United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 20-1595

ATLAS GLASS & MIRROR, INC.,

Plaintiff, Appellant,

v.

TRI-NORTH BUILDERS, INC.,

Defendant, Appellee.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[Hon. George A. O'Toole, Jr., U.S. District Judge]

Before

Lynch, Lipez, and Kayatta,

Circuit Judges.

Jeffrey A. Novins, with whom Howd & Ludorf, LLC was on brief,

for appellant.

Michael R. Stanley, with whom Michael J. Lambert and Sheehan 

Phinney Bass & Green, PA were on brief, for appellee.

May 12, 2021
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KAYATTA, Circuit Judge. This appeal concerns the 

applicability and enforcement of a forum selection clause in an 

agreement between a construction contractor and its subcontractor. 

Relying on that clause, the district court dismissed the 

subcontractor's suit against the contractor. We affirm.

I.

Tri-North Builders, Inc., served as general contractor 

on a renovation project at the Sheraton Hotel in Framingham, 

Massachusetts. After preliminary discussions, Atlas Glass & 

Mirror, Inc., a Massachusetts company, submitted a one-page 

proposal to supply and install Lockheed windows on the project. 

The proposal identified the window types, estimated prices, and 

specified the work, which called for the supply and installation 

of over 250 windows. It contained very few other terms.

Tri-North neither signed nor returned the contract 

proposal. Instead, it solicited and obtained Atlas's agreement to 

supply and install a sample Lockheed window so that Tri-North could 

ensure that the owner approved of the proposed choice. Tri-North 

sent Atlas an eight-page contract entitled 

"Subcontract 121210024667" (hereinafter "Subcontract 667"), 

governing the installation of the sample window. Dated August 28, 

2012, Subcontract 667 identified the window to be installed, the 

work to be done, and the price. It also included thirty-one 

additional "Terms and Conditions," one of which specified 
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Wisconsin as the forum and venue for any litigation or arbitration. 

Atlas accepted this contract by signing and returning an original 

to Tri-North.

After Atlas installed the sample Lockheed window, it 

supplied and installed a sample of another manufacturer's window

at Tri-North's request. Atlas then simultaneously sent two 

invoices to Tri-North corresponding to the two sample-window 

installations. Each invoice specified "Terms" as "Per Contract" 

and identified Subcontract 667 as the pertinent contract.

After the owner decided to use Lockheed windows for the 

project, Tri-North wrote to Atlas as follows:

I will be sending a contract your way with the 

anticipated cost for all windows. I would 

imagine that we might have a few windows that 

we made error on during initial measure and 

estimate. We will correct this when you 

complete your field measurements to make you 

whole.

The parties never exchanged any new contract proposals. Instead, 

Atlas proceeded with the work, using the window specifications in 

its Lockheed proposal. As it did so, it invoiced Tri-North. Each 

invoice (except for one) used the pricing from the Lockheed 

proposal, and specified that the work was "Per Contract," 

identified as Subcontract 667.1 Atlas also sent Tri-North a copy 

1 The single invoice that does not reference Subcontract 667 

appears to relate to work involving the replacement of some mirrors 

rather than the installation of windows.
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of a lien waiver for work on the project, which Atlas identified

as corresponding to Subcontract 667. Atlas's president thereafter 

executed a sworn statement regarding a balance owed stating that 

Atlas "is a subcontractor to Tri-North . . . pursuant to a 

Subcontract dated 8/28/2012."

The parties eventually fell into disagreement over the 

amount and pace of payments due to Atlas. After efforts to settle 

failed, Atlas sued in Massachusetts Superior Court for an amount 

just over $88,000, which Atlas claimed was due and owing for 

services "performed in accordance with the Subcontract," 

identified by Atlas in its complaint as Subcontract 667. The 

complaint also sought recovery under a theory of quantum meruit 

and alleged a violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 11.

In short order, Tri-North removed the action to the 

United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and 

sought to dismiss Atlas's complaint pursuant to the forum selection 

clause in Subcontract 667. The provision containing the clause 

stated that in the event of any dispute arising from 

Subcontract 667, Tri-North could choose whether the parties would 

resolve the dispute through (1) litigation, (2) the dispute 

resolution clause of the agreement between Tri-North and the 

project owner, or (3) binding arbitration in accordance with (at 

Tri-North's option) either Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 788 or the 

Construction Industry Arbitration Rules of the American 
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Arbitration Association then currently in effect. The provision 

then stated that "[f]orum and venue for any arbitration or 

litigation shall be Dane County, Wisconsin," and that Atlas 

"consents to the jurisdiction of the courts of Wisconsin." 

Finally, the provision stated that the Subcontract and "any dispute 

arising under" it "shall be governed and interpreted with the Laws 

of the State of Wisconsin."

Atlas opposed the motion by attempting to execute a 

complete about-face. It argued that the forum selection clause in 

the Subcontract was not applicable because the Subcontract had "no 

relationship to the work performed by Atlas . . . for which it is 

seeking to be paid." The district court denied the motion to 

dismiss without prejudice, directing the parties to engage in 

limited discovery on "the formation and terms of any contract(s) 

governing their relationship," which the district court deemed 

necessary to resolve the "factual dispute between the parties as 

to whether a forum selection clause was . . . a part of the 

parties' governing contract terms."

After discovery was completed without either side filing 

a motion to compel further discovery, Tri-North renewed its attempt 

to have the case dismissed based on Subcontract 667's forum 

selection clause. Rather than moving pursuant to Rule 56, TriNorth pressed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), filing 

with its motion a copy of Subcontract 667 and the invoices and 
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lien waivers exchanged by the parties in discovery. After 

reviewing those documents, the district court found the forum 

selection clause both applicable and binding, so it dismissed the 

lawsuit.

Atlas then filed a motion to amend the judgment under 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) or, in the alternative, for relief from the 

order under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60. In that motion, Atlas asked the 

district court to transfer the case to the United States District 

Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in lieu of dismissal. 

While the motion was pending, Atlas timely appealed the order 

dismissing its suit. The district court subsequently denied 

Atlas's motion to alter the judgment. Atlas did not file a notice 

of appeal as to that ruling.

II.

A.

Atlas begins with a point of procedure. It reasons that 

once the district court determined (properly, says Atlas) that 

discovery was required to resolve the factual question of whether 

the claims brought here arose under Subcontract 667, Rule 12 

became inapt and the matter should have been addressed under 

Rule 56. Compare Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) (requiring that a 

Rule 12(b)(6) motion "be treated as one for summary judgment under 

Rule 56" if "matters outside the pleadings are presented to and 

not excluded by the court"), with Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1, 
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3 (1st Cir. 1993) (noting that "courts have made narrow exceptions 

[to Rule 12(d)] for documents the authenticity of which [is] not 

disputed by the parties; for official public records; for documents 

central to plaintiffs' claim; or for documents sufficiently 

referred to in the complaint"). 

Even assuming that the district court should have 

converted Tri-North's motion to dismiss to a motion for summary 

judgment, we see no prejudicial error warranting remand. Atlas 

makes no challenge to the authenticity of the pertinent records 

(all from its files). In fact, it was Atlas -- not Tri-North --

which submitted the vast majority of the documents to the district 

court. Nor was Atlas deprived of the opportunity to conduct 

discovery. Contra Foley v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 772 F.3d 63, 

74 (1st Cir. 2014) (finding improper conversion to Rule 56 motion 

where district court considered a document the plaintiff had no 

opportunity to challenge). Even now Atlas points to no other facts 

that it would have offered that might have changed the result. 

"[M]otions under Rules 12(b)(6) and 56 present a 

plaintiff with different hurdles, the latter of which looms larger 

than the former." Martínez v. Novo Nordisk Inc., 992 F.3d 12, 19 

(1st Cir. 2021). The Rule 12(b)(6) standard is "intended to screen 

out claims in which the factual allegations of the complaint are 

too scanty or too vague to render the claims plausible," RíosCampbell v. U.S. Dep't of Com., 927 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 2019),
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whereas the Rule 56 standard is "intended to 'pierce the 

boilerplate of the pleadings and assay the parties' proof in order 

to determine whether trial is actually required,'" id. (quoting 

Tobin v. Fed. Express Corp., 775 F.3d 448, 450 (1st Cir. 2014)). 

Here, "[b]y eschewing conversion [to a Rule 56 motion], the 

district court ensured" a more favorable standard for Atlas. 

Beddall v. State St. Bank & Tr. Co., 137 F.3d 12, 17 n.2 (1st Cir. 

1998); see Rivera v. Centro Médico de Turabo, Inc., 575 F.3d 10, 

15–16 (1st Cir. 2009) (finding dubious but harmless the district 

court's use of Rule 12(b)(6) to decide a forum selection issue 

while also considering factual submissions outside the complaint). 

So if there was any procedural error -- an issue we do not decide 

-- it could not have prejudiced Atlas.2 

B.

Turning to the merits, we must first determine whether 

Subcontract 667 applies to the work that gave rise to this dispute.

As we noted earlier, Atlas's complaint alleged that Tri-North had 

yet to pay Atlas for "all of the outstanding invoices which 

Atlas . . . had previously submitted for work contained in the 

2 Atlas briefly hints in a footnote that it was prejudiced 

because it was deprived of further discovery. But the district 

court expressly allowed discovery on the contract formation 

issues, and never denied any motion by Atlas concerning that 

discovery. In other footnotes, Atlas hints that it was prejudiced 

because it lacked the opportunity to reply to Tri-North's 

contentions. We address that second argument in more depth later. 

See infra note 3.
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scope of work in the Subcontract." Such an "assertion of fact in 

a pleading is a judicial admission by which [the pleader] normally 

is bound throughout the course of the proceeding," so long as the 

pleader made that assertion "clearly and unambiguously." Schott 

Motorcycle Supply, Inc. v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 976 F.2d 58, 61 

(1st Cir. 1992) (quoting Bellefonte Re Ins. Co. v. Argonaut Ins. 

Co., 757 F.2d 523, 528 (2d Cir. 1985)). "Unlike ordinary 

admissions, which are admissible but can be rebutted by other 

evidence, judicial admissions are conclusive on the party making 

them." United States v. Belculfine, 527 F.2d 941, 944 (1st Cir. 

1975).

That being said, district courts do retain "broad 

discretion to relieve parties from the consequences of judicial 

admission in appropriate cases." Id. But even assuming that 

Atlas's spot-on admission left room for such relief, the remaining 

documents authored by Atlas itself eliminate that room with equally 

spot-on admissions. The very invoices for which Atlas seeks 

payment expressly identify Subcontract 667 as the applicable 
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agreement, and in a sworn statement, Atlas's own president affirmed 

that the subject work was "pursuant to" Subcontract 667.3

Atlas nevertheless says that a plausible reading of its 

complaint (along with the appropriately considered documents) is

that different contract terms governed. Atlas points out that 

before Tri-North and Atlas entered into the Subcontract, Atlas had 

sent Tri-North a proposal to install the 288 Lockheed windows for 

the project at a total cost of $215,400.00. Atlas further notes 

that after the installation of the two sample windows, Tri-North's 

project manager sent Atlas an email stating that he would "be 

sending a contract your way with the anticipated cost for all 

windows" and that the project manager "would imagine that we might 

have a few windows that we made error on during initial measure 

and estimate." Although Atlas never received any contract like 

the one Tri-North's project manager promised to send, Atlas 

continued to do work on the project. Atlas then submitted a 

billing statement using the same pricing estimate for the total 

3 Atlas suggests that, by making it to the summary-judgment

stage, it may have escaped certain admissions used against it at 

the motion-to-dismiss stage. If considered judicial admissions, 

they would bind Atlas either way. See Schott Motorcycle Supply, 

Inc., 976 F.2d at 61 (citing Mo. Hous. Dev. Comm'n v. Brice, 919 

F.2d 1306, 1315 (8th Cir. 1990)). Even if not, the sole piece of 

evidence Atlas points to -- an affidavit from its president 

submitted in opposition to Tri-North's motion to dismiss -- would 

not change the outcome. The president's affidavit makes no attempt 

to controvert his own sworn statement or the key admissions in 

Atlas's complaint.
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cost that it had included in its earlier, unsigned proposal (i.e., 

$215,400.00 plus the cost of the sample window). Atlas says a 

reasonable inference drawn in its favor from these facts is that 

the terms of Atlas's proposal, and not the Subcontract's terms, 

applied to all the work Atlas performed beyond the sample Lockheed 

window.

Certainly the record would support a finding that the 

window specifications and pricing were as stated in the proposal, 

given that Subcontract 667 contains no such details and given that 

Atlas did work and charged prices matching those in its proposal

without any pushback from Tri-North. But that begs the question 

whether the terms of the subsequently exchanged and agreed-to 

Subcontract 667 also applied. And as we have just described, 

Atlas's own statements and documents repeatedly made crystal clear

that its work was "pursuant to" that subcontract. 

C.

Having determined that the only plausible reading of the 

complaint and the record to which Atlas points is that 

Subcontract 667's terms apply, we now turn specifically to the 

forum selection clause within Subcontract 667. When a federal 

court sits in diversity, it faces a threshold question as to how 

to decide whether a forum selection clause is enforceable. Rafael 

Rodríguez Barril, Inc. v. Conbraco Indus., Inc., 619 F.3d 90, 92 

(1st Cir. 2010). Do we treat the issue of enforceability "as 
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'procedural' and look to a federal test of validity" or do we 

instead "treat it as 'substantive' and look to pertinent state 

law"? Id. The Supreme Court and our court have each reserved 

that question. See id. (citing Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 

487 U.S. 22, 25–26, 32 & n.11 (1988)); Lambert v. Kysar, 983 F.2d 

1110, 1116-17, 1116 n.10 (1st Cir. 1993). We see no need to answer 

it today, because, in determining enforceability, both Wisconsin 

and Massachusetts follow the federal common-law standard. See

Huffington v. T.C. Grp., LLC, 637 F.3d 18, 23 (1st Cir. 2011); 

Cambridge Biotech Corp. v. Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostics, 740 N.E.2d 

195, 201 (Mass. 2000); Beilfuss v. Huffy Corp., 685 N.W.2d 373, 

378 (Wis. Ct. App. 2005).4

Under that standard, we first ask whether the forum 

selection clause is mandatory or permissive (i.e., whether the 

clause requires or merely authorizes jurisdiction and venue in a 

designated forum). Rivera, 575 F.3d at 17. Atlas does not contest 

that the clause, which provides that "[f]orum and venue for any 

arbitration or litigation shall be Dane County, Wisconsin"

(emphasis added), is mandatory. Next, we look at the scope of the 

clause to see whether the claims at issue fall within it. Claudio4 See also Tuminaro v. Garland Co., No. 11-CV-203-BBC, 2011 

WL 10501186, at *1 (W.D. Wis. May 6, 2011) ("[The federal commonlaw standard] is little different from the standards under state 

law, including Wisconsin." (citing Converting/Biophile Laby's, 

Inc. v. Ludlow Composites Corp., 722 N.W.2d 633, 639–40 (Wis. Ct. 

App. 2006))).
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de León v. Sistema Universitario Ana G. Méndez, 775 F.3d 41, 47 

(1st Cir. 2014). The clause here covers "[a]ny dispute arising 

from" Subcontract 667, and Atlas, besides arguing that 

Subcontract 667 is altogether inapplicable, does not otherwise 

contest that its claims arise from Subcontract 667. Finally, we 

consider whether the clause should be enforced. In so doing, we 

presume that the forum selection clause is "prima facie valid" and 

should not be set aside absent a "strong showing" of "some reason 

the presumption of enforceability should not apply." Id. at 48 

(first quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off–Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 10 

(1972); then quoting id. at 15; and then quoting Rafael Rodríguez 

Barril, 619 F.3d at 93). We review this issue de novo. Silva v. 

Encyc. Britannica Inc., 239 F.3d 385, 387 (1st Cir. 2001).

The Supreme Court has identified four possible grounds 

for finding a forum selection clause unenforceable:

(1) the clause was the product of "fraud or 

overreaching";

(2) "enforcement would be unreasonable and 

unjust";

(3) proceedings "in the contractual forum will 

be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that 

[the party challenging the clause] will for 

all practical purposes be deprived of his day 

in court"; or

(4) "enforcement would contravene a strong 

public policy of the forum in which suit is 

brought, whether declared by statute or by 

judicial decision."
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Claudio-de León, 775 F.3d at 48–49 (alteration in original) 

(quoting Rafael Rodríguez Barril, 619 F.3d at 93). Although Atlas 

does not strictly categorize its arguments under specific grounds, 

they can fairly be said to focus on all four.

As to the first ground, although the term "overreaching" 

seems quite nebulous, we understand it to refer to "one party's 

unfair exploitation of its overwhelming bargaining power or 

influence over the other party." Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21. Atlas 

tells us that the difference in bargaining power between Tri-North

and Atlas provides reason to hold the forum selection clause 

unenforceable here. Atlas stresses that it is a small company 

with only ten employees while Tri-North is a large contractor with 

revenues estimated by Atlas to be in the hundreds of millions. 

Such a difference in size could certainly create opportunities for 

leveraging unfair concessions once the parties become committed to 

a project. For example, the larger company likely could weather 

the cost of disputes much more easily.

But "the mere fact of th[e] inequality is not enough to 

render an agreement unenforceable." Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21. 

Rather, "[t]here must be some evidence that the party has exploited 

this bargaining power in a way that the courts will not tolerate." 

Id. (explaining that there must be "overweening bargaining power" 

(emphasis in original) (quoting Bremen, 407 U.S. 1 at 13)).
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To demonstrate exploitation, Atlas points to several 

provisions of Subcontract 667 to suggest that Atlas was getting 

the raw end of the deal. For example, it notes that 

Subcontract 667 provides that Tri-North alone gets to choose which 

type of dispute resolution the parties will undergo; that Atlas 

was required to present all claims to Tri-North in writing within 

seven days of the event giving rise to them or else have the claims 

"deemed time barred"; and that Atlas is responsible for Tri-North's 

attorneys' fees in Tri-North's "defense or settlement of any claim 

or demand of" Atlas.5 We certainly agree that much of this language 

appears one-sided. But none of it bears on the specific inquiry 

at hand, which requires a "focused showing" that the inclusion in 

the contract of the forum selection clause itself was "the product 

of fraud or coercion." Huffington, 637 F.3d at 24 (quoting Scherk

v. Alberto–Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519 n.14 (1974)). The absence 

of any indication that Atlas sought to alter or negotiate the forum 

selection clause does not, in and of itself, show exploitation. 

See Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21 (noting that "overreaching" means 

something more than that a contract term was not negotiated). And 

Atlas was not forced to sign a contract foisted upon it without 

time or an opportunity to obtain advice. See id. at 21–22. As 

the district court noted, Atlas spent nearly two weeks with 

5 Save the forum selection clause, we make no comment or 

suggestion on the validity of the Subcontract's provisions.
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Subcontract 667 before signing it. See Atlas Glass & Mirror v. 

Tri-North Builders, Inc., No. 18-10930, 2020 WL 1323073, at *3 (D. 

Mass. Mar. 20, 2020). Nor is there any indication that Tri-North 

forced Atlas to apply Subcontract 667's terms to the work beyond 

the sample window installation. Thus, we do not see exploitation 

of bargaining power that would render the clause unenforceable.

Atlas next suggests that enforcement would be 

unreasonable and unjust because Tri-North waived its right to 

enforce the forum selection clause by failing to take immediate 

action (i.e., by initiating litigation, arbitration, or a formal 

dispute resolution process) in a proper forum after Atlas asked 

for the money it alleges Tri-North owes it. See, e.g., Claudiode León, 775 F.3d at 49. Certainly, though, no law or reason 

requires a party to invoke a forum selection clause before the 

opposing party first seeks a forum contrary to that required by 

such a clause.6

Atlas next tells us that it might not be able to afford 

continuing the case if it were forced to litigate in Wisconsin. 

It points to an affidavit of its president stating that litigating 

this case in Wisconsin would require obtaining and educating new 

6 We also do not find waiver in Tri-North's decision to 

remove the case to federal court before invoking the forum 

selection clause. "It is well settled that the filing of a removal 

petition in a diversity action, without more, does not waive the 

right to object in federal court to the state court venue." 

Lambert, 983 F.2d at 1113 n.2.
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counsel. But that need arises only because Atlas did not follow 

the forum requirement in the very contract upon which it filed 

this lawsuit. Atlas also points out that litigation in Wisconsin 

would be more expensive, take up more management time, and cause

additional stress. But such cost differentials are present in 

almost any venue dispute, and we see no "grave" difficulty so 

substantial here as to warrant rendering the forum selection clause 

unenforceable. See Furness v. Wright Med. Tech. (In re Mercurio), 

402 F.3d 62, 66 (1st Cir. 2005) (explaining that "something 

considerably more than the mere inconvenience of traveling to 

litigate in a different, even faraway foreign jurisdiction, is 

required to overcome a contractual agreement to do so" and that 

the "cost of litigation alone" will not suffice). Indeed, by 

contesting the terms of the contract on which it sued, Atlas has

likely already spent more time and money than it would have had it 

filed suit initially in Wisconsin. Simply put, we are loath to 

find the forum selection clause unenforceable merely because Atlas 

chose to ignore it when filing suit. See id. (seeking "specific 

evidence regarding the extraordinary additional costs involved in 

litigating in [the designated forum] that were not foreseen by the 

contracting parties when they entered into the [a]greement").

Atlas finally argues that "enforcement would contravene 

a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought," the 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15. Atlas 
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notes that one of its claims, based on allegations that Tri-North 

engaged in "fraudulent acts and [made] material misrepresentations 

relative to the payment of invoices and execution of various 

releases and waivers," alleges unfair trade practices in violation 

of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 11. As best we can imagine, Atlas 

suggests that Massachusetts has a strong public policy in hearing 

93A claims by virtue of having the law on its books. We do not 

think that alone evidences a "strong public policy" against hearing

the case elsewhere. See, e.g., Cambridge Biotech Corp., 740 N.E.2d 

at 201–03, 201 n.7 (stating that the plaintiffs' 93A claims "should 

be heard in the forum selected by the parties").

To the extent Atlas suggests that a Wisconsin court may 

not recognize a 93A claim, that could well violate a policy 

declared by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. See Jacobson

v. Mailboxes Etc. U.S.A., Inc., 646 N.E.2d 741, 746 (Mass. 1995)

("[I]f [another state] will not enforce violations of G.L. c. 93A 

and if G.L. c. 93A claims appear to have substantiality, any 

justification for directing the entire dispute to [that other 

state] is weakened."); cf. id. at 746 n.9 (leaving open whether 

Massachusetts courts should decline to enforce a choice-of-law 

provision which "purport[s] to contract away any claims under G.L. 

c. 93A"); Rueli v. Baystate Health, Inc., 835 F.3d 53, 61 (1st 

Cir. 2016) ("A forum selection clause that, in operation, would 

deprive an employee of substantive rights guaranteed by the 
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[Massachusetts] Wage Act violates public policy and is 

unenforceable." (quoting Melia v. Zenhire, Inc., 967 N.E.2d 580, 

590 (Mass. 2012))). But Atlas makes no attempt at showing that to 

be the case. See Carter's of New Bedford, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 790 

F.3d 289, 291 n.1, 294 n.5 (1st Cir. 2015) (dismissing, among other 

claims, a 93A claim pursuant to a valid forum selection clause 

where there was "no suggestion . . . that the claim would not be 

honored in [the other state]"). "It is not enough merely to 

mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the 

court to do counsel's work, create the ossature for the argument, 

and put flesh on its bones." United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 

1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990). As such, Atlas has failed to show that 

Massachusetts public policy favors setting aside the forum 

selection clause.

Having rejected Atlas's arguments to the contrary, we 

uphold the validity and enforceability of the clause.

D.

Finally, Atlas argues that the district court erred in 

dismissing the case instead of transferring it to the Western 

District of Wisconsin. Tri-North sought dismissal rather than 

transfer, which our circuit precedent allows. See Claudio-de León, 

775 F.3d at 46 n.3. For its part, Atlas raised its request that 

the district court transfer the case for the first and only time 

in its motion to alter the judgment. The district court's order 
- 20 -

denying that motion came after Atlas filed its appeal, and Atlas 

did not amend its notice of appeal or file a second one. See Fed. 

R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii). We are barred from reviewing on appeal 

"any judgment, order or decree" in a civil case "unless notice of 

appeal is filed . . . after the entry of such judgment, order or 

decree." 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a). Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction 

over the district court's denial of the motion to alter the 

judgment. See Rio Grande Cmty. Health Ctr., Inc. v. Rullan, 397 

F.3d 56, 67 (1st Cir. 2005).

To the extent Atlas maintains that the district court 

should have considered transfer of its own accord, "[i]t is rare 

in a civil action to afford relief not requested in the trial 

court," and we discern no error in the course the district court

took. United States ex rel. Pittsburgh Tank & Tower, Inc. v. G & 

C Enters., Inc., 62 F.3d 35, 37 (1st Cir. 1995) (per curiam). We 

note that in G & C Enterprises, a case involving "the validity of 

a forum selection clause in a construction subcontract," we briefly 

considered "whether the [district court's] dismissal should be 

affirmed or the case should be remanded for transfer to [another]

district court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a)," even though no 

party had requested such relief. Id. at 35-36. Section 1406(a) 

states that a court "shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of 

justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which 

it could have been brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) (emphasis added). 
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The Supreme Court has since explained, however, that 

section 1406(a) does not apply in cases where, as here, venue is 

proper under another statutory section, and that "[w]hether the 

parties entered into a contract containing a forum-selection 

clause has no bearing on" that question. Atl. Marine Constr. Co.

v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 571 U.S. 49, 56 (2013).

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.