampling procedure is briefly summarized in the next paragraph. 

The wells were purged with three well volumes using a submersible pump. During the purge, pH, temperature, and 

conductivity were monitored. Following well purge, pump flow was reduced and the purge line was used to fill a 

10-L glass carboy. This initial carboy volume of groundwater was discarded. The carboy was filled to between 9 

and 10 L a second time at a fill rate of 2 to 3 L/minute with the water stream directed down the side of the carboy 

for minimal agitation. The filled carboy was gently mixed with a Teflon stir bar for 5 minutes. Zero-headspace 

samples were immediately dispensed from the carboy while it was at the wellhead in the same manner as PE 

samples. Either three or four replicate samples were prepared for each technology and the reference laboratory. 

Following dispensing, the sample bottles were placed in a cooler and held under refrigeration until they were 

distributed to the participants. Groundwater sampling was completed during the first 2 days of each demonstration. 

Lists of the sampled wells and quarterly monitoring results are given in Tables 3-1 and 3-3 for the SRS and MAFB, 

respectively. 

22
Sample Handling and Distribution 

The distribution and status of all samples were tracked with chain-of-custody forms. Samples were dispensed to 

participants in small coolers containing a supply of blue ice. Normally, two sets of either 10 or 11 samples were 

distributed to participants each day during the 4 days of the demonstration, for a total of 83 samples, including 

blanks, at each site. 

Some of the participants required information concerning the content of the samples prior to carrying out an 

analysis. This information was noted on the chain-of-custody form for each PE and groundwater sample, and was 

made available to the participants. Recorded information included: 

• number of contaminants in the sample; 

• list of contaminants in the sample; 

• boiling point range of sample constituents; and 

• approximate concentration range of contaminants in sample (low, mid, high). 

The type of information provided during this demonstration would be required by the technology as a part of its 

normal operational procedure and did not compromise the results of the test. The information provided to each of 

the participants is documented in Chapter 5. 

Field Demonstration Schedule and Operations 

The following schedule was followed at both sites. The field team arrived on the Thursday prior to the 

demonstration week. Performance evaluation samples were prepared on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. 

Technology participants arrived at the site on Monday morning and immediately began instrument setup. The first 

set of PE samples was normally distributed to all participants by midday Monday. The groundwater sampling 

crew, consisting of at least two on-site contractors and at least one ETV field-team member, carried out sampling of 

the 10 wells on Monday and Tuesday. The first groundwater samples were distributed on Wednesday. Thursday 

was reserved as a visitor day during which local and regional regulatory personnel and other potential instrument 

users were invited to hear presentations about instrument capabilities as well as to view the instruments in 

operation. Sample analysis was also performed on Thursday. On Friday, the final day of the demonstration, 

participants finished sample analysis, packed up, and departed by midafternoon. 

Site Operations and Environmental Conditions 

Instruments were deployed in parking lots or open fields adjacent to the well networks sampled during each 

demonstration. All participants came to the site self-equipped with power and shelter. Some came with fieldportable generators and staged under tent canopies; others operated their instruments inside vehicles and used dc-toac power inverters connected to the vehicle’s battery. Tables were provided for those participants who required a 

work space. Each team provided its own instrument operators. Specifics regarding instrument setup and the 

qualifications, training, and experience of the instrument operators are given in Chapter 6. 

The SRS demonstration took place on September 8 through 12, 1997, and the MAFB demonstration on 

September 22 through 26, 1997. The verification organization team staged its operations out of a tent at the SRS 

and out of a mobile laboratory at MAFB. The PE mixtures at the SRS were prepared at a nearby SRS laboratory 

facility and in the mobile laboratory at MAFB. Refrigerators at on-site facilities of the groundwater sampling 

contractors were used to store the samples at both sites prior to their distribution. 

23
Environmental conditions at both sites are summarized in Table 3-7. Conditions at SRS were generally hot and 

humid. Sporadic rain showers were encountered on one of the test days, but did not impede demonstration 

activities. Conditions at MAFB were initially hot and progressed to unseasonably hot. Moderately high winds 

were also encountered during the last 2 days at MAFB. 

Table 3-1. Weather Summary for SRS and MAFB During Demonstration Periods 

Site/Parameters Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri 

SRS 

Temperature range (�C) 20 – 34 21 – 33 21 – 28 18 – 30 19 – 33 

Relative humidity range (%) 25 – 68 28 – 67 51 – 71 40 – 70 26 – 70 

MAFB 

Temperature range (�C) 17 – 33 18 – 36 18 – 37 24 – 35 24 – 35 

Relative humidity range (%) 17 – 72 25 – 47 15 – 59 17 – 67 31 – 83 

Wind speed range (knots) 0 – 7 3 – 6 1 – 6 4 – 13 2 – 11 

Note: Ranges are given for the 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. time interval. 

Field Audits 

Field auditors were used to observe and record specific features of technology operations. The demonstration goal 

was to have at least two auditors observe each technology over the course of the two field demonstrations. Audit 

results are documented in Chapter 6. The following checklist was used by the audit team as a guideline for 

gathering information during the audit: 

• description of equipment used; 

• logistical considerations, including size and weight, shipping and power requirements, other required accessories; 

• historical uses and applications of the technology; 

• estimated cost of the equipment and its field operation; 

• number of operators required; 

• required operator qualifications; 

• description of data produced; 

• compounds that the equipment can detect; 

• approximate detection limits for each compound, if available; 

• initial calibration criteria; 

• calibration check criteria; 

• corrective actions for unacceptable calibrations; 

• specific QC procedures followed; 

• QC samples used; 

• corrective action for QC samples; 

• sample throughput rate; 

• time requirements for data analysis and interpretation; 

• data output format and description; 

24
• specific problems or breakdowns occurring during the demonstration; 

• possible sample matrix interference; and 

• other auditor comments and observations. 

Data Collection and Analysis 

The analytical results were collected in hardcopy format at the end of each day. These results were used to 

document sample completion and throughput. The participants also provided a compilation of their results on 

computer disks at the conclusion of each demonstration week. No feedback on analytical results or performance 

was given to the participants during the course of either demonstration week. Following the SRS demonstration, 

and only after all results were submitted, was qualitative verbal feedback given to each participant concerning their 

accuracy and precision on SRS PE sample results. This was reasonable since a well-defined monitoring plan would 

use preliminary samples to determine control limits and to make system modifications or refinements prior to 

advancing to the next phase of sampling and analysis. Three weeks following the MAFB demonstration, copies of 

all submitted data were entered into spreadsheets by the verification organization and transmitted to participants for 

final review. This gave each participant the opportunity to detect and change calculation or transcription errors. If 

other more substantive changes were proposed, they were submitted to the verification organization, along with 

documentation outlining the rationale for the change. Following this final data review opportunity, no other data 

changes were permitted. The extent and nature of any changes are discussed in Chapter 6. 

Demonstration Plan Deviations 

The following deviations from the written demonstration plan were recorded during the field demonstration. The 

impact of each deviation on the overall verification effort, if any, is also included. 

• Five blank samples were submitted to the reference laboratory from the SRS demonstration instead of the 

8 samples specified in the demonstration plan. The impact on the verification effort was minimal since a total of 

13 blanks (8% of the total field sample count) were analyzed by the reference laboratory. 

• During groundwater sampling of SRS well MSB 14A, two 250-mL sample bottles were not filled. Omission of 

this sample resulted in a double replicate sample set instead of a triple replicate for Electronic Sensor Technology 

and Sentex. The impact on the study was insignificant since this omission accounted for only 1 sample out of a 

total groundwater sample count of 33. 

• The demonstration plan specified that only two VOC mixtures would be used at each demonstration site. In fact, 

three mixtures were used at the MAFB demonstration (Table 3-6) to add complexity to the sampling. This 

change caused some minor confusion with one of the developers, who was not expecting this particular set of 

compounds at MAFB. The most significant impact of this change was a loss of time for the affected developer as 

a result of extended data review of the unanticipated mixture. The misunderstanding was verbally clarified and 

no further problems were encountered. The results from the high-level VOC mix 1 were not used in the statistical 

analyses. 

• A different set of PE samples was prepared for the Innova 1312. The data processing algorithm used in the 

Innova instrument could not accommodate the complex mixtures contained in the PE mixtures distributed to the 

other participants. The Innova instrument was limited to the analysis of 5 compounds while the PE mixtures 

contained in excess of 10 chlorinated VOCs. To accommodate these special needs, 2-component PE mixtures 

were prepared from stock TCE and PCE methanol solutions at the SRS demonstration. The composition of these 

mixtures is given in Table 3-8 for SRS and Table 3-9 for MAFB. 

25
Table 3-8. Innova PE Sample Composition and Count for SRS Demonstration 

Sample Conc. Range PE Mixture and Composition (mg/L) Replicates 

Very low Mix SVL1 10 (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) 6 

Low Mix SL1 50 (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) 3 

Mix SL2 100 (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) 3 

Mid Mix SM1 200 (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) 3 

Mix SM2 256 trichloroethene 

245 tetrachloroethene 

4 

High Mix SH1 400 (trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) 3 

Mix SH2 693 trichloroethene 

713 tetrachloroethene 

4 

Very high Mix SVH 1278 trichloroethene 

1223 tetrachloroethene 

4 

Table 3-9. Innova PE Sample Composition and Count for MAFB Demonstration 

Sample Conc. Range PE Mixture and Composition (mg/L) Replicates 

Very low Mix MVL1 9 trichloroethene 

11 tetrachloroethene 

5 

Low Mix ML1 42 trichloroethene 

47 tetrachloroethene 

4 

Mix ML2 80 trichloroethene 

89 tetrachloroethene 

4 

Mid Mix MM1 169 trichloroethene 

188 tetrachloroethene 

4 

Mix MM2 319 trichloroethene 

355 tetrachloroethene 

4 

High Mix MH1 758 trichloroethene 

845 tetrachloroethene 

401 1,1-dichloroethene 

392 benzene 

4 

Very high Mix MVH1 1434 trichloroethene 

1598 tetrachloroethene 

761 1,1-dichloroethene 

741 benzene 

4 

• Eight blank water samples were also included in the sample set at each site and were submitted blind. A total of 

38 and 37 PE and blank samples were prepared and submitted to the Innova team at the SRS and MAFB sites, 

respectively. 

• The groundwater samples submitted to the Innova team for analysis were the same as those submitted to the other 

demonstration participants. 

26
Chapter 4 

Laboratory Data Results and Evaluation

Introduction 

A reference laboratory was used to verify PE sample concentrations and to generate analytical results for all 

groundwater samples using EPA Method 8260A. This chapter includes a brief description of the reference 

laboratory and its data quality control program; the methodology and accompanying quality control procedures 

employed during sample analysis; and laboratory results and associated measures of data quality for both 

demonstration sites. 

Reference Laboratory 

DataChem Laboratories (DCL) in Salt Lake City, Utah, was chosen as the reference laboratory for both phases of 

this demonstration. This is a full-service analytical laboratory with locations in Salt Lake City and Cincinnati, 

Ohio. It provides analytical services in support of environmental, radiological, mixed-waste, and industrial hygiene 

programs. DataChem’s qualifications include U.S. EPA Contract Laboratory Program participation in both 

inorganic and organic analysis and American Industrial Hygiene Association accreditation, as well as U.S. Army 

Environmental Center and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Missouri River Division) certification. State-specific 

certifications for environmental analytical services include Utah, California, Washington, New Jersey, New York, 

Florida, and others. 

Laboratory Selection Criteria 

Selection criteria for the reference laboratory included the following: relevant laboratory analytical experience, 

adequacy of QC documentation, turnaround time for results, preselection audit results, and cost. Early discussions 

with DCL revealed that the laboratory conducts a high number of water analyses using Method 8260A. Prior to 

laboratory selection, a copy of the DataChem Quality Assurance Program Plan (DataChem, 1997) was carefully 

reviewed. This document outlines the overall quality assurance program for the laboratory and provides specific 

quality control measures for all the standard analytical methods used by the laboratory. Laboratory analysis and 

reporting time for sample analysis was 21 days, with a per-sample cost of $95. 

In June 1997, Sandia sent several PE water samples to DCL for evaluation. Laboratory performance on these 

samples was reviewed during an audit in June 1997. The laboratory detected all compounds contained in the PE 

mixtures. Reported concentration levels for all compounds in the mixtures were within acceptable error margins. 

The audit also indicated that the laboratory conducted its operations in accordance with its QA plan. The results of 

this preliminary investigation justified the selection of DCL as the reference laboratory and provided ample 

evidence of the laboratory’s ability to correctly use Method 8260A for the analysis of demonstration samples. 

27
Summary of Analytical Work by DataChem Laboratories 

In addition to the preselection audit samples noted above, DCL also analyzed predemonstration groundwater 

samples collected at SRS in August 1997. During the demonstration phase, DCL was sent split samples of all PE 

and groundwater samples given to the demonstration participants from both the Savannah River and McClellan 

sites. A total of 90 and 91 samples from the SRS and MAFB demonstrations, respectively, were received and 

analyzed by the laboratory. Over the course of 1 month, demonstration samples were run in 9 batches of 

approximately 20 samples per batch. The results were provided in both hardcopy and electronic format. The hard 

copy included all paperwork associated with the analysis, including the mass spectral information for each 

compound detected and complete quality control documentation. The electronic copy was provided in spreadsheet 

format and included only the computed result for each target compound in each sample. 

Preselection evaluation of DCL established their competence in the use of Method 8260A. In light of these findings 

and in an effort to expedite laboratory analysis of demonstration samples, an estimate of the concentration levels of 

target compounds in both PE and groundwater samples was provided to the laboratory with each batch of samples. 

With a knowledge of the approximate concentration range of the target compounds, the analyst was able to dilute 

the sample appropriately, thereby eliminating the need to do multiple dilutions in order to obtain a suitable result 

within the calibrated range of the instrument. 

Summary of Method 8260A 

Method 8260A, which is included in the EPA SW-846 compendium of methods, is used to measure volatile organic 

compounds in a variety of solid waste matrices, including groundwater (EPA, 1996b). The method can be used to 

quantify most volatile organic compounds with boiling points below 200 �C that are either insoluble or only slightly 

soluble in water. The method employs a chromatography/mass spectrometric procedure with purge-and-trap 

sample introduction. An inert gas is bubbled through a vessel containing the water sample. The volatile organic 

compounds partition into the gas phase and are carried to a sorbent trap, where they are adsorbed. Following the 

purge cycle, the sorbent trap is heated and the volatile compounds are swept into the GC column, where they are 

separated according to their boiling points. The gas chromatograph is interfaced directly to a mass spectrometer 

that bombards the compounds with electrons as they sequentially exit the GC column. The resulting fragments, 

which possess charge and mass characteristics that are unique for each compound, are detected by the 

spectrometer’s mass detector. The signal from the mass detector is used to build a compound mass spectrum that is 

used to identify the compound. The detector signal intensities for selected ions unique to each target compound are 

used to quantify the amount of the compound in the sample. 

Method 8260A Quality Control Requirements 

Method 8260A specifies a number of quality control activities to be carried out in conjunction with routine sample 

analysis. These activities are incorporated into DCL QA documentation and are summarized in Table 4-1 

(DataChem, 1997). Corrective actions are specified in the event of failure to meet QC criteria; however, for the 

sake of brevity they are not given in the table. In most cases the first corrective action is a calculation check. Other 

corrective actions include system recalibration, sample rerun, batch rerun, or flag data. 

Summary of Laboratory QC Performance 

The following sections summarize the QC activities and results that accompanied the analysis of each sample batch. 

28
c 

Table 4-1. Method 8260A Quality Control Summary 

Activity Frequency Data Acceptance Criteria 

Spectrometer tune check Bromofluorobenzene 

standard every 12 hours 

Relative abundance; range of characteristic mass 

fragments meets specifications. 

System performance 

check 

SPCCa sample every 12 

hours 

Compound relative response factors must exceed 

required minimums. 

System calibration check CCCb sample every 12 

hours 

Response factor of CCC varies by no more than –25% 

from initial calibration. 

Internal standard retention time within 30 seconds of last 

check. 

Internal standard area response within -50 to 100% of 

last check. 

Lab method blank One or more per batch 

(approx. 20 samples) 

£ 3· Detection limit. 

Field blank One or more per batch £ 3· Detection limit. 

Laboratory control 

standard 

One or more per batch Compound recovery within established limits.c 

Matrix spike One or more per batch Spike recovery within established limits. c 

Matrix spike duplicate One or more per batch Relative percent difference of check compounds £50%. 

Surrogate standards Included in every sample Recovery within established limits. c 

Internal standards Included in every sample Recovery within established limits. c 

a SPCC = system performance check compounds. b CCC = calibration check compounds.

The laboratory generates control limits that are based on 100 or more analyses of designated compounds. The upper and lower acceptable recovery limits

are based on a 3-standard-deviation-interval about the mean recovery from the multiple analyses. The result from a single analysis must fall within these

control limits in order to be considered valid.

Target Compound List and Method Detection Limits 

The method detection limits and practical quantitation limits for the 34 target compounds used in this demonstration 

are given in Table 4-2. The PQL marks the lower end of the calibrated working range of the instrument and 

indicates the point at which detection and reported results carry a 99% certainty. Detects reported between the 

MDL and PQL carry less certainty and are flagged accordingly in the tabulated results. 

Sample Holding Conditions and Times 

Method 8260A specifies a maximum 14-day holding time for refrigerated water samples. All samples prepared in 

the field were kept under refrigeration before and during shipment to the laboratory. Upon receipt at the laboratory, 

they were held under refrigeration until analysis. All samples were analyzed within the 14-day time period 

following their preparation or collection. 

System Calibration 

Method 8260A stipulates that a five-point calibration be carried out using standard solutions for all target 

compounds across the working range of the instrument. Each mix of compounds is run five times at each of the 

five points in the instrument range. For an acceptable calibration, precision from these multiple analyses, as 

29
Table 4-2. Reference Laboratory Method Detection Limits for Target Compounds 

Target Compound Method Detection Limit 

(mg/L) 

Practical Quantitation 

Limit (mg/L) 

Trichlorofluoromethane 0.15 1 

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.08 1 

Methylene chloride 0.10 1 

1,1-Dichloroethene 0.08 1 

Chloroform 0.07 1 

Carbon tetrachloride 0.10 1 

1,1-Dichloropropene 0.10 1 

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.04 1 

Trichloroethene 0.14 1 

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.04 1 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.09 1 

Tetrachloroethene 0.10 1 

1,3-Dichloropropane 0.06 1 

Dibromochloromethane 0.08 1 

1,2-Dibromoethane 0.09 1 

Chlorobenzene 0.06 1 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.05 1 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.07 1 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.50 1 

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.62 1 

Hexachlorobutadiene 0.10 1 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.17 1 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 0.08 1 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 0.17 1 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 0.17 1 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.26 1 

Benzene 0.12 1 

Bromodichloromethane 0.11 1 

Toluene 0.15 1 

Ethyl benzene 0.14 1 

Bromoform 0.10 1 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 0.14 1 

ortho-Xylene 0.11 1 

Acetone 2.9 5 

Notes: Detection limits are given for an undiluted 5-mL sample volume. Detection limits are determined annually using the 

method outlined in 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix B (seven replicates of deionized water spiked at 1 mg/L concentration 

level). Dilutions of the original sample raise the MDL and PQL values accordingly. Surrogate standards used in the 

analyses were 1,2-dichloroethane-d4, toluene-d8, and 4-bromofluorobenzene. Internal standards were fluorobenzene, 

chlorobenzene-d5, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene-d4. 

30
given by the relative standard deviation, must be 30% or less. A minimum instrument response factor1

 is also 

prescribed by the method for a designated subset of compounds termed system performance check compounds 

(SPCC). The five-point calibration curve from the most recent instrument calibration met the specified precision 

criteria. The system performance check compound response factors also met method criteria. 

Daily Instrument Performance Checks 

Daily mass spectrometer tune checks as well as other system performance and calibration checks noted in Table 4-1 

were carried out for each of the nine sample batches and met Method 8260A on quality control criteria. 

Batch-Specific Instrument QC Checks 

Method Blanks 

All method blank analyses met established criteria (Table 4-1), with one exception. Hexachlorobutadiene, one of 

the demonstration target compounds, was detected in two of the method blanks at levels in excess of 3 times the 

MDL. This compound was a component in one of the standard mixes used in preparing the PE samples because 

reference laboratory data for this compound were not used in the study. Only one of the participating technologies 

was calibrated to detect this particular compound. Occasional detection of this compound as a minor instrument 

contaminant does not adversely affect the analytical results for other target compounds. 

Laboratory Control Standard 

At least one laboratory control standard was run with each of the nine batches of samples. Recovery values for 

each component in the mixture are given in Figure 4-1 for SRS analyses and Figure 4-2 for MAFB analyses. 

Recovery values were all within the laboratory-specific control criteria. 

Matrix Spike and Matrix Spike Duplicate 

The compounds in the matrix spike were the same as those in the laboratory control standard. Computed matrix 

spike and matrix spike duplicate recoveries were all within the recovery ranges noted in Table 4-1. The relative 

percent differences (RPDs)2

 calculated for the matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate samples also met the 

laboratory criteria of £50%. All RPD values from matrix spike analyses were less than 10% for the SRS samples 

and less than 13% for MAFB samples. 

Sample-Specific QC Checks 

Internal Standard 

All samples met internal standard acceptance criteria except one. All three internal standards in sample SP31 failed 

to meet area response criteria and results from that sample were not included in the reference data set. 

1 The response factor is the ratio of instrument response for a particular target compound to the instrument response for an 

internal standard. 2 The relative percent difference between two samples is the absolute value of their difference divided by their mean and 

multiplied by 100. 

31
DCL Laboratory Control Standard Recoveries

Savannah River Data Set

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Recovery, % 

11DCE 

Benzene 

Cl Benzene 

Toluene 

TCE 

Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 

Analysis Batch No. 

Figure 4-1. Laboratory control standard recovery values for SRS analyses. 

DCL Laboratory Control Standard Recoveries 

McClellan Data Set 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

Recovery, % 

11DCE 

Benzene 

Cl Benzene 

Toluene 

TCE 

Batch 1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Batch 4 Batch 5 

Analysis Batch No. 

Figure 4-2. Laboratory control standard recovery values for MAFB analyses. 

32 
Surrogate Standard 

With the following exceptions, surrogate standard recoveries met the criteria established by the laboratory, as noted 

in Table 4-1. Six samples (SP12, SP16, SP26, SP29, SP33, and SP65) failed surrogate recovery criteria for 1,2­

dichloroethane-d4 and passed recovery criteria for 4-bromofluorobenzene and toluene-d8. The actions taken are 

noted in Table 4-3. 

Summary of Analytical and QC Deviations 

A summary of QC deviations as well as other analytical errors or omissions is given in Table 4-3. The actions 

taken with regard to the affected data and the reference data set are also tabulated, along with a brief rationale. 

Table 4-3. Summary of Reference Laboratory Quality Control and Analytical Deviations 

Deviation or QC Criteria Failure Action 

Required dilution not made on two samples (SP20 and 

SP21). Some compounds were present above 

instrument linear range. 

Data Included: Data values for affected samples fall in 

the range of the other three replicate samples. 

Three field blanks were not sent to DCL from SRS 

demonstration. 

No Action: Five field blanks and 10 method blanks were 

run, yielding an adequate data set. 

Calculation error in original DCL report. Dilution factors 

applied incorrectly in two samples (SP55 and SP57). 

Data Corrected and Included: The correct dilution 

factors were applied following a teleconference with the 

DCL analyst. 

Sample SP31 failed internal standard recovery limits. Data Not Included. 

The following samples failed one or more surrogate 

standard recovery limits: SP12, SP16, SP26, SP29, 

SP33, and SP65. 

Data Not Included: SP12; results clearly fall outside of 

the range of other three replicate samples. 

Data Included: All others; nearly all target compounds 

fall within the range of concentration reported for the 

other three replicate samples. 

Hexachlorobutadiene detected as a contaminant in 

selected blanks and samples. 

No Action: This compound was not a target compound 

for any of the technologies. Its presence as a low-level 

contaminant does not affect the results of other target 

compounds. 

Chloroethyl vinyl ether was not detected in PE samples 

known to contain this compound. 

No Action: The GC/MS was not calibrated for this 

compound. None of the technologies included this 

compound in their target compound lists. 

Three sample results (MG20, MG51, and MG59) are 

from a second withdrawal from the original zeroheadspace sample vial. 

Data Included: The original volume withdrawn from the 

vial was 0.05 mL, resulting in an insignificant headspace 

volume and no expected impact on the composition of 

the second sample. 

Other Data Quality Indicators 

The demonstration design incorporated nine PE mixtures of various target compounds at each site that were 

prepared in the field and submitted in quadruplicate to each technology as well as to the laboratory. Laboratory 

accuracy and precision checks on these samples were assessed. Precision on replicate analysis of groundwater 

samples was also evaluated. The results of these assessments are summarized in the following sections. 

33
PE Sample Precision 

The relative standard deviation from quadruplicate laboratory analyses of each PE mixture prepared in the field 

was computed for each target compound in the mixture. As noted in Chapter 3, care was taken to ensure the 

preparation and distribution of homogeneous samples from each PE mixture. The RSD values represent an overall 

estimate of precision that takes into account field handling, shipping, storage, and analysis of samples. 

The precision data are shown in Figures 4-3 and 4-4 for SRS and Figures 4-5 and 4-6 for MAFB. (See Tables 

3-5 and 3-6 for the composition and concentration level of each PE mixture.) The compiled RSDs for all PE sample 

results had a median value of 7% and a 95th percentile value of 25%. In selected instances, precision in excess of 

Method 8260A specifications (£30% RSD) is observed for tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis-1,3­

dichloropropene, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Precision well in excess of method 

specifications is observed for 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, trans-1,3-dichloropropene, and 1,1-dichloropropene. 

The implications of these results with respect to evaluation of the technology performance are discussed, when 

applicable, in Chapters 5 or 7. 

PE Sample Accuracy 

An error propagation analysis was carried out to estimate the degree of uncertainty in the stated “true” 

concentration level of the PE samples prepared in the field. The sources of uncertainty and their magnitude 

encountered during PE sample preparation are listed in Table 4-4. These errors are combined using the 

methodology described by Bevington (1969) to arrive at a combined uncertainty in the PE sample value of –5%. 

Thus, for a 100-mg/L PE mix, the true value is known with 99% certainty to be within the range of 95 to 105 mg/L. 

Table 4-4. Sources of Uncertainty in PE Sample Preparation 

Type of Uncertainty Magnitude Source of Estimate 

Weight of component in PE mix 

ampule. 

0.5 mg in 1200 mg Gravimetric balance uncertainty included 

in PE mix certification documents 

Volume of methanol solvent used 

to dilute neat compounds. 

0.2 mL in 600 mL Published tolerances for volumetric flasks 

(Fisher Catalog) 

Volume of PE solution (from 

ampule) used in final PE solution. 

–5% of microsyringe volume; 

e.g., 25 mL for a 500-mL syringe 

Published tolerances in certificates 

shipped with microsyringes 

Volume of water diluent in final 

PE solution. 

5 ml in 10 L Published tolerances for volumetric flasks 

(Fisher Catalog) 

The laboratory results for PE samples are compared with the “true” value of the mixture to provide an additional 

measure of laboratory performance. A mean recovery3

 was computed for each PE compound in each of the four 

sample splits analyzed from each mixture. The SRS recovery values are shown in Figures 4-7 and 4-8, and MAFB 

recoveries are shown in Figures 4-9 and 4-10. Acceptable mean percent recovery values, specified in Method 

8260A, fall within the range of 70 to 130% with exceptions for a few compounds that pose analytical difficulties. 

With the following exceptions, all PE compounds at all concentration ranges met the Method 8260A recovery 

criteria. The exceptions are 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 1,1-dichloropropene, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 

Recovery is the ratio of the mean concentration level from analysis of the four sample splits to the reference or “true” 

concentration levels of the target compounds in each PE mix. 

34

3 
Target Compound 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 

Chlorobenzene 

Dibromochloromethane 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

Carbon Tetrachloride 

Chloroform 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

Methylene Chloride 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Trichlorofluoromethane 

0 

DataChem PE Sample Precision

Site: Savannah River Mix 1

10 20 30 

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 4-3. Laboratory precision on SRS PE samples containing mix 1. 

Trichloroethene was spiked into the spike/low samples. 

Target Compound 

Tetrachloroethene 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,2-Dibromoethane 

1,3-Dichloropropane 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloropropene 

DataChem PE Sample Precision

Site: Savannah River Mix 2

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

85 

85 

66 66 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 4-4. Laboratory precision on SRS PE samples containing mix 2. 

Tetrachloroethene was spiked into the mix 2 samples. Trichloroethene and 

tetrachloroethene were spiked into the spike/low samples. 

35
DataChem PE Sample Precision 

Target Compound Site: McClellan Mix 2 

Benzene 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,2-Dibromoethane 

1,3-Dichloropropane 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloropropene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

57 

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 4-5. Laboratory precision on MAFB PE samples containing mix 2. 

Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and benzene were 

spiked into the spike/low samples. 

DataChem PE Sample Precision 

Target Compound 

Bromoform 

Ethylbenzene 

Toluene 

Bromodichloromethane 

Benzene 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Site: McClellan Mix 3 

Spike/Low 

Mid 

Low 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 4-6. Laboratory precision on MAFB PE samples containing mix 3. 

Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and benzene were 

spiked into the spike/low samples. 

36
DataChem PE Sample Recovery 

Target Compound Site: Savannah River Mix 1 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 

Chlorobenzene 

Dibromochloromethane 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

Carbon Tetrachloride 

Chloroform 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

Methylene Chloride 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Trichlorofluoromethane 

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

VLow 

3 

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 4-7. Laboratory mean recoveries for SRS PE samples containing mix 1. 

Trichloroethane was spiked into the spike/low samples. 

DataChem PE Sample Recovery

Target Compound Site: Savannah River Mix 2

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,2-Dibromoethane 

1,3-Dichloropropane 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloropropene 

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 4-8. Laboratory mean recoveries for SRS PE samples containing mix 

2. Trichloroethane and tetrachloroethene were spiked into the spike/low 

samples. 

37
DataChem PE Sample Recovery 

Target Compound Site: McClellan Mix 2 

Benzene 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 

1,2-Dibromoethane 

1,3-Dichloropropane 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

1,2-Dichloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloropropene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Spike/Low 

High 

Mid 

Low 

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 4-9. Laboratory mean recoveries for MAFB PE samples containing

mix 2. Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and benzene

were spiked into the spike/low samples.

DataChem PE Sample Recovery

Target Compound Site: McClellan Mix 3

Bromoform 

Ethylbenzene 

Toluene 

Bromodichloromethane 

Benzene 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Spike/Low 

Mid 

Low 

VLow 

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 4-10. Laboratory mean recoveries for MAFB PE samples containing mix 

3. Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and benzene were 

spiked into the spike/low samples. 

38
and 1,2-dichlorobenzene at selected concentration levels. The implications of these exceptions for the technology 

evaluation are further discussed, if applicable, in Chapter 5. The compiled absolute percent differences (APDs)4 

for all PE sample results had a median value of 7% and a 95th percentile value of 25%. 

Groundwater Sample Precision 

Relative standard deviations are given in Table 4-5 for compound concentrations in excess of 1 mg/L in 

groundwater samples from the SRS demonstration. Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were the only 

contaminants detected in SRS groundwater samples. A similar compilation of RSD values from the MAFB 

groundwater samples is included in Table 4-6. These values are based on analytical results from either three or four 

replicate samples. With three exceptions, all tabulated values are less than 20%. 

Table 4-5. Summary of SRS Groundwater Analysis Precision 

Sample Description Relative Standard Deviation (%) 

TCE PCE 

Very low 1 10.6 14.3 

Very low 2 34.4 12.4 

Low 1 5.4 5.7 

Low 2 7.1 8.7 

Mid 1 9.4 11.6 

Mid 2 7.3 4.2 

High 1 0.8 1.8 

High 2 11.8 7.9 

Very high 1 8.4 5.7 

Very high 2 6.2 6.3 

Table 4-6. Summary of MAFB Groundwater Analysis Precision 

Sample Relative Standard Deviation (%) 

Description 11DCE TCE CLFRM CCL4 PCE 11DCA c12DCE t12DCE BNZN 

Very low 1 9.1 5.0 

Very low 2 2.6 <0.1 1.3 4.2 5.7 

Low 1 6.8 3.7 2.0 1.9 <0.1 

Low 2 11.5 5.2 4.0 22.3 4.1 3.8 

Mid 1 12.0 10.5 13.9 9.4 12.6 

Mid 2 3.6 4.9 3.8 

High 1 2.4 20.9 4.1 

High 2 5.3 5.3 5.1 3.8 

Very high 1 2.5 5.4 5.2 6.5 4.9 

Very high 2 8.0 6.4 4.9 10.1 

Notes: 11DCE = 1,1-dichloroethene; TCE = trichloroethene; CLFRM = chloroform; CCL4 = carbon tetrachloride; PCE = tetrachloroethene; 11DCA = 

1,1-dichloroethane; c12DCE = cis-1,2-dichloroethene; t12DCE = trans-1,2-dichloroethene; BNZN = benzene. 

Blank cells indicate that the compound was not present. 

The absolute percent difference is the absolute value of the percent difference between a measured value and a true value. 

39

4 
Summary of Reference Laboratory Data Quality 

With the exceptions noted below, a review of DCL analytical data showed that all Method 8260A QC criteria were 

met. Internal standard recovery limits were not met for one sample. The results for this sample were markedly 

different from the other three samples in the replicate set and the sample was omitted from the data set. Six 

samples failed one or more surrogate standard recovery criteria. These sample results were compared with 

replicate sample results. Five of the six samples were comparable and were included in the reference data set. 

The data for the remaining sample were not comparable and were omitted from the reference data set. Other 

quality control deviations, which are summarized in Table 4-3, did not significantly affect the quality of the 

laboratory data. 

A review of DCL precision and accuracy on field-prepared PE mixtures corroborates laboratory internal QC 

results. A similar precision evaluation on groundwater samples from both sites further supports these observations. 

Overall, the internal and external QC data reveal appropriate application and use of Method 8260A by DataChem 

Laboratories. The laboratory results for groundwater samples from both sites are considered suitable for use as a 

reference data set. 

40
Chapter 5 

Demonstration Results

Type 1312 Calibrated and Reported Compounds 

The 1312 was calibrated primarily for TCE and PCE in this demonstration, and PE mixtures containing only these 

two compounds were provided to the Innova team for analysis. In selected groundwater samples, other compounds 

were reported when the appropriate bandpass filters and calibration data for the instrument were available in the 

field. Table 5-1 lists the compounds for which the 1312 reported results in either PE or groundwater samples. 

Table 5-1. Type 1312 Calibrated and Reported Compounds 

Compounds Reported at SRS 

Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

Compounds Reported at MAFB 

Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

Preanalysis Sample Information 

As noted in Chapter 2, successful use of the Type 1312 requires that the composition of the sample be known so 

that spectral interferences can be accounted for. Consequently, both PE and groundwater samples were 

accompanied by information on the chain-of-custody forms indicating the contaminants that were present in the 

sample. For groundwater samples, the most recent quarterly monitoring results from each sampled well (given in 

Chapter 3) were used for information on sample composition. 

Sample Completion 

All but one of the 141 PE and groundwater samples submitted for analysis to the Innova team were completed at 

both demonstration sites. A PE sample from the very low category at the SRS was lost by the Innova team during 

handling. 

41
Blank Sample Results 

Eight blank samples were provided for analysis at each demonstration site. False positive detects were counted 

only for compounds reported at concentration levels greater than 1 mg/L. A list of false positive detects is given for 

both sites in Table 5-2. 

Table 5-2. False Positive Rates from Blank Sample Analysis 

SRS Blank Samples MAFB Blank Samples 

Compound False Positive Compound False Positives 

Trichloroethene 1 of 8 (13%) Trichloroethene 1 of 8 (13%) 

Tetrachloroethene 0 of 8 Tetrachloroethene 0 of 8 

Performance at Instrument Detection Limit 

Ten replicate samples of a PE mixture at a concentration level of 10 mg/L were provided for analysis at each site. 

Reported nondetects were compiled and are given as percent false negatives in Table 5-3. Vendor-provided 

compound detection limits are also shown in the table for comparison. 

Table 5-3. False Negative Rates from Very Low Level PE Sample Analysis 

SRS PE Mix 1 

10 mg/L (TCE and PCE) 

MAFB PE Mix 3 

9 mg/L TCE and 11 mg/L PCE 

Compound False Negative Compound False Negative 

Trichloroethene (2) 0 of 6 Trichloroethene (2) 1 of 4 (25%) 

Tetrachloroethene (2) 3 of 6 (50%) Tetrachloroethene (2) 1 of 4 (25%) 

Note: Vendor-provided detection limits (in mg/L) are shown in parentheses after each compound. 

PE Sample Precision 

Precision results from each of the replicate sample sets provided from seven PE mixtures at the SRS and six 

mixtures at MAFB are shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-2, respectively. The figures show the relative standard deviation 

for TCE and PCE at the concentration levels used in the study. (The composition and concentrations of each of 

these mixtures are given in Table 3-8 for SRS and Table 3-9 for MAFB.) Note that precision and accuracy were 

not determined for the “very low” concentration level. The data are also presented in tabular form in Table 5-4. 

Table 5-4. Precision for TCE and PCE at Both Sites 

Compound Site Relative Standard Deviation (%) 

Low 1 Low 2 Mid 1 Mid 2 High 1 High 2 Very High1 

Trichloroethene SRS 22 18 13 7 19 9 22 

MAFB 16 17 20 14 4 8 

Tetrachloroethene SRS 46 21 11 8 8 10 7 

MAFB 38 22 13 22 16 5 

Note: Blank cells indicate that no data were reported. 

42
Innova Multi-Gas Monitor PE Sample Precision 

Compound Site: Savannah River 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

V High 

High 2 

High 1 

Mid 2 

Mid 1 

Low 2 

Low 1 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 5-1. Type 1312 PE sample precision at the SRS. 

Innova Multi-Gas Monitor PE Sample Precision 

Compound Site: Savannah River 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

V High 1 

High 1 

Mid 2 

Mid 1 

Low 2 

Low 1 

0 10 20 30 40 50 

Relative Standard Deviation, % 

Figure 5-2. Type 1312 PE sample precision at MAFB. 

43
Overall instrument precision is summarized in Table 5-5 for PE mixtures used at each site. For this summary, 

RSD values from all PE sample analyses for all compounds at each site were pooled and the median and 95th 

percentile values of the distribution were computed. 

Table 5-5. Summary of PE Sample Precision and Percent Difference Statistics for the 

SRS and MAFB 

Parameter Percentile SRS MAFB Combined Sites 

RSD, % 50th 12 16 15 

95th 30 29 34 

Number in pool 14 12 26 

Absolute percent 50th 36 9 29 

difference 95th 48 22 47 

Number in pool 14 12 26 

PE Sample Accuracy 

The accuracy of the Type 1312 in analyzing PE samples was determined by comparing the average value from each 

of the replicate sample sets with the known concentration of the PE mixture (Tables 3-8 and 3-9 for SRS and 

MAFB, respectively). These comparisons are shown as percent recoveries1

 in Figures 5-3 and 5-4 for the SRS and 

MAFB, respectively. To assist in assessing the sign of the difference, the percent recovery data are plotted as either 

a positive or negative difference from the 100% recovery line. The percent recovery values are also expressed as 

absolute percent difference (APD) values2

 and are shown in Table 5-6. (For example, a 90% recovery is equivalent 

to a -10% difference; a 120% recovery is equivalent to a +20% difference.) Table 5-5 contains a summary of 

overall 1312 absolute percent differences relative to the true or reference value of the PE mixtures, along with the 

precision summary. These summaries are from pooled TCE and PCE data from each site. The median and 95th 

percentiles of the absolute values of these pooled values were computed and are reported under the absolute percent 

difference category in Table 5-5. 

Table 5-6. Target PE Compound Recovery at Both Sites 

Target Compound Site Absolute Percent Difference 

Low 1 Low 2 Mid 1 Mid 2 High 1 High 2 Very High1 

Trichloroethene SRS 39 39 34 35 35 38 48 

MAFB 20 15 4 11 5 10 

Tetrachloroethene SRS 42 34 25 33 34 36 48 

MAFB 24 21 8 2 3 7 

Note: Blank cells indicate that no data were reported. 

1 Percent recovery is the Type 1312 value divided by the true value, multiplied by 100. 2 The absolute percent difference is the absolute value of the percent difference between a field and reference (in this case 

the reference laboratory) measurement. As an example, the percent difference between a field measurement of 85 and a 

laboratory measurement of 110 is -22.7% and the absolute percent difference is 22.7%. 

44
Innova - Mult-Gas Monitor PE Sample Recovery 

Compound Site: Savannah River 

V High 

High 2 

High 1 

Mid2 

Mid1 

Low 2 

Low 1 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 5-3. Type 1312 PE sample recovery at the SRS. 

Innova Mult-Gas Monitor PE Sample Recovery 

Site: McClellan Compound 

V High 1 

High 1 

Mid 2 

Mid 1 

Low 2 

Low 1 

Tetrachloroethene 

Trichloroethene 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 

Average Percent Recovery 

Figure 5-4. Type 1312 PE sample recovery at MAFB. 

45

200 
Comparison with Laboratory Results 

At each demonstration site, a total of 33 samples collected from 10 wells were provided to the participants and to 

the reference laboratory. Replicate sample sets were composed of either 3 or 4 samples from each well. Average 

laboratory results from each replicate set were used as the reference values for comparison with technology results. 

A side-by-side comparison of laboratory and Type 1312 results for all groundwater samples is given in Table 5-7 

for the SRS and Table 5-8 for MAFB. The RSD values and their statistical summaries are included in the table. 

Well designation (very low, low, mid, high, and very high) is based on TCE concentration levels; however, other 

compounds were present in the groundwater samples at concentration levels noted in the tables. 

The average percent difference between average Type 1312 and laboratory results for TCE and PCE at SRS and 

TCE only at MAFB is shown in Figures 5-5 and 5-6, respectively. Average laboratory results for groundwater 

contaminants reported at levels less than 1 mg/L are not included in the comparison. The SRS groundwater 

comparison in Figure 5-5 includes only TCE and PCE. Two well samples at the SRS were also contaminated with 

1,1-dichloroethene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, as noted in Table 5-7. The groundwater samples at 

MAFB were more complex, as indicated by the additional compounds shown in Table 5-8. As noted previously, 

the Type 1312 was configured for analysis of only a few compounds, principally TCE and PCE, and thus was 

unable to detect the other compounds in the samples. 

Table 5-7. Type 1312 and Reference Laboratory Results for SRS Groundwater Samples 

Sample 

Description 

Well 

Number 

Compound Replicates Lab. 

Avg. (mg/L) 

Lab. 

RSD 

(%) 

Type 1312a 

Avg. 

(mg/L) 

Type 1312a 

RSD 

(%) 

Very low 1 MSB 33B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3 9.0 

3.5 

11 

14 

28 

37 

50 

87 

Very low 2 MSB 33C Trichloroethene 3 2.4 34 13 41 

Low 1 MSB 18B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3 11 

27 

5 

6 

29 

20 

13 

63 

Low 2 MSB 37B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

Chloroform 

Carbon tetrachloride 

4 27 

22 

1.3 

1.0 

7 

9 

0 

15 

31 

17 

NR 

NR 

12 

23 

NR 

NR 

Mid 1 MSB 4D Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

4 150 

87 

9 

12 

124 

73 

7 

6 

Mid 2 MSB 64C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

3 35 

240 

12 

7 

4 

8 

45 

203 

NR 

16 

16 

NR 

High 1 MSB 4B Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3 747 

33 

1 

2 

453 

34 

53 

18 

High 2 MSB 70C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

4 1875 

520 

32 

12 

8 

8 

1345 

451 

NR 

13 

21 

NR 

Very high 1 MSB 14A Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3 1367 

800 

8 

6 

961 

816 

5 

4 

Very high 2 MSB 8C Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

3 4933 

3668 

6 

6 

3519 

3835 

15 

5 

Range 0 – 34 4 – 87 

Median 8 16 

95th Percentile 15 65 

a NR = not reported. 

46 
Table 5-8. Type 1312 and Reference Laboratory Results for MAFB Groundwater Samples 

Sample 

Description 

Well 

Number 

Replicates Compound Lab. 

Avg. 

(mg/L) 

Lab. 

RSD 

(%) 

Type 1312a 

Avg. 

(mg/L) 

Type 1312a 

RSD 

(%) 

Very low 1 EW-86 3 Trichloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

4.6 

7.7 

5 

9 

13 

NR 

22 

NR 

Very low 2 MW-349 3 Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

Chloroform 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

13 

2.0 

9.0 

3.8 

137 

0 

6 

1 

3 

4 

34 

149 

NR 

NR 

NR 

27 

32 

NR 

NR 

NR 

Low 1 MW-331 4 1,1-Dichloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

2.5 

15 

7.5 

4.8 

16 

7 

0 

2 

2 

4 

NR 

NR 

9.8 

57 

40 

NR 

NR 

3 

97 

5 

Low 2 MW-351 3 Freon11 

1,1-Dichloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Trichloroethene 

20 

1.5 

5.1 

1.5 

1.4 

22 

6 

12 

4 

4 

4 

5 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

Mid 1 EW-87 4 1,1-Dichloroethene 

1,1-Dichloroethane 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 

Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

180 

3.0 

3.3 

6.8 

114 

1.2 

12 

9 

13 

12 

11 

14 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

146 

17 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

12 

5 

Mid 2 MW-341 3 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

15 

3.5 

280 

4 

5 

4 

NR 

130 

244 

NR 

23 

8 

High 1 MW-209 3 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

Trichloroethene 

38 

6.9 

238 

4 

21 

2 

NR 

64 

262 

NR 

21 

8 

High 2 MW-330 4 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

1,2-Dibromochloropropane 

Trichloroethene 

7.7 

66 

42 

6.1 

380 

4 

5 

5 

6 

5 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

Very high 1 MW-334 3 1,1-Dichloroethene 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

Benzene 

Trichloroethene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

690 

237 

397 

283 

10,667 

350 

3 

7 

5 

5 

5 

5 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

13,864 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

NR 

4 

NR 

Very high 2 MW-369 3 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 

Chloroform 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Trichloroethene 

207 

63 

51 

6167 

10 

6 

5 

8 

NR 

NR 

NR 

6443 

NR 

NR 

NR 

11 

Range 0 – 21 3 – 97 

Median 5 12 

95th Percentile 13 55 

a NR = not reported. 

47 
Model 1312 GW Sample Difference 

Compound Site: Savannah River Ref: Laboratory 

Trichloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene 

V High 2 

V High 1 

High 2 

High 1 

Mid 2 

Mid 1 

Low 2 

Low 1 

V Low 2 

V Low1 

437 

209 

366 

982 

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 

Average Percent Difference 

Figure 5-5. Type 1312 groundwater results at the SRS relative to laboratory results. 

Innova - Multi-Gas Monitor GW Sample Difference

Compound Site: McClellan AFB Ref: Laboratory

V HIgh2 

V High1

High2

High1

Mid2

Mid1

Trichloroethene 

Low2 

Low1 

V Low2 

V Low1 

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 

Average Percent Difference 

Figure 5-6. Type 1312 groundwater results at MAFB relative to laboratory results. 

48
The median and 95th percentiles of the distribution of absolute percent differences between 1312 and laboratory 

results for all groundwater samples are given in Table 5-9. 

Table 5-9. Type 1312 Absolute Percent Difference Summary for 

Pooled Groundwater Results 

Percentile SRS MAFB Combined Sites 

50th 26 156 29 

95th 493 4922 2236 

Number of samples in pool 19 14 33 

To assess the degree of linear correlation between some of the 1312 and laboratory groundwater data pairs shown 

in Tables 5-7 and 5-8, correlation coefficients (r) were computed. The correlation analysis was carried out for all 

TCE and PCE data pairs with laboratory values less than or equal to 300 mg/L. Only a few data pairs exist above 

this concentration level and including them in these analyses would result in spuriously high r values (Havlicek and 

Crain, 1988). The computed correlation coefficients are shown in Table 5-10. 

Table 5-10. Correlation Coefficients for Reference Laboratory and 

Type 1312 Groundwater Analyses 

Data Set Correlation 

Coefficient 

Number of 

Data Pairs 

SRS Laboratory (1 through 300 mg/L) 0.984 12 

MAFB Laboratory (1 through 300 mg/L) 0.892 8 

Sample Throughput 

The throughput rate for the Type 1312 was in the range of one to two water samples per hour. Two identical 

instruments were used at the MAFB site; however, these sample rates assume operation with one instrument. 

Performance Summary 

Table 5-11 contains a summary of instrument performance parameters and operational features of the 1312 that 

were verified in this demonstration. For groundwater samples, the precision results for the reference laboratory are 

given alongside the Type 1312 performance results to facilitate comparison of the two methodologies. 

49
Table 5-11. Type 1312 Performance Summary 

Instrument 

Feature/Parameter 

Performance Summary 

Blank sample False positives detected at low (<15%) rates for TCE. 

Detection limit sample False negatives reported at low rates (£25%) for TCE and higher (<50%) rates for PCE at 

concentration levels of approximately 10 mg/L. 

PE sample precision TCE, RSD range: 4 to 22% 

PCE, RSD range: 5 to 46% 

TCE and PCE combined, Type 1312 median RSD: 15%; 95th percentile RSD: 34% 

TCE and PCE combined, reference laboratory median RSD: 9%; 95th percentile RSD: 18% 

PE sample accuracy TCE, APD range: 4 to 48% 

PCE, APD range: 2 to 48% 

TCE and PCE combined, Type 1312 median APD: 29%; 95 th percentile APD: 47% 

TCE and PCE combined, reference laboratory median APD: 10%; 95th percentile APD: 

25% 

Type 1312 comparison 

with laboratory results 

for groundwater 

samples 

Type 1312 median RSD: 15% Laboratory median RSD: 6% 

Type 1312 95th percentile RSD: 73% Laboratory 95th percentile RSD: 14% 

Type 1312: laboratory median APD: 29%; 95th percentile APD: >2000% 

Type 1312: laboratory correlation: 

SRS (£300 mg/L) r = 0.984 

MAFB (£300 mg/L) r = 0.892 

Analytical versatility PE samples: calibrated for TCE and PCE; up to three components can be detected if 

sample composition is known. 

GW samples: calibrated for TCE and PCE; also reported results for carbon tetrachloride, 

chloroform, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene when possible. Reported results for 29 of 31 detects 

of TCE and PCE in all GW samples reported by the laboratory. 

Sample throughput 1–2 samples per hour 

Support requirements 110-V ac power or 12-V dc-to-ac with inverter 

Operator requirements Sample processing: minimally trained technician 

Data processing and review: B.S. chemist or equivalent 

Total system weight, 

including accessories 

30 pounds 

Portability Transportable – best suited for use in vehicle at the wellhead 

Total system cost $28,000 - $35,000 (depending upon options selected) 

Shipping requirements Air freight, luggage check, carry-on 

50
Chapter 6 

Field Observations and Cost Summary

Introduction 

The following subsections summarize the audit findings obtained while observing instrument operation at both sites. 

The purpose of the audits was to observe the instrument in operation as well as to verify that the analytical 

procedures used during the demonstration were consistent with the written procedures submitted to the verification 

organization prior to the field demonstration. An instrument cost summary and an applications assessment are also 

provided. 

Method Summary 

The 1312 employs a static (equilibrium) headspace method with no temperature control. It uses photoacoustic 

infrared analysis of the headspace vapors at preselected wavelengths to measure selected chlorinated VOCs in 

water. Compounds are quantified by using a classical least-squares matrix analysis at multiple wavelengths to 

account for spectral overlaps when more than one chlorinated VOC is encountered in the sample. The method 

requires that the composition of the sample be known so that spectral interferences from other chlorinated 

compounds can be avoided by selecting the appropriate bandpass filter in the instrument. 

Equipment 

The 1312, shown in Figure 6-1, has dimensions of 7 inches · 16 inches · 11 inches and weighs 20 pounds without 

accessories. A magnetic stir plate accessory has dimensions of 4 inches · 5 inches · 5 inches and weighs 6 

pounds. A glass, 2-L flask with a dual-inlet cap and Teflon tubing for connection to the instrument is also 

employed. The system did not include a printer. It can be powered from line ac or from a 12-V dc auto battery. 

The system was powered with 110 V ac from a portable generator at the SRS demonstration and by line ac from 

the local power grid at McClellan. The equipment was transported as air freight to both demonstration sites. The 

system could also be checked as baggage in a shipping case. 

Sample Preparation and Handling 

At the request of the Innova team, PE and groundwater samples were provided in 1-L amber bottles with zero 

headspace. Sample preparation was begun by pouring the entire contents of the cold 1-L sample into the 2-L 

flask. This flask, containing a magnetic stir bar, was immediately sealed with a cap equipped with two inlets and 

microvalves in the closed position. The flask was placed on a motor-driven stir plate and was stirred at moderate 

speed under ambient temperature conditions. After 30 minutes, Teflon tubing leads from the two inlets on the 

cap were connected to the inlet and outlet ports on the rear of the 1312 instrument and the microvalves near the 

cap were opened. An air pump inside the instrument circulated headspace vapors through the analysis cell for 20 

to 30 seconds prior to a 11⁄2 minute measurement period. The analysis cycle consisted of ten consecutive 

51
Figure 6-1. The Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. 

measurements of the headspace vapor. An average value from the ten measurements was used to compute the 

results for each sample. The entire measurement period, including equilibration time, lasted for about 45 minutes. 

The Innova team chose to use a 60-minute equilibration time at MAFB. Consequently, the total analysis time at 

that site was 75 minutes. The analysis result is displayed in units of parts per million volume on a display panel. 

This result is then converted to micrograms per liter (ppb) in water through the use of a calibration curve. The 

instrument also measures the temperature of the gas in the cell and the water vapor content in the sample. These 

data are used in the data processing algorithm to correct for water vapor spectral interferences. Following each 

analysis, the gas analysis cell in the instrument was flushed with ambient air and the headspace flask was rinsed 

with distilled water before refilling it with another sample. 

Consumables 

The only consumable used in operating the instrument is a fine-particle air inlet filter that needs replacement once a 

month. 

Historical Use 

The 1312 has been used extensively for chlorinated VOC measurements in soil gas and air at various environmental 

sites, including extensive testing and routine operation at SRS. This is the first demonstration of the 1312 for 

analysis of volatile organics in water using this headspace technique. 

Equipment Cost 

The 1312 has a price range of $28,000 to $35,000, depending upon the number of instrument options selected. 

Instrument costs are summarized in Table 6-1. For the purposes of comparison, reference laboratory costs were 

$95 per sample in addition to overnight shipping costs of approximately $30 per batch of 12 samples. Sample 

throughput for the 1312 was on the order of 1 to 2 samples per hour. 

52
Table 6-1. Type 1312 Cost Summary 

Instrument/Accessory Cost 

Instrument (1312) $28,000 to 35,000 

Instrument accessories (flasks, stir motor, tubing) $300 to $500 

Sample handling accessories 

(syringes, vials, standards) 

None required 

Maintenance costs $100/year 

Operators and Training 

One operator is required for system operation. For wellhead monitoring operations where operator and the 

instrument would follow a well-sampling team, one operator is probably sufficient since only one or two samples 

would be provided per hour. Sample preparation and instrument operation could be carried out by a field 

technician with several hours of training. 

Data Processing and Output 

The instrument, as configured for the demonstration, reported analytical results in units of parts per million volume 

for up to five calibrated compounds. Results were read from the instrument display and manually recorded by the 

instrument operator. The results were converted to units of micrograms per liter in water by reference to a series of 

calibration curves produced during instrument calibration at the manufacturer’s facility in Denmark before the 

demonstration. Thus, considerable operator involvement in the data analysis and reporting process was required. 

The instrument is capable of communication with a laptop computer and in fact can be operated from a computer 

using Innova software developed for the instrument. However, these features were not employed at this 

demonstration. 

Compounds Detected 

The instrument was calibrated for the following five compounds prior to the demonstration: TCE, PCE, 

chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene. As noted in Chapter 2, the method utilizes an infrared 

spectrophotometric method with many potential spectral interferences in multicomponent mixtures. The instrument 

is only capable of analyzing five or fewer compounds simultaneously and prior knowledge of the composition of the 

sample is required to avoid spectral interferences and possible erroneous readings. 

Initial and Daily Calibration 

The instrument was calibrated at the factory before the demonstration by injecting known amounts of the target 

compounds into 1 L of water and recording the resulting concentration in the headspace. The analyses were 

repeated at three or four points over the desired calibration range. Linear regression was used to determine the 

relationship between water concentration (mg/L) and headspace vapor concentration (ppmv). Three sets of 

calibration curves were prepared for each of the five target analytes over the entire working range of the instrument 

in the following concentration categories: low, 0 to 500 mg/L; medium, 500 to 1000 mg/L; and high, 1000 mg/L and 

up. 

The instrument’s calibration is reported to be highly stable over a period of a year or more. Consequently, daily 

calibration checks are not specified in the field method. 

53
QC Procedures and Corrective Actions 

No QC checks were included in the field method. 

Sample Throughput 

Maximum throughput is about one sample per 45 minutes. Typical throughput is between one and two samples per 

hour. 

Problems Observed During Audit 

Data from PE samples of known composition reported initially at the SRS site showed a consistent negative bias. 

Further investigation into this discrepancy revealed that data were being reported in units of microliters per liter in 

water instead of micrograms per liter in water. Liquid density values for the target compounds were obtained by 

the Innova team and the data were converted to the appropriate units. No temperature control of the sample was 

done at either site. The temperature of the sample was inferred from a dewpoint measurement that was made with 

each sample. At the SRS, the temperature of the sample was typically below that used during calibration of the 

instrument. This temperature effect would translate to a negative bias in the reported results since equilibrium 

headspace concentrations increase with temperature. Sample temperatures at MAFB were in closer agreement with 

those used during calibration, resulting in less bias in the reported results. 

Data Availability and Changes 

Data from the 1312 were obtained at the end of each demonstration day in hard copy. Data were provided in 

spreadsheet format at the conclusion of each demonstration week. Several typographical errors were corrected at 

the final data review; however, with the exception of the density correction factor noted above, no substantive data 

changes were made. The instrument operators also reported instances where specific interferents might influence 

reported TCE and PCE results in groundwater samples. Such information would be useful in data interpretation by 

the final user if previous information on groundwater composition is available. 

Applications Assessment 

This demonstration was intended to provide an assessment of the instrument’s suitability for analytical tasks in site 

characterization and routine site monitoring. Site characterization refers to those instances where subsurface 

contamination is suspected, but information on specific compounds and their concentration level is not available. 

The instrument best suited for this application is one that can screen a wide array of compounds in a timely and 

cost-effective manner. Analytical precision and accuracy requirements may be relaxed in these instances since a 

general description of the site characteristics is adequate for remediation planning. At the other end of the spectrum 

is a monitoring application where contaminant compounds and their subsurface concentrations are known with 

some certainty. Periodic monitoring requirements imposed by local regulatory agencies may specify that analyses 

be carried out for specific contaminant compounds known to be present in the water. Quarterly well-monitoring 

programs fall into this category. 

Based on its performance in this demonstration, the Innova Type 1312 Multi-gas Monitor is best suited for 

monitoring applications where the contaminant content of the samples is known. For example, the instrument could 

be used in a routine quarterly monitoring program to analyze TCE in groundwater samples. The instrument is not 

well suited for characterization or screening applications where the contaminants at the site are not known since 

interferences from unknown contaminants in the samples could cause considerable error in the reported results. 

54
Chapter 7 

Technology Update

Note: The following comments were submitted by the technology developer. They have been edited for format 

consistency with the rest of the report. The technical content in the following comments has not been verified by 

the verification organization. 

During the testing of PE samples at the SRS, we encountered some low recoveries that we suspected were caused 

by temperature. Our instrumentation allows us to read out the dewpoint, which was 58 to 70 �F at SRS and 75 to 

80 �F during the calibration in the laboratory. For that reason we were more concerned about temperature at 

MAFB and therefore allowed the samples to equilibrate for a longer time before analysis. At MAFB we obtained 

dewpoints of 70 to 85 �F, which were closer to those observed during the calibration, and noted analysis recoveries 

closer to 100%. 

We are currently working on procedures that will be less dependent on sample temperature, including 

thermostatting and temperature compensation algorithms. We are also working on a system for permanent on-line 

monitoring of chlorinated organic solvents using the same technology. The first installations are already in place in 

England. 

55
Chapter 8 

Previous Deployments

The following documents report on previous use of the 1312 Multi-gas Monitor. 

L. C. Waters, R. A. Jenkins, R. W. Counts, and L. Hernandez, “A Photoacoustic Infrared Method for the Detection 

of Selected Chlorinated Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) in Water: Method OSO30,” in DOE Methods for 

Evaluating Environmental and Waste Management Samples, pp. OSO30-1 to OSO30-15, DOE/EM-0089T; U.S. 

Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1994. 

J. E. Sollid, “Soil Pore-Gas Sampling by Photoacoustic Radiometry,” paper presented at the Air and Waste 

Management Association/Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (AWMA/SPIE) Conference on 

Optical Sensing for Environmental and Process Monitoring, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, 

PA, 1994. 

K. Gunn, Z. Guo, and B. A. Tichenor, “Tracer Gas Measurement of Indoor-Outdoor Air Exchange Rates,” paper 

presented at the EPA/Air and Waste Management Association Specialty Conference on Measurements of Toxic and 

Related Air Pollutants, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1994. 

W. Buttner, P. Wagner, A. Husain, S. Pfeifenrot, K. Dooly, and S. Barrie, “In-situ Sampling of Aqueous-Phase 

Contamination of Chlorinated Solvents,” paper presented at the Air and Waste Management Association Specialty 

Conference on Field Analytical Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals, Air and Waste Management 

Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1997. 

56
References 

Bevington, P. R., 1969, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, pp. 52–60. McGraw-Hill, 

New York. 

DataChem, 1997, “DataChem Laboratories Environmental Chemistry/Radiochemistry Quality Assurance Program 

Plan,” 1997 Revision, DataChem Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT. 

EPA, 1996a, “A Guidance Manual for the Preparation of Site Characterization and Monitoring Technology 

Demonstration Plans,” Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, 

NV. [Available at the ETV Web Site (www.epa.gov/etv) in pdf format.] 

EPA, 1996b, “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods; Third Edition; Final Update 

III,” Report No. EPA SW-846.3-3, Government Printing Office Order No. 955-001-00000-1, Office of Solid 

Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC. 

Havlicek, L. L., and R. D. Crain, 1988, Practical Statistics for the Physical Sciences, pp. 80–93. American 

Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

Sandia, 1997, “Demonstration Plan for Wellhead Monitoring Technology Demonstration; Sandia National 

Laboratories,” Albuquerque, NM. [Available at the ETV Web Site (www.epa.gov/etv) in pdf format.] 

57