NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING 

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED 

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL 

OF FLORIDA 

SECOND DISTRICT 

JOEY VILLANUEVA, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Case No. 2D15-1422 

 ) 

STATE OF FLORIDA, ) 

 ) 

 Appellee. ) 

___________________________________ ) 

Opinion filed February 10, 2016. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk 

County; Glenn T. Shelby, Judge. 

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and 

Judith Ellis, Assistant Public Defender, 

Bartow, for Appellant. 

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Marilyn Muir Beccue, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee. 

KHOUZAM, Judge. 

Joey Villanueva appeals his judgments and sentences for possession of 

methamphetamine and possession of paraphernalia. Villanueva entered a plea to the 
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charges, but reserved the right to appeal the denial of his dispositive motion to 

suppress. We reverse the denial of the motion to suppress. 

The underlying facts are not in dispute as only the arresting officer testified 

at the hearing on the motion to suppress. Officer Bradley Dollison testified that he 

observed a vehicle operated by Villanueva fail to come to a complete stop at a stop 

sign. He pulled Villanueva over and approached the driver's window. He asked for 

Villanueva's license and registration. Officer Dollison went back to his patrol vehicle 

with the license and registration and ran Villanueva's license number to check for any 

outstanding warrants. The license check did not yield any outstanding warrants but 

informed Officer Dollison that Villanueva was on probation. Officer Dollison testified that 

the only thing left for him to do after running the check was to issue the citation. Instead 

of writing the ticket, Officer Dollison returned to the van and asked Villanueva why he 

was on probation. After Villanueva told Officer Dollison he was on probation for a 

trafficking offense, Officer Dollison asked if Villanueva had any guns, knives, drugs, or 

anything illegal in the vehicle. Villanueva responded that he did not. Officer Dollison 

asked him to step out of the van and then asked for consent to search his person and 

the vehicle for anything illegal. When he asked for consent to search, Officer Dollison 

had not yet issued the citation and could not recall whether he had returned Villanueva's 

license. However, at the time of the stop, it was Officer Dollison's standard practice to 

return a driver's license only after he had asked for consent to search.1 In response to 

Officer Dollison's request, Villanueva said: "Go ahead. I have no choice because I'm on 

probation." Officer Dollison did not correct Villanueva's misunderstanding. The officer 

 1Officer Dollison also testified that this is no longer his standard practice. 
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then conducted the search and found a small baggy containing a crystal-like substance 

in Villanueva's front right key pocket. The entire exchange lasted about eleven minutes. 

Another law enforcement officer was present at the time of the search request, but did 

not testify. 

As a threshold issue, the parties agree that the probation exception to the 

warrant requirement does not apply. Probationers do not absolutely forfeit the 

protection of the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and 

seizures. See Grubbs v. State, 373 So. 2d 905, 907 (Fla. 1979). Probation officers 

may execute warrantless searches of a probationer's home or workplace, as such 

searches are necessary for the proper supervision of the probationer. Id. at 908. 

However, extending a probation officer's general authority to a law enforcement officer 

is not permissible under the Fourth Amendment. Harrell v. State, 162 So. 3d 1128, 

1132 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (citing Grubbs, 373 So. 2d at 909). A condition of probation 

that requires a probationer to consent to a warrantless search by any law enforcement 

officer at any time runs afoul of Fourth Amendment protections. Grubbs, 373 So. 2d at 

909. 

Villanueva filed a motion to suppress arguing that he was detained in 

excess of the legal duration of the search and that his consent was involuntary. In 

reviewing such a motion, 

The trial court's "determination of historical facts enjoys a 

presumption of correctness and is subject to reversal only if 

not supported by competent, substantial evidence in the 

record. However, the circuit court's determinations on mixed 

questions of law and fact and its legal conclusions are 

subject to de novo review." 
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State v. K.S., 28 So. 3d 985, 987 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) (quoting State v. Clark, 986 So. 

2d 625, 628 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)). "[A] traffic stop must last no longer than the time it 

takes to write the traffic citation." State v. Kindle, 782 So. 2d 971, 974 (Fla. 5th DCA 

2001). However, the detention may continue for a longer period of time "if the driver 

has freely and voluntarily given consent to a search of himself or the vehicle." Id. 

When the validity of a search depends on consent, the State 

has the burden of proving that the necessary consent was 

obtained and that it was freely and voluntarily given. "The 

determination of whether the consent to search is voluntary 

is a question for the trial judge and should not be disturbed 

on appeal unless the determination is clearly erroneous." 

Id. (citation omitted) (quoting Towner v. State, 713 So. 2d 1030, 1031 (Fla. 5th DCA 

1998)). If a person has been illegally seized by police and subsequently consents to a 

search, "the State bears the burden of showing by clear and convincing proof that there 

was an unequivocal break in the chain of illegality sufficient to dissipate the taint of the 

law enforcement's prior illegal activity." Kutzorik v. State, 891 So. 2d 645, 648-49 (Fla. 

2d DCA 2005). Whether or not someone has been seized is evaluated by the totality of 

the circumstances. Golphin v. State, 945 So. 2d 1174, 1181 (Fla. 2006). However, the 

retention of a defendant's driver's license when the officer asks for consent to search 

should be heavily factored when determining the nature of the encounter. Horne v. 

State, 113 So. 3d 158, 161 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). Another factor that should be strongly 

considered is whether the defendant was informed he or she was free to leave. Id. at 

161 n.2. Additionally, law enforcement officers are not required to advise citizens of the 

right to refuse consent. See Stubbs v. State, 661 So. 2d 1268, 1270 (Fla. 5th DCA 

1995). But a defendant's awareness of his right to refuse is a factor to be considered in 
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determining whether consent was voluntary. See Luna-Martinez v. State, 984 So. 2d 

592, 598 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); I.R.C. v. State, 968 So. 2d 583, 587 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007). 

The trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress. As the facts are 

undisputed, we review the court's application of law de novo. See K.S., 28 So. 3d at 

987. The trial court denied the motion reasoning that the stop only lasted eleven 

minutes and that the delays were attributable to the officer's warrant checks and search. 

It further reasoned that Villanueva's consent was not the result of any show of authority. 

However, the trial court's order fails to address the officer's retention of the license, 

Villanueva's lack of awareness that he could refuse consent, and whether Villanueva 

was informed he was free to leave. Although the stop only lasted for eleven minutes, at 

the time of the request for consent to search, per the officer's uncontroverted testimony, 

the only thing Officer Dollison had left to do was issue the citation. Yet the citation was 

not written up until after Villanueva was taken into custody, after legal duration of the 

stop was exceeded. Considering the totality of the circumstances in this case, we find 

that Villanueva's consent was involuntary. 

The State argues that the evidence is unclear as to whether the officer 

retained Villanueva's license at the time he sought consent to search. However, there is 

no evidence to support the conclusion that the officer gave Villanueva his license back. 

The officer testified that he did not remember if he returned the license, but that it was 

his standard practice at the time to hold on to the license when he asked for consent. 

There is no indication in the record that the officer did not follow his standard practice at 

the time. 
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Accordingly, we reverse Villanueva's convictions and sentences and 

remand with directions to discharge him. 

Reversed and remanded with directions. 

KELLY and CRENSHAW, JJ., Concur.