MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions

Decision: 2016 ME 77

Docket: Han-15-100

Submitted

 On Briefs: September 28, 2015

Decided: May 26, 2016

Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HUMPHREY, JJ.

Majority: SAUFLEY, C.J., and MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HUMPHREY, JJ.

Concurrence: SAUFLEY, C.J., and GORMAN, J.

Dissent: ALEXANDER, J.

JENNA GORDIUS

v.

RANDALL G. KELLEY et al.

JABAR, J.

[¶1] Randall G. Kelley appeals from a judgment of the District Court 

(Ellsworth, Mallonee, J.) determining that he was not a de facto parent of Jenna 

Gordius’s child. Because key factual findings are in conflict in the court’s 

findings, we must vacate the court’s decision and remand for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] The following facts are derived from the trial court’s findings, and we 

review them with considerable deference. Buck v. Buck, 2015 ME 33, ¶ 5, 

113 A.3d 1095.

[¶3] Kelley and Gordius were in a romantic relationship for approximately 

ten years before they were married in May 2012. Gordius’s child was born on 
2

July 14, 2011, at a time when Gordius and Kelley were together but unmarried. 

Although the two had been living together for a number of years at the time of the 

child’s birth, Arvide J. Pennartz is the biological father of the child. On April 27, 

2012, shortly before Gordius and Kelley were married, Gordius filed a complaint

in the District Court against Pennartz for a determination of paternity and parental 

rights and responsibilities. A year later, on May 22, 2013, the District Court 

entered a judgment that determined Pennartz’s paternity, awarded Gordius and 

Pennartz shared parental rights and responsibilities, and granted Gordius primary 

residence of the child and Pennartz weekly contact.

[¶4] Both parties agree that while Gordius and Kelley lived together before 

their breakup on October 21, 2013, Kelley was very close to and supportive of 

Gordius’s child. When Gordius filed for divorce following their breakup, Kelley 

filed a motion to modify the parental rights and responsibilities order entered 

between Gordius and Pennartz, claiming intervenor status as a de facto parent. The 

court granted Kelley’s request that the divorce action and the motion claiming 

de facto parenthood be consolidated.

[¶5] Following a hearing on the consolidated matters on March 28, 2014, 

the court issued an interim order preliminarily granting Kelley de facto parent 

status and awarding him the right to have contact with the child “to be coordinated 
3

with [Pennartz’s] schedule.” On this same date, the court granted a divorce to 

Gordius and Kelley.

[¶6] After a hearing on December 18, 2014, the court entered a final order 

on Kelley’s claim for de facto parenthood. In that order, the court stated that 

“[a]lthough the terms of the [divorce] judgment [finding Kelley to be a de facto 

parent] were not expressed as temporary, the parties and the court treated them as 

such.” The court also stated that it “remains convinced . . . that Mr. Kelley has 

undertaken a permanent, equivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in the 

child’s life . . . and that Mr. Kelley’s exclusion from [the child’s] life will hurt the 

child.” Despite these findings, the court concluded that Kelley failed to establish 

his status as a de facto parent to the child because the “circumstances cannot be 

deemed exceptional.”

[¶7] Kelley filed a consolidated motion for further findings of fact and 

conclusions of law and a motion to alter or amend the judgment pursuant to 

M.R. Civ. P. 59(e). The court denied these motions and Kelley timely appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

[¶8] Kelley argues that the court committed an error of law by failing to 

apply the proper standards in determining whether Kelley qualified as a de facto 

parent as articulated in Pitts v. Moore, 2014 ME 59, ¶¶ 18-29, 90 A.3d 1169
4

(plurality opinion). Gordius maintains that the court correctly determined that 

exceptional circumstances as outlined in Pitts are not present in this matter.

[¶9] Because the issues in this appeal concern application of the law of 

de facto parenting to the court’s factual determination that Kelley did not meet a 

necessary element of de facto parenthood, as set out in Pitts, and because Kelley 

had the burden of proof, we must determine first whether the court correctly 

articulated the applicable law and, if so, whether the court properly applied the law 

to the facts in determining whether Kelley was a de facto parent.

B. De Facto Parenthood

[¶10] “Despite [numerous] shifts in family . . . structure [in today’s society], 

it remains firmly established that parents have a fundamental liberty interest to 

direct the care, custody, and control of their children.” Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 11, 

90 A.3d 1169 (quotation marks omitted); see Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65

(2000). However, this right to parent is not absolute, and there are situations where 

interference with that right is constitutionally permitted. Whenever there is an 

attempted interference with that right, we must evaluate it with strict scrutiny. 

Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 12, 90 A.3d 1169. In Pitts, we held that the State’s intrusion 

into the parent-child relationship is permitted only when “there is some urgent 

reason or there are exceptional circumstances affecting the child.” Id. Before us is 
5

one of those situations that will interfere with the normal parent-child 

relationship—a claim of de facto parenthood.1

[¶11] In Pitts, we held that a party seeking de facto parent status must prove 

two elements by clear and convincing evidence: first, that he or she has undertaken 

a permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in the child’s 

life; and second, that there are exceptional circumstances2 sufficient to allow the 

court to interfere with the legal or adoptive parents’ rights.3 Id. ¶ 27.

[¶12] Here, the trial court found that Kelley met the first prong of the 

two-part test, that Kelley “has undertaken a permanent, unequivocal, committed 

and responsible parental role in the child’s life.” Because neither party has 

challenged this finding by the court, we focus on the second prong of the test—

whether there are “exceptional circumstances” sufficient to allow the court to 

interfere with the rights of the biological parents.

[¶13] In Pitts, we held that exceptional circumstances exist when harm to 

the child will occur if the party claiming de facto status is not acknowledged to be 

 1

 Once a court concludes that a party has established de facto parent status, that party is a parent for 

all purposes and the court must then determine his or her parental rights and responsibilities pursuant to 

19-A M.R.S. 1653 (2014). See generally C.E.W. v. D.E.W., 2004 ME 43, 845 A.2d 1146.

2

 See paragraph 18 of the Concurring Opinion for further discussion of the term “exceptional 

circumstances.”

3

 Since our decision in Pitts, the Legislature has passed the Maine Parentage Act, effective on July 1, 

2016. As the statute is not yet in effect, it is inapplicable to this case.
6

the child’s de facto parent. Id. ¶ 29. In a plurality opinion, we explained the type 

of harm that needs to be found to justify interference with a parent’s rights:

We are not here announcing that “harm” in these cases must be the

equivalent of “jeopardy” in title 22 cases. Nonetheless, a court 

contemplating an order that creates a parent out of a non-parent must 

first determine that the child’s life would be substantially and 

negatively affected if the person who has undertaken a permanent, 

unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in that child’s

life is removed from that role.

Id. (emphasis added). In so writing, we were drawing on the language we had used 

to discuss why courts could permit this type of interference with a biological or 

adoptive parent’s wishes: “to ensure that a child does not, without cause, lose the 

relationship with the person who has previously been acknowledged to be the 

[parent] through the development of the parental relationship over time.” Young v. 

Young, 2004 ME 44 ¶ 5, 845 A.2d 1144. We explained that the exceptional 

circumstances allowing a court to so interfere exist only when “the child’s life 

would be substantially and negatively affected if the person who has undertaken a 

permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in that child’s 

life is removed from that role.” Pitts v. Moore, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 29, 90 A.3d 1169, 

1181.

[¶14] Although the trial court found that the child would be harmed by the 

removal of Kelley from the child’s life, noting “that Mr. Kelley’s exclusion from 

[his] life will hurt the child” and “the effect on children of these ruptured 
7

relationships can be deeply wounding,” the court concluded that 

“the circumstances are sadly unexceptional.” Kelley requested further findings and 

conclusions, specifically asking the court to apply the de facto parent standards 

established by Pitts, and provided the court with proposed findings, as required by 

M.R. Civ. P. 52(b). The court denied the request.

[¶15] The court appears to have applied the requirement of “exceptional”

circumstances in a generic fashion determining, in essence, that it is not unusual in 

today’s world for a child to be harmed by these changes in adult relationships. 

Although the generic assessment of exceptionality may play a role in the court’s 

final consideration of the facts, the court’s focus must be on the child himself. The 

ultimate question is whether the harm to this child creates the exceptional 

circumstances that allow the interference with parental rights, i.e., whether the 

court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that “the child’s life would be 

substantially and negatively affected” if Kelley is removed from his “permanent, 

unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role. . . .” Pitts, 2014 ME 59, 

¶ 29, 90 A.3d 1169. Because the court did not reach the child-focused component 

of the analysis, it did not articulate whether the harm that it found would 

“substantially and negatively” affect the child’s life. 

[¶16] Because the trial court concluded that Kelley’s removal from the 

child’s life would cause the child harm without determining whether the removal 
8

would “substantially and negatively” affect this child, we remand the case to the 

trial court. Because children’s needs may change with time, we leave the decision 

on whether to reopen the record for updated information to the discretion of the 

trial judge.

The entry is:

Judgment vacated. Remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

SAUFLEY, C.J., with whom GORMAN, J., joins, concurring

[¶17] I concur in the Court’s opinion and write separately to make clear that 

we vacate the judgment because it appears that the trial court misapprehended a 

legal standard and not, as the dissent suggests, because we disagree with the trial 

court’s findings of fact. Indeed, as the Court has noted, the trial court has not yet 

made a key factual finding.

[¶18] The confusion in defining “exceptional circumstances” may have 

been caused by our own use of multiple terms to describe a single concept. As we 

noted in Pitts v. Moore, the adjectives “urgent,” “compelling,” and “exceptional” 

are all “intended to address the heightened interest the State must present before it 

may interfere in a parent’s right to raise a child.” 2014 ME 59, ¶ 12 n.3, 90 A.3d 

1169. We have further elucidated this heightened interest by explaining that the 
9

government may infringe on a parent’s fundamental liberty interest if a failure to 

do so would “substantially and negatively” affect the child’s life, id. ¶ 29 (plurality 

opinion), meaning that a failure of the government to act would have a “dramatic, 

and even traumatic, effect upon the child’s well-being.” Rideout v. Riendeau, 2000 

ME 198, ¶ 26, 761 A.2d 291. Although we have articulated different formulations 

of what circumstances would constitutionally support an infringement on a 

parent’s liberty interest to protect a child’s well-being, these formulations all 

describe a unified concept related to the specific child before the court.

[¶19] In the matter at issue here, it appears from the judgment that the trial 

court understood the law to require it to determine whether Kelley had established 

“exceptional circumstances sufficient to allow the court to interfere” with parental

rights, Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 27, 90 A.3d 1169, by evaluating whether the 

circumstances were unusual in the world at large. The dissent appears to 

understand the law similarly. We have, however, consistently interpreted the term 

“exceptional circumstances” to mean instead circumstances that are exceptional as 

to the individual child. Id. Thus, to prove the existence of “exceptional 

circumstances,” Kelley was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence 

that the child would be harmed by Kelley’s removal from his life and that the harm 

to this specific child would “substantially and negatively” affect the child’s life, id.

¶ 29 (plurality opinion), meaning that Kelley’s absence would have a “dramatic, 
10

and even traumatic, effect upon the child’s well-being,” Rideout, 2000 ME 198, ¶ 

26, 761 A.2d 291. Because the trial court found that many children may suffer 

similar harm, it did not reach findings with respect to the specific impact on this 

child.4 Although confusion may have arisen from our language describing this 

critical aspect of the intersection of a parent’s liberty interest with the State’s 

interest in protecting the child from harm, with the clarity of the Court’s decision 

today, the trial court should be able to apply the law to the facts developed at trial. 

[¶20] To be clear, if, on remand, the court finds that Kelley has failed to 

prove that this child’s life would be “substantially and negatively affected” such 

that the removal of Kelley from the role of a “permanent, unequivocal, committed, 

and responsible” parent, Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 29 (plurality opinion), would have a 

“dramatic, and even traumatic, effect upon the child’s well-being,” Rideout, 2000 

ME 198, ¶ 26, 761 A.2d 291, we will affirm that determination unless the evidence 

compels a contrary finding, Carter v. Williams, 2002 ME 50, ¶ 9, 792 A.2d 1093. 

Here, however, we have identified a possible misapprehension of the law. We 

must, therefore, vacate the judgment and allow the trial court, on remand, to reach 

findings of fact applying the proper legal standard as we have clarified it today. 

Because it is the role of the trial court to decide the facts in the first instance, we 

 4

 We would certainly not say that, because many children suffer harm at the hands of drug addicted 

parents, the harm suffered by an individual child is unexceptional.
11

should not make assumptions about those factual findings where a 

misapprehension of the law exists.

ALEXANDER, J., dissenting.

[¶21] I respectfully dissent.

[¶22] This appeal addresses a sad scenario that recurs hundreds or 

thousands of times a year in Maine—a child’s parent with primary residence of a 

child has a long-term relationship with a friend, fiancée, or spouse who is not the 

child’s biological parent. The friend, fiancée, or spouse develops a positive, 

parent-like relationship with the child. The child’s parent and the friend, fiancée, 

or spouse then separate, and the child is saddened, or, as the trial court found here, 

“hurt” by the loss of contact with the now ex-friend, fiancée, or spouse.

[¶23] The parent-like relationship between Randall Kelley and the child 

existed for approximately two years following the birth of the child, before Jenna 

Gordius and Kelley separated. To that point, the relationship and the breakup 

tracked the scenario of thousands of similar cases,5 circumstances the trial court 

found “sadly unexceptional.” Looking at similar separations, the trial court 

 5

 Including the scenario in Pitts v. Moore, 2014 ME 59, ¶¶ 1-3, 90 A.3d 1169, which also involved a 

long-term relationship that ended nearly two years after the birth of the child.
12

observed that termination of such relationships “can be deeply wounding” for the 

children involved. Significantly, the trial court did not find that beyond “hurt” 

feelings, the injury, loss, or hurt to the child in this case would be any different or 

greater than the hurt to children in thousands of similar cases. 

[¶24] The court’s explicit “sadly unexceptional” finding is a finding that 

Kelley failed to meet his burden to prove that the hurt, or “harm” to this child in 

this case is any different or greater than the hurt experienced by thousands of 

children experiencing similar circumstances. To emphasize its point that Kelley 

had failed to meet his burden of proof, the court also found that, regarding 

termination of the relationship between Kelley and this child the “circumstances 

cannot be deemed exceptional.”6 Beyond referencing the trial court’s findings, it 

also must be emphasized that nothing in the record suggests that any hurt or harm 

to this child from termination of the relationship with Kelley was at all exceptional 

or indicated that the child’s suffered unusual long term emotional harm by loss of 

the relationship with Kelley that today is long in the past. A remand now will only 

 6 In its order, the District Court appears to have applied a preponderance of the evidence standard of 

proof to evaluate whether Randall Kelley had met his burden to prove de facto parent status. It then 

determined that Kelley had failed to meet even this lower burden of proof. Because an effort to establish 

de facto parent status seeks to have the State interfere in a parent’s fundamental constitutional right to 

parent a child, the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof applies to such efforts. 

See Guardianship of Gionest, 2015 ME 154, ¶ 5, 128 A.3d 1062; Pitts v. Moore, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 27, 

90 A.3d 1169. 
13

add confusion and stress to the child’s life in Kelley’s effort to judicially 

reestablish a long-passed connection to the child. 

[¶25] Jenna Gordius, the child’s mother, already has a court-ordered shared 

parental rights arrangement with her child’s biological father. That order appears 

to allow the child’s father approximately two days a week with his child, and parts 

of up to four days a week in some weeks. Awarding Kelley de facto parent status 

will inject a third party into the already divided visitation schedule; remove the 

child from home for more time each week; and increase confusion and instability 

in parenting and direction at a time when the child—any child—needs stability and 

consistent direction to support emotional development and well-being.

[¶26] The Court’s opinion is in reality remanding for a further explanation 

of the trial court’s explicit findings that Kelley had failed to meet his burden to 

prove that the hurt to this child was unusual or exceptional compared to other 

children in similar circumstances. Such a remand is unusual in appellate review 

practice in requiring a detailed explanation of a trial court finding that a party with 

the burden of proof has failed to meet that burden of proof. See Wandishin v. 

Wandishin, 2009 ME 73, ¶ 19, 976 A.2d 949 (trial court, having found the facts, 

need not explain rationale used to support each finding).

[¶27] A party, like Kelley, who has the burden of proof on an issue, can 

prevail on a challenge to a finding that his burden has not been met only if he can 
14

demonstrate that a contrary finding is compelled by the evidence. Guardianship of 

Gionest, 2015 ME 154, ¶ 5, 128 A.3d 1062. The Court should not utilize a claimed 

need for a more detailed explanation of the rationale for the trial court’s finding 

that Kelley failed to meet his burden of proof to turn an issue of fact into an issue 

of law to try to overturn a fact-finding the Court may not like. 

[¶28] As the Court recognizes, Court’s Opinion ¶ 10, the law is “firmly 

established that parents have a fundamental liberty interest to direct the care, 

custody, and control of their children.” Davis v. Anderson, 2008 ME 125, ¶ 18, 

953 A.2d 1166 (citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Rideout v. 

Riendeau, 2000 ME 198, ¶ 12, 761 A.2d 291 (plurality opinion)).

[¶29] The clear direction of the Gionest, Davis, Troxel, and Rideout

precedents is that our law recognizes and respects the constitutionally protected 

liberty interest of a parent or parents to parent their child free from state 

interference. Nothing in the record before us indicates harm to “this child” that 

could meet the constitutional standard of a “dramatic, and even traumatic, effect 

upon the child’s well-being.” That is the degree of harm to a child that we have 

held is necessary to support a de facto parent award if, and only if, that harm is

proven by clear and convincing evidence. Rideout, 2000 ME 198, ¶ 26, 

761 A.2d 291.
15

[¶30] The Court’s focus on whether a child’s interests would be 

“substantially and negatively affected” by the denial of Kelley’s claim to de facto 

parent status is simply a different way of asking whether an award of de facto 

parent status to a nonparent would be in the best interest of the child. That 

“negative affect” standard, adopted in Pitts, and continued by the Court’s opinion 

here, is vague and likely unconstitutional given the United States Supreme Court’s 

conclusion in Troxel that the best interest of the child standard is constitutionally 

insufficient to support judicial interference with a parent’s rights. See Troxel,

530 U.S. at 67-73. See also Samuel Johnson, Are You My Mother? A Critique of 

the Requirements for de Facto Parenthood in Maine Following the Law Court’s 

Decision in Pitts v. Moore, 67 Me. L. Rev. 354, 370-376 (2015).

[¶31] The District Court’s finding that Kelley failed to meet his burden to

prove something less than the constitutional standard of “dramatic, even traumatic 

effect upon the child’s well-being” sufficient to support government interference 

with the parents’ rights to parent their child should be affirmed. This record does 

not compel findings, to the clear and convincing evidence standard, of harm that 

will have a “dramatic, and even traumatic effect upon [this] child’s well-being,”

Rideout, 2000 ME 198, ¶ 26, 761 A.2d 291. Mandating further litigation now, and 

the potential injection into the child’s life of a contentious third party sharing 

parenting time and decision-making, will harm the child’s need for stability and 
16

consistent parental direction and support. Kelley and the child have now been 

separated for more than half of the child’s life. This litigation should end now. I 

would affirm the trial court’s judgment.

On the briefs:

Christopher J. Whalley, Esq., Ellsworth, for appellant Randall G. Kelley

Jeffrey C. Toothaker, Esq., Ellsworth, for appellee Jenna Gordius

Ellsworth District Court docket numbers FM-2012-126 and FM-2013-281

FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY