CHAPTER 7. ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY USE EQUATION FOR DEHUMIDIFIERS ............ 7-1

7.3 INPUTS TO AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY USE ..................................................... 7-2

7.3.1 Capacity and Efficiency ................................................................................................... 7-2

7.3.2 Energy Use for Operating Modes .................................................................................... 7-3

7.3.2.1 Power for Dehumidification Mode ................................................................ 7-3

7.3.2.2 Fan -Only Mode Power and Standby/Off Mode Power .................................. 7-3

7.3.3 Fractions of Operating Hours by Mode ........................................................................... 7-4

7.3.3.1 Fraction of Operating Hours in Dehumidification Mode .............................. 7-4

7.4 ENERGY USE BY EFFICIENCY LEVEL AND PRODUCT CLASS .......................... 7-7

7.5 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL DEHUMIDIFIER ENERGY USE ................................ 7-9

7.5.1 Monthly Dehumidifier Usage ........................................................................................ 7-10

7.5.2 Applications of Whole- Home Dehumidifiers ................................................................ 7-11

7.5.3 Annual Monthly Use ...................................................................................................... 7-11

7.6 LINKING RECS HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE PARAM ETERS ............................ 7-11

7.6.1 Derivation of Outdoor Air Temperatures ...................................................................... 7-12

LIST OF TABLES

Table 7.3.1 Efficiency Levels for Various Dehumidifier Capacities ...................................... 7-3

Table 7.3.2 Standby/Off Mode and Fan-Only Mode Power Consumption by Dehumidifier Type ............................................................................................... 7-4

Table 7.3.3 Data on Annual Dehumidification Mode Hours .................................................. 7-5

Table 7.3.4 Fractions of Hours for Whole- Home Dehumidifiers Operated in Different

Modes ................................................................................................................... 7-7

Table 7.4.1 Portable Dehumidifiers ≤20.00 Pints/Day: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level ................................................................................................... 7-7

Table 7.4.2 Portable Dehumidifiers 20.01–30.00 Pints/Day: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level ................................................................................................... 7-8

Table 7.4.3 Portable Dehumidifiers 30.01

– 35.00 Pints/Day: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level ................................................................................................... 7-8

Table 7.4.4 Portable Dehumidifiers 35.01 –45.00 Pints/Day: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Leve l ................................................................................................... 7-8

Table 7.4.5 Portable Dehumidifiers >45 Pints/Day: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency

Level .................................................................................................................... 7-9

Table 7.4.6 Whole-Home Dehumidifiers ≤ 8.0 ft 3 Case Volume: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level .............................................................................................. 7-9

7-iTable 7.4.7 Whole-Home Dehumidifiers >8.0 ft 3 Case Volume: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level .............................................................................................. 7-9

Table 7.5.1 Dehumidifier Use by Range of Months ............................................................. 7-11

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 7.5.1 Percent of Households that Have Dehumidifiers by Region and Presence

of Basement ....................................................................................................... 7-10

7- iiCHAPTER 7. ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

To perform the life

- cycle cost and payback period calculations described in chapter 8 of this preliminary analysis technical support document (TSD), DOE needed to determine the savings in operating costs that consumers would derive from more efficient products. DOE used consumer energy use data, along with energy prices, to develop the energy cost component of consumer operating costs determined in chapter 8 of the preliminary TSD . (Maintenance and repair costs are the other contributors to operating costs.) This chapter describes how DOE determined the annual energy consumption of resident ial dehumidifi ers.

7.2 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY USE EQUATION FOR DEHUMIDIFIER S

For the previous rulemaking regarding dehumidifiers, which went into effect in 2012, DOE based the annual energy use of a dehumidifier on the following equation. 

# ( )

Eff Hours CAP
DEH ENERGY × ×

= 24 473.0 Eq. 7 .1

W here:

DEH ENERGY = annual energy consumption of dehumidifier (kWh/year),

CAP = capacity of dehumidifier (pints/day),

0.473 = conversion factor for liters in a pint, 24 = number of hours in a day

Hours = annual operating hours for dehumidifier, and Eff = dehumidifier efficiency ( L/kWh).

The above equation estimates the annual energy consumption associated with a dehumidifier’s active mode, when the compressor operates. For the current rulemaking, DOE amended the above equation to accommodate three modes of dehumidifier operation : standby /off mode, fan-only mode, and dehumidification (fan plus compressor) mode.

The following equation calculates the annual energy use of dehumidifiers a s the product of the annual hours of operation multiplied by the energy use and percentage of time spent in

each operational mode. The capacity and energy efficiency of the dehumidifier are relevant while the compressor is in operation. The energy used during standby mode and off mode is primarily for the display on the control panel and components on the control board, energy that is used during the other two modes as well.

7-1

## ( ) 

# ( )      

×+×+        

× ××

×      

= Stby Stby Fan Fan Dehum

ENERGY 

### kW X kW X Eff X CAP

Year ofUse TotalHours DEH 24 473.0

Eq. 7 .2

W here:

DEH ENERGY = annual energy consumption of dehumidifier (kWh/year),



### Year ofUse TotalHours = number of hours the dehumidifier is used per year ( at >0 W ),

CAP = dehumidifier capacity (pints of condensate removed/day),

0.473 = conversion factor for liters in a pint,

24 = number of hours in a day Eff = dehumidifier efficiency (liters of condensate removed/ kWh Dehum ),

X

Dehum = fraction of time in dehumidification mode,

X

F

an = fraction of time in fan -only mode,

X

Stby = fraction of time in standby /off mode,

kW Dehum = kW of dehumidification mode,

kW F

an = kW of fan -only mode, and

kW Stby = kW of standby /off mode.

Note:



### 24 473.0

× ××

Eff X Cap Dehum = X Dehum X kW Dehum Eq . 7.3

7.3 INPUTS TO AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY USE

The expanded equation for calculating average annual energy use ( Eq. 7.2 ) includes parameters for dehumidifier capacity and efficiency , as well as fractions of operating hours and power use in dehumidific ation , fan -only, and standby /off modes.

7.3.1 Capacity and Efficiency

Values for capacity and efficiency , presented in Table 7.3.1, we re obtained from the engineering analysis described in chapter 5 of the preliminary TSD

. The average capacity sizes

were determined from the tear -down process for the engineering analysis. See chapter 5 of the preliminary TSD for details.

7-2Table 7.3.1 Efficiency Level s for Various Dehumidifier Capacities

Portable Whole- Home

≤20.00 Pints/Day 20.01

– 30.00 Pints/Day 30.01

– 35.00 Pints/Day 35.01

– 45.00 Pints/Day >45.00 Pints/Day ≤ 8.0 ft 3

Case

Volume > 8.0 ft 3

Case

Volume Average Capacity 17.9 25 32.5 40 72.5 56.2 91.7

Efficiency

Level

Baseline 0.77 0.80 0.94 1.00 2.07 1.10 1.68

1 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.30 2.40 1.40 1.90

2 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.40 2.80 1.59 2.80

3 1.30 1.30 1.60 1.60 3.52

- 3.41

4 1.42 1.52 1.75 1.75

- - -

The next sections describe dehumidifier energy use and fraction of time spent in each mode of operation.

7.3.2 Energy Use for Operating Modes

For determining energy use, DOE defines three modes of dehumidifier operation

.

• Dehumidification mode: is the mode in which the dehumidifier performs its primary function of removing moisture from the air by using a fan to draw moist air over a refrigerat ed coil

.

• Fan -only mode : is when the fan circulates air without activati ng th e compressor

.

• Standby mode : facilitates the initiation of active mode via remote switch, internal

sen s or, or timer, and/or provides continuous status display

.

• Off mode: is the mode in which the dehumidifier is connected to power but is not in dehumidification mode, fan-only mode, or standby mode.

7.3.2.1 Power for Dehumidification Mode

DOE calculated t he power of the dehumidification mode ( kW Dehum ) using the rated capacity and rated efficiency at each efficiency level for each product class. Calculating the

dehumidification mode power in this manner assumes that it is the same at all temperatures and

relative humidit ies , which may not be the case. The efficiency and capacity values were measured using a temperature of 80 degrees Fahrenheit ( °F) and humidity set point of 60 percent, as stipulated in the current test procedure for dehumidifiers

.

7.3.2.2 Fan

- Only Mode Power and Standby /Off Mode Power

Two rec ent field studi es 1

, 2 (Willem et al ., 2013a, 2013b ) measured energy use in three operating modes for both portable and whole- home dehumidifiers

. Because DOE found no other

7-3studies that disaggregated energy use by mode, DOE used the values reported in the Willem

studies (see Table 7.3.2 ). The studies’ authors observed no relationship between the capacity of a portable dehumidifier and its fan

- only mode or standby/of f mode energy use.

Table 7.3.2 Standby /Off Mode and Fan

- Only Mode Power Consumption by Dehumidifier Type

Mode Portable (W) Whole

- Home ( W )

Min Me di an Max Min Me di an Max Standby /Off 0.3 1.0 12.3 2.6 3.1 4.2

Fan

- only 21.4 51.2 80.9 131 14 6 158

Source: Willem et al. , 2013a, 2013b.

7.3.3 Fractions of Operating Hour s by Mode

A dehumidifier uses energy when the compressor is operating to remove moisture from the air. When the compressor is not operating, the dehumidifier may use energ y for a fan -only

mode that circulates air through the unit to sample the ambient relative humidity and to defrost the condenser coils. When neither the fan nor the compressor is operating, energy is used for standby mode or off mode power for functions such as keep ing a user panel lit

.

7.3.3.1 Fraction of Operating Hours in Dehumidification Mode

Table 7.3.3 summarizes information on annual dehumidification mode operating hours by portable and whole-home dehumidifiers derived from several studies and sources. Two of the

studies utilized metered data from portable units. One study reports metered data for whole-home

dehumidifiers. The other sourc es rely on power measurements and assumptions regarding usage

to estimate values for annual energy use.

7-4Table 7.3.3 Data on Annual Dehumidification Mode Hours

Study/Source Dehumidification Mode Operating Hours ( F or portable units unless note d )

Average Hours/Year

ADL (1998) 3 1

, 620
AHAM (2005) 4 1

, 095

ENERGY STAR fact sheet (2006) 5 1

, 620

ENERGY STAR calculator (2006) 6 2

, 851

The Cadmus Group , Inc. (2012) 7 2

, 160

Willem (2013a) C CB 1,136

C CDD 1,07 8

N C CB 1,26 7

NC C DD 1,78 5

Willem (2013b) Whole-home 2

, 542

C C B = Climate controlled space, bucket

catches dehumidifier condensate.

CC DD = Climate controlled space,

dehumidifier has a direct drain

. NC C B = Non

- climate controlled space,

bucket catches dehumidifier condensate

. NC C DD = Non

- climate controlled space,

dehumidifier has a direct drain

.

The reports and studies are listed from oldest to most recent. The study by The Cadmus Group based annual average dehumidification mode hours on several months of metered data, extrapolating from those to an entire year. The second study that metered porta ble units ( Willem

et al. , 2013a ) estimate d operating hours by correlating outside vapor density with compressor

use. The Willem study (2013a) found energy use depended on two factors: (1) whether the room

in which the dehumidifier operated was climate cont rolled

, and (2) how the condensate was

remov ed ( i.e. , manual ly by emptying a bucket, or via a direct drain). The following sections

describe annual dehumidification mode energy use for units operating in climate-controlled versus non-climate controlled spaces and for the method of condensate removal.

Portable Units— Minutes per Hour in Dehumidification Mode

Four equations from Willem et al. (2013a, 2013b) correlate compr essor run time with outdoor vapor density. Although individual dehumidifiers may differ greatly from the models, the equations describe, on average, the manner in which large number s of dehumidifier units would operate.

Equation for climate -controlled dehumidifiers with bucket:

7-5CC ( B ) Compressor Run Time � mins

h our �

= (0. 4141 ∗ VD out + 28

. 729 ) ∗ (

− 0. 0005 ∗ VD out 2

− 0. 0246 ∗ VD out + 0. 7264 )

Equation for climate

- controlled

, direct

- drain dehumidifiers:

CC ( DD ) Compressor Run Time � mins

h our �

= (

− 0. 4966 ∗ VD out + 46

. 463 ) ∗ (

− 0. 0032 ∗ VD out 2 + 0. 1239 ∗ VD out + 0. 4914 )

Equation for non- climate controlled dehumidifiers with bucket:

NCC ( B ) Compressor Run Time � mins

h our �

= (

− 0. 1186 ∗ VD out + 49

. 389 ) ∗ (

− 0. 0011 ∗ VD out 2 + 0. 016 ∗ VD out + 0. 4091 )

Equation for non- climate controlled, direct

- drain dehumidifiers:

NCC ( DD ) Compressor Run Time � mins

h our �

= (1. 5535 ∗ VD out + 27

. 778 ) ∗ (

− 0. 0013 ∗ VD out 2 + 0. 0265 ∗ VD out + 0. 5783 )

Where :

VD out = vapor density.

Portable Units— Fraction of Hours in Fan

- only Mode

Willem et al ., 2013a, predicted fan -only run time as a function of dehumidification mode time. The following equation describes that relationship as applied to a large data set. The equation is not meant to be representative of individual dehumidifier units because fan use can vary widely among dehumidifiers

.

Fan Run Time � mins

h our � = (. 2518 ) ∗ (

− 0.0 265 ∗ t Dehum 2 + 1. 6385 ∗ (t Dehum )

− 6. 1693 )

Where;

t De h um = time in deh umidification mode ( mins

h our )

Portable Units— Fraction of Hours in Standby /Off Mode

DOE determined the amount of time in standby /off mode by subtracting both the compressor and the fan -only run times from the total time of dehumidifier use

.

7-6Whole

- Home Units — Fraction of Hours in Fan

- only and Standby /Off Modes

The small sample size in the whole- home dehumidifier stu dy made it im possible to correlate vapor density to compressor use ( Willem et al. , 2013b). The authors were, however, able to develop time fractions for all operating modes. DOE used the average amount of time a dehumidifier operat ed during a 24-hour period. As shown in Table 7.3.4

, the compressors in the whole-home dehumidifiers in the study did not operate all day long.

Table 7.3.4 Fractions of Hours for Whole- Home Dehumidifiers Operate d in Differe nt

Mode s

Mode Percent of Operating Hours (%)

Mean

Dehumidification 29

Fan

- only 8 Standby /Off 0.5

7.4 ENERGY USE BY EFFICIENCY LEVEL AND PRODUCT CLASS

DOE calculated the annual energy use for the s even product classes of dehumidifiers based on the assumptions and findings presented in Section 7.3. To calculate annual energy use,

DOE used Eq. 7.2 in section 7.2 a nd assumed an average of 5.2 months of annual usage for portable dehumidifiers and 5.6 months of annual usage for whole-home dehumidifiers.

Efficiencies are given in terms of integrated energy factor, which divides the amount of condensate removed divided by a sum of energy use in dehumidification , fan -only, and standby /off modes.

Table 7.4.1 Portable Dehumidifiers ≤20.00 Pints/Day : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency

Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 0.77 632.9

1 1.10 448.5

2 1.20 412.6

3 1.30 382.3

4 1.42 351.5

* Capacity = 17 .9 pints/day; annual usage = 3,799 hours; X Dehum = 35.3%; X F an = 6.5%; X Stby = 58.2%, W F an = 65 W ; W Stby = 1 W.

7-7Table 7.4.2 Portable Dehumidifiers 20.01–30.00 Pints/Day : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 0.80 844.5

1 1.10 619.2

2 1.20 569.1

3 1.30 526.7

4 1.52 453.1

* Capacity = 25 pints/day; annual usage = 3,799 hours; X Dehum = 35.3%; X F an =

6.5%; X Stby = 58.2%, W F an = 65 W ; W Stby = 1 W.

Table 7.4.3 Portable Dehumidifiers 30.01–35.00 Pints/Day : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 0.94 932.5

1 1.20 734.4

2 1.40 632.1

3 1.60 555.3

4 1.75 509.3

* Capacity = 3 2.5 pints/day; annual usage = 3,799 hours; X Dehum = 35.3%; X F an = 6.5%; X Stby = 58.2%, W F an = 65 W ; W Stby = 1 W.

Table 7.4.4 Portable Dehumidifiers 35.01–45.00 Pints/Day : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 1.00 1075.9

1 1.30 831.8

2 1.40 773.7

3 1.60 679.3

4 1.75 622.6

* Capacity = 40 pints/day; annual usage = 3,799 hours; X Dehum = 35.3%; X F an = 6.5%; X Stby = 58.2%, W F an = 65 W ; W Stby = 1 W.

7-8Table 7.4.5 Portable Dehumidifiers >45 Pints/Day : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency

Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 2.07 944.3

1 2.40 817.0

2 2.80 702.9

3 3.52 562.8

* Capacity = 72.5 pints/day; annual usage = 3,799 hours ; X Dehum = 3 5 .3 %; X Fan = 6 .5%; X Stby = 58.2 % , W F an = 65 W ; W St by = 1 W.

Table 7.4.6 Whole- Home Dehumidifiers ≤ 8.0 ft 3 Case Volume : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 1.10 1250.3

1 1.40 994.3

2 1.59 882.1

* Capacity = 56.2 pints/day; annual usage = 4,091 hours ; X Dehum = 2 9 %; X F an

= 8 %; X Stby = 63 % ; W F an = 146 W ; W Stby = 3.08 W.

Table 7.4.7 Whole- Home Dehumidifiers > 8.0 ft 3 Case Volume : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

Level Integrated Energy Factor (L/kWh) Annual Energy Use* (kWh/year)

Baseline 1.68 1331.9

1 1.90 1184.1

2 2.80 821.4

3 3.41 684.5

* Capacity = 91.7 pints/day; annual usage = 4,091 hours ; X Dehum = 2 9 %; X F an

= 8 %; X Stby = 63 % ; W F an = 146 W ; W Stby = 3.08 W.

7.5 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL DEHUMIDIFIER ENERGY USE

The Energy Information Administration performs the Residential Energy Consumption Survey ( RECS ), collecting information for developing a national database of characteristics of a range of representative housing units

, appliance usage patterns, and household demographics.

The RECS reports on the presence of dehumidifiers in households and the amount of time the

dehumidifiers are used. DOE used the 2009 version of RECS to determine the variability of

dehum idifiers ’ annual energy consumption.

7-97.5.1 Monthly Dehumidifier Usage

RECS 2009 questioned each household on two aspects of dehumidifier use : (1) ownership and (2) monthly use. Of the 12,083 household records contained in RECS 2009 , 1621 i ndicate

use of dehumi difiers, which represents 13.2 percent of the households nationwide. RECS 2009 provides five categories for how long a household’ s dehumidifier is in use (plugged in): 1 to 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 9, 10 to 11, or 12 months.

Of the 1,621 households that use dehumidifiers, most are located in the Northeast or upper Midwest regions of the country. RECS 2009 disaggregates the households that have

dehumidifiers into 10 regions based on the 10 Census division s. Within each region, the data

fur ther show the percentages of households that do and do not have basements. The RECS data

seem to confirm conventional wisdom that dehumidifiers are used primarily in basements ( 76 percent of dehumidifiers are in households that have basements). Figure 7.5.1 shows both where the households that have dehumidifiers are located geographically, and where in the house the

dehumidifier is located. The blue bars show that o f all the census divisions, the East North Central has the highest percentage of dehumidifiers (30 percent). The red and green bars show the percentage of homes having basement dehumidifiers within any one census division. More than 90 percent of the households that have a dehumidifier in the West North Central census

division locate it in the basement.

Figure 7.5.1 Percent of Households that Have Dehumidifiers by Region and Presence of

Basement 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

New England Mid

- Atlantic East North

Central West North

Central South Atlantic East South

Central West South

Central Mountain

North Mountain

South Pacific

with Dehumidifier Basement No Basement

7-107.5.2 Applications of Whole- Home Dehumidifier s

Although RECS itself does not distinguish between dehumidifier types, RECS variablescan be used to approximate which households use portable dehumidifiers, and which use wholehome dehumidifier s. DOE assumed that households use whole-home dehumidifiers if they:

• are l ocated in the Northeast, Midwest, or South Census regions ;

• are located in the Building America Climate region categorized as “mixed humid”;

• are single

- family homes , either attached or detached ;

• have a basement,

• have a central air conditioner, and

• have duct work.

7.5.3 Annual Monthly Use

RECS collected data on annual use aggregated in to month ly ranges. Table 7.5.1 shows the weighted number of households in each group of months. The maximum number in each range was used to more closely approximate the usage assumptions in DOE ’s dehumidifier test proced ure.

Table 7.5.1 Dehumidifier Us e by Range of Months Use Range Portable Whole

- Home

Months Record

Count Households Record

Count Households

1

– 3 708 6,479,451 6 58,569

4

– 6 492 4,456,581 9 99,188

7

– 9 116 1,056,969 2 23,390

10

– 11 36 382,792

-- --

12 249 2,414,801 3 32,862

Total 1

, 601 14,790,595 20 214,009

7.6 LINKING RECS HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE PARAMETERS

To apply dehumidifier energy use data from the Wi ll em 2013a field study, DOE matched the locations of RECS households having portable dehumidifiers with those of National Climatic

Data Cente r ( NCDC ) weather stations. The match enabled DOE to include, for each RECS household, vapor density, hourly temperature and relative humidity parameters that could be

used to estimate portable dehumidifier operation and energy u se fo r the RECS household sample.

See appendix 7B for more details.

7-117.6.1 Derivation of Outdoor Air Temperatures

RECS 2009 reports both heating and cooling degree -days at a base temperature of 65 ° F for each housing record, but provides no monthly data or humidity data. To obtain more precise temperature information for the households in the RECS sample, DOE assigned a physical

location to each RECS household. DOE took t he following steps.

1. There are 151 NCDC weather stations that provide hourly outdoor air temperatures and humidity. Those weather stations also provided the 2009 heating and cooling degree- days at a base temperature of 65 °F. The period covered by the 2009 heating and cooling degree-days from the weather stations matched the period used to determine degree- days

in RECS 2009

. 2. DOE assigned each RECS household to one of the 151 weather stations by calculating which weather station (within the appropriate census region or large state) best matched the 2009 heating and cooling deg ree -days in the RECS data set.

The following equation calculates the degree- day distance between the 2009 weather

station data and RECS 2009 data.

DDD = � ( HDD 2 − HDD 1 ) 2 + ( CDD 2 − CDD 1 ) 2

Where:

DDD = degree- day distance,

HDD 1 = heating degree-days from 2009 weather station data,

HDD 2 = heating degree- days from RECS 2009 data,

CDD 1 = cooling degree-days from 2009 weather station data, and

CDD 2 = cooling degree- days from RECS 2009 data.

DOE then took the following steps to develop energy use profiles for portable

dehumidifiers in U.S. households.

1. Used field

- metered data from 2012 and 2013 paired with NCDC weather station data to determine the relationship between outdoor and indoor conditions and the time lag

between them.

2. Developed models to predict dehumidifier operation based on hourly (lagged) outdoor

conditions.

3. Used the models developed in step 2 and the NCDC weather data to estimate dehumidifiers’ hours of operation for RECS households. The dehumidifier’ s relative humidity set point was not recorded for every field -metered dehumidifier.

4. Calculated annual dehumidifier energy use for RECS households.

7-12REFERENCES

1 Willem, H., et al . 2013a. Using Field-Metered Data to Quantify Annual Energy Use of

Residential Portable Unit Dehumidifiers. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,

CA. Report LBNL -6469E.

2 Willem, H., et al . 2013b. Field-Monitoring of Whole- Home Dehumidifiers: Initial Results of a Pilot Study. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Report LBNL -6475E.

3 Zogg, R., and D. Alberino. Electricity Consumption by Small End Uses in Residential Buildings: Final Report . 1998. Report to Office of Building Equipment, U.S. Department of Energy. Arthur D. Little, Cambridge, MA.

4 Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM). 2006. AHAM Comments on Framework Document for Home Appliance Products . Docket Number EE-2006- STD -0127, RIN 1904-AB49. May 11.

5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy. ENERGY STAR. Qualified Appliance Savings Fact Sheets, Inputs . 2006. ( Accessed March 8, 2006 .)

< http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/manuf_res/SavingFactSheets_backup_calcs.pdf >

6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy. ENERGY STAR. Savings Calculator – Dehumidifiers (Assumptions) . 2006. (Accessed March 8, 2006.)

< http://www. energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=dehumid.pr_dehumidifiers >

7 Mattison, L., and D. Korn. 2012. Dehumidifiers: A Major Consumer of Residential Electricity. The Cadmus Group, Inc. August. In ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in

Buildings

.

7-13