1

Filed 3/21/24 P. v. Lee CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(San Joaquin)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RICHARD ELMO LEE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C098085

(Super. Ct. No. 

STKCRFECOD20180012122)

Defendant Richard Elmo Lee orchestrated the murder-for-hire of a doctor who 

treated his late wife. A jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and found true 

the special circumstance that the murder was committed for financial gain. (Pen. Code, 

§§ 187, subd. (a) and 190.2, subd. (a)(1).)1 The trial court sentenced defendant to state 

prison for life without the possibility of parole. 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
2

Defendant appeals, raising two sets of issues. First, he argues the prosecution 

violated Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83 (Brady) by failing to timely disclose 

information contained in the lead investigator’s personnel records. In a related vein, he 

argues the trial court erred in denying mid-trial motions to dismiss and declare a mistrial, 

and a post-trial motion for a new trial. 

Second, defendant argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence of a .32 

caliber semiautomatic pistol that was not the murder weapon, or alternatively, that 

defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object to evidence of the 

pistol. 

We will reject both sets of issues and affirm the judgment. 

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was married to Bonnie. They had been together since they were 

teenagers, some 60 years before the events described herein. Bonnie suffered from 

various health problems, including problems with one of her feet. Bonnie was treated for 

an ingrown toenail by Dr. Thomas Shock, a podiatrist. The toenail became infected and 

gangrenous, and Dr. Shock eventually amputated Bonnie’s toes and half of her foot. 

Bonnie’s health and quality of life declined precipitously, and she passed away in 2016 at 

the age of 78. 

Defendant blamed Dr. Shock for Bonnie’s death. He told his daughter, Cheri, he 

wanted Shock dead. At first, defendant told Cheri he intended to kill Shock and take his 

own life. Later, he told Cheri he met a man at a gas station who was going to help him 

kill Shock. Cheri thought defendant was just blowing off steam. 

A. The Shooting of Dr. Shock

Dr. Shock lived in Lodi with his wife of many years, Nancy. On the night of 

August 1, 2018, Nancy went upstairs to bed sometime between 9:00 and 9:30 p.m. 

Shock stayed downstairs. 
3

A neighbor was walking across the street from the Shocks’ house that night 

around 9:45 p.m. The neighbor heard a gunshot and saw a man running toward a car

parked in front of the Shocks’ house. Another neighbor was driving by the house around 

the same time. That neighbor heard two gunshots and saw a light-colored SUV idling in 

front of the house. Both neighbors saw someone drive away quickly. 

Police officers from the Lodi Police Department responded shortly thereafter. 

They found Dr. Shock lying across the threshold of the house. Shock had been shot in 

the chest, arm, and head and was unresponsive. An autopsy and ballistics analysis would 

later reveal that he had been shot three times at close range with bullets consistent with a 

.38 special or a .357 magnum revolver. Shock was declared dead at the scene. 

B. Investigation

Officers secured the scene and detectives began their investigation. Surveillance 

videos from neighbors showed a single vehicle—an SUV—driving down the street 

around the time of the shooting. The SUV was registered to codefendant Raymond 

Jacquett. 

A piece of paper was found near the body. Detective Michael Hitchcock, the lead 

investigator, determined the paper was a page from a complaint against Dr. Shock to the 

Medical Board of California by Bonnie. The page was analyzed for fingerprints and 

found to contain the prints of codefendants Mallory Stewart and Christopher Costello. 

A search warrant was executed on Costello’s cell phone.2 An examination of the 

phone revealed that Costello called defendant the day before the shooting. 

A search warrant was executed on defendant’s house. Police found a copy of 

Bonnie’s complaint against Dr. Shock. The complaint was missing a single page—the 

one found at the crime scene. Police also found a handwritten note from defendant to his 

2 The name on the home screen of the phone, which was found in Costello’s pocket, was 

“Yung Cos.” “Yung Cos” was believed to be Costello’s nickname. 
4

children, stating, in part: “Maybe I will find out why God took mom so soon and let her 

suffer so. I believe in an eye-for-an-eye . . . . I hope Shock spends his time in [hell] . . . 

and I get to see him face-to-face.” 

Police searched defendant’s computer. They found several searches relating to Dr. 

Shock, including a search for his home address. They also found searches relating to

guns and silencers. Defendant’s bank records showed he made a series of withdrawals 

totaling $5,600 in the days before the shooting. They also reflected a charge at a diner in 

Sacramento on the day of the shooting. 

A search of the California Department of Justice’s automated firearm system 

database revealed that defendant owned three revolvers, all .38 caliber. No such weapon 

was found in defendant’s house. However, police found a .32-caliber semiautomatic 

pistol. Police also found three boxes of .38 special ammunition, with 10 rounds missing 

from one of the boxes. 

Police recovered several cell phones from defendant’s house and car. As we shall 

discuss, call detail records showed defendant communicated with Costello and Stewart in 

the days leading up to the shooting. Cell site locational data likewise showed that 

members of the group were in the same places at the same times on the day of the 

shooting. Defendant and the others were arrested and taken into custody. 

C. Charges and Dispositions of Codefendants’ Cases 

The four men—defendant, Costello, Stewart, and Jacquett—were charged by 

consolidated information with murder with special circumstances of murder for financial 

gain and lying in wait (§§ 187, subd. (a), 190.2, subd. (a)(1) and (15).)3 Defendant pled 

not guilty and denied the allegations. 

3 The trial court granted defendant’s motion to strike the special circumstance for lying in 

wait. 
5

Jacquett and Costello were each tried separately. (See People v. Jacquett (July 14, 

2022, C091059) [nonpub. opn.]; People v. Costello (May 9, 2023, C095289) [nonpub. 

opn.].) Jacquett was convicted of second degree murder and sentenced to 15 years to life 

in state prison. (People v. Jacquett, supra, C091059.)4 Costello was convicted of first

degree murder for financial gain and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of 

parole. (People v. Costello, supra, C095289.) 

Stewart entered a negotiated plea in which he agreed to plead guilty to first degree 

murder and receive a sentence of 50 years to life in state prison in exchange for his 

testimony against defendant. 

D. Jury Trial

Defendant’s case was tried to a jury over the course of several weeks in March 

2022. The prosecution’s witnesses, including Detective Hitchcock, testified substantially 

as described ante.

5

 The prosecution also presented other evidence that will be relevant 

here, which we will attempt to summarize as briefly as possible.

1. The Prosecution’s Case

As previously discussed, Cheri testified to conversations in which defendant, her 

father, expressed an intent to kill Dr. Shock. She also testified to conversations after the 

shooting. According to Cheri, defendant said three men came to his house on the night of 

August 1, 2018. Some of them, including defendant, drove to Shock’s house. Defendant 

told Cheri he waited in the car and watched as one of the men walked to the door and 

4 Another panel of this court affirmed the conviction but remanded for resentencing 

because the trial court mistakenly believed Jacquett was statutorily ineligible for 

probation. (People v. Jacquett, supra, C091059.)

5

It is not necessary to describe Hitchcock’s testimony in detail; however, we will have 

more to say about Hitchcock (who also testified for the defense) later in this opinion. 
6

shot Shock with defendant’s .38 caliber revolver. Defendant said he paid the men 

$5,000. He asked Cheri to testify that he had given her $3,000. 

Cheri was interviewed several times by Detective Hitchcock and Eduardo 

Rodriguez, an investigator with the San Joaquin County District Attorney’s Office. She 

initially went along with defendant’s version of events. She told Hitchcock and 

Rodriguez she received $3,000 or $3,500 from defendant and insisted he never said 

anything about hurting Dr. Shock. However, she later called Rodriguez and told him 

defendant had admitted to playing a role in the shooting. 

Cross-examination focused on possible reasons for Cheri’s change in tune. Cheri 

admitted lying to Detective Hitchcock when she said defendant had given her $3,000. 

She also admitted lying when she said he never mentioned hurting Dr. Shock. Cheri 

acknowledged that she had an interest in defendant’s financial affairs and his mounting 

legal fees were a source of concern to her. At some point, Cheri learned one of 

defendant’s attorneys had placed a lien on defendant’s house. Cheri was disappointed, as 

she had always understood she and her brother stood to acquire an interest in the house. 

She urged her father to fire his attorney and retain someone less expensive. Defendant 

refused. Cheri called Detective Rodriguez less than two weeks later. Rodriguez, who 

testified for both the prosecution and defense, would later testify that Cheri was upset 

about the house when she told him about defendant’s alleged admission. 

Stewart testified pursuant to the aforementioned plea agreement. Stewart said he 

met defendant through Costello on the day of the shooting. They had lunch at a diner in 

Sacramento. Afterwards, they went to a nearby bank, where defendant withdrew money 

to give Costello. A plan was made to meet later at defendant’s house in Lodi. 

Stewart and Costello were eventually joined by Jacquett. The three men drove to 

defendant’s house. Stewart and Costello went inside and spoke with defendant. 

Defendant showed them a photograph of Dr. Shock on the Internet. He told them he 

wanted Shock dead for having botched surgery on his wife. He showed them two guns 
7

and suggested they use a pizza box as an excuse to approach Shock’s door. In the end, 

they decided to approach Shock’s door with a clipboard and piece of paper. 

Defendant, Stewart, and Jacquett drove to Dr. Shock’s house.

6

 They parked in 

front. Stewart got out of the car and went to the door holding the clipboard and one of 

defendant’s guns. Shock answered the door in his underwear. Stewart shot him and 

returned to the car. The group drove back to defendant’s house. Defendant gave Stewart 

$3,000 and the gun. At some point, Stewart realized he no longer had the piece of paper 

from the clipboard. 

Sara Morin, a crime analyst with the California Department of Justice, testified as 

an expert in the field of cell site analysis. Morin explained that she analyzed call detail 

records and cell phone extractions for phones associated with defendant, Stewart, 

Costello, and Jacquett.7 The records showed cell phones associated with defendant and 

Costello connected with a cell tower near a store in Lodi on July 27, 2018. That 

connection was followed by a flurry of calls between the relevant phones over the next 

several days including two calls between phones associated with defendant, Costello, and 

Stewart, lasting more than 40 minutes altogether. On July 31, 2018, the day before the 

shooting, Stewart’s phone sent defendant’s phone a text message, stating: “Hey, im 

waitn for yall so I can get that job done for you.”8

Cell site analysis of the relevant phones placed defendant and the other men in the 

same locations at the same times on the day of the murder. Phones associated with 

defendant and Costello were both near Stewart’s house in Sacramento around 1:00 p.m. 

6 Costello appears to have left the group. 

7 Morin testified that she received the call detail records and cell phone extractions from 

Detective Hitchcock. However, Hitchcock would have received the call detail records 

from cell phone carriers. This will become important later. 

8 Defendant denied speaking to Stewart or receiving texts from him. 
8

on August 1, 2018. There was no call activity between the phones from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 

p.m., but all three phones connected to cell towers near Stewart’s house and the bank. At 

2:23 p.m., defendant’s phone connected with a cell tower near the diner in Sacramento. 

Around 5:00 p.m., defendant’s phone connected to a cell tower near his home in 

Lodi. Jacquett and Costello’s phones connected to cell towers in Lodi shortly thereafter.

9

 

Costello’s phone attempted to connect with defendant’s phone, Jacquett’s phone, and 

Stewart’s phone in the 15 minutes preceding the shooting, but the calls went to voicemail 

or failed to connect. There was a break in cell phone activity around the time of the 

shooting. 

Cell phone activity resumed within 20 minutes of the shooting, with a succession 

of three short calls between defendant’s phone and phones associated with Costello. Cell 

phone activity between phones associated with defendant and Costello continued the next 

day. According to Morin, defendant’s phone called Costello’s phone at 11:07 a.m., and 

connected for less than two minutes. Costello’s phone called defendant’s phone at 3:51 

p.m. that afternoon and connected for nearly five minutes. That call appears to have been 

the last contact between defendant’s phone and of those of any of his codefendants. 

All in all, Morin testified there were “less than 20 contacts” between defendant’s 

phone and phones associated with Costello, and “about [10] contacts” between 

defendant’s phone and phones associated with Stewart.10 Significantly, all such contacts 

took place during the four-day period between July 30 and August 2, 2018. Morin also 

noted that the day of the shooting (August 1, 2018) was the only time defendant’s phone 

9 Stewart testified he left his phone at home in Sacramento. 

10 By our count, there were 16 contacts between defendant’s phone and phones 

associated with Costello, and nine contacts between defendant’s phone and phones 

associated with Stewart. 
9

connected with a cell tower in Sacramento or Jacquett’s phone connected with a cell 

tower in Lodi. 

On cross-examination, Morin explained that she received the names of suspected 

users of the relevant phones from Detective Hitchcock. Morin acknowledged she has no 

way of knowing the names of the suspected users are correct. She also acknowledged she 

has no way of knowing what might have been said during conversations between users. 

2. Defense Case

Defendant testified in his own defense and denied any involvement in Dr. Shock’s 

murder. Defendant acknowledged meeting Costello at the store in Lodi on July 31, 2018. 

However, he testified that Costello offered to sell him pain pills. Defendant said he 

bought the pills and exchanged phone numbers with Costello. He then drove Costello to 

Stockton. As they drove, defendant told Costello about what had happened to Bonnie. 

According to defendant, Costello called the next day to offer more pills for sale. 

Defendant drove Costello to Sacramento, where they were joined by Stewart. The group 

went to a diner, where they had lunch and discussed pills defendant might buy. They 

went to the bank and agreed to meet at defendant’s house in Lodi to complete another 

transaction for pills. Somewhere along the line, on July 30 or July 31, 2018, defendant 

withdrew $5,000 from the bank. He said he gave $3,500 to Cheri and kept the balance 

for himself. 

Defendant confirmed that Costello and Stewart came to his house on August 1, 

2018, as agreed. They were driven by Jacquett, who waited in the car while the others 

discussed the drug deal. According to defendant, Costello and Stewart noticed 

photographs of Bonnie and asked about her. Around the same time, Costello told 

defendant they intended to rob him. Costello took pills, money, and two guns from 

defendant’s bedroom. He also took a single page from Bonnie’s complaint against Dr. 

Shock. According to defendant, Costello handed the page to Stewart and told him to “go 
10

do what I told you.” Costello and Jacquett left defendant’s house, leaving Stewart 

behind. Eventually, Jacquett came back and collected Stewart. 

The next day, Costello called and demanded $4,000. When defendant asked what 

for, Costello responded, “we did you a favor.” That, defendant said, was the last he heard 

from any of his codefendants. 

Defendant testified he gave Cheri power of attorney following his arrest. But 

father and daughter argued about legal expenses. According to defendant, Cheri became 

upset upon learning that he had given a prior attorney an attorney’s lien. What’s more, 

defendant said, his son told him that Cheri and her boyfriend were spending all his 

money. Defendant eventually revoked Cheri’s power of attorney and granted that 

authority to his son. Defendant denied telling Cheri he planned to kill Dr. Shock. 

On cross-examination, defendant acknowledged speaking with Detective 

Hitchcock for several hours on September 20, 2018, but saying nothing about pills or a 

robbery. He admitted driving by Dr. Shock’s house and searching the Internet for

information about Shock and guns. He allowed that he might have told Hitchcock he had 

no revolvers or, if he were going to buy a gun, it would be an automatic. He also said he 

regularly researches guns and other things on the Internet to pass the time. 

E. Verdict and Sentence

The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder after approximately two 

hours of deliberation. (§ 187, subd. (a).) The jury found true the special circumstance 

allegation that the murder was committed for financial gain. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(1).) The 

trial court sentenced defendant to life in state prison without the possibility of parole. 

This appeal timely followed. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Brady Violation

Defendant argues for reversal based on an alleged Brady violation. He argues the 

prosecution’s failure to timely disclose information contained in Detective Hitchcock’s 
11

personnel records deprived him of due process and a fair trial. He also argues the trial 

court erred in denying his motions to dismiss, declare a mistrial, and order a new trial. 

None of these arguments carry the day. 

1. Additional Background

Detective Hitchcock was arrested for misdemeanor driving under the influence in 

October 2021. The prosecutor notified defense counsel of the arrest by letter dated 

January 6, 2022. Defense counsel decided against seeking more information by filing a 

motion pursuant to Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess). 

Trial began on March 2, 2022. Several days later, on March 8, 2022, defense 

counsel learned through courthouse gossip that Detective Hitchcock may have been 

involved in an internal affairs investigation concerning “the way he disposes of 

evidence.” By then, Hitchcock had already completed his testimony for the prosecution. 

Defendant filed a Pitchess motion seeking discovery of information from 

Detective Hitchcock’s personnel records. The trial court heard the motion on an 

expedited basis on March 14, 2022. After hearing objections from the City Attorney and 

Lodi Police Department, the trial court conducted an in camera review and found the 

records contained discoverable information. By now, the prosecution had rested, and 

defendant was scheduled to present his defense the next day. The trial court continued 

the case for one week to give the defense an opportunity to review the Pitchess material 

and conduct any necessary investigation. 

Trial resumed on March 22, 2022. Outside the presence of the jury, defense 

counsel informed the trial court that he had interviewed witnesses from the Lodi Police 

Department and learned that allegations had been sustained that Detective Hitchcock 

mishandled evidence, including various cell phones. Defense counsel reminded the trial 

court that Hitchcock had handled cell phones belonging to defendant and others and

provided information to Morin for use in her cell site analysis. 
12

Defense counsel argued he would have prepared the case differently had he known 

Detective Hitchcock had been reprimanded for “mishandling electronic devices.” 

Specifically, he said he would have “hired expert witnesses to get those cell phones that 

were analyzed in this case and to have them do their own extractions and to compare the 

records that were provided by the service providers.” 

Defense counsel acknowledged he could impeach Detective Hitchcock “and have 

the jury understand that he has mishandled evidence in the past.” But he said he had still 

been put “at a great disadvantage” because he could not demonstrate that Hitchcock had 

mishandled evidence here. Had the information been timely disclosed, defense counsel 

said, he “would have made greater efforts to find out if [Hitchcock] did mishandle 

evidence in this case.” With trial set to resume that very day, the implication was that it 

was now too late to do so. Accordingly, defense counsel moved to dismiss the case or, in 

the alternative, declare a mistrial. The trial court denied both motions. 

The defense recalled Detective Hitchcock. Hitchcock testified he recovered cell 

phones from defendant’s house and car and booked them into evidence. He also 

recovered and booked cell phones from Stewart and Costello. Hitchcock said he did not 

extract data from any of the phones; that task fell to another officer. However, Hitchcock 

downloaded the extracted data onto an electronic storage device (a disk or USB drive) 

and drove the device to the California Department of Justice in Sacramento, where he 

physically delivered it to Morin. 

Detective Hitchcock acknowledged having been the subject of an internal affairs 

investigation in 2021. The investigation involved two firearms booked into evidence in 

another case. Hitchcock explained that he checked the firearms out of the evidence room 

with the intention of taking them to the ballistics testing center for testing. However, he 

failed to send the firearms to the ballistics testing center for two weeks. As a result, he 

was found to have violated police department policies and local rules. 
13

Detective Hitchcock also acknowledged having received letters of reprimand on 

two occasions. On one occasion, Hitchcock had been downloading data from cell phones 

using Cellebrite equipment. That process can be time consuming, Hitchcock said, so he 

worked on more than one phone at a time, leaving them to download in a locked drawer 

or cabinet of his desk. Hitchcock somehow mixed the phones up and transposed numbers 

on the evidence envelopes, resulting in the release of the wrong phone to the wrong 

person. He testified he was reprimanded for mishandling evidence. 

On another occasion, Hitchcock recalled recovering several electronic devices 

from a residence and trying to book them all into evidence as a group, rather than 

individually. Hitchcock testified he was reprimanded for booking the evidence 

improperly. Hitchcock also testified that he had recently resigned from the Lodi Police 

Department to accept a job in the private sector. 

On cross-examination, Detective Hitchcock maintained no evidence had been 

compromised in any of the cases in which he had been investigated or reprimanded. He 

added that he followed protocols in the present case, and Morin would have double 

checked the data extracted from the phones against the phone records from the cell phone 

carriers to ensure they matched. 

After the verdict, defendant moved for a new trial on the ground that the delayed 

disclosure of information concerning Detective Hitchcock’s mishandling of cell phones 

in other cases violated his rights to due process and a fair trial. The trial court denied the 

motion, finding, again, that the information was required to be disclosed by Brady, but 

the court’s remedial measures, including the week-long continuance and expedited 

hearing on defendant’s Pitchess motion, were sufficient to remedy any potential 

violation. 

2. Applicable Legal Principles and Standards of Review

“The federal due process clause prohibits the prosecution from suppressing 

evidence materially favorable to the accused. The duty of disclosure exists regardless of 
14

good or bad faith, and regardless of whether the defense has requested the materials.” 

(People v. Zambrano (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1082, 1132 (Zambrano), overruled on another 

ground as stated in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22; see Brady, supra, 

373 U.S. at p. 87.) “There are three elements to a Brady violation: (1) the state 

withholds evidence, either willfully or inadvertently, (2) the evidence at issue is favorable 

to the defendant, either because it is exculpatory or impeaching, and (3) the evidence is 

material.” (People v. Lewis (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 257, 263 (Lewis).) Reversal for 

failure to turn over exculpatory evidence is required only if the evidence is material. 

(Zambrano, supra, at p. 1133.)

Evidence is material under Brady if there is “a reasonable probability its disclosure 

would have altered the trial result.” (Zambrano, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 1132.) “ ‘The 

question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a 

different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, 

understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.’ ” (In re Brown (1998) 

17 Cal.4th 873, 886.) In other words, “the defendant must show that ‘the favorable 

evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to 

undermine confidence in the verdict.’ ” (Lewis, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 263.) 

“Materiality includes consideration of the effect of the nondisclosure on defense 

investigations and trial strategies.” (Zambrano, supra, at p. 1132.) 

We independently determine whether a Brady violation has occurred, giving great 

weight to the trial court’s factual findings that are supported by substantial evidence. 

(People v. Letner & Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 176.) We review the trial court’s ruling 

on defendant’s motion for a new trial based on the alleged Brady violation for abuse of 

discretion. (People v. Hoyos (2007) 41 Cal.4th 872, 917, fn. 27.) In that circumstance, 

“the asserted abuse of discretion is the asserted failure of the trial court to recognize 

violations of defendant’s constitutional rights.” (Ibid.) We apply the same deferential 

standard of review to rulings on defendant’s motions to dismiss the charges and declare a 
15

mistrial. (People v. Velasco-Palacios (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 439, 445 [motion to 

dismiss]; People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 573 [mistrial].) 

3. Analysis

Defendant argues the prosecution violated Brady by failing to timely disclose 

information from Detective Hitchcock’s personnel records. The People appear to 

concede the second Brady element: that the information was favorable to defendant. We 

accept the apparent concession and focus on the first and third elements, which we

consider in turn. 

a. Whether the Information Was Withheld

Reading his briefs generously, defendant suggests the untimely disclosure of 

information from Detective Hitchcock’s personnel records was tantamount to a failure to 

disclose. The People respond that the information, “while disclosed late, [was] 

nonetheless disclosed to the defense before trial ended,” and so cannot be said to have 

been withheld. The People are not wrong, but that does not end the matter.

Our Supreme Court considered the midtrial disclosure of Brady material—

fingerprint testing reports—in People v. Mora and Rangel (2018) 5 Cal.5th 442, 467-468 

(Mora and Rangel).) There, as here, the reports were only disclosed after the prosecution 

rested at trial. (Id. at p. 465.) Upon receiving the reports, the defendants moved for a 

mistrial, arguing the untimely disclosure impaired their ability to effectively crossexamine police officers who testified during the prosecution’s case-in-chief. (Id. at p. 

466.) The trial court denied the motion. (Ibid.) 

The Supreme Court found no Brady violation. (Mora and Rangel, supra, 5 

Cal.5th at p. 467.) The high court explained: “Evidence actually presented at trial is not 

considered suppressed for Brady purposes, even if that evidence had not been previously 

disclosed during discovery.” (Ibid.) But that was not all. The Supreme Court also said, 

“when considering whether delayed disclosure rather than ‘total nondisclosure’ 

constitutes a Brady violation, ‘the applicable test is whether defense counsel was 
16

“prevented by the delay from using the disclosed material effectively in preparing and 

presenting the defendant’s case.” ’ ” (Ibid.; see also United States v. Anderson (9th Cir. 

2004) 391 F.3d 970, 975 [no Brady violation from government’s delay in identifying two 

witnesses where defense secured the witnesses and had opportunity to recall other 

witnesses who could have been impeached]; United States v. Tyndall (8th Cir. 2008) 521 

F.3d 877, 882 [“A mid-trial disclosure violates Brady only if it comes too late for the 

defense to make use of it”].) Put another way, evidence that is belatedly disclosed during 

trial may be considered suppressed or withheld within the meaning of Brady if the delay 

causes prejudice. (United States v. Burke (10th Cir. 2009) 571 F.3d 1048, 1055-1056 

[observing that a majority of federal Courts of Appeal have held that while untimely 

disclosure of Brady material does not constitute a constitutional violation in itself, it may 

violate due process if the defendant can show he was prejudiced by the delay].) We thus 

turn to the question of prejudice, which is encompassed by the third Brady element. 

b. Whether the Information Was Material

“Prejudice” in the context of a potential Brady violation turns “on ‘the materiality 

of the evidence to the issue of guilt and innocence.’ ” (People v. Salazar (2005) 35 

Cal.4th 1031, 1043.) To demonstrate the materiality necessary to establish a Brady 

violation in a delayed disclosure case, a defendant must show what he would have done 

differently had he been given more time to address the Brady evidence, and how earlier 

disclosure would have given rise to a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial 

would have been different. (McNeill v. Bagley (6th Cir. 2021) 10 F.4th 588, 600-601; 

United States v. Blackwell (6th Cir. 2006) 459 F.3d 739, 759.) This defendant fails to do.

Defendant suggests defense counsel would have prepared the case differently had 

he known Detective Hitchcock had been disciplined for “mishandling evidence.” 

Specifically, he suggests he would have retained an expert to poke holes in the 

prosecution’s cell phone evidence. There are several problems with this argument.
17

First, as the People observe, Detective Hitchcock played only a limited role in 

handling the cell phone evidence. Hitchcock testified on recall that he recovered phones 

from defendant’s house and car and booked them into evidence. Another officer 

extracted data from the phones and Hitchcock downloaded the data onto an electronic 

storage device, which he delivered to Morin. Although Hitchcock may have struggled 

with similar tasks in the past, there was no evidence he had any such issues here. To the 

contrary, Hitchcock’s uncontradicted testimony was that he followed the protocols and 

procedures set by the Lodi Police Department. 

Second, and related, there was no evidence that Detective Hitchcock was 

meaningfully involved in processing or preparing the evidence on which Morin relied. 

As previously discussed, Morin testified she relied on call detail records and cell phone 

extractions. Again, the evidence showed that another officer performed the extractions. 

Although Hitchcock downloaded the data onto an electronic storage device and delivered 

the device to Morin, nothing suggests he was involved in manipulating data, such that he 

could have interfered with Morin’s analysis. Similarly, the evidence showed that 

Hitchcock obtained call detail records from cell service carriers, which he passed along to

Morin, together with his theories about which users may have been associated with which 

phones. Here again, there was no evidence Hitchcock was involved in manipulating the 

data on which Morin relied. At most, he appears to have functioned as a courier so far as 

Morin was concerned. 

Defendant invites us to presume that Detective Hitchcock, having been 

reprimanded for mishandling cell phone evidence in the past, must surely have 

mishandled such evidence again.11 But defendant has not established that Hitchcock 

11 Defendant adds another level of speculation in his reply brief, in which he asserts that 

Detective Hitchcock either “resigned under threat of termination” from the Lodi Police 
18

handled cell phone evidence at all, at the data level, other than in the most rudimentary 

sense. In the absence of any explanation as to how Hitchcock might have mishandled 

evidence, we are left to speculate that he must have messed up somehow. But the mere 

possibility that some unidentified expert might have so testified does not establish 

materiality. (See United States v. Agurs (1976) 427 U.S. 97, 109-110; People v. Fauber 

(1992) 2 Cal.4th 792, 829.) 

Third, even assuming an expert had been obtained, and testified to Detective 

Hitchcock’s mishandling of cell phone evidence in some way, such testimony would not 

have been reasonably likely to change the outcome of the trial. As previously discussed, 

the prosecution relied on two types of cell phone evidence: (1) evidence of 

communications between phones; and (2) evidence that the relevant phones connected 

with cell towers near the same places around the same times. Significantly, defendant’s 

own testimony confirms the essential accuracy of both types of evidence. 

Morin testified to a series of communications between defendant’s phone and 

phones associated with Costello and Stewart in the days leading up to the shooting. 

Morin also testified to communications between defendant’s phone and phones 

associated with Costello on the day of the shooting and the day after. Defendant denied 

communicating with Stewart by phone but admitted speaking with Costello. Although he 

claims to have discussed potential drug deals, rather than murder-for-hire, the evidence 

was undisputed that defendant was in frequent phone communication with at least one of 

his coconspirators on the days leading up to the shooting and the day after. An expert 

would not have changed much, given the defense’s decision to offer another reason for 

the communications, rather than deny them altogether. 

Department or experienced “outright termination.” Neither assertion is supported by any 

citation to record evidence. 
19

Morin also testified that: phones associated with defendant and Costello connected 

with cell towers near the store in Lodi on July 27, 2018; phones associated with 

defendant, Costello, and Stewart connected with cell towers near Stewart’s house in 

Sacramento on the afternoon of August 1, 2018; and phones associated with defendant, 

Costello, and Jacquet connected with cell towers in Lodi on the evening of August 1, 

2018. Here, too, defendant’s testimony generally confirmed Morin’s. He admitted 

meeting Costello at the store on July 27, 2018, admitted meeting Costello and Stewart for 

lunch at the diner in Sacramento on the day of the murder, and admitted inviting them to 

his home in Lodi later that same day. Although he offered another reason for the 

meetings, he made no attempt to deny they took place. 

Under the circumstances, we discern no reasonable probability the outcome of the 

trial would have been different had the information from Detective Hitchcock’s personnel 

records been disclosed sooner. Even assuming that Hitchcock had mishandled cell phone 

evidence in some way, and an expert had been retained to so testify, the jury would have 

still had to decide between the prosecution’s murder-for-hire theory and the defense 

theory that Costello ordered Stewart to murder Dr. Shock as some sort of favor to 

defendant. The jury would still have to weigh Cheri and Stewart’s credibility against 

defendant’s and decide whether the purpose of the phone calls and meetings was to 

arrange a murder or buy pills. Defendant has given us no reason to believe defense 

counsel would have prepared for trial differently, or the jury would have made another 

choice, had the information from Hitchcock’s personnel records been disclosed sooner. 

We therefore reject defendant’s Brady claim. Having done so, we likewise reject 

defendant’s arguments that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motions to 

dismiss, for a mistrial, and for a new trial. 

B. Alleged Error in Admitting Evidence of .32 Caliber Semiautomatic Pistol

Defendant next argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence of a .32 caliber 

semiautomatic pistol found in his house. Specifically, he argues the evidence should 
20

have been excluded as irrelevant because the pistol was not believed to be the murder 

weapon. He also argues the evidence was improper character evidence, and more 

prejudicial than probative. The People respond that defendant forfeited this claim by 

failing to object in the trial court. We agree with the People. (People v. Seumanu (2015) 

61 Cal.4th 1293, 1318-1319.) 

Anticipating forfeiture, defendant argues in the alternative that defense counsel 

was ineffective in failing to object to the .32 caliber semiautomatic pistol. We are not 

persuaded.

 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel a claim, defendant must 

establish “not only deficient performance, i.e., representation below an objective standard 

of reasonableness, but also resultant prejudice. [Citation.] Tactical errors are generally 

not deemed reversible, and counsel’s decisionmaking must be evaluated in the context of 

the available facts.” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 333.) “In the usual case, 

where counsel’s trial tactics or strategic reasons for challenged decisions do not appear 

on the record, we will not find ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal unless there 

could be no conceivable reason for counsel’s acts or omissions.” (People v. Weaver 

(2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 926.) 

Here, defense counsel could have reasonably declined to object for tactical 

reasons. Defendant told Detective Hitchcock he had no revolvers, which was untrue. He 

also said he regularly researched guns on the Internet, and if he were going to buy a gun, 

it would be an automatic. Defense counsel could have reasonably believed the .32 caliber 

semiautomatic pistol explained both defendant’s false statement to Hitchcock (e.g., he 

was confused about which guns he had), and his suspicious search history (e.g., he was 

simply interested in guns). The ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.
21

III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

/S/

 

RENNER, J.

We concur:

/S/

 

HULL, Acting P. J.

/S/

 

MAURO, J.