IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs December 10, 2001 

FORREST CATE MOTOR COMPANY, INC. v. 

DEALER COMPUTER SERVICES, INC.

 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sequatchie County

No. 7464 Buddy Perry, Judge

No. M2001-01577-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 16, 2002 

Plaintiff appeals a declaratory judgment wherein the trial judge held that the mandatory arbitration

provisions in the contract between the parties controlled and declared accordingly. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

WILLIAM B. CAIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H. CANTRELL, P.J. and

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., joined.

Catherine M. White, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Forrest Cate Motor Company, Inc.

Thomas O. Helton and Cameron S. Hill, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dealer Computer

Services, Inc. 

OPINION

Appellant, Forrest Cate Motor Company, Inc., is a Tennessee corporation doing business in

Sequatchie County, Tennessee and is a franchised dealer of Ford Motor Company products. On

March 31, 1995, Appellant entered into a contract with Appellee, Dealer Computer Services, Inc.

(formerly d/b/a Ford Dealer Computer Services, Inc.). Under the terms of the contract, Appellant

purchased certain computer equipment and software that enabled Appellant to access a catalog data

base of both old and new parts for Ford Motor Company Products. This computer system, (the CPD

System), required equipment maintenance and modifications to accommodate updated software. 

A little more than four years after entering into the contract, Appellee informed Appellant

of the need for Appellant to buy certain new equipment to accommodate more complex software

containing updated partsinformation through Ford Motor Company’s global parts catalog or “GCAT

System.” Appellant claims that the “GCAT System” is an entirely new system from the “CPD

System” and that disputes between the parties as to this alleged new system are not subject to the
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mandatory arbitration provision of the March 31, 1995 contract. Appellee asserts the contrary, and

thus, the decisive issue in the declaratory judgment action filed by Appellant on March 22, 2000, is

the applicability of this mandatory arbitration clause of the contract.

The case was tried on documentary evidence and submitted to the court on October 31, 2000,

without oral testimony or depositions. In his final judgment of April 26, 2001, the trial court made

the following findings of fact:

1. On March 31, 1995, Forrest Cate and DCS’s predecessor, Ford Dealer

Computer Services, Inc., entered a contractual agreement (“Agreement”) for, among

other things, the purchase by Forrest Cate of a computer system that provides data

and information about Ford Motor Company vehicle parts.

2. Forrest Cate admitted that it entered into the Agreement, see

Complaint at ¶ 3 and Amended Complaint at ¶ 3.

3. Forrest Cate does not dispute that DCS assumed the benefits and

obligations of the Agreement from Ford Dealer Computer Services, Inc.

4. Forrest Cate admitted that the Agreement contains a valid arbitration

clause. See Complaint at ¶ 8(a) and Amended Complaint at ¶ 7(a).

5. The Agreement defines several key terms, including, but not limited

to, the “CPDSystem,” “Enhancements and/or Modifications,” and “Software,”which

are defined as follows:

a. CPD System - Computer system, including all computer

equipment and software, that enables users to access current Ford

Motor Company Ford and Lincoln/Mercury car and light truck parts

catalog data.

b. Enhancements and/or Modifications - Any modification or

addition that, when made or added to the Licensed Software,

materially changes its utility, efficiency, functional capability, or

application.

c. Software - A general term used to describe all programs used

inside the computer and peripheral devices to make them perform any

function. This term includes operating system, Documentation,

corrections or Modification. Enhancements, microsoftware, and

Firmware used within the central processing unit or within any

peripheral device, terminal, or printer attached to the computer

system.
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6. The Agreement outlines numerous duties and obligations between

Forrest Cate and DCS concerning the CPD System and its software. In particular, the

Agreement clearly contemplates that certain “upgrades,” “modifications,” and

“enhancements” will from time-to-time occur to the CPD System and its software.

For example,

Dealer[, Forrest Cate,] shall provide FDCS unlimited access to the

Equipment and shall cause employees to cooperate with FDCS in the

maintenance of the Equipment and in the making of engineering

changes and upgrades.

7. The Agreement permits DCS to make “modifications” and

“enhancements” to the software, and such changes may require Forrest Cate to

expand its computer system.

[DCS] will, from time-to-time, in its sole discretion, make

Modifications and Enhancements to the Software. During the term

of this Agreement, Dealer shall receive all generally released

Enhancements/Modifications and Documentation applicable thereto.

Dealer acknowledges and agrees that these Enhancements/

Modifications may at times require changes or expansion to Dealer’s

computer system such as computer power, memory, disk storage, or

peripherals. Dealer agrees to make such changes or expansion at its

expense as a necessary cost of obtaining the added Software

functionality provided by the Enhancement/Modifications.

8. In the Agreement, Forrest Cate also

covenants and agrees to . . . [i]mplement all revisions to the Software

and CD-ROM data files that are released by FDCS within thirty (30)

days after received by Dealer. FDCS is under no obligation to

provide Software or CD-ROM support for other than the then-current

version of the Licensed Software.

9. On the top of the first page of the Agreement, in bold, capital letters,

and set off from other text, is the following statement: “THIS AGREEMENT IS

SUBJECT TO ARBITRATION UNDER APPLICABLE STATUTE.” This is clear,

unambiguous notice to Forrest Cate that the Agreement is subject to arbitration. The

arbitration provision is written in clear language and is set off by itself in a separate

provision of the Agreement under the heading “ARBITRATION.” 

10. The Agreement’s arbitration provision states:
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Except as provided otherwise in Section 5 of this Agreement, all

disputes, claims, controversies and other matters in question between

the parties to this Agreement, arising out of, or relating to this

Agreement, or to the breach thereof, including any claim in which

either party is demanding monetary damages of any nature including

negligence, strict liability or intentional acts or omissions by either

party, and which cannot be resolved by the parties, shall be settled by

arbitration. Except as provided otherwise in this Section 17, the

arbitration shall be administered in accordance with the commercial

arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association. Arbitrators

shall be chosen from a panel of persons with knowledge of electronic

data processing industry practices, contracts, and data processing

systems. The arbitration proceeding will be held in Detroit,

Michigan. In no event shall the demand for arbitration be made more

than one (1) year after the claim or cause of action arises. The award

of the arbitrator or arbitration panel shall be final an[d] binding, and

there shall be no appeal therefrom. Judgment upon the award

rendered by the arbitrator or arbitration panel may be entered in any

court having jurisdiction. The U. S. Arbitration Act shall govern the

interpretation and application of this Section 17. In the case of

nonpayment by Dealer, this arbitration procedure shall in no way

limit FDCS’s remedies as provided in Section 11. 

11. The arbitration provision is broad and comprehensive. It covers “all

disputes, claims, controversies and other matte[r]s in question between the parties to

this Agreement, arising out of, or relating to this Agreement, or to the breach

thereof.”

12. The arbitration provision recognizes the need for experts in the

computer field to serve as arbitrators. It calls for arbitrators “chosen from a panel of

persons with knowledge of electronic data processing industry practices, contracts,

and data processing systems.”

13. The Agreement states that it “shall be governed by the laws of the

State of Michigan.”

14. Understanding the “CPD System” is at the heart of this matter.

Forrest Cate states it “did not contract for anything other than the CPD System.”

Responsive Memorandum, p. 3. Forrest Cate also states: “Additionally, the plaintiff

did not agree to arbitrate anything other than matters directly related to the CPD

System.” Id. The Agreement defines the CPD System as the “Computer system,

including all computer equipment and software, that enables users to access current
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Ford Motor Company Ford and Lincoln/Mercury car and light truck parts catalog

data.”

15. Forrest Cate attaches as Exhibit B to the Complaint a letter dated

August 10, 1999 from Ford Motor Company that explains the enhancements and

modifications to the CPD System, including certain software and equipment. In

pertinent part, the letter addresses parts catalog data and states that

Ford Motor Company is making a major change in data formats for

CPD parts information.

* * * * *

Your CPD software will be updated to handle both the original data

format and the new GCAT data format simultaneously - which will

require new equipment and more complex software. Because the

GCAT data format is illustration oriented, considerably more data

storage will be required on your CPD Server. Data will be distributed

via a DVD disk instead of the CD-ROM disks currently used.

Therefore, your CPD Server will need to be upgraded to

accommodate Windows 98, larger programs, more storage capacity,

and a DVD drive to deal with the new GCAT data requirements.

16. Forrest Cate attached as Exhibit C to the Complaint a letter dated

September 1, 1999 from Ford Motor Company that further explains the

enhancements and modifications to the CPD System. In pertinent part, the letter

addresses parts catalog data and states that

Improving the quality of catalog text and illustrations has been a longstanding Dealer and Parts Manager request.

* * * * *

The new catalog will increase productivity, improve customer

satisfaction and add value to your parts operations.

17. Forrest Cate attached as Exhibit E to Forrest Cate’s Responsive

Memorandum a letter dated September 2, 1999 from DCS, which notes: “Your CPD

software will be updated to handle both the original data format and the new GCAT

data format simultaneously - which will require more complex software.”

18. Forrest Cate attached as Exhibit F to Forrest Cate’s Responsive

Memorandum a letter dated October 12, 1999 from DCS, which states that the

enhancements would require “your CPD Server be upgraded to a new Pentium CPD

Server.”
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19. Forrest Cate attached as Exhibit G to Forrest Cate’s Responsive

Memorandum a letter dated January 4, 2000 from DCS, which addressed the release

date for “the new CPD GCAT data format” and wished “all CPD clients to be able

to continue operating efficiently up to and beyond the conversion in data format.”

20. DCS has had since Forrest Cate signed the Agreement, and still has,

an office in Southfield, Michigan. See Affidavit of Michael Creagh, ¶ 7 (“DCS also

currently maintains offices at 1000 Town Square, Southfield, Michigan 48075. [Its]

offices in Southfield, Michigan make it convenient to work with Ford Motor

Company on CPD or other matters relating to the ongoing contractual relationship

between DCS and Ford Motor Company. DCS communicates with Ford Motor

Company on issues related to CPD and other issues on at least a weekly basis.”).

21. DCS has frequent contact with Ford Motor Company, and DCS uses

its Southfield, Michigan offices to facilitate that contact. “Ford Motor Company

supplies to DCS on at least a monthly basis parts catalog data that is utilized by DCS

to prov[ide] an electronic catalog to Ford dealers. The electronic parts catalog, or

CPD, is provided to Ford dealers pursuant to a contract as required by the contract

between DCS and Ford Motor Company. The parts data set forth in CPD is Ford

Motor Company data. The parts data contained in the electronic parts catalog

describe Ford parts. . . . Ford Motor Company works with DCS on an ongoing basis

in connection with the development of CPD.” Creagh Affidavit, ¶ 4.

22. The clear weight of the evidence confirms that the Agreement

contemplated the enhancements and modifications to the CPD System made by DCS.

The determinative question on appeal is a question of law and is conclusively resolved in

favor of Appellee by the provision of the contract quoted by the trial court in its Findings of Fact no.

7:

[DCS] will, from time-to-time, in its sole discretion, make

Modifications and Enhancements to the Software. During the term

of this Agreement, Dealer shall receive all generally released

Enhancements/Modifications andDocumentation applicable thereto.

Dealer acknowledges and agrees that these Enhancements/

Modifications may at times require changes or expansion to Dealer’s

computer system such as computer power, memory, disk storage, or

peripherals. Dealer agrees to make such changes or expansion at its

expense as a necessary cost of obtaining the added Software

functionality provided by the Enhancement/Modifications. 

(emphasis added) The question for the trial court, and the question for this Court on appeal, is not

whether the “GCAT System” is a change or expansion of the “CPD System,” but rather, what is the
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proper forum to address such a question. The expansive, all-inclusive provisions of the arbitration

clause in the contract bind both parties to compulsory arbitration, and this fact would be true under

either the law of Michigan or the law of Tennessee. Buraczynski v. Eyring, 919 S.W.2d 314, 318-19

(Tenn. 1996); Wachtel v. Shoney’s, Inc., 830 S.W.2d 905, 908 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); Kauffman v.

Chicago Corp., 466 N.W.2d 726, 730 (Mich. Ct. App. 1991); Amtower v. William C. Roney & Co.,

590 N.W.2d 580, 583 (Mich. Ct. App. 1998).

Since the controlling question is one of law, it is before this court de novo without any

presumption of correctness of the finding of the trial court. Nelson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 8

S.W.3d 625, 628 (Tenn. 1999); Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn. 1999).

The trial court correctly ruled in favor of the appellee on this issue and granted the appellee’s

Motion to Dismiss and Compel Arbitration.

Subsequent to the filing of the initial Complaint on April 22, 2000, Plaintiff sought, by

amended complaints on August 7, 2000 and October 10, 2000, to convert the case from a declaratory

judgment action into an action challenging the validity of the contract on principles of overreaching

and adhesion. After having admitted in the original Complaint that the laws of Michigan governed

under the choice of forum provisions in the contract, Plaintiff withdrew this admission and also

challenged the validity of the choice of forum provisions of the contract. The Complaint had already

been met by a responsive pleading (Appellee’s Motion to Dismiss) at the time leave of the court was

sought to file the amended complaints. Wilson v. Ricciardi, 778 S.W.2d 450 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989).

No order of the court, pursuant to Rule 15.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, appears in

the record granting leave to file either the Amended Complaint of August 7 or the Amended

Complaint of October 5. But, in its Amended Memorandum in Support of Motion to Dismiss and

to Compel Arbitration filed October 20, 2000, Appellee asserts:

On or about August 2, 2000, Forrest Cate submitted a Motion to Amend

Complaint for Declaratory Judgment (“Motion to Amend”) and a responsive

memorandum to the Motion to Dismiss and Compel (“Responsive Memorandum”).

Without waiving any of its defenses or arguments DCS otherwise would have had or

has to Forrest Cate’s Complaint and Motion to Amend, DCS, in the interests of

judicial economy and efficiency, permitted Forrest Cate to file its Amended

Complaint for Declaratory Judgment (“Amended Complaint”). 

DCS now submits this Amended Memorandum to Dismiss and Compel in

response to Forrest Cate’s Amended Complaint.

Such is not in the interest of judicial economy, but the above statement by Appellee in the amended

memorandum effectively waives the “written consent” provision of T.R.C.P. Rule 15.01. 

The trial court disposed of the factual allegations asserted in the amended complaints filed

by Appellant in a conclusion of law that provided:
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1. Forrest Cate did not plead fraud with the requisite particularity. See

Harvey v. Ford Motor Credit Company, 8 S.W.3d 273, 275 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999)

(citing Tenn. R. Civ. P. 9.02). In addition, “no man can recover upon the theory of

fraud or mistake with respect to any matter of fact about which he has actual

knowledge or legally imputed knowledge.” Hill v. John Banks Buick, Inc., 875

S.W.2d 667, 670 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). In this case, the facts show that the

Agreement signaled to Forrest Cate that (1) it was subject to arbitration in Michigan,

(2) that Michigan law controlled, and (3) the DCS had, and has, an office in

Southfield, Michigan. Forrest Cate cannot claim fraud when such facts were clearly

known to it. 

This Court has observed: “Although the Court has the authority to settle disputed issues of

fact in Declaratory Judgment matters, such settlement is ordinarily left to other forums.” Goodwin

v. Metropolitan Bd. of Health, 656 S.W.2d 383, 387 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983). Declaratory judgment

may be properly refused if judicial investigation of disputed facts is first necessary. Nicholson v.

Cummings, 217 S.W.2d 942 (Tenn. 1949).

A more pressing reason exists for affirming the trial judge as to all matters set forth in the

amended complaints. No proof was ever taken to support the allegations of overreaching, adhesion

and intimations of fraud. Much of the documentation submitted in the extensive appendix to the

brief of Appellant was never admitted into evidence. The circumstances surrounding the inception

of the contract are supported in the record only by the Affidavit of Forrest Cate, who never testified.

When parties choose or acquiesce in the choice of a declaratory judgment proceeding to

address disputed issues of fact and the trial court, in its discretion, allows them to do so, the disputed

issues of fact must be actually tried, and the record of such trial must be properly preserved for

appellate review under the provisions of T.R.A.P. Rule 24. Without such a record, this Court must

presume that the trial court was correct in its disposition of factual issues. Sherrod v. Wix, 849

S.W.2d 780, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992).

Under these circumstances, this Court is, likewise, unable to review issues as to the choice

of forum provisions of the contract, although, as already observed in this particular case, the result

on the original declaratory judgment suit would be the same whether Michigan law or Tennessee law

applies.

The judgment of the trial court is in all respects affirmed, and costs are assessed against

Appellant. 

___________________________________ 

WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE