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# Current Bibliographies in Medicine 96-3

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# The Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically Active People

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CBM 96-3

The Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically Active People

January 1966 through April 1996

762 Citations

Prepared by

Kristine M. Scannell, M.S.L.S., National Library of Medicine

Bernadette M. Marriott, Ph.D., Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH

Rebecca B. Costello, M.S., Ph.D., Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland  20894

1996

National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication

Scannell, Kristine
The role of dietary supplements for physically
active people : January 1996 through April 1996
: 762 citations /
prepared by Kristine M. Scannell, Bernadette
M. Marriott, Rebecca B. Costello. -- Bethesda,
Md. (8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20894) :
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, National Institutes of Health,
National Library of Medicine, Reference Section
; Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs.,
U.S. G.P.O., 1996. -- (Current bibliographies
in medicine ; 96-3)

Prepared in support of the National Institutes
of Health Technology Assessment Conference on
the Role of Dietary Supplements for Physically
Active People, held in Bethesda, Maryland, June
3-4, 1996.

1. Food, Fortified - bibliography  2.
Trace Elements - physiology - bibliography  3.
Vitamins - physiology - bibliography  4.
Antioxidants - bibliography  I. Marriott,
Bernadette M.  II. Costello, Rebecca B.  III.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference
Section IV.

National Institutes of Health Technology
Assessment Conference on the Role of Dietary
Supplements for Physically Active People (1996
: Bethesda, Md.)  V. Title VI. Series

02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no. 96-3

SERIES  NOTE

Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a
continuation in part of the National Library of
Medicine's Literature Search Series, which
ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15.  In 1989 it also
subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. 
Each bibliography in the new series covers a
distinct subject area of biomedicine and is
intended to fulfill a current awareness
function.  Citations are usually derived from
searching a variety of online databases.  NLM
databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE,
BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH,
POPLINE and TOXLINE.  The only criterion for
the inclusion of a particular published work is
its relevance to the topic being presented; the
format, ownership, or location of the material
is not considered.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be
addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD  20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
Fax: 301-402-1384
Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov

Ordering Information:

Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954,
Pittsburgh, PA  15250-7954.  To order the
entire CBM series for calendar year 1996
(approximately 10 bibliographies), send $47.00
($58.75 foreign) to the Superintendent of
Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM96. 
For your convenience an order blank is given
inside the back cover.  Orders for individual
bibliographies in the series ($5.50, $6.88
foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent
of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and
the GPO List ID given above.

Internet Access:

The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series
is also available at no cost to anyone with
Internet access through FTP (File Transfer
Protocol).  FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and
login as anonymous.  The index file in the
"bibs" directory provides information on the
bibliographies available.

Use of funds for printing this periodical has
been approved by the Director
of the Office of Management and Budget through
September 30, 1996.

THE ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS FOR PHYSICALLY
ACTIVE PEOPLE

This bibliography was prepared in support of
the National Institutes of Health Technology
Assessment Conference on the Role of Dietary
Supplements for Physically Active People, held
in Bethesda, Maryland, June 3-4, 1996. 
Co-sponsors of the workshop included the Office
of Dietary Supplements (ODS) of the National
Institutes of Health (NIH); the American
Institute of Nutrition; the American Society
for Clinical Nutrition; and eleven other
offices and institutes at NIH*. The
bibliography provides a list of journals and
books which contain information on the use of
dietary supplements in humans for physical
activity and recreational sports. It has been
divided into five sections to include:
determining the metabolic basis of
supplementation, macronutrients and amino
acids, minerals, and other supplements of
potential interest for the physically active,
and antioxidants.

The first section on determining the metabolic
basis of supplementation contains the studies
defining the requirements, physiology,
metabolism and the delineation of the role of
nutrients in the human body under
conditions of increased and varied physical
activities. In the second section, the
functional role and needs of the
macronutrients including carbohydrates, fats,
medium chain triglycerides, proteins, and
select amino acids such as branch chain amino
acids and glutamine, are reported for a variety
of physically demanding tasks. Also included
in this section are studies evaluating water
and electrolyte supplementation or replacement
in a variety of exercise-heat stress
environments. The third section, minerals,
focuses on mineral status in physically active
people and the effects ofsupplementation either
acutely or chronically on physical performance.
Specifically of interest were human studies
involving calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and
chromium. The fourth section contains studies
on other dietary supplements that have been
utilized to define, sustain, or enhance
physical activity. Included in this section are
the B-vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin
B6, creatinine monophosphate, carnitine, and
choline as well as selected plants, medicinal
or herbals such as ginseng. Finally, the fifth
section, antioxidants, surveys the literature
to define the role of antioxidants in physical
activity and health. Articles reviewing many of
the classic epidemiological studies are
included. The anti-oxidant effects of vitamin
C, vitamin E, selenium and the carotenoids
are specifically addressed.

Because the literature is large, this
bibliography is necessarily selective.
Preference was given to references of
original journal articles, technical reports,
and books identified as of April 1996.  The
journal articles or publications have been
limited to those in English that deal with
human subjects.  

The compilers wish to acknowledge the valuable
contribution of Elizabeth Dawson and Adam
Glazer, Reference Section, National Library of
Medicine, for their editing assistance.

__________________________
*NIH cosponsoring agencies include: National
Institute on Aging; National Institute of
Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin
Diseases; National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development; National Institute
on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders;
National Institute of Dental Research; National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases; National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute; National Institute of Mental Health;
NIH Division of Nutritional Research
Coordination; Office of Alternative Medicine;
Office of Research on Women's Health

SEARCH  STRATEGY

A variety of online databases are usually
searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM
series.  To assist you in updating or otherwise
manipulating the material in this search, the
strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is
given below.  Please note that the search
strategies presented here differ from
individual demand searches in that they are
generally broadly formulated and irrelevant
citations edited out prior to printing.

SS 1 = EXP EXERTION OR EXERCISE TOLERANCE OR
PHYSICAL FITNESS OR EXERCISE THERAPY OR 
EXP RECREATION OR ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING OR 
PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, HUMAN

SS 2 = CARBOHYDRATES(PX) AND EXP FOOD AND 1 OR 
CARBOHYDRATES(PX) AND EXP DIET AND 1 OR 
DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES AND 1 OR EXP NUTRITION AND 
CARBOHYDRATES(PX)  AND 1

SS 3 = PROTEINS(PX) AND EXP FOOD AND 1 OR
PROTEINS(PX) AND EXP DIET AND 1 OR 
DIETARY PROTEINS AND 1 OR EXP NUTRITION AND 
PROTEINS(PX) AND 1

SS 4 = EXP TRIGLYCERIDES AND EXP FOOD AND 1
OR EXP TRIGLYCERIDES AND
EXP NUTRITION AND 1 OR EXP TRIGLYCERIDES
AND EXP DIET AND 1

SS 5 = EXP WATER AND 1 OR EXP ELECTROLYTES AND 1

SS 6 = EXP AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN AND 1 OR 
EXP GLUTAMINE AND 1 

SS 7 = ANTIOXIDANTS(PX) AND 1 OR VITAMIN E AND 1 OR 
ASCORBIC ACID AND 1 OR CAROTENOIDS AND 1 OR 
SELENIUM AND 1

SS 8 = ANTIOXIDANTS(PX) AND EPIDEMIOLOGY&(PX) AND 
REVIEW

SS 9 = CALCIUM AND 1 OR ZINC AND 1 OR
CHROMIUM AND 1 OR IRON AND 1 

SS 10 = EXP VITAMIN B COMPLEX AND 1 OR 
CREATINE AND 1 OR CARNITINE AND 1 OR 
CHOLINE AND 1 

SS 11 = EXP PLANTS, MEDICINAL AND 1 OR 
EXP HERBS AND 1

SS 12 = EXP OBESITY OR EXP DIABETES

SS 13 = 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11

SS 14 = 13 AND NOT 12

SS 15 = 14 AND HUMAN

SS 16 = 15 AND ENG(LA)

GRATEFUL  MED   and  INTERNET  GRATEFUL  MED 

To make online searching easier and more
efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED,
microcomputer-based software that provides a
user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. 
This software was specifically developed for
health professionals and features multiple
choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens
for easy search preparation.  GRATEFUL MED runs
on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0
or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or
Hayes-compatible) modem.  It may be purchased
from the National Technical Information Service
in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus
$3.00 per order for shipping).  For your
convenience, an order blank has been enclosed
at the back of this bibliography.

INTERNET GRATEFUL MED is available from the
World Wide Web.  The user with Internet access
and an NLM user account need only point a
compatible Web browser (Netscape Navigator is
strongly recomended) to http://igm.nlm.nih.gov. 
No other software at the user end is required. 
At present, MEDLINE is the only NLM database
available through INTERNET GRATEFUL MED, but
the Library expects to add access to other
files rapidly.

SAMPLE  CITATIONS

Citations in this bibliographic series are
formatted according to the rules established
for Index Medicus *.  Sample journal and
monograph citations appear below.  For journal
articles written in a foreign language, the
English translation of the title is placed in
brackets; for monographs, the title is given in
the original language.  In both cases the
language of publication is shown by a three
letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the
citation.

Journal Article:

Author         Article Title

Evans WJ.  Exercise, nutrition, and aging.
Clin Geriatr Med 1995
Nov;11(4):725-34. 

Abbreviated Journal            Date     
Volume  Issue  Pages
Title

Monograph:

Author/Editor              Title

Bucci L. Nutrients as ergogenic aids for
sports and exercise. 
Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1993. 161
p.

Place of           Publisher  
Date       Total No.
Publication                        
of Pages

_________________________________

*For details of the formats used for
references, see the following publication:

Patrias, Karen. National Library of
Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic
citation. 
Bethesda (MD):  The Library; 1991
Apr.  Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
PB91-182030.       

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS

Metabolic Basis of Supplementation              

Macronutrients and Amino Acids
Supplemental Protein
Carbohydrate Supplements
Endogenous Fat Mobilization: Medium Chain
Triglycerides
Water and Elecrolytes
Central Fatigue Hypothesis and Branched
Chain Amino Acids
Glutamine

Minerals
Calcium
Magnesium, Zinc, Chromium, and Copper
Iron                                

Other Supplements for the Physically Active
B Vitamins
Creatine
Carnitine
Choline
Selected Herbs

Antioxidants
Overview
Vitamins E and C
Selenium
Other Antioxidants

Laboratory Methodologies

METABOLIC BASIS OF SUPPLEMENTATION

Bazzarre TL, Scarpino A, Sigmon R, Marquart
LF, Wu SM, Izurieta M. Vitamin mineral
supplement use and nutritional status of
athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Apr;
12(2):162-9. 

Belko AZ, Meredith MP, Kalkwarf HJ, Obarzanek
E, Weinberg S, Roach R, McKeon G, Roe
DA. Effects of exercise on riboflavin
requirements: biological validation in
weight reducing women. Am J Clin Nutr
1985 Feb;41(2):270-7. 

Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ, Rotter MA,
Bogusz S, Miller D, Haas JD, Roe DA.
Effects of exercise on riboflavin
requirements of young women. Am J Clin
Nutr 1983 Apr;37(4):509-17. 

Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Roach R, Rotter M,
Urban G, Weinberg S, Roe DA. Effects of
aerobic exercise and weight loss on
riboflavin requirements of moderately
obese, marginally deficient young women.
Am J Clin Nutr 1984 Sep;40(3):553-61. 

Beltz SD, Doering PL. Efficacy of nutritional
supplements used by athletes. Clin Pharm
1993 Dec;12(12):900-8. 

Boddy K, Hume R, King PC, Weyers E, Rowan T.
Total body plasma and erythrocyte
potassium and leucocyte ascorbic acid in
'ultra fit' subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med
1974;46(4):449-56. 

Campbell WW, Crim MC, Young VR, Evans WJ.
Increased energy requirements and changes
in body composition with resistance
training in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr
1994 Aug;60(2):167-75. 

Dragan GI, Wagner W, Ploesteanu E. Studies
concerning the ergogenic value of protein
supply and 1 carnitine in elite junior
cyclists. Physiologie 1988 Jul-Sep; 25(3):
129-32. 

Duthie GG, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Morrice
PC. Blood antioxidant status and
erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following
distance running. Arch Biochem Biophys
1990 Oct;282(1):78-83. 

Evans WJ. Exercise, nutrition, and aging. Clin
Geriatr Med 1995 Nov;11(4):725-34. 

Evans WJ. Exercise, nutrition and aging. J Nutr
1992 Mar;122(3 Suppl):796-801. 

Evans WJ. Muscle damage: nutritional
considerations. Int J Sport Nutr 1991;
1(3):214-24. 

Fogarty BA, Thomson CD. Vitamin C intake and
iron status of female athletes. N Z  J Sports
Med 1992 Autumn;20:8-10. 

Froberg SO. Muscle triglycerides Relation to
glycogen in muscle and plasma
triglycerides in men of different ages. Acta
Med Scand 1973 May;193(5):463-8. 

Gleeson M, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ. Influence
of exercise on ascorbic acid status in man.
Clin Sci  1987;73(5):501-5. 

Greenhaff PL, Gleeson M, Maughan RJ. Diet
induced metabolic acidosis and the
performance of high intensity exercise in
man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol
1988;57(5):583-90. 

Greenhaff PL, Gleeson M, Maughan RJ. The
effects of diet on muscle pH and meta-bolism
during high intensity exercise. Eur J
Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1988;57(5):
531-9. 

Hartmann A, Niess AM, Grunert Fuchs M, Poch
B, Speit G. Vitamin E prevents exercise
induced DNA damage. Mutat Res 1995
Apr;346(4):195-202. 

Haymes EM. Nutritional concerns: need for iron.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987 Oct;19    
(5 Suppl):S197-200. 

Horwitt MK. Comments on methods for estimating
riboflavin requirements [letter]. Am J Clin
Nutr 1984 Jan;39(1):159-63. 

Hultman E, Greenhaff PL. Skeletal muscle energy
metabolism and fatigue during intense
exercise in man. Sci Prog 1991;   
75(298 Pt 3-4):361-70. 

Huupponen MR, Makinen LH, Hyvonen PM, Sen
CK, Rankinen T, Vaisanen S, Rauramaa R.
The effect of N acetylcysteine on exercise
induced priming of human neutrophils. A
chemiluminescence study. Int J Sports Med
1995 Aug;16(6):399-403. 

Johnson RH, Rennie MJ. The effect of diet upon
the metabolic changes with exercise in long
distance runners. J Physiol (Lond) 1973 Jul;
232(2):73P-74P. 

Khaira HS, Maxwell SR, Shearman CP.
Antioxidant consumption during exercise in
intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1995
Dec;82(12):1660-2. 

Kunstlinger U, Ludwig HG, Stegemann J.
Metabolic changes during volleyball
matches. Int J Sports Med 1987 Oct;
8(5):315-22. 

Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Apple FS. Iron status of
active women and the effect of running a
marathon on bowel function and
gastro-intestinal blood loss. Int J Sports Med
1991 Apr;12:173-9. 

Lemon PW. Protein requirements of soccer.    
J Sports Sci 1994 Summer;12 Spec No:
S17-22. 

Lemon PW, Yarasheski KE, Dolny DG. The
importance of protein for athletes. Sports
Med 1984 Nov-Dec;1(6):474-84. 

Lichton IJ, Miyamura JB, McNutt SW. Nutritional
evaluation of soldiers subsisting on meal,
ready to eat operational rations for an
extended period: body measurements,
hydration, and blood nutrients. Am J Clin
Nutr 1988;48(1):30-7. 

Lindinger MI, Spriet LL, Hultman E, Putman T,
McKelvie RS, Lands LC, Jones NL,
Heigenhauser GJ. Plasma volume and ion
regulation during exercise after low and
high carbohydrate diets. Am J Physiol 1994
Jun;266(6 Pt 2):R1896-906. 

Mahan LK. Nutrition and the allergic athlete.  
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984 May;    
73(5 Pt 2):728-34. 

Malhotra MS, Chandra U, Rai RM,
Venkataswamy Y, Sridharan K. Food
intake and energy expenditure of Indian
troops in training. Br J Nutr 1976 Mar;
35(2):229-44. 

Manore MM. Vitamin B6 and exercise. Int J Sport
Nutr 1994 Jun;4(2):89-103. 

Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS.
Effect of the menstrual cycle on energy and
nutrient intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Dec;
60(6):895-9. 

Massicotte D, Peronnet F, Brisson G, Boivin L,
Hillaire-Marcel C. Oxidation of exogenous
carbohydrate during prolonged exercise in
fed and fasted conditions. Int J Sports Med
1990 Aug;11(4):253-8. 

Meredith CN, Zackin MJ, Frontera WR, Evans
WJ. Dietary protein requirements and body
protein metabolism in endurance trained
men. J Appl Physiol 1989 Jun;66(6):  
2850-6. 

Moffatt RJ. Dietary status of elite female high
school gymnasts: inadequacy of vitamin and
mineral intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1984 Nov;
84(11):1361-3. 

Montain SJ, Hopper MK, Coggan AR, Coyle EF.
Exercise metabolism at different time
intervals after a meal. J Appl Physiol 1991
Feb;70(2):882-8. 

Neufer PD, Young AJ, Sawka MN, Muza SR.
Influence of skeletal muscle glycogen on
passive rewarming after hypothermia.   
J Appl Physiol 1988 Aug;65(2):805-10. 

Nieman DC, Butler JV, Pollett LM, Dietrich SJ,
Lutz RD. Nutrient intake of marathon
runners. J Am Diet Assoc 1989 Sep; 89(9):
1273-8. 

Nieman DC, Gates JR, Butler JV, Pollett LM,
Dietrich SJ, Lutz RD. Supplementation
patterns in marathon runners. J Am Diet
Assoc 1989 Nov;89(11):1615-9. 

Parizkova J. Dietary intake and body physique
in adolescent cross country skiers. J Sports
Sci 1994 Jun;12(3):251-4. 

Pi Sunyer FX. Metabolic efficiency of
macronutrient utilization in humans. Crit
Rev Food Sci Nutr 1993;33(4-5):359-61. 

Rennie MJ, Johnson RH. Effects of an exercise
diet program on metabolic changes with
exercise in runners. J Appl Physiol 1974
Dec;37(6):821-5. 

Rennie MJ, Park DM, Sulaiman WR. Uptake and
release of hormones and metabolites by
tissues of exercising leg in man. Am J
Physiol 1976 Sep;231(3):967-73. 

Roemmich JN, Rogol AD. Physiology of growth
and development Its relationship to
performance in the young athlete. Clin
Sports Med 1995 Jul;14(3):483-502. 

Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD, Williams FA, Johnson
ML. Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropins
and prolactin in male marathon runners
Relation to the endogenous opiate system. 
J Androl 1984 Jan-Feb;5(1):21-7. 

Rogol AD, Weltman JY, Evans WS, Veldhuis JD,
Weltman AL. Long term endurance training
alters the hypothalamic pituitary axes for
gonadotropins and growth hormone.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992
Dec;21(4):817-32. 

Rokitzki L, Hinkel S, Klemp C, Cufi D, Keul J.
Dietary, serum and urine ascorbic acid
status in male athletes. Int J Sports Med
1994 Oct;15(7):435-40. 

Rokitzki L, Sagredos AN, Reuss F, Buchner M,
Keul J. Acute changes in vitamin B6 status
in endurance athletes before and after a
marathon. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Jun;
4(2):154-65. 

Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Hibbert J, Wolfe RR.
Comparison of indirect calorimetry and a
new breath 13C/12C ratio method during
strenuous exercise. Am J Physiol 1992 Jul;
263(1 Pt 1):E64-71. 

Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli
A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, Wolfe RR.
Regulation of endogenous fat and
carbohydrate metabolism in relation to
exercise intensity and duration. Am J
Physiol 1993 Sep;265(3 Pt 1):E380-91. 

Schmidt-Gayk H, Armbruster FP, Bouillon R,
editors. Calcium regulating hormones,
vitamin D metabolites, and cyclic AMP
assays and their clinical application.
Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1990. 370 p.
Sharpe PC, MacAuley D, McCrum EE, Stott G,
Evans AE, Mulholland C, Boreham CA,
Duly E, Trinick TR. Ascorbate and exercise
in the Northern Ireland population. Int J
Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64(4):277-82. 

Singh A, Deuster PA, Day BA, Moser-Veillon PB.
Dietary intakes and biochemical markers of
selected minerals: comparison of highly
trained runners and untrained women. J Am
Coll Nutr 1990 Feb;9(1):65-75. 

Statland BE, Winkel P, Bokelund H. Factors
contributing to intra-individual variation of
serum constituents. 2. Effects of exercise
and diet on variation of serum constituents
in healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1973 Dec;
19(12):1380-3. 

Suzuki M, Kanaya M, Muramatsu S, Takahashi T.
Effects of carnitine administration, fasting,
and exercise on urinary carnitine excretion
in man. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)
1976;22(2):167-74. 

van der Wielen RP, de Wild GM, de Groot LC,
Hoefnagels WH, van Staveren WA. Dietary
intakes of energy and water soluble
vitamins in different categories of aging.    
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996
Jan;51(1):B100-7. 

Viguie CA, Frei B, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN,
Packer L, Brooks GA. Antioxidant status
and indexes of oxidative stress during
consecutive days of exercise. J Appl
Physiol 1993 Aug;75(2):566-72. 

Wilcox AR, Upton DE, Clarkson PM, Katch FI,
Lane R. Adipose cell size of distance
runners before and after a 23 mile run. 
J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1981 Mar;21(1):
1-6. 

Williams BD, Plag I, Troup J, Wolfe RR.
Isotopic determination of glycolytic flux
during intense exercise in humans. J Appl
Physiol 1995 Feb;78(2):483-90. 

Wirth A, Neermann G, Eckert W, Heuck CC,
Weicker H. Metabolic response to heavy
physical exercise before and after a 3 month
training period. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup
Physiol 1979 Apr 12;41(1):51-9. 

Wood RJ, Suter PM, Russell RM. Mineral
requirements of elderly people. Am J Clin
Nutr 1995 Sep;62(3):493-505. 

MACRONUTRIENTS AND AMINO ACIDS

Supplemental Protein

Albert JD, Matthews DE, Legaspi A, Tracey KJ,
Jeevanandam M, Brennan MF, Lowry SF.
Exercise mediated peripheral tissue and
whole body amino acid metabolism during
intravenous feeding in normal man. Clin Sci
1989 Jul;77(1):113-20.

Aoki TT, Brennan MF, Fitzpatrick GF, Knight
DC. Leucine meal increases glutamine and
total nitrogen release from forearm muscle.
J Clin Invest 1981 Dec;68(6):1522-8.

Beltz SD, Doering PL. Efficacy of nutritional
supplements used by athletes. Clin Pharm
1993 Dec;12(12):900-8.

Bigard AX, Satabin PLCanon F, Taillandier D,
Guezennec CY. Effects of protein
supplementation during prolonged exercise
at moderate altitude on performance and
plasma aminoacid pattern. Eur J Appl
Physiol Occup Physiol 1993 Jan;66:5-10.

Biolo G, Maggi SP, Williams BD, Tipton KD,
Wolfe RR. Increased rates of muscle
protein turnover and amino acid transport
after resistance exercise in humans. Am J
Physiol 1995 Mar;268(3 Pt 1):E514-20.

Blomstrand E, Andersson S, Hassmen P, Ekblom
B, Newsholme EA. Effect of branched
chain amino acid and carbohydrate
supplementation on the exercise induced
change in plasma and muscle concentration
of amino acids in human subjects. Acta
Physiol Scand 1995 Feb;153(2):87-96.

Blomstrand E, Newsholme EA. Effect of branched
chain amino acid supplementation on the
exercise induced change in aromatic amino
acid concentration in human muscle. Acta
Physiol Scand 1992 Nov;146(3):293-8.

Brooks GA. Amino acid and protein metabolism
during exercise and recovery. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 1987 Oct;19(5 Suppl):   
S150-6.

Brotherhood JR. Nutrition and sports
performance. Sports Med 1984
Sep-Oct;1(5):350-89. 

Butterfield GE. Whole body protein utilization
in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987
Oct;19(5 Suppl):S157-65. 

Campbell WW, Crim MC, Young VR, Evans WJ.
Increased energy requirements and changes
in body composition with resistance
training in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr
1994 Aug;60(2):167-75. 

Campbell WW, Crim MC, Young VR, Joseph LJ,
Evans WJ. Effects of resistance training and
dietary protein intake on protein
metabolism in older adults. Am J Physiol
1995 Jun;268(6 Pt 1):E1143-53. 

Carraro F, Hartl WH, Stuart CA, Layman DK,
Jahoor F, Wolfe RR. Whole body and
plasma protein synthesis in exercise and
recovery in human subjects. Am J Physiol
1990 May;258(5 Pt 1):E821-31. 

Carraro F, Klein S, Rosenblatt JI, Wolfe RR.
Effect of dichloroacetate on lactate
concentration in exercising humans. J Appl
Physiol 1989 Feb;66(2):591-7.  Comment
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Iron

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OTHER SUPPLEMENTS OF INTEREST FOR THE
PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

B Vitamins

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Creatine

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Havenetidis K, Cooke CB, King RF, Butterfly R.
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Carnitine

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Bordin D, Bottecchia D, Bettini V, Aragno R,
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Brass EP, Hiatt WR. Carnitine metabolism during
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Brass EP, Hoppel CL, Hiatt WR. Effect of
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Dragan GI, Vasiliu A, Georgescu E, Dumas I.
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Dragan IG, Vasiliu A, Georgescu E, Eremia N.
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Dyck DJ, Putman CT, Heigenhauser GJ, Hultman
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Spencer MK, Yan Z, Katz A. Carbohydrate
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Suzuki M, Kanaya M, Muramatsu S, Takahashi T.
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Trappe SW, Costill DL, Goodpaster B, Vukovich
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van der Beek EJ, van Dokkum W, Schrijver J,
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Choline

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Selected Herbs

Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, Matsuzaka
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Bahrke MS and Morgan WP. Evaluation of the
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Beltz SD, Doering PL. Efficacy of nutritional
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Bruce A, Ekblom B, Nilsson I. The effect of
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Bucci LR. Nutrients as ergogenic aids for
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Gmunder FK, Joller PW, Joller Jemelka HI,
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Thomas DE, Brotherhood JR, Miller JB. Plasma
glucose levels after prolonged strenuous
exercise correlate inversely with glycemic
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Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Dec;4(4):361-73. 

Williams MH. Nutritional ergogenics in
athletics. J Sports Sci 1995;13(Spec
Issue):S63-74. 

ANTIOXIDANTS

Overview

Andersen RE, Barlett SJ, Morgan GD, Brownell
KD. Weight loss, psychological, and
nutritional patterns in competitive male
body builders. Int J Eat Disord 1995 Jul;
18(1):49-57. 

Aruoma OI. Free radicals and antioxidant
strategies in sports. J Nutr Biochem 1994;
5(8):370-81. 

Barnett DW, Conlee RK. The effects of a
commercial dietary supplement on human
performance. Am J Clin Nutr 1984 Sep;
40(3):586-90. 

Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Thurnham DI. Vitamins,
iron, and physical work. Lancet 1989    
Aug 5;2(8658):313-4. 

Bazzarre TL, Scarpino A, Sigmon R, Marquart
LF, Wu SM, Izurieta M. Vitamin mineral
supplement use and nutritional status of
athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Apr;
12(2):162-9. 

Belko AZ. Vitamins and exercise an update. Med
Sci Sports Exerc 1987 Oct;19(5 Suppl):
S191-6. 

Brotherhood JR. Nutrition and sports
performance. Sports Med 1984
Sep-Oct;1(5):350-89. 

Bruce A, Ekblom B, Nilsson I. The effect of
vitamin and mineral supplements and health
foods on physical endurance and
performance. Proc Nutr Soc 1985 Jul;
44(2):283-95. 

Buskirk ER. Some nutritional considerations in
the conditioning of althletes. Annu Rev Nutr
1981;1:319-50. 

Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical
performance. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
1995;35(1-2):131-41. 

Dam BV. Vitamins and sport. Br J Sports Med
1978 Jun;12(2):74-9. 

Duthie GG, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Morrice
PC. Blood antioxidant status and
erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following
distance running. Arch Biochem Biophys
1990 Oct;282(1):78-83. 

Eichner ER. Physical activity and free
radicals. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens
T, editors. Physical activity, fitness, and
health. International proceedings and
consensus statement; Palo Alto VA
Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA. Champaign
(IL): Human Kinetics Publishers; 1994.    
p. 480-9.

Eisinger M, Plath M, Jung K, Leitzmann C.
Nutrient intake of endurance runners with
ovo lacto vegetarian diet and regular
western diet. Z Ernahrungswiss 1994 Sep;
33(3):217-29. 

Faber M, Benade AJ. Mineral and vitamin intake
in field athletes (discus, hammer, javelin
throwers and shotputters). Int J Sports Med
1991 Jun;12(3):324-7. 

Faber M, Benade AJ. Nutrient intake and dietary
supplementation in body builders. S Afr
Med J 1987 Dec 19;72(12):831-4. 

Fogelholm GM, Himberg JJ, Alopaeus K, Gref
CG, Laakso JT, Lehto JJ, Mussalo
Rauhamaa H. Dietary and biochemical
indices of nutritional status in male athletes
and controls. J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Apr;
11(2):181-91. 

Fogelholm GM, Koskinen R, Laakso J, Rankinen
T, Ruokonen I. Gradual and rapid weight
loss: effects on nutrition and performance in
male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993
Mar;25(3):371-7. 

Fogelholm M. Vitamins, minerals and
supplementation in soccer. J Sports Sci
1994 Summer;12 Spec No:S23-7. 

Fogelholm M, Alopaeus K, Silvennoinen T,
Teirila J. Factors affecting iron status in non
pregnant women from urban south Finland.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1993 Aug;47(8):567-74. 

Gerster H. Review: The role of vitamin C in
athletic performance. J Am Coll Nutr 1989
Dec;8(6):636-43. 

Goldfarb AH. Antioxidants: role of
supplementation to prevent exercise
induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports
Exerc 1993 Feb;25(2):232-6. 

Guilland JC, Penaranda T, Gallet C, Boggio V,
Fuchs F, Klepping J. Vitamin status of
young athletes including the effects of
supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1989 Aug;21(4):441-9. 

Haberland CA, Seddick D, Marcus R, Bachrach
LK. A physician survey of therapy for
exercise associated amenorrhea: a brief
report. Clin J Sport Med 1995 Oct;
5(4):246-50. 

Hickson JF Jr, Duke MA, Risser WL, Johnson
CW, Palmer R, Stockton JE. Nutritional
intake from food sources of high school
football athletes. J Am Diet Assoc 1987
Dec;87(12):1656-9. 

Jakeman P, Maxwell S. Effect of antioxidant
vitamin supplementation on muscle
function after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl
Physiol Occup Physiol 1993;67(5):426-30. 

Jenkins RR. Exercise, oxidative stress, and
antioxidants: a review. Int J Sport Nutr
1993 Dec;3(4):356-75. 

Jenkins RR. Free radical chemistry.
Relationship to exercise. Sports Med 1988
Mar;5(3):156-70. 

Jette M, Pelletier O, Parker L, Thoden J. The
nutritional and metabolic effects of a
carbohydrate rich diet in a glycogen
supercompensation training regimen. Am J
Clin Nutr 1978 Dec;31(12):2140-8. 

Ji LL. Exercise and oxidative stress: role of
the cellular antioxidant systems. Exerc Sport
Sci Rev 1995;23:135-66. 

Ji LL. Oxidative stress during exercise:
implication of antioxidant nutrients. Free
Radic Biol Med 1995 Jun;18(6):1079-86. 

Kanter M. Free radicals and exercise: effects
of nutritional antioxidant supplementation.
Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1995;23:375-97. 

Kanter MM. Free radicals, exercise, and
antioxidant supplementation . Int J Sport
Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):205-20. Comment in:
Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):203-4. 

Kanter MM, Nolte LA, Holloszy JO. Effects of an
antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid
peroxidation at rest and postexercise.   
J Appl Physiol 1993 Feb;74(2):965-9. 

Kanter MM, Williams MH. Antioxidants,
carnitine, and choline as putative ergogenic
aids. Int J Sport Nutr 1995 Jun;5 Suppl:
S120-31. 

Khaira HS, Maxwell SR, Shearman CP.
Antioxidant consumption during exercise in
intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1995
Dec;82(12):1660-2.

Laires MJ, Madeira F, Sergio J, Colaco C, Vaz
C, Felisberto GM, Neto I, Breitenfeld L, Bicho
M, Manso C. Preliminary study of the
relationship between plasma and
erythrocyte magnesium variations and some
circulating pro oxidant and antioxidant
indices in a standardized physical effort.
Magnes Res 1993 Sep;6(3):233-8.

Mahan LK. Nutrition and the allergic athlete.   
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984 May; 
73(5 Pt 2):728-34.

Malhotra MS, Chandra U, Rai RM,
Venkataswamy Y, Sridharan K. Food
intake and energy expenditure of Indian
troops in training. Br J Nutr 1976 Mar;
35(2):229-44. 
Meydani M. Vitamin E requirement in relation to
dietary fish oil and oxidative stress in
elderly. EXS 1992;62:411-8. 

Meydani M, Evans W, Handelman G, Fielding
RA, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg
JB, Cannon JG. Antioxidant response to
exercise induced oxidative stress and
protection by vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1992 Sep 30;669:363-4. 

Nieman DC, Butler JV, Pollett LM, Dietrich SJ,
Lutz RD. Nutrient intake of marathon
runners. J Am Diet Assoc 1989 Sep;
89(9):1273-8. 

Nieman DC, Gates JR, Butler JV, Pollett LM,
Dietrich SJ, Lutz RD. Supplementation
patterns in marathon runners. J Am Diet
Assoc 1989 Nov;89(11):1615-9. 

Nutter J. Seasonal changes in female athletes'
diets. Int J Sport Nutr 1991 Dec;1(4):395-407. 

Olmedilla B, Granado F, Rojas-Hidalgo E, Blanco
I. A rapid separation of ten caotenoids three
reinoids alpha-tocopherol and
dextro-alpha-tocopher-acetate by high
perforamance liquid chromatography and its
application to serum and vegetable samples. J
Liq Chromatogr 1990;13(8):1455-84.

Parizkova J. Dietary intake and body physique
in adolescent cross country skiers. J Sports
Sci 1994 Jun;12(3):251-4.

Position of the American Dietetic Association
and the Canadian Dietetic Association:
nutrition for physical fitness and athletic
per-formance for adults. J Am Diet Assoc 1993
Jun;93(6):691-6. Published erratum
appears in J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Aug;
93(8):863. 

Probart CK, Bird PJ, Parker KA. Diet and
athletic performance. Med Clin North Am 1993
Jul;77(4):757-72. 

Reznick AZ, Witt EH, Silbermann M, Packer L.
The threshold of age in exercise and
antioxidants action. EXS 1992;62:423-7. 

Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Duthie GG, Morrice
PC. Increased blood antioxidant systems of
runners in response to training load. Clin
Sci (Colch) 1991 Jun;80(6):611-8.
Comment in: Clin Sci 1992 Jan;82(1): 
117-8. 

Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul
J. alpha-Tocopherol supplementation in
racing cyclists during extreme endurance
training. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Sep;
4(3):253-64.  Comments in: Int J Sport
Nutr 1994 Sep;4(30:203-4; Int J Sport
Nutr 1995 Jun;5(2):165-7. 

Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Murphy
M, Wetzel-Roth W, Keul J. Lipid
peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins
under extreme endurance stress. Acta 
Physiol Scand 1994;151(2):149-58. 

Saris WH, Schrijver J, van Erp Baart MA, Brouns
F. Adequacy of vitamin supply under
maximal sustained workloads: the Tour de
France. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989;
30:205-12. 

Sharpe PC, MacAuley D, McCrum EE, Stott G,
Evans AE, Mulholland C, Boreham CA,
Duly E, Trinick TR. Ascorbate and exercise
in the Northern Ireland population. Int J
Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64(4):277-82. 

Singh A, Evans P, Gallagher KL, Deuster PA.
Dietary intakes and biochemical profiles of
nutritional status of ultramarathoners. Med
Sci Sports Exerc 1993 Mar;25(3):328-34. 

Singh A, Moses FM, Deuster PA. Chronic
multivitamin mineral supplementation does
not enhance physical performance. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 1992 Jun;24(6):726-32.

Singh A, Moses FM, Deuster PA. Vitamin and 
mineral status in physically active men:
effects of a high potency supplement. Am J
Clin Nutr 1992;55(1):1-7. 

Sobal J, Marquart LF. Vitamin/mineral
supplement use among athletes: a review of
the literature. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Dec;
4(4):320-34. 

Sobal J, Marquart LF. Vitamin/mineral
supplement use among high school athletes.
Adolescence 1994 Winter;29(116):835-43. 

Telford RD, Catchpole EA, Deakin V, Hahn AG,
Plank AW. The effect of  7 to 8 months of
vitamin/mineral supplementation on athletic
performance. Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Jun;
2(2):135-53. 

Telford RD, Catchpole EA, Deakin V, McLeay
AC, Plank AW. The effect of  7 to 8 months
of vitamin/mineral supplementation on the
vitamin and mineral status of athletes. Int J
Sport Nutr 1992 Jun;2(2):123-34. 

Tessier F, Margaritis I, Richard MJ, Moynot C,
Marconnet P. Selenium and training effects
on the glutathione system and aerobic
performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995
Mar;27(3):390-6. 

Tiidus PM, Houston ME. Vitamin E status and
response to exercise training. Sports Med
1995 Jul;20(1):12-23. 

van der Beek EJ. Vitamins and endurance
training Food for running or faddish claims?
Sports Med 1985 May-Jun;2(3):175-97. 

van Erp Baart AM, Saris WM, Binkhorst RA, Vos
JA, Elvers JW. Nationwide survey on
nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part II.
Mineral and vitamin intake. Int J Sports
Med 1989 May;10 Suppl 1:S11-6. 

Viguie CA, Frei B, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN,
Packer L, Brooks GA. Antioxidant status
and indexes of oxidative stress during
consecutive days of exercise. J Appl
Physiol 1993 Aug;75(2):566-72. 

Weight LM, Myburgh KH, Noakes TD. Vitamin
and mineral supplementation: effect on the
running performance of trained athletes.
Am J Clin Nutr 1988 Feb;47(2):192-5. 

Weight LM, Noakes TD, Labadarios D, Graves J,
Jacobs P, Berman PA. Vitamin and mineral
status of trained athletes including the
effects of supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr
1988 Feb;47(2):186-91. 

Williams MH. Vitamin supplementation and
athletic performance. Int J Vitam Nutr Res
Suppl 1989;30:163-91. 

Wilmore JH, Freund BJ. Nutritional enhancement
of athletic performance. Curr Concepts
Nutr 1986;15:67-97. 

Witt EH, Reznick AZ, Viguie CA, Starke Reed P,
Packer L. Exercise, oxidative damage and
effects of antioxidant manipulation. J Nutr
1992 Mar;122(3 Suppl):766-73. 

Vitamins E and C

Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cao G, Culter RG.
Short and long term Vit C supplementation
exercise and oxygen radical absorption
capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;
25(5 Suppl):S79. 

Ambach K, Clarkson PM. Vitamin E
supplementation and exercise induced
muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1992;24(5 Suppl):S50. 39th Annual
Meeting of the American College of Sports
Medicine on Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise;1992 May 27-30;
Dallas, TX. 

Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Thurnham DI. Vitamins,
iron, and physical work. Lancet 1989    
Aug 5;2(8658):313-4. 

Bazzarre TL, Scarpino A, Sigmon R, Marquart
LF, Wu SM, Izurieta M. Vitamin mineral
supplement use and nutritional status of
athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Apr;12(2):
162-9. 

Belko AZ. Vitamins and exercise an update. Med
Sci Sports Exerc 1987 Oct;19(5 Suppl):
S191-6. 

Boddy K, Hume R, King PC, Weyers E, Rowan T.
Total body plasma and erythrocyte
potassium and leucocyte ascorbic acid in
'ultra fit' subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med
1974;46(4):449-56. 

Bramich K, McNaughton L. The effects of two
levels of ascorbic acid on muscular
endurance, muscular strength and on
VO2max. Int Clin Nutr Rev 1987;7(1):   
5-10. 

Bunnell RH, de Ritter E, Rubin SH. Effect of
feeding polyunsaturated fatty acids with a
low vitamin E diet on blood levels of
tocopherol in men performing hard physical
labor. Am J Clin Nutr 1975 Jul;28(7): 
706-11. 

Buzina R, Grgic Z, Jusic M, Sapunar J,
Milanovic N, Brubacher G. Nutritional status
and physical working capacity. Hum Nutr Clin
Nutr 1982;36(6):429-38. 

Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani
M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg
JB, Evans WJ. Acute phase response in
exercise: interaction of age and vitamin E
on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release.
Am J Physiol 1990 Dec;259(6 Pt 2):
R1214-9. 

Clarkson PM. Antioxidants and physical
performance. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
1995;35(1-2):131-41. 

Clarkson PM. Micronutrients and exercise:
Antioxidants and minerals. J Sports Sci  
1995;13(Spec Issue):S11-23. 

Dillard CJ, Litov RE, Savin WM, Dumelin EE,
Tappel AL. Effects of exercise, vitamin E,
and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid
peroxidation. J Appl Physiol 1978 Dec;
45(6):927-32. 

Driskell JA, Herbert WG. Pulmonary function and
treadmill performance of males receiving
ascorbic acid supplements. Nutr Rep Int
1985;32(2):443-52. 

Duthie GG, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Morrice
PC. Blood antioxidant status and
erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following
distance running. Arch Biochem Biophys
1990 Oct;282(1):78-83. 

Evans WJ. Muscle damage: nutritional
considerations. Int J Sport Nutr 1991;
1(3):214-24. 

Fogarty BA, Thomson CD. Vitamin C intake and
iron status of female athletes. N Z J Sports
Med 1992 Autumn;20:8-10. 

Fogelholm GM, Himberg JJ, Alopaeus K, Gref
CG, Laakso JT, Lehto JJ, Mussalo
Rauhamaa H. Dietary and biochemical
indices of nutritional status in male athletes
and controls. J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Apr;
11(2):181-91. 

Fogelholm M, Rehunen S, Gref CG, Laakso JT,
Lehto J, Ruokonen I, Himberg JJ. Dietary
intake and thiamin, iron, and zinc status in
elite Nordic skiers during different training
periods. Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Dec;2:   
351-65. 

Gerster H. Review: the role of vitamin C in
athletic performance. J Am Coll Nutr 1989 Dec;
8(6):636-43. 

Gleeson M, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ. Influence
of exercise on ascorbic acid status in man.
Clin Sci 1987;73(5):501-5. 

Gohil K, Packer L, de Lumen B, Brooks GA,
Terblanche SE. Vitamin E deficiency and
vitamin C supplements: exercise and
mitochondrial oxidation. J Appl Physiol
1986 Jun;60(6):1986-91. 

Goldfarb AH. Antioxidants: role of
supplementation to prevent exercise
induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports
Exerc 1993 Feb;25(2):232-6. 

Guilland JC, Penaranda T, Gallet C, Boggio V,
Fuchs F, Klepping J. Vitamin status of
young athletes including the effects of
supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1989 Aug;21(4):441-9. 

Hackney JD, Linn WS, Buckley RD, Jones MP,
Wightman LH, Karuza SK, Blessey RL,
Hislop HJ. Vitamin E supplementation and
respiratory effects of ozone in humans. 
J Toxicol Environ Health 1981;7(3-4):   
383-90. 

Hartmann A, Niess AM, Grunert Fuchs M, Poch
B, Speit G. Vitamin E prevents exercise
induced DNA damage. Mutat Res 1995
Apr;346(4):195-202. 

Helgheim I, Hetland OE, Nilsson S, Ingjer F,
Stroemme SB. The effects of vitamin E on
serum enzyme levels following heavy
exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 
1979;40(4):283-9. 

Jakeman P, Maxwell S. Effect of antioxidant
vitamin supplementation on muscle
function after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl
Physiol Occup Physiol 1993;67(5):426-30. 

Jenkins RR. Exercise, oxidative stress, and
antioxidants: a review. Int J Sport Nutr
1993 Dec;3(4):356-75. 

Jette M, Pelletier O, Parker L, Thoden J. The
nutritional and metabolic effects of a
carbohydrate rich diet in a glycogen
supercompensation training regimen. Am J
Clin Nutr 1978 Dec;31(12):2140-8. 

Kallner A. Influence of vitamin C status on the
urinary excretion of catecholamines in
stress. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37C(6):
405-11. 

Kankaanpaa MJ, Marin E, Ristonmaa U,
Airaksinen O, Hanninen O, Bray TM.
Effect of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta
carotene and selenium supplementation on
exercise performance in humans. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 1994;26(5 Supppl):S67. 

Kanter MM. Free radicals, exercise, and
antioxidant supplementation . Int J Sport
Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):205-20.  Comment in:
Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):203-4. 

Kanter MM, Nolte LA, Holloszy JO. Effects of an
antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid
peroxidation at rest and postexercise.   
J Appl Physiol 1993 Feb;74(2):965-9. 

Keith RE, Driskell JA. Lung function and
treadmill performance of smoking and nonsmoking
males receiving ascorbic acid supplements.
Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36(5):840-5. 

Keren G, Epstein Y. Effect of high dosage
vitamin
C intake on aerobic and anaerobic capacity.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1980 Jun;20(2):
145-8. 

Klingshirn LA, Pate RR, Bourque SP, Davis JM,
Sargent RG. Effect of iron supplementation
on endurance capacity in iron depleted
female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992
Jul;24(7):819-24. 

Laires MJ, Madeira F, Sergio J, Colaco C, Vaz
C, Felisberto GM, Neto I, Breitenfeld L, Bicho
M, Manso C. Preliminary study of the
relationship between plasma and
erythrocyte magnesium variations and some
circulating pro oxidant and antioxidant
indices in a standardized physical effort.
Magnes Res 1993 Sep;6(3):233-8. 

Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Apple FS. Iron status of
active women and the effect of running a
marathon on bowel function and
gastrointestinal blood loss. Int J Sports Med
1991 Apr;12:173-9. 

Lawrence JD, Bower RC, Riehl WP, Smith JL.
Effects of alpha tocopherol acetate on the
swimming endurance of trained swimmers.
Am J Clin Nutr 1975 Mar;28(3):205-8. 

Lichton IJ, Miyamura JB, McNutt SW. Nutritional
evaluation of soldiers subsisting on meal
ready to eat operational rations for an
extended period of body measurements
hydration and blood nutrients. Am J Clin
Nutr 1988;48(1):30-7. 

Lorino AM, Paul M, Cocea L, Scherrer-Crosbie
M, Dahan E, Meignan M, Atlan G. Vitamin
E does not prevent exercise induced
increase in pulmonary clearance. J Appl
Physiol 1994;77(5):2219-23. 

Mahan LK. Nutrition and the allergic athlete.  
J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984 May;    
73(5 Pt 2):728-34. 

Maxwell SR, Jakeman P, Thomason H, Leguen C,
Thorpe GH. Changes in plasma antioxidant
status during eccentric exercise and the
effect of vitamin supplementation. Free
Radic Res Commun 1993;19(3):191-202. 

Mehlhorn RJ, Sumida S, Packer L. Tocopheroxyl
radical persistence and tocopherol
consumption in liposomes and in vitamin E
enriched rat liver mitochondria and
microsomes. J Biol Chem 1989 Aug 15;
264(23):13448-52. 

Meydani M. Protective role of dietary vitamin E
on oxidative stress in aging. Age 1992;15(3):
89-93.

Meydani M. Vitamin E requirement in relation to
dietary fish oil and oxidative stress in
elderly. EXS 1992;62:411-8. 

Meydani M, Evans W, Handelman G, Fielding
RA, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg
JB, Cannon JG. Antioxidant response to
exercise induced oxidative stress and
protection by vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1992 Sep 30;669:363-4. 

Meydani M, Evans WJ, Handelman G, Biddle L,
Fielding RA, Meydani SN, Burrill J,
Fiatarone MA, Blumberg JB, Cannon JG.
Protective effect of vitamin E on exercise
induced oxidative damage in young and
older adults. Am J Physiol 1993 May;    
264(5 Pt 2):R992-8. 

Muraoka I. [A study on vitamin E requirements
for athletes.]Tokyo Ika Daigaku Zasshi 
1991;49(5):661-71.  (Jpn).

Nieman DC, Gates JR, Butler JV, Pollett LM,
Dietrich SJ, Lutz RD. Supplementation
patterns in marathon runners. J Am Diet
Assoc 1989 Nov;89(11):1615-9. 

Packer L. Interactions among antioxidants in
health and disease: vitamin E and its redox
cycle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992 Jun;
200(2):271-6. 

Packer L. Protective role of vitamin E in
biological systems. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Apr;   
53(4 Suppl):1050S-1055S. 

Packer L, Almada AL, Rothfuss LM, Wilson DS.
Modulation of tissue vitamin E levels by
physical exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1989;570:311-21. 

Peters EM, Goetzsche JM ,Grobbelaar B, Noakes
TD. Vitamin C supplementation reduces
the incidence of postrace symptoms of
upper respiratory tract infection in
ultramarathon runners. Am J Clin Nutr
1993 Feb;7(2):170. 

Quintanilha AT, Packer L. Vitamin E, physical
exercise and tissue oxidative damage. Ciba
Found Symp 1983;101:56-69. 

Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Duthie GG, Morrice
PC. Increased blood antioxidant systems of
runners in response to training load. Clin
Sci (Colch) 1991 Jun;80(6):611-8. Comment in:
Clin Sci 1992 Jan;82(1):117-8.

Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Milne AC, Davidson
RJ. Hematological status of male runners in
relation to the extent of physical training.
Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Dec;2:366-75. 

Rokitzki L, Hinkel S, Klemp C, Cufi D, Keul J.
Dietary, serum and urine ascorbic acid
status in male athletes. Int J Sports Med
1994 Oct;15(7):435-40. 

Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Huber G, Keck E, Keul
J. alpha Tocopherol supplementation in
racing cyclists during extreme endurance
training. Int J Sport Nutr 1994 Sep;4(3):
253-64.  Comments in: Int J Sport Nutr
1994 Sep;4(30:203-4; Int J Sport Nutr
1995 Jun;5(2):165-7. 

Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Murphy
M, Wetzel-Roth W, Keul J. Lipid
peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins
under extreme endurance stress. Acta 
Physiol Scand 1994;151(2):149-58. 

Rudzki SJ, Hazard H, Collinson D.
Gastrointestinal blood loss in triathletes:
it's etiology and relationship to sports
anaemia. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995
Mar;27(1):3-8.

Sharpe PC, MacAuley D, McCrum EE, Stott G,
Evans AE, Mulholland C, Boreham CA,
Duly E, Trinick TR. Ascorbate and exercise
in the Northern Ireland population. Int J
Vitam Nutr Res 1994;64(4):277-82. 

Simon-Schnass I. Vitamin requirements for
increased physical activity: vitamin E. In:
Simopoulos AP, Pavlou KN, editors.
Nutrition and fitness for athletes. 2nd
International Conference on Nutrition and
Fitness; 1992 May 23-25; Athens, Greece.
Basel: S. Karger Publishers, Inc; c1993. 
p. 144-53.

Simon-Schnass I, Korniszewski L. The influence
of vitamin E on rheological parameters in
high altitude mountaineers. Int J Vitam
Nutr Res 1990;60(1):26-34. 

Simon-Schnass IM. Nutrition at high altitude. 
J Nutr 1992 Mar;122(3 Suppl):778-81. 

Snider IP, Bazzarre TL, Murdoch SD, Goldfarb A.
Effects of coenzyme athletic performance
system as an ergogenic aid on endurance
performance to exhaustion. Int J Sport Nutr
1992 Sep;2(3):272-86. 

Snyder AC, Schulz L, Olmstead-Foster C.
Voluntary consumption of a carbohydrate
supplement by elite speed skaters. J Am
Diet Assoc 1989 Aug;89(8):1125-7. 

Suboticanec K, Buzina R, Brubacher G, Sapunar
J, Christeller S. Vitamin C status and
physical working capacity in adolescents.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1984;54(1):55-60. 

Sumida S, Tanaka K, Kitao H, Nakadomo F.
Exercise induced lipid peroxidation and
leakage of enzymes before and after vitamin
E supplementation. Int J Biochem 1989;
21(8):835-8. 

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**Last updated:** 31 December 1996

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