[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-11769

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cv-00190-BAE-GRS

JAMES ALLEN ZOW, SR., 

VERONICA ZOW, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 versus

REGIONS FINANCIAL CORPORATION, 

REGIONS BANK,

d.b.a. Regions Mortgage, 

MERSCORP HOLDINGS, INC., 

MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC., 

 Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Georgia

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(December 11, 2014)

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Before HULL, MARCUS and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

James Allen Zow, Sr. and Veronica Zow appeal the dismissal of their case 

with prejudice as a sanction for being in contempt of a discovery order. They 

argue that dismissal with prejudice was an inappropriate sanction because they had 

already voluntarily dismissed their case without prejudice under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i), and because they failed to comply with the 

discovery order only based on a good-faith belief that it was invalid. They also 

argue that the district judge and magistrate judge violated their ethical obligations 

by refusing to disclose certain business relationships, and that the magistrate judge

improperly failed to recuse himself despite his business relationship with defendant 

Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.1

 After careful review, we affirm.

I.

We review de novo dismissals under Rule 41(a)(1). Matthews v. Gaither, 

902 F.2d 877, 879 (11th Cir. 1990) (per curiam). That rule permits a plaintiff to

“dismiss an action without a court order by filing . . . a notice of dismissal before 

the opposing party serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P 41(a)(1)(A) & (A)(i). But after dismissal, the district court retains 

 1 Although the Zows also argue that the district judge failed to recuse himself, this issue is 

beyond our jurisdiction, because the order denying the motion to recuse was entered after the 

notice of appeal was filed. See Bogle v. Orange Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 162 F.3d 653, 661 

(11th Cir. 1998) (holding that Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c) requires that a notice of 

appeal designate an existing judgment or order). 

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jurisdiction to consider collateral issues which do not require a determination on 

the merits, including imposition of contempt sanctions, even after a plaintiff 

voluntarily dismisses a complaint pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1). Cooter & Gell v. 

Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 395–96, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2455–56 (1990).

Dismissal with prejudice is a permissible sanction if a party fails to comply 

with a discovery order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A)(v); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 

41(b). Our review of discovery sanctions “is sharply limited to a search for an 

abuse of discretion and a determination that the findings of the trial court are fully 

supported by the record.” Serra Chevrolet, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp., 446 F.3d 

1137, 1146–47 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). In sanctioning a party, a

district court abuses its discretion if “it misconstrues its proper role, ignores or 

misunderstands the relevant evidence, and bases its decision upon considerations 

having little factual support.” Id. at 1147 (quotation omitted). Because dismissal 

with prejudice is a drastic sanction, a district court may implement it only as a last 

resort, when a party’s failure to comply with a court order is a result of willfulness 

or bad faith and lesser sanctions would not suffice. Malautea v. Suzuki Motor Co., 

987 F.2d 1536, 1542 (11th Cir. 1993). Nonetheless, if a party disregards an order 

despite being warned of the possible consequences, dismissal is generally not an 

abuse of discretion. Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989). 

These principles apply with equal force to pro se parties. Id.

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A finding that a party failed to comply with a discovery order is a finding of 

civil contempt, Serra Chevrolet, 446 F.3d at 1147, and we review the grant of a 

motion for civil contempt under the same abuse-of-discretion standard, McGregor 

v. Chierico, 206 F.3d 1378, 1383 (11th Cir. 2000). A finding of civil contempt 

must be based upon clear and convincing evidence that: “1) the allegedly violated 

order was valid and lawful; 2) the order was clear, definite, and unambiguous; and 

3) the alleged violator had the ability to comply with the order. Id. (quotation 

omitted).

While the Zows were certainly entitled to dismissal of their action under 

Rule 41, the district court retained jurisdiction to determine the collateral issues of 

discovery and contempt sanctions. See Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 395–96, 110 S.

Ct. at 2455–56; cf. Matthews, 902 F.2d at 880 (holding that district courts retain 

jurisdiction to dismiss an action with prejudice even after the plaintiff files a notice 

of dismissal under Rule 41 where the plaintiff acted in bad faith by misstating 

assets on an in forma pauperis affidavit); accord In re Exxon Valdez, 102 F.3d 429, 

431 (9th Cir. 1996) (finding jurisdiction where a district court dismissed an action

with prejudice as a discovery sanction even after the action was otherwise 

dismissed, because a sanction of dismissal with prejudice “imposed . . . under Rule 

37 [is] collateral to the merits of the action[] . . .; though [it] terminate[s] the 

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action[], [it] [does] not signify a district court’s assessment of the legal merits of 

the complaint.” (alteration adopted) (citation omitted)).

Beyond the question of its jurisdiction, the Zows argue that the district court 

abused its discretion by finding that they were in contempt of the discovery order. 

We disagree. The discovery order was lawful and valid, and it merely directed 

them to attend a Rule 26(f) conference for the purpose of planning discovery. 

Though the Zows cite Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353 (11th Cir. 

1997), in support of their position, we only found an abuse of discretion there 

because the district court ordered the parties to engage in substantive discovery

despite failing to rule on the defendants’ motion to dismiss for over eighteen 

months. See id. at 1366–68. By contrast, the discovery order here was clear, and 

there was no evidence that the Zows were unable to comply with its directive. See

McGregor, 206 F.3d at 1383.

Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in determining that dismissal 

with prejudice was an appropriate sanction. The Zows were warned by the 

magistrate judge on two occasions that their case could be dismissed if they did not

participate in the Rule 26(f) conference. They simply chose to disregard these 

warnings. See Moon, 863 F.2d at 837. And the record amply supports the district 

court’s finding that their choice to disregard the discovery order was willful. So 

too with the finding that lesser sanctions would not suffice.

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II.

We also review the denial of a recusal motion for abuse of discretion. In re 

Walker, 532 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2008). A judge must recuse if he is 

personally biased or prejudiced concerning a party, or whenever his “impartiality 

might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(1), (a); In re Walker, 532 

F.3d at 1310. A judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned if an 

objective, fully informed lay observer would entertain significant doubt about his

impartiality. In re Walker, 532 F.3d at 1310. Consumer transactions made in the 

ordinary course of business do not warrant recusal. See Delta Air Lines, Inc. v. 

Sasser, 127 F.3d 1296, 1297–98 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (holding that a 

frequent-flyer account was not a financial interest within the meaning of 

§ 455(b)(4) and that no reasonable person could question a judge’s impartiality 

because he had a frequent-flyer account with the plaintiff-airline). Judges are 

required by the Ethics in Government Act to make certain financial disclosures. 5 

U.S.C. App. §§ 101–105. The disclosures include identifying interest in property 

held for investment or production of income, such as certificates of deposit or other 

personal savings accounts. Id. § 102(a)(3). 

The magistrate judge did not abuse his discretion by refusing to recuse. The 

challenged relationship was a personal mortgage that arose from the execution of a 

standard contract during the ordinary course of business. Nothing about such a 

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transaction would give rise to doubts about the magistrate judge’s impartiality. 

And neither the district judge nor the magistrate judge violated ethical obligations

by declining to disclose business relationships at the Zows’ request. Judges are 

obligated to file financial disclosure reports only as required by statute. See 5 

U.S.C. App. § 102(a).

AFFIRMED.

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