DATA EVALUATION AND METHODS RESEARCH

A Concurretit Validational Study

of the NCHS

General Well-Being Schedule

A comparative analysis of the concurrent validity of several selfreport schedules in predicting interviewer’s assessment of

depressed mood.

DHEW Publication No. (H RA) 78-1347

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Public Health Service

Health Resources Administration

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Md. September 1977

Series 2

Number 73
Library of CongrassCataloging in Publication Data

Fzio, Anthony F.

A concurrent validational study of the NCHS’ general well-being schedule.

(Vital and health statistics: Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research; no. 73)

(DHEW publication; (HRA) 78-1 347)

Includes bibliographical references.

Supt. of Dec. no.: HE20.6209:2/73

1. Depression, Mental–Testing. 2. General well-being schedule. I. Title. 11. Series: United

States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics: Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research; no. 73. III. Series: United States. Dept. of Health, Education,

and Welfare. DHEW publication; no. (HRA) 78-1347.

RA409.U45 no. 73 [RC537] 312’.07’23s [616.8’52]

ISBN 0-8406 -0105-0 77-608139

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. ZU40Z

Stosk No. 017-022-00391.3
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS

DOROTHY P. RICE, Director

ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director

JACOB J. FELD W, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis

GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics System

ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems

JAMES T. BAIRD, JR., Ph.D., Associate Director-for International Statistics

ROBERT C. HUBER, Associate Director for Management

MONROE G. S!IRKEN, Ph. D., Associate Director for Mathematical Statistics

PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director for Operations

JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for Program Development

PAUL E. LEAVERTON, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research

ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer

DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS

MICHAEL A. W. HATTWICK, M. D., Director

HAROLD J. DUPUY, Ph.D., Psychological Adviser

LINCOLN OLIVER, Chief, Psychological Statistics Branch

ROBERT S. MURPHY, Chief, Survey P.?anningand Developing Branch

Vital and Health Statistics-Series 2 No. 73

DHEW Publication No. (H RA) 78-1347

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-608139
FOREWORD

The National Health Survey Act of 1956

provided for the establishment and continuation

of National Health Surveys to obtain information about the health status of the population in

the United States. Subsequent legislative authority to collect and make available health statistics

including data on the determinants of health is

contained in Public Law 93-353, Section 306

(par. (b); item (l)). The responsibility for the

development and conduct of that program is

placed with the National Center for HeaIth

Statistics, a research-oriented statistical organization within the Health Resources Administration

of the Public Health Service. The Health Examination Survey is one of several different programs employed by the National Center for

HeaJth Statistics (NCHS) to accomplish the

objectives of the Natiomd Health Survey. It is

used to collect data by drawing samples of the

civilian noninstitutionalized population of the

United States and undertakes to characterize the

population under study by means of medical,

dental, psychological, and nutritional examinations and various tests and measurements.

In addition to the data collected by the

examining, measuring, and testing procedures, a

wide range of other data are collected concerning each of the sample persons examined.

Therefore, it is possible to study a variety of

potential relationships among the examination

findings.

Psychological components are included in

Health Examination Surveys to provide a more

complete assessment of the health and wellbeing of the U.S. population. They are embedded in an interdisciplinary approach in the

study of mental health, psychological relationships with medical and nutritional conditions,

growth, development, aging, and other aspects

of health.

Examination conditions and competing requirements for examination time dictate that

each examination component must be specifically designed to fit within these constraints. A

long-range effort is underway to develop specific

psychological examination procedures within an .

overall plan of psychological assessments that

can be employed in the Health Examination

Surveys. The GeneraJ Well-Being (GWB) schedule was developed in the NCHS and, after

pretesting’ on 373 adults, was administered to

over 6,900 adults as part of the national study

of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which had begun in April 1971 and was

completed in October 1975.

The GWB schedule is a self-report instrument designed to assess selected aspects of

self-representations of subjective welI-being and

distress. Questions and response options were

formulated to provide indications of the

presence, severity, or frequency of some

symptoms that are generally considered important in clinical assessments of subjective wellbeing and distress. A report is being prepared on

the rationale and sclme properties of the GWB

scheduIe.

This report presents some findings obtained

from a research investigation conducted independently of the NCHS in terms of funding and

of direct participation of its personnel.

The major import of the findings from the

analyses contained in this report are as follows:

The GWB was slightIy better than the other

assessments used in this study in terms of

concurrent validity in predicting interviewers’ ratings of depression among 195

college students.

The GWB served as weIl in assessing depressive mood and anxiety states as did the other

...

Ill
instruments which had been specifically and

rigorously designed to measure these psychological conditions.

The extensive comparative analyses of the

GWB depression and tension-anxiety subscales with other scales included in this

study indicated that these subscales seem to

measure the relevant properties of the

psychological states or conditions for which

they were designed, thus supporting the

content meaning of these subscales.

Harold J. Dupuy, Ph.D.

Psychological Adviser

Division of Health Examination Statistics

National Center for Health Statistics
CONTENTS

Foretvord ................................................................................................................................................... iii

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1

Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................................. 1

Design of the Study ................................................................................................................................... 2

Sources of the Major Data Elements .......................................................................................................... 3

The hlinnesota Mukiphasic Personality Inventory (MMP1) ................................................................... 3

PsycMatic Symptoms Scale (PSS) ........................................................................................................ 4

The General Well-Being Schedule (G\VB).............................................................................................. 4

Personal Interview ................................................................................................................................ 4

Data Preparation Procedwes . .................................................................................................................... 5

Demographic Chmacteristics ...................................................................................................................... 5

General Population From Which the Sample Was Dm\vn...................................................................... 5

The Study Sample ................................................................................................................................ 5

Descriptive Psychological Characteristics of Study Sample ........................................................................

General Well-Being Data .......................................................................................................................

Personal Interview Data ........................................................................................................................

MMP1 Data ...........................................................................................................................................

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Data .............................................................................................

College Health Questionnaire Data ........................................................................................................

Psychiatric Symptoms Scale Data .........................................................................................................

Personaf Feelings Inventory Data .........................................................................................................

6

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

Comparative Validity of the Major Data Elements With Interviewer Ratings of Depression ...................... 7

Item-Level Correlations of the GWB and Zung With Interviewer %tinW ..........................................._. 8

Scale Correlations \WIththe Interviewer Ratings ................................................................................... 8

Intercorrelations Among the Depression, Anxiety, and GWB Scales ..................................................... 9

Some Content Properties of the G\VB........................................................................................................ 10

Reliability ............................................................................................................................................. 10

The Meaningfulness of the GWB ........................................................................................................... I I

‘6 Person Types’’–Cluster and Dk.criminant Analyses .................................................................................. 11

Overall Evaluation of the GWB .................................................................................................................. 12

References ...................................................................................................................................... ........... 14

List of Detailed TabIes ............................................................................................................................... 15

Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 30

TEXT FIGURE

1. Mean MMP1 profiles for males and for females ...................................................................................... 7

v
LIST OF TEXT TABLES

A Product-moment correlations of scales and subscales (in rank order) with interviewer depression

ratings, by sex .... .. .... .. .............. .......................... ........ .................................. .............. ........ ............... 9

B. Multiple correlations of Depression and Anxiety scales tith six Gencrsd Well-Being (GWB) subscales,

. .

zero-ordercorrelationsmth total GWB scale, and mean correlations, by sex ............... ...................... 10

C. Intemsd consistency coefficients of reliability by sex for GWB and Zung scales .. .............. .. ................. 11

SYMBOLS

Data not available ---------------------------------- ---

Category not applicable----— ------------------- . . .

Quantity zero ----------------------------------- -

Quantity more than Obut less than 0.05-–- 0.0

Figure does not meet standards of

reliabilityy or precision-—---—---------—-—- *

1 I

vi
A CONCURRENT VALIDATIONAL

STUDY OF THE NCHS

GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE

Anthony F. Fazio, Ph.D.,a The University of Wisconsin-Alilwaukee

INTRODUCTION

The General Well-Being (GWB) schedule was

an initial effort directed toward the use of a

highly structured instrument for assessing selfrepresentations of subjective well-being and distress. This instrument was developed in 1970 for

the NationaI Center for Health Statistics by Dr.

Harold Dupuy,l Psychology Adviser, Division of

Health Examination Statistics. It was used as

part of a national health examination of 6,931

adults aged 25-74 years conducted from April

1971 through October 1975. “

Since then, the GWB schedule has been and

is being used in several fairly large-scale studies.

However, its most important clinical use has

been made in the Sacramento, California, Division of lMental Health by Dr. Daniel W. Edwards.

The GWB was initially administered to patients

upon admission to varions mental health programs, weekly thereafter until treatment was

terminated, and again at a 3-month posttreatment followup. About 600 patients participated in the initial phase.

This report presents some findings and evaluations of the GWB compared with several other

self-report scales in terms of their concurrent

validity against interviewer ratings of current

depression and the intercorrelations among these

several scales. These findings were derived from

associate Professor of Psychology and Director of

Clinical Psychology of the Department of Psychology

at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

a study of a sample of 195 college students who

participated in a major investigation into ways

of assessing depression among college students.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

A simple two-process model of effective

psychotherapy, interpreted from a problemsolving framework, has been developed along the

lines of Andrews’ suggestions for treatment by

Fazio.s,4 According to this model, patients

must develop a pc}sitive rapport with the therapist in such a way that patients are motivated to

engage in therapeutic exercises. For example,

with respect to phobias, these exercises would

involve the graduaJ exposure to anxietyproducing stimuli. The exercises are judged to be

therapeutic if they effect changes in the underlying hypothetical psychopathological condition

(e.g., extinguish anxiety) and its symptoms (e.g.,

avoidance behavior or loss of composure). In

order to test the generality of the model from

which specific treatments for specific problems

are derived, a variety of disorders other than

phobias have to be studied. Phobic reactions

have been studied extensively, however, because

of the ease with which one can operationally

measure and quantify the extent of the hypothetical underlying construct (i.e., fear) and its

observable operationally defined symptoms (e.g.,

avoidance behavior). The Behavioral Avoidance

Test (BAT), or one of its many variations, has

been used extensively in this regards >G Generally, the construct validities of an experimental

1
measure are estimated by the concurrent administration of a variety of other more traditional

assessment devices such as self-report scales of

fear. 7 However, when attempts are made to investigate other less explicit and more global

psychological states such as depression, readily

agreed upon operational definitions are not

available.

The purpose of the major investigation was

to study the interrelationships of a variety of

approaches and techniques for assessing psychological depression to determine the best set for

use in therapy evaluation studies. In an effort to

locate a variety of assessment devices for depression, library searches were undertaken by

several assistants. Computerized indexes were

searched using a variety of keywords (e.g.,

suicide), and researchers known to be interested

in research on depression were contacted. A

literature search as part of a doctoral dissertation by Ray Shipley in this laboratory found

very few published therapy experiments on

depression in psychology journals. Shipley and

Fazio8 used the Depression scale (D) of the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personalityy Inventory

(MMPI) and a rater-judged estimate of voice intensity suggested by Hargreaves and Starkweatherg in a small-scale study. Although the

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale 10 was used

initially, retest scores were judged to be too

unstable for our purposes of evaluating changes

associated with short-term psychotherapy. The

rater-judged estimates of voice intensity were

not associated with any changes in pretherapy

to posttherapy or in treatment versus control

groups. Only the MMPI D scale revealed any

statistically significant changes in pretherapy to

posttherapy depression scores.

During the summer of 1972, 39 college

students recruited from summer-session classes

were interviewed in a second attempt to estimate the diagnostic utility of voice indicators of

depression. Again, no statistically significant,

meaningful diagnostic indexes were found with

this sample for these behavioral indicators. For

example, vocal response latency to five neutral

and to five stressful interview questions for

subjects who were considered to be depressed

and not depressed on the basis of MMPI D scale

T scores.

The next attempt based on two larger

samples of college students from the University

of Wisconsin-Milwaukee was directed in a

different manner. During the fall of 1972, the

first sample was given a battery of tests in two

sessions approximately 1 week apart. Subsequently, the second sample was examinecl in the

spring of 1973. The battery of tests employed in

those assessments contained several well-known

measures of depression, anxiety, and other

aspects of mental health. One instrument of

particular interest to the principal investigator

Anthony F. Fazio was the General Well-Being

(GWB) schedule developed by Dupuy of the

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of

the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.1 The GWB promised to be of research

value because of its psychometric properties

(e.g., item response scores of O-5 as opposed to

O-1), its rational content structure, its brevity,

the possibility of accumulating a large data base

from which .ngrms could be generated for

comparison, and its use as part of a comprehensive Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(HANES) being conducted by NCHS. Since the

entire battery of tests and the interview used in

this research were administered within 1, week

for most subjects, and since no known systematic or planned form of intervention occurred

during this brief interim period, the concurrent

validities of the GWB and its various subscales

were analyzed using the variety of other assessment devices also employed.

Another report concerned with the concurrent validity and content relevance of the

GWB to other tests presently exists. Celeste

Simpkins and Frank Burkel I present, among

other items, phi coefficients between a sample

of mental health patients and a sample of

community residents drawn from the same

catchment area for all of the GWB items in

addition to several other scales. This study

replicates part of their work and extends the

nomological network of the GWB into new

areas.

DESIGN OF THE STUDY

During the fall of 1972, all college students

enrolled in introductory psychology classes were
approached with an Interest Inquiry form letter

(see the appendix). All participants who reported for testing were informed that the

questionnaires had to do with mental health

testing, that their responses would be kept

strictly confidential, and that an elaborate code

had been devised to keep their answers anonymous. They were requested to sign an Assurance

of Con~ldentiality Statement and an Authorization for Release of Academic Records (see the

appendix). Later the students were divided into

smaller groups and were asked to complete the

battery of tests as wiU be described below. The

battery was administered in two parts, each

about 1-1 Y2 hours in duration and approximately

1 week apart. Different tests were given first

because of the differences in schedule times for

many students. The interview always occurred at

the end of the second session. Of the more than

170 students initially responding, 127 of them

completed all phases of all tests and were

identified as group 1.

During the spring of 1973, the identical

procedure was followed. Of the more than 100

students who responded, 68 compIeted all tests

and were identified as gToup 2. Some of the tests

administered in the fall were not administered in

the spring and vice versa.

SOURCES OF THE MAJOR DATA ELEMENTS

The appendix presents some of the tests

used and their appropriate scoring keys for both

groups 1 and 2. Tests administered to both

groups are as follows:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (hihfPI).

The Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS).

The GeneraJ Well-Being schedule (GWB).

Personal interview.

The Minnesota Muitiphasic

Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Devised by Hathaway and hflcKinley 1z this

is a 566-item true-false inventory with 10

clinical scales and 3 validating scales. 18 For each

subject, 13 scale scores were tabulated from this

particular inventory which was chosen because it

is a “standard” in the field. A brief description

of the MMP1 scales follows.

Number

of items

15

64

30

33

60

60

50

60

40

48

Validity scales

(L) Lie-A high score indicates responses that places one in the most

acceptable light socially.

(F) Validity-a low score indicates

rational and relatively pertinent responses.

(K) Correction-a high score indicates

defensiveness that verges upon deliberate distortion” in making a more “normal” appearance.

Clinical scales

(Hs) Hypochondriasis-a high score

indicates abnormaI concern about

bodily functions. (K-corrected)

(D) Depression–a high score indicates

a symptom complex of depression.

(Hy) Hysteria–a high score indicates

conversion-type hysteria symptoms

such as paralyses. (K-corrected)

(Pal) Psychopathic Deviate-a high

score indicates absence of deep emotional response, inability to profit

from experience, and disregard of

social mores. (K-corrected)

(kIf) hlasculinity-Femininity Interests—a high score indicates a deviation

of basic interest pattern in the direction of the opposite sex.

(Pa) Paranoia-a high score indicates

suspiciousness, oversensitivity and delusions of persecution, with or without expansive egoism.

(Pt) Psychasthenia–a high score indicates phobic and compulsive behavior.

(K-corrected)

3
78 (Se) Schizophrenia–a high score indicates bizarre and unusual thoughts or

behavior. (K-corrected)

46 (Ma) Hypomania-a high score indicates overproductivity in thought and

action. (K-corrected)

70 (Si) Social Introversion-Extraversion–

a high score indicates a tendency to

withdraw from social contact with

others.

Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS)

This 45-item true-false scale, constructed by

Dohrenwend and Crandel,l 3 was derived from

the Langner Scale used in the Stirling County

and Midtown Manhattan studies. 14 Additional

items were suggested by psychiatric personnel

associated with a research project. This scale was

selected for its updated revision of other “standard” tests in the field. For these analyses two

subscales were constructed using the criterion

that 6 out of 8 judges agreed that the item was

relevant a prz”ori to either anxiety or depression

but not to both. These two subscales contain 10

and 7 items, respectively. The items for each

subscale are shown separately in the appendix.

General Well-Being Schedule (GWB)

This schedule contains 33 items–the first 14

items are 6 response option items, the next 4

items are O-10 rating bars, and the last 15 items

are criterion-type behavioral and self-evaluation

items.1 1--1G Six subscales measure health worry,

energy “level, satisfying interesting life, depressed-cheerful mood, emotional-behavioral

control, and relaxed versus tense-anxious. These

ratings can be obtained as well as an overall total

scale score. The GWB was included in this

investigation to “test” the robustness of its

short, direct, and rational approach to assessing

self-representations of depression and tensionanxiety compared with the more generalized

approaches used in the other assessment instruments. (See the appendix for a copy of the GWB

and its case record summary sheet for item

response scoring. ) The GWB is scored in a

positive direction in that a high score reflects a

self-representation of well-being.

Personal interview

A personal interview was conducted with

each subject. This half-hour, face-to-face interview took place at the end of the second half of

the second testing session, 1 week after the first

testing session. Because of the number of subjects and questionnaires involved, many assistants participated in the data collection phases

and also conducted the interviews. Demographic

data were requested along with statements of

satisfaction about proWess toward goals and

other pertinent information. In ail, 39 items

were recorded. After the subject had left, the

interviewer rated the degree of depression, if

any, which was manifested by the subject during

the interview. The three items used in these

analyses were age, sex, and the interviewer’s

rating of depression. A copy of the interview

schedule for group 2 is shown in the appendix.

For group 1, the following additional questionnaires were administered:

The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

(SDS) .–This is a 20-item scale, with 4 choice

response options for each item, specific to

psychological depression. 10 For each subject a

converted raw score for each of the 20 items was

tabulated and later converted to a total depression score with a possible range of 25-100. This

questionnaire was chosen because it was easy to

administer, short, and contains many items of

clinical interes~ for the assessment of depression

(see the appendix).

The College Health Questionnaire (CH@-

This is an 82-item multiple-choice test with

16 subscales and 2 validating scales. 17 For

these analyses 3 subscale scores were tabuIatcd–current depression, 19 items; past depression, 14 items; and anxiety, 6 items (see the

appendix). This questionnaire was chosen because of its apparent relevance to college student

populations.

For group 2, the following questionnaire was

substituted for the SDS and the CHQ:

The Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI).–This

questionnaire consists of 2 subscales-anxiety,

21 true-false items; and depression, 45 true-false

items. These 66 items were obtained from Zubin
and Fleissl S and

nearly 700 items

were factor analyzed from

from the combined Present

State” Examination of Wing et al. (1967)1 g and

the Psychiatric Status Schedule of Spitzer et al.

(1970).20 These subscales were used because

they were reported to be able to discriminate

anxiety from depression.

Thus, in all, approximately 800 elements of

information were obtained from each subject

which were reduced to 91 data elements taken

from the tests as just described. Because a

variety of scales was administered, scale scores

rather than individual items (many of which are

scored only as true-false) are the main bases for

comparison.

DATA PREPARATION PROCEDURES

Each subject was assigned an identification

number by drawing without replacement from a

set of numbers prepared earlier. A code sheet

was kept by the principal investigator in case

subjects had to be recalled at a later time. After

all testing was completed, the code sheet was

destroyed, making it impossible to identify any

subject’s responses to the questions. All tests

were scored at least twice by independent

assistants, after which all scores were transferred

to coding sheets for keypunching. Each coding

sheet was doublechecked for errors, missing

entries, etc. All keypunching was verified and

off-line lists were again checked for errors.

Finally, the data were checked using a computer

program for field limits, number of cases, and

other specifications. The principal investigator

personally supervised and/or checked every one

of the 91 data eIements for each of the 195

subjects in the data base.

The data were arranged by group and sex of

the subject in two-card records. A machinereadable data file, containing a complete case

record summary listing of the data set, was

prepared. A coding manual containing the data

element sources and their scoring, their location

in the data set, etc., also was prepared.

All data analyses were computed by use of a

UNIVAC 1106 or 1110, as well as programs from

the Basic Statistical Package (BSP), which was

developed by the Social Science Research Facility of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

For the purpose of this report, the 91 data

elements were reduced to 74. This reduction

reflects the use of sex as a control variable and

the exclusion of the 9 items of question 24 of

the GWB and 7 interview items. The major

statistical measure used in this report to show

the degree of association or relationship between

any two data elements is the product-moment

correlation coefficient. The degree of association between any two data elements varies

positively with the numerical value of this

coefficient.

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

General Population From Which the

Sample Was Drawn

During the fall and the spring semesters of

1972-73, the student population at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee was approximately

23,000, mostly young white adults aged 18-25

years, of which approximately 57 percent were

male. The subpopulation of students in introductory psychology classes consisted of approximately 60 percent females.

The Study Sample

The sample of 79 males from both semesters

may be characterized by the following data: age

in years, ~ = 19.6, SD = 2.4; freshman; hokling

a part-time job; and not on medications.

The sample of 116 females may be characterized as: age in years, ~ = 18.9; SD = 2.5;

freshman; holding a part-time job; and not on

medications.

Consistent with the data for the introductory psychology classes, 59.5 percent of the

sample was female.

While the sex-age characteristics of the study

sample appeared to reasonably approximate the

subpopulation, the statistical findings reported

herein, however, are not to be taken as characterizing this subpopulation. Furthermore, the

purpose of this report is not to make population

estimates but rather to make comparative analyses of the relationships among several measures

of depression. This report thus limits its scope to

these comparative analyses and evaluation of

these relationships.

5
DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF

STUDY SAMPLE

Table 1 contains the summarized data for

males, females, and both sexes for each item in

the case record summary listing.

General Well-Being Data

Remembering that the GWB is scored in a

positive direction, the average scores for both

sexes indicated that they were:

1. In good spirits.

2. Only a little bothered by nervousness.

3. Generally in firm control of behavior

and feelings.

4. Only a little sad at times but not bothered

by it.

5. Under some pressure or stress, but about

the usual amount.

6. Fairly happy “with their personal life.

7. Virtually not at all worried about losing

control of their mind.

8. Anxious enough to be bothered by it.

9. Often sleeping fairly well.

10. Only a little bothered by illness and pain.

11. Interested in life a good bit of the time.

12. Feeling downhearted and blue only a little of the time.

13. Feeling emotionally stable a good bit of

the time.

14. Feeling worn out only a little of the time.

15. Generally not concerned about their

health.

16. FeeIing more relaxed than tense.

17. Feeling more energetic than listless.

18. Feeling more cheerful than depressed.

Although the students reported occasional

personal problems, they tended neither to have

sought help nor to have been concerned about

their problems. Very few reported having had a

nervous breakdown or having had feelings tending towm”d a breakdown. Even fewer had been

clinical patients or had seen professionals for

psychological problems.

Average scores for the six GWB subsca.les

and for the total scale were generally lower

than those for the sample of community residents in Nashville, Tennessee, as reported. by

Simpkins and Burke.11

Personal interview Data

In general, the subjects were young adults

graduated from public schools, satisfied with

their living arrangements, and not interested in

psychological therapy. They reported being satisfied with their girlfriend/boyfriend arrangements

and with the progress they were making toward

their goals. The interviewers did not find them

to be manifestly depressed. Tables 2 and 3

present a basis for comparing data fro]m the

GWB with the unweighed national sample in

terms of Dupuy’s tentative descriptive attribution of well-being and distress and the joint

distribution of GWB scores and interviewer

ratings in the study sample. The GWB mean and

median scores indicate that the study sample

was at a level of marginal positive well-being and

slightly above mild problem-indicative distress.

The interviewer ratings placed 36.9 percent, or

72 out of 195, of the study sample as showing at

least some concern about their proble:ms or

being slightly depressed, compared with 40.5

percent, or 79 out of 195, who scored at the

problem-indicative or clinically significant distress levels on the GWB.

MMPI Data

The average profiles for males and for

females are presented in figure 1. For this

sample of interviewees, the average MMPI profile

might be interpreted to reflect a little greater

impulsivity than would be expected normally

and a tendency toward unconventionality in

both thought and behavior.z 1 Whether these

scores characterize college students oIn this

campus or only students interested in being part

of a psychological experiment was not explored

in this report. The D scale (Depression) has a

mean of 59.0, which is 0.9 of a standard

deviation above “normal” which indicates a

slightly depressive affect. There were also 42.6
80

70 [

01 , I I , ! I , t 1

LF K Hs D HY Pd Mf Pa P! Sc Ma St

MMPI SCALE

Figure 1. Mean MMPI profiles for males and for females.

percent who made a score of 60 or higher and

21.5 percent who made a score of 70 o; higher,

which is 1 and 2 standard deviations above 50.0,

respective y.

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale Data

Consistent with the scores on the other

scales, the interviewees reported onIy a little

distress, concern, or depression. The average

total converted scores for both sexes (45.0) was

somewhat higher than that reported by Zung for

his “100 normal controls” (33.0) but not as

high as for his patient population groups (63-90

before treatment). Simpkins and Burke reported

mean scores for their community subjects of

40.5 for males and 44.4 for females,l 1 compared with 42.3 and 46.7 in this sample,

respectively. Thus the sample showed a slightly

more depressive affect than these comparison

groups.

College Health Questionnaire Data

Because of several discrepancies in details

described by the authors of this scale in separate

publications, it is impossible to compare our

findings with otherwise similar studies.17 These

data are presented in table 1 for future comparisons by other researchers.

Psychiatric Symptoms Scale Data

Published norms do not exist for the unique

subscales of Depression and Anxiety deveIoped

for this study. No comparisons can be made.

Future researchers can score their findings according to our codes for comparisons.

Personal Feelings inventory Data

Again no published norms are available for

comparisons using the two subscales for Depression and Anxiety. Future researchers can use

these findings for their own comparisons.

In summary, the findings from the interviewer ratings, the GWB, MMPI, and Zung scales

indicate that about one-third of the study

sample reflected some degree of mild or greater

depressive affect which was slightly greater than

expected when compared with other investigators ‘ “normative” findings. However, it is clear

that the study sample distribution of scores on

the depression measures provides a range of

scores sufficiently great enough to allow a

statistical determination of association to

emerge among the different measures of depression, if there is in fact a definite relationship

among these measures.

COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF THE MAJOR

DATA ELEMENTS WITH INTERVIEWER

RATINGS OF DEPRESSION

The interviewer’s rating of depression is

viewed here as an independent criterion against

which to assess the concurrent wdidity of the

various measures of depression and other selfreported data eIements. The interviewer used a

structured questionnaire as a stimulus to elicit

structured, semistructured, and open-field responses. The questionnaire did not include any

specific or expIicit questions about depression or

anxiety. After each interview, the interviewer

then made his or her rating of depression on a

partially structured sczde of 0-10 and possibly

higher. A copy of the interview form is shown in

the appendix. Table 3 shows the distribution of

the ratings for the 195 students in the study.

The high skewness of these ratings is apparent in

that 63 percent of the ratings were O or 1, which

reflect a positive or neutral affect, respectively.

This skewness will tend to restrict the numerical

values of the correlation coefficients for the

scales which allow for more positive expressions

7
of well-being such as the GWB and, to some

extent, the Zung scale.

Table 4 presents the product-moment correlation coefficients and significance levels of 73

major data elements with the interviewer ratings

for males, females, and both sexes separately.

Note that negative signs are not shown in the

correlations except where the relationship was

opposite from expected and for the three

validity scales of the MMPI and age which are

needed for interpretation. All GWB data elements, since they are scored as positive, would

have negative signs; they are not shown since it

would complicate the description of findings.

The .01 level or better of statistical significance

is used to describe a significant relationship in

the presentation of findings.

Item-Level Correlations of the GWB

and Zung With 1nterviewer Ratings

All 18 items of the GWB total scale were

significantly correlated with the criterion for the

total sample; however, only 10 items among the

males but 17 items among the females had

significant correlations, For the 6 criterial items,

all were significant for the total sample, none

were for males separately while 5 were for

females separately. It is surprising that the

correlations among the females were as high as

they were considering the low frequency of

response to having had or having felt near a

nervous breakdown, or having been a clinical

patient, or having had professional help (4

items). The responses to the question reflecting

psychologic problems over the past year were

moderately correlated with the criterion for

both sexes. The social-emotional support item

had a rather low relationship with the criterion

and thus its content may not reflect a distressing aspect in students’ lives in that only 12

students reported a lack of such support (options 3,4, and 5 of the original code).

Among the 20 items in the Zung scale only 4

items for the total sample, none for males, and

only 8 for females had a significant correlation

with the criterion. Surprisingly, 13 items for the

males and 2 items for the females had correlations in a negative direction with the criterion,

which is opposite to what would be expected.

The highest item correlations with the criterion for each sex on the GWB scale-were .44

for males (nervousness) and .46 for females (sad,

discouraged, hopeless). For the Zung scale the

highest item correlations were .34 for males

(losing weight) and .36 females (still enjoy sex).

In general, item-criterion correlations were

higher among females compared with males for

both scales, and notably higher for the GWB

items compared to the Zung items for both

sexes. Age was not significantly correlated with

the criterion for either sex although thlere was a

slight tendency for more depressed ratings with

higher age in this college sample.

Scale Correlations With the

Interviewer Ratings

Of the 28 scales and subicales (SS) used in

this study, 24 correlated with the criterion at the

.01 level or better of significance for the total

sample. However, only 8 scales among males

compared with 20 scales among females were

correlated at the .01 level or better (table A).

While the Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI)

45-item Depression scale had the highest correlations with the criterion for both the total group

and males, these data were obtained for only 68

students—30 males and 38 females. The GWB

18-item total scale and its 2 subscales of cheerful

versus depressed mood (4 items) and emotionalbehavioral control (3 items) had the next highest

correlations for all of the 195 students and

generally for males and females separately. Of

the remaining scales, only the 10-item Anxiety

subscale of the Psychiatric Symptoms Scale

(PSS) and the 4-item GWB subscale of relaxed

versus tense-anxious correlated at the .01 level

or better for both males and females separately.

Thus, the three very short subscales of the GWB

correlated with the criterion about as well as or

better than the many other scales that had many

more items. The 18-item GWB total scale had

the highest correlations with the criterion when

responses from the total sample (n = 195) are

considered. The MMPI Depression scale and the

Zung Depression scale worked very poorly for

males (essentially zero correlations) but moderately well for females.

8
Table A. Productwoment correlations of scales and subscales (in rank order) with interviewer depression ratings, by sex

Rank

order

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

1

2

3

Scale and subscale

PF1–Depression ............ ........ ............ ............ .. .... .. .... .................... ................ ..................................

GWB-Total scale ........................ .............. .......................................... ...... ............ ...........................

GWB–(SS) Cheerful versus depressed mood ....................................................................................

GWB–(SS) Emotional-behavioral control ........ .... .. .......... ............ .................... ...... .................... ......

PFl.Anxiety ....... .... .............. ...... .. ...... .............................................................................. ..............

PSS.Anxiety .... .............. .............. ............ .................... ...... .................. .... ...... .............. ...................

PSS–Depression ................... ..............8..... .................. ........................ .. .......... .................... .............

GWB–(SS) Relaxad versus tense, anxious ................................ ........................................................

CHQ-Currant Depression ............. ...... ...... ........ .... ........ ...... .... ............ ........ ........................ ...... .......

CHQ-Past Depression ................................................................................ .....................................

GWB–(SS) Satisfying, interesting life ....... .. ........................ ........................ .................................... .

GWB–(SS) Energy level ................ .................................................. .................................... ...... .......

Zung-Depression ................... .............. .......................................... ...... .......................... .................

GWB–(SS) Free from health worry .............................. ...... ...... ...... ...... .............. ............ ...... .... .......

MMP1-(Pd) Psychopathic ........ .. ...................... ...... .................................... ......................................

MMPI–(SC) Schizophrenia ....... ...... ............ ...... ................................ .............................. ............ ......

MMPI-(Hs) Hypochondriasis .. .................... ...... .... ......................... .................................................

MMPI–(D) Depression ........ ........................ .................. ........................ ...... ...... ........ ...... .................

MMP1–(Pt) Psychasthenia ....................................... ............ ............................................................

MMP1–(Hy) Hysteria .. .............. .... ....... ....... .......................................... .......................... .... .............

MMP1–(Ma) Hypomania .......... .............. .... .. .... ...... .................... ...................................... .... ............

MMP1–(Pa) Paranoia ............... ...... ...... ...... ...... ........ ...... ...................... .................... ...... ............. .....

MMP1–(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion . ............ .... .................... ..............................................

CHQ–Anxiety ................... .................................................... ..........................................................

MMP1–(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests ......... ............ .. .......... .. ...... ...... ................................ .

MMPI validity scales

(F) Validity ....... .... .. ............ .................. .. .......................................... ..............................................

(K) Correction ......... .................... ....................................................................................................

(L) Lie ............................ ...... ............ ............ ........ ...... ........................ ........ .... ...... ...................... .....

Icorrelations significant at .01 level.

An overview of these correlations suggests

that the interviewer ratings of depression actually correlated about as highly with Anxiety

scales as with the Depression scales. Thus, either

the scales or the interviewers or both failed to

differentiate between these two psychological

states. It is also of interest to note the significant

correlations with the criterion among males of

the two scales reflecting fear or concern about

health and health complaints while these did not

significantly correlate with the criterion among

females.

Intercorrelations Among the Depression,

Anxiety, and GWB Scales

Table 5 presents the intercorrelation matrix

among the Depression, Anxiety, GWB scales,

AIElizCriterion correlation

1.50

1,47

1,44

1.43

1,41

1,4(J

1,39

1,38

1.36

1.34

1.34

1.31

1.28

1.27

1.26

1.25

1.24

1.21

1.21

1.19

1.18

1.18

.17

.10

.08

1.34

1-.21

-.12

1.57

1.45

1.36

1.36

.42

1.36

.25

1.35

-.01

.03

.23

.25

-.01

1.35

.08

.13

1.33

.05

.14

.17

.14

.01

.12

.02

.07

.13

-.01

-.21

1.42

1.48

1.48

1.48

1.42

1.42

1.47

1.40

1.48

1.45

1.39

1.35

1.39

.21

1.37

1.34

.19

1.32

1.27

.21

.21

1.27

.19

.13

.16

1.45

1-.30

-.06

and interviewer ratings for males and females

combined. The correl~tion between the College

Health Questionnaire (CHQ) Current and Past

Depression scaIes (.96) shouId be ignored since

12 of the 14 items in the Past Depression scale

are also included in the Current Depression

scale; subscale correlations of the GWB with the

GWB total scale should also be ignored since

each subscale forms a part of the total scale. In

generaI the intercorrelations among the depression scales, among the anxiety scales, and

between the two sets of scales are quite high. No

scale seems to be definitely more highly correlated with the other scales for either the

depression or anxiety scales. The GWB subscale

of cheerful \rersus depressed mood had an

average correlation of .63 with the other six

depression scales and of .54 with the four

9
anxiety scales. The GWB subscale of relaxed

versus tense+mxious had an average correlation

of .59 with the seven scales of depression and of

.63 with the other three scales of anxiety, while

these two GWB subscales correlated :70. Thus,

while these two GWB subscales are highly

correlated, the y were slightly more related to

their respective psychological states as reflected

by other measures of these states.

The GWB subscale of emotional-behavioral

control had high average correlations with the

depression scales (.60) and with the anxiety

scales (.57).

The GWB total scale had a very high average

correlation of .69 with the six independent

depression scales and of .64 with the three

independent anxiety scales.

In general the seven depression and four

anxiety scales seemed to have measured almost

equally well the psychological states they had

been constructed to measure; however, none of

them clearly differentiated depression from

anxiety. The total GWB scale measured depression and anxiety better than the separate scales

measured them.

Multiple linear regression equations were

computed using the six GWB subscales to

predict each of the other depression and anxiety

measures to determine the maximum amount of

variance that could be accounted for in these

measures. In table B the results are shown in

terms of the multiple correlation coefficients

and compared with the simple zero-order

product-moment correlations with the GWB

total scale. The mean multiple correlations (R)

indicate that very little was gained by clifferential weighting of the GWB subscales to predict a

given measure above that of the GWB total scale

scores. One thing of interest is that the mean

multiple R‘s for males and females are the same

while there was a slight difference by sex.for the

total GWB scale. The conclusion drawn from

this is that the GWB total scale is as predictive

for these various measures as a group for both

sexes as would be differential weighting of the

six GWB subscales.

SOME CONTENT PROPERTIES OF THE GWB

Reliability

The GWB was readministered to 41 st’udents

from the original sample about 3 months after

the first test. The test-retest correlation was .851

for the total scale. The mean values of :74.6 for

the first test and 73.0 for the second and

standard deviations of 16.6 for the first test and

16.7 for the second were virtually identical.

These data indicate that for each of these

students the total GWB score was about the

same at these two points in time.

The internal consistency coefficients of reliabilityy were computed for the 18-item GWB

total scale and the 20-item Zung scale by use of

Table B. Multiple correlations of Depression and AnxieW scales with six General Well-Being (GWB) subscales, zero-order correlations

with total GWB scele, and mean correlations, by sex

=lI=E

Depression and Anxiety scale

Interviewer rating ......................................................................................... ........ ........

MMPI–(D) Depression ........ .......... ............ .. ............................ .............. ........ ...............

Zung.Depression ... ........ ............ ............................................ ......................................

CHQ–Current Depression ......... ........ ................................................... ......<.e...............

CHQ–Past Depression ... ............................ ........................................... ...... ..................

CHQ.Anxiety ........ ................................................. .................................................<...

PFl– Depression ...........................................................................................................

PFl.AnxieW ..................................... ................ ...........................................................

PSS–A nxi ety ...............,, ..:.,....., ............................................ .......................................

PSS-Depression ........... ......................................................... ........ .............. .................

Mean correlation ..........................................................................................................

izllElz

Multiple correlation

.491

.574

.691

.810

.726

.571

.803

.674

.797

.736

.687

.484

.554

.739

.732

.684

.632

.932

.794

.758

.722

.703

.518

.638

.6&

.836

.755

.557

.800

.643

.817

.758

.701

~~

Zero-order correla-

.468

.534

.661

.801

.692

.516

.780

.630

.759

.704

.654

tion

.445

.442

.618

.725

.626

.481

.841D

.716

.71’7

.658

.627

.482

.631

.668

.820

.707

.510

.730

.538

.774

.729

.659

10
Table C: Internal consistency coefficients of reliability by sex

for GWB and Zung scales

Scale I

Num- 1

Male I

Feber male

Internal consistency

coefficient

Total GWB ... ........ ............ .. .................

I

195 .912 .945

Zung ............. .......................... ............ 127 .830 .886

item to total scale score correlations for each sex

and are shown in table C. The GWB total scale

was somewhat more internally consistent than

the Zung scale for both sexes while the differences between males and females within scales

were not very great. The high level of internal

consistency of the 18 GWB total scale items

indicated that it is a homogeneous scale basically

measuring a singular dimension or general

psychological state in this sample. Thus, the

subscales of the GWB also measured some

properties of this general state and were somewhat highly intercorrelated as can be seen in

table 6.

Using a different approach, the six subscales

of the GWB were submitted to a cluster analysis

along with the total score and the interviewer

rating. The analyses were performed separately

for males, females, and both sexes. Although the

total score was first combined with subscale 5

(emotional-behavioral control), the stress values

for that subscale and every other combination

suggested that all of the separate subscales were

at least partialIy independent of each other.

The Meaningfulness of the GWB

Taking into consideration the designated

titles of the various measures used in this study

as reflecting expressions of psychological states

of depression and anxiety or the absence thereof, the moderate-to-high correlations of the

GWB with these measures indicates that its

major measurement dimension is also reflecting

these states. It seems reasonable to view each of

these two states as constituting a dimensionalized continuum of feelings of distress but not

necessarily extending to a state of well-being.

Since the GWB was the only measure in this

study which purports to measure a sense of

well-being and distress, its value in measuring

well-being cannot be assessed herein. However,

its capability to measure distress is clearly

supported.

The weakest meaningful property of the

GWB seems to be in the differentiation of the

total scale into the six subscales. However, this

weakness does not Iie in the rational effort to

differentiate a more global concept into its

component parts, but rather in the need to

include more elements of assessment in each

component part so that more reliable measures

can be made of these parts. An intensive

analyses of the GWB item intercorrelations and

their correlations with other measures indicated

that the items in each subscale are most meaningfully placed within the designated subscale if

these six rational subscales are to be used. For

example, the two items in the health worry or

concern subscale correlated .49 with each other

which was higher than either one of them

correlated with any of the other 16 GWB items.

The desideratum is to construct a large number

of items for each subscale and empirically

determine the most homogeneous set that would

also be least correlated with other subscales.

However, even though the GWB subscales intercorrelated fairly highly in this college student

sample, they may well show a more differentiated pattern (lower intercorrelations) among

more severely distressed samples with more

clearly differentiated symptom patterns, such as

clinical patients.

The surprisingly high correlations of the

GWB items with the other measures of depression and anxiety indicate that the multiple

response options of these items are properly

ordered and form mini-scaIes in their own right

(table 7).

“PERSON TYPES’–CLUSTER AND

DISC RIM INANT ANALYSES

A completely different approach was taken

to explore the possibility that the study sample

could be clustered into several “person types”

with respect to the seven measures from the

GWB (i.e., the six subscales plus the totaI) and

the interviewer rating. Cluster analyses were run

separately for males and females. Since there are

no hard and fast rules regarding the optimum

11
number of groups to be obtained, the

factor associated with putting persons

error

with

grossly different scores k“ the s~m~ group must

be weighed against the total number of groups

that can be meaningfully identified. Five groups

‘ of males and five groups of females seemed to be

the optimum number in this sample. These five

groups were then submitted to a discriminant

analysis which provided descriptive statistics on

how the eight variables contributed to the

differential group membership. The following

interpretation is based on the statistics shown in

table 8.

For the males the five groups of interviewees

appeared to differ with respect to overall adjustment, interviewer rating, and the energy level

subscale. These five groups might be described as:

high well-being (group 1); about average wellbeing (group 2); about average well-being but

concerned about their health (group 3); below

average well-being (group 4); and distressed,

unhappy, and depressed but not severely lacking

in energy (group 5).

For the females the five groups of interviewees differed with respect to overall adjustment, interviewer rating, and subscale scores as

had the males. These five groups might be

described as: h~gh well-being (group 1); about

average well-being (group 2); below average

well-being with somatic concern and low in

energy (group 3); below average well-being with

little somatic concern (group 4); and generally

distressed, unhappy and depressed (group 5).

OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE GWB

After a great many statistical analyses of

several different kinds, what can be said about

the utility and validity of the GWB for assessing

general well-being? The “hard” reasons for

including the GWB in this research investigation

were stated earlier in the text (see “Purpose”).

In addition, the GWB was “pragmatically professional” when compared with the 566-item truefalse MMPI or the relatively new College Health

Questionnaire with its multiple-choice format.

The GWB is well designed, easy to comprehend,

and its content coverage is apparent. Since no

previous data existed when this investigation was

started in 1972, it was truly an untried instrument and was included because of its manifest

properties. However, did the GWB differentiate

the more depressed students in our sample from

the less depressed ones? The answer, as reflected

in several criterial measures, is affirmative, It was

clearly better than most of the other measures

for each sex in its strength of relationship with

the interviewer rating of depression, The total

GWB scale and the two short, 4-item subscales

of depression and tension-anxiety intercorreIated as highly with the other more extensive

measures of these two states as these other

measures did among themselves. None of the

sample persons expressed any trouble either in

understanding or in responding to the GWB

items—unlike the true-false forced-choice format

of the MMPI-and the, GWB emerged as the

single most useful instrument in measuring depression.

This particular study did not provide a

reliable way to evaluate the GWB criterial

section items because the sample was too homogeneous and markedly skewed on these behavioral manifestations of psychological distress.

Evaluation of some of the GWB items and

subscales was limited also because the criterial

measures were selected basically to measure

depression and anxiety and not some of the

other rational content area built into the GWB.

The major weakness of the GWB seems to be

that the subscales have too few items to ]?rovide

content homogeneous and reliable sub scales for

individual assessment on these aspects of wellbeing or disp-ess.

Where does the GWB stand in terms of

current-day relevance? A recent article by

Campbellz Z indicates that statistics, national or

otherwise, have too long involved monetary and

tangible product manifestations of our lives,

while if it is the quality of the life experience of

the population that is of concern, then measures

have to be developed to assess the individual’s

sense of well-being. The General Well-Being

schedule seems to have originated before its time

but is now in the right place at the right time to

present coherent and useful data about the

subjective well-being of large cross sections of

our citizenry.

Because the GWB is brief, well designed, and

relevant in content, it should be useful in a

12
variety of research and applied settings, such as a

quality-of-life index, a mental health status

appraisal, a measure of psychotherapy outcome

evaluation, and a social indicator for measuring

population changes in sense of well-being over

time. Accordingly, at a practical action level, it

was recommended and included in a 1976 health

needs study, invoIving a larger sample of college

students (n = 419) attending the University of

Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Data collected from this

larger independent sample are very similar to the

data reported here with respect to GWB scale

score means, standard deviations, and other

measurements. Because of the very large data

base (n = 6,931) for the GWB from the NCHS’

NationaI Health Examination Survey of Adults

(1971-1975), meaningful norms can be established against which individual and special sample comparisons can be made by researchers in

many settings throughout the United States.

000

13
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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

LIST OF DETAILED TABLES

Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the major data elements, by sex ......................................... ............................

Evaluative assessment of unweighed national sample based on the General Well-Being (GWB) total scale scores ....... ...............

Number and percent distribution of study sample, by total General Well-Being (GWB) scale score and interviewer depression

rating seal e ............................ ..................................................... ............................. ......................... ............. ............................ .

Product-moment correlation coefficients of major data elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels,

by sex ............................................................. ...........................................................................................................................

Intercorrelations among the Depression, Anxiety, and GWB scales for combined male and female sample ................................

Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multiple correlations (R) for total sample .................................. ............ ...................................................................... ........................

Product-moment correlations of the major data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample ..... ............

Person-type cluster analyses descriptive statistics, by group type, sex, and scale ......... .............. ............. ......................... ..........

16

18

19

20

22

23

26

28

15
Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the maior data elemen IV sex

Score range

Mean value Standard deviation

Potential

Itern

number

Actual total Major data element

Total

Female

Female Male Total Male Low High Low High

GENERAL WELL-BEING

SCHEDULE (GWB)

Scale itemsl,z

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

28

30

31

32

33

34

35

Good spirits ......................................... ........

Newousness ................................... ........ ......

Firm control of bahavior, emotions ...... .. .... .

Sad, discouraged, hopeless ...........................

Stress, strain, pressure ................... ........ ......

Happy, satisfied with life.., ..........................

Afraid of losing mind, or losing control .....

Anxious, worried, upset .. .............. .. ...... ......

Waking fresh, rested ................................ ....

Bothered by bodily disorders ......................

Interesting daily life ....................... ........ .....

Downhearted, blue ................... ................ ...

Emotionally stable, sure of self ...................

Feeling tired, worn out .................... ............

Health concern, worry ............... ..................

Relaxed.tense ................................... .. ...... ...

Energy level .................................................

Depressed-cheerful ....... .............. .............. ...

2.9

3.1

3.7

4.C

2.7

2.7

4.3

3.3

2.8

4.0

3.2

3.5

3.5

3.2

7.2

5.4

6.0

6.2

3.5

2.6

2.9

2.9

2.9

4.7

11.3

11.9

5.9

16.7

15.1

11,5

72.4

19.2

1.4

2.9

1.7

3.1

3.8

3.9

4.2

2.8

2.6

4.4

3.6

2.8

4.3

3.1

3.7

3.8

3.4

7.3

5.7

6.3

6.2

3.7

2.7

2.9

2.9

2.8

4.5

11.6

12.5

5.7

17.2

15.9

12.1

75.1

19.6

1.3

2.4

1.6

2.8

3.5

3.5

3.8

2.7

2.7

4.2

3.1

2.8

3.9

3.3

3.4

3.3

3.1

7.2

5.2

5.8

6.2

3.4

2.6

2.9

2.9

2,9

4.8

11.1

11.6

6.0

16.3

‘f4.5

11<1

70.5

18.9

1.4

3.2

1.8

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.1

2.4

2.4

2.1

2.1

1.1

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.3

3.2

3.6

2.2

4.5

5.0

2.8

16.7

2.5

1.5

2.7

1.8

0.9

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.0

1.1

0.9

1.1

1.1

2.5

2.3

1.9

2.0

1.0

0.7

0.2

0.3

0.4

1.2

3.2

3.3

1.9

4.2

4.8

2.7

14.8

2.4

1.3

2.5

2.8

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.0

1.2

1.2

2.4

2,5

2.1

2.2

1.2

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.4

1.3

3.1

3.8

2.3

4.7

5.0

2.8

17.8

2.5

1.5

2.8

1.9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

. . .

0

0

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

10

10

10

10

5

3

3

3

3

7

15

20

10

25

25

15

110

. . .

10

10

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

(1

0,

0’

0,

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

4

1

2

27

16

0

0

0

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

10

10

10

10

5

3

3

3

3

7

15

19

10

25

25

15

108

34

8

10

7

Criterial items1~2

Psychologic problems .................. ................

Felt near nervous breakdown ......................

Had nervous breakdown .. ............................

Clinical patient ........................................... .

Psychologic attention ........................... .......

Social-emotional support ............... ..............

Subscalesl~2

Freedom from health concern, worry,

or distress .. .................................................

Energy level .......................................... .. .....

Satisfying, interesting life ............................

Cheerful versus depressed mood ..................

Relaxed versus tense, anxious . .....................

Emotional-behavioral control ......................

GWB total scalez ........................................

Age ............... ............................ ...................

Interviewer depression rating .... .. ............ .. ...

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE

(Pss)l

Anxiety .......................................................

Depression ............. .. .............. ...... .. ...... ........

See footnotes at end of table.

16
Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and score ranges for the major data elements, by sex–Con. —

Item

number

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

64

55

56

57

58

s

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

68

70

71

72

Major data element

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)

T SCORES1*3

Validity scales

(L) Lie .........................................................

(F) Validity ............. ............ ........ ............ ....

(K) Correction .............................................

Clinical scalesl

(Hs) Hypochondriasis ..................................

(D) Depression ................... .........................

(Hy) Hysteria ................................... ...........

(pal) psychopathic .......................................

(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests ........

(Pa) Paranoia .......................................... .....

(Pt) Psychasthenia ............................ ...........

(Se) schizophrenia ................... .. .................

(Ma) Hypomania ... .. .... .. ...... ...... ...... .. .... ......

(Si) Social introversion-Extmversion ...........

ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS4

Downhearted, blue ................... ...... .. .... .......

Morning, feel best ............... ...... ........ .... .......

Crying spells ................. .............. ............ .....

Trouble sleeping ..........................................

Eat as much as usual ...... .............. ................

Still enjoy sex ............................. .................

Losing wight .............. ............. .................. .

Constipated ..... .... .. ...... ............ ........ ............

Heart beats fast ................... ........................

Get tired for no reason ...... ..........................

Mind clear as usual ............ ...... .. ............ ......

Easy to do things .........................................

Restless, can’t keep still ...... ............ ............ .

Hopeful about future .............. ............ ........

More irritable than usual ......... ....................

Easy to make decisions ..................... .... .. .....

Feel useful and needed ...................... .... ......

Life is pretty full ................ ...... .. .................

Othars better off if I were dead ...................

Still enjoy things .. .................... .. .... .... .........

Zung total score (SDS) .................... ...... ......

COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE

(CHQ)4

;urrent Depression ................... ....... ..... .......

‘ast Depression ............................ ............ ....

Anxiety .......................................................

Mean value

Total

47.0

59.1

51.6

55.0

59.0

58.6

62.0

53.1

58.7

61.7

65.0

61.7

56.5

1.7

3.1

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.3

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.1

1.8

1.7

2.2

2.2

1.8

1.1

1.9

45.0

38.9

28.6

11.1

Male

48.4

58.8

52.9

56.1

60.8

59.2

64.5

64.1

57.3

62.7

65.3

60.9

54.8

1.6

3.3

1.1

1.5

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.7

2.0

2.1

1.6

1.6

1.9

2.2

1.9

1.2

1.9

42.3

36.3

25.5

9.8

Female

46.0

59.4

50.6

54.3

57.8

58.2

60.3

45.6

59.7

61.0

64.7

62.2

57.7

1.8

3.0

1.7

1.6

2.0

1.6

1.6

1.3

1.4

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.0

1.8

2.4

2.2

1.8

1.1

1.9

46.7

40.6

30.5

11.9

Standard deviation

Total

6.6

10.6

8.8

10.2

13.8

8.9

12.2

13.0

10.5

11.3

14.3

11.9

11.7

0.7

0.9

0.7

0.8

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.6

0.6

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.0

0.8

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.5

1.0

11.8

9.6

8.7

3.7

Male

7.6

9.9

9.4

11.3

14.2

9.1

11.6

9.5

10.5

12.4

15.9

12.5

11.0

0.8

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.8

1.0

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.6

0.9

1.0

1.2

0.8

0.8

1.0

1.1

0.9

0.6

1.0

10.2

7.0

6.5

2.9

Female

5.6

11.0

8.3

9.4

13.4

8.9

12.3

9.1

10.4

10.5

13.2

11.6

12.0

0.7

0.9

0.7

0.8

1.2

1.0

1.0

0.7

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.1

0.8

1.1

1.1

1.0

0.4

1.0

12.4

10.6

9.3

3.9

Score range

Potential

Low

36

44

27

20

28

24

20

20

27

20

21

21

25

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

25

19

14

6

High

86

110

83

118

120

118

119

110

120

120

119

108

97

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

100

75

56

25

Actual total

Low

36

44

31

34

34

38

28

20

27

26

25

35

36

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

28

22

15

6

High

73

98

75

103

103

86

97

90

91

93

115

96

87

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

4

4

81

65

48

21

See footnotes at end of table.

17
Table 1. Means, standard deviatiol

Item

numberMajor data element

I

PERSONAL FEELINGS lNVENTORY (PFI)5

73 Depression .......... ..................... ........ .... .. ......

74 Anxiaty ................................... ...... .. ...... ......

lTotal number of students= 195 (79 males, 116 females).

2A higher GWB score reflects higher positive well-being.

3Scored a~~ording to the revised 1967 manual.

4TotzIl number of students = 127 (49 males, 78 females).

5Total number of students = 68 (30 males, 38 females).

and score ranges for the major data elements, t

Mean value Standard deviation

Total Male

FeTotal MaleFemale male

10.3 9.8 10.6 7.9 9.0 7.1

4.8 3.8 5.5 3.8 3.8 3.6

$ex–Con.

Score range

Potential Actual total

Low High Low High

o 45 0 32

0 21 0 18

Table _2. Evaluative assessment of unweighed national sample based on the General Well-Being (GWB) total scale scores

Descriptive attribution of evaluative assessment of general well-being or distress

Total ................... ...................... ................................................................................................... ..............

Positive well-being ...................................................... .................................................................... ...... ............

Euphoric mood ..................... ........................................................ ....................................................o..c.......c..............

Strong positive .................................................................. ........ .............................................................................. ....

Moderately high ............ ......... .......................................................... ............ ............................ ................................m..

Low positive ............ ................ ..................................................................... ........................ ....... ................................

Marginal .......... .. ...................... ......................................... .......... ...... ...... ...............................m..............................m.cmc.c

Problem-indicative stress .............. ......................................................................................................... ............

Mild ........... .. ............................................................................................................................... ............................ .....

Moderate ..................................................................... ............................ ...................... .............c..............q........em..<....

Severe .......... ................ ...................................................................................................................... ..........................

cliniCSillv significant distress ........ ................................................................. ....................................................

Mild ........................ ........................................................................................................................ .............................

Moderate ................................................... ....................................................... ...............c.................................c.........

Severe ..................... ...... ................................................ ................. .................... ...................................c.m...........<.m......

Suicidal risk ..... ........ ......................................................................................... ................ ........ .............. .....................

Total

GWB

score

. . .

. . .

101-110

91-100

81-90

76-80

71-75

. . .

66-70

61-65

56-60

.,.

51-55

41-50

26-40

00-25

Percent

distribution

of

sample

100.0

74.1

,—

10.4

22.7

22.4

9.5

9.1

16.3

6.9

5.4

4.0

9.6

3.1

3.5

2.3

0.7

NOTES: n = 6,931;~= 80.3; S.D. = 17.7.

18
Table 3. Number and percent distribution of study sample, by total General Well-Being (GWB) scale and interviewer depression rating

GWB score

All students ... ...... ...........

Positive well-being ...............

lol-llo ........................ ..................

91-loo .......... ..................................

81.90 ..............................................

76.8 O.. ...................... ......................

71.75 .................. ............................

Problem-indicative stress ......

66.70 ..............................................

61.65 ..............................................

56.60 ...... ........................................

Clinically significant stress ...

51.55 ............ ...... ............................

41-50 ..............................................

26-40 .. .......................... ..................

0025 ..............................................

Mean GWB score ..... ...... .................

Standard deviation .........................

scale

Percent Depression rating scale

distri- Total

bution 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I

100.0 195 63

59.6 116 49

2.6 5 3

10.3 20 8

21.0 41 17

15.4 30 11

10.3 20 10

22.5 44 11

9.7 19 3

7.7 15 5

5.1 10 3

17.9 35 4

8.7 17 4

4.6 9 -

4.6 9 -

. . . 72.4 78.4

. . . 16.7 13.2

60 42

42 20

1 1

8 3

13 9

13 5

7 2

11 13

4 7

5 4

2 2

6 9

4 4

1 3

1 2

76.0 69.6

13.8 15.3

15

3

2

1

3

3

9

4

3

2

57.7

17.0

Number

6

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

66.8

15.8

5 2 1 1 - -

- . .

. . .

- - .

- - .

. - .

. . .

3 1 - - - -

1 - - - - -

1 - - - - -

1 1 - - - -

2 1 1 1 - -

. . -

1 - - - - -

1 1 1 1 - -

. . .

51.8 45.0 40.0 31.0 - -

14.3 - 12.0 - -

19
Table 4. Product-moment correlation coefficients of major date elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels, by

Item

number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

z

28

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

sex

Major data element

GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE (GWB)

Scale items

Good spirits ......................... .........................................................................

Newousness ...................... ............................ ................................................

Firm control of behavior, emotions .................................. .................. ..........

Sad, discouraged, hopeless ............................................................................

Stress, strain, pressure ......... .. .................................. .....................................

Happy, satisfied with life ....... .................................. ............................ ...... ...

Afraid of losing mind, or losing control ........................................................

Anxious, worriad, upset ...............................................................................

Waking fresh, rested ................. ........ .. ........................ .............................. ....

Bothared by bodily disorders ......................................... ........................ ......

Interesting daily life ......... .......... .. ............................................ ....................

Downhearted, blue .............. ................ .................................................... .....

Emotionally stabla, sure of self ............ .. .................................... ..................

Feeling tired, worn out ................... ................ .......................... .. ................ ..

Health concern, worW ....................................................... .................. .........

Relaxad.tense ...............................................................................................

Energy level ........ ............ ...... .......... .... .. ...... ........................ .................. ........

Depressed-cheerful ....................................... ................................................

Criterial itams

Psychologic problems ...................................................................................

Felt near nervous breakdown ..................................................... ..................

Had nervous breakdown ................ .................... ........................ ...................

Clinical patient ............ ........ .... ................ .................. .. .......................... .......

Psychologic attention ... .......... ................................................................ ......

Social-emotional wpport ............................................ .................... ..............

Subscalas

Freedom from health concern, worry, distress ........ ................ .....................

Energy level ......................................................................................... .........

Satisfying, interesting life ............ .................................................................

Cheerful versus deprassed mood .. ........ ............ ............................ .................

Relaxed versus tense, anxious feeling ............................... ............................

Emotional-behavioral control ............................................... ........................

GWB total scale ...... ...... ............ ........ .................. .. .................................... ....

Interviewer depression rating ..... ............................ .......................................

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)

AnxieW .................................................................................. ......................

Depression .................................................................................................. ..

MINNESOTA MU LTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI}

Validity scales

(L) Lie ..... .................. .. ...................................... .......... .................. ...............

(F) Validity ......... .......................... .. .......... ............................ .......................

(K) Correction ..............................................................................................

Correlation coefficient

34

35

38

39

26

28

34

33

28

29

29

39

33

24

20

32

27

38

30

25

25

28

18

19

27

31

34

44

38

43

47

15

. . .

40

39

-12

34

-21

2B

44

31

27

15

25

30

31

24

37

13

31

24

07

30

29

22

35

26

01

12

21

08

15

35

25

23

36

35

36

45

22

. . .

36

25

-21

13

-01

38

30

43

46

33

30

37

35

30

26

39

44

39

33

14

33

30

40

32

39

31

32

25

22

21

35

39

48

40

48

48

12

. . .

42

47

-06

45

-30

Significance level

.000

.000

.000

,000

,000

.000

.000

.000

.060

.000

.000

.000

.000

.001

.005

.000

.000

.000

.000

.001

.001

.000

.010

.008

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.031

,..

.000

.000

.083

.000

.003

.012

.000

.006

.016

.197

.027

.007

.005

.031

.001

.267

.005

.032

.540

.008

.009

.046

.002

.021

.955

.307

.065

.474

.196

.002

.028

.044

.001

.002

.001

.000

.053

. . .

.001

.025

.066

.251

.397

.000

.001

.000

.000

.000

.001

.000

.000

.001

.006

.000

.000

.000

.000

.132

.001

.001

.000

.001

.000

.001

.001

.00B

.016

.021

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

,184

...

.000

.000

.516

.000

.002

20
Table 4. Product-moment correlation coefficients of major data elements with interviewer depression rating, and significance levels, by

Item

bar

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

!56

57

58

s

80

61

62

83

64

65

68

67

88

69

70

71

72

73

74

Major data elements

sex—Con.

Clinical scales

(Hs) Hypochondriasis .... ...... ........ .. .............. .................... ........................ .....

(D) Depression .............. ............................................................................ ...

(Hy) Hysteria ....... ........................ .................................. .. ........................ ....

(Pal) Psychopathic ...... ........ .. .... .. ...... .. ........ ...... .......................... ........ ..........

(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests ....... .............................................. ....

(Pa) Paranoia .............. .............................. .. ...... .................... .. ............ ...... ....

(Pt) Psychasthenia ......................................................... ........ .................. .....

(Se) Schizophrenia .......................................... ......... ....... .............................

(Ma) Hypomania ................ .............. ............................................................

(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion ............................................................

ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS

Downhearted, blue ................................ .... .................................. .................

Morning, feel best ................... .... ........ .............. .................... ............ .. ...... ....

Crying spel Is.................................................. ...............................................

Trouble sleeping ............ ...... ........ .................. .. ........ .... .............. ...... .. ...........

Eat as much as usual .................................................................. ............... ....

Still enjoy sex ..... .. ...... .. ...... .................... .............. .. ...................................\..

Losing weight ..... ...... ....................... .............................................................

Constipated ..................................................................................................

Heart beats fast ............................................................ .............. .............. ....

Get tired for no reason .......................... ...................... ............... ..................

Mind clear as usual ... .. ........ ............................ .............. .................... .... ........

Easy to do things ................................................................. .... .. ...................

Restless, can’t keep still ... .. .............. ...... ........ ............ .. .............. ...... .... .........

Hopeful about future .................................. .. .................. ............................ .

More irritable than usual ............................... ........... ... .................... .............

Easy to make decisions ... ...... ........ .. ............ .. ............ .. .......................... ........

Feel useful and needed ... .. .... .. .......................... .............. ............................ ..

Life is pretty fuil ............ ...................... ........ ............ ...... ..............................

Others better off if I were dead ........... ................ ........ .................. .. .............

Still enjoy things ................................ .. .............. ............ ............................ ..

Zung total score (SDS) .... ........................................................ ........... ..........

COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE (CHQ)

Current Depression ........................ .......................... ................ ...... ...............

Past Depression .................................................................... ........................

Anxiety ...................... ........ ................ ..........................................................

PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)

Depression ................... .............................................................................. ...

Anxiety ..................... ...................... .............................. .......................... .....

Correlation coefficient

24

21

19

26

08

18

21

25

18

17

19

07

17

05

13

18

05

09

03

16

21

07

26

22

25

10

22

15

15

17

28

36

34

10

50

41

33

05

17

08

07

01

14

13

14

12

-13

-08

-17

-11

-05

-20

34

-lo

14

-02

-07

-08

19

14

05

01

08

-07

-06

-08

-01

-01

03

02

57

42

19

32

21

37

16

27

27

34

21

19

34

15

24

11

19

36

-04

15

-04

20

33

13

31

24

33

13

28

24

30

28

39

48

45

13

42

42

Total

I

Male I

Female

Significance level

.001

.003

.008

.000

.290

.014

.003

.001

.010

.018

.033

.404

.062

.603

.131

.043

.552

.291

.754

:081

.016

.442

.004

.014

.006

.254

.012

.102

.700

.055

.002

.000

.000

.243

.000

.001

.003

.683

.141

.489

.544

.917

.210

.250

.203

.282

.381

.560

.237

.465

.754

.158

.018

.506

.347

.902

.636

.554

.188

.346

.750

.946

.552

.641

.692

.579

.934

.980

.812

.877

.001

.019

.045

.001

.027

.000

.088

.003

.004

.000

.024

.037

.002

.182

.032

.337

.095

.001

.720

.192

.726

.082

.003

.245

.006

.032

.003

.242

.011

.036

.008

.001

.000

.000

.268

.008

.008

NOTE: Decimal omitted before correlation coefficients.

%

21
Table 5. Intercorrelat!ons amom te D,

=

(3)

!Ss, c

.

(4)

—

72

50

40

65

39

43

26

45

41

50

42

28

53

60

95

—

4nx

——

151

—

66

;

51

56

:

61

55

52

26

66

20

127

—

(,an

.

(6)

IWB

—

(7)

es f

_

6)

—

;6

78

1)

$6

)3

%

lo

)6

18

15

;8

—

con

(9)

>ed m

.

I1OI

3 am

.

(11)

malf

.

(12)

nple

. . . .

(1I

—

44

39

21

28

36

34

50

3B

40

10

41

43

34

31

27

47

9:

—

Scales and subscdes (2 I

—

70

50

62

71

58

67

70

60

37

51

69

72

64

25

87

4

195

(131 (14) (15)

41

79

3

195

(16)

—

.,,

56

2

195

(17)

. .

76

196

—

—

Depression

1. Interviewer depression rating .,,.,,,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,,

2, GWB–Cheerful versus depressed mood,,,,.,,,

3. PSS-Depression...,,...,,,.,,..,,.,,,,.,.,,..,.,,..,,,.,.

4, MMP1– Depression .......... .................... .... ..

5. Zung-Depressio" ................ ........................

6, CHQ-Current Depression,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.,,,....,

7. CHQ–Past Depression .,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,..,,,,,,,,.,,,..,

8. PFl-D@ression .,,,..,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,.,,...,.,.,,,,.,.,,

Anxiety

9. GWB-Relaxed versus tense.anxio.s..,,,.,..,,,

10. PSS-Anxiety,,.,..,.,.,.,,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,.,,.,,,

11. CHQ-AnxieW .,.,,.,,,.,..,.,,..,,..,,,.,.,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,

12. PF1–Anxiety ................. .. ...........................

Other GWB

13. Emotional-behaviorel control ............ ..........

14. Satisfy ing, interesting life,,,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,..,.,.,,,,.

15. Energy level,.,.,.,,,,.,,,., ................................

16. Freedom from hea!th concern, worry,or

distress,,., ........ .. ..........................................

17. Total scale............ .......................................

Number of items per scale or wbscales ,,.,.,,

Number in sample .,..,,,.,...,,.,.,..,.,..,,..,.,,.,...

53

63

71

65

78

59

65

42

65

64

52

52

29

70

7

195

.,.

;

69

78

(y

64

47

67

44

80

19

127

—

..

(1)

61

75

:

57

33

59

44

69

14

127

76

51

62

64

52

56

48

88

4

195

72

BO

62

43

54

49

76

10

195

,,.

(1)

45

24

44

34

52

6

127

58

37

46

38

63

21

68

55

53

33

79

3

195

.,.

48

16

71

2

195

lScales not taken together by the same students,

NOTE: Decinmt omitted before correlation coefficients

22
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with

—

Item

number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

ple corre

Major data element

GENERAL WELL-BEING

SCHEDULE (GWB)

Scale items

Good spirits ............. ............ .. ...... .................. .. ....

Newousness ........................ ........ ...... ...... .. .... ...... .

Firm control of behavior, emotions .... .... .............

Sad, discouraged, hopeless .. ........ ...... .............. .... .

Stress, strain, pressure .........................................

Happy, satisfied with life ... .. ........................ .. ......

Afraid losing mind, or losing control ........... .. ......

Anxious, worried, upset ... ...... ........ ...... .. ............ .

Waking fresh, rested ......... ........ ............ .............. .

Bothered by bodily disorders ................. ............ .

Interesting daily life ....................... ...... ...............

Downhearted, blue ...... ...... ...... .. ...... .......... .. ........

Emotionally stable, sure of self .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .........

Feeling tired, worn out . .... .................. ...... ...........

Health concern, worry ................... .......... .. ..........

Reiaxed.tense ......... ...... .......... .... ........ .................

Energy level .... ........ ........ ............ .. .......................

Depressed-cheerful ..................... .. ...... .................

Criterial items

%ychologic problems ............................. .............

Felt near nervous breakdown ..... .... .....................

Had nervous breakdown ...... .... ........ ............ ........

JIinical patient .................................................. ..

%ychologic attention ... .... .. ...... .... .. ...... .. .... .........

Social-emotional support ...... ........ .. ........ .......... ...

Su bscal es

Freedom from health concern, worry, or distress..

Energy level ......................... ................................

Satisfying, interesting life ..... ............ .. .... ............ .

:heerful varsus depressed mood .. ............ ............

<elaxed versus tense-anxious ...... ........ ...... ...........

~motional-behavioral control ................. .............

SWB total scale .... .. ................................ .............

~ge ......................................................................

Interviewer depression rating ............... .. ............. .

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)

Anxiety .................. .. .................. .. .................. .....

Depression ...........................................................

ions (/

Total

scale

73

67

65

72

68

64

52

75

60

52

57

77

76

67

48

77

69

78

49

47

12

25

17

26

56

79

71

B7

B8

79

. . .

-13

-47

76

70

eneral Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multi-

‘or total samole

GWB subscale

Health

concern

or

worry

14

35

21

29

38

12

30

37

2B

75

16

19

29

45

94

45

31

21

37

34

20

30

29

18

“41”

16

25

48

33

56

01

-27

49

29

Energy

tevel

59

36

45

41

51

43

28

45

79

41

42

54

55

77

33

53

8B

62

43

32

05

17

09

22

41

. . .

48

64

5B

53

79

-10

-31

54

52

Satisfying,

interesting

I ife

64

40

44

50

38

87

35

47

39

19

85

64

54

34

12

45

47

68

22

24

02

13

07

23

16

48

. . .

72

52

55

71

-20

-34

43

52

Cheerfu I versus depressed

83

55

59

79

53

69

41

67

47

28

::

68

50

19

59

60

92

40

34

10

19

09

23

25

64

72

. . .

70

69

87

-16

-44

60

70

Relaxed

versus

tense

56

78

52

62

75

47

40

81

47

43

41

64

64

55

43

90

46

60

38

48

07

17

12

15

48

58

52

70

. . .

64

88

-05

-38

76

59

Emotionalbehavioral

control

57

54

82

69

49

51

77

62

36

40

42

65

83

47

24

51

47

53

45

43

11

23

18

24

33

53

55

69

64

. . .

79

-13

-43

62

64

Sub5cale

nultipl e

R

84

79

82

84

76

8B

80

83

80

77

86

89

85

79

95

91

89

93

55

62

125

34

32

32

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

123

-49

80

74

l~o~ sig~ificantat .01 level.

23
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscaie multiItem

number

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

46

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

58

60

61

62

63

64

65

E

67

68

69

lN(

ple correlation (R) for total sample–Cok

Major data element

MINNESOTA MULTI PHASIC PERSONALITY

INVENTORY (MMPI ) T SCORES

Validity scales

(L) Lie ............. .......... .................................. .. ......

(F) ValidiW .................................... .. ...... .............

(K) Correction ......... ................ .............. .. .... .. ......

Clinical scales

(Hs) Hypochondriasis ..... .................. .............. .....

(D) Depression ................. ...... .............................

(Hy) Hysteria .. .. ........ ........ ...... .............. ...... ........

(Pal) Psychopathic ................... ............................

(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests .................

(Pa) Paranoia ........................................... .... .. ......

(Pt) Psychasthenia .... ........ ........ ........ ............ .. .....

(Se) Schizophrenia ..............................................

(Ma) Hypomania ..... ........ .. ...................... ............

(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion ....... ...... ......

ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS

Downhearted, blue..., ..................... ........ .............

Morning, feel best ............ .. ..................................

Crying spells ........................... ........ .. ............ .......

Trouble sleeping ............................... ............. ......

Eat as much as usual ................ ........ ...... .. ...... ......

Still enjoy sex ......................................... .......... ....

Losing weight ... ............................................ .......

Constipated .........................................................

Heart beats fast ......... .. .................... ....................

Get tired for no reason ..... .. .................... .. .... .. .....

Mind clear as usual ...... .......................!.. ..............

Easy to do things .................................................

Restless, can’t keep still ...... .................................

Hopeful about future ......... .................................

More irritable than usual .... .................................

Easy to make decisions ............................ ........ ....

Feel useful and needed .................... .. .............. ....

Life is pretty full ................. .................... .. ..........

Others better off if I were dead .. ...... .. ............ .....

Still enjoy things ......... ........ ........ ...... .............. ....

Zung total score (SDS) ......... ...............................

ignificant at .01 level.

Total

scale

24

–56

49

40

53

39

46

01

36

45

53

16

44

52

01

39

27

32

31

11

25

15

43

46

42

36

47

33

40

56

41

25

37

66

Health

concern

or

worry

21

-40

33

33

28

31

33

00

32

19

35

22

15

17

05

23

16

18

06

08

08

13

24

13

14

28

06

24

12

19

12

02

19

26

Energy

level

23

-45

43

32

42

29

34

03

15

32

38

13

36

36

08

29

33

14

23

01

18

07

45

24

41

25

37

33

34

50

26

z

52

GWE subscale

Satisfying,

interesting

I ife

09

-38

25

25

50

30

39

-12

18

39

36

11

41

49

03

22

08

25

31

09

30

05

36

41

35

16

46

15

32

48

58

24

27

55

Cheerful versus depressed

17

-46

40

31

50

32

43

01

28

42

44

07

42

52

01

37

16

30

35

09

19

11

36

45

41

28

54

27

38

53

42

29

32

62

Relaxed

versus

tense

25

-43

44

33

39

29

31

04

36

39

43

16

35

38

01

33

20

27

20

11

29

13

27

44

33

35

30

26

35

42

28

;

51

Emotionalbehavioral

control

13

-53

39

32

41

33

36

02

33

39

52

27

36

63

03

33

27

34

31

13

12

22

36

45

34

28

45

21

36

45

28

34

39

61

Subscale

nuitiple

R

30

-60

52

42

57

43

52

120

45

47

56

43

47

59

115

41

39

38

38

119

40

125

50

53

46

39

58

37

43

59

58

39

41

69

24
Table 6. Product-moment correlations of major data elements with General Well-Being (GWB) total scale, subscales, and subscale multiItem

number

70

71

72

73

74

ple correlation

Major data element

COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE

(CHQ)

Current Depression ...... ...... ...... ...... .. .... ...... ........ .

Past Depression ..................................... ............ ..

Anxiety ......... ........................................ .......... ....

PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)

Depression ............................................ ...... .........

Anxiety .............................. ........................ .........

; (R) f

Total

scale

80

69

52

78

63

total sample–Con.

I

GWB subscale I

Haalth

concern

or

worry

44

44

34

46

38

Energy

Ievel

67

59

44

70

46

Satisfying,

interesting

Iife

47

33

24

54

37

Chaerful versus depressedRelaxed

versus

tense

71

58

37

67

51

69

61

51

66

62

Emotionalbehavioral

control

64

57

45

63

56

Subscale

multiple

R

81

73

57

80

67

NOTE: Decimals omitted before correlation coefficients.

25
Table7. Product-moment correlations of themajor data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales fortotal sample

Itern

number

;

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

28

30

31

32

33

34

35

Major data element

GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDUL=(GWB)

Scale items

Good spirits ................................... ...... .............. ...

Newousnass ....... ................................................. ..

Firm control of behavior, emotions ........ ..............

Sad, discouraged, hopeless .............. ................ .... ..

Stress, strain, pressure ..........................................

Happy, satisfied with life ....................... ...............

Afraid losing mind, or losing control ....................

Anxious, worriad, upset ..... ...... .. .... ........ ..............

Waking fresh, rested ..... ............ ........ .. ..................

8othered by bodily disorders ............. ..................

Interesting daily life ......................... ....................

Downhearted, blue ...............................................

Emotionally stable, sure of self .... ...... .. .... ........ .. ..

Fael ing tired, worn out .. .................... ................ ..

Health concern, worry ........... ........ ...... ...... ........ ...

Relaxed.tense .......................................................

Energy level ........ ...................... .............. ............ ..

Depressed-cheerful ....................................... ........

Criterial items

Psychologic prOblems ...........................................

Felt naar nervous breakdown ..... ...... ........ ...... ......

Had nervous breakdown .............. ...... ........ ........ ...

Clinical patient ............ ................ .............. ...........

?sychologic attention ......... ........ ........ ...... ...... ......

social-emotional support ............................ ..........

Subscales

Freedom from health concern, worry, or distress ...

Energy lavel .......................... ........ .. ............ ..........

Satisfying, interesting life .....................................

Cheerful versus depressed mood ...........................

Relaxed versus tense, anxious ... ...... ............ ..........

Emotional-behavioral control ............... ...... ........ ..

GWB total scale score .................................... .......

Intewiewer depression rating .......... ........ ........ ......

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)

Psychiatric

Symptoms

Scale

(Pss)

Anxiety

50

67

45

56

51

41

46

65

43

48

31

55

61

50

42

67

44

49

48

53

18

23

23

23

49

54

43

60

76

62

76

–02

40

“65

Depression

53

52

50

72

46

47

49

59

37

37

45

65

55

43

21

44

46

55

38

39

18

19

18

31

29

52

52

70

59

64

70

10

39

65

. . .

MMPI

Depression

39

37

21

43

21

41

39

32

33

28

46

44

41

33

22

37

40

46

19

23

15

17

15

31

28

42

50

50

39

41

53

04

21

43

53

.

Zung

Depression

49

43

46

56

32

47

51

48

41

36

50

58

55

39

14

43

48

54

34

31

07

21

21

31

26

52

55

62

51

61

66

-05

28

56

63

College Health

Questionnaire

(CHQ)

Current

depression

60

58

52

68

50

39

52

67

52

47

42

65

57

60

35

55

53

57

49

49

12

21

16

26

44

67

47

71

69

64

80

02

36

78

71

Past

dapres

sion

49

52

47

59

44

28

48

62

46

49

28

59

48

55

35

46

43

43

51

45

15

22

18

22

44

59

33

58

61

57

69

01

34

75

65

Anxiet y

36

36

38

33

40

23

34

49

27

34

18

32

40

36

29

43

37

29

41

45

09

17

12

05

34

44

24

37

51

45

52

-02

10

72

42

Personal

Feelings

I nvsmtory

(PFJ)

Depression

56

57

45

57

42

41

34

53

59

46

53

62

66

61

38

61

60

55

47

33

06

04

10

27

46

70

54

67

66

63

78

08

50

78

78

Anxiety

44

52

40

45

41

31

37

45

34

46

33

50

57

47

2B

60

39

39

59

26

09

09

12

26

3B

46

37

51

62

58

63

-06

41

80

65

26
Table 7. Product-moment correlations of the maior data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample–Con.

Itern

number

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

58

60

61

62

63

64

65

%

67

68

68

70

71

72

Major data element

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY

INVENTORY (MMPI) T SCORES

Validity scales

(L) Lie ............ .................... ...... ...... ........ .... ..........

(F) Validity ..........................................................

(K) Correction ........................................... ...........

Clinical scales

(Hs) Hypochondriasis ............................ .... ...........

(D) Depression ......................... ............. ...............

(Hy) Hysteria ..... ...... .................... .. ......................

(Pal) Psychopathic ........................ .. .... ........ ..........

(Mf) Masculinity-Femininity Interests ............. .....

(Pa) Paranoia .............................................. ..........

(Pt) Psychasthenia ......................... .......... .............

(Se) Schizophrenia .. .............. .................... ...........

(Ma) Hypomania .............. ...... ........................ ......

(Si) Social lntroversion-Extraversion ...................

ZUNG DEPRESSION ITEMS

Downhearted, blue ........... ....................................

Morning, feel best .................................................

Crying spells ................................ ...... ........ ...... .... .

Trouble sleeping .............. .............. ...... ............ .....

Eat as much as usual ............................................

Still enjoy sex ................................................. ......

Losing weight .......................................................

Constipated ................... .. ...... ...... ...... .. ............ .... .

Heart beats fast .............................................. ......

Get tired for no reason ................ ........ ................ .

Mind clear as usual ................. ...... ........................

Easy to do things ......................... .........................

Restless, can’t keep still ....................... ............ .... .

Hopeful about future .................. .............. .... ...... .

More irritable than usual ............................... .......

Easy to make decisions ... ........ ...... ...... ...... ........ ....

Feel useful and needed ... ...................... .... ............

Life is pretty full ...... ................................ ...... ......

Others better off if I were dead ................. ...........

Still enjoy things ...... .............. ...... ...... ..................

Zung total score (SDS) ... .............. ...... ........ ..........

COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE (CHQ)

Current Depression ..............................................

Past Depression ....................................................

Anxiety ........ .......................... ...... ...... ........ .... ......

Psychiatric

Symptoms

Scale

(Pss)

Anxiety

-23

62

-58

39

43

31

38

02

42

41

54

30

41

43

01

43

35

31

29

11

26

15

37

42

32

41

32

29

30

46

28

12

29

56

78

75

72

Depression

-14

60

-53

30

53

27

41

09

41

52

55

22

51

58

-10

39

18

25

41

10

18

17

47

45

37

33

46

39

39

52

38

26

30

63

71

65

42

MMPI

Depression

-02

59

-37

44

.41.

55

11

32

66

62

-05

65

58

14

27

13

27

30

18

34

23

42

47

48

30

57

31

47

59

57

35

49

72

50

40

26

Zung

Depression

–13

62

-50

51

72

46

46

-07

38

57

64

08

63

66

14

52

34

52

51

32

39

27

65

62

64

47

67

46

58

73

61

39

63

. . .

66

59

46

College Health

Ques~onnaire

(CHQ)

Current

desion

-23

62

-60

40

50

34

42

-07

40

42

55

17

51

50

-05

49

33

31

34

14

29

14

39

44

36

38

42

43

42

55

35

29

32

66

“96

63

Past

depression

-21

58

-59

36

40

31

36

-12

43

36

50

25

45

44

-08

51

35

30

28

17

27

15

34

38

29

37

31

44

40

45

24

25

26

59

96

.65

Anxiety

-26

46

-51

31

26

21

12

-18

27

30

39

24

41

32

02

38

43

21

12

16

12

20

36

31

29

22

26

25

38

27

13

05

20

46

63

65

. . .

Personal

Feelings

Inventory

(PFI)

Depression

-41

60

-63

27

65

24

42

10

24

60

59

34

54

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

Anxiety

-31

56

-52

25

45

22

40

-07

37

53

58

36

46

. . .

. . .

. . .

,..

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

,.,

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

27
Table 7. Prodqct-moment correlations of the major data elements with other Depression and Anxiety scales for total sample–Con.

r

t

MMPI Zung

De- Depres- pression sion

65 . . .

Psychiatric

Symptoms

Scale

(Pss)

I

College Haalth

Personal

Questionnaire Feelings

(CHQ)

Irwentory

(PFI)

Itern

number

Current

dapression

Major data element

+1

Past

de- AnxDepres- iety

prae.

sion

sion

. . . . . . . . ,,

. . . . . . 66

AnxDepresiet y

sion

Anxiet y

.

I

PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)

73 Depression ........ ...... .............. ................................

74 Anxiety ..... .................... .. ...... .. ...... ...... .. ...............

78 78

80 65

66

. . .

. . .

. . .

NOTE: Decimals omitted before correlation coefficients.

Table 8. Pel m-type cluster analys descriptive statistics, by group type, sex, and scale

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Sex and scale

J?

. . .

n SD

.—

z SD

—

. . .

x

.

n n

25

.

. . .

.,,

. . .

. .

. .

.

. .

.

39

.

.,.

. .

,,,

,..

,..

.,.

SD SD n SD n

.—

Male —

Total ............. .......... ............... ..........,..

Free from health worry .,., ....... ..... ..... .......... ....

Energy level ... ..... .................... ..... ... .... ... ..... ....

Satisfying, interesting life..., ................... ... ......

Cheerful versus depressed mood..,.., ... ...... .. .. ...

Relaxed versus tense, anxious ............. .... ...... ..

Emotional -&havioral control .,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,..,

Total GWB ...................... .. ...... ............ ........ .. ..

Interviewer depression rating ....... .. ............... ..

Female

Total .... ........ .. ..... ....... .. ........ .......... ......

Free from health worry ........... .......... .......... ....

Energy level ............. ..... ... ........ ......... .......... ....

21

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

,..

. .

.

30

.

.,.

. .

. .

. . .

.,.

.

8 22

.

. .

. . .

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

23

.

. . .

,..

. . .

.

,..

. .

,,.

3

. .

,,.

. .

. . .

.,.

. .

.

13

.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

.

. . .

. . .

. .

12.7

12.2

5.3

17.4

15.9

12,5

76.0

0.66

,..

. . . . . .

. . -—-— .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

B.

1.

2.

13.5

15,4

6.7

20.7

20.2

14.0

90.5

1,00

.,.

1.7

2.2

1.6

2,7

2,8

1.2

8.1

0,86

.

1.2

2.3

1.3

2.7

2.3

1.1

6.7

1.1

1.6

1.8

1.7

2.2

3.3

1.9

7.8

0.66

,..

6.9

10.9

7.4

18.6

13.6

12.7

70.1

1.6

,..

1.4

4.0

1.2

2.2

3.3

1.0

7.9

0.66

.

10,7

10,3

4.4

14,1

13,5

10,4

63.4

1.6

. . .

2.9

2.9

1.3

3.1

3.7

2.5

6.8

1.0

. .

7.6

‘10.3

3.3

7.3

4.7

4.7

37,3

5.6

7.2

2.1

2.5

4.9

3.5

2.1

8.3

1.1

. .

. .

. .

. . .

. .

. . .

11

. . . . -—-— .

13,6

15,0

7.7

19.6

18.9

13,1

88,1

0,92

10,5

12.4

6.4

18.0

16.0

12,7

75,9

0.73

2.4

2.0

1.9

2.6

2.6

1.0

5.4

0.83

7.4

8.1

6.2

17.8

13,8

9.8

53.1

1,3

2.8

2,3

1.1

1.5

3.1

2.1

3.7

1.5

11.0

9.3

4.5

12.7

9.0

B.8

55.3

2.0

2.1

2.5

1.6

2.0

2.B

1.7

5.2

0.83

7.9

6.5

2.4

7.2

7.8

6.4

28.1

3.2

-—

4.2

2.3

1.3

2.5

3.3

2.0

6.4

1.9

,,.

.

. .

.

.,.

. .

..

. .

3. Satisfying, interesting life ........ ........ .. ..... ....... ..

4. Cheerful versus depressed mood...,., .............. ..

5. Relaxed versus tense, anxious ..,,.,,,,.,..,.,,,,.,.,,.

6. Emotional-behavioral control .,.,,...,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,

7. Total GW8 .......... ............ .......... ...... .. .. .......... ..

8. Intewiewer depression rating .,.,,.,.,..,.,.,..,,,.,,.,

NOTES: )1 = number of students: A7= mea”; SD = standard deviation.

28
APPENDIX

CONTENTS

Interest Inquiry and Debriefing ..................................................................................................................

Thank-You Letter .....................................................................................................................................

Assurance of Confidentiality Statement and Authorization for Release of Academic Records ..................

Subscale Items

Psychiatric Symptoms Scale (PSS) ........................................................................................................

General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) .....................................................................................................

General Well-Being Case Record Summary Sheet..................................................................................

Group 2 Subject Interview Fom ..........................................................................................................

Therapist Rating ...................................................................................................................................

Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) ............................................................................................-

College Health Questionnaire Items (CHQ) ...........................................................................................

Personal Feelings Inventory (PFI) .........................................................................................................

30

31

32

33

34

38

39

43

44

45

50
INTEREST INQUIRY AND DEBRIEFING

PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH - 1020

Anyone wishing to participate in a program dealing with testing and/or

treatment of psychological problems (e.g., depression, anxiety) may sign up

for any day Monday through Thursday between 8:30 A.M. and 2:30 P.M. Each

session must consist of a two hour block of time. Experimental credit will

be given for your participation, with further appointments and credit optional. Your participation is voluntary, of course. We guarantee any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential through an elaborate

numerical system. Due to the limited size of the project everyone cannot

be accepted for consideration.

If you are interested in this project, print your name, address, phone

number, hours you can be reached at that phone number, and the day and

hours you will participate. Be certain to include this information below

and on the attached 4 x 6 card.

If none of the times listed above are suitable, enter in days and

times that you would like to participate; you will be contacted and an

appointment will be made.

ADDRESS

PHONE HOURS YOU CAN BE REACHED

DAY AND TWO HOUR BLOCK OF

Please report to Sandburg

TIME

W102O at the time you indicated above. Keep

this sheet and give the filled out 4 x 6 card to tne assistant.

Thank you for your cooperation.

A. F. Fazio
THANK-YOU LETTER

Uunl THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MILWAUKEE / MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53201

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

PHONE: (414) 963-4746 June 29, 1973

Dear Participant:

Thank you very much for your participation in our project dealing with

psychological testing (in Sandburg Tower West 1020). Al1 participants were

requested to return for additional testing -- not because anyone was “different,” but because we were interested in many kinds of tests.

In general, our testing permitted us to establish norms for these tests

and to estimate which tests correlated with which other tests. The norms

are described as having been obtained from “normal college students.” Of

course, all the data are anonymous and identification lists are destroyed

after the last testing contact.

If this experience has disappointed you regarding “psychological testing” or “clinical psychology” or “counseling,” please be advised that not

all testing programs or counseling services are conducted in the same

manner.

In no case was any test or other procedure used which would have any

negative consequence - - other than to bore you! Hopefully, you had an

opportunity to see what psychological tests, some used nationally, are like.

If you have any additional questions, please contactme at 963-4710.

Thank you, again, very much for your cooperation and interest.

Sincerely,

Anthony F. Fazio, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

31
ASSURANCE OF CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT

AND AUTHORIZATION FOR RELEASE OF ACADEMIC RECORDS

ASSURANCEOF CONFIDENTIALITYSTATEMENT

I understand that all information which would permit identification

of the individual will be held strictly confidential, will be used only

by persons engaged in and for the purposes of the survey, and will not

be disclosed or released to others for any other purposes.

Signature Date —

AUTHORIZATIONFOR RELEASE OF ACADEMIC RECORDS

I authorize release ofmy academic records (e.g., grade point average,

courses dropped, honors seminars) for use by Dr. Fazio in this particular

survey, and I understand that these records will not be used for any other

purpose and will be kept strictly confidential.

Signature Date

Dr. A. F. Fazio

32
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS SCALE (PSS)

Please answer each item with respect to its being True or False for you

during the present or past month. (Score: number marked True).

Depression Scale (7 items)

5*

13.

17.

24.

25.

26.

39.

You sometimes can’t help wondering if anything is worthwhile anymore.

Nothing ever turns out for you the way you want it

You have had periods of days, weeks or months when

care of things because you couldn’t “get going.”

Most of the time you wish you were dead.

You have periods of feeling blue or depressed that

daily activities,

to.

you couldn’t take

interfere with your

In general, would you say that most of the time you were in very low

spirits.

Do you feel somewhat apart or alone even among friends.

Anxiety Scale (10 items)

1. Are you ever bothered by nervousness, i.e., by being irritable,

fidgety or tense--would you say often.

3. You are worried about sex matters.

4. You have personal worries that get you down physically, i.e., make

you physically ill.

7. You have periods of such great restlessness that you cannot sit long

in a chair.

8. You feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time.

22. Do you ever have any trouble in getting to sleep or staying asleep--

would you say often.

33. You have special thoughts that keep bothering you.

34. You have special fears that keep bothering you.

44. You have often taken sleeping pills or other drugs to calm your nerves.

45. Are you the worrying type--you know, a worrier.

33
GENERAL WELL-BEING SCHEDULE (GWB)

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

PUBLIC HEALTH sERVICE

HEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION

N4T10NAL CENTER FOR HEALTH 57 AT IS TICS

HEALTH AND NuTRITION ExAMINATION SURVEY

GENERAL WELL-BEING

a. Name (Lost, first, middle) b. Deck No.

—

c. Sample No. d. Sex e. Age

1 C] Male

171 —. –.. 2 ~_l Female — --

READ – This section of the examination contains questions about how you feel and how things hove been —

going with you. For each question, mark (X) the answer which best applies to yau.

,

1. How have yau been feeling in genera!? (DURING

—

1. ~ @ 1 ~ In excellent spirits

THE PAST MONTH) I

I 2 n In very good spirits

I

I

sn In good spirits mostl Y

I

4~ I have been up and down in spirits a lot I

I

I 5G In low spirits mostly

I

a U In very low spirits

—

2. Have you been bothered by nervousness ar yaur 2. \ @ I ❑ Extremely so -- to the point where I

“nerves”? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) could not work or take care of things I

I

2 n Very much so

I 3@ Quite a bit

I

4 ~ Some -- enough to bather me

I

I 5~ A little

I

I 6 ~’ Not at all

3. Hove yau been in firm central af yaur behavior, 3. ~ @ I ~ Yes, definitely so

thoughts, emations OR feelings? (DURING THE I

PAST MONTH) I z ❑ ‘f’es, for the most part

I

! 3 ❑ Generally so

I

40 Not too well

I

1

~ ~ No, and I am somewhat disturbed

I

6 ~ No, and I am very disturbed

I

4. Have you felt so sad, discouraged, hopeless, ar A. ~ 1 C Extremely so -- to the point that I have

hod so many problems that you wandered if I just about given up

anything was worthwhile? (DURING THE PAST I

MONTH) 2 ~ Very much so I

1

3~ Quite a bit !

I

I

41_J Some-- enough to bother me

50A little bit I

1

6~Not at all I

I

I

5. Hove you been under or felt you were under any 5.1@l CYes -- almost more than I could bear

strain, stress, or pressure? (DURING THE PAST I

MONTH)

or stand I

1

I

2n Yes-- quite a bit of pressure

I

3 n yes -- some - more than usual

I

40 Yes -- some - but about usual

I

5n Yes- a little

I

6DN0t at ail

I

34
I

6. How happy, satisfied, or pleased have you 6. ~ @ I ~ Extremely happy - could not have been

been with your personal life? (DURING THE I more satisfied or pleased

PAST MONTH) 2D Very happy

/

sO Fairly happy

; 40 Satisfied --pleased I

5~ Somewhat dissatisfied I

.5 ~ Very dissatisfied

I

7. Have you hod any reason to wonder if you 7. @l~Not at all

were losing your mind, or losing control over r

the way you act, talk, think, feel, or of yaur

ZU Only a little

memory? (DURING THE PAST MONTH)

1

I

3U Some -- but not enough to be concerned

or wcwri ed about 1

I

40 Some and I have been a little concerned 1

1

5 ❑ some and 1 am quite concerned I

I G ❑ Yes. very much so and I am very concerned

I

8. Have you been anxious, worried, or upset? 8 ~ @1 ❑ :::~;;:~- ‘0 ‘he point ‘f being ‘ick

(DUIWNG THE PAST MONTH) I

2 c Very much so

1

I 3~ Quite a bit

I

I

4 ❑ some -- enough to bother me I

I s~ A little bit

1

1

~~Noratal[

I

9. Have you been waking up fresh and rested? 9. ~;0009 I c Every day

(DURING THE PAST MONTH) 2 ~ Most every day

I

3 ~ Fairly often

I

I 4 fJ Less than half the time

1 5 ~ Rarely

I

1 6 ~ None of the time —

10. Hove you been bathered by any illness, bodily 10. ~ @ I ~All theume

disorder, pains, or fears about yaur health? I

(DUR/NG THE PAST MONTH)

2 ~ Most of the time I

1

3 ~ A good bit of the time !

(

4 ~ Some of the time

1

1 s ~ A Ilttle of the time

1 G ~j None of the t!me

11. Has your daily life been full of things that were 11. \ @ 1~, AIl therlme

interesting to you? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) [

2 ~_ Most of the time

1 3 1 A good brt of the t!me

1 —

1 4 ~ Some of the time

I

s~ A Ilttle of the time 1

[

6 ~ None of the time 1

1

12. Have you felt down-hearted and blue? (DURING 12. ~ @ I ~ All of the time

THE PAST MONTH) 1

21 Most of the time I

I

1

3—_ A good blt of the time

1

4 ~ Some of the time I

I

5 ~, A little of the time

1

G ~ None of the time

I

35
.

—

13. Have you been feeling emotionally stable 13.!,0013 I DAII of the time

and sure of yourself? (DURING ‘HE PAST

MONTH) 2 ~ Most of the time

I

3 ~ A good bit of the time I

4 ~ Solne of the time

I

s ~ A Iit.tle of the time

I

6 ~ None of the time

I

14. Have you felt tired, worn out, used-up, or

—

t n All of the time .

exhausted? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) I 2 ~ Most of the time

I

3 a A good bit of the time 1

I 4 ❑ Some of the time I

so A little of the time I

I

6 ❑ None of the time

—

I For each of the four scales below, note that the I

words at each end of thq O to 10 scale describe

I opposite feelings. Circle any number along the

bar which seems closest to how YOU have gen1 erolly felt DURING THE PAST MONTH.

I

I

15. Haw concerned or worried about your HEALTH 15.~@ 0 1 2 3 4 !5 6 7 8 9 1(

have you been? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) 1 II

I

}

I Not Very

I concerned concern sd

at al I

I

! —

16. How RELAXED or TENSE have you been? 16.~@ O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(DURING THE PAST MONTH) I

I

u—1-l-u-u-l-L-J

I Very Very

I relaxed tense

I

17. How much ENERGY, PEP, VITALITY have 17. ;@o123456789~

you felt? (DURING THE PAST MONTH)

I

II L~ I No energy Very

1 AT ALL, 1

ENERGETIC,

I listless dynamic

1

1

18. How DEPRESSED or CHEERFUL

18”~@o’’’.45’lo’lo have you been? (DURING THE PAST MONTH) I

I

I

1 Very Very

I depressed cheerful

19. Have you had severe enough personal,

emotional, behavior, or mental prablems

19. ~ @ I ❑ Yes, and I did seek professional help

that you felt you needed help DURING z O Yes, but I did not seek professional

1 help

THE PAST YEAR? 1

I 3 ❑ I have had (or have now) severe

I personal problems, but have not felt

1

i needed professional help

~ ~ I have had very few personal problems I

of any serious concern

I

I

1

5 ~ I have not been bothered at all by

personal problems during the past year I

1 —

36
20. Hav* you ●vor felt that you woro going to

have, or woro closa to hoving, a rrorvaus

broakdawn?

20.~@lOyes -- during the past year

I

2 ❑ Yes -- more than a year ago

I

31__JNo

1

21. Havo you cvor had a nervous 21. \@l DYes -- during the past year

breakdown? I 2 a Yes -- more than a year ago

I 30N0

I

1

22. Have you ever been a patient (or outpatiorrt) 22. /@ 10 Yes -- during the past year

at a mental hospital, a mentrsl health ward of

a hospital, or o mwrtol health clinic, for any

I 2u Yes-- more than a year ago

I

personal, emotional, behavior, or mental problem.’ : 3DN0

23. Hove you ever seen a psychiatrist, psychology st, 23. l@ll_J Yes -- during the past year

or psychoanalyst about any personal, I

z ❑ ‘fes -- more than a year ago

emotional, behavior, or mental problem

concerning yourself? I 3UN0 ,

24. Have you talked with or had any connection ;

with any of the following about some personal,

emotional, behavior, mental problem, worries, I

or “nerves” CONCERNING YOURSELF DURING ~

THE PAST YEAR?

a. Regular medical doctor

(except for definite physical

conditions or routine check-ups) . . . . . . . . .

b. Brain or nerve specialist . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c. Nurse (except for routine

. .

medlcalcandltlons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

d. Lawyer (except for routine

Iegal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e. Police ( except for simple

traffic violations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f. Clergyman, minister, priest,

rabbi, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g. Marriage Counselor.....,.. . . . . . . . . .

h. Social Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i. Other farmal assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

j@,n Yes 2UN0

&;0, 027 I ❑ yes 2GN0

g.pmy” 2DN0

h.\@ lCl y.= 2DN0

i. ~ @ I 0 Yes – What kind?

1

i

I

1 2DN0

25. Do you discuss yaur problems with any members 25. ~ @ I ❑ Yes - and itheIps a lot

of your family or friends? I 2 aYes - and it helps some.

; s ❑ Yes - but it does not help at all

I

4 ~ No - I do not have anyone I can talk

; with about my problems

I

5 a No - no one cares to hear about my

I prablems

; 6 D No - I do not care to talk about my

problems with anyone

;

I

7 n No - I do not have any problems

I

37
GENERAL WELL-BEING CASE RECORD SUMMARY SHEET

,.,,.

II(V7I —

1,

2.

3.

+.

5.

6.

.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

1f?.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Ill \Ll

A DJ[lST.VENT lNI)IcA T’ORS

Dcscriptwn S<<Jri,, q

-

C.m,d spirits *I2 3456

**543210

Nervousness

Firm control of

behavior, emcmons

Sad. discouraged,

hopeless

Stress. strain,

pressure

FI?.ppy, satisfied

with life

Afraid losing mind,

or loss of control

Anxious, worried,

Upsc[

Waking fresh,

rested

Bothered by

bodily disorders

Interesting daily

life

Downhearted, blue

Emotionally stable,

sure of self

Feeling tired,

wornout

RATING SCALES

Health concern. wonv

1 23456

012345

123456

543210

123456

ol~345

123456

012345

123456

543210

123456

543210

123456

fJl~345

123456

543210

123456

012345

123456

543210

12~456

012345

123456

543210

123456

012345

01”23” 45678910

109876543210

Relaxed.Tense

012345678910

109876543210

Energy level

O 1 2 3 45 6 7 89 10

Depressed-Cheerful

O 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sum of sub3cales

Total Adjustment

Adi

%

~z!

i.?

—

—

.

—

—

—

—

(l’} (2)

Fa[ —

—

—

—

(4)

)rs

.

—

—

—

—

—

(5)

* - actual rcmponse

—

** - codedwalws NOTE: High scores indicative of

good or positive adjustment

SITUATIONAL–BEHAVIORAL

INDICATORS

19. P$yc’holomc ProlA’ms

20. I“clt nww nt’nous br,mkdown

21. Had nwvuus hrcakdown

22. Clinical paticm

23. Psycholnfic attn.

24. Othrr contach rdlrctitw

ps}ch, problctm:

J. IScfl]l.w !.1.1).

b. l{r.iin-m.mc SPW.

c. ?iurw

d. l~w.xcr

c. P,,licc

f. Clmm

g. M.trri*gc Counwlor

b. Soci.d W’orkcr

i. Otht’r formal contact

25. S,>ci<zl.fi~ln<,ti[>ttal Support

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Yrs-helps a iO1

Yc$.helps some

Yes-but no help

Ntvhavc no onc

No.no on,, mrcs

No-do not cm! m talk

No-do not bavc prnbk’ms

]~345

123

123

123

123

s’,! .\’()

1 2

I 2

1

,J

1 2

1 !s

12

I 2

1 2

12

Rrcodr

6

4

;

3

5

7

—--- ____ _____ _____ _____ -— -- .--— ---- -— ---

38
GROUP 2 SUBJECT INTERVIEW FORM

Good morning (afternoon) . . . . . how are you today? (Pause)

I’d like to thank you for coming and participating in this projecto (pause)

Before I begin, I’d like to read to you this statement of confidentiality. (Read)

If you understand and agree to this, please sign the statement. Thank you.

Sex

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1 ‘M 2F=

What is your present age and year in school?

Age: (actual age scored)

Year: 1 2

From what kind

Public (1) ;

34

of school did you graduate:

Parochial (2) ; Private (3)

How many credit hours are you taking this semester?

Are you presently employed? If so, how many hours per week {on the average)

do you work?

Employed: 1 = Yes 2 = NO

Number of hours:

What is the source of support for your education?

Do you consider yourself to be a religious person? (If so, what is your

religion?) How strong are your beliefs?

Religion:

Background:

Strength:

What is your marital status?

Married_ Single Divorced Separated Widowed

Are you satisfied with this status? If not, why?

(If married) How many children do you have?

39
9. (If single] Do you havea girlfriend (boyfriend)?

10. On the average, how often do you see this person per week?

11. Are you satisfied with the arrangement? If not, why?

2 = Yes 1 = No

12. What are your present living arrangements? (at home with parents,

dorm, etc.?)

13. Do you like it that way? If not, why?

2=Yes l=No

14. How well do you get along with your mother?

15. How well do you get along with your father?

16. How well do you get along with your brothers and sisters? (If badly with

anyone - ask: Can you please explain this more fully?)

17. Are you satisfied with these relationships? If not, why?

18. Are you presently taking any medication? If so, what type and for what

reason?

1 = No 2 = Antidepressant

19. Was this medication prescribed by a physician?
20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Are you taking any street drugs? If so, what type and how often?

Have you ever received any psychological treatment? If so, when, for how

long, and for what reasons?

2 =No I=Yes

Would you say that you are making satisfactory progress toward your future

goals? If not, why?

2 =Yes l=No

Could you please describe one positive event in your life that you’re

presently conscious of; a pleasant condition or circumstance that you’re

happy about. How positive? On a scale from O (least positive) to 20

(more positive).

Please describe a negative event; an unpleasant condition or circumstance

that you find discouraging or uncomfortable. How negative? On a scale

from O (least stressful) to 20 (more stressful).

As you see yourself, what are some of your weak ersonality traits?

What things about yourself might cause you troub e in coping with your

environment?

Now please list some of your strong personality traits: Things about

yourself that benefit you in your daily life.

What circumstances (i.e., external events) do you feel interfere or act

as obstacles towards obtaining

Do you have any problems which

nagging or persistent problems

amount of your thought-time?

satisfaction in-your life?

seem to interfere with your present life,

which seem to occupy an annoyingly large

a. How does this concern interfere? (loss of sleep, preoccupied, can’t

eat, etc.)

b. Can you estimate how many hours per week you are bothered by this

problem?
c. To what extent has this problem interfered with your life? (forced

to drop classes, etc.) Try to rate it from O (not at all) to 20

(interferes extensively).

29. What other things may be of concern to you at this time?

30. Would you like to talk to someone free of charge about your concerns?

If yes: O.K. (fine). However, because of the large number of people

being interviewed, we cannot guarantee that all individuals

will be able to be seen. If we are able to include you, you

will be contacted most likely in the next couple of weeks.

Until then, thank you very much for your participation in the

project, thus far.

If no: Thank you very much for your participation in this project.

42
THERAPIST RATING

The depression rating scale ranges from 0-10. Examples of some classification

criterion are below:

O- Person seems pleasant and satisfied with his or her life at the present time.

1- Person is neither happy or depressed. This is the neutral category.

2- Person shows concern with his or her problems and is slightly depressed.

3-

4-

5- Person appears unhappy and is distressed with his or her life problems.

6-

7-

8- Person explicitly communicates distress and a desire for assistance.

9-

10- Person has a hopeless, helpless attitude and extemporaneously displays

extreme distress and shows no insight as to how he or she can deal with

his or her problems.

Persons who exhibit behavior more severe than this can be given a higher score.

43
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

ZUNG SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE (SDS)

Please answer these items as they pertain to you now.

Response options and response values*

A little Some Good Most

of the of the part of of the

Time Time the Time Time

I feel down-hearted and blue.

Morning is when I feel best.

I have crying spells or feel like it.

I have trouble sleeping at night.

I eat as much as I used to.

I still enjoy sex.

I notice that I am losing weight.

I have trouble with constipation.

My heart beats faster than usual.

I get tired for no reason.

My mind is as clear as it used to be.

I find it easy to do things I used to.

I am restless and can’t keep still,

I feel hopeful about the future.

I am more irritable than usual.

I find it easy to make decisions.

I feel that I am useful and needed.

My life is pretty full.

I feel that others would be better off

if I were dead.

I still enjoy the things I used to.

1 2

4 3

1 2

1 2

4 3

4 3

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

4 3

4 3

1 2

4 3

1 2

4 3

4 3

4 3

1 2

4 3

3 4

2 1

3 4

3 4

2 1

2 1

3 4

3 4

3 4

3 4

2 1

2 1

3 4

2 1

,

3 4

2 1

2 1

2 1

3 4

2 1

*The sum of these values are converted to a 25-100 score scale by dividing

the raw score values by.80.

44
COLLEGE HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS (CHQ)

“Lately” or recently refers to the past six months; “past” more than six

months. Read the questions closely and literally notice modifying words.

(Item response score values are shown for each item as numbered.)

Current Depression (7 items)

4. How has your mood been recently?

quite elated

1: happier than usual

average

:: somewhat low

5. quite low

10. Compared to usual, when you wake up recently, are you able to face the

day or do you have to push yourself to get started?

4* push a lot

3. push a little

2. no trouble getting started

1. get started much more easily than usual

Have you maintained your normal social interest and activities recently,

.

27.

or have you avoided being with people (not counting times when you

wanted to study)?

4.

3.

2.

1.

38. Have

definitely avoided people

somewhat avoided people

about the same as always

much easier to be with people than usual

You recently felt that you have let either your Parents, Yourselfs

or others down in a major way?

2. yes

1. no

59. How does the future look to you now?

really black

i: a little bad

3. about average

2. better than usual

1. fabulous

61. Compared to usual how has your energy been recently?

1. really great--more than I need!

good--about average

$: somewhat less energy than usual

4. quite a bit less than usual

45
68. Have you recently tended to be more critical of yourself than usual?

3. a lot more

2. some more

1. not really

Past Depression (2 items)

22. Have you had periods of feeling more irritable than usual?

4. frequent periods of irritability lasting two weeks or more

3. -t periods lasting a shorter time

2. occasional periods of irritability lasting two weeks or more

1. no striking periods of feeling more irritable than usual

60. Has there ever been a period of time when your mood was low, apathetic,

or depressed but only for a few days at a time?

4. often

3. sometimes

2. rarely

1. never

Current and Past Depression Items in Common (12 items)

1. Was there ever a time when you had unusual or severe trouble concentrating

on schoolwork?

;:

::

5. Have

fall

1.

2.

::

13. Have

no

yes, but only in the past

yes~just recently

yes, in the past and recently too

you had periods when it seemed to take a longer time than usual to

asleep at night?

&s, but only in the past

yes, just recently

yes, in the past and recently too

you had periods in your life when you had thoughts of harming

yourself?

1. no

yes, but on-lyin the past

5: yes, just recently

4. yes, in the past and recently too

46
15. Have

back

1.

::

4.

17. Have

you ever had trouble waking up too early without being able to go

to sleep?

no

yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

yes, in the past and recently too

there been periods of more than a day or so in your life when your

appetite was unusually poor?

no

;: yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

:: yes, in the past and recently too

26. Have you ever been bothered by your sleep being less refreshing than usual

for more than a day or two at a time?

1. no

yes, but only in the past

:: yes, just recently

4. yes, in the past and recently too

30. Have you ever been bothered by periods in your life when you would sleep

too much or want to sleep more than usual during the day?

L &s, but only in the past

yes, just recently

:: yes, in the past and recently too

39. Have there been times when you felt (even if momentarily) that you might

be better off dead?

1. no

2. yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

;: yes, in the past and recently too

46. Have you had periods in your life when you felt like crying more than usual?

1. no

2. yes, but only in the past

3* yes, just recently

4. yes, in the past and recently too

48. Have you had periods (lasting two weeks or more) when you felt more tired

than usual, no matter how much sleep you were getting?

1. no

2. yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

:: yes, in the past and recently too

47
55. If you ever tried to harm yourself physically, when did it happen?

1.

2.

::

63. Have

down

1.

::

4.

doesn’t apply

.

tried it in the past

tried it just recently

tried it in the past and just recently

you had periods (lasting more than two weeks) of being low, depressed,

in the dumps, or blue?

no

yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

yes, in the past and recently too

Anxiety (6 items)

21. Have you felt your heart pounding or

fearful, tense, or .iitter.yeven when

beating fast and at the same time

the situation .Youwere in was not

a stressful one (as-in ma_kinga speech, etc.)? -

no

L yes, but only in the past

3. yes, just recently

4. yes, in the past and recently too

25. Do you have marked fears of certain situations like being in a closed

place, standing on heights, being in crowds, going outside, or into

the dark to such an extent that sometimes it makes .YOU avoid doinq

things you would otherwise like to do?

;: ~&, but only in the past

3. yes, just recently

4. yes, in the past and recently too

49. Have you had “attacks” of being “short of breath” or unable

breath, and at the same time felt fearful or jittery?

1.

2.

;:

54. Have

even

1:

3.

4.

5.

to catch your

yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

yes, in the past and recently too

.YOU had marked feelirm of weakness, tiredness, or fati!me when doing

~ small amount of exeFcise?

~&, most of my life, but haven’t sought

yes, most ofmy life, and have consulted

yes, occasionally

almost never

medical advice

a doctor about

about it

it

48
56. Are you ever so

interferes with

3. often

tense, worried or upset before or during exams that it

your performance on the test?

2. occasionally

1. never

73. Have you had painful or uncomfortable sensations in your chest that make

you question whether you might have heart trouble or a heart attack?

1. no

2. yes, but only in the past

yes, just recently

:: yes, in the past and recently too

49
PERSONAL FEELINGS INVENTORY (PFI)

The Personal Feelings Inventory was presented as a list of true-fallse

questions in which the Depression and Anxiety subscales were mixed. The only

instructions to the subject were “Please answer these items as they pertain to

you now.”

(“True” responses scored)

Depression subscale (45 items)

1. I

2. I

3. I

5. I

6. I

8. I

10. I

11. I

have less interest than usual in things.

have difficulty concentrating.

am often sad or depressed.

feel depressed most of the time.

have trouble giving attention to ordinary routine.

have felt life wasn’t worth living.

have difficulty coming to a conclusion or decision.

feel overwhelmed with life.

12. My thoughts dwell on a few troubles.

14. I have kept up very few interests.

15. Little if anything interests me.

17. I

19. I

20. I

21. I

23. I

24. I

spend less time at usual recreational activities.

feel miserable or unhappy.

can’t concentrate when reading.

am bothered by feelings of inadequacy.

have too little energy.

can’t concentrate on movies or T.V. programs.

50
26. I

28. I

29. I

30. I

32, I

33. I

35. I

tend to depreciate or criticize myself.

don’t seem to smile anymore.

enjoy almost nothing.

enjoy doing little if anything.

have had difficulty with my memory lately.

keep losing my train of thought.

think aboutmy death.

37. Mythoughts get muddled.

38. I have trouble remembering something I have just read or heard.

39. I seem to be slowed down in thinking.

41, I spend time sitting around or in bed.

42. Recently I’ve been thinking of ending it all.

44. Mymemory is impaired.

46. Mymovements are sloweddown.

47. I

48. I

50. I

51. I

53. I

55. I

57. I

58. I

59. I

61. I

can’t make up my mind.

have thoughts about killing myself.

feel slowed down.

am discouraged about the future.

have lost interest in work.

can’t concentrate on what people are saying.

feel worthless.

have little interest in movies or T.V.

spend almost no time at recreation.

feel ill at ease with people in general.
62. Myfuture is bleak.

64. I

65. I

66. I

get angry with myself.

have a diminished appetite.

feel slowed down in my thinking.

Anxiety Subscale (21 items)

4.

7.

9.

13.

16.

18.

22,

25.

27.

31 ●

34.

I have been uneasy or anxious in the past month.

I have tried to avoid one or more situations in the past month.

I tremble; my hands are shaky; I feel weak at the knees.

My hands are sweating and clammy.

I feel hot and cold, and blush or get pale readily.

I have butterflies or a sinking feeling in my stomach.

My heart pounds or flutters when I am uneasy or panicky.

I have fear of a particular object or situation.

I have a dry or coated mouth.

Myfears prevent me from participating in some activities.

I have dizziness, faintness, and/or giddiness.

36. I.have difficulty in getting my breath, and have a choking, tightness in

my chest.

40. I

43. I

45. I

49. I

52. I

54. I

have attacks of fear or panic and feel I have to do something to end it.

am uneasy when I go out alone or stay home alone.

avoid going out alone or staying home alone.

am uneasy when

am uneasy when

avoid being in

in an enclosed space.

in crowds.

crowds.

52
56. I get attacks of sudden fear or panic.

60. I avoid being in an enclosed space.

63. I continually feel afraid of things.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINT04GOFFCE 1977-260.937:31

53
f

Series 1.

Serli?s 2.

Sera”es3.

Series 4.

VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATIONS SERIES

Formerly Public Health Sewi”ce &blication No. 1000

Programs and Collection “%cedures. –Reports which describe the general programs of the National

titer for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, &ta collection methods used, definitions, and

other material necessaxy for understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methodi Research. –Studies of new statistical methodology including experimental

tats of new survey method~, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical techniques,

objective evaluations of reliability of collected &ta, contibutiom to statistical theory.

Analytical Studies. –Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies baaed on vital and health

statistics, camying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and Committee Reports. –Final reports of maior committees concerned with vital and

/

health statistics, and documents such as recom-men&d mo~el vital registration laws and revised birth

and death certificates.

Series 10. Data from tlke Health Interview Survey .-Statistiu on illness; accidental injuries; disability; use of

hospital, medical, dental, and other services; and other health-related topics, based on data collected in

a continuing national household iriterview survey.

Sera”es11. Data j%om the Health E @nation Survey .-Data from direct examin

7

ation, testing, and measurement

of national samples of th “ civihan, noninstitutioticd population provide the basis for two types of

reports: (1] estimates of the medicdly defined prevalence of ~ecific diseases in the United States and

the distributions of the populkon with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2) analysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an

explicit fiite universe of persons.

Series 12. Data ji-om the Znstitution&tied Population Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports from

these surveys will be in Series 13.

Series 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization.-Sttitia on the utktion of health manpower and facilities

providing long-term care, ambulatory care, hospital care, and family planning services.

Series 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and FkiMies. –Statistia on the numbers, geographic distribution, and charactaistia of health resources including physiaans, dentists, nurses, other health occupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.

Serr”es20. Data on Mortality.-V~ statistia on m~lty other than as included in regular annual or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and time

series analyses; and ttatistia on characteristics of deaths not available from the vital records, based on

sample surveys of those records.

Sert”es 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce. –Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce other

than as included in regular annurd or monthly reports. Special analyses by demographic variables;

geographic and time series analyses; studies of fertility; and statistics on characteristic .of births not

available from the vital records, baaed on sample mrveys of those records.

Series 22. Data from the National Mortulity and Natdity Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports

from these sample surveys based on vital records will be included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.

Series 23. Data j%om the Nati”onal Survey of Famiiy Growth. –Statistics on fertility, family formation and dissolution, family planning, and related maternal and infant health topics derived from a biennial survey of

a nationwide probability sample of ever-married women 1544 years of age.

Eor a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Scientific and Technical Information Branch

, National Center for Health Statistics

Public Health Service, HRA

Hyattsville, Md. 20782