FIRST DIVISION

							August 26, 2002

No. 1-01-0303

CHRISTY A. ADAMS, as Special Adm'r )		Appeal from the 

of the Estate of Janice G. Adams, 	)		Circuit Court of

Deceased,						)		Cook County

							)

		Plaintiff-Appellant,	)

							)		

		v.					)		No. 96 L 00072

							)

NORTHERN ILLINOIS GAS COMPANY,	)		The Honorable

							)		Sophia Hall,

		Defendant-Appellee.		)		Judge Presiding.

	OPINION MODIFIED UPON DENIAL OF REHEARING

	JUSTICE COUSINS delivered the opinion of the court:

	On December 7, 1995, Janice Adams died as a result of an

explosion and fire at her home in Calumet City, Illinois. 

Christy Adams (plaintiff), as special administrator of the estate

of Janice Adams, deceased, filed a wrongful death suit against

Lucia Georgevich and Northern Illinois Gas Company (NI-Gas).  On

September 13, 2000, the trial court granted summary judgment in

favor of NI-Gas and deemed Georgevich's motion for summary

judgment moot.  On December 22, 2000, the trial court denied

Adams' motion to reconsider.  On January 18, 2001, the trial

court also denied plaintiff's motion to take evidence depositions

to preserve testimony.  Adams presents the following issues for

review on appeal:  (1) whether the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of NI-Gas; and (2) whether the trial

court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff's motion to

perpetuate testimony.  

BACKGROUND

	Janice Adams was a 48-year-old mother of two when she died on December 7, 1995, as a result of a natural gas explosion and

fire at her home.  Christy Adams, as special administrator of the

estate of Janice Adams, deceased, originally filed a wrongful

death action against the homeowner, Lucia Georgevich, and later

added NI-Gas.  

	Assistant chief of the Calumet City fire department Dan A.

Smits stated in his pretrial deposition that he believed that the

fire originated at the home as a result of an explosion involving

natural gas.  He further opined that the location of the gas flow

was the "Cobra" gas connector.  

	Cobra is a brand-name corrugated metal connector that was

produced between 1955 and 1965 by a Chicago-based manufacturer

that is no longer in business.  It is undisputed that, in its

original state, natural gas is odorless.  By law, NI-Gas is

required to supply odorized gas to its customers as a detection

method.  

	Wayne Genck, a consultant on matters involving natural gas

connectors, testified at deposition that the sulfur added to

natural gas and phosphorous metal in flexible connectors have a

reaction that produces a "corrosion product."

	Plaintiff's expert, accident investigator Charles Lamar,

testified that the source of the natural gas leak at the Adams' home was the failure of the flexible connector that connected the

back of the range to the house piping, called the Cobra.  He

further testified that there was no failure in the NI-Gas

facilities or the gas meter that led to the explosion.  Lamar

noted that phosphorus brazing was banned in 1968, and NI-Gas knew

for decades about the failure of the "brazed joints," but did not

take sufficient action to stop the use of those joints and did

not warn the public about them. 

	Norman Breyer, Ph.D., testified that there was a good deal

of information circulated to the gas distributors starting in

1968 regarding the inherent weakness of the Cobra tubing

connection and the danger of using brazing compounds that

contained phosphorus because it caused the joints to become

brittle.  He further stated that "we know that there are sulphur

compounds in the gas put in either as odorants or as trace

elements for the gas that's being transmitted over the piping

system."  Dr. Breyer opined that "[s]ulphur caused the failure of

the phosphorous that is inherent in that alloy, the brazing

alloy."

	The decedent's ex-husband, Leonard Adams, testified in

deposition that he had observed NI-Gas employees read the gas

meter in the utility room of the home on occasion, but they did

not examine anything in the house other than the meter.  In late

1978 or 1980, after having a new clothes drier installed by Sears, a gas leak was detected.  Janice Adams called NI-Gas.  A

NI-Gas employee came to the home and checked a gas pipe that ran

along the wall between the meter and the clothes drier.  He

discovered that it was leaking and tightened the pipe. 

	On June 21, 2000, NI-Gas filed a motion for summary judgment

asserting that it did not owe a legal duty to Janice Adams. 

Georgevich also filed a motion for summary judgment.  

	On September 13, 2000, NI-Gas' motion for summary judgment

was granted and Georgevich's motion for summary judgment was

deemed moot.  Plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider the

September 13, 2000, order.  On December 22, 2000, plaintiff's

motion to reconsider was denied.  

	On January 12, 2001, plaintiff filed an emergency motion to

take evidence depositions to preserve expert witness testimony. 

Plaintiff's emergency motion asserted that she had retained

multiple expert witnesses who were "instrumental" to the

plaintiff's cause of action, including Charles Lamar, Norman

Breyer, and Edward Karnes.  Based on the time to complete the

appellate process and the age of the plaintiff's experts,

plaintiff requested that the testimony of one or more of her

experts be preserved in the event that the case was returned for

trial.  The trial court denied plaintiff's motion, reasoning that

"[t]hey're not fact witnesses who are essential to proving the

Plaintiff's or Defendant's cases."  Plaintiff now appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of NI-Gas and the denial of

her emergency motion to preserve testimony. 

ANALYSIS

I

	Plaintiff asserts that NI-Gas owed Janice Adams a common-law

duty to use every reasonable precaution to avoid injury to the

person or property of its customers and the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of NI-Gas.  NI-Gas responds

that it owed no duty to plaintiff or her decedent under Illinois

common law.  Upon petition for rehearing, plaintiff frames the

issue as follows:  "whether a utility company which has actual

knowledge of a dangerous condition associated with the use of its

product *** which was in part created by the utility company, has

any responsibility to its customers to warn them of that danger." 	Appellate courts apply a de novo standard when reviewing summary judgment rulings.  Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102, 607 N.E.2d 1204 (1992).  Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party's right to judgment

is clear and free from doubt.  Espinoza v. Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 165 Ill. 2d 107, 113, 649 N.E.2d 1323 (1995).   Summary judgment is appropriate only when the pleadings,

depositions, admissions, and affidavits on file, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.  Smith v. Allstate Insurance Co., 312 Ill. App. 3d 246, 251, 726 N.E.2d 1 (1999).  Where a reasonable person could draw divergent

inferences from undisputed facts, summary judgment should be

denied.  Pyne v. Witmer, 129 Ill. 2d 351, 358-59, 544 N.E.2d 1304 (1989).

	Duty is defined as "a legal obligation to conform one's

conduct to a certain standard for the benefit or protection of

another. [Citations.]"  Kurtz v. Wright Garage Corp., 262 Ill. App. 3d 1103, 1107, 6365 N.E.2d 897 (1994).  Whether a duty

exists in a particular case is a question of law to be determined

by the court (Ward v. Kmart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 554 N.E.2d 223 (1990)) and is determined by reference to whether the parties

stood in such a relationship to each other that the law imposes

an obligation on one to act for the protection of the other

(Rhodes v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R., 172 Ill. 2d 213, 238, 665 N.E.2d 1260 (1996)).  The factors relevant to the court's

imposition of a duty include: (1) the likelihood of injury; (2)

the reasonable foreseeability of such injury; (3) the magnitude

of guarding against the injury; (4) and the consequences of

placing that burden on the defendant.  Jackson v. TLC Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418, 425, 706 N.E.2d 460 (1998); Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill. 2d 432, 453, 605 N.E.2d 493 (1992). 

	It is well-settled in Illinois that "'where a gas company does not install the pipes or fixtures and does not own them and

has no control over them it is not responsible for their

condition or for their maintenance, and as a result is not liable

for injuries caused by a leak therein of which it has no

knowledge.'"  Pioneer Hi-Bred Corn Co. of Illinois v. Northern Illinois Gas Co., 61 Ill. 2d 6, 13, 329 N.E.2d 228 (1975), quoting Clare v. Bond County Gas Co., 356 Ill. 241, 244, 190 N.E. 278 (1934).  However, Illinois has not addressed a gas company's

duty to warn its customers of the possible deterioration of those

fixtures when they are damaged, in part, due to the gas product

itself. 	

	Plaintiff relies on two out-of-state cases to support her

contention that NI-Gas owes a duty to warn:  Lemke v. Metropolitan Utilities District, 243 Neb. 633, 502 N.W.2d 80 (1993), and Halliburton v. Public Service Co. of Colorado, 804 P.2d 213 (Colo. App. 1990).

	In Lemke, the defendant gas company, Metropolitan Utilities District (MUD), asserted that it had no duty to notify its

customers concerning a potential hazard from Cobra connectors. 

MUD service personnel had adjusted some of the plaintiff's gas

ranges in 1986.  Lemke, 243 Neb. at 652, 502 N.W.2d at 92.  Although there was no evidence that the gas provider installed

the Cobra connector to the plaintiff's gas range, there was

evidence that the company installed thousands of Cobra connectors in homes of MUD customers.  Lemke, 243 Neb. at 638, 502 N.W.2d at 84.  There was no dispute that MUD possessed information regarding the potential hazard from the American Gas Association

as early as 1979.  See Lemke, 243 Neb. at 638, 502 N.W.2d at 84. 

     The Nebraska Supreme Court held that when a governmental entity has actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition

or hazard caused by or under the control of the governmental

entity and the dangerous condition or hazard is not readily

apparent to persons who are likely to be injured by the dangerous

condition or hazard, "the governmental entity has a

nondiscretionary duty to warn of the danger or take other

protective measures that may prevent injury as the result of the

dangerous condition or hazard."  Lemke, 243 Neb. at 647, 502 N.W.2d at 89.  The court reasoned that "[w]hen MUD received

information about the dangerous condition or potential hazard

involving Cobra connectors but did not disseminate this critical

information to its customers who were using gas appliances with

Cobra connectors, MUD effectively exerted control in a situation

that could eventually culminate in injury to customers who

continued to use gas supplied by MUD."  Lemke, 243 Neb. at 648, 502 N.W.2d at 89.  Further, "when MUD became aware that the

distribution of gas through a Cobra connector presented a risk of

injury to customers, MUD had the duty to use due care, such as

issuance of a warning, to protect customers during its distribution of natural gas through its own system and through a

customer's service line for a gas appliance."  Lemke, 243 Neb. at 652, 502 N.W.2d at 92.  We find the Lemke case instructive.  

	The record in the instant case provides evidence that NI-Gas

was aware of the potential danger found in homes using certain

flexible connectors.  The record includes a letter to Mr. O.C.

Davis of the Southern California Gas Company from T.J. Croddy of

NI-Gas, dated May 24, 1976.  That letter provided that "[t]he

sudden, mysterious separation of brass connectors and their

brazed-on end fittings has been a concern of gas utility people

for several years."  On December 14, 1979, the United States

Consumer Product Safety Commission sent a letter to the president

of the American Gas Association (AGA).  That letter indicated

that corrugated metal connectors, brand-name Cobra, allegedly

caused a number of fires in homes.  While some jurisdictions did

not allow the installation of such connectors, many "may still be

in service, and therefore may be susceptible to creating a

significant hazard to the occupants of those residences equipped

with such connectors."  On December 19, 1979, the president of

the AGA sent to all its representatives from AGA member-companies

a letter stating the United States Consumer Product Commission

had notified it that certain flexible connectors manufactured

prior to 1968 had an increasing potential to fail over time.

	The record here also included copies of the April/May 1975, August/September 1978, June/July 1980, summer/fall 1981, December 1981, June/July 1983, January 1985, May 1986, and June 1987

"Consumer News" notices.  The August/September 1978, June/July

1980, summer/fall 1981, and December 1981 notices indicated that

an old connector could crack, creating an unsafe condition, when

the appliance was moved.  The January 1985, May 1986, June 1987,

and December 1981 warnings provided:  "The U.S. Consumer Product

Safety Commission has warned that certain appliance connectors

manufactured prior to 1968 may be unsafe.  If you are concerned,

do not try to move the appliance to inspect the connector. 

Instead, call a qualified service agency of NI-Gas to make the

inspection."  These newsletters further demonstrate that NI-Gas

was aware of the danger associated with using brazed flexible

connectors to transmit its odorized gas.

	In the Halliburton case, Ola Halliburton was injured and her husband, Clarence, died as a result of an explosion caused by a

leaking flexible connector tube on their gas range in February

1985.  As early as 1978, the defendant gas company, Public

Service Company of Colorado, knew that a large number of

connector tubes of the type used in the Halliburton home were

failing because of the interaction between its gas and the tubes. 

Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 215.  The defendant company started a campaign in 1980 to warn its customers of the risks presented by

failing connectors.  In February 1980, the defendant held a news

conference during which it discussed its campaign to check

customer-owned connectors and to disseminate information about this hazard.  Defendant also made several radio and television

announcements and sent periodic messages in its newsletter with

the customers' monthly billing statements.  At the Halliburton

trial, however, there was no evidence that plaintiffs had

received actual notice of the problems with the connectors. 

Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 215.  

	An issue in Halliburton was whether defendant owed plaintiffs a legal duty to check the connector tube and, if

necessary, to take corrective action.  The court in Halliburton held that the defendant had a duty to check and, if necessary, to

correct the connector.  Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 216.   The court wrote:

	   "Natural gas is considered a product of the selling and

distributing company and, because of the recognized hazards

connected with the use of natural gas, a higher duty of care

is owed by manufacturers and distributors of natural gas."

Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 215-16. 

	Halliburton is dissimilar to the instant case in that, here, no issue exists regarding a duty to check the connector tube. 

Importantly, however, the Halliburton court wrote:

	"'Whether the law should impose a duty requires

consideration of many factors including, for example, the

risk involved, the foreseeability and likelihood of injury

as weighed against the social utility of the actor's

conduct, the magnitude of the burden of guarding against injury or harm, and the consequences of placing the burden

upon the actor.'"  Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 216, quoting Smith v. City & County of Denver, 726 P.2d 1125, 1127 (Colo. 1986).

Also, the court wrote:  "The most compelling reason, however, for

imposing a duty upon defendant is that its product, natural gas,

which contained the corrosive ethyl mercaptan, was a substantial

factor in causing the deterioration of the connector tube."   (Emphasis in original.)  Halliburton, 804 P.2d at 216.  In our view, while not controlling, Halliburton is also instructive.

	In Clare v. Bond County Gas Co., 356 Ill. 241, 190 N.E.2d 278 (1934), a historical Illinois case, the court held, "[i]n the

absence of notice of defects[,] it is not incumbent upon a gas

company to exercise reasonable care to ascertain whether or not

service pipes under the control of the property owner or the

consumer are fit for the furnishing of gas."  Clare, 356 Ill. at 244.  Therefore, there was no duty imposed upon the gas company

to inspect the pipes within Clare's premises and under her

control.  Clare, 356 Ill. at 245.  While Clare is still good law in Illinois, is not applicable to resolving the issues in the

instant matter.

	Plaintiff alternatively argues that if NI-Gas did not owe a

common-law duty to warn consumers of the hazards of flexible gas

connectors, it undertook that duty when it issued warnings in its

consumer newsletter.  In plaintiff's view, the warning that was given by NI-Gas "was woefully inadequate" and, therefore, NI-Gas

is subject to liability under a voluntary undertaking theory.  We

hold that NI-Gas does have a duty to warn consumers.  However, we

neither decide the adequacy of the warnings nor address

plaintiff's voluntary undertaking theory. 

	Plaintiff also asserts that the terms and conditions found

in the NI-Gas tariff filed with the Illinois Commerce Commission

do not preclude the imposition of a duty on NI-Gas.  The NI-Gas

tariff on file with the Illinois Commerce Commission on March 1,

1995, provided:

	   "All gas utilization equipment, piping, and vents furnished by the Customer shall be suitable for the purposes

hereof and shall be installed and maintained by the Customer at all times in accordance with accepted practice and in

conformity with requirements of public health and safety, as

set forth by the properly constituted authorities and by the

Company. 

	   The Company assumes no responsibility in connection with the installation, maintenance or operation of the Customer's

equipment and reserves the right to discontinue service if such equipment is in unsatisfactory condition."  (Emphasis

added.)

	Plaintiff reasons that because her claim against NI-Gas is

not based on NI-Gas' responsibility in connection with the "installation, maintenance or operation" of her equipment, but its liability resulting from NI-Gas' breach of its common-law duty to use reasonable precautions to avoid injury and failure to

adequately warn its customers of the hazard, the tariff provision

is not applicable. 

	A public utility's legal obligations are determined by the

particular provisions of the tariff.  Sarelas v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 42 Ill. App. 2d 372, 375, 192, N.E.2d 451 (1963).  Whether a utility tariff is ambiguous is a question of law and

subject to de novo review. Bloom Township High School v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 309 Ill. App. 3d 163, 174, 722 N.E.2d 676 (1999).  Although a utility tariff is not a legislative

enactment, its interpretation is governed by the rules of

statutory construction.  Bloom Township, 309 Ill. App. 3d at 174.

	We hold that the plain, unambiguous language of the tariff

absolves NI-Gas from liability relative to equipment owned and

maintained by the customer.  The tariff, however, does not

preclude plaintiff's claim that NI-Gas owed a duty to her

decedent to warn of the potential hazards of brazed connectors

when sulfur-odorized natural gas travels through them.      

After reviewing the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on

file, we hold, as a matter of law, that a utility company that

has actual knowledge of a dangerous condition associated with the

use of its product has a responsibility to its customers to warn

them of that danger.

II

	Plaintiff also avers that she established good cause for

preserving the evidence depositions of the witnesses in question

and the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion

to preserve testimony.  NI-Gas responds that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in denying plaintiff's motion to

preserve testimony because plaintiff had ample time to depose her

retained expert witnesses prior to the grant of summary judgment;

also, the witnesses were not fact witnesses who were essential to

proving plaintiff's case.  We agree.

	Rule 217 provides for the taking of depositions in order to

preserve testimony.  134 Ill. 2d R. 217.  A trial court may, on a

motion and for good cause shown, allow the taking of depositions

of witnesses to perpetuate their testimony for use in the event

of further proceedings in that court.  134 Ill. 2d R. 217(b).  

	NI-Gas' motion for summary judgment was granted on September

13, 2000.  Plaintiff's motion to reconsider was denied on

December 22, 2000.  Plaintiff represented in her January 12,

2001, motion to preserve testimony that:  due to the schedules of

the witnesses and the attorneys, she was unable to complete the

evidence depositions of her two expert witnesses; and based on

the time to complete the appellate process and the age of her

experts, she would "suffer great prejudice if the testimony of

one or more of her experts is not preserved for trial."  The

trial court denied the motion to preserve, noting that "[t]hey're not fact witnesses who are essential to proving the Plaintiff's

or Defendant's cases.  They're retained experts.  We substitute

experts quite frequently."  In our view, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying plaintiff's motion.  Plaintiff's

reasons for not completing the depositions and her need to

preserve the testimony fail to demonstrate good cause to warrant

preservation.

	 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the grant of summary

judgment in favor of NI-Gas and remand for further proceedings.

We also affirm the denial of plaintiff's motion to preserve

testimony.

	Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.

	MCCcNULTY AND Aand TULLY, JJ., concur.tu