[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 15

- 15358

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:13

- cv - 22818

- KMW

DAVID CHARLES SUSSMAN, Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus SGT. TREVOR HAMPTON, ASST. WARDEN M. BOAN, Defendants

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

________________________ (July 14, 2017) Before JULIE CARNES an d FAY , Circuit Judges , and GOLDBERG, * Judge

. PER CURIAM:

* Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge, U nited S tates Court of International Trade, sitting by designation.

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 1 of 102 D avid Charles Sussman, a Florida prisoner, appeals the dismissal of his pro

se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint under the three

- strikes provision of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). In dismissing Sussman’s complaint, the district court relied on Coleman v. Tollefson , 135 S. Ct. 1759 (2015) , which the court concluded applie s retroactively

. On appeal, Sussman argues that Coleman only applies prospectively

. Alternatively, he contends that the district court erred by dismissing his complaint without affording him the opportunity to pay the filing fee. Because Coleman applies retroactively and Sussman fa iled to raise his second argument before the district court , we affirm. I. BACKGROUND Sussman filed his complaint in 2013, alleging that Sergeant Trevor Hampton encouraged an inmate to assault him in December 2010 and beat him in December 2010 and March 2011

. He asserted that Assistant Warden Marie Boan was aware of the events that took place in December and the fact that he was housed under Sergeant Hampton’s supervision in March, but she did nothing to stop the abuse.
He conceded that he previously had filed four lawsuits that were dismissed as frivolous or for failure to state a claim ; however, he argued that two of these cases did not count as strikes under § 1915(g) because they were pending on appeal. Sussman also fil ed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis , which the district court granted.

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 2 of 103 After the district court granted Sussman leave to proceed in forma pauperis and ordered service on the defendants, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Coleman , holding that a prior dismissal under one of the grounds enumerated in § 1915(g) “ counts as a strike even if the dismissal is the subject of an appeal. ” Coleman , 135 S. Ct. at 1763

. Sergeant Hampton and Assistant Warden Boan subsequently filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that , under Coleman , each of Sussman’s prior dismissals counted as a strike.
A magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation, recommending that the district court dismiss Sussman’s complaint under § 1915(g)

. I n light of Coleman , t he magistrate judge determined the fact that Sussman’s appeals were not resolved until after he filed the instant complaint was irrelevant to whether he was a three

- striker. Because Sussman had filed three or more suits that were dismissed under a statutorily enumerated ground , he was barred from proceeding in forma pauperis

. Sussman objected to the report and recommendation, arguing that Coleman did not apply retroactively given the circum stances of his case. He did not request permission to pay the filing fee in order to avoid dismissal

. The district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. Applying the three

- factor test set forth in Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson , 404 U.S. 97 , 92 S . Ct. 349 (1971), the district court concluded that the first factor

— whether Coleman established a new principle of law by overruling clear past precedent or by

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 3 of 104 resolving an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed

— weighed ag ainst retroactive application. On the other hand, retroactively applying Coleman would further the purpose of the three

- strikes provision by conserving judicial resources and limiting frivolous and abusive filings . Finally, the court found that applying Coleman retroactively would not be inequitable. Accordingly, the court determined that Coleman applies retroactively and dismissed Sussman’s complaint. Sussman filed this timely appeal. II. DISCUSSION We review de novo a district court’s interpretation of the PLRA

. Daker v. Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corr. , 820 F.3d 1278, 1283 (11th Cir. 2016), cert. denied , 137 S. Ct. 1227 (2017)

. We may affirm the district court for any reason supported by the record, even if not relied upon by the district court. Wright v. City of St. Petersburg , 833 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2016)

. Under the three

- strikes provision of the PLRA , a prisoner may not bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil proceeding in forma pauperis if the prisoner has, o n three or more prior occasions while incarcerated or detained, brought an action or appeal that was dismissed on the grounds that it was frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim, unless the prisoner is in imminent danger of

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 4 of 105 serious physical injury. 1 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Prior to 2015, the majority of circuits had determined that a dismissal on one of the statutorily enumerated grounds did not count as a strike while an appeal of that dismissal remained pending

. Coleman , 135 S. Ct. at 1762

. We had not decided the issue. In May 2015, the Supreme Court held “ that a prisoner who has accumulated three prior qualifying dismissals under § 1915(g) may not file an additional suit in forma pauperis while his appeal of one such dismissal is pending

. ” Id. at 1765. The C ourt concluded, “A prior dismissal on a statutorily enumerated ground counts as a strike even if the dismissal is the subject of an appeal. That, after all, is what the statute literally says.” Id. at 1763. The Court noted that the three

- strikes provision was “designed to filter out the bad claims and facilitate consideration of the good

. ” Id. at 1764 (quoting Jones v. Bock , 549 U.S. 199, 204, 127 S. Ct. 910, 914 (2007)). “To refuse to count a prior dismissal because of a pending a ppeal would produce a leaky filter,” as it would allow a prisoner to file many additional lawsuits while his appeal of a prior dismissal was pending. Id. Generally, a new rule of law is retroactively applicable

. Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp. , 3 14 F.3d 541, 544 (11th Cir. 2002) ( en banc ). In Chevron Oil , the Supreme Court set forth a three

- factor test to determine whether a decision may instead only apply prospectively

. Chevron Oil , 404 U.S. at 106

- 07 ,

1 S ussman has not argued before the district court or on appeal that he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury

.

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 5 of 106 92 S. Ct. at 355

. To apply prospectively, the decision must establish a new principle of law, “ either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied , or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed. ” Id. at 106 , 92 S. Ct. at 355 (citation omitted)

. Next, we look to the purpose of the rule in question and whether retroactive application would further or hinder its operation. Id. at 106

- 07 , 92 S. Ct. at 355 . Finally , we consider whether retroactive applicat ion of the rule would be inequitable. Id. at 107 , 92 S. Ct. at 355

. The second and third prongs of the Chevron Oil test are objective inquiries that examine the impact of a newly announced rule on the entire class of people potentially affected by the ne w rule. Glazner v. Glazner , 347 F.3d 1212, 1219 (11th Cir. 2003) ( en banc ).
W hen the Supreme Court applies a rule of federal law to the parties before it, every court is required to give retroactive effect to that decision. Harper v. Va. Dep’t of Taxation , 509 U.S. 86, 90 , 113 S. Ct. 2510, 2513 (1993). “[ T ] he legal imperative to apply a rule of federal law retroactively after the case announcing the rule has already done so must prevail over any claim based on a Chevron Oil analysis. ” Id. at 98 , 113 S. Ct. at 2518 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)

. In the instant appeal , the parties dispute whether Harper mandates the retroactivity of Coleman

. We need not decide the issue , however, because

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 6 of 107 Coleman is retroactively applicable regar dless of whether Harper or Chevron Oil applies

. Assuming that Harper controls, Coleman is retroactively applicable no
matter whether the Chevron Oil factors favor retroactivity or prospectivity. See id. Assuming instead that the Chevron Oil test applies, 2 the factors as a whole weigh in favor of retroactivity

. As to the first Chevron Oil factor, Coleman establi shed a new rule of federal law because the Court decided an issue of first impression : whether a prior dismissal on a statutorily enumerated ground counts as a strike if the dismissal is the subject of an appeal. See Coleman , 135 S. Ct. at 1763. While the Supreme Court indicated that its conclusion flowed from the literal language of § 1915(g), this does not mean t hat the resolution of the issue was clearly foreshadowed , given that the Court sided with the minority view among the C ircuit Courts of Appeals

. See id . at 1762

- 63

. Accordingly, the first Chevron Oil prong is satisfied and weighs in favor of applying Col eman prospectively. See Chevron Oil , 404 U.S. at 106 , 92 S. Ct. at 355

. The second Chevron Oil factor , by contrast, weigh s in favor of retroactivity. The purpose of the three

- strikes provision of the PLRA is to curt ail abusive prisoner litigation and conserve judicial resources

. Rivera v. Allin , 144 F.3d 719,

2 See Glazner , 347 F.3d at 1216

- 17 (“Although prospectivity appears to have fallen into disfavor with the Supreme Court, the Court has clearly retained the possibility of pure prospectivity and, we believe, has also retained the Chevron Oi l test, albeit in a modified form, as the governing analysis for such determinations in civil cases.” (citations omitted)).

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 7 of 108 727 (11th Cir. 1998), abrogated on other grounds by Jones , 549 U.S. 199 , 127 S. Ct. 910

. The three

- strikes provision fulfills this purpose by preventing prisoners from filing lawsuits in fo rma pauperis if they previously have filed three or more suits that were dismissed as frivolous or malicious or for failure to state a claim. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Applying Coleman retroactively would further the purpose of § 1915(g) because it would preserve judicial resources and curtail lawsuits filed by prisoners who have abused the legal system. See Rivera , 144 F.3d at 727

. A pplying Coleman prospectively , on the other hand, would require the expenditure of additional judicial resources litigating cases such as this one . It also would produce a “leaky filter , ” as it would allow certain three

- strikers (those who appealed one or more prior qualifying dismissals) to pursue civil law suits in forma pauperis , which is precisely what § 1915(g) was designed to prevent

. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) ; Coleman , 135 S. Ct. at 1764

. Thus , the second Chevron Oil factor weighs in favor of retroactivity

. See Chevron Oil , 404 U.S. at 106

- 07 , 92 S. Ct. at 355

. Applying Coleman retroactively also would not be sufficiently inequitable to
warrant prospective application

. While Sussman argues that it is “simply unfair” to tell litigants who “ have spent considerable time and energy pursuing their claims[ ] that they never should hav e been allowed to proceed at all,” 3 applying

3 Appellant’s Br . 1 9. Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 8 of 109 Coleman retroactively would only result in the revocation of a procedural privilege for affected prisoners

. See Rivera , 144 F.3d at 724 (“[P]roceeding [ in forma pauperis ] in a civil case is a privilege, not a r ight.”)

. Moreover, litigants who would be affected by our decision to apply Coleman retroactively

— i.e. , three

- strikers in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama who filed a fourth or subsequent lawsuit while their appeals of one or more strikes remained pending

— did not re ly

on any of our prior cases when deciding whether to proceed in their latest lawsuits , as we had not decided whether a prior dismissal counts as a strike when it is pending on appeal. Cf. Wagner , 314 F.3d at 545 (concluding that the third Chev ron Oil factor weighed in favor of prospective application of a new rule because some of the affected “ plaintiffs likely relied upon [one of our prior decisions] in determining whether to seek leave to amend before the district court or to appeal the dismi ssal” of their complaints ). Therefore, o n balance, the Chevron Oil test does not weigh sufficiently in favor of prospectivity to “justify abandoning the ‘ presumptively retroactive effect ’ ” of Coleman

. See Glazner , 347 F.3d at 1221 ( quoting Harper , 509 U.S. at 96, 113 S. Ct. at 2517 )

. Finally, we do not reach Sussman’s argument that the district court improperly dismissed his complaint without allowing him to pay the filing fee, as he failed to raise the issue before the district court. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). Although Sussman proceeded

Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 9 of 1010 pro se at the district court level, even pro se litigants must raise before the lower court any issues they wish to argue on appeal

. See Albra v. Advan, Inc. , 49 0 F.3d 826, 828 n.1 (11th Cir. 2007) (refusing to consider arguments that a pro se litigant failed to present in the district court)

. In light of the foregoing, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Sussman’s complaint. AFFIRMED. Case: 15-15358 Date Filed: 07/14/2017 Page: 10 of 10