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# Current Bibliographies in Medicine 96-2

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# Management of Temporomandibular Disorders

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CBM 96-2

Management of Temporomandibular Disorders

January 1990 through December 1995

917 Citations

Prepared by

Martha H. Glock, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine

James A. Lipton, D.D.S., Ph.D.,  National Institute of Dental Research

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland  20894

1996

National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication

Glock, Martha
Management of temporomandibular disorders : January 1990
through December 1995 : 917 citations / prepared by Martha 
H. Glock, James A. Lipton.  -- Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda 20894) :  U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
Services, Public  Health Service, National Institutes of
Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ;
Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
1996.
-- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 96-2)

Prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health
Technology Assessment Conference on Management of
Temporomandibular Disorders, held in Bethesda, Md., April
29-May 1, 1996.

1. Temporomandibular Joint Diseases - therapy -
bibliography  2. Temporomandibular Joint - bibliography  3.
Myofascial Pain Syndromes - therapy - bibliography  4.
Craniomandibular Disorders - therapy - bibliography  I.
Lipton, James A.  II. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). 
Reference Section  III. National Institutes of Health
Technology Assessment Conference on Management of
Temporomandibular Disorders (1996 : Bethesda, Md.)  IV.
Title  V.  Series

02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no.96-2

SERIES  NOTE

Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the 
National Library of Medicine's   Literature Search Series, which ceased in
1987 with No. 87-15.  In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography
Series.  Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area
of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function.  
Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases.
NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, 
CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE  and TOXLINE  . The only criterion for the 
inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic 
being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not
considered.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD  20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
Fax: 301-402-1384
Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov

Ordering Information:

Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of 
Documents, U.S. Government Printing   Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA
15250-7954.  To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1996 
(approximately 10 bibliographies), send $47.00 ($58.75 foreign) to the 
Superintendent of Documents citing GPO   List ID: CBM96.  For your 
convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover.  Orders for 
individual bibliographies in the series ($5.50, $6.88 foreign) should be 
sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and 
the GPO List ID given above.

Internet Access:

The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available 
at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File 
Transfer Protocol).  FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login as 
anonymous.  The index file in the "bibs" directory provides 
information on the bibliographies available.

Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the 
Director of the Office of Management and Budget through 
September 30, 1996.

MANAGEMENT  OF  TEMPOROMANDIBULAR  DISORDERS

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions related to 
functional problems associated with the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) 
and/or the muscles that move the jaw (masticatory muscles).  Common signs 
and symptoms associated with TMD are limited range of mandibular movement, 
tenderness on palpation of the masticatory muscles and jaw joint, clicking 
sounds in the jaw joint on opening and/or closing the mouth, and pain 
during chewing.  The most frequent symptom is pain in the TMJ region, 
which affects more than ten percent of adults at any one time, and one in 
three adults over their life.

The etiology and pathogenesis of TMD are not clear, and practitioners 
employ a multitude of treatments and management approaches to care for TMD 
sufferers.  However, some treatment modalities have little, if any, 
foundation in rigorous and methodologically sound clinical studies.  
Despite the lack of scientific basis, many of these management approaches 
are in widespread use, often at great financial cost and, in some cases, 
personal discomfort to patients.  This has led to increasing concerns 
among patients and clinicians about the relevance, safety, and efficacy of 
various types of TMD treatments.  As a result, there is a need to assess 
the rationale for and outcomes of a variety of management approaches 
currently used for TMD.  In addition, it is important to examine 
potential, new approaches to the management of TMD, especially those based 
on recent findings from such areas as molecular and cell biology, 
neuroendocrinology, immunology, and tissue engineering.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of 
Health Technology Assessment Conference on Management of Temporomandibular 
Disorders held in Bethesda, Maryland on April 29 - May 1, 1996.  It 
consists primarly of references to journal articles from 1990 to 1995 and 
covers the following areas:  history of diagnostic schema and management 
approaches to TMD; diagnosis, classification, assessment and etiology 
(human and animal studies); health services and costs of care; 
psychosocial and behavioral studies; epidemiology; management approaches, 
including general considerations for care, occlusion and occlusal 
appliances, implants and devices to replace or supplement the 
temporomandibular joint, surgery and other modalities; managing patients 
with failed implants, multiple surgeries, and chronic pain and 
dysfunction; and potential new approaches to care.  All languages are 
considered.  Each reference is cited under the heading(s) which describes 
the main topic of the article.  In general, only articles which report 
clinical or basic science research studies or review comprehensively a 
particular topic are included; most letters and all editorials, textbooks, 
and theoretical or speculative articles have been omitted.

SEARCH  STRATEGY

A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing 
bibliographies in the CBM series.  To assist you in updating or 
otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy 
used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below.  Please 
note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual 
demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated 
and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing.

SS 1 = TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT OR 
EXPLODE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASES OR 
MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROMES OR 
CRANIOMANDIBULAR DISORDERS

SS 2 = TMJ (TW) OR TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ADJ JOINT

SS 3 = 1 OR 2

SS 4 = 3 AND TH (SH) OR 3 AND SU (SH) OR 3 AND 
DT (SH) OR 3 AND PA (SH) OR 3 AND EP (SH)

SS 5 = *TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASES AND 
ALL REVIEW OR *TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND 
ALL REVIEW

SS 6 = 1 AND EXPLODE PAIN OR 1 AND 
CHRONIC ADJ PAIN OR 1 AND FACIAL PAIN

SS 7 = 3 AND EXPLODE DENTAL OCCLUSIONS OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE MALOCCLUSION OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE ORTHODONTICS

SS 8 = 3 AND EXPLODE DENTAL IMPLANTATION OR 
3 AND BIOPROSTHESIS OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE IMPLANTS, ARTIFICIAL OR 3 AND 
PROSTHESIS FAILURE OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE DENTAL PROSTHESIS OR 3 AND 
BONE TRANSPLANTATION OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE JOINT PROSTHESIS OR 3 AND 
PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS

SS 9 = 3 AND STRESS OR 3 AND 
STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL OR 
3 AND BIOFEEDBACK OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE PSYCHOTHERAPY OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE PHYSICAL THERAPY

SS 10 = 3 AND SURGERY, ORAL OR 3 AND 
PROSTHODONTICS OR 3 AND 
GENERAL PRACTICE, DENTAL OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE ENDODONTICS OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE SURGERY, PLASTIC OR 3 AND 
INTERNAL MEDICINE

SS 11 = 3 AND RHEUMATOLOGY OR 3 AND 
ALL OTOLARYNGOL: (TW) OR 3 AND 
ALL OSTEOPATH: (TW) OR 3 AND 
ALL ARTHRIT: (TW) OR 3 AND 
ALL CHIROPRACT: (TW)

SS 12 = 3 AND EXPLODE BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS OR 
3 AND FORECASTING OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE BIOMATERIALS OR 3 AND 
EXPLODE BIOMECHANICS OR 3 AND 
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRIC NERVE STIMULATION

SS 13 = 3 AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, STEROIDAL (PX)

SS 14 = 3 AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL (PX)

SS 15 = 3 AND MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL (PX)

SS 16 = 3 AND NARCOTICS (PX)

SS 17 = 3 AND ANALGESICS (PX)

SS 18 = 3 AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS (PX)

SS 19 = 3 AND ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS (PX)

SS 20 = 3 AND ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS (PX)

SS 21 = 3 AND VALIUM (TW) OR 3 AND DIAZEPAM OR 3 AND 
IBUPROFEN OR 3 AND DOXEPIN OR 3 AND 
AMITRIPTYLENE OR 3 AND CARBAMAZEPINE

SS 22 = 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 OR 12 OR 
13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17 OR 18 OR 19 OR 20 OR 21

GRATEFUL MED and INTERNET GRATEFUL MED 

To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library 
offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that 
provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases.  This 
software was specifically developed for health professionals and 
features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for 
easy search preparation.  GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC 
(or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires 
a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem.  It may be purchased 
from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, 
Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping).  For your
convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this 
bibliography.

INTERNET GRATEFUL MED is available from the World Wide 
Web.  The user with Internet access and an NLM user account 
need only point a compatible Web browser (Netscape Navigator 
is strongly recommended) to http://igm.nlm.nih.gov.  No other 
software at the user end is required.  At present, MEDLINE is the 
only NLM database available through INTERNET GRATEFUL 
MED, but the Library expects to add access to other files rapidly.

SAMPLE  CITATIONS

Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to 
the rules established for Index Medicus *.  Sample journal and 
monograph citations appear below.  For journal articles written 
in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed 
in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. 
In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter 
abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Journal Article:

Authors                Article Title

Clark GT.  Etiologic theory and prevention of temporomandibular 
disorders. Adv Dent Res 1994 Jul;72(1):29-38.

Abbreviated Journal           Date   Volume  Issue  Pages
Title

Monograph:

Authors/Editors                      Title

McNeill C, editor. Temporomandibular disorders: guidelines 
for classification, assessment and management.  2nd ed.  
Chicago: Quintessence; 1993.   141 p.   

Place of      Publisher      Date    Total No.
Publication             of Pages

_________________________________

*For details of the formats used for references, see the following 
publication:

Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended 
formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD):  The 
Library; 1991 Apr.  Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; 
PB91-182030.

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS

History 

Diagnosis, Classification, Assessment, Etiology               
Human Studies
Animal Studies

Health Services and Costs of Care

Psychosocial and Behavioral Studies

Epidemiology

Management Approaches
General Considerations for Care
Occlusion and Occlusal Appliances
Orthodontics
Physical Therapy
Pharmacology
Behavior and Education
TMJ Devices
Surgery
Treating Failures
Other Approaches

Potential New Approaches

HISTORY

Ash MM Jr. Philosophy of occlusion: past and present.
Dent Clin North Am 1995 Apr;39(2):233-55. 

Clark GT. Etiologic theory and the prevention of
temporomandibular disorders. Adv Dent Res 1991
Dec;5:60-6. 

Clark GT, Delcanho RE, Goulet JP. The utility and
validity of current diagnostic procedures for defining
temporomandibular disorder patients. Adv Dent Res
1993 Aug;7(2):97-112. 

Colt JS. Occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of
temporomandibular disorders: A historical
perspective. Cranio Clin Int 1991;1(2):1-12. 

Lorber CG. Pathology of the temporo-mandibular joint
and its treatment in the first half of the 19th century.
1. Dent Hist 1991 May;(20):16-29. 

Lorber CG. Pathology of the temporomandibular joint
and its treatment in the first half of the 19th century.
2. Dent Hist 1991 Nov;(21):3-12. 

Perry HT. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction: from
Costen to the present. Ann Acad Med Singapore
1995 Jan;24(1):163-7. 

DIAGNOSIS,  CLASSIFICATION, ASSESSMENT,  ETIOLOGY

Human Studies

Alder ME, Deahl ST, Matteson SR. Clinical usefulness of
two-dimensional reformatted and three-dimensionally
rendered computerized tomographic images: literature
review and a survey of surgeons' opinions. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1995 Apr;53(4):375-86. 

Anker AH, D'Rozario RH, Li S. Computerized axial
tomography in the diagnosis of internal derangements
of the temporomandibular joint. Aust Dent J 1990
Jun;35(3):253-7. 

Antczak-Bouckoms A, Tulloch JF, Bouckoms AJ, Keith
D, Lavori P. Diagnostic decision making. Anesth
Prog 1990 Mar-Jun;37(2-3):161-5. 

Ash CM, Pinto OF. The TMJ and the middle ear:
structural and functional correlates for aural
symptoms associated with temporomandibular joint 
dysfunction. Int J Prosthodont 1991 Jan-Feb;4(1):
51-7. 

Atwood MJ, Dixon DC, Talcott GW, Peterson AL.
Comparison of two scales in the assessment of muscle
and joint palpation tenderness in chronic
temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain 1993
Fall;7(4):403-7. 

Awerbuch MS. Thermography--its current diagnostic
status in musculoskeletal medicine. Med J Aust 1991
Apr 1;154(7):441-4.  Comments in: Med J Aust 1991
May 20;154(10):707; Med J Aust 1991 Jun 3;
154(11):777-8; Med J Aust 1991 Jul 1;155(1):57-8. 

Bauer W, Augthun M, Wehrbein H, Muller-Leisse C,
Diedrich P. [The diagnosis and orthodontic relevance
of anterior disk displacement without reduction.
Clinical, axiographic and magnetic resonance
tomographic studies]. Fortschr Kieferorthop 1994
Feb;55(1):21-7.  (Ger). 

Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Jensen NK, Olesen J. Muscle
palpation with controlled finger pressure: new
equipment for the study of tender myofascial tissues.
Pain 1994 Nov;59(2):235-9. 

Brady AP, McDevitt L, Stack JP, Downey D. A
technique for magnetic resonance imaging of the
temporomandibular joint. Clin Radiol 1993
Feb;47(2):127-33. 

Brand JW, Nielson KJ, Tallents RH, Nanda RS, Currier
GF, Owen WL. Lateral cephalometric analysis of
skeletal patterns in patients with and without internal
derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995 Feb;107(2):121-8. 

Braun B, Schiffman EL. The validity and predictive value
of four assessment instruments for evaluation of the
cervical and stomatognathic systems. J Craniomandib
Disord 1991;5(4):239-44. 

Brooks SL, Westesson PL. Temporomandibular joint:
value of coronal MR images. Radiology 1993 Aug;
188(2):317-21. 

Bush FM, Harrington WG, Harkins SW. Interexaminer
comparison of bone scintigraphy and panoramic
radiography of temporomandibular joints: correlation
with signs and symptoms. J Prosthet Dent 1992 Feb;
67(2):246-51. 

Capurso U, Garino GB. [New directions in
cranio-cervico-mandibular cephalometry]. Mondo
Ortod 1990 Jul-Aug;15(4):419-27.  (Ita). 

Carls FR, von Hochstetter A, Makek M, Engelke W.
Diagnostic accuracy of TMJ arthroscopy in
correlation to histological findings.                         
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1995 Apr;23(2):75-80. 

Cascone P, Di Paolo C, Rampello A, Colonnelli P,
Pennacchini N, Pennacchini R, Miraglia D.
[Neuromuscular assessment and postural examination
in patients with TMJ condylo-meniscal
incoordination]. Minerva Stomatol 1992 Mar;41(3):
79-90.  (Ita). 

Cholitgul W, Petersson A, Rohlin M, Akerman S.
Clinical and radiological findings in
temporomandibular joints with disc perforation. Int J
Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990 Aug;19(4):220-5. 

Ciancaglini R, Loreti P, Radaelli G. Ear, nose, and throat
symptoms in patients with TMD: the association of
symptoms according to severity of arthropathy.         
J Orofac Pain 1994 Summer;8(3):293-7. 

Claeys T, Bremerich A, Cesteleyn L, Kovacs B.
[Importance of diagnosis in facial pain]. Acta
Stomatol Belg 1992 Dec;89(4):239-48.  (Dut). 

Cooper BC. Recognition of craniomandibular disorders.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1992 Aug;25(4):867-87. 

Cooper BC, Cooper DL. Multidisciplinary approach to
the differential diagnosis of facial, head and neck
pain. J Prosthet Dent 1991 Jul;66(1):72-8. 

Cooper BC, Cooper DL. Recognizing otolaryngologic
symptoms in patients with temporomandibular
disorders. Cranio 1993 Oct;11(4):260-7. 

Czajkowska E. [Evaluation of temporo-mandibular
myoarthropathies, the status of the masticatory system
and patients' personality based on the tests and
clinical studies]. Ann Acad Med Stetin 1992;38:
21-34.  (Pol). 

Dao TT, Lund JP, Lavigne GJ. Pain responses to
experimental chewing in myofascial pain patients.    
J Dent Res 1994 Jun;73(6):1163-7. 

Davant TS 6th, Greene CS, Perry HT, Lautenschlager
EP. A quantitative computer-assisted analysis of disc
displacement in patients with internal derangement
using sagittal view magnetic resonance imaging.      
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Sep;51(9):974-9;
discussion 979-81. 

de Bont LG, Stegenga B. Pathology of
temporomandibular joint internal derangement and
osteoarthrosis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Apr;
22(2):71-4. 

de Bont LG, van der Kuijl B, Stegenga B, Vencken LM,
Boering G. Computed tomography in differential
diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. Int J
Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Aug;22(4):200-9. 

Dijkstra PU, de Bont LG, de Leeuw R, Stegenga B,
Boering G. Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis
and temporomandibular joint hypermobility. Cranio
1993 Oct;11(4):268-75. 

Dijkstra PU, de Bont LG, Stegenga B, Boering G.
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and
generalized joint hypermobility. Cranio 1992
Jul;10(3):221-7. 

Dittmer D, Ewers R. [Articular disk dislocation in the
human TMJ]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1991 Jul;46(7):
476-9.  (Ger). 

Donaldson KW. Rheumatoid diseases and the
temporomandibular joint: a review. Cranio
1995;13(4):264-9. 

Douglass CW. Evaluating diagnostic tests. Adv Dent Res
1993 Aug;7(2):66-9. 

Duckro PN, Chibnall JT, Greenberg MS. Myofascial
involvement in chronic post-traumatic headache.
Headache Q 1995;6(1):34-8. 

Duvoisin B, Klaus E, Schnyder P. Coronal radiographs
and videofluoroscopy improve the diagnostic quality
of temporomandibular joint arthrography. Am J
Roentgenol 1990;155(1):105-7. 

Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria
for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria,
examinations and specifications, critique.                
J Craniomandib Disord 1992 Fall;6(4):301-55. 

Ebner KA, Otis LL, Zakhary R, Danforth RA. Axial
temporomandibular joint morphology: a correlative
study of radiographic and gross anatomic findings.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990 Feb;69(2):
247-52. 

Engelke W, Ruttimann UE, Tsuchimochi M, Bacher JD.
An experimental study of new diagnostic methods for
the examination of osseous lesions in the
temporomandibular joint. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol 1992 Mar;73(3):348-59. 

Eriksson L, Westesson P-L, Macher D, Hicks D, Tallents
RH. Creation of disc displacement in human
temporomandibular joint autopsy specimens. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1992;50(8):869-73. 

Fischbach R, Heindel W, Lin Y, Friedrich R,
Brochhagen HG. [A comparison of NMR tomography
and arthrography in functional disorders of the
temporomandibular joint]. Rofo Fortschr Geb
Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 1995 Mar;162(3):
216-23.  (Ger). 

Flor H, Schugens MM, Birbaumer N. Discrimination of
muscle tension in chronic pain patients and healthy
controls. Biofeedback Self Regul 1992 Sep;17(3):
165-77. 

Galante G, Paesani D, Tallents RH, Hatala MA, Katzberg
RW, Murphy W. Angle of the articular eminence in
patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction
and asymptomatic volunteers. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995 Aug;80(2):
242-9. 

Gan YH, Ma XC, Wang J. [Magnetic resonance imaging
of lateral pterygoid muscle in temporomandibular
joint dysfunction syndrome]. Chung Hua Kou Chiang
Hsueh Tsa Chih 1994 Nov;29(6):326-8, 383.  (Chi). 

Gay T, Maton B, Rendell J, Majourau A. Characteristics
of muscle fatigue in patients with myofascial
pain-dysfunction syndrome. Arch Oral Biol 1994 Oct;
39(10):847-52. 

Gelb M. Length-tension relations of the masticatory
elevator muscles in normal subjects and pain
dysfunction patients. Cranio 1990 Apr;8(2):139-53. 

Gianniri AI, Melsen B, Nielsen L, Athanasiou AE.
Occlusal contacts in maximum intercuspation and
craniomandibular dysfunction in 16- to 17-year-old
adolescents. J Oral Rehabil 1991 Jan;18(1):49-59. 

Glaros AG, Brockman DL, Ackerman RJ. Impact of
overbite on indicators of temporomandibular joint
dysfunction. Cranio 1992 Oct;10(4):277-81. 

Goga D, Goupille P, Fouquet B, Cotty P, Unger P,
Mateu J, Valat JP, Ballon G. [Tomographic aspects
of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Comparative
study of 30 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and 30
normal subjects]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac
1990;91(2):76-9.  (Fre). 

Goupille P, Fouquet B, Cotty P, Goga D, Valat JP.
[Temporomandibular joint and rheumatoid
polyarthritis. Correlations between clinical and
tomodensitometric abnormalities]. Rev Rhum Mal
Osteoartic 1992 Mar;59(3):213-8.  (Fre). 

Granges G, Littlejohn G. Prevalence of myofascial pain
syndrome in fibromyalgia syndrome and regional
pain syndrome: A comparative study.                     
J Musculoskelet Pain 1993;1(2):19-35. 

Gratt BM, Sickles EA. Future applications of electronic
thermography. J Am Dent Assoc 1991 May;122(6):
28-36. 

Gu Z, Zhang Z, Sun K, Wu Q. Structural and
ultrastructural studies of the synovial membrane in
temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome. Chin
Med J (Engl) 1995 Jun;108(6):444-9. 

Hagberg C. General musculoskeletal complaints in a
group of patients with craniomandibular disorders
(CMD). A case control study. Swed Dent J 1991;
15(4):179-85. 

Hagberg C, Hellsing G, Hagberg M. Perception of
cutaneous electrical stimulation in patients with
craniomandibular disorders. J Craniomandib Disord
1990 Spring;4(2):120-5. 

Hapak L, Gordon A, Locker D, Shandling M, Mock D,
Tenenbaum HC. Differentiation between
musculoligamentous, dentoalveolar, and
neurologically based craniofacial pain with a
diagnostic questionnaire. J Orofac Pain 1994 Fall;
8(4):357-68. 

Hardison JD, Okeson JP. Comparison of three clinical
techniques for evaluating joint sounds. Cranio 1990
Oct;8(4):307-11. 

Harness DM, Donlon WC, Eversole LR. Comparison of
clinical characteristics in myogenic, TMJ internal
derangement and atypical facial pain patients. Clin J
Pain 1990 Mar;6(1):4-17. 

Heffez LB, Jordan SL. Superficial vascularity of
temporomandibular joint retrodiskal tissue: an
element of the internal derangement process. Cranio
1992 Jul;10(3):180-91. 

Helms CA, Kaplan P. Diagnostic imaging of the
temporomandibular joint: recommendations for use of
the various techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990
Feb;154(2):319-22.  Comment in: AJR Am J
Roentgenol 1990 Oct;155(4):895-6. 

Helmy ES. Light microscopic and ultrastructural study of
thinned discal areas in patients with
temporomandibular joint internal derangement. Egypt
Dent J 1993 Jan;39(1):325-36. 

Henderson DH, Cooper JC Jr, Bryan GW, Van Sickels
JE. Otologic complaints in temporomandibular joint
syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992
Nov;118(11):1208-13.  Comment in: Arch
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994 Jun;120(6):675. 

Holmlund A, Ekblom A, Hansson P, Lind J, Lundeberg
T, Theodorsson E. Concentrations of neuropeptides
substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related
peptide, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide in synovial fluid of the human
temporomandibular joint. A correlation with
symptoms, signs and arthroscopic findings. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1991 Aug;20(4):228-31.

Holmlund AB, Gynther G, Reinholt FP. Rheumatoid
arthritis and disk derangement of the
temporomandibular joint. A comparative arthroscopic
study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992 Mar;
73(3):273-7. 

Holmlund AB, Gynther GW, Reinholt FP. Disk
derangement and inflammatory changes in the
posterior disk attachment of the temporomandibular
joint. A histologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol 1992 Jan;73(1):9-12. 

Howard RP, Hatsell CP, Guzman HM.
Temporomandibular joint injury potential imposed by
the low-velocity extension-flexion maneuver. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1995 Mar;53(3):256-62; discussion
263. 

Intrieri RC, Jones GE, Alcorn JD. Masseter muscle
hyperactivity and myofascial pain dysfunction
syndrome: a relationship under stress. J Behav Med
1994 Oct;17(5):479-500. 

Ishigaki S, Bessette RW, Maruyama T. A clinical study
of temporomandibular joint TMJ vibrations in TMJ
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Muir CB, Goss AN. The radiologic morphology of
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Murakami K, Clark GT. Diagnosis of intracapsular
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Murakami K, Segami N, Fujimura K, Iizuka T.
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Pahkala R, Laine T, Narhi M, Ettala-Ylitalo UM.
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Panmekiate S, Petersson A, Rohlin M, Akerman S.
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Pereira FJ Jr, Lundh H, Westesson PL, Carlsson LE.
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Piacentini C, Marchetti C, Callegari A, Setti M,
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Pullinger AG, Bibb CA, Ding X, Baldioceda F.
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Pullinger AG, Seligman DA. The degree to which
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Pullinger AG, Seligman DA, Gornbein JA. A multiple
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Pullinger AG, White SC. Efficacy of TMJ radiographs in
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Quemar JC, Lazar BD. Multivariate analysis of
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Quinn JH, Bazan NG. Identification of prostaglandin E2
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Rao VM, Babaria A, Manoharan A, Mandel S, Gottehrer
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Rao VM, Farole A, Karasick D. Temporomandibular
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Raudino F. Is temporomandibular dysfunction a cranial
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Raustia AM, Tervonen O, Pyhtinen J.
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Reid KI, Gracely RH, Dubner RA. The influence of time,
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Rothenberg LH. An analysis of maximum mandibular
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Rubinstein B, Erlandsson SI. A stomatognathic analysis
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Salo L, Raustia A, Pernu H, Virtanen K. Internal
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Salo LA, Raustia AM. Type II and type III collagen in
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Sano T, Westesson PL. Magnetic resonance imaging of
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Santler G, Karcher H, Simbrunner J. MR imaging of the
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Schiffman E, Haley D, Baker C, Lindgren B. Diagnostic
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Seligman DA, Pullinger AG. The role of functional
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Seligman DA, Pullinger AG. The role of intercuspal
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Stegenga B, Broekhuijsen ML, De Bont LG, Van
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Stegenga B, Broekhuijsen ML, Van Willigen JD. Clinical
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Taylor DB, Babyn P, Blaser S, Smith S, Shore A,
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Thurnwald PA. The effect of age and gender on normal
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Toller MO, Juniper RP. Audiological evaluation of the
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Truelove EL, Sommers EE, LeResche L, Dworkin SF,
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Turk DC, Rudy TE. The robustness of an empirically
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van der Kuijl B, Vencken LM, de Bont LG, Boering G.
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Vernon J, Griest S, Press L. Attributes of tinnitus that
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Visser A, Kroon GW, Naeije M, Hansson TL. EMG
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Visser A, McCarroll RS, Oosting J, Naeije M.
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Wang MQ. [The study on the relationship between the
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Wanman A, Agerberg G. Etiology of craniomandibular
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Westesson PL. Reliability and validity of imaging
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Westesson PL, Bifano JA, Tallents RH, Hatala MP.
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Westesson PL, Brooks SL. Temporomandibular joint:
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Westling L. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and
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White SC, Pullinger AG. Impact of TMJ radiographs on
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Widmalm SE, Gunn SM, Christiansen RL, Hawley LM.
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Animal Studies

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Miyaki K, Murakami K, Segami N, Iizuka T. Histological
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Nam IW. [Clinical study on treatment of internal
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Tallents RH, Macher DJ, Rivoli P, Puzas JE, Scapino
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HEALTH SERVICES AND COSTS OF CARE

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Pierce CJ, Weyant RJ, Block HM, Nemir DC. Dental
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Taylor G. A discovery by DuPont: hidden costs of
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PSYCHOSOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

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Baggi L, Rubino IA, Zanna V, Martignoni M. Personality
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Bassett DL, Gerke DC, Goss AN. Psychological factors
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Beaton RD, Egan KJ, Nakagawa-Kogan H, Morrison
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MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

General Considerations for Care

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McCreary CP, Clark GT, Oakley ME, Flack V.
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McNeill C, editor. Temporomandibular disorders:
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Meyers RA, Schellhas KP, Hall HD, Indresano AT,
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Mohl ND, Ohrbach R. Clinical decision making for
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discussion 39A; Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
1994 Mar;105(3):38A-39A. 

Schneider S, Witt E. [The functional findings before and
after a combined orthodontic and oral surgical
treatment of Angle class-III patients]. Fortschr
Kieferorthop 1991 Feb;52(1):51-9.  (Ger). 

Shevel E. Intra-oral condylotomy for the treatment of
temporomandibular joint derangement. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1991 Dec;20(6):360-1. 

Simonis A, Kramer A, Benzing U, Massmann R, Weber
H. [Functional status of patients prior to and after
orthognathic surgery]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1990 Jul;
45(7 Spec No):S67-70.  (Ger). 

Smith V, Williams B, Stapleford R. Rigid internal fixation
and the effects on the temporomandibular joint and
masticatory system: a prospective study. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992 Dec;102(6):491-500. 

Smith WP, Markus AF. Internal derangement of the
temporomandibular joint: an audit of clinical findings,
arthrography and surgical treatment. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1991 Dec;29(6):377-80. 

Sostmann M, Meyer J, Berten JL. [TMJ-function
following orthognathic surgery]. Dtsch Stomatol
1991;41(12):487-9.  (Ger). 

Stassen LF, Currie WJ. A pilot study of the use of
eminectomy in the treatment of closed lock. Br J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1994 Jun;32(3):138-41. 

Stegenga B, de Bont LG, Dijkstra PU, Boering G.
Short-term outcome of arthroscopic surgery of
temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and internal
derangement: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Feb;31(1):3-14. 

Takaku S, Toyoda T. Long-term evaluation of discectomy
of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac
Surg 1994 Jul;52(7):722-6; discussion 727-8. 

Takaku S, Toyoda T, Sano T, Heishiki A. Correlation of
magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.      
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995 Nov;53(11):1283-8. 

Upton LG, Barber HD. Surgically and nonsurgically
treated temporomandibular joint patient responses to
active and passive nonsurgical therapies.
Compendium 1991 Jul;12(7):468, 470-2, 474. 

Upton LG, Sullivan SM. The treatment of
temporomandibular joint internal derangements using
a modified open condylotomy: a preliminary report.  
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991 Jun;49(6):578-83;
discussion 583-4. 

Vallerand WP, Hall MB. Improvement in myofascial pain
and headaches following TMJ surgery.                   
J Craniomandib Disord 1991 Summer;5(3):197-204. 

Waide FL, Bade DM, Lovasko J, Montana J. Clinical
management of a patient following
temporomandibular joint arthroscopy. Phys Ther
1992 May;72(5):355-64. 

Watt-Smith S, Sadler A, Baddeley H, Renton P.
Comparison of arthrotomographic and magnetic
resonance images of 50 temporomandibular joints
with operative findings. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1993 Jun;31(3):139-43. 

Westesson PL, Cohen JM, Tallents RH. Magnetic
resonance imaging of temporomandibular joint after
surgical treatment of internal derangement. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991 Apr;71(4):407-11. 

Weyland-Mayer B, Worbs G, Schwarze CW, Werner B.
[The subjective and objective assessment of the
functional treatment results after combined
orthodontic and oral surgical measures]. Fortschr
Kieferorthop 1991 Apr;52(2):73-7.  (Ger). 

Widmark G, Haraldson T, Kahnberg KE. Functional
evaluation after TMJ surgery. J Oral Rehabil 1995
Aug;22(8):589-93. 

Widmark G, Kahnberg KE, Haraldson T, Lindstrom J.
Evaluation of TMJ surgery in cases not responding to
conservative treatment. Cranio 1995 Jan;13(1):44-9. 

Wilk SJ. Surgical management of refractory
craniomandibular pain using radiofrequency
thermolysis: a report of thirty patients. Cranio 1994
Apr;12(2):93-9. 

Wilkes CH. Surgical treatment of internal derangements
of the temporomandibular joint. A long-term study.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991 Jan;117(1):
64-72. 

Zimmer B, Heinrichs E, Kubein-Meesenburg D.
[Longitudinal changes in the acoustic
temporomandibular symptoms due to different
procedures of orthognathic surgery]. Fortschr
Kieferorthop 1991 Dec;52(6):346-52.  (Ger). 

Zingg M, Iizuka T, Geering AH, Raveh J. Degenerative
temporomandibular joint disease: surgical treatment
and long-term results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994
Nov;52(11):1149-58; discussion 1158-9. 

Treating Failures

Kearns GJ, Perrott DH, Kaban LB. A protocol for the
management of failed alloplastic temporomandibular
joint disc implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995 Nov;
53(11):1240-7; discussion 1248-9. 

Ma XC, Zhang ZK, Wu QG. [Operative and pathological
observations on secondary synovitis of
temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome].
Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih 1994 Jul;
29(4):207-9, 255.  (Chi). 

Oakley ME, McCreary CP, Clark GT, Holston S, Glover
D, Kashima K. A cognitive-behavioral approach to
temporomandibular dysfunction treatment failures: a
controlled comparison. J Orofac Pain 1994 Fall;8(4):
397-401. 

Reich RH, Bothe KJ. [Pain as an indication for functional
TMJ surgery]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1990 Jan;45(1):
55-7.  (Ger). 

Ryan D, Ahmed S, Harris M. Arthrotomography and the
surgical correction of temporomandibular joint
disorders. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990 Aug;28(4):
228-33. 

Turk DC, Okifuji A, Scharff L. Chronic pain and
depression: role of perceived impact and perceived
control in different age cohorts. Pain 1995 Apr;61(1):
93-101. 

Van Sickels JE, Dolezal J. Clinical outcome of
arthrotomy after failed arthroscopy. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol 1994 Aug;78(2):142-5. 

Widmark G, Haraldson T, Kahnberg KE. Functional
evaluation after TMJ surgery. J Oral Rehabil 1995
Aug;22(8):589-93.      

Other Approaches

Cui Y. Treatment of 60 cases of dysfunction of
temporomandibular joint by puncturing zusanli (St 36)
acupoint. J Tradit Chin Med 1993 Sep;13(3):191. 

Dwyer J. Fertile field for fads and fraud: Questionable
nutritional therapies. N Y State J Med 1993 Feb;
93(2):105-8. 

Ho V, Bradley P. Acupuncture for resistant
temporo-mandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome.
Acupunct Med 1992 Nov;10(2):53-5. 

Johansson A, Wenneberg B, Wagersten C, Haraldson T.
Acupuncture in treatment of facial muscular pain.
Acta Odontol Scand 1991 Jun;49(3):153-8. 

Klawansky S, Antczak-Bouckoms A, Barr J, Burdick E,
Roberts MS, Wyshak G, Mosteller F. Using medical
registries and data sets for technology assessment. An
overview of seven case studies. Int J Technol Assess
Health Care 1991;7(2):194-9. 

List T. Acupuncture in the treatment of patients with
craniomandibular disorders. Comparative,
longitudinal and methodological studies. Swed Dent J
Suppl 1992;87:1-159. 

List T, Helkimo M. Acupuncture and occlusal splint
therapy in the treatment of craniomandibular
disorders. II. A 1-year follow-up study. Acta Odontol
Scand 1992 Dec;50(6):375-85. 

List T, Helkimo M. Adverse events of acupuncture and
occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of
craniomandibular disorders. Cranio 1992 Oct;10(4):
318-24; discussion 324-6. 

List T, Helkimo M, Andersson S, Carlsson GE.
Acupuncture and occlusal splint therapy in the
treatment of craniomandibular disorders. Part I. A
comparative study. Swed Dent J 1992;16(4):125-41. 

List T, Helkimo M, Karlsson R. Pressure pain thresholds
in patients with craniomandibular disorders before
and after treatment with acupuncture and occlusal
splint therapy; a controlled clinical study. J Orofac
Pain 1993;7(3):275-82. 

Matsumura WM. Use of acupressure techniques and
concepts for nonsurgical management of TMJ
disorders. J Gen Orthod 1993 Mar;4(1):5-16. 

Satko I, Zalesak R, Zajko J. [Acupuncture in
stomatology]. Prakt Zubn Lek 1990 Sep;38(7):194-7. 
(Cze). 

Somer E. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of the chronic
nocturnal use of a dental splint prescribed for
bruxism. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 1991 Jul;39(3):145-54. 

Sugimoto K, Konda T, Shimahara M, Hyodo M, Kitade T. 
A clinical study on SSP (silver spike point) electro-therapy 
combined with splint therapy for temporo-mandibular joint 
dysfunction. Acupunct Electrother Res 1995 Jan-Mar;
20(1):7-13. 

Thompson T, Dwyer JT, Palmer CA. Nutritional
remedies for temporomandibular joint dysfunction:
fact or fiction. Nutr Today 1991 Jan-Feb;26(1):37-42. 

Wang K. A report of 22 cases of temporomandibular joint
dysfunction syndrome treated with acupuncture and
laser radiation. J Tradit Chin Med 1992 Jun;12(2):
116-8. 

POTENTIAL NEW APPROACHES

Abubaker AO, Raslan WF, Sotereanos GC. Estrogen and
progesterone receptors in temporomandibular joint
discs of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons: a
preliminary study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Oct;
51(10):1096-100. 

Aghabeigi B, Feinmann C, Glover V, Goodwin B,
Hannah P, Harris M, Sandler M, Wasil M. Tyramine
conjugation deficit in patients with chronic idiopathic
temporomandibular joint and orofacial pain. Pain
1993 Aug;54(2):159-63. 

Aghabeigi B, Henderson B, Hopper C, Harris M.
Temporomandibular joint synovial fluid analysis. Br J
Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Feb;31(1):15-20. 

Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S,
Lundeberg T, Theodorsson E. Co-variation of
neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide,
substance P and neurokinin A in joint fluid from
patients with temporomandibular joint arthritis. Arch
Oral Biol 1995 Feb;40(2):127-35. 

Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S,
Lundeberg T, Theodorsson E. Determination of
temporomandibular joint fluid concentrations using
vitamin B12 as an internal standard. Eur J Oral Sci
1995 Aug;103(4):214-8. 

Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Eriksson S, Kopp S,
Lundeberg T, Nylander M, Theodorsson E.
Neuropeptides in temporomandibular joints with
rheumatoid arthritis: a clinical study. Scand J Dent
Res 1991 Dec;99(6):519-21. 

Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Lundeberg T,
Theodorsson E. Neuropeptides in the arthritic TMJ
and symptoms and signs from the stomatognathic
system with special consideration to rheumatoid
arthritis. J Orofac Pain 1995;9(3):215-25. 

Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Lundeberg T,
Theodorsson E. Relation between intra-articular
temperature of the arthritic temporomandibular joint
and presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the
joint fluid. A clinical study. Acta Odontol Scand 1993
Oct;51(5):285-91. 

Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Kopp S, Lundeberg T,
Theodorsson E. Relation between the intra-articular
temperature of the temporomandibular joint and the
presence of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in
the joint fluid. A clinical study. Acta Odontol Scand
1993 Feb;51(1):1-8. 

Asonuma K, Vacanti JP. Cell transplantation as
replacement therapy for the future. Crit Care Nurs
Clin North Am 1992 Jun;4(2):249-54. 

Campbell JH, Courey MS, Bourne P, Odziemiec C.
Estrogen receptor analysis of human
temporomandibular disc. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993
Oct;51(10):1101-5. 

Cima LG, Vacanti JP, Vacanti C, Ingber D, Mooney D,
Langer R. Tissue engineering by cell transplantation
using degradable polymer substrates. J Biomech Eng
1991 May;113(2):143-51. 

Dijkgraaf LC, de Bont LG, Boering G, Liem RS. Normal
cartilage structure, biochemistry, and metabolism: a
review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995
Aug;53(8):924-9. 

Dijkgraaf LC, Liem RS, de Bont LG, Boering G.
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition
disease: a review of the literature and a light and
electron microscopic study of a case of the
temporomandibular joint with numerous intracellular
crystals in the chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage
1995 Mar;3(1):35-45. 

Favia G, Maiorano E. Presence of neuroreceptors in
normal and diseased temporo-mandibular joints. Boll
Soc Ital Biol Sper 1995 Jul-Aug;71(7-8):205-12. 

Fu K, Ma X, Zhang Z, Pang X, Chen W. Interleukin-6 in
synovial fluid and HLA-DR expression in synovium
from patients with temporomandibular disorders.      
J Orofac Pain 1995 Spring;9(2):131-7. 

Galeazza MT, Garry MG, Yost HJ, Strait KA,
Hargreaves KM, Seybold VS. Plasticity in the
synthesis and storage of substance P and calcitonin
gene-related peptide in primary afferent neurons
during peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 1995
May;66(2):443-58. 

Gilbert JC, Takada T, Stein JE, Langer R, Vacanti JP.
Cell transplantation of genetically altered cells on
biodegradable polymer scaffolds in syngeneic rats.
Transplantation 1993 Aug;56(2):423-7. 

Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome,
and myofascial pain syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol
1995 Mar;7(2):127-35. 

Gu ZY, Zhang ZK, Sun KH, Wu QG, Xu HC.
Immunohistochemical and histological studies on
internal derangement and organic disturbance of
temporomandibular joint. Chin Med J (Engl) 1993
Nov;106(11):830-4. 

Hargreaves KM, Roszkowski MT, Swift JQ. Bradykinin
and inflammatory pain. Agents Actions Suppl 1993;
41:65-73. 

Hargreaves KM, Swift JQ, Roszkowski MT, Bowles W,
Garry MG, Jackson DL. Pharmacology of peripheral
neuropeptide and inflammatory mediator release. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994 Oct;78(4):503-10. 

Holmlund A, Ekblom A, Hansson P, Lind J, Lundeberg
T, Theodorsson E. Concentrations of neuropeptides
substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related
peptide, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal
polypeptide in synovial fluid of the human
temporomandibular joint. A correlation with
symptoms, signs and arthroscopic findings. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1991 Aug;20(4):228-31. 

Ichikawa H, Matsuo S, Wakisaka S, Adai M. Fine
structure of calcitonin gene-related
peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat
temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 1990;35(9):
727-30. 

Kim WS, Vacanti CA, Upton J, Vacanti JP. Bone defect
repair with tissue-engineered cartilage. Plast Reconstr
Surg 1994 Oct;94(5):580-4. 

Kim WS, Vacanti JP, Cima L, Mooney D, Upton J,
Puelacher WC, Vacanti CA. Cartilage engineered in
predetermined shapes employing cell transplantation
on synthetic biodegradable polymers. Plast Reconstr
Surg 1994 Aug;94(2):233-7; discussion 238-40. 

Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science 1993
May 14;260(5110):920-6. 

Marbach JJ, Schleifer SJ, Keller SE. Facial pain, distress,
and immune function. Brain Behav Immun 1990 Sep;
4(3):243-54. 

Mikos AG, Bao Y, Cima LG, Ingber DE, Vacanti JP,
Langer R. Preparation of poly(glycolic acid) bonded
fiber structures for cell attachment and
transplantation. J Biomed Mater Res 1993 Feb;27(2):
183-9. 

Milam SB, Schmitz JP. Molecular biology of
temporomandibular joint disorders: proposed
mechanisms of disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995
Dec;53(12):1448-54. 

Mooney DJ, Organ G, Vacanti JP, Langer R. Design and
fabrication of biodegradable polymer devices to
engineer tubular tissues. Cell Transplant 1994
Mar-Apr;3(2):203-10. 

Puelacher WC, Kim SW, Vacanti JP, Schloo B, Mooney
D, Vacanti CA. Tissue-engineered growth of
cartilage: the effect of varying the concentration of
chondrocytes seeded onto synthetic polymer matrices.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994 Feb;23(1):49-53. 

Puelacher WC, Mooney D, Langer R, Upton J, Vacanti
JP, Vacanti CA. Design of nasoseptal cartilage
replacements synthesized from biodegradable
polymers and chondrocytes. Biomaterials 1994 Aug;
15(10):774-8. 

Puelacher WC, Wisser J, Vacanti CA, Ferraro NF,
Jaramillo D, Vacanti JP. Temporomandibular joint
disc replacement made by tissue-engineered growth
of cartilage. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994 Nov;
52(11):1172-7; discussion 1177-8. 

Puzin MN, Balamov KE, Kushlinskii NE. [Immunologic
and biochemical changes in patients with cranio-facial
pain]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova
1990;90(4):20-3.  (Rus). 

Quinn JH, Bazan NG. Identification of prostaglandin E2
and leukotriene B4 in the synovial fluid of painful,
dysfunctional temporomandibular joints. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1990 Sep;48(9):968-71. 

Shafer DM, Assael L, White LB, Rossomando EF.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha as a biochemical marker
of pain and outcome in temporomandibular joints with
internal derangements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994
Aug;52(8):786-91; discussion 791-2. 

Swift JQ, Garry MG, Roszkowski MT, Hargreaves KM.
Effect of flurbiprofen on tissue levels of
immunoreactive bradykinin and acute postoperative
pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993 Feb;51(2):112-6;
discussion 116-7. 

Turk DC, Brody MC, Okifuji EA. Physicians' attitudes
and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of
opioids for non-cancer pain. Pain 1994 Nov;59(2):
201-8. 

Vacanti CA, Langer R, Schloo B, Vacanti JP. Synthetic
polymers seeded with chondrocytes provide a
template for new cartilage formation. Plast Reconstr
Surg 1991 Nov;88(5):753-9. 

Vacanti CA, Vacanti JP. Bone and cartilage
reconstruction with tissue engineering approaches.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1994 Feb;27(1):263-76.
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**Last updated:** 31 December 1996

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