U.S. Department of Commerce

Donald L. Evans,

Secretary

Samuel W. Bodman,

Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper, 

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director

2001 National Survey of 

Fishing, Hunting, and 

Wildlife-Associated Recreation

U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton,

Secretary

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Steve Williams,

Director

Issued October 2002

FHW/01-NAT
Suggested Citation

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, 

U.S. Census Bureau. 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper,

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Department of Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Steve Williams, Director

Division of Federal Aid

Kris E. LaMontagne, Chief

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use

of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and

cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life

through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to

assure their development in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories

under U.S. administration.

The mission of the Department’s Fish and Wildlife Service is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and

wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service is responsible

for national programs of vital importance to our natural resources, including administration of the

Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration and the Federal Aid of Wildlife Restoration Programs. These two

grant programs provide financial assistance to the States for projects to enhance and protect fish and

wildlife resources and to assure their availability to the public for recreational purposes. Multistate

grants from these programs pay for the National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation.
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Survey Background and Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii

Highlights

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Fishing Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Hunting Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Wildlife-Watching Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Tables

Guide to Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Fishing and Hunting Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Wildlife-Watching Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

State Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Appendices

A. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

B. Comparability With Previous Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

C. Selected Data From Screening Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service iii

Contents
Fishing and Hunting: 2001

1. Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . 57

2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7. Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

11. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12. Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

13. Expenditures for Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

14. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

15. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing Except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

16. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

17. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

18. Expenditures for Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

19. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

22. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

23. Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

24. Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

25. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

26. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

27. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

28. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

29. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

30. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

31. Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

32. Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

33. Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, and Other Primitive Firearms for Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

34. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing or Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

35. Why Anglers and Hunters Did Not Participate More in 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

iv U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

List of Tables
Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

36. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

37. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . 86

38. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Area or Site Visited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

39. Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

40. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed,

Photographed, or Fed and Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

41. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

42. Number of Participants Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound and Who Keep Birding Life Lists . . . . . . . . . . 88

43. Expenditures for Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

44. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . 90

45. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

46. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

47. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Wildlife Watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

48. Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

49. Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

State Wildlife-Related Recreation: 2001

50. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

51. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

52. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

53. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

54. Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

55. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

56. Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

57. Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

58. Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

59. Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

60. Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers and Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

61. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

62. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

63. Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

64. Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

65. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

66. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

67. Participants in Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

68. Days of Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activity by State Where Activity Took Place

and Participant’s State of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

69. Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service v
vi U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Fish and wildlife resources are part of our

American culture. Whether we are

fishing, hunting, watching wildlife or

feeding backyard birds, Americans derive

many hours of enjoyment from wildliferelated recreation. Wildlife recreation is

the cornerstone of our Nation’s great

conservation ethic. 

The 2001 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation is a partnership effort with the

States and national conservation

organizations, and has become one of the

most important sources of information on

fish and wildlife recreation in the United

States. It is a useful tool that quantifies

the economic impact of wildlife-based

recreation. Federal, State, and private

organizations use this detailed information

to manage wildlife, market products, and

look for trends. The 2001 Survey is the

tenth in a series that began in 1955. 

More than 82 million U.S. residents fished,

hunted, and watched wildlife in 2001.

They spent over $108 billion pursuing their

recreational activities, contributing to

millions of jobs in industries and

businesses that support wildlife-related

recreation. Furthermore, funds generated

by licenses and taxes on hunting and

fishing equipment pay for many of the

conservation efforts in this country.

Wildlife recreationists are among the

Nation’s most ardent conservationists.

They not only contribute financially to

conservation efforts, but also spend time

and effort to introduce children and other

newcomers to the enjoyment of the

outdoors and wildlife. 

I appreciate the assistance of those who

took time to participate in this valuable

survey. We all can be grateful that

America’s great tradition of wildliferelated recreation remains strong. 

Steve Williams

Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Foreword
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service vii

The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,

and Wildlife-Associated Recreation

(Survey) has been conducted since 1955

and is one of the oldest and most

comprehensive continuing recreation

surveys. The purpose of the Survey is to

gather information on the number of

anglers, hunters, and wildlife-watching

participants (formerly known as

nonconsumptive wildlife-related

participants) in the United States.

Information also is collected on how often

these recreationists participate and how

much they spend on their activities.

Preparations for the 2001 Survey began in

1999 when the International Association

of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (IAFWA)

asked us, the Fish and Wildlife Service, to

conduct the tenth national survey of

wildlife-related recreation. Funding came

from the Multistate Conservation Grant

Programs, authorized by Sport Fish and

Wildlife Restoration Acts, as amended.

We consulted with State and Federal

agencies and nongovernmental

organizations such as the Wildlife

Management Institute and American

Sportfishing Association to determine

survey content. Other sportspersons’

organizations and conservation groups,

industry representatives, and researchers

also provided valuable advice.

Four regional technical committees were

set up under the auspices of the IAFWA

to ensure that State fish and wildlife

agencies had an opportunity to participate

in all phases of survey planning and

design. The committees were made up of

agency representatives.

Data collection for the Survey was carried

out in two phases by the U.S. Census

Bureau. The first phase was the screen

which began in April 2001. During the

screening phase, the Census Bureau

interviewed a sample of 80,000

households nationwide to determine who

in the household had fished, hunted, or

engaged in wildlife-watching activities in

2000, and who had engaged or planned to

engage in those activities in 2001. In

most cases, one adult household member

provided information for all household

members. The screen primarily covered

2000 activities while the next, more indepth phase covered 2001 activities. For

more information on the 2000 data, refer

to Appendix C.

The second phase of the data collection

consisted of three detailed interview

waves. The first wave began in April

2001, the second in September 2001, and

the last in January 2002. Interviews were

conducted with samples of likely anglers,

hunters, and wildlife watchers who were

identified in the initial screening phase.

These interviews were conducted

primarily by telephone, with in-person

interviews for those respondents who

could not be reached by telephone.

Respondents in the second survey phase

were limited to those at least 16 years old.

Each respondent provided information

pertaining only to his or her activities and

expenditures. Sample sizes were

designed to provide statistically reliable

results at the State level. Altogether,

interviews were completed for 25,070

respondents from the sportspersons

sample and 15,303 from the wildlife

watchers sample. More detailed

information on sampling procedures and

response rates is found in Appendix D.

Comparability With Previous Surveys

The 2001 Survey’s questions and

methodology were similar to those used

in the 1996 and 1991 Surveys. Therefore,

the estimates of all three surveys are

comparable.

The methodology of the 2001, 1996, and

1991 Surveys did differ significantly from

the 1985 and 1980 Surveys, so their

estimates are not directly comparable to

those earlier surveys. The changes in

methodology included reducing the recall

period over which respondents had to

report their activities and expenditures.

Previous Surveys used a 12-month recall

period which resulted in greater reporting

bias. Research found that the amount of

activity and expenditures reported in 12-

month recall surveys was overestimated

in comparison with that reported using

shorter recall periods.

The trend information presented in this

report takes into account the differences

of the earlier surveys in comparing their

estimates with those of the 1991, 1996,

and 2001 Surveys. See the Summary

Section and Appendix B. 

Survey Background and Method

Highlights
The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting,

and Wildlife-Associated Recreation

reports results from interviews with U.S.

residents about their fishing, hunting, and

other wildlife-related recreation. This

report focuses on 2001 participation and

expenditures of U.S. residents 16 years of

age and older.

In addition to the 2001 numbers, we also

provide 11-year trend data. The 2001

numbers reported can be compared with

those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey reports

because these three surveys used similar

methodologies. However, the 2001

estimates should not be directly compared

with the results from Surveys earlier than

1991 because of changes in methodology.

These changes were made to improve

accuracy in the information provided.

Trend information from 1955 to 1985 is

presented in Appendix B.

The report also provides information on

participation in wildlife-related recreation

in 2000, particularly of persons 6 to 15

years of age. The 2000 information is

provided in Appendix C. Additional

information about the scope and coverage

of the Survey can be found in the Survey

Background and Method section of this

report. The remainder of this section

defines important terms used in the

Survey.

Wildlife-Associated Recreation

Wildlife-associated recreation includes

fishing, hunting, and wildlife-watching

activities. These categories are not

mutually exclusive because many

individuals enjoyed fish and wildlife in

several ways in 2001. Wildlife-associated

recreation is reported in two major

categories: (1) fishing and hunting and

(2) wildlife watching (formerly

nonconsumptive wildlife-related

recreation). Wildlife watching includes

observing, photographing, and feeding

fish and wildlife.

Fishing and Hunting

This Survey reports information about

residents of the United States who fished

or hunted in 2001, regardless of whether

they were licensed. The fishing and

hunting sections of this report are

organized to report three groups: (1)

sportspersons, (2) anglers, and (3) hunters. 

Sportspersons

Sportspersons are those who fished or

hunted. Individuals who fished or hunted

commercially in 2001 are reported as

sportspersons only if they also fished or

hunted for recreation. The sportspersons

group is composed of the three subgroups

in the diagram below: (1) those who

fished and hunted, (2) those who only

fished, and (3) those who only hunted.

The total number of sportspersons is

equal to the sum of people who only

fished, only hunted, and both hunted and

fished. It is not the sum of all anglers and

all hunters, because those people who

both fished and hunted are included in

both the angler and hunter population and

would be incorrectly counted twice.

Anglers

Anglers are sportspersons who only

fished plus those who fished and hunted.

Anglers include not only licensed hookand-line anglers, but also those who have

no license and those who use special

methods such as fishing with spears.

Three types of fishing are reported: (1)

freshwater, excluding the Great Lakes, 

(2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater. Since

many anglers participated in more than

one type of fishing, the total number of

anglers is less than the sum of the three

types of fishing.

Hunters

Hunters are sportspersons who only

hunted plus those who hunted and fished.

Hunters include not only licensed hunters

using common hunting practices, but also

those who have no license and those who

engaged in hunting with a bow and arrow,

muzzleloader, other primitive firearms, or

a pistol or handgun. Four types of hunting

are reported: (1) big game, (2) small

game, (3) migratory bird, and (4) other

animals. Since many hunters participated

in more than one type of hunting, the sum

of hunters for big game, small game,

migratory bird, and other animals exceeds

the total number of hunters.

Wildlife-Watching Activities

(formerly Nonconsumptive 

Wildlife-Related Recreation)

Since 1980, the National Survey of

Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation has included information on

wildlife-watching activities in addition to

fishing and hunting. However, the 1991,

1996, and 2001 Surveys, unlike the 1980

and 1985 Surveys, collected data only for

those activities where the primary purpose

was wildlife watching (observing,

photographing, or feeding wildlife). The

Survey uses a strict definition of wildlife

watching. Participants must either take a

“special interest” in wildlife around their

homes or take a trip for the “primary

purpose” of wildlife watching. Secondary

wildlife-watching activities such as

incidentally observing wildlife while

pleasure driving were included in the

1980 and 1985 Surveys but not in the

succeeding ones. 

Two types of wildlife-watching activity

are reported: (1) nonresidential and (2)

residential. Because some people

participate in more than one type of

wildlife-watching activity, the sum of

Introduction

Sportspersons

Anglers Hunters

Fished 

only

Fished

and

hunted

Hunted

only

2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 3

participants in each type will be greater

than the total number of wildlife

watchers. The two types of wildlifewatching activities are defined below.

Nonresidential (away from the home)

This group included persons who took

trips or outings of at least 1 mile for the

primary purpose of observing, feeding, or

photographing fish and wildlife. Trips to

fish, hunt, or scout and trips to zoos,

circuses, aquariums, or museums were not

considered wildlife-watching activities.

Residential (around the home)

This group included those whose

activities are within 1 mile of home and

involve one or more of the following: 

(1) closely observing or trying to identify

birds or other wildlife; (2) photographing

wildlife; (3) feeding birds or other

wildlife on a regular basis; (4)

maintaining natural areas of at least onequarter acre where benefit to wildlife is

the primary concern; (5) maintaining

plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops, etc.)

where benefit to wildlife is the primary

concern; or (6) visiting public parks

within 1 mile of home for the primary

purpose of observing, feeding, or

photographing wildlife.
4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

The 2001 Survey revealed that 82 million

U.S. residents 16 years old and older

participated in wildlife-related recreation.

During that year, 34.1 million people

fished, 13.0 million hunted, and 66.1

million participated in at least one type of

wildlife-watching activity including

observing, feeding, or photographing fish

and other wildlife in the United States.

The information for participation and

expenditures of persons 16 years old and

older is based on estimates from the

detailed phase of the 2001 Survey. This

information is comparable with estimates

from the 1991 and 1996 Surveys, but not

with earlier ones because of changes in

methodology. A complete explanation is

provided in Appendix B. 

Although the focus of this report is based

on the detailed phase of the Survey of

persons 16 years old and older, we do

include information on individuals 6 to 15

years old. An estimate of their

participation was calculated using data

from the 2001 screening Survey. Based

on this data, there were 1.6 million

hunters, 10.2 million anglers, and 12.6

million wildlife-watching participants 6 to

15 years old in 2001. More information

on 6- to 15-year-olds is provided in

Appendix C. For the rest of this report all

information pertains to participants 16

years old and older, unless otherwise

indicated. 

Among anglers, hunters, and wildlife

watchers, there was a considerable

overlap in activities. In 2001, 71 percent

of hunters also fished, and 27 percent of

anglers hunted. In addition, 58 percent of

anglers and 62 percent of hunters

participated in wildlife-watching

activities, while 33 percent of all wildlife

watchers reported hunting and/or fishing

during the year.

Wildlife recreationists’ avidity also was

reflected in their spending which totaled

$108 billion in 2001. This amounted to

1.1 percent of the GDP. Of the total

amount spent, $28.1 billion was triprelated, $64.5 billion was spent on

equipment, and $15.8 billion was spent on

other items.

Sportspersons spent a total of $70 billion

in 2001—$35.6 billion on fishing, $20.6

billion on hunting, and $13.8 million on

items used for both hunting and fishing.

Wildlife watchers spent $38.4 billion on

their activities around the home and on

trips away from home.

Summary 

Total Wildlife-Related Recreation

Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 million

Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $108 billion

Sportspersons 

Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 million

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 million

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million

Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 million

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 million

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 million

Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70.0 billion

Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.6 billion

Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.6 billion

Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13.8 billion

Wildlife Watchers

Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 million

Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 million

Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 million

Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38.4 billion
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 5

Fishing and Hunting

In 2001, 38 million U.S. residents 16

years old and older went fishing and/or

hunting. This includes 34.1 million who

fished and 13 million who hunted. The

overage is accounted for by those who

both fished and hunted, 9.3 million.

In 2001, expenditures by sportspersons

totaled $70.0 billion. Trip-related

expenditures, including those for food,

lodging, and transportation, were almost

$20.0 billion—28 percent of all fishing and

hunting expenditures. Total equipment

expenditures amounted to nearly $41.0

billion, 59 percent of the total. Other

expenditures—magazines, membership

dues, contributions, land leasing and

ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and

permits—accounted for $9.1 billion or 13

percent of all sportspersons’ expenditures.

Wildlife-Watching Recreation

Observing, feeding, or photographing

wildlife was enjoyed by 66.1 million

people 16 years old and older in 2001.

Among this group, 21.8 million people

took trips away from home

(nonresidential) for the purpose of

enjoying wildlife, while 62.9 million

stayed within a mile of their homes

(residential) participating in wildlifewatching activities. 

In 2001, wildlife-watching participants

spent $38.4 billion. Trip-related expenses,

including food, lodging, and

transportation, totaled $8.2 billion, 20

percent of all expenditures. A total of

$23.5 billion was spent on equipment, 

63 percent of all wildlife-watching

expenses. The remaining $6.7 billion, 

17 percent of the total, was spent on

magazines, membership dues, and

contributions made to conservation or

wildlife-related organizations.

1991, 1996, and 2001 Comparison

A comparison of estimates from the 1991,

1996, and 2001 Surveys reveals that

millions of Americans continue to enjoy

wildlife-related recreation. While the

number of sportspersons fell from 40

million in 1991 to 37.8 million in 2001,

expenditures by sportspersons increased

from $53 billion (in 2001 dollars) in 1991

to $70 billion in 2001. In 1991, there

were 35.6 million anglers and 14.1

million hunters. In 1996, 35.2 million

fished and 14.0 million hunted. And in

2001, there were 34.1 million anglers and

13.0 million hunters. In 2001, hunters

spent 29 percent more than they did in

1991 for their trips and equipment, while

anglers’ expenditures showed a 14 percent

increase that was not a statistically

significant difference1.

Participation in wildlife watching

(observing, feeding, and photographing

wildlife) decreased from 76.1 million in

1991 to 62.9 million in 1996, but it

increased to 66.1 million from 1996 to

2001. Expenditures for trips and

equipment increased by 21 percent from

1991 to 1996 and 10 percent from 1996 to

2001.

Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation 

(Total expenditures: $108 billion) 

Expenditures by Sportspersons 

(Total expenditures: $70.0 billion) 

Expenditures by Wildlife-Watching Participants 

(Total expenditures: $38.4 billion) 

Unspecified 

13% 

$13.8 billion 

Hunting 

19% 

$20.6 billion 

Wildlife watching

36%

$38.4 billion

Fishing

32%

$35.6 billion

Other 

14% 

$15.8 billion

Trip-related 

26%

$28.1 billion 

Equipment

60%

$64.5 billion

Other 

13% 

$9.1 billion

Trip-related 

28% 

$19.9 billion 

Equipment 

59%

$41.0 billion

Other 

17% 

$6.7 billion

Trip-related 

20% 

$8.2 billion

Equipment 

63%

$23.5 billion

1At a 5 percent level of significance.
6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1955 to 2001 Findings

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has

conducted these National Surveys at

approximate 5-year intervals since 1955

(see Appendix B). A 46-year trend can be

traced for the number of anglers and

hunters that participated in a given year.

The number of wildlife-watching

participants can be traced over 21 years

because wildlife watching has been part

of the Survey only since 1980.

Trends show that the number of anglers

increased at nearly twice the rate of the

U.S. population growth from 1955 to

2001. The U.S. population increased by

71 percent while the fishing population

increased by 130 percent during that

period.

The number of hunters also increased

over the 46-year period, but not at a rate

equal to the overall 71 percent population

growth. The number of hunters increased

31 percent from 1955 to 2001.

The number of wildlife-watching

participants who took trips away from

home to observe, feed, or photograph

wildlife decreased 19 percent from 1980

to 2001. The number of people who fed

wildlife around their home decreased by

18 percent.

This trend information is based on

published findings from the 1955 to the

2001 Survey reports and unpublished

screening data from the 1985 to 1990

Surveys. As explained in Appendix B,

the estimates from the published reports

of the 1985 and 1991 Surveys are not

directly comparable because of

methodological changes. 

Anglers and Hunters: 1955-2001 

(Indices are used to simplify comparisons between the wildlife-related 

recreation activities.) 

0

50

100

150

200

250

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990/1991 1996 2001

Index (1955=100) 

U.S. population

Hunters

Anglers

Wildlife-Watching Participants: 1980-2001 

(Indices are used to simplify comparisons between the wildlife-related 

recreation activities.) 

0

50

100

150

200

250

1980 1985 1990/1991 1996 2001

Index (1980=100) 

U.S. population

Nonresidential 

Residential feeders
Fishing
8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

In 2001, 34.1 million U.S. residents 16

years old and older enjoyed a variety of

fishing opportunities throughout the

United States. Anglers fished 557 million

days and took 437 million fishing trips.

They spent over $35.6 billion on 

fishing-related expenses during the year.

Freshwater anglers numbered 28.4

million and spent 467 million days

fishing on 365 million trips in 2001.

Freshwater anglers spent more than $21.3

billion on freshwater fishing trips and

equipment. Saltwater fishing attracted

9.1 million anglers who enjoyed nearly 72

million trips on 91 million days. They

spent $8.4 billion on their trips and

equipment.

Fishing Highlights

Fishing

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Total Freshwater Saltwater

Million

Days Trips

Freshwater

Saltwater

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 

557 million

437 million

467

91

365

72

Anglers

Anglers Total Fishing

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 million

Freshwater . . . . . . 28.4 million

Saltwater . . . . . . . 9.1 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 million

Freshwater . . . . . . 467 million

Saltwater . . . . . . . 91 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 million

Freshwater . . . . . . 365 million

Saltwater . . . . . . . 72 million

Expenditures . . . . . . $35.6 billion

Freshwater . . . . . . 21.3 billion

Saltwater . . . . . . . 8.4 billion

Unspecified . . . . . 5.9 billion

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses and nonresponse.

Source: Tables 1, 13, 14, and 17.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 9

Fishing Expenditures

Anglers spent $35.6 billion in 2001

including $14.7 billion on travel-related

costs, 41 percent of all fishing

expenditures. Food and lodging resulted

in $6 billion, 40 percent of all trip-related

costs, and $3.5 billion, 24 percent of triprelated expenditures, was spent on

transportation. Other trip expenditures

such as land use fees, guide fees,

equipment rental, boating expenses, and

bait cost anglers nearly $5.3 billion, 36

percent of all trip expenses.

For that same year, fishing equipment

expenditures totaled $17 billion, 48 percent

of all fishing expenditures. Anglers spent

$4.6 billion on fishing equipment such as

rods, reels, tackle boxes, depth finders, and

artificial lures and flies. This amounted to

27 percent of all equipment expenditures.

Auxiliary equipment—camping

equipment, binoculars, and special fishing

clothing—amounted to $721 million, 4

percent of equipment costs. Special

equipment such as boats, vans, and cabins

cost anglers $11.6 billion, 69 percent of all

equipment costs.

Anglers also spent a considerable amount

on land leasing and ownership—nearly

$3.2 billion or 9 percent of all

expenditures. They spent $860 million on

magazines, books, membership dues and

contributions, licenses, stamps, tags, and

permits.

Total Fishing Expenditures

Total fishing expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.6 billion

Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14.7 billion

Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 billion

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 billion

Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 billion

Total equipment expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17.0 billion

Fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 billion

Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 billion

Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 billion

Total other fishing expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.0 billion

Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion

Membership dues and contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 billion

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 billion

Source: Table 13.

Percent of Total Fishing Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $35.6 billion)

Fishing Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $35.6 billion)

Freshwater

60% 

$21.3 billion

Saltwater

24%

$8.4 billion

Unspecified

17%

$5.9 billion

Other 

11%

Trip-related 

41%

Equipment

48%
Freshwater Fishing Highlights

Freshwater fishing was the most popular

type of fishing. In 2001, 28.4 million

Americans fished 467 million days and took

365 million trips. Their expenditures for trips

and equipment totaled $21.3 billion for the

year. Excluding those who fished the Great

Lakes, freshwater anglers numbered 28.0

million, 82 percent of all anglers. Freshwater

anglers who did not fish the Great Lakes

took 349 million trips on 443 million days

and spent $20 billion on trips and equipment

for an average of $716 per angler.

The 1.8 million anglers who fished the Great

Lakes enjoyed 23 million days and 16

million trips fishing. Their trip and

equipment expenditures, $1.3 billion, were 6

percent of the total freshwater trip and

equipment expenditures. Great Lakes anglers

averaged $690 for the year.

Freshwater Fishing Expenditures

Trip and equipment expenditures for

freshwater fishing (excluding the Great

Lakes) totaled $20 billion in 2001. Total

trip-related expenditures came to $9.4

billion. Food and lodging amounted to $4.0

billion, 43 percent of all trip costs.

Transportation costs slightly exceeded $2.6

billion, 28 percent of trip costs. Other triprelated expenses amounted to $2.7 billion

and included guide fees, equipment rental,

and bait.

Nearly $10.6 billion was spent on equipment

for freshwater fishing, excluding the Great

Lakes. Non-Great Lakes freshwater anglers

purchased $3.0 billion of fishing equipment

such as rods and reels, tackle boxes, depth

finders, and artificial lures and flies.

Expenditures for auxiliary equipment,

including camping equipment and

binoculars, totaled $498 million for the year.

Expenditures for special equipment such as

boats, vans, and cabins accounted for $7.1

billion.

Great Lakes anglers spent $1.3 billion on

trips and equipment in 2001. Trip-related

expenses totaled $776 million. Of these

expenditures, $310 million was spent on

food and lodging, 40 percent of trip costs;

$158 million went for transportation, 20

percent of trip costs; and $308 million was

spent on other items such as guide fees,

equipment rental, and bait, 40 percent of trip

costs. Great Lakes anglers spent $498

million on equipment. They bought $175

million worth of fishing equipment (rods,

reels, etc.). They spent $33 million on

auxiliary equipment (camping equipment,

binoculars, etc.) and $290 million on special

equipment (boats, vans, etc.).

10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Freshwater Trip and Equipment Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $21.3 billion)

Freshwater except Great Lakes 

94%

$20.0 billion

Great Lakes

6%

$1.3 billion

Freshwater Fishing 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Great

Lakes

Freshwater

except Great

Lakes

Total

Million

Freshwater

trips

Freshwater

days

Freshwater except Great Lakes

Great Lakes

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. 

467 million

365 million

443

23

349

16

Freshwater anglers

Freshwater Fishing

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 million

Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.0 million

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 million

Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 million

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 million

Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 million

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 million

Trip and equipment expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $21.3 billion

Freshwater except Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 billion

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 billion

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Source: Tables 1, 14, and 15.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 11

Saltwater Fishing Highlights

In 2001, almost 9.1 million anglers

enjoyed saltwater fishing on 72 million

trips totaling 91 million days. Overall,

they spent $8.4 billion during the year on

trips and equipment. Of their

expenditures, trip-related costs garnered

the largest portion, $4.5 billion. Food and

lodging cost $1.5 billion, 34 percent of

trip expenditures; transportation costs

totaled $773 million, 16 percent of trip

costs; and other trip costs such as

equipment rental, bait, and guide fees

were $2.2 billion.

Saltwater anglers spent a total of $3.9

billion on equipment—$987 million on

fishing equipment (rods, reels, etc.), $103

million on auxiliary equipment (camping

equipment, binoculars, etc.), and $2.8

billion on special equipment (boats, vans,

etc.).

Comparative Trip and Equipment Expenditures 

Freshwater

except

Great Lakes

Great Saltwater

Lakes

Freshwater

except

Great Lakes

Great Saltwater

Lakes

Total expenses

Trip-related 

Equipment

$1.3 billion

$8.4 billion

$20.0 billion

61%

53% 47%

39%

47% 53%

Saltwater Fishing

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 million

Trip and equipment 

expenditures . . . . . . $8.4 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 17.
12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Comparative Fishing Highlights

In 2001, anglers spent an average of 16

days fishing and took an average of 13

fishing trips. Freshwater, non-Great

Lakes anglers averaged 16 days fishing

and 13 trips while Great Lakes anglers

averaged 13 days fishing and 9 trips.

Saltwater anglers fished less frequently—

an average of 10 days with an average of

8 trips.

Overall, anglers spent an average of

$1,046 on fishing-related expenses in

2001. They averaged $430 per angler on

their trips, a daily average of $26.

Freshwater anglers, excluding the Great

Lakes, averaged $337 per participant for

their trips in 2001, equaling $21 per day.

Great Lakes anglers spent an average of

$420 on trip-related expenses, $34 per

day. Saltwater anglers had the highest

average expenditure rate at $496—

amounting to an average of $49 per day.

Fishing for Selected Fish

Of the 28.0 million anglers who fished

freshwater other than the Great Lakes, 10.7

million spent 160 million days fishing for

black bass. Panfish were sought by 7.9

million anglers on 103 million days.

Catfish and bullheads drew 7.5 million

anglers on 104 million days. Nearly 6.7

million anglers fished for crappie on 95

million days. Trout fishing attracted 7.8

million anglers on 83 million days, and 4.9

million anglers fished for white bass and

striped bass on 62 million days. Freshwater

anglers also commonly fished for walleye,

sauger, salmon, and steelhead. 

In 2001, 1.8 million anglers fished the

Great Lakes. Perch, the most commonly

sought fish for these waters, attracted 693

thousand anglers, fishing 7 million days.

Next, black bass drew 589 thousand

anglers on 6.4 million days, followed by

walleye which appealed to 570 thousand

anglers who fished more than 5 million

days. Salmon drew 516 thousand anglers

for almost 4 million days of fishing.

Among the nearly 9.1 million saltwater

anglers, 2.3 million fished for flatfish,

including flounder and halibut on 21

million days. Bluefish were a favorite of

1.1 million anglers on 12 million days.

Sea trout were sought by 1.5 million

anglers on 17 million days, and 609

thousand anglers fished for mackerel on 6

million days. Striped bass were sought by

1.7 million anglers on 17 million days.

Five million days were spent fishing for

salmon by 722 thousand anglers.

Comparative Fishing by Type of Fishing 

All fishing

Freshwater except Great Lakes

Great Lakes

Saltwater

16

16

13

10

13

13

9

8

$430

$337

$420

$496

$26

$21

$34

$49

Trips per angler

Days per angler

Trip expenditures

per day

Trip expenditures

per angler

Selected Fish by Type of Fishing

(In millions)

Type of Fishing Anglers Days

Freshwater except Great Lakes

Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 160

Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 103

Trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 83

Catfish/bullhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 104

Crappie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 95

White bass, striped bass, and striped bass hybrids . . . . . 4.9 62

Great Lakes

Perch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 7

Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6

Black bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 4

Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 4

Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 4

Saltwater

Flatfish (flounder, halibut) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 21

Striped bass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 17

Sea trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 17

Bluefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 12

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 5

Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 6
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 13

Participation by Geographic Division

In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old

and older lived in the United State and 1

of every 6 went fishing. While the

national participation rate was 16 percent,

the regional rates ranged from 11 percent

in the Middle Atlantic to 27 percent in the

West North Central. The East North

Central, East South Central, West South

Central, and Mountain Regions all

reported participation rates above the

national rate. The South Atlantic tied the

national rate with 16 percent while the

New England (13 percent) and Pacific (12

percent) Regions fell below the national

rate.

Fishing in State of Residence 

and in Other States

A vast majority of the 34.1 million

anglers who fished in 2001 did so within

their home state. Approximately 31.2

million participants, 92 percent of all

anglers, fished in their resident state,

while nearly 7.9 million, 23 percent,

fished out-of-state. Percentages do not

add to 100 because those anglers who

fished both in-state and out-of-state were

included in both categories.

Of the 28 million non-Great Lakes

anglers, 93 percent (25.8 million) fished

within their resident state. Nearly 6

million, 20 percent, of these freshwater

anglers fished out-of-state.

Eighty-seven percent, 1.6 million, of all

Great Lakes anglers enjoyed fishing

within their home state in 2001. Nineteen

percent, 348 thousand, of all Great Lakes

anglers fished out-of-state.

Of all the different types of fishing,

saltwater fishing had both the highest

percentage of anglers fishing outside their

resident state (29 percent) and the lowest

percentage fishing within their resident

state (76 percent). Nonresident saltwater

anglers numbered 2.7 million and resident

anglers, 6.9 million.

AK

WA

OR

CA

MT

WY

ID

NV

UT

AZ

CO

NM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

IN OH

KY

TN

MS AL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA WV

PA

NY

NH ME VT

MA

RI

CT

NJ

DE

MD

DC

HI

Fishing Participation

(National participation rate: 16%)

Pacific

12%

Mountain

18%

West North 

Central 

27%

East 

North 

Central

17%

Middle 

Atlantic

11%

New England 

13%

South Atlantic 

16%

East South 

Central

West South 20%

Central 

19%

Percent of All Fishing—in State of Residence and Other States

(Total: 34.1 million participants)

In state of residence and 

other states 

15%

In state of residence only

77% Other states only 

8%

Fishing in State of Residence 

and in Other States

(In millions)

Out-ofIn-State State

Total Anglers . . . . . 31.2 7.9

Freshwater except 

Great Lakes . . . . . 25.8 5.6

Great Lakes . . . . . . . 1.6 0.3

Saltwater . . . . . . . . . 6.9 2.7

Source: Table 2.
14 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Types of Freshwater Fished, 

Excluding Great Lakes

Freshwater anglers fished in a variety of

waters. Most non-Great Lakes freshwater

anglers, 23.6 million (85 percent), fished

in flatwater including ponds, lakes, or

reservoirs on 318 million days. Rivers and

streams were utilized by 12.3 million

freshwater anglers (44 percent) on 141

million days.

Great Lakes Anglers

Great Lakes fishing includes not only the

Great Lakes, but also their tributaries,

bodies of water that connect the Great

Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River south

of the bridge at Cornwall. The most

popular of the lakes among anglers was

Lake Erie, attracting 35 percent of all the

Great Lakes anglers on an average of 12

days during 2001. Lake Michigan ranked

second in popularity and hosted 30

percent of the anglers with an average of

9 days per angler. The tributaries to the

lakes drew 15 percent of all Great Lakes

anglers with an average of 12 days per

angler. Lake Ontario attracted 13 percent

of the anglers, 241 thousand, averaging

15 fishing day; Lake Huron drew 8

percent, 155 thousand anglers, who

averaged 8 days of fishing.

Types of Freshwater Fished Excluding Great Lakes 

(In millions)

27.9

23.6

12.3

443

318

141

Anglers

Days

Rivers and streams

Lakes and reservoirs

Total freshwater

excluding Great Lakes

Rivers and streams

Lakes and reservoirs

Total freshwater

excluding Great Lakes

Great Lakes Fishing

Percentage

Anglers of all Great

(thousands) Lakes anglers

Total, all Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,847 100

Lake Erie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 35

Lake Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 30

Tributaries to the Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . 284 15

Lake Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13

Lake Huron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8

St. Lawrence River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6

Lake St. Clair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5

Lake Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5

Source: Table 27.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 15

Sex and Age of Anglers

Although more males than females fished

in 2001, a substantial number of females

fished as well. Approximately 25 percent

of all males 16 years and older went

fishing, while 8 percent of all females

fished. Of the 34.1 million anglers who

fished in the United States, 74 percent

(25.2 million) were male and 26 percent

(8.9 million) were female.

Of the age categories, 9 million anglers,

27 percent of all anglers, were 35 to 44

years old—21 percent of the U.S.

population in that age group. They were

followed by 6.9 million anglers 45 to 54

years old who comprised 20 percent of all

anglers and had a participation rate of 17

percent. Next came the 25- to 34-yearold age group, 6.6 million participants

who accounted for 19 percent of all

anglers and had a participation rate of 19

percent. The 4.2 million 55- to 64-yearolds who fished comprised 12 percent of

all anglers and had a participation rate of

16 percent. Anglers 65 years old and

older numbered 3.1 million, 9 percent of

total anglers, and recorded an 8 percent

participation rate. The 2.9 million anglers

18 to 24 years old also made up 9 percent

of the angler population, but they had a

participation rate of 13 percent. The 16-

and 17-year-olds added 1.3 million

individuals to the angler population.

They made up 4 percent of the total

angler population and had a 17 percent

participation rate.

Percent of Anglers—by Gender 

Percent of Males and Females Who Fished in the United States

Percent of Anglers—by Age

Males 

74%

Females

26%

65 and older 

9%

55 to 64 

12%

16 and 17

4%

45 to 54 

20%

35 to 44 

27%

25 to 34

19%

18 to 24 

9%

Females

Males 25%

8%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Age

65 and older

55 to 64

45 to 54

35 to 44

25 to 34

18 to 24

16 and 17 17%

13%

19%

21%

17%

16%

8%

Anglers—by Gender and Age

Total, both sexes . . . . 34.1 million

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 million

Female . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 million

Total, all ages . . . . . . . 34.1 million

16 and 17 . . . . . . . . 1.3 million

18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . 2.9 million

25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . 6.6 million

35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . 9.0 million

45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . 6.9 million

55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . 4.2 million

65 and older . . . . . . 3.1 million

Source: Table 9.
16 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Metropolitan and 

Nonmetropolitan Anglers

In 2001, 72 percent of U.S. residents who

fished lived in a metropolitan statistical

area (MSA) with most anglers coming

from large MSAs. People living in MSAs

with populations of 1,000,000 or more

had a participation rate of 12 percent.

Forty percent of all anglers came from

these large urban areas. Residents of

MSAs with a population of 250,000 to

999,999 had a 17 percent participation

rate and represented 20 percent of all

anglers. MSAs with populations of

50,000 to 249,999 had a participation rate

of 22 percent; they made up 11 percent of

all anglers. In areas outside of MSAs, 24

percent of the population fished in 2001.

These participants made up 28 percent of

all anglers.

Income of Anglers

Anglers at all income levels fished in

2001. Participation rates ranged from 8

percent of all individuals with household

incomes of $10,000 or less to 23 percent

for those who reported incomes of

$50,000 to $99,999. Those living in

households with incomes of $10,000 or

less comprised 3 percent of all anglers,

while those with $50,000 to $74,999

incomes made up 21 percent. Those with

$75,000 to $99,999 incomes comprised

12 percent of all anglers. Both household

groups with incomes of $40,000 to

$49,999 and $100,000 or more garnered

participation rates of 22 percent, but only

comprised 11 and 12 percent of all

anglers, respectively. Next came

households earning $35,000 to $39,999

with a participation rate of 20 percent and

comprising 6 percent of all anglers.

Anglers with household incomes of

$30,000 to $34,999 had a participation

rate of 18 percent and made up 6 percent

of all anglers. A 16 percent participation

rate was reported by households with

incomes of $25,000 to $29,999—they

represented 5 percent of all anglers.

Households with $20,000 to $24,999

incomes represented 4 percent of all

anglers and had a participation rate of 14

percent. Lastly, 5 percent of all anglers

lived in households earning $10,000 to

$19,999. These households had a

participation rate of 11 percent. Fifteen

percent of anglers did not report their

income.

Percent of Anglers—by Residence

(Angler population: 34.1 million)

Outside MSA Large MSA 28% 40%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Residence

(16% of total U.S. population fished) 

Outside MSA

Small MSA

(50,000 to 249,999)

Medium MSA

(250,000 to 999,999)

Large MSA

(1,000,000 or more)

12%

17%

22%

24%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Household Income 

$100,000 or more

$75,000 to 99,999

$50,000 to 74,999

$40,000 to 49,999

$35,000 to 39,999

$30,000 to 34,999

$25,000 to 29,999

$20,000 to 24,999

$10,000 to 19,999

Less than $10,000

Small MSA 

11%

Medium MSA 

20%

22%

23%

23%

22%

20%

18%

16%

14%

11%

8%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 17

Education, Race, and Ethnicity

People from a variety of educational

backgrounds fished in 2001. The lowest

participation rate, 13 percent, was found

among those with 11 years of education

or less. They made up 12 percent of all

anglers. The highest participation rate, 

18 percent, was found among those

individuals with 1 to 3 years of college.

They made up 27 percent of all anglers.

Persons who had 12 years of education, 4

years of college, or 5 years or more of

college all had a participation rate of 16

percent. The 12 year education category

represented 35 percent of all anglers,

while the 4 years of college and the 5

years of more college categories were

significantly lower—16 and 10 percent of

all anglers.

Fishing was a popular pastime among

diverse racial and ethnic populations in

the United States. Eighteen percent of the

White population fished, compared with 7

percent of the Black population and 5

percent of the Asian population. Among

anglers, 93 percent of the total were

White, 5 percent Black, 1 percent Asian,

and 1 percent other races. Hispanics, a

growing percentage of the U.S.

population, participated at a rate of 7

percent and represented 5 percent of all

anglers.

Percent of Anglers—by Education

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Ethnicity

Percent of Anglers—by Race

4 years of college 

16%

11 years or less

12%

White 93%

Other 1%

Black 5%

Asian 1%

Hispanic

Non-Hispanic 17%

7%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Education 

5 years or more

of college

4 years of college

1 to 3 years of college

12 years

11 years or less 13%

16%

18%

16%

16%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Fished—by Race 

Other 

Asian

Black

White

5 years or more of college 

10%

1 to 3 years of college 

27%

12 years

35%

18%

7%

5%

18%

Anglers—by Education, Race, 

and Ethnicity

(In millions)

Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1

Education

0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8

1 to 3 years of college . . . . 9.1

4 years of college . . . . . . . 5.5

5 years or more of college . 3.5

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . 32.5

Source: Table 9.
18 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1991-2001 Comparison of 

Fishing Activity

The number of all anglers in the United

States has not changed significantly1 over

the past three Surveys. There was a drop

of 1 percent in the number of anglers

from 1991 to 1996 and a drop of 3

percent from 1996 to 2001—all well

within the survey’s margin of error (the

95 percent confidence interval). However,

when the angling estimates are examined

by type of fishing, there are significant

differences. For example, the number 

of freshwater anglers did change

significantly, with an 8 percent drop in the

number of non-Great Lakes freshwater

anglers from 1991 to 2001 and a 28

percent drop in the number of Great

Lakes anglers over the same time period.

Although saltwater fishing participation

shows an increase of 2 percent from 1991

to 2001, it is not statistically significant.

The number of fishing days rose 22

percent from 1991 to 1996 and dropped

11 percent—a statistically insignificant

change from 1996 to 2001. This pattern

held true for both freshwater fishing and

saltwater fishing.

Total fishing expenditures rose 37 percent

from 1991 to 1996 and fell 17 percent

from 1996 to 2001. Comparing 1991

fishing expenditures with 2001

expenditures finds a 14 percent increase,

but this is not a statistically significant

change. Looking at the trip-related

expenditure component, there was a

similar trend with a 13 percent increase

from 1991 to 1996, a 16 percent decrease

from 1996 to 2001, and a 5 percent drop

(not statistically significant) from 1991 to

2001. Equipment expenditures had a

different pattern, with a 78 percent

increase from 1991 to 1996, a 22 percent

decrease from 1996 to 2001, and a

significant 39 percent increase from 1991

to 2001. The purchase of special

equipment, such as boats and campers,

was primarily responsible for the increase

in total equipment purchases.

Expenditures for fishing equipment, such

as rods and reels, decreased 23 percent

from 1996 to 2001 and 5 percent (which

is not statistically significant) from 1991

to 2001.

Number of Anglers

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Days of Fishing 

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Fishing Expenditures 

(Billions. In 2001 dollars) 

1991 1996 2001

35.6 35.2 34.1

511

626

557

$31.2

$42.7

$35.6

1At the 5 percent level of significance.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 19

1991-2001 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001

1991-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Anglers, total .................................... 35,578 100 34,067 100 -4*

All freshwater .................................. 31,041 87 28,439 83 -8

Freshwater except Great Lakes .................. 30,186 85 27,913 82 -8

Great Lakes.................................. 2,552 7 1,847 5 -28

Saltwater ...................................... 8,885 25 9,051 26 2*

Days, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511,329 100 557,394 100 9*

All freshwater .................................. 439,536 86 466,984 84 6*

Freshwater except Great Lakes .................. 430,922 84 443,247 80 3*

Great Lakes.................................. 25,335 5 23,138 4 -9*

Saltwater ...................................... 74,696 15 90,838 16 22*

Fishing expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ............ $31,175,168 100 $35,632,132 100 14*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,396,151 49 14,656,001 41 -5*

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,170,062 39 16,963,398 48 39

Fishing equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,860,266 16 4,617,488 13 -5*

Auxiliary equipment ........................... 804,953 3 721,048 2 -10*

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,504,844 21 11,624,862 33 79

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,608,953 12 4,012,733 11 11*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

1996-2001 Fishing Participants, Days, and Expenditures

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001

1996-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Anglers, total .................................... 35,246 100 34,067 100 -3*

All freshwater .................................. 29,734 84 28,439 83 -4*

Freshwater except Great Lakes .................. 28,921 82 27,913 82 -3*

Great Lakes.................................. 2,039 6 1,847 5 -9*

Saltwater ...................................... 9,438 27 9,051 26 -4*

Days, total ...................................... 625,893 100 557,394 100 -11*

All freshwater .................................. 515,115 82 466,984 84 -9*

Freshwater except Great Lakes .................. 485,474 78 443,247 80 -9*

Great Lakes.................................. 20,095 3 23,138 4 15*

Saltwater ...................................... 103,034 17 90,838 16 -12*

Fishing expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ............ $42,710,679 100 $35,632,132 100 -17

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,380,775 41 14,656,001 41 -16

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,666,341 51 16,963,398 48 -22

Fishing equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998,802 14 4,617,488 13 -23

Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171,540 3 721,048 2 -38

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,495,999 34 11,624,862 33 -20*

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,663,563 9 4,012,733 11 10*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

Hunting
22 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

In 2001, 13 million people 16 years old

and older enjoyed hunting a variety of

animals within the United States. They

hunted 228 million days and took 200

million trips. Hunting expenditures

totaled $20.6 billion.

Big game hunting was most popular in

2001. Approximately 11.0 million

hunters pursued big game such as deer

and elk on 153 million days. They spent

$10.1 billion on trips and equipment

during the year. A total of 5.4 million

people hunted small game including

squirrels and rabbits. They hunted small

game on 60 million days and spent $1.8

billion on their hunting trips and

equipment. Migratory bird hunters

numbered 3.0 million. They spent 29

million days hunting birds such as

waterfowl and dove. Their trip and

equipment expenditures totaled $1.4

billion. More than 1.0 million hunters

sought other animals such as raccoons

and groundhogs on 19 million days. They

spent $244 million on trips and equipment

for the year.

Hunting Highlights

Hunting

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Other

animals

Migratory

bird

Small

game

Big

game

Total

hunting

Million

Days Trips

Big game 

Small game 

Migratory bird 

Other animals 

Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. 

228 million

200 million

Hunters

153

114

60

46

29 24

19 15

Total Hunting

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 million

Big game . . . . . . . 10.9 million

Small game . . . . . 5.4 million

Migratory bird . . . 3.0 million

Other animals . . . . 1.0 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 million

Big game . . . . . . . 153 million

Small game . . . . . 60 million

Migratory bird . . . 29 million

Other animals . . . . 19 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 million

Big game . . . . . . . 114 million

Small game . . . . . 46 million

Migratory bird . . . 24 million

Other animals . . . . 15 million

Expenditures . . . . . . $20.6 billion

Big game . . . . . . . 10.1 billion

Small game . . . . . 1.8 billion

Migratory game . . 1.4 billion

Other animals . . . . 0.2 billion

Unspecified . . . . . 7.1 billion

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses and nonresponse.

Source: Tables 1 and 18-22.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 23

Hunting Expenditures

Of the $20.6 billion spent by hunters in

2001, 25 percent, $5.3 billion, was spent

on trip-related expenses. Food and

lodging totaled to $2.4 billion—47

percent of all trip-related expenses.

Transportation cost hunters $1.8 billion,

34 percent of their trip expenditures.

Other trip expenses such as guide fees,

land use fees, and equipment rental were

$1.0 billion or 19 percent of all triprelated expenses.

Total hunting equipment expenditures

were $10.4 billion in 2001—50 percent of

all hunting expenses. Hunting equipment,

such as guns and rifles, telescopic sights,

and ammunition, cost hunters $4.6 billion,

44 percent of all equipment costs.

Expenditures for auxiliary equipment,

including camping equipment, binoculars,

and special hunting clothing, accounted

for $1.2 billion or 12 percent of all

equipment expenses. Special equipment,

such as campers or trail bikes, amounted

to $4.6 billion or 44 percent of all

equipment expenditures.

Land leasing and ownership for hunting

was a large expenditure category.

Hunters spent $4.0 billion on land leasing

and ownership—19 percent of their total

expenditures in 2001. Expenditures for

magazines, books, membership dues, and

contributions, and licenses, tags, and

permits totaled $1 billion.

Total Hunting Expenditures

Total hunting expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20.6 billion

Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5.3 billion

Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 billion

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 billion

Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 billion

Total equipment expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10.4 billion

Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.6 billion

Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 billion

Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 billion

Total other hunting expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5.0 billion

Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 billion

Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 billion

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 billion

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 billion

Source: Table 18.

Percent of Total Hunting Expenditures

(Total expenditures: $20.6 billion)

Expenditures

(Total expenditures: $20.6 billion)

Big game

$10.1 billion

Other animals 49%

 $0.2 billion

1%

Unspecified

$7.1 billion

34%

Other 

24%

Trip-related 

25%

Equipment

50%

Small game 

$1.8 billion

9%

Migratory bird

$1.4 billion

7%
24 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Big Game Hunting

In 2001, the majority of hunters, 11.0

million, devoted 153 million days to

hunting big game including deer, elk,

bear, and wild turkey. They took 114

million trips and spent an average of 14

days hunting big game during the year.

Trip and equipment expenditures for big

game hunters amounted to $10.1 billion.

Trip-related expenses totaled $3.6 billion.

Of that amount, food and lodging totaled

$1.7 billion or 47 percent of all triprelated costs. Transportation costs reached

$1.1 billion—32 percent of trip costs.

Other trip-related expenses amounted to

$749 million or 21 percent of trip costs.

Big game hunters spent the majority of

their money on equipment—$6.5 billion.

Hunting equipment (guns, ammunition,

etc.) accounted for $2.2 billion.

Purchases of auxiliary equipment

(camping equipment, binoculars, etc.)

totaled $935 million. And special

equipment (vans, trail bikes, etc.) cost big

game hunters $3.4 billion.

Small Game Hunting

Also popular with hunters was small

game such as rabbits, squirrel, pheasants,

quail, and grouse. In 2001, approximately

5.4 million hunters pursued small game

on a total of 60 million days. They took

46 million trips. Small game hunters

averaged 11 days in the field hunting.

These hunters spent $1.8 billion on trips

and equipment. Of their $909 million trip

expenditures, $438 million or 48 percent

was spent on food and lodging.

Transportation costs totaled $348 million

or 38 percent of small game trip expenses.

Other trip-related expenditures amounted

to $124 million or 14 percent of all trip

costs.

During 2001, equipment expenditures for

small game hunting totaled $907 million.

Of that amount, hunting equipment (guns,

ammunition, etc.) amounted to $660

million, auxiliary equipment (camping

equipment, binoculars, etc.) $63 million,

and special equipment (vans, trail bikes,

etc.) $183 million.

Big Game

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 million

Trip and equipment 

expenditures . . . . . $10.1 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 19.

Big Game Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $10.1 billion) 

Small Game Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $1.8 million) 

Trip-related

Equipment $6.5 billion

$3.6 billion

Trip-related

Equipment $907 million

$909 million

Small Game

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 million

Trip and equipment 

expenditures . . . . . $1.8 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 20.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 25

Migratory Bird Hunting

In 2001, 3.0 million migratory bird

hunters devoted 29 million days on 24

million trips for hunting birds such as

doves, ducks, and geese. Migratory bird

hunters spent an average of 10 days

hunting for the year.

The $1.4 billion spent by migratory bird

hunters in 2001 was for hunting trips and

equipment. Of the items contributing to

this sum, $657 million was spent on

hunting trips, including $280 million on

food and lodging (43 percent of triprelated expenses), and $247 million on

transportation (38 percent of all trip

costs). Other trip expenses amounted to

$130 million—20 percent of the total 

trip-related expenditures for migratory

bird hunters.

Migratory bird hunters purchased nearly

$732 million worth of equipment in 2001.

They spent $534 million on hunting

equipment (guns, ammunition, etc.).

Another $68 million was spent by

migratory bird hunters on auxiliary

equipment (camping equipment,

binoculars, etc.), and $130 million was

spent on special equipment (vans, trail

bikes, etc.).

Hunting Other Animals

During 2001, more than 1 million hunters

reported spending 19 million days on 15

million trips pursuing animals such as

groundhogs, raccoons, foxes, and coyotes.

They averaged 18 days of hunting for the

year.

These hunters spent $244 million in 2001

on trips and equipment. Trip-related costs

totaled $121 million. Of that, food and

lodging were $44 million or 36 percent of

all trip costs; transportation was $67

million, 55 percent of trip expenses; and

other trip expenses were $10 million, 9

percent of all trip costs.

Equipment expenditures for hunting other

animals totaled $123 million. Hunters

pursuing other animals spent $85 million

on hunting equipment (guns, ammunition,

etc.), and $6 million on auxiliary

equipment (camping equipment,

binoculars, etc.).

Comparative Hunting Highlights

In 2001, big game hunters averaged 14

days of hunting and 10 trips per hunter.

Small game hunters spent an average of

11 days hunting in the field on an average

of 9 trips. In comparison, migratory bird

Migratory Birds

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 million

Trip and equipment 

expenditures . . . . . $1.4 billion

Source: Tables 1 and 21.

Migratory Bird Hunting Trip and Equipment Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $1.4 million) 

Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals 

(Total expenditures: $244 million) 

Trip-related

Equipment $732 million

$657 million

Trip-related

Equipment $123 million

$121 million

Other Animals

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 million

Days . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 million

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 million

Trip and equipment 

expenditures . . . . . $244 million

Source: Table 1 and 22.
hunters spent an average of 10 days and 8

trips hunting. Individuals hunting other

animals averaged 18 days and 14 trips

pursuing their game.

On average, big game hunters spent more

money on trips and equipment than other

hunters in 2001. They averaged $925 per

hunter for the year. Small game hunters

spent an average of $334 per hunter while

migratory bird hunters averaged $470.

Those hunting other animals spent $233

per hunter for the year.

During 2001, trip expenditures for all

hunting averaged $403 per hunter, a daily

average of $23. The average for trip

expenditures varied by type of hunting.

Big game hunting trips averaged $327 per

hunter for lodging, food, transportation,

and other trip-related expenses ($23 per

day). Small game hunters spent $167 on

average for trip expenses ($15 per day).

Persons taking trips for migratory bird

hunting spent an average of $222 ($22 per

day) while for hunting other animals

averaged $116 per hunter for their trips

($6 per day).

Hunting for Selected Game

For big game hunting, deer was the most

popular animal pursued—attracting 10.3

million hunters on 133 million days.

Turkey attracted 2.5 million hunters on 23

million days, while elk drew 910 thousand

on 6 million days, and bear 360 thousand

on 3 million days. In addition, 527

thousand hunters spent 5 million days

hunting other big game animals.

In 2001, nearly 2.1 million small game

hunters hunted rabbits and hares on 23

million days. Quail was flushed by 991

thousand hunters on 8 million days, while

grouse and prairie chicken were favorites

of 1 million hunters on 9 million days.

Squirrels were hunted by 2.1 million

participants on 22 million days, and

pheasants attracted 1.7 million hunters on

13 million days. In addition, 505

thousand hunters spent 5.2 million days

hunting other small game animals.

Among those hunting migratory birds, 

1.6 million enthusiasts hunted duck on 

18 million days. Nearly 1.5 million

participants hunted dove on 9 million

days. On 11 million days, 1 million

hunters hunted geese in 2001. Other

migratory bird species attracted 210

thousand people who hunted on 1.5

million days.

26 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Hunting for Selected Game

(In millions)

Type of Hunting Hunters Days

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 153

Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 133

Wild turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 23

Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 6

Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 3

Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 60

Squirrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 22

Rabbit and hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 23

Pheasant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 13

Grouse/prairie chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 9

Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 8

Migratory birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 29

Ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 18

Doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 9

Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 11

Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 19

Source: Table 7.

Comparative Hunting by Type of Hunting 

Total

Big game

Small game

Migratory birds

Other animals

18

14

11

10

15

10

9

8

$403

$327

$167

$222

$23

$23

$15

$22

18

14

$116

$6

Trips per hunter

Days per hunter

Trip expenditures

per day

Trip expenditures

per hunter
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 27

Participation by Geographic Regions

In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old

and older lived in the United States. Six

percent of all those people hunted that

year.

Regionally, participation rates ranged

from 2 percent in the Pacific Region to 12

percent in the West North Central Region.

The East North Central, East South

Central, West South Central, and

Mountain Regions also had participation

rates above the national average of 6

percent. Both the East South Central and

the West South Central Regions garnered

participation rates of 9 percent. While the

Mountain Region’s rate was 8 percent, the

East North Central’s was 7 percent. The

Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic

Regions’ participation rate was 5 percent,

and New England’s was 4 percent.

Hunting in State of Residence and 

in Other States

An overwhelming majority of participants

hunted within their resident state—12.4

million or 95 percent of all hunters. Only

2.1 million, 16 percent, hunted in another

state. Percentages do not add to 100

because those sportspersons who hunted

both in-state and out-of-state were

included in both categories.

In 2001, 10.4 million big game hunters,

95 percent of all big game hunters, hunted

within their state of residence, while only

13 percent, 1.5 million people, traveled to

another state to hunt big game. Nearly 5.1

million small game hunters, 94 percent of

all small game hunters, pursued game in

their resident state. Approximately 672

thousand, 12 percent, ventured across

state lines to hunt small game. Ninetyfour percent of all migratory bird hunters,

2.8 million participants, hunted within

their resident state. Fourteen percent or

410 thousand of these sportspersons

hunted out-of-state. Among sportspersons

who hunted other animals, 96 percent, 1.0

million, hunted in-state and 10 percent,

102 thousand participants, hunted out-ofstate.

AK

WA

OR

CA

MT

WY

ID

NV

UT

AZ

CO

NM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

IN OH

KY

TN

MS AL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA WV

PA

NY

NH ME VT

MA

RI

CT

NJ

DE

MD

DC

HI

Hunting Participation 

(National participation rate: 6%) 

Pacific

2%

Mountain

8%

West North 

Central 

12%

East 

North 

Central

7%

Middle 

Atlantic

5%

New England 

4%

South Atlantic 

5%

East South 

Central

West South 9%

Central 

9%

Hunting in State of Residence 

and in Other States

(In millions)

Out-ofIn-State State

All hunters . . . . . . . . 12.4 2.1

Big game . . . . . . . . . 10.4 1.5

Small game . . . . . . . 5.1 0.7

Migratory birds . . . . 2.8 0.4

Other animals . . . . . 1.0 0.1

Source: Table 6.
28 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Hunting on Public and Private Lands

In 2001, 13 million hunters 16 years old

and older hunted on public land, private

land, or both. Of this number, 5.2 million

or 40 percent hunted on publicly owned

lands compared to 10.7 million or 82

percent who hunted on privately owned

land. Some hunters, 1.9 million—14

percent of all hunters—used publicly

owned lands exclusively while 7.4 million

hunted only on private land and

represented 57 percent of all hunters.

Slightly over 3 million hunters (25

percent) hunted on both public and

private lands.

During 2001, 5.2 million hunters used

public lands on 60 million days—

26 percent of all hunting days. 

Thirty-seven percent of big game hunters

spent 36 million days on public lands.

Among the 5.4 million small game

hunters, 36 percent used public land on 16

million days. Approximately 1.0 million

migratory bird hunters, 35 percent of all

migratory bird hunters, spent 9.1 million

days on public lands. Twenty-seven

percent, 287 thousand of other animal

hunters pursued their game on public land

for 3 million days.

In contrast, 10.7 million hunters spent 170

million days—74 percent of all hunting

days—pursuing their sport on private

lands in 2001. A vast majority of all

hunters (82 percent) pursued their game

on private lands as did big game hunters

(80 percent), small game hunters 

(80 percent), migratory bird hunters

(76 percent), and other animal hunters 

(86 percent).

Days spent hunting on private land also

varied by type of hunting. In 2001, big

game hunters spent 72 percent (110 million

days) of their total hunting days on private

lands; small game hunters spent 70 percent

(42 million days) of their hunting days on

private lands, and migratory bird hunters

spent 67 percent (20 million days) of their

hunting days on private lands. Participants

hunting other animals spent 84 percent (16

million days) of their hunting days on

private lands.

People Hunting on Public and Private Lands

Percent of All Hunting—in State of Residence and Other States 

(Total: 13.0 million participants)

In state of residence only

84%

In state of residence

and other states

11%

Private only 

57%

Public only

14%

Other states only

5%

Public and private

25%

Unspecified

4%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 29

Sex and Age of Hunters

Of the U.S. population 16 years old and

older, 12 percent of the males and 1

percent of the females enjoyed hunting in

2001. Of the 13 million participants who

hunted, 91 percent (11.8 million) were

male and 9 percent (1.2 million) were

female.

Hunter participation was seen in all age

groups across the country. The proportion

of hunters by age group ranged from 4

percent among hunters 16 and 17 years

old to 27 percent for those hunters 35 to

44 years old. During 2001, 8 percent of

all 16- and 17-year olds hunted. They

numbered 584 thousand hunters. The

participation rate for 35- to 44-year olds

also was 8 percent, but they numbered 3.6

million hunters. The 18- to 24-year olds

showed a 6 percent participant rate with

nearly 1.3 million participants (10 percent

of all hunters). The participation rate for

the 25- to 34-year olds was 7 percent,

numbering 2.4 million hunters—19

percent of all hunters. Hunters 45 to 

54 years old also had a 7 percent

participation rate with approximately 2.8

million hunters (22 percent of all hunters).

The 55- to 64-year old hunters numbered

1.5 million, capturing 11 percent of all

hunters with a participation rate of 6

percent. Finally, 965 thousand people 65

years old and older made up 7 percent of

all hunters and garnered a participation

rate of 3 percent.

Hunters—by Gender and Age

Total, both sexes . . . . 13.0 million

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.8 million

Female . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 million

Total, all ages

16 and 17 . . . . . . . . 0.6 million

18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . 1.3 million

25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . 2.4 million

35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . 3.6 million

45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . 2.8 million

55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . 1.5 million

65 and older . . . . . . 1.0 million

Source: Table 10.

Percent of Hunters—by Gender

Percent of Males and Females Who Hunted in the United States

Percent of Hunters—by Age

Males 

91%

Females

9%

65 and older 

7%

55 to 64 

11%

16 and 17

4%

45 to 54 

22%

35 to 44 

27%

25 to 34

19%

18 to 24 

10%

Females

Males 12%

1%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Age

65 and older

55 to 64

45 to 54

35 to 44

25 to 34

18 to 24

16 and 17 8%

6%

7%

8%

7%

6%

3%
30 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Metropolitan and 

Nonmetropolitan Hunters

While most hunters in 2001 resided

outside the nation’s largest metropolitan

statistical areas (MSAs), a substantial

number of those area residents were

hunters. Twenty-eight percent of all

hunters were from MSAs with

populations of 1,000,000 or more. Three

percent of the total residents of these large

MSAs hunted. For MSAs with

populations of 250,000 to 999,999, 

6 percent of their residents hunted and

comprised 18 percent of all hunters. Ten

percent of all residents of MSAs with

populations of 50,000 to 249,999 hunted

in 2001. Thirteen percent of all hunters

resided in these areas.

Although only 19 percent of the U.S.

population 16 years of age and older

resided in areas outside of MSAs in 2001,

41 percent of all hunters lived outside

MSAs. Thirteen percent of those

nonmetropolitan residents hunted in 2001

in contrast with 5 percent of all

metropolitan residents who hunted.

Income of Hunters

Participation rates among hunters varied

by household income from 2 percent of

persons with household incomes of less

than $10,000 a year (2 percent of all

hunters came from these households) to 9

percent of those reporting incomes of

$40,000 to $49,999 (13 percent of all

hunters), $50,000 to $74,999 (22 percent

of all hunters), and $75,999 to $99,999

(12 percent of all hunters). Households

reporting $10,000 to $19,999 incomes had

a 3 percent participation rate and

comprised 4 percent of all hunters. Five

percent of the nation’s population with

household incomes of $20,000 to $24,999

hunted in 2001 and made up 4 percent of

all hunters. Households with incomes of

$25,000 to $29,999 had a 7 percent

participation rate, representing 6 percent

of all hunters. In households reporting

incomes of $30,000 to $34,999, 7 percent

was the participation rate. Residents of

these households represented 6 percent of

all hunters. Eight percent of the persons in

households reporting incomes of $35,000

to $39,999 totaled 6 percent of all

hunters. Finally, 7 percent of persons

with household incomes of $100,000 or

more hunted and comprised 10 percent of

all hunters.

Percent of Hunters—by Residence

(Hunter population: 13.0 million)

Outside MSA 

41%

Large MSA

28%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Residence 

(6% of total U.S. population hunted) 

Outside MSA

Small MSA

(50,000 to 249,999)

Medium MSA

(250,000 to 999,999)

Large MSA

(1,000,000 or more)

3%

6%

10%

13%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Household Income

$100,000 or more

$75,000 to 99,999

$50,000 to 74,999

$40,000 to 49,999

$35,000 to 39,999

$30,000 to 34,999

$25,000 to 29,999

$20,000 to 24,999

$10,000 to 19,999

Less than $10,000

Small MSA 

13%

7%

9%

9%

9%

8%

7%

7%

5%

3%

2%

Medium MSA

18%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 31

Education and Race of Hunters

During 2001, people from a variety of

educational backgrounds went hunting in

the United States. Participation rates

ranged from 5 percent for individuals

with less than 12 years of school or 4

years or more of college to 7 percent for

individuals with 12 years of school or 1 to

3 years of college.

Hunters with 12 years of education

accounted for 38 percent of the hunting

population. Those possessing 1 to 3 years

of college represented 26 percent of all

hunters. Those with 11 years or less of

education represented 14 percent of all

hunters. Others with at least 4 years of

college comprised 14 percent of all

hunters. And individuals with 5 years of

more of college totaled 8 percent of all

hunters. 

While 6 percent of the U.S. population

went hunting in 2001, participation

among races varied. Seven percent of the

nation’s White population hunted, 1

percent of the Black population hunted,

and 6 percent of the other races hunted.

Of the 13 million hunters, 96 percent

were White, 2 percent were Black, and 1

percent were of other races.

Percent of Hunters—by Education

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Ethnicity

Percent of Hunters—by Race

4 years of college 

14%

11 years or less

14%

White 96%

Other 2%

Black 2%

Hispanic

Non-Hispanic 7%

2%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Education 

5 years or more

of college

4 years of college

1 to 3 years of college

12 years

11 years or less 5%

7%

7%

5%

5%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Hunted—by Race 

Other 

Black

White

5 years or more of college 

8%

1 to 3 years of college 

26%

12 years

38%

7%

1%

2%

Hunters—by Education and Race

(In millions)

Total hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0

Education

0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0

1 to 3 years of college . . . . 3.4

4 years of college . . . . . . . 1.8

5 years or more of college . 1.1

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2

Source: Table 10.
32 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1991, 1996, 2001 Comparison of

Hunting Activity

The overall number of people who hunted

in 2001 dropped 7 percent from the

1991/1996 level, and their days afield

tended downward as well. However,

looking at the various types of hunting,

big game and migratory bird hunting 

did not see this drop in hunting

participation—either in the number of

hunters or the number of hunting days.

The number of big game and migratory

bird hunters stayed roughly the same

throughout the three surveys, and the

number of days hunting these animals

increased from 1991 to 2001. The drop in

hunting participation can be traced to

small game and other animal hunting,

which saw significant drops in both

hunters and days. 

Hunting expenditures increased from

1991 to 1996 for both trip-related and

equipment expenditures and then tended

downward from 1996 to 2001. The

robust 1996 economy, compared to the

recessionary years of 1991 and 2001, can

at least partly explain this finding. The

category that experienced the biggest

increase from 1991 to 2001 was special

equipment, such as pickups and campers,

which nearly tripled. Purchases of

hunting equipment, such as firearms and

ammunition, increased by 7 percent—not

a statistically significant change at the 95

percent confidence level.

1991-2001 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001

1991-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Hunters, total.................................... 14,063 100 13,034 100 -7

Big game ...................................... 10,745 76 10,911 84 2*

Small game .................................... 7,642 54 5,434 42 -29

Migratory bird.................................. 3,009 21 2,956 23 -2*

Other animal ................................... 1,411 10 1,047 8 -26

Days, total ...................................... 235,806 100 228,368 100 -3*

Big game ...................................... 128,411 54 153,191 67 19

Small game .................................... 77,132 33 60,142 26 -22

Migratory bird.................................. 22,235 9 29,310 13 32

Other animal ................................... 19,340 8 19,207 8 -1*

Hunting expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ........... $16,031,197 100 $20,611,025 100 29

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,471,065 28 5,252,391 25 17*

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,716,497 42 10,361,495 50 54

Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,266,795 27 4,561,708 22 7*

Auxiliary equipment ........................... 825,616 5 1,202,845 6 46

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624,086 10 4,596,942 22 183

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,843,635 30 4,997,139 24 3*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 33

1996-2001 Hunting Participants, Days, and Expenditures

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001

1996-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Hunters, total.................................... 13,975 100 13,034 100 -7

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,288 81 10,911 84 -3*

Small game .................................... 6,945 50 5,434 42 -22

Migratory bird.................................. 3,073 22 2,956 23 -4*

Other animal ................................... 1,521 11 1,047 8 -31

Days, total ...................................... 256,676 100 228,368 100 -11*

Big game ...................................... 153,784 60 153,191 67 0

Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,117 29 60,142 26 -20

Migratory bird.................................. 26,501 10 29,310 13 11*

Other animal ................................... 24,522 10 19,207 8 -22*

Hunting expenditures, total (2001 dollars) ........... $23,293,156 100 $20,611,025 100 -12*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,825,510 25 5,252,391 25 -10*

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,738,229 55 10,361,495 50 -19*

Hunting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,236,625 27 4,561,708 22 -27

Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393,423 6 1,202,845 6 -14*

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,108,181 22 4,596,942 22 -10*

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,729,416 20 4,997,139 24 6*

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

Number of Hunters

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Days of Hunting 

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Hunting Expenditures 

(Billions. In 2001 dollars) 

1991 1996 2001

14.1 14.0

13.0 236

257

228

$16.0

$23.3

$20.6

Wildlife Watching
36 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Wildlife-watching (formerly called

nonconsumptive) activities including

observing, feeding, and photographing

wildlife continue to be popular in the

United States. These activities are

categorized as residential (within a mile

of one’s home) or nonresidential (at least

one mile away from home).

The 2001 Survey collected information

only on wildlife-watching activities in

which the primary objective was to

observe, feed, or photograph wildlife.

Secondary or incidental participation such

as observing wildlife while pleasure

driving was not included in the Survey.

During 2001, 66.1 million U.S. residents,

31 percent of the U.S. population 16 years

old and older, participated in a myriad of

wildlife-watching activities. People who

took an interest in wildlife around their

homes (residential) numbered 63 million,

while those who took trips away from

their homes to watch wildlife

(nonresidential) numbered close to 

22 million people.

Wild Bird Observers

Of all the wildlife watching in the United

States, bird watching attracted the biggest

following. Forty-six million people

observed birds around the home and on

trips in 2001. A large majority, 88 percent

(40 million), observed wild birds around

the home while 40 percent, 18 million,

took birdwatching trips.

Birders varied in their ability to identify

different bird species. Seventy-four

percent, 34 million, of these 46 million

birders could identify 1 to 20 different

types of birds; 13 percent, 6 million

birders, could identify 21 to 40 types of

birds; and 8 percent, almost 4 million

birders, could identify 41 or more types of

birds. 

Over 2.3 million wild bird enthusiasts

kept birding life lists in 2001.

Participants keeping these lists—a tally of

bird species seen by a birder during his or

her lifetime—comprised 5 percent of all

wild bird observers.

Wildlife-Watching Highlights

Wildlife-Watching Participants—

by Activity

(In millions)

Total wildlife-watching 

participants . . . . . . . . . . 66.1

Nonresidential . . . . . . . . . 21.8

Observed wildlife . . . . . 20.1

Photographed wildlife . . 9.4

Fed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9

Fed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 54.0

Observed wildlife . . . . . 42.1

Photographed wildlife . . 13.9

Maintained plantings 

or natural areas . . . . . . 13.1

Visited public parks 

or areas . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses and nonresponse.

Source: Table 36.

Wildlife-Watching Participants 

(In millions) 

Nonresidential

Residential

Total 66.1 

62.9 

21.8 
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 37

Wildlife-Watching Expenditures

Wildlife watching generated heavy

spending. In 2001, 79 percent of all

wildlife watchers 16 years old and older

spent $38.4 billion, an average of $738

per spender. These expenditures represent

35 percent of the total dollars spent for all

wildlife-related recreation.

Wildlife watchers spent nearly $8.2

billion on trips pursuing their activities.

Food and lodging accounted for $4.8

billion, transportation expenses totaled

$2.6 billion, and other trip costs, such as

land use fees and equipment rental,

amounted to $748 million for the year.

These recreationists purchased $23.5

billion worth of equipment. They spent

$7.4 billion on wildlife-watching

equipment, including binoculars, cameras,

bird food, and special clothing.

Expenditures for auxiliary equipment—

tents, backpacking equipment, etc.—

totaled almost $717 million for the year.

Participants spent over $15.5 billion on

special equipment, including big ticket

items such as off-road vehicles, campers,

and boats.

Also for the year, wildlife watchers spent

$332 million on magazines and books;

$920 million on membership dues and

contributions; $4.8 billion on land leasing

and ownership; and $699 million on

plantings for the benefit of wildlife. 

Wildlife-Watching Expenditures

Total wildlife-watching expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38.4 billion

Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8.2 billion

Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.8 billion

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2.6 billion

Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion

Total equipment expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23.5 billion

Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7.4 billion

Auxiliary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion

Special equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15.5 billion

Total other expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6.7 billion

Magazines, books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.3 billion

Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.9 billion

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.8 billion

Plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $0.7 billion

Source: Table 43.

Trip-Related Expenditures 

(Total expenditures: $8.2 billion)

Wildlife-Watching Expenditures

(Total expenditures: $38.4 billion)

Transportation 

$2.6 billion

32% 

Other trip-related costs

$0.7 billion

9%

Other 

$6.7 billion

17% 

Trip-related 

$8.2 billion

21% 

Equipment

$23.5 billion

61%

Food 

$2.8 billion

35% 

Lodging

$2.0 billion

24%
38 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Residential (Around the Home)

Activities Highlights

In 2001 residential participants 16 years

old and older numbered 62.9 million—

95 percent of all wildlife-watching

recreationists. The most popular activity,

feeding birds and other wildlife, appealed

to almost 54 million people, 86 percent of

all residential wildlife watchers. More

than 42 million people observed wildlife,

representing 67 percent of all residential

participants. 

Nearly 14 million (22 percent)

recreationists photographed wildlife

around their homes. Close in number

were the 13 million who maintained

plantings or natural areas for the benefit

of wildlife. They represented 21 percent

of all residential participants. Lastly, 11

million individuals visited public areas

including parks within a mile of their

homes to wildlife watch. They comprised

17 percent of all residential participants.

Residential Participants

(In millions)

Total participants . . . . . . . 62.9

Feed wild birds . . . . . . . 52.6

Observe wildlife . . . . . . 42.1

Feed other wildlife . . . . 18.8

Photograph wildlife . . . . 13.9

Visit public areas . . . . . . 11.0

Maintain plantings . . . . . 8.7

Maintain natural areas . . 8.7

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses and nonresponse.

Source: Table 39.

Percent of Total Residential Participants—by Activity 

(Total: 62.9 million participants)

Maintain

natural

areas

Maintain

plantings

Visit

public

areas

Feed Photograph

other

wildlife

Feed Observe

wild

birds

84%

14% 14% 17%

22%

30%

67%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 39

Wildlife Fed, Observed, or

Photographed by Residential

Participants

Of the 54 million people feeding wildlife

around their homes in 2001, 97 percent

(52.6 million) fed wild birds while 35

percent (18.8 million) fed other wildlife.

Of the 42.1 million participants who

reported observing wildlife around their

homes, 40.3 million observed birds.

Observing mammals was popular among

34.6 million participants. Insects and

spiders attracted the attention of 13.8

million people; 9.8 million observed

amphibians or reptiles; and 7.9 million

people reported observing fish or other

wildlife.

Almost 14 million people photographed

wildlife around their homes. The largest

number, 3.9 million—28 percent of all

wildlife photographers—spent 2 to 3 days

taking wildlife pictures during the year.

Seventeen percent (2.3 million) spent 6 to

10 days; 16 percent (2.2 million), 4 to 5

days; 15 percent (2.1 million), 1 day; 13

percent (1.8 million), 21 or more days; and

10 percent (1.3 million), 11 to 20 days.

Residential Participation by

Geographic Region

In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old

and older lived in the United States. Of

those individuals, 30 percent fed,

observed, or photographed wildlife

around their homes. The participation

rates of these residential participants

varied from region to region. 

Participation rates for around the home

wildlife watching ranged from 24 percent

for residents in the West South Central

Region to 41 percent for those in the West

North Central Region. The New England,

East North Central, East South Central,

and Mountain Regions also had

participation rates above the national

average of 30 percent.

New England’s participation rate was 36

percent. The East South Central reported

a participation rate of 34 percent.

Following closely was East North Central

with a 33 percent participation rate and

the Mountain Region with a 32 percent

participation rate. Both the Middle

Atlantic and South Atlantic Regions had

participation rates of 28 percent, while the

Pacific Region’s was 25 percent.

AK

WA

OR

CA

MT

WY

ID

NV

UT

AZ

CO

NM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

IN OH

KY

TN

MS AL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA WV

PA

NY

NH ME VT

MA

RI

CT

NJ

DE

MD

DC

HI

Residential Wildlife-Watching Participation 

(National participation rate: 30%)

Pacific

25%

Mountain

32%

West North 

Central 

41%

East 

North 

Central

33%

Middle 

Atlantic

28%

New England 

36%

South Atlantic 

28%

East South 

Central

West South 34%

Central 

24%

Percent of Residential Wildlife Observers—

by Type of Wildlife Observed 

(Total wildlife observers: 42.1 million)

Days Spent Photographing Wildlife

(Total wildlife photographers: 13.9 million)

21 days or more

13%

11-20 days

10%

6-10 days

17%

Fish and

other wildlife

Reptiles and

amphibians

Insects and

spiders

Mammals

Birds 96%

19%

23%

33%

82%

4-5 days

16%

2-3 days

28%

1 day

15%
40 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Sex and Age of Residential Participants

Males and females alike enjoyed

residential wildlife-watching activities. In

2001, 28 percent of American males 16

years old and older enjoyed residential

activities, as did 31 percent of American

females of the same age group. Of the

62.9 million residential wildlife watchers,

46 percent (28.8 million) were males, and

54 percent (34.1 million) were females.

Two age groups—the 35- to 44-year-olds

(14.1 million) and the 45- to 54-year-olds

(13.9 million)—each comprised 22

percent of all residential wildlife

watchers. Their participation rates were

32 percent and 34 percent, respectively.

Individuals 55 to 64 years old represented

16 percent of all residential participants

(10.1 million) and participated at a 39

percent rate. The participation rate for the

65 years old and older group was 34

percent, accounting for 12.5 million

people—20 percent of all residential

participants. The 25- to 34-year-old

participants totaled 8.1 million, comprised

13 percent of all residential participants,

and had a participation rate of 23 percent.

The participation rate for the 18 to 24-

year-old group was 12 percent. They

numbered 2.7 million and comprised 4

percent of all participants. Finally, the

16- and 17- year-old participants, 1.5

million, had a participation rate of 20

percent and accounted for 2 percent of all

residential wildlife-watching participants.

Residential Participants—

by Gender and Age

(In millions)

Total, both sexes . . . . . . . . 62.9

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1

Total, all ages . . . . . . . . . . 62.9

16 and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5

18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7

25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1

35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1

45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9

55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1

65 and older . . . . . . . . . 12.5

Source: Table 45.

Percent of Residential Participants—by Gender

Percent of U.S. Males and Females Who Participated 

Percent of Residential Participants—by Age

Males 

46%

Females

54%

65 and older 

20%

55 to 64 

16%

16 and 17

2%

45 to 54 

22%

35 to 44

22%

25 to 34

13%

18 to 24 

4%

Females

Males 28%

31%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Age

65 and older

55 to 64

45 to 54

35 to 44

25 to 34

18 to 24

16 and 17 20%

12%

23%

32%

34%

39%

34%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 41

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Residential Participants

In 2001, 30 percent of all U.S. residents

16 years old and older participated in

wildlife watching around their homes.

Seventy-five percent of these residential

wildlife participants lived in metropolitan

areas. Participation rates varied by

population size of metropolitan areas.

People living in metropolitan statistical

areas (MSAs) with populations of

1,000,000 or more had a participation rate

of 25 percent. These recreationists

comprised 45 percent of all residential

wildlife watchers. In MSAs of 250,000 to

999,999 the participation rate was 29

percent, reflecting 19 percent of all

residential recreationists. Ten percent of

the residential wildlife watchers lived in

MSAs with a population of 50,000 to

249,999. The population of these areas

had a participation rate of 39 percent.

Likewise, the participation rate for

nonmetropolitan populations in the United

States was 39 percent. While 19 percent

of the total U.S. population lived outside

metropolitan areas in 2001, they

represented 25 percent of all residential

wildlife watchers.

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Residence 

(30% of total U.S. population participated)

Percent of Residential Participants—by Residence

(Total residential participants: 62.9 million)

Outside MSA 

25%

Small MSA

10%

Outside MSA

Small MSA

(50,000 to 249,999)

Medium MSA

(250,000 to 999,999)

Large MSA

(1,000,000 or more)

39%

39%

29%

25%

Medium MSA 

19%

Large MSA

45%
42 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Income of Residential Participants

Individuals from all levels of household

incomes engaged in residential wildlifewatching activities in 2001. Participation

rates ranged from 22 percent among U.S.

residents living in households earning less

than $10,000 per year to 41 percent

among participants living in households

earning $75,000 to $99,999 annually.

These groups represented 4 percent and

12 percent of all residential wildlifewatching participants, respectively.

Participants in households earning

$10,000 to $19,999 a year had a

participation rate of 24 percent and

constituted 6 percent of all residential

recreationists. The participation rate

among recreationists with household

incomes of $20,000 to $24,999 was 25

percent, making up 4 percent of all

residential participants. People with

household incomes of $25,000 to $29,999

participated at a rate of 29 percent and

made up 5 percent of all residential

participants. Those people with household

incomes of $30,000 to $34,999

represented 6 percent of the residential

participants and had a participation rate of

33 percent. Those whose incomes totaled

$35,000 to $39,999 garnered a

participation rate of 30 percent while

representing 5 percent of all residential

participants. Persons from households

with incomes of $40,000 to $49,999

chalked up a participation rate of 36

percent and represented 10 percent of all

residential participants. For the 18 percent

of residential participants who reported

annual household incomes of $50,000 to

$74,999, the participation rate was 37

percent. Finally, those individuals with

annual household incomes of $100,000 or

more reported a participation rate of 40

percent, representing 12 percent of all

residential recreationists. Eighteen

percent of the residential wildlifewatching sample did not report their

income.

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—

by Household Income

$100,000 or more

$75,000 to 99,999

$50,000 to 74,999

$40,000 to 49,999

$35,000 to 39,999

$30,000 to 34,999

$25,000 to 29,999

$20,000 to 24,999

$10,000 to 19,999

Less than $10,000

40%

41%

37%

36%

30%

33%

29%

25%

24%

22%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 43

Education, Race, and Ethnicity of

Residential Participants

Among residential participants, a wide

range of educational backgrounds was

recorded. The highest rate of participation

was found among recreationists with 5

years or more of college, 41 percent. They

made up 14 percent of all residential

wildlife watchers. The lowest

participation rate, 21 percent, was among

people with less than 12 years of

education—11 percent of all residential

participants. Residential recreationists

with 12 years of education, 32 percent of

all residential participants, had a

participation rate of 27 percent.

Participants with 1 to 3 years of college

had a participation rate of 31 percent,

while those with 4 years of college had a

participation rate of 34 percent. Those

groups represented 24 percent and 19

percent of all residential wildlife

watchers, respectively. 

A wide variety of participation rates was

found among the different races residing

in the United States. Thirty-three percent

of the White population engaged in

residential wildlife-watching activities, 9

percent of the Black population, 8 percent

of the Asian population, and 26 percent of

individuals comprising the “other” race

category. Of the total number of

residential participants, 95 percent were

White, 3 percent were Black, 1 percent

was Asian, and 1 percent all other races.

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Education

Percent of Residential Participants—by Education

5 years or more of college

14%

4 years of college

19%

5 years or more

of college

4 years of college

1 to 3 years of college

12 years

11 years or less 21%

1 to 3 years of college 

24%

12 years

32%

11 years or less

11%

41%

34%

31%

27%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Ethnicity

Percent of Residential Participants—by Race

Hispanic

Non-Hispanic 32%

White 95%

Asian 1%

Black 3%

11%

Other 1%

Residential Participants—by

Education and Race

(In millions)

Total participants . . . . . . . 62.9

Education

0-11 years . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3

1 to 3 years of college . . 15.2

4 years of college . . . . . 11.9

5 years or more 

of college . . . . . . . . . . 8.7

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

Source: Table 45.
44 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Eleven percent of the U.S. Hispanic

population engaged in wildlife watching

around their homes in comparison with 32

percent of the non-Hispanic population.

The 60.4 million non-Hispanic

participants comprised 96 percent of all

residential wildlife watchers and the 2.5

million Hispanic participants, 4 percent.

Nonresidential (Away From Home)

Activities Highlights

In 2001, nearly 22 million people 16

years old and older took trips away from

home to feed, observe, or photograph

wildlife. They comprised 33 percent of all

wildlife-watching participants. Most

popular with nonresidential participants

was observing wildlife. Approximately

20.1 million participants, 92 percent of all

nonresidential participants, observed

wildlife on an average of 15 days during

the year. Photographing wildlife was

enjoyed by 9.4 million people, 43 percent

of all nonresidential participants. They

averaged 8 days per participant. Almost

7.1 million people fed wildlife on an

average of 15 days and comprised 32

percent of all nonresidential recreationists.

Eighty-three percent of all nonresidential

participants took trips within their

resident state to participate in wildlife

watching. Seventy percent took trips only

in their resident state, 13 percent took

trips both inside and outside their resident

state, and 17 percent took trips only to

other states. Altogether, 30 percent of all

nonresidential participants took at least

some of their trips to other states. 

Percent of Total Nonresidential Participation—by Activity 

(Total: 21.8 million participants) 

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—

in State of Residence and Other States

Feed

Photograph

Observe 92%

In state of residence and 

in other states

13%

32%

43%

In state of residence only

70%

Other states only

17%

Nonresidential Participants

(In millions)

Total participants . . . . . . . 21.8

Observers . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1

Photographers . . . . . . . . 9.4

Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Observing . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Photographing . . . . . . . . 76

Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses.

Source: Table 37.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 45

Wildlife Observed, Fed, or

Photographed by Nonresidential

Participants

In 2001, 21.8 million recreationists took

trips to observe, feed, or photograph a

variety of wildlife in the United States.

Wild birds attracted the most, 85 percent

of all nonresidential participants—18.6

million individuals. More than 14.4

million people observed waterfowl such

as ducks and geese on their trips. Next on

the list of favorites were songbirds which

attracted 12.9 million enthusiasts and

birds of prey which drew 12.5 million.

Herons, pelicans, and other water birds

intrigued 10.3 million recreationists.

Lastly, other birds such as pheasants and

turkeys attracted 7.9 million wildlife

watchers while on their trips.

Land mammals such as deer, bear, and

coyotes were observed, fed, or

photographed by 15.5 million wildlife

watchers, 71 percent of all nonresidential

participants. Fish attracted the attention

of 6.3 million participants, 29 percent of

all nonresidential recreationists.

More than 3.0 million people, 14 percent

of all nonresidential participants,

observed, fed, or photographed marine

mammals such as whales, seals, and

dolphins. Other wildlife such as

butterflies, snakes, and turtles appealed to

9.4 million people—43 percent of all

nonresidential wildlife watchers. 

Percent of Nonresidential Participants Who Observed, 

Fed, or Photographed Wildlife 

(Total participants: 21.8 million) 

Other (turtles,

butterflies, etc.)

Marine mammals

Fish

Land mammals

Birds 85%

43%

14%

29%

71%

Nonresidential Participants—

by Type of Wildlife Observed, Fed,

or Photographed

(In millions)

Total participants . . . . . . . 21.8

Birds, total . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6

Waterfowl . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4

Songbirds . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9

Birds of prey . . . . . . . . . 12.5

Other water birds . . . . . . 10.3

Other birds . . . . . . . . . . 7.9

Land mammals, total . . . . 15.5

Small land mammals . . . 13.0

Large land mammals . . . 12.2

Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3

Marine mammals . . . . . . . 3.0

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4

(turtles, butterflies, etc.)

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses.

Source: Table 40.
46 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Area or Site Visited by 

Nonresidential Participants

In 2001, both public and private areas

provided significant opportunities for

Americans to observe, feed, or

photograph wildlife on trips away from

home. Over 6 million, 28 percent of all

nonresidential participants, reported

having visited both public and private

areas. More nonresidential participants,

10.6 million or 49 percent, reported

visiting only public areas to engage in

their activities, while 2.5 million or 12

percent of all nonresidential participants

visited only private areas.

Recreationists visited a variety of wildlife

habitats on their trips. Sixty-eight

percent, 14.9 million people, watched

wildlife in woodlands. Lakes and

streamsides also attracted a large number

of visitors, 13.7 million people or 63

percent of the total. Brush-covered areas

and open fields each lured 12.5 million

wildlife watchers—57 percent of all trip

takers. Nearly 9.1 million or 42 percent

of all nonresidential participants visited

wetlands, and man-made areas attracted

6.2 million recreational visitors—28

percent of all nonresidential participants.

Oceansides attracted 5.2 million people

accounting for 24 percent of all

nonresidential recreationists. Other types

of habitats drew 2.5 million nonresidential

people, 12 percent of all nonresidential

recreationists.

Nonresidential Participants—

by Site Visited

(In millions)

Total participants . . . . . . . 21.8

Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9

Lake or streamside . . . . 13.7

Open field . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5

Brush-covered area . . . . 12.5

Wetland, marsh, swamp . 9.1

Man-made area . . . . . . . 6.2

Oceanside . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2

Detail does not add to total because of multiple

responses.

Source: Table 38.

Type of Site Visited by Nonresidential Participants

Nonresidential Participants—by Area Visited

Public and private

28%

Private only

12%

Oceanside

Man-made area

Wetland, marsh, swamp

Brush-covered area

Open field

Lake or streamside

Woodland

Public only

49%

Unspecified

12%

68%

63%

57%

57%

42%

28%

24%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 47

Nonresidential Participants by

Geographic Division

In 2001, 212 million people 16 years old

and older lived in the United States. Of

those individuals, 10 percent participated

in nonresidential wildlife-watching

activities.

Nonresidential participation rates ranged

from 8 percent in both the East South

Central and West South Central Regions

to 15 percent in the Mountain Region.

The population of the South Atlantic had

a participation rate of 9 percent. The

Middle Atlantic and East North Central

Regions both garnered participation rates

of 10 percent. Both the New England and

Pacific Regions recorded participation

rates of 11 percent. The West North

Central Region rounded out the list with a

14 percent participation rate.

AK

WA

OR

CA

MT

WY

ID

NV

UT

AZ

CO

NM

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL

MI

IN OH

KY

TN

MS AL

FL

GA

SC

NC

VA WV

PA

NY

NH ME VT

MA

RI

CT

NJ

DE

MD

DC

HI

Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Participation 

(National participation rate: 10%)

Pacific

11%

Mountain

15%

West North 

Central 

14%

East 

North 

Central

10%

Middle 

Atlantic

10%

New England 

11%

South Atlantic 

9%

East South 

Central

West South 8%

Central 

8%
Sex and Age of Nonresidential

Participants

Similar numbers of males and females 

16 years old and older participated in

nonresidential wildlife-watching activities

in 2001. Eleven percent of American

males and 9 percent of American females

enjoyed observing, feeding, or

photographing wildlife away from home.

Among the 21.8 million nonresidential

participants, 52 percent (11.4 million)

were males, and 48 percent (10.4 million)

were females.

The age group representing the most

nonresidential participants, 5.7 million,

was the 35- to 44- year-olds who had a

participation rate of 13 percent. This

group was closely followed by the 5.0

million participants in the 45- to 54-yearold age group whose participation rate

was 12 percent. These two groups

represented 26 percent and 23 percent 

of all nonresidential participants,

respectively.

Both the 25- to 34-year-olds (3.8 million)

and the 55- to 64-year-olds (2.9 million)

had participation rates of 11 percent.

They represented 17 and 13 percent of the

nonresidential participants, respectively.

The 16- to 17-year-olds had a 9 percent

participation rate. Their 688 thousand

total represented 3 percent of all

nonresidential participants. Lastly, both

the 18- to 24-year-olds (1.4 million) and

the 65 years and older group (2.4 million)

had participation rates of 6 percent. They

represented 6 percent and 11 percent of

all nonresidential participants,

respectively.

48 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Gender

Percent of U.S. Males and Females Who Participated

Males

52%

Females

48%

Females

Males 11%

9%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Age

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Age

65 and older

11%

45 to 54

23%

65 and older

55 to 64

45 to 54

35 to 44

25 to 34

18 to 24

16 and 17

35 to 44

26%

16 and 17

3%

12%

11%

6%

55 to 64

13%

25 to 34

17%

18 to 24

6%

13%

11%

6%

9%

Nonresidential Participants—

by Gender and Age

(In millions)

Total, both sexes . . . . . . . . 21.8

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4

Total, all ages . . . . . . . . . . 21.8

16 and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7

18 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4

25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8

35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7

45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0

55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9

65 and older . . . . . . . . . 2.4

Source: Table 44.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 49

Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan

Nonresidential Participants

A substantial number of people from both

urban and rural areas enjoyed wildlifewatching activities while away from

home. In 2001, 10 percent of all persons

living in metropolitan statistical areas

(MSAs) took trips primarily to enjoy

wildlife. They comprised 76 percent of all

nonresidential participants. Those living

in large MSAs with populations of

1,000,000 or more participated at a rate of

9 percent and represented 46 percent of

all those recreationists. The participation

rate for people living in medium size

MSAs with populations of 250,000 to

999,999 was 10 percent—19 percent of

all nonresidential participants. Smaller

MSAs with populations of 50,000 to

249,999 had a participation rate of 13

percent and represented 10 percent of all

nonresidential recreationists. People

living outside MSAs had a participation

rate of 13 percent, and accounted for 24

percent of all away-from-home wildlife

watchers.

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—

by Residence 

(10% of total U.S. population participated) 

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Residence

(Total nonresidential participants: 21.8 million)

Outside MSA 

24%

Small MSA

10%

Outside MSA

Small MSA

(50,000 to 249,999)

Medium MSA

(250,000 to 999,999)

Large MSA

(1,000,000 or more)

13%

13%

10%

9%

Medium MSA 

19%

Large MSA

46%
50 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Income of Nonresidential Participants

People from households at all income

levels participated in wildlife-watching

recreation away from home. Participation

rates ranged from 5 percent for those in

households earning less than $10,000 per

year (2 percent of all nonresidential

participants) to 16 percent for those in

households earning $75,000 to $99,999

annually (13 percent of all nonresidential

participants).

Households with income levels of

$50,000 to $74,999 and $100,000 or more

had a 15 percent participation rate,

representing 21 percent and 13 percent of

all nonresidential recreationists,

respectively. Others with $40,000 to

$49,999 incomes showed a participation

rate of 14 percent—11 percent of all

nonresidential participants. Households

with incomes of $30,000 to $34,999

comprised 7 percent of all nonresidential

recreationists and had a 13 percent

participation rate. Individuals earning

$35,000 to $39,999 recorded a

participation rate of 11 percent,

comprising 5 percent of all nonresidential

participants. Participants in the $25,000

to $29,999 household income group had a

10 percent participation rate and

represented 5 percent of all nonresidential

recreationists. Households at the $20,000

to $24,999 income level garnered an 8

percent participation rate and comprised 4

percent of all nonresidential wildlife

recreationists. Lastly, individuals with

household earnings of $10,000 to $19,999

reported a participation rate of 6 percent.

They represented 4 percent of all

nonresidential participants. Fifteen

percent of the nonresidential wildlife

watchers did not report their income. 

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—

by Household Income 

$100,000 or more

$75,000 to 99,999

$50,000 to 74,999

$40,000 to 49,999

$35,000 to 39,999

$30,000 to 34,999

$25,000 to 29,999

$20,000 to 24,999

$10,000 to 19,999

Less than $10,000

15%

16%

15%

14%

11%

13%

10%

8%

6%

5%
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 51

Education, Race, and Ethnicity of

Nonresidential Participants

People of all educational levels

participated in nonresidential wildlifewatching activities in 2001. Six percent

of the U.S. population with 11 years of

education or less participated,

representing 8 percent of the

nonresidential total. In contrast, 18

percent of the population with 5 years 

or more of college took trips to watch

wildlife, representing 17 percent of all

nonresidential participants. Those with

12 years of education had an 8 percent

participation rate and represented 27

percent of the nonresidential total.

Participants with 1 to 3 years of college

participated at a rate of 12 percent,

contributing 27 percent to the

nonresidential total. Lastly, 13 percent of

those with 4 years of college participated

in nonresidential activities, making up 20

percent of all nonresidential participants.

The participation rates among races

varied greatly. Eleven percent of all

White individuals took trips in the United

States in 2001 to participate in wildlifewatching activities. Two percent of all

Black individuals participated, 2 percent

of Asians, and 13 percent of individuals

comprising the “other” race category. 

Of the total 21.8 million nonresidential

participants, 95 percent were White, 

2 percent Black, 1 percent Asian, and 

1 percent other races.

The Hispanic and Non-Hispanic

populations alike participated in

nonresidential wildlife watching in 2001.

Approximately 890 thousand Hispanic

participants—4 percent of the U.S.

Hispanic population—took trips to 

engage in wildlife watching. Of the NonHispanic population, more than 20.9

million participants took trips to wildlife

watch. Their participation rate was 11

percent, and they comprised 96 percent of

all nonresidential wildlife watchers.

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Education

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Education

5 years or more of college

17%

4 years of college

20%

5 years or more

of college

4 years of college

1 to 3 years of college

12 years

11 years or less 6%

1 to 3 years of college 

27%

12 years

27%

11 years or less

8%

18%

13%

12%

8%

Percent of U.S. Population Who Participated—by Ethnicity

Percent of Nonresidential Participants—by Race

Hispanic

Non-Hispanic 11%

White 95%

Asian 1%

Black 2%

4%

Other 1%

(10% of total U.S. population participated)
52 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

1991-2001 Comparison of WildlifeWatching Participants

Comparing the results from the last three

surveys finds different trends for the

various types of wildlife watching. The

number of wildlife watchers decreased 17

percent from 1991 to 1996 and increased

5 percent from 1996 to 2001, with 76

million participants in 1991, 63 million in

1996, and 66 million in 2001. Residential

wildlife watching, the preeminent type of

wildlife watching, lead this trend with an

18 percent drop from 1991 to 1996 and a

4 percent increase1 from 1996 to 2001.

The overall tendency upward from 1996

to 2001 was not followed by wildlife

observing and photographing, which

decreased by 5 percent and 13 percent,

respectively (although these are not

significant differences at the 95 percent

confidence level). Feeding wildlife and

visiting public parks maintained their

1996 participation levels.

Unlike residential wildlife watching,

nonresidential wildlife watching dropped

throughout the ‘90s and early ‘00s with a

21 percent drop from 1991 to 1996 and an

8 percent drop1 from 1996 to 2001. Days

afield by participants tended upward,

particularly observers and feeders,

although the increase is not statistically

significant.

Trip-related and equipment expenditures

for wildlife watching increased 21 percent

from 1991 to 1996 and 16 percent1 from

1996 to 2001, making an overall increase

of 41 percent from 1991 to 2001. This

increase was the result of equipment

purchases, primarily special equipment

(big ticket items such as off-road vehicles

and campers). Equipment purchases

nearly doubled from 1991 to 2001, going

up 90 percent. Trip-related expenditures

by nonresidential participants tended

downward from 1991 to 2001, with $9.7

billion spent in 1991 and $8.2 billion in

2001. 

1The percent change is not significant at the 0.05

level.

1991-2001 Wildlife Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures1

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1991 2001

1991-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,111 100 66,105 100 -13

Residential..................................... 73,904 97 62,928 95 -15

Observe wildlife ................................ 54,653 72 42,111 64 -23

Photograph wildlife.............................. 16,990 22 13,937 21 -18

Feed wild birds or other wildlife ................... 65,423 86 53,988 82 -17

Visit public parks or areas ........................ 15,525 20 10,981 17 -29

Maintain plantings or natural areas ................. 13,601 18 13,072 20 -4*

Nonresidential .................................. 29,999 39 21,823 33 -27

Observe wildlife ................................ 28,812 38 20,080 30 -30

Photograph wildlife.............................. 14,225 19 9,427 14 -34

Feed wildlife ................................... 13,306 17 7,077 11 -47

Days, nonresidential ............................. 342,406 100 372,006 100 9*

Observing wildlife .............................. 296,456 87 295,345 79 0

Photographing wildlife ........................... 81,600 24 76,324 21 -6*

Feeding wildlife ................................ 102,104 30 103,307 28 1*

Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2001 dollars) . . . $24,002,990 100 $33,730,868 100 41

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,722,954 41 8,162,439 24 -16*

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,422,925 52 23,616,982 70 90

Wildlife-watching equipment ...................... 7,411,773 31 6,850,971 20 -8*

Auxiliary equipment ............................. 454,807 2 716,900 2 58*

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,556,348 19 16,049,111 48 252

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,857,110 8 1,951,447 6 5*

1 All 2001 expenditures are adjusted to make them comparable to 1991 estimates.

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 53

1996-2001 Wildlife Watching Participants, Days, and Expenditures1

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

1996 2001

1996-2001

Number Percent Number Percent percent change

Wildlife watching, total ........................... 62,868 100 66,105 100 5

Residential..................................... 60,751 97 62,928 95 4*

Observe wildlife ................................ 44,063 70 42,111 64 -4*

Photograph wildlife.............................. 16,021 25 13,937 21 -13*

Feed wild birds or other wildlife ................... 54,122 86 53,988 82 0

Visit public parks or areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,011 18 10,981 17 0

Maintain plantings or natural areas ................. 13,401 21 13,072 20 -2*

Nonresidential .................................. 23,652 38 21,823 33 -8*

Observe wildlife ................................ 22,878 36 20,080 30 -12

Photograph wildlife.............................. 12,038 19 9,427 14 -22

Feed wildlife ................................... 9,976 16 7,077 11 -29

Days, nonresidential ............................. 313,790 100 372,006 100 19*

Observing wildlife .............................. 278,683 89 295,345 79 6*

Photographing wildlife ........................... 79,342 25 76,324 21 -4*

Feeding wildlife ................................ 89,606 29 103,307 28 15*

Wildlife-watching expenditures, total (2001 dollars) . . . $29,062,524 100 $33,730,868 100 16*

Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,250,604 35 8,162,439 24 -20*

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,785,440 58 23,616,982 70 41

Wildlife-watching equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,783,405 30 6,850,971 20 -22*

Auxiliary equipment ............................. 853,374 3 716,900 2 -16*

Special equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,148,661 25 16,049,111 48 125

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,026,480 7 1,951,447 6 -4*

1 All 2001 expenditures are adjusted to make them comparable to 1991 estimates.

* Not different from zero at the 5 percent level.

Number of WildlifeWatching Participants

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Days of Nonresidential Activity 

(Millions)

1991 1996 2001

Wildlife-Watching Expenditures 

(Billions. In 2001 dollars) 

1991 1996 2001

76.1

62.9 66.1 342

314

372

$24.0

$29.1

$33.7

Tables
56 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Purpose and Coverage of Tables

The statistical tables of this report were

designed to meet a wide range of needs

for those interested in wildlife-related

recreation. Special terms used in these

tables are defined in Appendix A.

The tables are based on responses to the

2001 Survey which was designed to

collect data about participation in

wildlife-related recreation. To have taken

part in the Survey, a respondent must

have been a U.S. resident (a resident of

one of the 50 states or the District of

Columbia). No one residing outside the

United States (including U.S. citizens)

was eligible for interviewing. Therefore,

reported state and national totals do not

include participation by those who were

not U.S. residents or who were residing

outside the United States.

Comparability With Previous Surveys

The numbers reported can be compared

with those in the 1991 and 1996 Survey

Reports. The methodology used in 2001

was similar to that used in 1996 and 1991.

These results should not be directly

compared to results from surveys earlier

than 1991 since there were major changes

in methodology. These changes were

made to improve accuracy in the

information provided. Trends further back

than 1991 are presented in Appendix B.

These trends were developed using parts

of the Surveys that were comparable.

Coverage of an Individual Table

Since the Survey covers many activities in

various places by participants of different

ages, all table titles, headnotes, stubs, and

footnotes are designed to identify and

articulate each item being reported in the

table. For example, the title of Table 1

shows that data about anglers and hunters,

their days of participation, and their

number of trips are being reported by type

of activity. By contrast, the title of Table 3

indicates that it contains data on

freshwater anglers and the days they

fished for different species of fish.

Percentages Reported in the Tables

Percentages are reported in the tables for

the convenience of the user. When

exclusive groups are being reported, the

base of a percentage is apparent from its

context because the percents add to 100

percent (plus or minus a rounding error).

For example, Table 1 reports the number of

trips taken by big game hunters (57

percent), those taken by small game hunters

(23 percent), those taken by migratory bird

hunters (12 percent), and those taken by

sportspersons hunting other animals (8

percent). These comprise 100 percent

because they are exclusive categories.

Percents should not add to 100 when

nonexclusive groups are being reported.

Using Table 1 as an example again, note

that adding the percentages associated

with total number of big game hunters (84

percent), total small game hunters (42

percent), total migratory bird hunters (23

percent), and total hunters of other animals

(8 percent) will not yield total hunters

(100 percent) because respondents could

hunt for more than one type of game.

When the base of the percentage is not

apparent in context, it is identified in a

footnote. For example, Table 6 reports 3

percentages with different bases: one for

the number of hunters, one for the number

of trips, and one for days of hunting.

Footnotes are used to clarify the bases of

the reported percentages.

Footnotes to the Tables

Footnotes are used to clarify the

information or items that are being

reported in a table. Symbols in the body of

a table indicate important footnotes. These

symbols are used in the tables to refer to

the same footnote each time they appear:

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

... Sample size too small to report data

reliably.

W Less than .5 dollars.

Z Less than .5 percent.

X Not applicable.

NA Not available.

Estimates based upon fewer than 10

responses are regarded as being based on

a sample size that is too small for reliable

reporting. An estimate based upon at least

10 but fewer than 30 responses is treated

as an estimate based on a small sample

size. Other footnotes appear, as necessary,

to qualify or clarify the estimates reported

in the tables. In addition, these two

important footnotes appear frequently:

• Detail does not add to total because

of multiple responses.

• Detail does not add to total because of

multiple responses and nonresponse.

“Multiple responses” is a term used to

reflect the fact that individuals or their

characteristics fall into more than one

category. Using Table 2 as an example,

those who fished in saltwater and

freshwater appear in both of these totals.

Yet each angler is represented only once

in the “Total, all fishing” column.

Similarly, in Table 6 those who hunt for

big game and small game are counted

only once as a hunter in the “Total, all

hunting” column. Therefore, totals may

be smaller than the sum of subcategories

when multiple responses exist.

“Nonresponse” exists because the Survey

questions were answered voluntarily and

some respondents did not or could not

answer all the questions. The effect of

nonresponses is illustrated in Table 12,

where the total for fishing and hunting

expenditures is greater than the sum of

fishing expenditures plus hunting

expenditures. This occurs because some

respondents did not specify either

“hunting” or “fishing” as the primary

purpose of the purchase. As a result, it is

known that the expenditures were for

fishing and/or hunting, but it is not known

whether they were primarily for fishing or

primarily for hunting, which was the basis

for putting them in the individual fishing

and hunting expenditure tables. In this

case, totals are greater than the sum of

subcategories when nonresponses have

occurred. 

Guide to Statistical Tables
Table 1. Anglers and Hunters 16 Years Old and Older, Days of Participation, and Trips by Type of

Fishing and Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Type of fishing and hunting

Participants Days of participation Trips

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 785,762 100 636,787 100

FISHING

Total, all fishing .............................. 34,071 100 557,394 100 436,662 100

Total, all freshwater .......................... 28,439 83 466,984 84 365,076 84

Freshwater, except Great Lakes............... 27,913 82 443,247 80 349,188 80

Great Lakes .............................. 1,847 5 23,138 4 15,888 4

Saltwater................................... 9,051 27 90,838 16 71,586 16

HUNTING

Total, all hunting ............................. 13,034 100 228,368 100 200,125 100

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911 84 153,191 67 114,445 57

Small game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,434 42 60,142 26 46,450 23

Migratory bird .............................. 2,956 23 29,310 13 24,155 12

Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,047 8 19,207 8 15,074 8

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Anglers, trips, and days

of fishing

Total, all fishing

Freshwater

Saltwater Total,

all freshwater

Freshwater, except

Great Lakes Great Lakes

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ANGLERS

Total in U.S. ............... 34,071 100 28,439 100 27,913 100 1,847 100 9,051 100

In state of residence........ 31,218 92 26,389 93 25,832 93 1,610 87 6,914 76

In other states............. 7,880 23 5,680 20 5,555 20 348 19 2,661 29

TRIPS

Total in U.S. ............... 436,662 100 365,076 100 349,188 100 15,888 100 71,586 100

In state of residence........ 406,741 93 343,463 94 328,529 94 14,934 94 63,278 88

In other states............. 29,921 7 21,613 6 20,659 6 954 6 8,308 12

DAYS OF FISHING

Total days in U.S. ........... 557,394 100 466,984 100 443,247 100 23,138 100 90,838 100

In state of residence........ 501,321 90 426,451 91 403,656 91 21,048 91 75,670 83

In other states............. 56,965 10 41,589 9 39,591 9 2,090 9 15,168 17

Average days per angler . . . . . . 16 (X) 16 (X) 16 (X) 13 (X) 10 (X)

(X) Not applicable.

Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown are based on the respective ‘‘Total in U.S.’’ rows.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 57
Table 3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing)

Type of fish

Anglers Days of fishing

Average days

Number Percent Number Percent per angler

Total, all types of fish ............................... 27,913 100 443,247 100 16

Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.) ............. 10,708 38 159,847 36 15

White bass, striped bass and striped bass hybrids. . . . . . . . 4,946 18 61,889 14 13

Panfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,910 28 103,294 23 13

Crappie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,657 24 95,109 21 14

Catfish and bullheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,517 27 103,664 23 14

Walleye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,218 12 46,338 10 14

Sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 1 2,176 (Z) 13

Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . . . 2,060 7 27,290 6 13

Trout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,819 28 83,325 19 11

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,368 5 15,053 3 11

Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 2 6,698 2 12

Anything1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,741 17 46,257 10 10

Another type of freshwater fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,537 6 17,277 4 11

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Type of fish

Anglers Days of fishing

Average days

Number Percent Number Percent per angler

Total, all types of fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,847 100 23,138 100 13

Black bass (largemouth, smallmouth, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 32 6,355 27 11

Walleye, sauger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 31 5,521 24 10

Northern pike, pickerel, muskie, muskie hybrids . . . . . . . . 140 8 ... ... ...

Perch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 38 6,597 29 10

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 28 3,985 17 8

Steelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 18 3,698 16 11

Lake trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 19 3,605 16 10

Other trout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 13 2,355 10 10

Anything1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 12 1,994 9 9

Another type of Great Lakes fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8 1,769 8 11

... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

58 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Type of fish

Anglers Days of fishing

Average days

Number Percent Number Percent per angler

Total, all types of fish ............................... 9,051 100 90,838 100 10

Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 8 4,873 5 7

Striped bass ...................................... 1,716 19 17,211 19 10

Flatfish (flounder, halibut) .......................... 2,269 25 21,111 23 9

Bluefish ......................................... 1,139 13 11,667 13 10

Red drum (redfish) ................................ 1,721 19 18,489 20 11

Sea trout (weakfish) ............................... 1,487 16 17,140 19 12

Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 7 5,879 6 10

Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 6 3,571 4 6

Anything1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,110 34 25,240 28 8

Another type of saltwater fish ....................... 3,025 33 33,720 37 11

1 Respondent fished for no specific species and identified ‘‘Anything’’ from a list of categories of fish.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Hunters, trips, and days

of hunting

Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

HUNTERS

Total in U.S. ............... 13,034 100 10,911 100 5,434 100 2,956 100 1,047 100

In state of residence........ 12,375 95 10,365 95 5,093 94 2,766 94 1,004 96

In other states............. 2,079 16 1,467 13 672 12 410 14 102 10

TRIPS

Total in U.S. ............... 200,125 100 114,445 100 46,450 100 24,155 100 15,074 100

In state of residence........ 189,499 95 108,154 95 44,394 96 22,569 93 14,382 95

In other states............. 10,626 5 6,291 5 2,056 4 1,586 7 692 5

DAYS OF HUNTING

Total days in U.S. ........... 228,368 100 153,191 100 60,142 100 29,310 100 19,207 100

In state of residence........ 209,880 92 138,809 91 55,386 92 26,672 91 18,156 95

In other states............. 20,891 9 14,386 9 4,756 8 2,638 9 1,051 5

Average days per hunter . . . . . . 18 (X) 14 (X) 11 (X) 10 (X) 18 (X)

(X) Not applicable.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percents shown are based on the respective ‘‘Total in U.S.’’ rows.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 59
Table 7. Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Type of game

Hunters Days of hunting

Average days

Number Percent Number Percent per hunter

Total, all big game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911 100 153,191 100 14

Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,272 94 133,457 87 13

Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 8 6,402 4 7

Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 3 3,334 2 9

Wild turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,504 23 23,165 15 9

Other big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 5 5,010 3 10

Total, all small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,434 100 60,142 100 11

Rabbit, hare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,099 39 22,768 38 11

Quail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 18 7,926 13 8

Grouse/prairie chicken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 19 9,169 15 9

Squirrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,119 39 22,333 37 11

Pheasant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,723 32 12,769 21 7

Other small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 9 5,200 9 10

Total, all migratory birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 100 29,310 100 10

Geese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 34 10,508 36 11

Ducks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,589 54 18,290 62 12

Doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450 49 9,041 31 6

Other migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 7 1,523 5 7

Total, all other animals (fox, raccoon, groundhog, etc.). . . 1,047 100 19,207 100 18

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

60 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Sportspersons (fished or hunted) Fished only

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ...................... 212,298 100 37,805 18 100 24,771 12 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,943 74 22,435 14 59 16,562 10 67

Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,355 26 15,370 28 41 8,209 15 33

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ..... 171,147 81 26,564 16 70 18,815 11 76

1,000,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,984 53 14,739 13 39 11,050 10 45

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,469 20 7,638 18 20 5,229 13 21

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,693 8 4,186 25 11 2,536 15 10

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,151 19 11,241 27 30 5,956 14 24

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,575 5 1,504 14 4 1,119 11 5

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,806 14 3,810 13 10 2,176 7 9

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,082 16 6,400 19 17 3,979 12 16

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 7 4,239 29 11 2,529 18 10

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,286 19 6,957 18 18 5,082 13 21

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,976 6 2,865 22 8 1,702 13 7

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,337 11 4,924 21 13 2,936 13 12

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,308 6 2,757 21 7 1,737 13 7

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,498 16 4,349 13 12 3,512 10 14

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,709 4 1,497 19 4 913 12 4

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,234 10 3,303 15 9 2,053 9 8

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,333 17 7,136 20 19 4,724 13 19

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,057 21 9,966 23 26 6,416 15 26

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,541 19 7,826 19 21 5,005 12 20

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,601 12 4,629 18 12 3,179 12 13

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,823 17 3,447 9 9 2,481 7 10

Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,916 48 28,462 28 75 16,618 16 67

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,106 2 1,170 28 3 644 16 3

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,326 5 2,540 22 7 1,421 13 6

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,206 8 5,179 30 14 3,010 17 12

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,346 10 7,381 35 20 4,138 19 17

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,626 9 5,861 30 16 3,296 17 13

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,201 6 3,587 29 9 2,264 19 9

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,105 8 2,743 17 7 1,844 11 7

Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,381 52 9,343 8 25 8,153 7 33

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,603 2 327 9 1 269 7 1

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,908 5 764 7 2 632 6 3

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,127 9 1,958 11 5 1,714 9 7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,711 11 2,585 11 7 2,278 10 9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,915 10 1,965 9 5 1,709 8 7

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 6 1,042 8 3 915 7 4

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,718 10 703 3 2 638 3 3

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,910 10 1,743 8 5 1,314 6 5

Non-Hispanic ..................... 190,388 90 36,063 19 95 23,457 12 95

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,129 85 35,300 19 93 22,733 13 92

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,708 10 1,666 8 4 1,370 6 6

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 3 365 5 1 332 5 1

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 1 474 20 1 336 14 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 5 978 9 3 731 7 3

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 7 1,831 12 5 1,306 9 5

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,902 5 1,659 15 4 1,094 10 4

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,217 5 2,000 18 5 1,238 11 5

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,648 5 2,349 20 6 1,519 13 6

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,816 5 2,186 22 6 1,414 14 6

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,896 8 4,116 24 11 2,548 15 10

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,383 15 7,893 25 21 4,979 16 20

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,762 8 4,413 25 12 2,888 16 12

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,202 9 4,521 24 12 3,254 17 13

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,606 27 5,858 10 15 3,801 7 15

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,820 15 4,705 14 12 2,934 9 12

12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 35 13,309 18 35 8,335 11 34

1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,491 23 9,980 20 26 6,569 13 27

4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,803 16 5,994 17 16 4,181 12 17

5 years or more college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,464 10 3,817 18 10 2,752 13 11

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 61
Table 8. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,734 2 100 9,300 4 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 1 40 4,363 3 47

Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,224 4 60 4,938 9 53

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . . . 2,173 1 58 5,576 3 60

1,000,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 1 27 2,693 2 29

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 2 19 1,701 4 18

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 3 13 1,182 7 13

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,561 4 42 3,724 9 40

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1 3 283 3 3

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 2 15 1,074 4 12

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 2 20 1,680 5 18

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 3 11 1,307 9 14

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 1 14 1,369 3 15

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 2 9 842 6 9

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 2 15 1,440 6 15

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 2 8 706 5 8

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 1 6 599 2 6

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 2 5 405 5 4

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 2 10 878 4 9

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 2 15 1,854 5 20

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 2 25 2,631 6 28

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 2 24 1,935 5 21

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 2 12 989 4 11

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 1 10 609 2 7

Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304 3 88 8,541 8 92

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4 4 371 9 4

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 3 8 809 7 9

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 3 13 1,694 10 18

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 4 22 2,432 11 26

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 4 21 1,764 9 19

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 3 11 902 7 10

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 2 9 567 4 6

Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 (Z) 12 759 1 8

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *24 *1 *1 *34 *1 *(Z)

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *64 *1 *2 68 1 1

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (Z) 2 160 1 2

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 (Z) 3 199 1 2

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 (Z) 2 171 1 2

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *40 *(Z) *1 86 1 1

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *41 *(Z) *(Z)

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 1 5 250 1 3

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,555 2 95 9,050 5 97

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,599 2 96 8,968 5 96

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *66 *(Z) *2 230 1 2

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2 1 92 4 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 1 3 147 1 2

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 1 5 342 2 4

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2 5 380 3 4

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 2 6 525 5 6

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 2 7 572 5 6

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 3 7 525 5 6

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 2 11 1,148 7 12

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 2 21 2,134 7 23

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 2 10 1,141 6 12

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 2 8 966 5 10

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 1 17 1,420 2 15

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 2 15 1,194 4 13

12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,477 2 40 3,497 5 38

1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 2 24 2,501 5 27

4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 1 13 1,342 4 14

5 years or more college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 1 8 767 4 8

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s

participants who are described by the row heading.

62 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Total, all fishing Total freshwater

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ..................... 212,298 100 34,071 16 100 28,439 13 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban.......................... 157,943 74 20,925 13 61 16,731 11 59

Rural .......................... 54,355 26 13,146 24 39 11,707 22 41

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 171,147 81 24,391 14 72 19,563 11 69

1,000,000 or more .............. 112,984 53 13,743 12 40 10,525 9 37

250,000 to 999,999 ............. 41,469 20 6,930 17 20 5,738 14 20

50,000 to 249,999 .............. 16,693 8 3,718 22 11 3,299 20 12

Outside MSA.................... 41,151 19 9,680 24 28 8,876 22 31

Census Geographic Division

New England .................... 10,575 5 1,402 13 4 1,031 10 4

Middle Atlantic .................. 29,806 14 3,250 11 10 2,220 7 8

East North Central ................ 34,082 16 5,659 17 17 5,197 15 18

West North Central ............... 14,430 7 3,836 27 11 3,749 26 13

South Atlantic ................... 39,286 19 6,451 16 19 4,631 12 16

East South Central ................ 12,976 6 2,543 20 7 2,356 18 8

West South Central ............... 23,337 11 4,375 19 13 3,661 16 13

Mountain ....................... 13,308 6 2,443 18 7 2,401 18 8

Pacific ......................... 34,498 16 4,111 12 12 3,193 9 11

Age

16 to 17 years ................... 7,709 4 1,318 17 4 1,165 15 4

18 to 24 years ................... 22,234 10 2,931 13 9 2,624 12 9

25 to 34 years ................... 35,333 17 6,577 19 19 5,559 16 20

35 to 44 years ................... 44,057 21 9,047 21 27 7,612 17 27

45 to 54 years ................... 40,541 19 6,940 17 20 5,576 14 20

55 to 64 years ................... 25,601 12 4,168 16 12 3,382 13 12

65 years and older ................ 36,823 17 3,090 8 9 2,520 7 9

Sex

Male .......................... 101,916 48 25,159 25 74 21,126 21 74

Female ......................... 110,381 52 8,912 8 26 7,313 7 26

Ethnicity

Hispanic........................ 21,910 10 1,564 7 5 1,097 5 4

Non-Hispanic .................... 190,388 90 32,507 17 95 27,342 14 96

Race

White .......................... 181,129 85 31,701 18 93 26,613 15 94

Black .......................... 21,708 10 1,600 7 5 1,305 6 5

Asian .......................... 7,141 3 342 5 1 203 3 1

All others....................... 2,320 1 428 18 1 317 14 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 ................ 10,594 5 878 8 3 776 7 3

$10,000 to $19,999 ............... 15,272 7 1,648 11 5 1,431 9 5

$20,000 to $24,999 ............... 10,902 5 1,474 14 4 1,251 11 4

$25,000 to $29,999 ............... 11,217 5 1,763 16 5 1,570 14 6

$30,000 to $34,999 ............... 11,648 5 2,091 18 6 1,807 16 6

$35,000 to $39,999 ............... 9,816 5 1,939 20 6 1,656 17 6

$40,000 to $49,999 ............... 16,896 8 3,696 22 11 3,194 19 11

$50,000 to $74,999 ............... 31,383 15 7,113 23 21 6,030 19 21

$75,000 to $99,999 ............... 17,762 8 4,029 23 12 3,248 18 11

$100,000 or more................. 19,202 9 4,220 22 12 3,225 17 11

Not reported..................... 57,606 27 5,221 9 15 4,250 7 15

Education

11 years or less .................. 32,820 15 4,128 13 12 3,605 11 13

12 years........................ 73,719 35 11,832 16 35 10,103 14 36

1 to 3 years college ............... 49,491 23 9,069 18 27 7,464 15 26

4 years college................... 34,803 16 5,522 16 16 4,402 13 15

5 years or more college ............ 21,464 10 3,520 16 10 2,864 13 10

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 63
Table 9. Selected Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Freshwater

Saltwater

Freshwater, except Great Lakes Great Lakes

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ..................... 27,913 13 100 1,847 1 100 9,051 4 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban.......................... 16,353 10 59 1,252 1 68 6,558 4 72

Rural .......................... 11,560 21 41 595 1 32 2,494 5 28

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 19,136 11 69 1,472 1 80 7,736 5 85

1,000,000 or more .............. 10,220 9 37 966 1 52 4,930 4 54

250,000 to 999,999 ............. 5,638 14 20 375 1 20 1,975 5 22

50,000 to 249,999 .............. 3,278 20 12 131 1 7 831 5 9

Outside MSA.................... 8,777 21 31 375 1 20 1,315 3 15

Census Geographic Division

New England .................... 1,030 10 4 *16 *(Z) *1 707 7 8

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,113 7 8 384 1 21 1,201 4 13

East North Central ................ 4,790 14 17 1,303 4 71 298 1 3

West North Central ............... 3,749 26 13 *56 *(Z) *3 122 1 1

South Atlantic ................... 4,629 12 17 *33 *(Z) *2 3,265 8 36

East South Central ................ 2,356 18 8 ... ... ... 363 3 4

West South Central ............... 3,661 16 13 ... ... ... 1,320 6 15

Mountain ....................... 2,393 18 9 *28 *(Z) *2 126 1 1

Pacific ......................... 3,193 9 11 ... ... ... 1,650 5 18

Age

16 to 17 years ................... 1,145 15 4 *93 *1 *5 284 4 3

18 to 24 years ................... 2,576 12 9 *110 *(Z) *6 676 3 7

25 to 34 years ................... 5,452 15 20 380 1 21 1,638 5 18

35 to 44 years ................... 7,492 17 27 523 1 28 2,356 5 26

45 to 54 years ................... 5,469 13 20 354 1 19 2,015 5 22

55 to 64 years ................... 3,310 13 12 262 1 14 1,221 5 13

65 years and older ................ 2,469 7 9 125 (Z) 7 861 2 10

Sex

Male .......................... 20,729 20 74 1,535 2 83 6,956 7 77

Female ......................... 7,184 7 26 311 (Z) 17 2,096 2 23

Ethnicity

Hispanic........................ 1,081 5 4 ... ... ... 681 3 8

Non-Hispanic .................... 26,832 14 96 1,810 1 98 8,370 4 92

Race

White .......................... 26,165 14 94 1,681 1 91 8,174 5 90

Black .......................... 1,233 6 4 137 1 7 481 2 5

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 3 1 ... ... ... 197 3 2

All others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 14 1 ... ... ... 199 9 2

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 7 3 ... ... ... 135 1 1

$10,000 to $19,999 ............... 1,413 9 5 *62 *(Z) *3 338 2 4

$20,000 to $24,999 ............... 1,223 11 4 *62 *1 *3 279 3 3

$25,000 to $29,999 ............... 1,539 14 6 *63 *1 *3 319 3 4

$30,000 to $34,999 ............... 1,743 15 6 160 1 9 479 4 5

$35,000 to $39,999 ............... 1,640 17 6 *57 *1 *3 502 5 6

$40,000 to $49,999 ............... 3,152 19 11 224 1 12 906 5 10

$50,000 to $74,999 ............... 5,920 19 21 375 1 20 1,909 6 21

$75,000 to $99,999 ............... 3,205 18 11 221 1 12 1,149 6 13

$100,000 or more................. 3,146 16 11 258 1 14 1,626 8 18

Not reported..................... 4,178 7 15 331 1 18 1,409 2 16

Education

11 years or less .................. 3,539 11 13 206 1 11 897 3 10

12 years........................ 9,842 13 35 714 1 39 2,748 4 30

1 to 3 years college ............... 7,362 15 26 457 1 25 2,497 5 28

4 years college................... 4,346 12 16 252 1 14 1,815 5 20

5 years or more college ............ 2,824 13 10 217 1 12 1,093 5 12

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban

areas who fished in the Great Lakes, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of

those who fished in the Great Lakes who lived in urban areas, etc.).

64 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Total, all hunting Big game

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ..................... 212,298 100 13,034 6 100 10,911 5 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban.......................... 157,943 74 5,873 4 45 4,630 3 42

Rural .......................... 54,355 26 7,161 13 55 6,281 12 58

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 171,147 81 7,749 5 59 6,319 4 58

1,000,000 or more .............. 112,984 53 3,690 3 28 2,971 3 27

250,000 to 999,999 ............. 41,469 20 2,409 6 18 1,999 5 18

50,000 to 249,999 .............. 16,693 8 1,650 10 13 1,350 8 12

Outside MSA.................... 41,151 19 5,285 13 41 4,591 11 42

Census Geographic Division

New England .................... 10,575 5 386 4 3 353 3 3

Middle Atlantic .................. 29,806 14 1,633 5 13 1,538 5 14

East North Central ................ 34,082 16 2,421 7 19 2,102 6 19

West North Central ............... 14,430 7 1,710 12 13 1,320 9 12

South Atlantic ................... 39,286 19 1,875 5 14 1,601 4 15

East South Central ................ 12,976 6 1,164 9 9 967 7 9

West South Central ............... 23,337 11 1,988 9 15 1,575 7 14

Mountain ....................... 13,308 6 1,020 8 8 824 6 8

Pacific ......................... 34,498 16 837 2 6 630 2 6

Age

16 to 17 years ................... 7,709 4 584 8 4 492 6 5

18 to 24 years ................... 22,234 10 1,251 6 10 1,052 5 10

25 to 34 years ................... 35,333 17 2,413 7 19 1,985 6 18

35 to 44 years ................... 44,057 21 3,551 8 27 3,003 7 28

45 to 54 years ................... 40,541 19 2,821 7 22 2,370 6 22

55 to 64 years ................... 25,601 12 1,450 6 11 1,236 5 11

65 years and older ................ 36,823 17 965 3 7 772 2 7

Sex

Male .......................... 101,916 48 11,845 12 91 9,923 10 91

Female ......................... 110,381 52 1,190 1 9 987 1 9

Ethnicity

Hispanic........................ 21,910 10 428 2 3 322 1 3

Non-Hispanic .................... 190,388 90 12,606 7 97 10,589 6 97

Race

White .......................... 181,129 85 12,568 7 96 10,586 6 97

Black .......................... 21,708 10 297 1 2 193 1 2

Asian .......................... 7,141 3 *32 *(Z) *(Z) *23 *(Z) *(Z)

All others....................... 2,320 1 138 6 1 108 5 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 ................ 10,594 5 247 2 2 203 2 2

$10,000 to $19,999 ............... 15,272 7 525 3 4 441 3 4

$20,000 to $24,999 ............... 10,902 5 565 5 4 499 5 5

$25,000 to $29,999 ............... 11,217 5 763 7 6 638 6 6

$30,000 to $34,999 ............... 11,648 5 830 7 6 738 6 7

$35,000 to $39,999 ............... 9,816 5 773 8 6 666 7 6

$40,000 to $49,999 ............... 16,896 8 1,569 9 12 1,375 8 13

$50,000 to $74,999 ............... 31,383 15 2,915 9 22 2,433 8 22

$75,000 to $99,999 ............... 17,762 8 1,525 9 12 1,305 7 12

$100,000 or more................. 19,202 9 1,267 7 10 919 5 8

Not reported..................... 57,606 27 2,057 4 16 1,695 3 16

Education

11 years or less .................. 32,820 15 1,771 5 14 1,492 5 14

12 years........................ 73,719 35 4,973 7 38 4,401 6 40

1 to 3 years college ............... 49,491 23 3,412 7 26 2,812 6 26

4 years college................... 34,803 16 1,814 5 14 1,420 4 13

5 years or more college ............ 21,464 10 1,065 5 8 785 4 7

See footnotes at end of table.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 65
Table 10. Selected Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ..................... 5,434 3 100 2,956 1 100 1,047 (Z) 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban.......................... 2,467 2 45 1,652 1 56 316 (Z) 30

Rural .......................... 2,968 5 55 1,304 2 44 731 1 70

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . 3,171 2 58 1,956 1 66 478 (Z) 46

1,000,000 or more .............. 1,466 1 27 903 1 31 215 (Z) 21

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 2 18 653 2 22 159 (Z) 15

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 4 13 400 2 14 105 1 10

Outside MSA.................... 2,263 6 42 1,001 2 34 569 1 54

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 1 3 44 (Z) 1 28 (Z) 3

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 2 12 191 1 6 211 1 20

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 3 18 274 1 9 168 (Z) 16

West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 6 17 456 3 15 156 1 15

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 2 14 416 1 14 141 (Z) 13

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 4 10 308 2 10 105 1 10

West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 3 14 784 3 27 111 (Z) 11

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 3 7 266 2 9 80 1 8

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1 5 218 1 7 48 (Z) 5

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 4 5 157 2 5 61 1 6

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 3 11 279 1 9 118 1 11

25 to 34 years ................... 1,020 3 19 657 2 22 152 (Z) 14

35 to 44 years ................... 1,489 3 27 874 2 30 279 1 27

45 to 54 years ................... 1,148 3 21 594 1 20 266 1 25

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 2 10 234 1 8 131 1 13

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 1 7 161 (Z) 5 *39 *(Z) *4

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,114 5 94 2,815 3 95 1,005 1 96

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 (Z) 6 142 (Z) 5 *42 *(Z) *4

Ethnicity

Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 1 2 150 1 5 *40 *(Z) *4

Non-Hispanic .................... 5,311 3 98 2,806 1 95 1,007 1 96

Race

White .......................... 5,153 3 95 2,872 2 97 1,017 1 97

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1 4 *42 *(Z) *1 *21 *(Z) *2

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

All others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2 1 *34 *1 *1 ... ... ...

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1 2 *33 *(Z) *1 ... ... ...

$10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 1 4 54 (Z) 2 41 (Z) 4

$20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 2 5 68 1 2 *45 *(Z) *4

$25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 3 6 126 1 4 55 (Z) 5

$30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 3 6 117 1 4 *76 *1 *7

$35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 4 7 188 2 6 *53 *1 *5

$40,000 to $49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 4 11 272 2 9 160 1 15

$50,000 to $74,999 ............... 1,218 4 22 784 2 27 220 1 21

$75,000 to $99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 4 12 391 2 13 141 1 13

$100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 3 11 470 2 16 67 (Z) 6

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 1 14 453 1 15 180 (Z) 17

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 2 14 357 1 12 161 (Z) 15

12 years........................ 1,968 3 36 790 1 27 413 1 39

1 to 3 years college ............... 1,359 3 25 904 2 31 254 1 24

4 years college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 2 15 544 2 18 176 1 17

5 years or more college . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 2 10 362 2 12 *42 *(Z) *4

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban

areas who hunted big game, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of big

game hunters who lived in urban areas, etc.).

66 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 11. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Fishing and Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Fishing and hunting

Participants Days of participation Trips

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 785,762 100 636,787 100

Total disabled sportspersons ................... 2,080 100 54,705 100 42,950 100

Mobility impaired ......................... 1,681 81 46,043 84 35,165 82

Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10 5,142 9 3,453 8

Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 7 3,412 6 3,681 9

Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 11 4,278 8 3,874 9

Total anglers ................................. 34,071 100 557,394 100 436,662 100

Total disabled anglers ........................ 1,866 100 41,402 100 33,000 100

Mobility impaired ......................... 1,507 81 34,421 83 26,194 79

Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 10 3,941 10 2,617 8

Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 7 3,127 8 3,467 11

Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 11 3,062 7 3,176 10

Total hunters................................. 13,034 100 228,368 100 200,125 100

Total disabled hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 100 13,303 100 9,950 100

Mobility impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 84 11,622 87 8,971 90

Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *87 *13 *1,202 *9 *836 *8

Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *31 *5 *285 *2 *214 *2

Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 11 1,215 9 *698 *7

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 12. Summary of Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

sportsman

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

sportspersons

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,976,330 1,851 35,919 95 1,948

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,908,392 527 33,338 88 597

Food and lodging, total.............................. 8,330,938 220 29,380 78 284

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,121,645 162 29,180 77 210

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,209,293 58 7,778 21 284

Transportation, total ................................ 5,305,077 140 29,234 77 181

Public ........................................... 586,422 16 1,651 4 355

Private .......................................... 4,718,654 125 28,888 76 163

Other trip costs1 ................................... 6,272,377 166 26,802 71 234

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment................................... 4,640,715 123 21,493 57 216

Hunting equipment .................................. 4,866,399 129 10,579 28 460

Auxiliary equipment2 ................................ 2,627,686 70 10,866 29 242

Special equipment3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,819,402 762 3,947 10 7,301

OTHER EXPENDITURES

Books, magazines ................................... 307,981 8 7,628 20 40

Membership dues and contributions..................... 515,282 14 5,220 14 99

Land leasing and ownership ........................... 7,128,486 189 2,329 6 3,061

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits ..................... 1,161,988 31 24,201 64 48

1 Other trip costs include guide fees, pack trip or package fees, public and private land use fees, equipment rental, boating costs (which include launching,

mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel), bait, ice, and heating and cooking fuel.

2 Auxiliary equipment includes camping equipment, binoculars, special fishing and hunting clothing, etc.

3 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in subsequent tables may not add to totals shown here because of nonresponse to

individual questions.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 67
Table 13. Expenditures for Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

angler

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

anglers

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 35,632,257 1,046 31,950 94 1,115

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 14,656,000 430 29,645 87 494

Food and lodging, total ................................. 5,880,997 173 25,603 75 230

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,141,250 122 25,406 75 163

Lodging ............................................ 1,739,747 51 6,473 19 269

Transportation, total ................................... 3,515,756 103 25,146 74 140

Public .............................................. 400,429 12 1,254 4 319

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,115,328 91 24,816 73 126

Other trip costs, total .................................. 5,259,247 154 25,658 75 205

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 686,903 20 2,587 8 266

Public land use fees................................... 121,274 4 3,565 10 34

Private land use fees .................................. 92,961 3 1,283 4 72

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253,514 7 1,992 6 127

Boating costs1

........................................ 2,630,429 77 8,265 24 318

Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105,350 32 21,757 64 51

Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,917 9 12,481 37 23

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 77,899 2 3,334 10 23

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment, total ................................ 4,617,612 136 21,228 62 218

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components ............. 1,900,343 56 11,712 34 162

Lines and leaders ..................................... 460,079 14 13,647 40 34

Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines..... 800,467 23 14,966 44 53

Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a

line, except lures and baits ............................ 343,525 10 15,497 45 22

Tackle boxes......................................... 133,093 4 4,169 12 32

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks ..... 101,937 3 3,480 10 29

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers ................. 52,816 2 3,031 9 17

Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices ............................................ 457,054 13 1,098 3 416

Ice fishing equipment ................................. 82,876 2 644 2 129

Other fishing equipment ............................... 285,423 8 2,990 9 95

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 721,049 21 4,347 13 166

Camping equipment ................................... 340,382 10 2,054 6 166

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 30,050 1 367 1 82

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 243,608 7 2,248 7 108

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... 34,992 1 151 (Z) 232

Other............................................... 72,016 2 551 2 131

Special equipment2

..................................... 11,624,862 341 2,319 7 5,013

OTHER EXPENDITURES

Magazines, books....................................... 117,501 3 3,437 10 34

Membership dues and contributions ........................ 102,762 3 1,614 5 64

Land leasing and ownership .............................. 3,152,594 93 794 2 3,972

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total.................... 639,876 19 20,184 59 32

Licenses ............................................ 597,210 18 19,972 59 30

Stamps, tags, and permits .............................. 42,666 1 3,588 11 12

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 14 to 17 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and

nonresponse.

68 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 14. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

angler

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

anglers

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 21,348,370 751 26,132 92 817

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 10,169,234 358 25,352 89 401

Food and lodging, total ................................. 4,338,368 153 21,629 76 201

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,144,549 111 21,449 75 147

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,193,818 42 5,294 19 225

Transportation, total ................................... 2,782,609 98 21,524 76 129

Public .............................................. 221,099 8 779 3 284

Private.............................................. 2,561,510 90 21,352 75 120

Other trip costs, total .................................. 3,048,257 107 21,753 76 140

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 255,966 9 1,186 4 216

Public land use fees................................... 94,769 3 3,082 11 31

Private land use fees .................................. 73,299 3 1,048 4 70

Equipment rental ..................................... 147,863 5 1,417 5 104

Boating costs1

........................................ 1,397,420 49 6,483 23 216

Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805,230 28 18,747 66 43

Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,803 7 10,323 36 20

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 69,907 2 3,117 11 22

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment, total ................................ 3,162,930 111 17,057 60 185

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components ............. 1,280,446 45 8,996 32 142

Lines and leaders ..................................... 320,810 11 10,575 37 30

Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines..... 614,032 22 12,013 42 51

Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a

line, except lures and baits ............................ 238,934 8 12,013 42 20

Tackle boxes......................................... 94,609 3 3,027 11 31

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks ..... 67,335 2 2,567 9 26

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers ................. 34,625 1 2,228 8 16

Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices ............................................ 235,975 8 741 3 319

Ice fishing equipment ................................. 81,610 3 623 2 131

Other fishing equipment ............................... 194,554 7 2,027 7 96

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 536,406 19 3,338 12 161

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,953 10 1,711 6 174

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 17,924 1 226 1 79

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 173,625 6 1,642 6 106

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... 19,828 1 95 (Z) 209

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,076 1 383 1 73

Special equipment2

..................................... 7,479,801 263 1,695 6 4,413

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 69
Table 15. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Freshwater Fishing Except Great Lakes: 2001

(Population 16 years old and over)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

angler

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

anglers

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 19,972,014 716 25,543 92 782

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 9,392,904 337 24,771 89 379

Food and lodging, total ................................. 4,028,437 144 21,079 76 191

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,923,180 105 20,904 75 140

Lodging ............................................ 1,105,257 40 5,072 18 218

Transportation, total ................................... 2,624,595 94 20,977 75 125

Public .............................................. 209,056 7 741 3 282

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,415,539 87 20,801 75 116

Other trip costs, total .................................. 2,739,872 98 21,173 76 129

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 236,495 8 1,061 4 223

Public land use fees................................... 90,904 3 2,944 11 31

Private land use fees .................................. 67,731 2 997 4 68

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,813 5 1,297 5 99

Boating costs1

........................................ 1,194,849 43 6,153 22 194

Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761,793 27 18,230 65 42

Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,022 7 10,042 36 19

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 67,266 2 3,027 11 22

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment, total ................................ 2,959,515 106 16,458 59 180

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components ............. 1,171,010 42 8,610 31 136

Lines and leaders ..................................... 305,802 11 10,186 36 30

Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines..... 585,275 21 11,573 41 51

Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a

line, except lures and baits ............................ 228,785 8 11,597 42 20

Tackle boxes......................................... 91,603 3 2,925 10 31

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks ..... 63,898 2 2,442 9 26

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers ................. 33,064 1 2,149 8 15

Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices ............................................ 228,855 8 725 3 316

Ice fishing equipment ................................. 77,867 3 591 2 132

Other fishing equipment ............................... 173,356 6 1,963 7 88

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 498,449 18 3,171 11 157

Camping equipment ................................... 278,991 10 1,668 6 167

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 17,875 1 226 1 79

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 159,143 6 1,528 5 104

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... 14,994 1 73 (Z) 206

Other............................................... 27,445 1 374 1 73

Special equipment2

..................................... 7,121,146 255 1,588 6 4,483

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

70 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 16. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Great Lakes Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

angler

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

anglers

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 1,274,435 690 1,699 92 750

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 776,330 420 1,670 90 465

Food and lodging, total ................................. 309,931 168 1,403 76 221

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,370 120 1,392 75 159

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,561 48 357 19 248

Transportation, total ................................... 158,014 86 1,398 76 113

Public .............................................. *12,043 *7 *57 *3 *210

Private.............................................. 145,971 79 1,372 74 106

Other trip costs, total .................................. 308,385 167 1,451 79 213

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 19,471 11 156 8 125

Public land use fees................................... 3,865 2 165 9 23

Private land use fees .................................. *5,568 *3 *62 *3 *90

Equipment rental ..................................... 19,050 10 135 7 141

Boating costs1

........................................ 202,571 110 501 27 404

Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,437 24 1,150 62 38

Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,781 6 572 31 21

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 2,641 1 128 7 21

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment, total ................................ 175,213 95 681 37 257

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components ............. 93,223 50 337 18 277

Lines and leaders ..................................... 13,001 7 345 19 38

Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines..... 23,637 13 410 22 58

Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a

line, except lures and baits ............................ 8,751 5 372 20 24

Tackle boxes......................................... *2,385 *1 *89 *5 *27

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks ..... *2,749 *1 *105 *6 *26

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *737 *(W) *50 *3 *15

Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Ice fishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Other fishing equipment ............................... *20,807 *11 *58 *3 *358

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 33,201 18 132 7 251

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... *12,549 *7 *105 *6 *120

Processing and taxidermy costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Special equipment2

..................................... *289,691 *157 *72 *4 *4,046

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (W) Less than 0.5 dollar.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 71
Table 17. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Saltwater Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

angler

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

anglers

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 8,388,962 927 8,115 90 1,034

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 4,486,766 496 7,980 88 562

Food and lodging, total ................................. 1,542,629 170 6,998 77 220

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996,701 110 6,937 77 144

Lodging ............................................ 545,928 60 1,614 18 338

Transportation, total ................................... 733,148 81 6,440 71 114

Public .............................................. 179,330 20 560 6 320

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553,818 61 6,127 68 90

Other trip costs, total .................................. 2,210,990 244 6,886 76 321

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 430,937 48 1,533 17 281

Public land use fees................................... 26,505 3 589 7 45

Private land use fees .................................. 19,662 2 272 3 72

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,651 12 616 7 171

Boating costs1

........................................ 1,233,009 136 2,328 26 530

Bait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,121 33 5,038 56 60

Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,114 10 3,460 38 25

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 7,992 1 376 4 21

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Fishing equipment, total ................................ 987,392 109 3,470 38 285

Rods, reels, poles, and rodmaking components ............. 433,774 48 1,827 20 237

Lines and leaders ..................................... 99,376 11 2,144 24 46

Artificial lures, flies, baits, and dressing for flies or lines..... 119,012 13 1,923 21 62

Hooks, sinkers, swivels, and other items attached to a

line, except lures and baits ............................ 70,585 8 2,381 26 30

Tackle boxes......................................... 21,725 2 711 8 31

Creels, stringers, fish bags, landing nets, and gaff hooks ..... 25,618 3 589 7 44

Minnow traps, seines, and bait containers ................. 12,434 1 526 6 24

Depth finders, fish finders, and other electronic fishing

devices ............................................ 138,316 15 252 3 548

Other fishing equipment ............................... 66,552 7 582 6 114

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 103,125 11 647 7 159

Camping equipment ................................... 20,736 2 142 2 146

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 5,850 1 91 1 65

Special fishing clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 47,180 5 388 4 122

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... *13,983 *2 *42 *(Z) *336

Other............................................... 15,375 2 127 1 121

Special equipment2

..................................... 2,811,679 311 395 4 7,125

* Estimate based on a small sample. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

72 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 18. Expenditures for Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

hunter

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent

of hunters

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 20,611,025 1,581 12,585 97 1,638

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 5,252,391 403 11,280 87 466

Food and lodging, total ................................. 2,449,942 188 10,073 77 243

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,980,395 152 10,057 77 197

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469,547 36 1,701 13 276

Transportation, total ................................... 1,789,320 137 10,502 81 170

Public .............................................. 185,994 14 452 3 411

Private.............................................. 1,603,326 123 10,421 80 154

Other trip costs, total .................................. 1,013,129 78 3,479 27 291

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 377,233 29 573 4 659

Public land use fees................................... 53,499 4 630 5 85

Private land use fees .................................. 370,858 28 919 7 403

Equipment rental ..................................... 36,395 3 262 2 139

Boating costs1

........................................ 85,912 7 556 4 154

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 89,232 7 1,930 15 46

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Hunting equipment, total ............................... 4,561,709 350 9,516 73 479

Guns and rifles....................................... 1,966,867 151 2,888 22 681

Rifles ............................................ 907,470 70 1,579 12 575

Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676,619 52 1,262 10 536

Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms...................... 105,507 8 390 3 271

Pistols, handguns ................................... 277,270 21 567 4 489

Bows, arrows, archery equipment ........................ 462,097 35 1,892 15 244

Telescopic sights ..................................... 307,033 24 1,272 10 241

Decoys and game calls ................................ 139,686 11 2,168 17 64

Ammunition ......................................... 651,896 50 8,451 65 77

Hand loading equipment ............................... 139,919 11 945 7 148

Hunting dogs and associated costs ....................... 604,616 46 892 7 678

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289,595 22 2,201 17 132

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 1,202,845 92 4,584 35 262

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,661 9 638 5 178

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 153,862 12 1,168 9 132

Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 463,990 36 2,977 23 156

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... 385,947 30 1,470 11 263

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,385 7 310 2 275

Special equipment2

..................................... 4,596,942 353 573 4 8,020

OTHER EXPENDITURES

Magazines, books....................................... 84,530 6 1,835 14 46

Membership dues and contributions ........................ 243,678 19 2,054 16 119

Land leasing and ownership .............................. 3,975,892 305 1,680 13 2,367

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits, total.................... 693,038 53 10,403 80 67

Licenses ............................................ 572,242 44 9,985 77 57

Federal duck stamps .................................. 29,524 2 1,968 15 15

Other stamps, tags, and permits ......................... 91,273 7 2,868 22 32

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Detail in Tables 19-22 may not add to totals shown here because of multiple responses and

nonresponse.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 73
Table 19. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Big Game Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

hunter

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent

of hunters

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 10,087,930 925 9,962 91 1,013

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 3,565,342 327 9,378 86 380

Food and lodging, total ................................. 1,687,863 155 8,349 77 202

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,377,078 126 8,334 76 165

Lodging ............................................ 310,785 28 1,262 12 246

Transportation, total ................................... 1,128,366 103 8,719 80 129

Public .............................................. 91,700 8 285 3 321

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036,666 95 8,645 79 120

Other trip costs, total .................................. 749,113 69 2,671 24 280

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 298,823 27 343 3 870

Public land use fees................................... 38,104 3 430 4 89

Private land use fees .................................. 271,648 25 681 6 399

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,393 2 182 2 123

Boating costs1

........................................ 50,703 5 208 2 244

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 67,441 6 1,695 16 40

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Hunting equipment, total ............................... 2,218,798 203 6,622 61 335

Guns and rifles....................................... 921,215 84 1,611 15 572

Rifles ............................................ 600,793 55 1,026 9 586

Shotguns.......................................... 141,970 13 349 3 407

Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms...................... 94,685 9 352 3 269

Pistols, handguns ................................... 83,768 8 150 1 557

Bows, arrows, archery equipment ........................ 439,302 40 1,743 16 252

Telescopic sights ..................................... 242,892 22 982 9 247

Decoys and game calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,511 4 1,185 11 38

Ammunition ......................................... 264,359 24 4,913 45 54

Hand loading equipment ............................... 69,814 6 621 6 112

Hunting dogs and associated costs ....................... 73,815 7 105 1 701

Other............................................... 162,892 15 1,373 13 119

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 935,142 86 3,551 33 263

Camping equipment ................................... 87,188 8 513 5 170

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. 115,090 11 879 8 131

Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 313,551 29 2,104 19 149

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... 349,914 32 1,364 13 256

Other............................................... 69,400 6 208 2 333

Special equipment2

..................................... 3,368,648 309 465 4 7,251

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

74 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 20. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Small Game Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

hunter

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent

of hunters

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 1,816,199 334 4,556 84 399

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 909,006 167 4,255 78 214

Food and lodging, total ................................. 437,891 81 3,635 67 120

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340,049 63 3,633 67 94

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,842 18 418 8 234

Transportation, total ................................... 347,605 64 3,844 71 90

Public .............................................. 29,638 5 113 2 263

Private.............................................. 317,967 59 3,801 70 84

Other trip costs, total .................................. 123,510 23 799 15 155

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 43,269 8 182 3 238

Public land use fees................................... 3,022 1 115 2 26

Private land use fees .................................. 52,627 10 229 4 229

Equipment rental ..................................... *6,862 *1 *71 *1 *96

Boating costs1

........................................ 9,734 2 99 2 98

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 7,996 1 317 6 25

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Hunting equipment, total ............................... 660,440 122 2,003 37 330

Guns and rifles....................................... 281,413 52 570 10 493

Rifles ............................................ 50,827 9 196 4 259

Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,787 38 361 7 568

Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Pistols, handguns ................................... 25,799 5 56 1 461

Bows, arrows, archery equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Telescopic sights ..................................... 19,764 4 95 2 209

Decoys and game calls ................................ 7,699 1 175 3 44

Ammunition ......................................... 91,204 17 1,404 26 65

Hand loading equipment ............................... 16,284 3 106 2 153

Hunting dogs and associated costs ....................... 214,635 39 401 7 536

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,769 5 186 3 149

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 63,361 12 385 7 165

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *15,219 *3 *56 *1 *271

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. *2,889 *1 *51 *1 *56

Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 31,916 6 273 5 117

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... *8,002 *1 *40 *1 *202

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *5,335 *1 *24 *(Z) *221

Special equipment2

..................................... *183,393 *34 *21 *(Z) *8,631

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 75
Table 21. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Migratory Bird Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

hunter

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent

of hunters

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 1,388,581 470 2,533 86 548

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 656,943 222 2,398 81 274

Food and lodging, total ................................. 280,369 95 2,085 71 134

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,972 77 2,084 71 109

Lodging ............................................ 52,397 18 237 8 221

Transportation, total ................................... 246,548 83 2,155 73 114

Public .............................................. 64,655 22 112 4 576

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,892 62 2,112 71 86

Other trip costs, total .................................. 130,027 44 671 23 194

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees..................... 35,071 12 124 4 282

Public land use fees................................... 8,949 3 128 4 70

Private land use fees .................................. 45,996 16 115 4 400

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *2,402 *1 *35 *1 *68

Boating costs1

........................................ 24,738 8 326 11 76

Heating and cooking fuel .............................. 12,871 4 200 7 64

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Hunting equipment, total ............................... 533,561 180 1,396 47 382

Guns and rifles....................................... 204,601 69 301 10 679

Rifles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Shotguns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,211 60 269 9 662

Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Pistols, handguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Bows, arrows, archery equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Telescopic sights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Decoys and game calls ................................ 60,731 21 523 18 116

Ammunition ......................................... 118,125 40 1,070 36 110

Hand loading equipment ............................... *5,759 *2 *25 *1 *228

Hunting dogs and associated costs ....................... 120,570 41 222 7 544

Other............................................... 21,107 7 191 6 110

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. 67,585 23 263 9 257

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. .................. *5,887 *2 *19 *1 *307

Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... 49,416 17 207 7 239

Processing and taxidermy costs.......................... *9,981 *3 *45 *2 *224

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Special equipment2

..................................... *130,491 *44 *37 *1 *3,527

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

76 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 22. Trip and Equipment Expenditures for Hunting Other Animals: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

hunter

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent

of hunters

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 243,760 233 648 62 376

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related ...................................... 121,101 116 545 52 222

Food and lodging, total ................................. 43,820 42 427 41 103

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,297 34 426 41 83

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *8,523 *8 *33 *3 *259

Transportation, total ................................... 66,802 64 487 46 137

Public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Private.............................................. 66,802 64 487 46 137

Other trip costs, total .................................. 10,479 10 57 5 183

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Public land use fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Private land use fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Equipment rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Boating costs1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *923 *1 *30 *3 *30

EQUIPMENT EXPENDITURES

Hunting equipment, total ............................... 84,759 81 239 23 354

Guns and rifles....................................... *21,071 *20 *41 *4 *515

Rifles ............................................ *18,355 *18 *32 *3 *574

Shotguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Muzzleloaders, primitive firearms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Pistols, handguns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Bows, arrows, archery equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Telescopic sights ..................................... *5,432 *5 *29 *3 *188

Decoys and game calls ................................ 2,724 3 45 4 61

Ammunition ......................................... 9,735 9 142 14 69

Hand loading equipment ............................... *2,080 *2 *20 *2 *105

Hunting dogs and associated costs ....................... *40,570 *39 *27 *3 *1,494

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Auxiliary equipment, total .............................. *6,137 *6 *32 *3 *193

Camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Binoculars, field glasses, telescopes, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Special hunting clothing, rubber boots, waders, and

foul weather gear .................................... *2,521 *2 *23 *2 *109

Processing and taxidermy costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

Special equipment2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ...

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

2 Special equipment includes boats, campers, cabins, trail bikes, etc.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 77
Table 23. Special Equipment Expenditures for Fishing and Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Special equipment item

Expenditures Spenders

Amount

(thousands

of dollars)

Average per

sportsperson

(dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

sportspersons

Average per

spender

(dollars)

Total, all items ........................................ 28,819,402 762 3,947 10 7,301

Motor boat (other than bass boat)........................ 3,414,855 90 569 2 6,001

Bass boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305,835 35 199 1 6,558

Canoe, other nonmotor boat ............................ 232,607 6 375 1 620

Boat motor, trailer or hitch, and other boat accessories....... 1,358,130 36 1,191 3 1,140

Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home,

recreational vehicle (RV), house trailer .................. 13,299,315 352 992 3 13,404

Cabin .............................................. 3,161,500 84 93 (Z) 34,046

Trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle, 4-wheeler, snowmobile . . 5,734,891 152 735 2 7,801

Other............................................... 312,270 8 876 2 357

(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 24. Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses or Were Exempt: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Sportspersons

Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent

Total sportspersons ........................................ 34,071 100 13,034 100

Total license purchasers1

.................................... 21,396 63 10,688 82

Sportspersons purchasing licenses:

In state of residence..................................... 20,004 59 10,192 78

In other states.......................................... 3,781 11 1,539 12

Total exempt from purchasing licenses........................ 4,284 13 1,689 13

Sportspersons exempt from license purchase:

In state of residence..................................... 3,959 12 1,557 12

In other states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 2 209 2

Other2 ................................................... 10,268 30 1,453 11

Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 1 155 1

1 Includes persons who had licenses bought for them. Does not include persons who purchased licenses and did not fish or hunt in 2001.

2 Includes persons engaged in activities requiring no licenses or exemptions and those who failed to buy a license for activities requiring a license.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another.

78 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 25. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters Who Purchased Licenses: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Anglers Hunters

Total Purchased a

license1 Did not purchasea license2 Total Purchased alicense1 Did not purchasea license2

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 100 21,396 63 12,675 37 13,034 100 10,688 82 2,346 18

Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,925 100 13,207 63 7,718 37 5,873 100 4,848 83 1,025 17

Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,146 100 8,190 62 4,957 38 7,161 100 5,840 82 1,322 18

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area

(MSA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,391 100 15,049 62 9,341 38 7,749 100 6,291 81 1,458 19

1,000,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . 13,743 100 8,297 60 5,445 40 3,690 100 2,957 80 732 20

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . 6,930 100 4,291 62 2,640 38 2,409 100 1,979 82 430 18

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . 3,718 100 2,461 66 1,257 34 1,650 100 1,354 82 296 18

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,680 100 6,347 66 3,334 34 5,285 100 4,397 83 888 17

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,402 100 743 53 659 47 386 100 340 88 46 12

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,250 100 1,785 55 1,466 45 1,633 100 1,488 91 145 9

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . 5,659 100 3,720 66 1,939 34 2,421 100 2,122 88 300 12

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . 3,836 100 2,830 74 1,006 26 1,710 100 1,424 83 286 17

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,451 100 3,255 50 3,196 50 1,875 100 1,329 71 547 29

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . 2,543 100 1,538 60 1,006 40 1,164 100 889 76 275 24

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . 4,375 100 2,694 62 1,681 38 1,988 100 1,535 77 453 23

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,443 100 1,895 78 548 22 1,020 100 906 89 114 11

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,111 100 2,937 71 1,174 29 837 100 656 78 181 22

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318 100 692 53 626 47 584 100 489 84 95 16

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,931 100 1,814 62 1,117 38 1,251 100 1,018 81 233 19

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,577 100 4,254 65 2,324 35 2,413 100 2,030 84 382 16

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,047 100 5,928 66 3,119 34 3,551 100 2,988 84 563 16

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,940 100 4,613 66 2,327 34 2,821 100 2,402 85 419 15

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,168 100 2,712 65 1,456 35 1,450 100 1,195 82 255 18

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . 3,090 100 1,384 45 1,706 55 965 100 565 59 400 41

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,159 100 16,715 66 8,445 34 11,845 100 9,837 83 2,008 17

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,912 100 4,682 53 4,231 47 1,190 100 851 72 339 28

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 100 774 49 790 51 428 100 315 73 114 27

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,507 100 20,623 63 11,885 37 12,606 100 10,373 82 2,233 18

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,701 100 20,130 64 11,572 37 12,568 100 10,404 83 2,164 17

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600 100 811 51 789 49 297 100 184 62 112 38

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 100 214 62 128 38 *32 *100 ... ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 100 242 57 186 43 138 100 70 51 68 49

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . 878 100 458 52 420 48 247 100 188 76 59 24

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . 1,648 100 899 55 749 45 525 100 372 71 153 29

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . 1,474 100 832 56 641 44 565 100 405 72 160 28

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . 1,763 100 1,101 62 661 38 763 100 603 79 159 21

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . 2,091 100 1,426 68 665 32 830 100 683 82 147 18

$35,999 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . 1,939 100 1,354 70 586 30 773 100 677 88 96 12

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . 3,696 100 2,495 68 1,200 32 1,569 100 1,328 85 241 15

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . 7,113 100 4,698 66 2,415 34 2,915 100 2,497 86 418 14

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . 4,029 100 2,533 63 1,497 37 1,525 100 1,272 83 253 17

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,220 100 2,611 62 1,609 38 1,267 100 1,018 80 249 20

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,221 100 2,989 57 2,232 43 2,057 100 1,646 80 411 20

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,128 100 2,350 57 1,779 43 1,771 100 1,421 80 350 20

12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,832 100 7,551 64 4,281 36 4,973 100 4,138 83 836 17

1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . 9,069 100 5,843 64 3,226 36 3,412 100 2,775 81 637 19

4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,522 100 3,447 62 2,075 38 1,814 100 1,481 82 332 18

5 or more years college. . . . . . . . 3,520 100 2,205 63 1,314 37 1,065 100 873 82 192 18

Days of Participation

1 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,251 100 7,125 50 7,033 49 4,104 100 2,932 71 1,127 27

6 to 10 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,092 100 3,916 64 2,090 34 2,665 100 2,237 84 393 15

11 to 25 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,066 100 5,236 74 1,771 25 3,555 100 3,134 88 399 11

26 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,316 100 5,049 80 1,194 19 2,615 100 2,343 90 260 10

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Includes persons who purchased a license in 2001 in any state. Respondents could have been licensed in one state and exempt in another.

2 Includes those persons who did not purchase a license in any state in 2001 and those who did not specify a license purchase in 2001.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 79
Table 26. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Water: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing)

Type of water

Anglers Days of fishing

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all types of water .................................... 27,913 100 443,247 100

Lakes, reservoirs, and ponds................................ 23,611 85 317,834 72

Rivers or streams......................................... 12,324 44 141,049 32

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 27. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Great Lake: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Great Lake

Anglers Days of fishing

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all Great Lakes ...................................... 1,847 100 23,138 100

Lake Ontario, including the Niagara River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13 3,560 15

Lake Erie, including the Detroit River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 35 7,748 33

Lake Huron, including St. Mary’s River System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8 1,171 5

Lake Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 30 4,836 21

Lake Superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *93 *5 *601 *3

Lake St. Clair, including the St. Clair River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *96 *5 *524 *2

St. Lawrence River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *111 *6 *905 *4

Tributaries to the Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 15 3,331 14

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 28. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public and Private Land by Type of Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Hunters and days of hunting

Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

HUNTERS

Total, all land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 100 10,911 100 5,434 100 2,956 100 1,047 100

Public land, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,156 40 3,998 37 1,972 36 1,045 35 287 27

Public land only . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,879 14 1,815 17 935 17 576 19 104 10

Public and private land . . . . . . . 3,277 25 2,183 20 1,037 19 469 16 184 18

Private land, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,724 82 8,748 80 4,345 80 2,255 76 904 86

Private land only . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,447 57 6,565 60 3,308 61 1,787 60 720 69

Private and public land . . . . . . . 3,277 25 2,183 20 1,037 19 469 16 184 18

DAYS OF HUNTING

Total, all land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,368 100 153,191 100 60,142 100 29,310 100 19,207 100

Public land1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,454 26 36,070 24 16,170 27 9,126 31 3,227 17

Private land2 .................. 169,795 74 110,283 72 42,382 70 19,707 67 16,076 84

1 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land.

2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

80 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 29. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Public Land by Selected Characteristic: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Hunters Days of hunting

Total

hunters,

public and

private land

Hunters on public land1

Total days,

public and

private land

Days on public land2

Number

Percent of

total hunters

Percent of

hunters

using

public land Number

Percent of

total days

Percent of

days on

public land

Total persons........................ 13,034 5,156 40 100 228,368 60,454 26 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban ............................ 5,873 2,592 44 50 84,455 29,225 35 48

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,161 2,564 36 50 143,913 31,229 22 52

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) .... 7,749 3,177 41 62 121,857 34,888 29 58

1,000,000 or more ................ 3,690 1,565 42 30 55,646 16,096 29 27

250,000 to 999,999 ............... 2,409 1,027 43 20 40,180 11,373 28 19

50,000 to 249,999 ................ 1,650 585 35 11 26,031 7,420 29 12

Outside MSA ...................... 5,285 1,978 37 38 106,511 25,566 24 42

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 169 44 3 7,488 1,758 23 3

Middle Atlantic .................... 1,633 761 47 15 30,060 9,538 32 16

East North Central .................. 2,421 771 32 15 39,820 8,690 22 14

West North Central ................. 1,710 655 38 13 27,186 7,109 26 12

South Atlantic...................... 1,875 529 28 10 39,043 7,077 18 12

East South Central .................. 1,164 349 30 7 25,482 4,156 16 7

West South Central ................. 1,988 493 25 10 35,116 5,745 16 10

Mountain ......................... 1,020 871 85 17 12,995 9,641 74 16

Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 559 67 11 11,179 6,739 60 11

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 241 41 5 11,420 2,469 22 4

18 to 24 years ..................... 1,251 445 36 9 23,862 6,341 27 10

25 to 34 years ..................... 2,413 971 40 19 44,765 11,835 26 20

35 to 44 years ..................... 3,551 1,460 41 28 62,185 17,488 28 29

45 to 54 years ..................... 2,821 1,098 39 21 47,579 11,846 25 20

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,450 630 43 12 25,236 7,549 30 12

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 310 32 6 13,321 2,926 22 5

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,845 4,826 41 94 214,300 57,647 27 95

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 329 28 6 14,068 2,808 20 5

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 205 48 4 5,139 2,027 39 3

Non-Hispanic ...................... 12,606 4,950 39 96 223,228 58,427 26 97

Race

White ............................ 12,568 4,974 40 96 221,019 58,946 27 98

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 95 32 2 5,383 706 13 1

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 ... ... ... *332 ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 75 55 1 1,634 698 43 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 50 20 1 4,525 553 12 1

$10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 209 40 4 8,889 2,609 29 4

$20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 194 34 4 10,747 2,820 26 5

$25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 267 35 5 15,600 2,733 18 5

$30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 398 48 8 14,532 5,222 36 9

$35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 337 44 7 15,387 3,421 22 6

$40,000 to $49,999 ................. 1,569 632 40 12 26,000 7,185 28 12

$50,000 to $74,999 ................. 2,915 1,132 39 22 52,593 14,380 27 24

$75,000 to $99,999 ................. 1,525 689 45 13 25,935 8,088 31 13

$100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267 522 41 10 17,879 4,644 26 8

Not reported ....................... 2,057 726 35 14 36,283 8,798 24 15

Education

11 years or less .................... 1,771 676 38 13 36,091 7,768 22 13

12 years .......................... 4,973 1,911 38 37 97,298 25,983 27 43

1 to 3 years college ................. 3,412 1,379 40 27 53,206 15,434 29 26

4 years college ..................... 1,814 759 42 15 27,554 7,548 27 12

5 or more years college .............. 1,065 430 40 8 14,219 3,721 26 6

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Hunters on public land include those who hunted on both public and private land. 2 Days of hunting on public land includes both days spent solely on public land and those spent on public and private land.

Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using public land and percent of days

on public land are based on the total number of hunters on public land and total number of days on public land, respectively.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 81
Table 30. Hunters and Days of Hunting on Private Land by Selected Characteristic: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Hunters Days of hunting

Total

hunters,

public and

private land

Hunters on private land1

Total days,

public and

private land

Days on private land 2

Number

Percent of

total hunters

Percent of

hunters

using

private land Number

Percent of

total days

Percent of

days on

private land

Total persons........................ 13,034 10,724 82 100 228,368 169,795 74 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban ............................ 5,873 4,510 77 42 84,455 55,262 65 33

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,161 6,213 87 58 143,913 114,533 80 67

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) .... 7,749 6,201 80 58 121,857 86,632 71 51

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,690 2,835 77 26 55,646 38,278 69 23

250,000 to 999,999 ............... 2,409 1,964 82 18 40,180 29,310 73 17

50,000 to 249,999 ................ 1,650 1,401 85 13 26,031 19,043 73 11

Outside MSA ...................... 5,285 4,523 86 42 106,511 83,163 78 49

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 326 85 3 7,488 5,871 78 3

Middle Atlantic .................... 1,633 1,334 82 12 30,060 21,599 72 13

East North Central .................. 2,421 2,111 87 20 39,820 30,142 76 18

West North Central ................. 1,710 1,507 88 14 27,186 20,551 76 12

South Atlantic...................... 1,875 1,669 89 16 39,043 32,012 82 19

East South Central .................. 1,164 1,101 95 10 25,482 21,731 85 13

West South Central ................. 1,988 1,790 90 17 35,116 28,702 82 17

Mountain ......................... 1,020 443 43 4 12,995 4,579 35 3

Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 444 53 4 11,179 4,608 41 3

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 468 80 4 11,420 9,145 80 5

18 to 24 years ..................... 1,251 1,041 83 10 23,862 18,323 77 11

25 to 34 years ..................... 2,413 2,047 85 19 44,765 33,186 74 20

35 to 44 years ..................... 3,551 2,890 81 27 62,185 45,072 72 27

45 to 54 years ..................... 2,821 2,311 82 22 47,579 35,631 75 21

55 to 64 years ..................... 1,450 1,166 80 11 25,236 18,170 72 11

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 801 83 7 13,321 10,267 77 6

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,845 9,766 82 91 214,300 158,552 74 93

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 957 80 9 14,068 11,243 80 7

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 293 68 3 5,139 2,581 50 2

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,606 10,431 83 97 223,228 167,213 75 98

Race

White ............................ 12,568 10,377 83 97 221,019 164,095 74 97

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 248 84 2 5,383 4,641 86 3

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 ... ... ... *332 ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 80 58 1 1,634 924 57 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 203 82 2 4,525 3,806 84 2

$10,000 to $19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 395 75 4 8,889 6,591 74 4

$20,000 to $24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 471 83 4 10,747 7,963 74 5

$25,000 to $29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 659 86 6 15,600 11,962 77 7

$30,000 to $34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 624 75 6 14,532 9,427 65 6

$35,000 to $39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 655 85 6 15,387 11,985 78 7

$40,000 to $49,999 ................. 1,569 1,252 80 12 26,000 18,762 72 11

$50,000 to $74,999 ................. 2,915 2,409 83 22 52,593 38,304 73 23

$75,000 to $99,999 ................. 1,525 1,221 80 11 25,935 18,776 72 11

$100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,267 1,103 87 10 17,879 13,215 74 8

Not reported ....................... 2,057 1,733 84 16 36,283 29,005 80 17

Education

11 years or less .................... 1,771 1,453 82 14 36,091 28,140 78 17

12 years .......................... 4,973 4,055 82 38 97,298 71,278 73 42

1 to 3 years college ................. 3,412 2,752 81 26 53,206 38,875 73 23

4 years college ..................... 1,814 1,546 85 14 27,554 21,035 76 12

5 or more years college .............. 1,065 917 86 9 14,219 10,467 74 6

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Hunters on private land include those who hunted on both private and public land. 2 Days of hunting on private land includes both days spent solely on private land and those spent on private and public land.

Note: Percent of total hunters and percent of total days are based on the total hunters and total days columns for each row. Percent of hunters using private land and percent of days

on private land are based on the total number of hunters on private land and total number of days on private land, respectively.

82 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 31. Anglers Fishing From Boats and Days of Participation by Type of Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Participants and days

of fishing

Total, all fishing Freshwater, excludes

Great Lakes Great Lakes Saltwater

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total anglers......................... 34,071 100 27,913 100 1,847 100 9,051 100

Anglers fishing from boats ............ 19,481 57 14,787 53 1,193 65 6,261 69

Total days of fishing .................. 557,394 100 443,247 100 23,138 100 90,838 100

Days fishing from boats .............. 258,159 46 190,976 43 12,044 52 55,139 61

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponses.

Table 32. Participation in Ice Fishing and Fly-Fishing: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Anglers and days Number Percent

Total anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 100

Ice anglers ..................................................................... 2,332 7

Fly-anglers ..................................................................... 4,192 12

Total days of fishing............................................................... 557,394 100

Days of ice fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,819 4

Days of fly-fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,758 7

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 33. Hunters Using Bows and Arrows, Muzzleloaders, and Other Primitive Firearms for Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Hunters Number Percent

Total hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 100

Hunters using bow and arrow ...................................................... 3,070 24

Hunters using muzzleloader or other primitive firearm .................................. 2,050 16

Total days of hunting.............................................................. 228,368 100

With bow and arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,705 17

With muzzleloader or other primitive firearm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,841 6

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 83
Table 34. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Fishing or Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years of age or older. Numbers in thousands)

Fishing and hunting Number Percent

LAND OWNERSHIP

Sportspersons Owning Land

Total sportspersons ......................................................... 1,752 100

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 48

Hunters .................................................................. 1,061 61

Acres Owned

Total acres owned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,769 100

Acres for fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,985 17

Acres for hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,784 83

Expenditures for Land Owned

Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,343,397 100

For fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,992,008 47

For hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,351,389 53

LAND LEASING

Sportspersons Leasing Land

Total sportspersons ......................................................... 1,151 100

Anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 17

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 85

Acres Leased

Total acres leased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,585 100

Acres for fishing .......................................................... 1,310 1

Acres for hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,275 99

Expenditures for Land Leased

Total expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785,088 100

For fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,586 20

For hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,503 80

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

84 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 35. Why Anglers and Hunters Did Not Participate More in 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Reason Number Percent

ANGLERS

Total anglers ............................................................... 34,071 100

Anglers who did not fish as much in 2001 as they would have liked to .............. 19,114 56

Reasons:

Not enough time ........................................................ 10,778 32

Family or work obligations ................................................ 10,289 30

School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 2

Not enough money/cost too much .......................................... 1,198 4

Personal health or disability ............................................... 1,359 4

No one to fish with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 2

Not enough places to fish/not enough access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 1

Fishing places too crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 (Z)

Did not know where to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *65 *(Z)

Catch limits too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *(Z)

Length of fishing season too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *26 *(Z)

Not enough fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1

Fear of traveling due to terrorist attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...

Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 1

Pollution or litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *46 *(Z)

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 1

HUNTERS

Total hunters............................................................... 13,034 100

Hunters who did not hunt as much in 2001 as they would have liked to ............. 8,278 64

Reasons:

Not enough time ........................................................ 3,952 30

Family or work obligations ................................................ 4,653 36

School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 4

Not enough money/cost too much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 4

Personal health or disability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 5

No one to hunt with. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 2

Not enough places to hunt/not enough access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 1

Hunting places too crowded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *49 *(Z)

Did not know where to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *62 *(Z)

Bag limits too restrictive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *(Z)

Length of hunting season too restrictive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 2

Did not draw a special license in lottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1

Not enough game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 1

Fear of traveling due to terrorist attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...

Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 2

Pollution or litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ...

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 1

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 85
Table 36. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Type of Activity: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Activity Number Percent

Total participants..................... 66,105 100

Nonresidential (away from home) ...... 21,823 33

Observe wildlife .................. 20,080 30

Photograph wildlife ................ 9,427 14

Feed wildlife ..................... 7,077 11

Activity Number Percent

Residential (around the home) ......... 62,928 95

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 64

Photograph wildlife ................ 13,937 21

Feed wildlife ..................... 53,988 82

Visit public parks or areas1

.......... 10,981 17

Maintain plantings or natural areas . . . 13,072 20

1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly held areas within one mile of home.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 37. Participants, Trips, and Days of Participation in Nonresidential (Away From Home)

Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Participants, trips, and

days of participation Number Percent

PARTICIPANTS

Total participants............ 21,823 100

Observe wildlife ........... 20,080 92

Photograph wildlife ......... 9,427 43

Feed wildlife .............. 7,077 32

TRIPS

Total trips .................. 230,631 100

Average days per trip . . . . . . . . . 2 (X)

Participants, trips, and

days of participation Number Percent

DAYS

Total days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,006 100

Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 295,345 79

Photographing wildlife ...... 76,324 21

Feeding wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . 103,307 28

Average days per participant. . . . 17 (X)

Observing wildlife . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X)

Photographing wildlife . . . . . . 8 (X)

Feeding wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (X)

(X) Not applicable.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

86 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 38. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Area or Site Visited: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Area or site visited Number Percent

AREA

Total, all areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,823 100

Public only .............. 10,616 49

Private only.............. 2,529 12

Public and private......... 6,051 28

Not reported ............. 2,627 12

Area or site visited Number Percent

SITE

Total, all sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,823 100

Oceanside ............... 5,192 24

Lake and streamside . . . . . . . 13,699 63

Marsh, wetland, swamp .... 9,091 42

Woodland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,859 68

Brush-covered area . . . . . . . . 12,476 57

Open field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,468 57

Man-made area ........... 6,167 28

Other ................... 2,536 12

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 39. Participation in Residential (Around the Home) Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Activity Number Percent

Total residential participants....... 62,928 100

Observe wildlife ................ 42,111 67

Visit public parks or other public

areas1

........................ 10,981 17

Photograph wildlife ............. 13,937 22

Feed wildlife ................... 53,988 86

Maintain natural areas ........... 8,671 14

Maintain plantings .............. 8,732 14

OBSERVE WILDLIFE

Participants observing:

Total, all wildlife ............... 42,111 100

Birds ....................... 40,306 96

Land mammals, all ............ 34,641 82

Large mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,481 42

Small mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,747 78

Amphibians or reptiles......... 9,773 23

Insects or spiders ............. 13,835 33

Fish or other wildlife .......... 7,932 19

Participants observing:

Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 100

1 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,176 19

11 to 20 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,551 8

21 to 50 days ................ 5,640 13

51 to 100 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,520 15

101 to 200 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,735 14

201 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,376 27

VISIT PUBLIC PARKS OR

OTHER AREAS1

Participants visiting:

Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,981 100

1 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,553 51

6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 15

11 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,527 32

Activity Number Percent

PHOTOGRAPH WILDLIFE

Participants photographing:

Total, 1 day or more. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,937 100

1 day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106 15

2 to 3 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,889 28

4 to 5 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,200 16

6 to 10 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,335 17

11 to 20 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336 10

21 days or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,797 13

FEED WILDLIFE

Participants feeding:

Total, all wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,988 100

Wild birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,558 97

Other wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,793 35

MAINTAIN NATURAL AREAS

Participants maintaining:

Total, all acreages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,671 100

1 acre or less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,425 63

2 to 10 acres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,239 26

11 to 50 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 8

More than 50 acres. . . . . . . . . . . . 202 2

MAINTAIN PLANTINGS

Participants maintaining

plantings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,732 100

Participants spending:

Less than $25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400 50

$25 to $75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,931 22

More than $75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,920 22

Average expenditure per

participant for plantings . . . . . . . . . . . 80 (X)

(X) Not applicable.

1 Includes visits only to parks or publicly held areas within 1 mile of home.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 87
Table 40. Nonresidential (Away From Home) Wildlife-Watching Participants by Wildlife Observed,

Photographed, or Fed and Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Wildlife observed, photographed, or fed

Total participants

Participation by place

Total In state of residence In other states

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all wildlife ..................... 21,823 100 21,823 100 18,041 83 6,570 30

Total birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,580 85 18,580 100 16,150 87 5,855 32

Songbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,878 59 12,878 100 11,182 87 3,860 30

Birds of prey ....................... 12,495 57 12,495 100 10,596 85 4,060 32

Waterfowl.......................... 14,432 66 14,432 100 12,384 86 4,258 30

Other water birds (shorebirds,

herons, pelicans, etc.) ............... 10,314 47 10,314 100 8,474 82 3,229 31

Other birds (pheasants, turkeys,

road runners, etc.) .................. 7,907 36 7,907 100 6,640 84 2,248 28

Total land mammals .................. 15,506 71 15,506 100 13,207 85 4,844 31

Large land mammals (deer, bear, etc.) . . . 12,226 56 12,226 100 10,047 82 3,784 31

Small land mammals (squirrel, prairie

dog, etc.) ......................... 12,958 59 12,958 100 10,911 84 4,200 32

Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,330 29 6,330 100 5,019 79 2,000 32

Marine mammals...................... 3,013 14 3,013 100 1,982 66 1,233 41

Other wildlife (turtles, butterflies, etc.) .... 9,409 43 9,409 100 7,929 84 3,071 33

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Column showing percent of total participants is based on the ‘‘Total, all wildlife’’ number.

Participation by place percent columns are based on the total number of participants for each type of wildlife.

Table 41. Wild Bird Observers and Days of Observation: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Observers and days of observation Number Percent

OBSERVERS

Total bird observers............................................................... 45,951 100

Residential (around the home) observers ............................................. 40,306 88

Nonresidential (away from home) observers .......................................... 18,342 40

DAYS

Total days observing birds ......................................................... 5,467,841 100

Residential (around the home) ..................................................... 5,159,259 94

Nonresidential (away from home)................................................... 308,583 6

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 42. Number of Participants Who Can Identify Wild Birds by Sight or Sound and Who Keep Birding

Life Lists: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Participants Number Percent

Total bird observers............................................................... 45,951 100

Observers who can identify:

1-20 bird species .............................................................. 33,980 74

21-40 bird species ............................................................. 5,934 13

41 or more species............................................................. 3,887 8

Observers who keep birding life lists ................................................ 2,315 5

Note: Detail does not add to total because of nonresponse.

88 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 43. Expenditures for Wildlife Watching: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older)

Expenditure item Expenditures

(thousands

of dollars)

Spenders

Number

(thousands)

Percent of

wildlife-watching

participants1

Average

per spender

(dollars)

Total, all items2 ........................................... 38,414,488 52,083 79 738

TRIP-RELATED EXPENDITURES

Total trip-related .......................................... 8,162,439 18,224 84 448

Food and lodging, total ..................................... 4,818,843 15,365 70 314

Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,835,868 15,263 70 186

Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,982,975 5,648 26 351

Transportation, total ....................................... 2,595,542 17,091 78 152

Public .................................................. 702,231 1,986 9 354

Private ................................................. 1,893,311 16,495 76 115

Other trip costs, total ...................................... 748,054 6,350 29 118

Guide fees, pack trip or package fees......................... 113,034 1,209 6 94

Public land use fees....................................... 114,813 3,879 18 30

Private land use fees ...................................... 50,430 869 4 58

Equipment rental ......................................... 105,198 1,156 5 91

Boating costs3 ........................................... 326,461 1,056 5 309

Heating and cooking fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,118 1,586 7 24

EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSES

Total..................................................... 30,252,049 47,939 73 631

Wildlife-watching equipment, total ........................... 7,353,977 45,802 69 161

Binoculars, spotting scopes................................. 507,387 4,683 7 108

Cameras, video cameras, special lenses, and other

photographic equipment .................................. 1,656,755 4,454 7 372

Film and developing ...................................... 910,423 13,528 20 67

Bird food, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,604,692 38,435 58 68

Commercially prepared and packaged wild bird food .......... 2,034,825 35,738 54 57

Other bulk foods used to feed wild birds.................... 569,867 12,742 19 45

Feed for other wildlife..................................... 503,006 9,595 15 52

Nest boxes, bird houses, feeders, baths ....................... 732,671 15,888 24 46

Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing ................ 323,043 2,949 4 110

Other wildlife-watching equipment (such as field guides and

maps) ................................................. 116,000 3,688 6 31

Auxiliary equipment, total .................................. 716,900 3,807 6 188

Tents, tarps.............................................. 185,552 1,956 3 95

Frame packs and backpacking equipment ..................... 129,382 1,091 2 119

Other camping equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,382 1,966 3 136

Other auxiliary equipment (such as blinds) .................... 135,583 308 (Z) 441

Special equipment, total .................................... 15,468,716 1,410 2 10,971

Off-the-road vehicle....................................... 6,677,688 543 1 12,300

Travel or tent trailer, pickup, camper, van, motor home,

house trailer, recreational vehicle (RV) ...................... 6,272,294 413 1 15,196

Boats, boat accessories .................................... 996,463 464 1 2,150

Cabins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ...

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *572,396 *75 *(Z) *7,614

Magazines, books........................................... 331,955 8,297 13 40

Land leasing and ownership .................................. 4,761,010 555 1 8,585

Membership dues and contributions ............................ 920,183 7,746 12 119

Plantings.................................................. 699,309 5,649 9 124

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

1 Percent of wildlife-watching participants column is based on nonresidential participants for trip-related expenditures. For equipment and other expenditures the

percent of wildlife-watching participants is based on total participants.

2 Information on trip-related expenditures was collected for nonresidential participants only. Equipment and other expenditures are based on information

collected from both nonresidential and residential participants.

3 Boating costs include launching, mooring, storage, maintenance, insurance, pumpout fees, and fuel.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 89
Table 44. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home)

Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Total wildlife-watching participants Total nonresidential participants

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons....................... 212,298 100 66,105 31 100 21,823 10 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban........................... 157,943 74 42,214 27 64 14,838 9 68

Rural ........................... 54,355 26 23,891 44 36 6,986 13 32

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ....... 171,147 81 49,414 29 75 16,536 10 76

1,000,000 or more................. 112,984 53 29,724 26 45 10,126 9 46

250,000 to 999,999 ................ 41,469 20 12,880 31 19 4,191 10 19

50,000 to 249,999 ................. 16,693 8 6,811 41 10 2,218 13 10

Outside MSA ..................... 41,151 19 16,691 41 25 5,287 13 24

Census Geographic Division

New England...................... 10,575 5 3,875 37 6 1,155 11 5

Middle Atlantic .................... 29,806 14 8,740 29 13 2,849 10 13

East North Central .................. 34,082 16 11,631 34 18 3,571 10 16

West North Central.................. 14,430 7 6,206 43 9 2,059 14 9

South Atlantic ..................... 39,286 19 11,395 29 17 3,469 9 16

East South Central .................. 12,976 6 4,514 35 7 1,086 8 5

West South Central.................. 23,337 11 5,747 25 9 1,822 8 8

Mountain ........................ 13,308 6 4,619 35 7 2,019 15 9

Pacific .......................... 34,498 16 9,377 27 14 3,793 11 17

Age

16 to 17 years ..................... 7,709 4 1,678 22 3 688 9 3

18 to 24 years ..................... 22,234 10 3,051 14 5 1,364 6 6

25 to 34 years ..................... 35,333 17 8,869 25 13 3,770 11 17

35 to 44 years ..................... 44,057 21 14,939 34 23 5,701 13 26

45 to 54 years ..................... 40,541 19 14,491 36 22 4,991 12 23

55 to 64 years ..................... 25,601 12 10,326 40 16 2,929 11 13

65 years and older .................. 36,823 17 12,752 35 19 2,381 6 11

Sex

Male, total ....................... 101,916 48 30,695 30 46 11,387 11 52

16 to 17 years ................... 4,106 2 864 21 1 424 10 2

18 to 24 years ................... 11,326 5 1,559 14 2 812 7 4

25 to 34 years ................... 17,206 8 3,969 23 6 1,801 10 8

35 to 44 years ................... 21,346 10 6,951 33 11 2,840 13 13

45 to 54 years ................... 19,626 9 6,772 35 10 2,623 13 12

55 to 64 years ................... 12,201 6 4,802 39 7 1,549 13 7

65 years and older ................ 16,105 8 5,778 36 9 1,338 8 6

Female, total ...................... 110,381 52 35,409 32 54 10,436 9 48

16 to 17 years ................... 3,603 2 814 23 1 263 7 1

18 to 24 years ................... 10,908 5 1,493 14 2 551 5 3

25 to 34 years ................... 18,127 9 4,899 27 7 1,969 11 9

35 to 44 years ................... 22,711 11 7,987 35 12 2,862 13 13

45 to 54 years ................... 20,915 10 7,719 37 12 2,367 11 11

55 to 64 years ................... 13,400 6 5,523 41 8 1,380 10 6

65 years and older ................ 20,718 10 6,974 34 11 1,044 5 5

Ethnicity

Hispanic ......................... 21,910 10 2,699 12 4 890 4 4

Non-Hispanic ..................... 190,388 90 63,406 33 96 20,933 11 96

Race

White........................... 181,129 85 62,781 35 95 20,823 11 95

Black ........................... 21,708 10 2,029 9 3 529 2 2

Asian ........................... 7,141 3 654 9 1 178 2 1

All others ........................ 2,320 1 641 28 1 294 13 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 .................. 10,594 5 2,387 23 4 491 5 2

$10,000 to $19,999.................. 15,272 7 3,837 25 6 867 6 4

$20,000 to $24,999.................. 10,902 5 2,879 26 4 854 8 4

$25,000 to $29,999.................. 11,217 5 3,461 31 5 1,109 10 5

$30,000 to $34,999.................. 11,648 5 4,069 35 6 1,459 13 7

$35,000 to $39,999.................. 9,816 5 3,142 32 5 1,109 11 5

$40,000 to $49,999.................. 16,896 8 6,402 38 10 2,365 14 11

$50,000 to $74,999.................. 31,383 15 12,359 39 19 4,585 15 21

$75,000 to $99,999.................. 17,762 8 7,735 44 12 2,910 16 13

$100,000 or more................... 19,202 9 8,010 42 12 2,871 15 13

Not reported ...................... 57,606 27 11,823 21 18 3,202 6 15

Education

11 years or less .................... 32,820 15 7,201 22 11 1,844 6 8

12 years ......................... 73,719 35 21,154 29 32 5,938 8 27

1 to 3 years college ................. 49,491 23 16,013 32 24 5,796 12 27

4 years college..................... 34,803 16 12,603 36 19 4,464 13 20

5 or more years college............... 21,464 10 9,133 43 14 3,781 18 17

See footnotes at end of table.

90 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 44. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Nonresidential (Away From Home)

Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Nonresidential participants

Observe Photograph Feed

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons....................... 20,080 9 100 9,427 4 100 7,077 3 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban........................... 13,677 9 68 6,653 4 71 4,819 3 68

Rural ........................... 6,403 12 32 2,774 5 29 2,259 4 32

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ....... 15,232 9 76 7,251 4 77 5,651 3 80

1,000,000 or more................. 9,343 8 47 4,642 4 49 3,447 3 49

250,000 to 999,999 ................ 3,866 9 19 1,720 4 18 1,392 3 20

50,000 to 249,999 ................. 2,024 12 10 888 5 9 812 5 11

Outside MSA ..................... 4,848 12 24 2,176 5 23 1,426 3 20

Census Geographic Division

New England...................... 1,097 10 5 480 5 5 295 3 4

Middle Atlantic .................... 2,661 9 13 1,170 4 12 887 3 13

East North Central .................. 3,280 10 16 1,393 4 15 1,215 4 17

West North Central.................. 1,947 13 10 725 5 8 636 4 9

South Atlantic ..................... 3,144 8 16 1,550 4 16 1,388 4 20

East South Central .................. 1,009 8 5 430 3 5 392 3 6

West South Central.................. 1,541 7 8 708 3 8 861 4 12

Mountain ........................ 1,916 14 10 1,119 8 12 373 3 5

Pacific .......................... 3,484 10 17 1,853 5 20 1,029 3 15

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 8 3 270 4 3 249 3 4

18 to 24 years ..................... 1,261 6 6 541 2 6 434 2 6

25 to 34 years ..................... 3,393 10 17 1,500 4 16 1,453 4 21

35 to 44 years ..................... 5,310 12 26 2,673 6 28 1,736 4 25

45 to 54 years ..................... 4,673 12 23 2,508 6 27 1,570 4 22

55 to 64 years ..................... 2,698 11 13 1,129 4 12 909 4 13

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 6 11 806 2 9 726 2 10

Sex

Male, total ....................... 10,330 10 51 4,739 5 50 3,498 3 49

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 9 2 *156 *4 *2 *174 *4 *2

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 7 4 315 3 3 234 2 3

25 to 34 years ................... 1,594 9 8 734 4 8 621 4 9

35 to 44 years ................... 2,623 12 13 1,171 5 12 766 4 11

45 to 54 years ................... 2,407 12 12 1,304 7 14 822 4 12

55 to 64 years ................... 1,403 11 7 587 5 6 534 4 8

65 years and older ................ 1,176 7 6 472 3 5 346 2 5

Female, total ...................... 9,751 9 49 4,688 4 50 3,580 3 51

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 7 1 *115 *3 *1 *75 *2 *1

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 5 3 226 2 2 200 2 3

25 to 34 years ................... 1,799 10 9 766 4 8 832 5 12

35 to 44 years ................... 2,687 12 13 1,502 7 16 970 4 14

45 to 54 years ................... 2,266 11 11 1,204 6 13 748 4 11

55 to 64 years ................... 1,295 10 6 542 4 6 375 3 5

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 5 5 333 2 4 379 2 5

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 4 4 447 2 5 345 2 5

Non-Hispanic ..................... 19,275 10 96 8,980 5 95 6,732 4 95

Race

White........................... 19,181 11 96 8,965 5 95 6,673 4 94

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 2 2 *207 *1 *2 287 1 4

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2 1 *109 *2 *1 ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 12 1 146 6 2 *92 *4 *1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 4 2 *153 *1 *2 171 2 2

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 5 4 282 2 3 362 2 5

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 7 4 373 3 4 382 4 5

$25,000 to $29,999.................. 1,004 9 5 388 3 4 474 4 7

$30,000 to $34,999.................. 1,363 12 7 586 5 6 506 4 7

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 10 5 415 4 4 358 4 5

$40,000 to $49,999.................. 2,163 13 11 1,008 6 11 674 4 10

$50,000 to $74,999.................. 4,219 13 21 2,151 7 23 1,395 4 20

$75,000 to $99,999.................. 2,723 15 14 1,298 7 14 992 6 14

$100,000 or more................... 2,671 14 13 1,382 7 15 787 4 11

Not reported ...................... 2,903 5 14 1,390 2 15 976 2 14

Education

11 years or less .................... 1,696 5 8 622 2 7 742 2 10

12 years ......................... 5,368 7 27 2,282 3 24 2,125 3 30

1 to 3 years college ................. 5,207 11 26 2,514 5 27 1,994 4 28

4 years college..................... 4,171 12 21 2,042 6 22 1,236 4 17

5 or more years college............... 3,637 17 18 1,967 9 21 981 5 14

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the

column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 91
Table 45. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the Home)

Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Total wildlife-watching participants Total residential participants

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ...................... 212,298 100 66,105 31 100 62,928 30 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,943 74 42,214 27 64 39,715 25 63

Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,355 26 23,891 44 36 23,214 43 37

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ..... 171,147 81 49,414 29 75 46,889 27 75

1,000,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,984 53 29,724 26 45 28,152 25 45

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,469 20 12,880 31 19 12,210 29 19

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,693 8 6,811 41 10 6,527 39 10

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,151 19 16,691 41 25 16,040 39 25

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,575 5 3,875 37 6 3,765 36 6

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,806 14 8,740 29 13 8,452 28 13

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,082 16 11,631 34 18 11,196 33 18

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 7 6,206 43 9 5,938 41 9

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,286 19 11,395 29 17 10,911 28 17

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,976 6 4,514 35 7 4,390 34 7

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,337 11 5,747 25 9 5,490 24 9

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,308 6 4,619 35 7 4,282 32 7

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,498 16 9,377 27 14 8,504 25 14

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,709 4 1,678 22 3 1,504 20 2

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,234 10 3,051 14 5 2,693 12 4

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,333 17 8,869 25 13 8,137 23 13

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,057 21 14,939 34 23 14,101 32 22

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,541 19 14,491 36 22 13,899 34 22

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,601 12 10,326 40 16 10,084 39 16

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,823 17 12,752 35 19 12,511 34 20

Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,916 48 30,695 30 46 28,825 28 46

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,106 2 864 21 1 736 18 1

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,326 5 1,559 14 2 1,362 12 2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,206 8 3,969 23 6 3,575 21 6

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,346 10 6,951 33 11 6,446 30 10

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,626 9 6,772 35 10 6,427 33 10

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,201 6 4,802 39 7 4,663 38 7

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,105 8 5,778 36 9 5,616 35 9

Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,381 52 35,409 32 54 34,103 31 54

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,603 2 814 23 1 768 21 1

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,908 5 1,493 14 2 1,332 12 2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,127 9 4,899 27 7 4,562 25 7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,711 11 7,987 35 12 7,655 34 12

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,915 10 7,719 37 12 7,472 36 12

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,400 6 5,523 41 8 5,420 40 9

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,718 10 6,974 34 11 6,895 33 11

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,910 10 2,699 12 4 2,486 11 4

Non-Hispanic ..................... 190,388 90 63,406 33 96 60,443 32 96

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,129 85 62,781 35 95 59,815 33 95

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,708 10 2,029 9 3 1,927 9 3

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 3 654 9 1 593 8 1

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 1 641 28 1 593 26 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,594 5 2,387 23 4 2,344 22 4

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 7 3,837 25 6 3,728 24 6

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,902 5 2,879 26 4 2,765 25 4

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,217 5 3,461 31 5 3,304 29 5

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,648 5 4,069 35 6 3,799 33 6

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,816 5 3,142 32 5 2,950 30 5

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,896 8 6,402 38 10 6,070 36 10

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,383 15 12,359 39 19 11,564 37 18

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,762 8 7,735 44 12 7,349 41 12

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,202 9 8,010 42 12 7,705 40 12

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,606 27 11,823 21 18 11,351 20 18

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,820 15 7,201 22 11 6,849 21 11

12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 35 21,154 29 32 20,255 27 32

1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,491 23 16,013 32 24 15,199 31 24

4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,803 16 12,603 36 19 11,931 34 19

5 or more years college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,464 10 9,133 43 14 8,696 41 14

See footnotes at end of table.

92 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 45. Selected Characteristics of Participants in Residential (Around the House)

Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Residential participants

Observe Photograph Feed wild birds

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 20 100 13,937 7 100 52,558 25 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,142 17 62 8,066 5 58 32,452 21 62

Rural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,969 29 38 5,872 11 42 20,106 37 38

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) . . . . . 31,289 18 74 10,358 6 74 38,758 23 74

1,000,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,749 17 45 6,036 5 43 22,722 20 43

250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,294 20 20 2,673 6 19 10,539 25 20

50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,246 25 10 1,649 10 12 5,497 33 10

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,822 26 26 3,579 9 26 13,800 34 26

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,650 25 6 919 9 7 3,203 30 6

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,813 20 14 1,994 7 14 6,795 23 13

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,554 22 18 2,344 7 17 9,896 29 19

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,977 28 9 1,401 10 10 5,074 35 10

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,027 18 17 2,342 6 17 9,257 24 18

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,783 21 7 742 6 5 4,006 31 8

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,654 16 9 1,014 4 7 4,831 21 9

Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,065 23 7 1,137 9 8 3,211 24 6

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,588 16 13 2,045 6 15 6,285 18 12

Age

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 11 2 421 5 3 933 12 2

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514 7 4 580 3 4 1,815 8 3

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,332 15 13 1,725 5 12 6,159 17 12

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,413 21 22 3,475 8 25 11,430 26 22

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,804 24 23 3,542 9 25 11,874 29 23

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,768 26 16 2,363 9 17 8,879 35 17

65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,432 23 20 1,832 5 13 11,470 31 22

Sex

Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,132 19 45 6,287 6 45 23,451 23 45

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 10 1 *157 *4 *1 501 12 1

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 7 2 261 2 2 818 7 2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256 13 5 864 5 6 2,672 16 5

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,307 20 10 1,337 6 10 5,017 24 10

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,400 22 10 1,626 8 12 5,370 27 10

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,069 25 7 1,114 9 8 4,022 33 8

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,857 24 9 928 6 7 5,051 31 10

Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,979 21 55 7,651 7 55 29,107 26 55

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 12 1 264 7 2 432 12 1

18 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 6 2 319 3 2 996 9 2

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075 17 7 861 5 6 3,487 19 7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,106 22 12 2,137 9 15 6,412 28 12

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,404 26 13 1,916 9 14 6,504 31 12

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,699 28 9 1,249 9 9 4,857 36 9

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,575 22 11 904 4 6 6,418 31 12

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,663 8 4 394 2 3 2,033 9 4

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,447 21 96 13,543 7 97 50,525 27 96

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,191 22 95 13,570 7 97 50,238 28 96

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 6 3 *141 *1 *1 1,449 7 3

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 4 1 *113 *2 *1 413 6 1

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 17 1 113 5 1 459 20 1

Annual Household Income

Less than $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460 14 3 245 2 2 1,965 19 4

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,436 16 6 499 3 4 3,313 22 6

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772 16 4 690 6 5 2,295 21 4

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,256 20 5 666 6 5 2,769 25 5

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,731 23 6 781 7 6 3,156 27 6

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,886 19 4 572 6 4 2,487 25 5

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,146 25 10 1,416 8 10 4,987 30 9

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,827 25 19 2,973 9 21 9,561 30 18

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 29 12 1,697 10 12 6,126 34 12

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,391 28 13 2,065 11 15 6,193 32 12

Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,139 12 17 2,334 4 17 9,707 17 18

Education

11 years or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,253 13 10 1,011 3 7 5,763 18 11

12 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,080 18 31 4,036 5 29 17,676 24 34

1 to 3 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,335 21 25 3,630 7 26 12,479 25 24

4 years college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,001 23 19 2,838 8 20 9,654 28 18

5 or more years college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,441 30 15 2,423 11 17 6,987 33 13

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in

the activity named by the column. Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row heading.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 93
Table 46. Land Owned or Leased for the Primary Purpose of Wildlife Watching: 2001

(Population 16 years of age or older)

Wildlife watching Number

(in thousands) Average per person

Land Ownership for Wildlife Watching

Participants owning land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 (X)

Acres owned.................................................................... 44,144 67

Expenditures for owned land (dollars) ............................................... 4,459,706 6,721

Land Leasing for Wildlife Watching

Participants leasing land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 (X)

Acres leased .................................................................... 10,489 90

Expenditures for leased land (dollars) ............................................... 301,304 2,597

(X) Not applicable.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 47. Persons With Disabilities Who Participated in Wildlife Watching: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Disability

Total wildlife watching Nonresidential Residential

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total wildlife-watching participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,105 100 21,823 100 62,928 100

Total disabled participants ..................... 4,951 100 1,279 100 4,757 100

Mobility impaired ........................... 3,958 80 1,038 81 3,777 79

Hearing impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 9 *110 *9 447 9

Sight impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 8 *50 *4 395 8

Mentally impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 13 184 14 648 14

*Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

94 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 48. Participation of Wildlife-Watching Participants in Fishing and Hunting: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Type of fishing and hunting

Total Nonresidential Residential

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total participants............................. 66,105 100 21,823 100 62,928 100

Nonsportspersons ............................ 44,263 67 11,739 54 43,035 68

Sportspersons ............................... 21,842 33 10,084 46 19,893 32

Anglers .................................. 19,712 30 9,105 42 17,991 29

Hunters .................................. 8,066 12 4,005 18 7,286 12

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

Table 49. Participation of Sportspersons in Wildlife-Watching Activities: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Wildlife-watching activity

Sportspersons Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total sportspersons ........................... 37,805 100 34,071 100 13,034 100

Sportspersons who:

Did not engage in wildlife-watching activities..... 15,963 42 14,359 42 4,969 38

Engaged in wildlife-watching activities .......... 21,842 58 19,712 58 8,066 62

Nonresidential ............................ 10,084 27 9,105 27 4,005 31

Residential ............................... 19,893 53 17,991 53 7,286 56

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses and nonresponse.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 95
Table 50. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Participant’s state

of residence

Population

Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total..... 212,298 82,302 39 37,805 18 66,105 31

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 1,323 39 726 21 965 28

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 320 70 205 45 241 53

Arizona ................. 3,700 1,296 35 437 12 1,107 30

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 1,038 52 621 31 778 39

California ............... 25,982 6,873 26 2,486 10 5,491 21

Colorado ................ 3,215 1,518 47 679 21 1,213 38

Connecticut.............. 2,536 996 39 331 13 883 35

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 220 37 94 16 170 28

Florida ................. 12,171 3,857 32 2,158 18 2,856 23

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,932 32 1,136 19 1,326 22

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 195 21 114 12 126 14

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 507 52 306 31 388 40

Illinois.................. 9,244 3,148 34 1,507 16 2,492 27

Indiana ................. 4,558 2,179 48 914 20 1,786 39

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 1,212 55 580 26 983 45

Kansas ................. 2,017 942 47 491 24 735 36

Kentucky ............... 3,121 1,547 50 703 23 1,264 40

Louisiana ............... 3,306 1,326 40 829 25 840 25

Maine .................. 1,005 607 60 256 26 520 52

Maryland ............... 4,078 1,546 38 571 14 1,311 32

Massachusetts............ 4,837 1,726 36 521 11 1,493 31

Michigan................ 7,587 2,950 39 1,325 17 2,424 32

Minnesota ............... 3,688 2,388 65 1,437 39 1,993 54

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 851 40 533 25 579 27

Missouri ................ 4,206 2,010 48 1,076 26 1,612 38

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 438 63 279 40 362 52

Nebraska................ 1,266 623 49 308 24 498 39

Nevada ................. 1,454 439 30 194 13 334 23

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 506 53 175 18 450 47

New Jersey .............. 6,300 1,993 32 669 11 1,694 27

New Mexico............. 1,337 595 45 256 19 471 35

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 3,990 28 1,493 11 3,524 25

North Carolina ........... 5,918 2,330 39 982 17 1,884 32

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 228 47 170 35 135 28

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 3,407 39 1,513 17 2,768 32

Oklahoma ............... 2,587 1,308 51 730 28 1,042 40

Oregon ................. 2,630 1,545 59 611 23 1,286 49

Pennsylvania............. 9,303 4,169 45 1,648 18 3,522 38

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 280 37 96 13 242 32

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 1,375 45 674 22 1,079 35

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 326 58 176 31 251 45

Tennessee ............... 4,317 2,109 49 903 21 1,706 40

Texas................... 15,445 4,515 29 2,745 18 3,088 20

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 736 47 468 30 572 37

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 319 67 125 26 287 60

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 2,535 46 970 18 2,168 40

Washington.............. 4,516 2,537 56 932 21 2,234 49

West Virginia ............ 1,447 694 48 353 24 517 36

Wisconsin ............... 4,059 2,489 61 1,141 28 2,159 53

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 223 59 138 37 172 46

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

96 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 51. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where activity

took place

Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total..... 82,302 100 37,805 46 66,105 80

Alabama ................ 1,557 100 1,021 66 1,016 65

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 100 457 72 420 67

Arizona ................. 1,720 100 486 28 1,465 85

Arkansas................ 1,369 100 960 70 841 61

California ............... 7,231 100 2,556 35 5,720 79

Colorado ................ 2,138 100 1,077 50 1,552 73

Connecticut.............. 1,151 100 356 31 967 84

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 100 157 39 317 78

Florida ................. 4,860 100 3,158 65 3,240 67

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,198 100 1,236 56 1,494 68

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 100 151 46 220 68

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 100 486 56 643 74

Illinois.................. 3,390 100 1,366 40 2,627 77

Indiana ................. 2,427 100 965 40 1,866 77

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334 100 645 48 1,022 77

Kansas ................. 1,091 100 563 52 807 74

Kentucky ............... 1,834 100 901 49 1,362 74

Louisiana ............... 1,558 100 1,059 68 935 60

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 100 449 46 778 80

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,911 100 752 39 1,524 80

Massachusetts............ 1,988 100 632 32 1,686 85

Michigan................ 3,481 100 1,659 48 2,666 77

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,915 100 1,733 59 2,155 74

Mississippi .............. 1,017 100 720 71 631 62

Missouri ................ 2,494 100 1,382 55 1,826 73

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 100 463 53 687 79

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 100 382 50 565 74

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 100 193 29 543 83

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 892 100 295 33 766 86

New Jersey .............. 2,345 100 855 36 1,895 81

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 100 379 43 671 76

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,620 100 1,760 38 3,885 84

North Carolina ........... 2,882 100 1,386 48 2,168 75

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 100 259 81 190 59

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,658 100 1,540 42 2,897 79

Oklahoma ............... 1,529 100 838 55 1,131 74

Oregon ................. 2,051 100 761 37 1,680 82

Pennsylvania............. 4,570 100 1,783 39 3,794 83

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 100 181 45 298 75

South Carolina ........... 1,666 100 922 55 1,186 71

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 100 349 67 358 69

Tennessee ............... 2,671 100 1,062 40 2,084 78

Texas................... 4,949 100 2,857 58 3,240 65

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 100 585 54 806 74

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 100 211 37 496 87

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,001 100 1,137 38 2,460 82

Washington.............. 2,970 100 1,024 34 2,496 84

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 100 444 53 605 72

Wisconsin ............... 3,165 100 1,611 51 2,442 77

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 100 373 56 498 75

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 97
Table 52. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending

took place

Total, wildlife-associated expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures

Total Trip related Equipment Other Total Trip related Equipment Other

United States, total. . . . . 108,390,818 28,070,831 64,493,795 14,826,194 69,976,330 19,908,392 40,954,202 8,113,737

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,306,670 633,611 1,297,544 375,514 1,680,270 554,080 889,908 236,282

Alaska.................. 1,375,057 970,931 305,843 98,283 876,192 584,698 252,505 38,989

Arizona ................. 1,619,724 512,038 1,040,740 66,947 799,006 207,360 556,210 35,436

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,290,326 411,178 656,098 223,050 1,046,336 391,133 451,545 203,657

California ............... 5,709,602 2,169,604 2,952,662 587,337 3,128,727 1,288,798 1,713,467 126,462

Colorado ................ 2,000,962 908,188 924,467 168,306 1,376,560 491,454 751,639 133,467

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501,940 145,547 273,575 82,819 275,976 107,537 130,757 37,682

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,350 48,268 66,366 15,716 88,012 33,981 45,283 8,748

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,211,889 2,886,641 2,941,961 383,288 4,636,408 2,211,257 2,103,920 321,231

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,664,546 561,262 908,864 194,420 1,128,775 437,998 544,162 146,615

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,476 143,877 106,095 11,504 129,857 74,820 53,613 1,425

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982,423 296,120 552,420 133,883 754,953 199,314 434,571 121,069

Illinois.................. 1,947,646 396,329 1,387,167 164,150 1,351,405 310,711 914,582 126,112

Indiana ................. 1,487,815 316,680 939,767 231,368 846,577 198,155 599,687 48,735

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,961 187,677 569,455 65,829 634,570 165,610 425,984 42,975

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591,123 209,487 320,608 61,027 462,460 177,313 248,659 36,488

Kentucky ............... 1,844,927 334,023 1,232,252 278,652 1,243,377 284,247 903,456 55,675

Louisiana ............... 1,608,468 574,843 933,472 100,154 1,440,048 519,418 836,133 84,496

Maine .................. 1,083,721 296,847 503,923 282,951 570,154 149,317 364,137 56,700

Maryland ............... 1,743,481 407,769 998,859 336,854 880,794 278,077 548,263 54,455

Massachusetts............ 1,072,482 389,870 606,939 75,673 603,149 227,437 354,842 20,869

Michigan................ 2,753,176 963,736 1,603,414 186,027 2,060,419 681,757 1,248,765 129,897

Minnesota ............... 2,702,571 1,089,457 1,417,149 195,965 2,171,514 973,816 1,046,667 151,031

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973,984 286,452 593,915 93,617 670,508 250,343 350,268 69,897

Missouri ................ 1,828,153 581,939 1,111,023 135,191 1,379,397 424,953 835,336 119,108

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943,118 463,392 386,866 92,859 592,782 255,897 271,423 65,463

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584,898 153,515 396,296 35,087 455,151 135,102 293,156 26,893

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680,536 168,194 472,029 40,313 430,390 98,029 298,584 33,776

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 618,694 268,859 307,862 41,973 275,754 91,554 159,509 24,691

New Jersey .............. 2,230,952 583,597 1,505,798 141,557 987,108 441,555 476,286 69,267

New Mexico............. 1,022,568 301,637 582,895 138,036 464,279 150,622 285,038 28,619

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,523,958 808,167 1,908,322 807,469 2,116,764 559,993 1,105,658 451,113

North Carolina ........... 2,455,216 702,566 1,525,904 226,746 1,628,333 544,043 951,343 132,948

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 351,285 120,787 206,981 23,517 324,184 111,425 191,819 20,941

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,289,385 623,335 1,463,425 202,625 1,666,334 493,547 1,010,071 162,716

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994,527 378,388 531,070 85,069 801,279 309,177 419,613 72,489

Oregon ................. 2,060,509 672,557 1,142,262 245,690 1,291,103 367,567 801,968 121,567

Pennsylvania............. 2,974,644 644,290 1,868,212 462,142 2,012,845 472,632 1,138,344 401,869

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,955 137,708 140,653 9,593 118,319 71,069 44,388 2,862

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337,821 502,654 753,025 82,141 1,081,448 413,609 603,575 64,265

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 561,563 252,812 255,317 53,434 469,605 199,256 231,749 38,600

Tennessee ............... 1,716,100 589,981 975,315 150,804 1,267,557 383,253 762,864 121,441

Texas................... 5,354,194 1,655,981 2,854,256 843,957 4,071,251 1,427,201 1,909,402 734,648

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,375,152 436,607 775,842 162,704 819,442 260,746 497,853 60,843

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385,651 138,974 145,806 100,870 181,936 75,731 88,146 18,059

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,897,217 546,206 997,273 353,739 1,108,574 373,855 626,544 108,175

Washington.............. 2,362,176 727,416 1,445,661 189,100 1,382,446 444,924 851,030 86,493

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,147 207,721 238,348 57,078 339,636 128,861 157,881 52,894

Wisconsin ............... 3,617,616 930,300 2,021,794 665,522 2,305,997 679,540 1,184,774 441,683

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634,049 301,701 251,871 80,477 369,118 166,075 140,208 62,835

See footnotes at end of table.

98 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 52. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending

took place

Wildlife-watching expenditures

Total Trip related Equipment Other

United States, total..... 38,414,488 8,162,439 23,539,593 6,712,457

Alabama ................ 626,400 79,531 407,636 139,233

Alaska.................. 498,865 386,233 53,337 59,295

Arizona ................. 820,718 304,677 484,530 31,511

Arkansas................ 243,990 20,044 204,553 19,393

California ............... 2,580,875 880,805 1,239,195 460,875

Colorado ................ 624,402 416,734 172,829 34,839

Connecticut.............. 225,964 38,010 142,817 45,137

Delaware................ 42,338 14,287 21,083 6,968

Florida ................. 1,575,481 675,384 838,041 62,056

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,771 123,264 364,702 47,805

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,619 69,057 52,482 10,080

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,470 96,807 117,848 12,815

Illinois.................. 596,241 85,618 472,585 38,038

Indiana ................. 641,239 118,525 340,081 182,633

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,391 22,067 143,471 22,854

Kansas ................. 128,663 32,175 71,949 24,539

Kentucky ............... 601,550 49,776 328,796 222,977

Louisiana ............... 168,420 55,424 97,339 15,657

Maine .................. 513,566 147,530 139,786 226,251

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,687 129,692 450,596 282,399

Massachusetts............ 469,333 162,433 252,097 54,803

Michigan................ 692,757 281,978 354,649 56,130

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,057 115,640 370,482 44,935

Mississippi .............. 303,477 36,109 243,647 23,721

Missouri ................ 448,756 156,986 275,687 16,083

Montana ................ 350,335 207,496 115,443 27,396

Nebraska................ 129,747 18,413 103,140 8,194

Nevada ................. 250,145 70,164 173,445 6,537

New Hampshire .......... 342,940 177,305 148,353 17,282

New Jersey .............. 1,243,844 142,042 1,029,512 72,290

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 558,290 151,015 297,857 109,417

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,407,193 248,174 802,663 356,356

North Carolina ........... 826,882 158,523 574,561 93,798

North Dakota ............ 27,100 9,361 15,163 2,576

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623,051 129,788 453,354 39,909

Oklahoma ............... 193,248 69,211 111,457 12,580

Oregon ................. 769,407 304,990 340,293 124,123

Pennsylvania............. 961,799 171,658 729,868 60,274

Rhode Island ............ 169,635 66,639 96,265 6,731

South Carolina ........... 256,372 89,045 149,451 17,876

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,958 53,556 23,568 14,834

Tennessee ............... 448,543 206,729 212,452 29,363

Texas................... 1,282,943 228,780 944,854 109,309

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555,710 175,861 277,989 101,861

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,715 63,243 57,660 82,811

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,644 172,351 370,729 245,564

Washington.............. 979,730 282,492 594,631 102,607

West Virginia ............ 163,511 78,860 80,467 4,184

Wisconsin ............... 1,311,619 250,760 837,020 223,838

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,931 135,626 111,663 17,642

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 99
Table 53. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

Participant’s state

of residence

Total, wildlife-associated expenditures Fishing and hunting expenditures

Total Trip related Equipment Other Total Trip related Equipment Other

United States, total. . . . . 108,390,818 28,070,831 64,493,795 14,826,194 69,976,330 19,908,392 40,954,202 8,113,737

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,241,999 632,522 1,264,711 344,766 1,579,426 522,596 850,551 206,279

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580,847 219,667 325,994 35,187 468,108 170,632 269,247 28,229

Arizona ................. 1,573,354 395,623 1,054,415 123,316 802,249 221,386 546,659 34,204

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,148,365 338,882 638,801 170,683 850,043 268,071 430,642 151,331

California ............... 5,869,216 2,351,281 2,915,644 602,291 3,266,088 1,456,534 1,671,425 138,130

Colorado ................ 1,681,345 470,398 1,094,963 115,984 1,292,497 286,927 919,870 85,700

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656,829 238,625 319,752 98,452 407,570 155,859 195,275 56,435

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,444 64,527 77,187 30,730 113,663 48,800 50,771 14,092

Florida ................. 5,585,535 2,206,710 2,986,857 391,968 4,141,515 1,698,191 2,128,045 315,278

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,532,203 684,552 641,681 205,971 1,197,614 510,283 501,016 186,315

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217,534 96,913 107,171 13,449 122,470 64,595 54,464 3,412

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767,258 191,317 470,622 105,319 596,587 132,475 370,753 93,359

Illinois.................. 2,758,847 958,928 1,573,958 225,961 2,006,777 704,229 1,134,499 168,049

Indiana ................. 1,503,917 415,886 823,291 264,740 894,228 275,426 539,507 79,295

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873,464 289,692 514,826 68,946 634,283 212,680 374,929 46,674

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784,025 258,896 410,402 114,727 608,995 177,665 344,297 87,033

Kentucky ............... 1,956,625 382,558 1,397,283 176,784 1,305,139 289,371 962,812 52,956

Louisiana ............... 1,654,506 566,142 967,060 121,303 1,466,791 512,883 848,075 105,833

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858,091 142,544 452,418 263,129 431,359 78,342 314,840 38,176

Maryland ............... 1,658,126 471,869 1,046,043 140,215 925,326 283,304 572,511 69,512

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113,321 419,913 591,045 102,363 652,078 274,149 334,015 43,915

Michigan................ 2,971,088 1,236,266 1,570,537 164,284 2,249,058 903,658 1,233,997 111,403

Minnesota ............... 2,868,171 1,057,136 1,524,463 286,573 2,333,131 932,949 1,155,491 244,691

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988,335 256,105 664,521 67,709 708,690 223,302 441,544 43,843

Missouri ................ 1,917,564 598,958 1,102,158 216,447 1,430,522 468,238 824,381 137,903

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664,457 192,987 415,676 55,795 439,149 117,936 281,585 39,628

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572,947 175,421 357,987 39,538 422,158 141,345 249,420 31,394

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760,873 165,748 536,234 58,891 470,055 115,586 312,710 41,758

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 481,127 136,809 287,352 56,966 281,117 89,144 150,439 41,534

New Jersey .............. 2,654,664 683,116 1,627,570 343,979 999,572 453,020 485,252 61,301

New Mexico............. 1,006,161 201,760 592,530 211,870 508,326 131,957 292,813 83,556

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,833,858 1,085,249 1,941,628 806,981 2,122,592 613,956 917,408 591,228

North Carolina ........... 2,288,942 682,895 1,398,956 207,091 1,562,312 561,165 834,974 166,173

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 364,153 106,434 234,563 23,156 337,084 99,488 216,917 20,679

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,621,858 920,546 1,387,996 313,316 1,741,975 653,697 918,817 169,462

Oklahoma ............... 1,105,577 411,959 605,009 88,609 925,637 369,547 481,013 75,077

Oregon ................. 1,945,277 532,728 1,208,816 203,733 1,357,667 357,050 876,744 123,872

Pennsylvania............. 3,365,514 1,202,976 1,808,119 354,419 2,137,973 757,051 1,107,883 273,039

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,508 59,601 107,000 13,907 141,573 49,725 84,084 7,764

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252,568 448,775 736,969 66,825 995,031 369,517 576,822 48,692

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 321,540 119,516 166,334 35,690 271,311 105,322 145,181 20,809

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,617,118 553,401 907,851 155,866 1,279,254 438,723 715,042 125,488

Texas................... 5,882,685 2,302,391 2,774,612 805,682 4,130,415 1,612,662 1,825,624 692,129

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304,724 354,688 795,255 154,782 846,041 260,760 515,116 70,166

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,364 71,464 164,719 35,180 161,685 41,080 105,550 15,055

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,378,089 651,078 1,125,943 601,068 1,279,475 425,832 744,166 109,477

Washington.............. 2,707,062 970,799 1,478,680 257,583 1,465,566 536,848 823,994 104,724

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 540,223 175,396 298,748 66,078 389,811 113,112 215,761 60,938

Wisconsin ............... 3,123,047 808,102 1,805,091 509,854 1,905,965 539,191 1,055,855 310,919

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344,345 108,236 222,083 14,026 251,700 81,086 159,503 11,110

See footnotes at end of table.

100 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 53. Expenditures for Wildlife-Related Recreation by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001—Continued

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

Participant’s state

of residence

Wildlife-watching expenditures

Total Trip related Equipment Other

United States, total..... 38,414,488 8,162,439 23,539,593 6,712,457

Alabama ................ 662,574 109,926 414,160 138,488

Alaska.................. 112,739 49,035 56,746 6,958

Arizona ................. 771,105 174,237 507,756 89,112

Arkansas................ 298,322 70,811 208,159 19,352

California ............... 2,603,127 894,746 1,244,219 464,162

Colorado ................ 388,848 183,470 175,093 30,284

Connecticut.............. 249,260 82,766 124,477 42,016

Delaware................ 58,781 15,727 26,417 16,637

Florida ................. 1,444,021 508,519 858,811 76,690

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334,589 174,269 140,665 19,656

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,063 32,319 52,708 10,037

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,671 58,842 99,869 11,960

Illinois.................. 752,069 254,698 439,459 57,912

Indiana ................. 609,689 140,460 283,784 185,445

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,181 77,012 139,897 22,272

Kansas ................. 175,030 81,231 66,104 27,694

Kentucky ............... 651,485 93,187 434,471 123,828

Louisiana ............... 187,715 53,259 118,985 15,471

Maine .................. 426,733 64,202 137,578 224,953

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732,800 188,565 473,532 70,703

Massachusetts............ 461,242 145,764 257,030 58,448

Michigan................ 722,030 332,609 336,540 52,881

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,040 124,187 368,972 41,881

Mississippi .............. 279,646 32,803 222,977 23,866

Missouri ................ 487,041 130,720 277,777 78,544

Montana ................ 225,308 75,050 134,090 16,167

Nebraska................ 150,789 34,077 108,568 8,144

Nevada ................. 290,819 50,162 223,523 17,133

New Hampshire .......... 200,010 47,666 136,913 15,431

New Jersey .............. 1,655,092 230,096 1,142,318 282,678

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 497,835 69,803 299,718 128,314

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,711,265 471,293 1,024,219 215,753

North Carolina ........... 726,630 121,730 563,982 40,918

North Dakota ............ 27,068 6,946 17,646 2,477

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879,882 266,849 469,179 143,854

Oklahoma ............... 179,940 42,413 123,995 13,532

Oregon ................. 587,610 175,678 332,072 79,861

Pennsylvania............. 1,227,541 445,924 700,236 81,380

Rhode Island ............ 38,935 9,876 22,916 6,143

South Carolina ........... 257,537 79,258 160,147 18,133

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,229 14,195 21,153 14,881

Tennessee ............... 337,864 114,678 192,809 30,377

Texas................... 1,752,269 689,729 948,988 113,553

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458,683 93,928 280,139 84,616

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,678 30,384 59,169 20,125

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,098,614 225,247 381,777 491,591

Washington.............. 1,241,496 433,951 654,686 152,859

West Virginia ............ 150,412 62,283 82,987 5,141

Wisconsin ............... 1,217,081 268,911 749,235 198,935

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,645 27,150 62,579 *2,916

*Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 101
Table 54. Anglers and Hunters by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Sportsperson’s state

of residence

Population

Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total. . . . . 212,298 37,805 18 24,771 12 3,734 2 9,300 4

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 726 21 410 12 91 3 224 7

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 205 45 130 29 20 4 55 12

Arizona ................. 3,700 437 12 313 8 *43 *1 81 2

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 621 31 312 16 *70 *4 238 12

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,982 2,486 10 2,209 9 *97 *(Z) *180 *1

Colorado ................ 3,215 679 21 511 16 *53 *2 115 4

Connecticut.............. 2,536 331 13 285 11 ... ... 38 1

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 94 16 78 13 *5 *1 11 2

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,171 2,158 18 1,888 16 ... ... 221 2

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,136 19 759 12 92 2 284 5

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 114 12 96 11 ... ... 17 2

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 306 31 155 16 45 5 106 11

Illinois.................. 9,244 1,507 16 1,167 13 *92 *1 248 3

Indiana ................. 4,558 914 20 630 14 *81 *2 203 4

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 580 26 377 17 56 3 147 7

Kansas ................. 2,017 491 24 289 14 60 3 142 7

Kentucky ............... 3,121 703 23 432 14 73 2 198 6

Louisiana ............... 3,306 829 25 515 16 71 2 243 7

Maine .................. 1,005 256 26 133 13 41 4 82 8

Maryland ............... 4,078 571 14 447 11 *40 *1 84 2

Massachusetts............ 4,837 521 11 443 9 *21 *(Z) 58 1

Michigan................ 7,587 1,325 17 600 8 285 4 439 6

Minnesota ............... 3,688 1,437 39 855 23 *91 *2 490 13

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 533 25 276 13 58 3 199 9

Missouri ................ 4,206 1,076 26 663 16 94 2 318 8

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 279 40 108 15 57 8 113 16

Nebraska................ 1,266 308 24 180 14 43 3 85 7

Nevada ................. 1,454 194 13 146 10 *14 *1 34 2

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 175 18 122 13 *12 *1 42 4

New Jersey .............. 6,300 669 11 544 9 *30 *(Z) 95 2

New Mexico............. 1,337 256 19 142 11 40 3 74 6

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 1,493 11 851 6 *152 *1 490 3

North Carolina ........... 5,918 982 17 668 11 *88 *1 226 4

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 170 35 78 16 28 6 65 13

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 1,513 17 1,031 12 122 1 359 4

Oklahoma ............... 2,587 730 28 489 19 *44 *2 197 8

Oregon ................. 2,630 611 23 376 14 60 2 176 7

Pennsylvania............. 9,303 1,648 18 781 8 378 4 489 5

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 96 13 86 11 ... ... *10 *1

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 674 22 442 14 71 2 162 5

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 176 31 86 15 30 5 59 11

Tennessee ............... 4,317 903 21 583 14 100 2 220 5

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,445 2,745 18 1,619 10 364 2 762 5

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 468 30 290 19 44 3 134 9

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 125 26 50 10 21 4 54 11

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 970 18 661 12 *82 *1 226 4

Washington.............. 4,516 932 21 701 16 59 1 172 4

West Virginia ............ 1,447 353 24 118 8 80 6 155 11

Wisconsin ............... 4,059 1,141 28 550 14 160 4 431 11

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 138 37 73 19 *16 *4 49 13

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

102 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 55. Anglers and Hunters by State Where Fishing or Hunting Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing

or hunting took place

Anglers Hunters

Total anglers,

residents and

nonresidents

Residents Nonresidents

Total hunters,

residents and

nonresidents

Residents Nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total..... 34,071 100 31,218 92 7,880 23 13,034 100 12,375 95 2,029 16

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 100 610 72 241 28 423 100 307 73 116 27

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 100 183 43 239 57 93 100 72 77 *21 *23

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 351 84 68 16 148 100 119 81 *28 *19

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 100 543 69 239 31 431 100 303 70 128 30

California ............... 2,444 100 2,288 94 156 6 274 100 261 95 *12 *5

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 100 560 61 357 39 281 100 159 57 121 43

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 100 271 78 75 22 45 100 *35 *77 ... ...

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 100 71 47 *78 *53 16 100 13 81 ... ...

Florida ................. 3,104 100 2,057 66 1,047 34 226 100 191 84 *35 *16

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086 100 947 87 139 13 417 100 355 85 *62 *15

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 100 109 73 *41 *27 17 100 17 100 ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 251 60 165 40 197 100 150 76 47 24

Illinois.................. 1,237 100 1,157 94 80 6 310 100 246 79 *64 *21

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 100 784 90 90 10 290 100 269 93 ... ...

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 471 87 70 13 243 100 195 80 *48 *20

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 100 357 88 *47 *12 291 100 189 65 103 35

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 590 76 190 24 323 100 269 83 *54 *17

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 100 753 78 217 22 333 100 293 88 *40 *12

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 100 212 56 165 44 164 100 123 75 41 25

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 100 457 65 243 35 145 100 115 80 *30 *20

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 615 100 425 69 191 31 66 100 64 97 ... ...

Michigan................ 1,354 100 1,002 74 352 26 754 100 705 94 *48 *6

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624 100 1,293 80 331 20 597 100 568 95 *29 *5

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 100 450 77 136 23 357 100 245 69 111 31

Missouri ................ 1,215 100 942 78 272 22 489 100 405 83 84 17

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 100 212 61 138 39 229 100 170 74 59 26

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 100 241 81 55 19 173 100 124 72 *49 *28

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 100 119 69 *53 *31 47 100 42 90 ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 267 100 147 55 119 45 78 100 52 67 *26 *33

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 100 531 66 275 34 135 100 108 80 ... ...

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 197 63 *116 *37 130 100 105 80 *26 *20

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 100 1,243 80 307 20 714 100 635 89 79 11

North Carolina ........... 1,287 100 831 65 456 35 295 100 272 92 *23 *8

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 119 67 *59 *33 139 100 87 63 *52 *37

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,371 100 1,225 89 146 11 490 100 452 92 *38 *8

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 100 648 84 126 16 261 100 241 92 *20 *8

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 100 513 75 174 25 248 100 234 94 *15 *6

Pennsylvania............. 1,266 100 1,032 82 234 18 1,000 100 858 86 142 14

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 86 48 93 52 *9 *100 *7 *83 ... ...

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 812 100 571 70 241 30 265 100 221 83 *44 *17

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 100 140 65 75 35 209 100 90 43 119 57

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 100 709 79 194 21 359 100 288 80 71 20

Texas................... 2,372 100 2,151 91 221 9 1,201 100 1,101 92 100 8

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 100 388 75 129 25 198 100 177 89 *22 *11

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 100 96 56 75 44 100 100 74 74 *26 *26

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 100 761 75 248 25 355 100 279 79 *75 *21

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 100 808 86 130 14 227 100 210 92 ... ...

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 100 250 79 *67 *21 284 100 229 81 *55 *19

Wisconsin ............... 1,412 100 941 67 471 33 660 100 588 89 *72 *11

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 100 117 40 176 60 133 100 65 49 68 51

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of

Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 103
Table 56. Hunters by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where hunting

took place

Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total..... 13,034 100 10,911 84 5,434 41 2,956 23 1,047 8

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 100 392 93 109 26 95 23 *21 *5

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 100 84 90 18 19 *14 *15 ... ...

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 100 81 55 72 49 62 42 ... ...

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 100 322 75 145 34 171 40 *23 *5

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 100 *129 *47 *109 *40 *115 *42 ... ...

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 100 235 84 74 26 *55 *19 ... ...

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 100 *33 *73 *22 *49 ... ... ... ...

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 100 11 67 *4 *28 *8 *50 ... ...

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 188 83 *78 *34 *64 *28 ... ...

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 100 342 82 135 32 *86 *21 *45 *11

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 100 *15 *91 *7 *44 ... ... ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 100 156 79 74 38 *38 *19 ... ...

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 100 245 79 *101 *32 *60 *19 ... ...

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 100 215 74 159 55 *30 *10 ... ...

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 100 139 57 151 62 *56 *23 *29 *12

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 100 159 55 209 72 79 27 *35 *12

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 100 264 82 152 47 *57 *18 *20 *6

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 100 212 64 139 42 147 44 ... ...

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 100 156 95 63 39 ... ... ... ...

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 100 126 87 *44 *30 *47 *32 ... ...

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 66 100 58 88 *28 *42 *19 *28 ... ...

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 100 680 90 222 29 *55 *7 ... ...

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 100 493 83 249 42 184 31 *43 *7

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 100 295 83 172 48 78 22 *24 *7

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 100 423 87 165 34 *69 *14 ... ...

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 100 206 90 52 23 *23 *10 ... ...

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 100 89 51 114 66 48 28 24 14

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 100 *25 *52 *23 *49 29 61 ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 78 100 71 91 22 28 *6 *8 ... ...

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 100 111 83 *61 *45 ... ... ... ...

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 100 112 86 37 29 *34 *26 ... ...

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 100 664 93 274 38 *101 *14 *76 *11

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 295 100 224 76 124 42 102 35 ... ...

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 100 74 53 69 49 61 44 20 14

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 422 86 313 64 *70 *14 *73 *15

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 100 212 81 131 50 81 31 *36 *14

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 100 226 91 60 24 *42 *17 ... ...

Pennsylvania............. 1,000 100 956 96 370 37 *85 *9 *130 *13

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . *9 *100 *6 *68 *5 *60 ... ... ... ...

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 265 100 217 82 101 38 71 27 ... ...

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 100 75 36 160 77 51 24 *14 *7

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 100 262 73 157 44 100 28 *44 *12

Texas................... 1,201 100 888 74 371 31 500 42 *59 *5

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 100 171 86 69 35 52 26 *22 *11

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 94 94 29 29 ... ... *10 *10

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 100 322 91 128 36 *44 *12 ... ...

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 100 187 82 74 32 *50 *22 ... ...

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 100 269 95 123 43 ... ... *39 *14

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 100 606 92 230 35 *55 *8 ... ...

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 100 110 82 33 25 *9 *7 *15 *11

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

104 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 57. Days of Hunting by State Where Hunting Took Place and Hunter’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State

Days of hunting in state Days of hunting by state residents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by state

residents

Days by

nonresidents

Total days, in state

of residence and

other states

Days in state

of residence

Days in other

states

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 228,368 100 209,880 92 20,891 9 228,368 100 209,880 92 20,891 9

Alabama ................ 7,616 100 6,613 87 1,003 13 7,262 100 6,613 91 650 9

Alaska.................. 1,146 100 953 83 *193 *17 982 100 953 97 *29 *3

Arizona ................. 1,694 100 1,546 91 *148 *9 1,649 100 1,546 94 ... ...

Arkansas................ 8,411 100 6,970 83 1,441 17 7,249 100 6,970 96 *279 *4

California ............... 3,426 100 3,378 99 ... ... 3,695 100 3,378 91 ... ...

Colorado ................ 2,610 100 1,680 64 930 36 1,982 100 1,680 85 *303 *15

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 *691 *90 ... ... 824 100 *691 *84 *132 *16

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 220 98 ... ... 279 100 220 79 *59 *21

Florida ................. 4,693 100 4,504 96 *190 *4 5,865 100 4,504 77 *1,362 *23

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,973 100 7,339 92 *633 *8 7,882 100 7,339 93 *542 *7

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 100 *316 *100 ... ... 322 100 *316 *98 ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 100 1,737 83 363 17 1,784 100 1,737 97 ... ...

Illinois.................. 4,522 100 4,159 92 *363 *8 5,842 100 4,159 71 *1,683 *29

Indiana ................. 5,000 100 4,830 97 ... ... 5,016 100 4,830 96 *186 *4

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,989 100 3,819 96 *170 *4 4,086 100 3,819 93 *267 *7

Kansas ................. 3,647 100 3,067 84 579 16 3,424 100 3,067 90 357 10

Kentucky ............... 4,664 100 4,422 95 *242 *5 4,538 100 4,422 97 *116 *3

Louisiana ............... 6,442 100 6,109 95 *333 *5 7,152 100 6,109 85 1,043 15

Maine .................. 2,469 100 2,131 86 338 14 2,169 100 2,131 98 ... ...

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,799 100 1,645 91 *154 *9 1,992 100 1,645 83 *347 *17

Massachusetts............ 1,158 100 1,144 99 ... ... 1,727 100 1,144 66 *583 *34

Michigan................ 8,994 100 8,477 94 *517 *6 8,784 100 8,477 96 ... ...

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,437 100 7,499 89 *938 *11 8,619 100 7,499 87 *1,120 *13

Mississippi .............. 8,481 100 6,589 78 1,892 22 6,977 100 6,589 94 *388 *6

Missouri ................ 6,606 100 6,225 94 381 6 6,715 100 6,225 93 *490 *7

Montana ................ 2,442 100 2,052 84 390 16 2,112 100 2,052 97 ... ...

Nebraska................ 2,204 100 1,834 83 *370 *17 1,963 100 1,834 93 *129 *7

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 467 95 ... ... 558 100 467 84 *91 *16

New Hampshire .......... 1,459 100 1,138 78 *321 *22 1,300 100 1,138 88 *162 *12

New Jersey .............. 3,120 100 2,500 80 ... ... 3,000 100 2,500 83 *500 *17

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,667 100 1,521 91 *146 *9 1,594 100 1,521 95 *73 *5

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,187 100 12,797 97 390 3 13,124 100 12,797 98 *327 *2

North Carolina ........... 7,526 100 7,338 98 *188 *2 8,372 100 7,338 88 *1,034 *12

North Dakota ............ 1,635 100 1,364 83 *271 *17 1,417 100 1,364 96 *53 *4

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,233 100 9,952 97 *282 *3 11,077 100 9,952 90 *1,125 *10

Oklahoma ............... 5,642 100 5,546 98 *96 *2 5,965 100 5,546 93 *419 *7

Oregon ................. 2,947 100 2,812 95 *135 *5 2,917 100 2,812 96 ... ...

Pennsylvania............. 13,955 100 12,963 93 993 7 14,051 100 12,963 92 *1,088 *8

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 100 *103 *99 ... ... 193 100 *103 *53 *90 *47

South Carolina ........... 4,744 100 4,437 94 *307 *6 4,657 100 4,437 95 *220 *5

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,425 100 1,173 48 1,252 52 1,347 100 1,173 87 *174 *13

Tennessee ............... 6,651 100 6,069 91 582 9 6,962 100 6,069 87 893 13

Texas................... 14,081 100 13,437 95 644 5 15,062 100 13,437 89 *1,625 *11

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 100 2,332 95 *123 *5 2,512 100 2,332 93 *180 *7

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 100 1,319 87 *190 *13 1,460 100 1,319 90 *141 *10

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,818 100 5,375 92 *443 *8 5,819 100 5,375 92 *444 *8

Washington.............. 2,951 100 2,836 96 ... ... 3,311 100 2,836 86 *475 *14

West Virginia ............ 5,166 100 4,652 90 *514 *10 4,791 100 4,652 97 *139 *3

Wisconsin ............... 9,653 100 8,998 93 *655 *7 9,305 100 8,998 97 *307 *3

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 100 806 62 498 38 870 100 806 93 *64 *7

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 105
Table 58. Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting and State Where Hunting Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where hunting

took place

Total, all hunting Big game Small game Migratory bird Other animals

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 228,368 100 153,191 67 60,142 26 29,310 13 19,207 8

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,616 100 6,658 87 898 12 481 6 *310 *4

Alaska.................. 1,146 100 944 82 138 12 *123 *11 ... ...

Arizona ................. 1,694 100 860 51 645 38 335 20 ... ...

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,411 100 5,740 68 1,491 18 1,860 22 ... ...

California ............... 3,426 100 *1,285 *38 *693 *20 *1,782 *52 ... ...

Colorado ................ 2,610 100 1,634 63 483 19 *539 *21 ... ...

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 *522 *68 *260 *34 ... ... ... ...

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 100 158 70 *36 *16 *50 *22 ... ...

Florida ................. 4,693 100 3,493 74 *555 *12 *1,052 *22 ... ...

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,973 100 6,131 77 1,476 19 *474 *6 *861 *11

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *316 *100 *285 *90 *86 *27 ... ... ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 100 1,384 66 551 26 *308 *15 ... ...

Illinois.................. 4,522 100 3,274 72 *602 *13 *862 *19 ... ...

Indiana ................. 5,000 100 2,696 54 2,293 46 ... ... ... ...

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,989 100 1,449 36 1,913 48 *584 *15 *378 *9

Kansas ................. 3,647 100 1,570 43 1,604 44 590 16 *487 *13

Kentucky ............... 4,664 100 2,828 61 1,634 35 *386 *8 *567 *12

Louisiana ............... 6,442 100 4,365 68 1,106 17 1,218 19 ... ...

Maine .................. 2,469 100 2,021 82 693 28 ... ... ... ...

Maryland ............... 1,799 100 1,350 75 *292 *16 *299 *17 ... ...

Massachusetts............ 1,158 100 683 59 *457 *39 *102 *9 ... ...

Michigan................ 8,994 100 6,532 73 2,622 29 *573 *6 ... ...

Minnesota ............... 8,437 100 4,869 58 2,047 24 1,661 20 *615 *7

Mississippi .............. 8,481 100 7,196 85 2,087 25 394 5 *371 *4

Missouri ................ 6,606 100 4,591 70 1,559 24 *841 *13 ... ...

Montana ................ 2,442 100 1,797 74 598 24 *222 *9 ... ...

Nebraska................ 2,204 100 763 35 921 42 398 18 372 17

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 100 *169 *35 *177 *36 236 48 ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 1,459 100 1,127 77 303 21 *84 *6 ... ...

New Jersey .............. 3,120 100 2,813 90 *572 *18 ... ... ... ...

New Mexico............. 1,667 100 711 43 286 17 *262 *16 ... ...

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,187 100 10,864 82 2,700 20 *1,225 *9 *1,152 *9

North Carolina ........... 7,526 100 5,117 68 1,648 22 1,245 17 ... ...

North Dakota ............ 1,635 100 574 35 654 40 409 25 216 13

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,233 100 4,290 42 4,480 44 *606 *6 *2,599 *25

Oklahoma ............... 5,642 100 3,465 61 2,218 39 1,073 19 *556 *10

Oregon ................. 2,947 100 2,500 85 394 13 *341 *12 ... ...

Pennsylvania............. 13,955 100 8,816 63 3,135 22 *575 *4 *2,547 *18

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . *104 *100 *65 *62 *36 *34 ... ... ... ...

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 4,744 100 3,757 79 922 19 366 8 ... ...

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,425 100 534 22 1,547 64 526 22 *115 *5

Tennessee ............... 6,651 100 4,112 62 2,267 34 797 12 *1,167 *18

Texas................... 14,081 100 8,868 63 3,665 26 4,179 30 *467 *3

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 100 1,252 51 453 18 510 21 *480 *20

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,510 100 1,218 81 347 23 ... ... *94 *6

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,818 100 4,305 74 1,130 19 *194 *3 ... ...

Washington.............. 2,951 100 1,841 62 642 22 *522 *18 ... ...

West Virginia ............ 5,166 100 3,167 61 1,954 38 ... ... *658 *13

Wisconsin ............... 9,653 100 7,505 78 2,495 26 *379 *4 ... ...

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304 100 1,001 77 199 15 *64 *5 *188 *14

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

106 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 59. Expenditures for Hunting by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending

took place

Total

expenditures

Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment

Expenditures for

other items1

Total trip

related

Food and

lodging

TransportationOther

trip costs

Total

equipment

Hunting

equipment

Auxiliary

equipment

Special

equipment

United States, total. . . . . 20,611,025 5,252,391 2,449,942 1,789,320 1,013,129 10,361,495 4,561,709 1,202,845 4,596,942 4,997,138

Alabama ................ 663,576 195,870 94,275 55,233 46,361 308,730 164,671 37,311 *106,749 158,976

Alaska.................. 216,972 160,516 26,836 39,957 93,723 38,203 20,207 8,325 ... 18,252

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,506 65,151 33,646 21,487 10,018 125,478 61,309 15,357 ... 20,876

Arkansas................ 517,160 207,415 78,352 89,742 39,320 156,813 104,348 16,122 ... 152,933

California ............... 315,207 159,105 62,261 42,093 54,751 131,869 110,919 *20,950 ... 24,233

Colorado ................ 382,599 185,738 70,048 57,139 58,552 109,543 81,581 13,241 ... 87,318

Connecticut.............. 43,381 6,976 *3,111 2,086 *1,779 20,561 17,193 *3,013 ... 15,844

Delaware................ 14,662 3,378 1,145 836 *1,396 9,492 2,939 *830 ... 1,793

Florida ................. 394,229 119,945 51,172 38,434 30,339 226,968 89,576 *20,365 ... 47,315

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503,677 191,531 92,546 45,212 53,773 200,191 146,286 30,853 ... 111,955

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,076 8,102 2,816 5,028 *258 6,512 5,322 *1,189 ... 463

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,841 83,091 28,083 44,618 10,390 97,964 40,152 17,305 ... 49,786

Illinois.................. 450,865 104,426 38,710 25,766 39,950 270,255 144,069 *47,035 ... 76,183

Indiana ................. 265,152 45,399 26,378 15,407 *3,613 189,852 114,621 26,620 ... 29,902

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,359 60,335 27,378 30,687 *2,270 79,023 58,925 19,198 ... 28,000

Kansas ................. 235,549 96,364 47,461 36,296 12,607 113,359 84,582 13,143 ... 25,825

Kentucky ............... 373,185 62,853 35,701 23,598 3,554 276,488 117,752 20,987 *137,750 33,844

Louisiana ............... 446,204 120,668 62,739 36,522 21,406 273,295 102,305 18,962 *152,028 52,240

Maine .................. 162,397 53,779 26,340 16,679 10,760 71,690 29,047 9,665 ... 36,927

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,318 32,450 14,289 11,416 6,745 58,371 43,103 10,692 ... 36,496

Massachusetts............ 58,527 10,042 5,916 3,572 ... 43,030 28,649 *6,888 ... 5,455

Michigan................ 490,254 163,205 103,628 50,876 8,701 264,076 194,117 66,591 ... 62,973

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482,614 179,291 101,287 67,552 10,451 241,510 170,832 41,979 ... 61,813

Mississippi .............. 360,293 132,141 73,063 45,432 13,646 166,185 91,328 15,343 *59,514 61,967

Missouri ................ 424,750 106,882 62,818 36,965 7,099 236,236 118,683 38,360 ... 81,632

Montana ................ 237,605 107,072 42,077 36,656 28,340 98,667 33,479 22,800 ... 31,866

Nebraska................ 198,120 74,819 22,074 24,846 27,899 106,119 76,746 25,268 ... 17,183

Nevada ................. 134,102 21,494 10,892 7,354 3,248 100,976 23,861 36,715 ... 11,631

New Hampshire .......... 71,386 15,499 8,137 5,879 *1,483 47,212 36,399 7,323 ... 8,675

New Jersey .............. 150,884 67,411 21,745 17,844 *27,822 43,515 32,010 11,505 ... 39,957

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,386 59,969 25,697 18,916 15,356 73,932 39,963 13,388 ... 19,485

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822,215 179,227 82,419 42,942 53,866 367,360 162,342 53,142 ... 275,628

North Carolina ........... 438,059 91,739 47,428 27,555 16,756 313,480 120,890 24,449 ... 32,839

North Dakota ............ 103,353 53,723 26,440 25,784 1,499 33,559 26,260 6,736 ... 16,071

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636,492 112,660 53,435 51,107 *8,118 424,969 231,838 40,707 ... 98,863

Oklahoma ............... 284,071 96,942 44,939 43,654 8,349 130,198 97,178 22,768 ... 56,931

Oregon ................. 364,859 108,604 46,205 42,251 20,148 232,503 115,873 32,440 ... 23,752

Pennsylvania............. 941,036 189,881 104,014 73,084 12,782 417,181 234,438 79,119 ... 333,975

Rhode Island ............ 5,059 871 *360 *279 ... 3,877 3,002 *862 ... 311

South Carolina ........... 305,272 95,643 35,530 41,709 18,404 157,655 107,590 19,847 ... 51,974

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 223,195 112,817 57,003 38,397 17,417 81,069 49,960 30,743 ... 29,309

Tennessee ............... 588,691 118,267 63,694 38,223 16,351 384,266 137,839 24,319 *222,108 86,158

Texas................... 1,513,881 555,833 285,218 167,543 103,072 591,751 314,203 65,094 ... 366,297

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292,108 88,324 38,842 30,271 19,211 166,701 54,793 30,232 *81,677 37,083

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,627 16,469 10,413 5,758 *298 24,041 18,994 5,047 ... 12,116

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320,851 96,371 40,102 33,550 22,719 140,768 108,034 20,756 ... 83,712

Washington.............. 349,771 102,554 48,783 46,801 6,970 207,860 94,405 20,025 ... 39,357

West Virginia ............ 222,899 64,187 38,341 22,934 2,912 111,434 67,697 7,847 ... 47,278

Wisconsin ............... 800,998 167,193 88,888 60,268 18,037 321,074 200,183 59,710 *61,181 312,731

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,296 70,897 29,098 26,607 15,193 35,478 23,264 8,624 ... 16,921

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 107
Table 60. Freshwater (Except Great Lakes) Anglers and Days of Fishing by State

Where Fishing Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing

took place

Anglers Days of fishing

Total anglers,

residents and

nonresidents

Residents Nonresidents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by

state residents

Days by

nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 27,913 100 25,832 93 5,555 20 443,247 100 403,656 91 39,591 9

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 100 557 76 175 24 9,877 100 8,984 91 894 9

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 100 141 53 125 47 2,110 100 1,553 74 556 26

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 351 84 68 16 4,246 100 3,842 91 403 9

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 100 543 69 239 31 13,006 100 11,508 88 1,498 12

California ............... 1,865 100 1,776 95 89 5 19,385 100 18,788 97 597 3

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 100 560 61 355 39 9,267 100 6,478 70 2,789 30

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 100 203 80 *52 *20 3,516 100 3,177 90 *339 *10

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 100 35 48 *38 *52 609 100 396 65 *213 *35

Florida ................. 1,316 100 1,079 82 237 18 20,840 100 19,221 92 1,618 8

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 100 892 88 125 12 13,076 100 12,555 96 521 4

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *12 *100 *12 *100 ... ... *194 *100 *194 *100 ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 251 60 165 40 4,070 100 2,942 72 1,128 28

Illinois.................. 1,060 100 995 94 *65 *6 14,246 100 13,881 97 *365 *3

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 100 669 90 *77 *10 12,756 100 12,477 98 *279 *2

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 471 87 70 13 7,485 100 7,048 94 436 6

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 100 357 88 *47 *12 5,662 100 5,504 97 *158 *3

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 100 590 76 190 24 12,394 100 11,143 90 1,251 10

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 100 532 81 127 19 8,419 100 7,766 92 653 8

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 100 178 66 93 34 3,422 100 2,858 84 564 16

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 100 278 76 89 24 4,269 100 3,236 76 1,033 24

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 325 100 278 86 47 14 4,560 100 4,346 95 213 5

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 100 749 76 231 24 12,817 100 11,719 91 1,098 9

Minnesota ............... 1,560 100 1,262 81 298 19 28,159 100 25,892 92 2,267 8

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 100 389 79 105 21 8,466 100 7,500 89 966 11

Missouri ................ 1,215 100 942 78 272 22 13,279 100 11,309 85 1,970 15

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 100 212 61 138 39 4,068 100 3,515 86 554 14

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 100 241 81 55 19 3,204 100 2,916 91 288 9

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 100 119 69 *53 *31 1,575 100 1,422 90 ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 221 100 125 57 96 43 2,871 100 2,380 83 491 17

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 100 271 82 *60 *18 5,553 100 5,139 93 *413 *7

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 197 63 *116 *37 2,485 100 2,091 84 *394 *16

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 100 720 80 180 20 13,022 100 11,369 87 1,653 13

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 848 100 675 80 173 20 12,073 100 11,398 94 675 6

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 100 119 67 *59 *33 2,186 100 1,969 90 *217 *10

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,081 100 972 90 109 10 15,212 100 14,412 95 800 5

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 100 648 84 126 16 12,741 100 12,395 97 345 3

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 100 461 75 150 25 7,895 100 7,346 93 549 7

Pennsylvania............. 1,163 100 947 81 216 19 17,201 100 16,028 93 1,173 7

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 100 39 76 ... ... 649 100 547 84 ... ...

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 591 100 488 82 *104 *18 8,713 100 8,347 96 *366 *4

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 100 140 65 75 35 2,984 100 2,238 75 746 25

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 100 709 79 194 21 15,035 100 13,409 89 1,627 11

Texas................... 1,842 100 1,685 91 157 9 25,650 100 24,830 97 820 3

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 100 388 75 129 25 5,238 100 4,701 90 537 10

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 100 96 56 75 44 2,321 100 1,684 73 637 27

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721 100 601 83 120 17 10,849 100 10,332 95 516 5

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 100 611 93 *48 *7 9,800 100 9,465 97 *335 *3

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 100 250 79 *67 *21 4,152 100 3,880 93 *272 *7

Wisconsin ............... 1,306 100 906 69 401 31 19,139 100 15,736 82 3,404 18

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 100 117 40 176 60 2,497 100 1,782 71 715 29

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of

Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

108 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 61. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Great Lakes Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing

took place

Anglers Days of fishing

Total anglers,

residents and

nonresidents

Residents Nonresidents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by

state residents

Days by

nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total..... 1,847 100 1,610 87 348 19 23,138 100 21,048 91 2,090 9

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *120 *100 *114 *95 ... ... *756 *100 *729 *96 ... ...

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *45 *100 *42 *93 ... ... *721 *100 *702 *97 ... ...

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 100 522 77 158 23 7,002 100 6,303 90 699 10

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *60 *100 ... ... *20 *33 *603 *100 ... ... *255 *42

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 100 304 83 64 17 6,324 100 5,875 93 449 7

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 100 390 91 *39 *9 4,241 100 4,100 97 *142 *3

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . *80 *100 *60 *75 ... ... *1,406 *100 *1,247 *89 ... ...

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 100 137 69 *61 *31 2,085 100 1,743 84 *341 *16

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.

Table 62. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Saltwater Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where fishing

took place

Anglers Days of fishing

Total anglers,

residents and

nonresidents

Residents Nonresidents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by

state residents

Days by

nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total..... 9,051 100 6,914 76 2,661 29 90,838 100 75,670 83 15,168 17

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 100 109 65 *59 *35 1,340 100 1,194 89 *145 *11

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 100 102 38 169 62 1,531 100 942 62 589 38

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 100 875 94 57 6 8,345 100 8,118 97 227 3

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 100 139 87 *22 *13 1,398 100 1,337 96 *60 *4

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 100 44 50 *44 *50 698 100 385 55 *314 *45

Florida ................. 2,437 100 1,591 65 846 35 30,123 100 25,712 85 4,410 15

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *98 *100 *71 *73 ... ... *467 *100 *388 *83 ... ...

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 100 105 73 *40 *27 2,567 100 2,494 97 *73 *3

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 100 386 77 118 23 4,673 100 4,113 88 560 12

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 100 71 47 79 53 727 100 447 61 280 39

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 100 243 66 126 34 3,169 100 2,543 80 626 20

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 376 100 231 61 145 39 3,304 100 2,718 82 587 18

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 100 90 85 ... ... 988 100 940 95 ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 70 100 42 60 *28 *40 320 100 193 60 *127 *40

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 100 338 59 234 41 5,114 100 3,106 61 2,007 39

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 100 344 85 62 15 4,430 100 3,649 82 782 18

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 657 100 335 51 321 49 3,402 100 2,032 60 1,370 40

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 100 130 71 *53 *29 953 100 873 92 *81 *8

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 100 67 45 82 55 1,508 100 928 62 580 38

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 348 100 197 56 152 44 2,013 100 1,471 73 541 27

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 100 791 92 *69 *8 7,538 100 6,553 87 *985 *13

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 100 276 72 109 28 3,279 100 2,789 85 491 15

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 100 329 85 *56 *15 2,941 100 2,737 93 *204 *7

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: For the U.S. row, detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of

Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 109
Table 63. Days of Fishing by State Where Fishing Took Place and Angler’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State

Days of fishing in state Days of fishing by state residents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by

state residents

Days by

nonresidents

Total days, in state

of residence and

other states

Days in state

of residence

Days in other

states

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 557,394 100 501,321 90 56,965 10 557,394 100 501,321 90 56,965 10

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,275 100 10,173 90 1,102 10 10,841 100 10,173 94 668 6

Alaska.................. 3,408 100 2,395 70 1,013 30 2,445 100 2,395 98 *50 *2

Arizona ................. 4,246 100 3,842 91 403 9 4,327 100 3,842 89 485 11

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,006 100 11,508 88 1,498 12 11,954 100 11,508 96 *445 *4

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,663 100 26,802 97 861 3 27,878 100 26,802 96 1,076 4

Colorado ................ 9,269 100 6,478 70 2,791 30 7,639 100 6,478 85 1,161 15

Connecticut.............. 4,768 100 4,363 91 405 9 5,482 100 4,363 80 1,120 20

Delaware................ 1,355 100 824 61 *531 *39 1,341 100 824 61 517 39

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,417 100 42,416 88 6,002 12 43,439 100 42,416 98 1,023 2

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,757 100 13,145 96 613 4 15,559 100 13,145 84 2,414 16

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,633 100 2,561 97 *73 *3 2,662 100 2,561 96 *101 *4

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,070 100 2,942 72 1,128 28 3,097 100 2,942 95 155 5

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,133 100 15,699 97 434 3 21,603 100 15,699 73 5,904 27

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,192 100 13,889 98 *302 *2 15,537 100 13,889 89 1,647 11

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,485 100 7,048 94 436 6 8,534 100 7,048 83 1,486 17

Kansas ................. 5,662 100 5,504 97 *158 *3 6,426 100 5,504 86 922 14

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,394 100 11,143 90 1,251 10 12,135 100 11,143 92 992 8

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,637 100 11,518 91 1,119 9 11,952 100 11,518 96 434 4

Maine .................. 4,234 100 3,392 80 842 20 3,449 100 3,392 98 *58 *2

Maryland ............... 7,471 100 5,818 78 1,653 22 7,112 100 5,818 82 1,294 18

Massachusetts............ 7,685 100 6,853 89 832 11 8,387 100 6,853 82 1,534 18

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,320 100 17,613 91 1,707 9 18,869 100 17,613 93 *1,256 *7

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,083 100 27,482 91 2,601 9 29,344 100 27,482 94 1,862 6

Mississippi .............. 9,461 100 8,406 89 1,056 11 9,325 100 8,406 90 920 10

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,279 100 11,309 85 1,970 15 12,396 100 11,309 91 1,087 9

Montana ................ 4,068 100 3,515 86 554 14 3,656 100 3,515 96 141 4

Nebraska................ 3,204 100 2,916 91 288 9 3,378 100 2,916 86 462 14

Nevada ................. 1,575 100 1,422 90 ... ... 2,230 100 1,422 64 809 36

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 3,203 100 2,590 81 613 19 2,974 100 2,590 87 384 13

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,857 100 8,490 78 2,367 22 10,973 100 8,490 77 2,483 23

New Mexico............. 2,485 100 2,091 84 *394 *16 2,407 100 2,091 87 315 13

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,720 100 21,736 88 2,984 12 23,181 100 21,736 94 1,445 6

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 15,369 100 13,493 88 1,876 12 14,615 100 13,493 92 1,122 8

North Dakota ............ 2,186 100 1,969 90 *217 *10 2,584 100 1,969 76 615 24

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,882 100 18,882 95 1,000 5 22,014 100 18,882 86 3,132 14

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,741 100 12,395 97 345 3 13,228 100 12,395 94 832 6

Oregon ................. 8,698 100 8,098 93 600 7 8,720 100 8,098 93 622 7

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,313 100 16,964 93 1,349 7 21,417 100 16,964 79 4,453 21

Rhode Island ............ 2,047 100 1,393 68 655 32 1,638 100 1,393 85 246 15

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 10,679 100 9,769 91 910 9 10,321 100 9,769 95 553 5

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,984 100 2,238 75 746 25 2,414 100 2,238 93 176 7

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,035 100 13,409 89 1,627 11 15,451 100 13,409 87 2,042 13

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,823 100 30,768 94 2,055 6 34,148 100 30,768 90 3,380 10

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,238 100 4,701 90 537 10 5,346 100 4,701 88 644 12

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,321 100 1,684 73 637 27 1,969 100 1,684 86 285 14

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,468 100 13,402 93 1,066 7 14,774 100 13,402 91 1,373 9

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,841 100 12,284 96 558 4 13,520 100 12,284 91 1,236 9

West Virginia ............ 4,152 100 3,880 93 *272 *7 4,346 100 3,880 89 466 11

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,042 100 18,323 83 3,719 17 19,360 100 18,323 95 *1,037 *5

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 100 1,782 71 715 29 1,901 100 1,782 94 119 6

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

110 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 64. Expenditures for Fishing by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending

took place

Total

expenditures

Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment

Expenditures for

other items1

Total trip

related

Food and

lodging

TransportationOther

trip costs

Total

equipment

Fishing

equipment

Auxiliary

equipment

Special

equipment

United States, total..... 35,632,257 14,656,000 5,880,997 3,515,756 5,259,247 16,963,253 4,617,612 721,049 11,624,802 4,012,733

Alabama ................ 723,467 358,210 114,227 68,725 175,258 286,455 104,179 9,010 173,266 78,802

Alaska.................. 537,355 424,182 154,886 118,875 150,421 92,541 36,732 10,280 45,529 20,632

Arizona ................. 336,293 142,209 68,764 39,871 33,574 181,524 48,655 7,283 *125,585 12,560

Arkansas................ 445,778 183,719 72,392 58,224 53,102 207,957 66,560 *5,624 *135,773 54,102

California ............... 2,029,581 1,129,693 445,790 232,308 451,595 807,327 459,202 52,981 295,144 92,562

Colorado ................ 645,891 305,716 157,182 102,845 45,689 297,232 75,412 22,147 199,673 42,943

Connecticut.............. 224,139 100,561 28,724 18,252 53,585 103,914 44,722 6,187 *53,006 19,663

Delaware................ 69,956 30,603 9,869 7,587 13,148 32,750 20,888 *1,767 *10,095 6,603

Florida ................. 4,083,409 2,091,312 765,284 393,668 932,360 1,733,364 509,158 68,053 1,156,154 258,733

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543,504 246,467 105,637 70,811 70,020 261,797 105,372 16,693 *139,732 35,240

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,002 66,718 20,715 16,021 29,982 39,552 22,539 3,941 *13,072 732

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,872 116,222 53,463 40,458 22,301 121,498 35,863 22,785 *62,850 73,152

Illinois.................. 598,376 206,285 74,076 72,541 59,668 346,554 118,636 19,412 *208,505 45,538

Indiana ................. 518,863 152,757 62,989 36,352 53,416 347,407 105,914 *7,638 *233,855 18,699

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335,878 105,275 35,622 36,607 33,047 219,005 42,520 12,200 *164,285 11,598

Kansas ................. 192,629 80,948 32,112 25,650 23,186 101,043 29,733 4,268 *67,042 10,638

Kentucky ............... 544,660 221,393 94,734 47,715 78,944 300,732 56,851 *3,944 *239,937 22,535

Louisiana ............... 703,373 398,751 138,825 83,153 176,773 272,126 91,912 7,955 172,259 32,497

Maine .................. 250,939 95,538 53,579 20,988 20,971 135,524 24,194 16,254 *95,076 19,877

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480,185 245,627 78,477 36,373 130,777 218,996 56,404 9,907 *152,685 15,562

Massachusetts............ 464,991 217,395 50,211 30,404 136,780 235,942 77,522 10,728 *147,692 11,653

Michigan................ 838,558 518,553 238,149 131,825 148,578 263,452 178,042 *8,860 *76,550 56,553

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284,522 794,526 385,949 228,246 180,331 407,372 204,262 20,793 *182,317 82,625

Mississippi .............. 210,697 118,202 44,585 28,588 45,029 82,648 52,549 4,996 *25,103 9,847

Missouri ................ 745,514 318,072 165,923 88,755 63,394 395,549 109,632 18,254 *267,662 31,894

Montana ................ 292,050 148,824 79,341 51,121 18,362 109,107 25,251 *3,250 *80,606 34,119

Nebraska................ 146,359 60,283 26,471 18,401 15,411 76,671 49,070 10,562 *17,039 9,404

Nevada ................. 216,721 76,535 25,257 39,679 11,599 119,707 18,059 8,795 *92,853 20,479

New Hampshire .......... 164,634 76,055 26,179 12,749 37,128 71,688 28,333 5,841 *37,514 16,891

New Jersey .............. 699,826 374,144 96,585 50,654 226,905 303,972 104,988 11,786 *187,198 21,710

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,476 90,653 35,924 29,764 24,965 77,830 32,274 6,738 *38,818 7,993

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073,019 380,766 146,930 69,049 164,786 517,027 186,364 27,120 *303,543 175,226

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118,028 452,303 233,813 85,480 133,010 567,323 102,219 7,678 *457,426 98,401

North Dakota ............ 159,023 57,703 23,808 22,360 11,535 96,413 21,784 1,232 *73,396 4,908

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761,619 380,887 127,414 83,735 169,738 341,481 163,594 34,554 *143,332 39,252

Oklahoma ............... 476,019 212,235 84,111 58,409 69,716 250,218 67,598 *36,099 *146,521 13,565

Oregon ................. 601,780 258,963 99,880 84,839 74,244 245,469 76,026 11,343 158,100 97,348

Pennsylvania............. 580,351 282,752 118,171 78,031 86,549 237,023 112,677 20,293 *104,053 60,576

Rhode Island ............ 105,649 70,198 18,433 7,990 43,775 33,132 11,366 *668 *21,098 2,320

South Carolina ........... 558,731 317,966 126,983 64,041 126,942 227,616 79,262 32,885 *115,469 13,149

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,480 86,439 40,290 29,003 17,146 85,987 16,091 2,190 ... 10,054

Tennessee ............... 480,221 264,985 113,584 50,996 100,406 171,789 114,019 14,842 *42,928 43,447

Texas................... 1,950,902 871,368 340,768 229,359 301,241 698,590 245,128 30,870 *422,592 380,944

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392,617 172,423 78,990 52,676 40,756 196,430 59,771 13,973 122,686 23,764

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,536 59,262 26,980 22,656 9,627 26,500 17,937 *1,752 ... 6,773

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517,802 277,484 105,317 63,412 108,756 221,944 101,601 *10,575 *109,769 18,373

Washington.............. 853,761 342,369 119,783 98,846 123,741 468,641 116,991 26,329 325,321 42,751

West Virginia ............ 102,281 64,673 29,302 18,471 16,900 30,154 23,106 *4,546 ... 7,454

Wisconsin ............... 1,005,149 512,347 260,820 125,247 126,279 360,919 149,368 17,988 193,563 131,883

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211,530 95,178 43,563 33,824 17,791 71,049 10,988 *2,386 *57,676 45,303

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues and contributions, land leasing and ownership, and licenses, stamps, tags, and permits.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 111
Table 65. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by Participant’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Participant’s state

of residence

Population

Total participants Nonresidential Residential

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total..... 212,298 66,105 31 21,823 10 62,928 30

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,427 965 28 280 8 925 27

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 241 53 118 26 221 49

Arizona ................. 3,700 1,107 30 329 9 1,063 29

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999 778 39 190 10 762 38

California ............... 25,982 5,491 21 2,191 8 4,853 19

Colorado ................ 3,215 1,213 38 531 17 1,127 35

Connecticut.............. 2,536 883 35 248 10 859 34

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 170 28 43 7 168 28

Florida ................. 12,171 2,856 23 1,279 11 2,635 22

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,096 1,326 22 302 5 1,305 21

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 126 14 50 5 120 13

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 388 40 214 22 333 34

Illinois.................. 9,244 2,492 27 683 7 2,379 26

Indiana ................. 4,558 1,786 39 484 11 1,727 38

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 983 45 354 16 939 43

Kansas ................. 2,017 735 36 286 14 718 36

Kentucky ............... 3,121 1,264 40 329 11 1,234 40

Louisiana ............... 3,306 840 25 250 8 802 24

Maine .................. 1,005 520 52 174 17 501 50

Maryland ............... 4,078 1,311 32 413 10 1,261 31

Massachusetts............ 4,837 1,493 31 427 9 1,443 30

Michigan................ 7,587 2,424 32 747 10 2,361 31

Minnesota ............... 3,688 1,993 54 562 15 1,932 52

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 579 27 103 5 576 27

Missouri ................ 4,206 1,612 38 581 14 1,514 36

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 362 52 195 28 341 49

Nebraska................ 1,266 498 39 150 12 469 37

Nevada ................. 1,454 334 23 128 9 300 21

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 954 450 47 139 15 445 47

New Jersey .............. 6,300 1,694 27 564 9 1,640 26

New Mexico............. 1,337 471 35 205 15 449 34

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,201 3,524 25 1,112 8 3,442 24

North Carolina ........... 5,918 1,884 32 367 6 1,815 31

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 135 28 48 10 125 26

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 2,768 32 887 10 2,653 31

Oklahoma ............... 2,587 1,042 40 340 13 997 39

Oregon ................. 2,630 1,286 49 561 21 1,204 46

Pennsylvania............. 9,303 3,522 38 1,173 13 3,371 36

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 242 32 58 8 237 31

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080 1,079 35 282 9 1,045 34

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 251 45 77 14 241 43

Tennessee ............... 4,317 1,706 40 375 9 1,655 38

Texas................... 15,445 3,088 20 1,043 7 2,930 19

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 572 37 323 21 515 33

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 287 60 109 23 280 58

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,471 2,168 40 581 11 2,105 38

Washington.............. 4,516 2,234 49 874 19 2,105 47

West Virginia ............ 1,447 517 36 166 11 492 34

Wisconsin ............... 4,059 2,159 53 769 19 2,076 51

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 172 46 95 25 154 41

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

112 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 66. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where activity

took place

Total participants Nonresidential Residential

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total........ 66,105 100 21,823 33 62,928 95

Alabama ................... 1,016 100 276 27 925 91

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 100 292 69 221 53

Arizona .................... 1,465 100 638 44 1,063 73

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 100 211 25 762 90

California .................. 5,720 100 2,270 40 4,853 85

Colorado ................... 1,552 100 838 54 1,127 73

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965 100 279 29 859 89

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 100 96 41 168 72

Florida .................... 3,240 100 1,503 46 2,635 81

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,494 100 411 28 1,305 87

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 100 141 64 120 54

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 100 451 70 333 52

Illinois..................... 2,621 100 638 24 2,379 91

Indiana .................... 1,866 100 474 25 1,727 93

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,028 100 310 30 939 91

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 100 297 37 718 89

Kentucky .................. 1,362 100 385 28 1,234 91

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 100 314 34 802 86

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 100 419 54 501 64

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,524 100 533 35 1,261 83

Massachusetts............... 1,686 100 542 32 1,443 86

Michigan................... 2,666 100 884 33 2,361 89

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,155 100 634 29 1,932 90

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 100 131 21 576 91

Missouri ................... 1,826 100 738 40 1,514 83

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 100 511 74 341 50

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 100 186 33 469 83

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 100 309 57 300 55

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 100 425 56 445 58

New Jersey ................. 1,895 100 688 36 1,640 87

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 100 387 58 449 67

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,887 100 1,330 34 3,442 89

North Carolina .............. 2,168 100 588 27 1,815 84

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 100 93 49 125 66

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,897 100 898 31 2,653 92

Oklahoma .................. 1,131 100 403 36 997 88

Oregon .................... 1,680 100 910 54 1,204 72

Pennsylvania................ 3,794 100 1,279 34 3,371 89

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 100 98 33 237 80

South Carolina .............. 1,186 100 331 28 1,045 88

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 100 181 51 241 67

Tennessee .................. 2,084 100 683 33 1,655 79

Texas...................... 3,240 100 1,002 31 2,930 90

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 100 530 66 515 64

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 100 307 62 280 56

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460 100 772 31 2,105 86

Washington................. 2,496 100 1,065 43 2,105 84

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 100 219 36 492 81

Wisconsin .................. 2,442 100 1,000 41 2,076 85

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 100 416 84 154 31

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 113
Table 67. Participants in Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Activity Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State where activity

took place

Total participants State residents State nonresidents

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 21,823 100 18,041 83 6,570 30

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 100 204 74 *72 *26

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 100 106 36 185 64

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 100 271 42 367 58

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 100 *144 *68 *67 *32

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,270 100 1,885 83 384 17

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 100 477 57 362 43

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 100 189 68 *90 *32

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 100 31 33 *64 *67

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503 100 1,013 67 490 33

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 100 234 57 *178 *43

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 100 45 32 *96 *68

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 100 188 42 264 58

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 100 462 72 176 28

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 100 395 83 *80 *17

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 100 248 80 *63 *20

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 100 221 74 *76 *26

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 100 282 73 *102 *27

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 100 203 65 *111 *35

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 100 159 38 260 62

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 100 299 56 234 44

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 542 100 337 62 205 38

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 100 634 72 250 28

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 100 463 73 171 27

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 100 *77 *58 ... ...

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 100 519 70 219 30

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 100 187 36 325 64

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 100 115 62 *71 *38

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 100 86 28 *222 *72

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 425 100 105 25 320 75

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 100 462 67 225 33

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 100 185 48 202 52

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330 100 938 71 392 29

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 588 100 288 49 300 51

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 100 38 40 ... ...

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 100 753 84 *145 *16

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 100 298 74 *105 *26

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 100 509 56 401 44

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,279 100 986 77 293 23

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 100 40 41 *58 *59

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 331 100 204 61 *128 *39

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 100 71 39 110 61

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 100 301 44 382 56

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002 100 828 83 174 17

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 100 286 54 244 46

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 100 94 30 214 70

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772 100 459 59 313 41

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065 100 779 73 286 27

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 100 114 52 *105 *48

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 100 717 72 283 28

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 100 89 21 327 79

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

114 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Table 68. Days of Nonresidential Wildlife-Watching Activity by State Where Activity Took Place

and Participant’s State of Residence: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

State

Days of activity in state Days of activity by state residents

Total days,

residents and

nonresidents

Days by

residents

Days by

nonresidents

Total days, in state

of residence and

other states

Days in state

of residence

Days in other

states

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

United States, total. . . . . 372,006 100 306,170 82 65,837 18 372,006 100 306,170 82 65,837 18

Alabama ................ 3,643 100 3,350 92 *294 *8 4,052 100 3,350 83 *702 *17

Alaska.................. 3,892 100 1,654 43 2,237 57 1,799 100 1,654 92 *144 *8

Arizona ................. 4,584 100 2,464 54 2,120 46 3,693 100 2,464 67 1,229 33

Arkansas................ 1,562 100 *1,229 *79 *333 *21 1,551 100 *1,229 *79 ... ...

California ............... 23,807 100 21,661 91 2,145 9 26,556 100 21,661 82 4,895 18

Colorado ................ 9,510 100 5,874 62 3,636 38 6,613 100 5,874 89 *739 *11

Connecticut.............. 7,241 100 6,227 86 *1,014 *14 7,091 100 6,227 88 864 12

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 100 417 58 *304 *42 668 100 417 62 251 38

Florida ................. 21,388 100 17,725 83 3,663 17 21,705 100 17,725 82 *3,980 *18

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,868 100 4,219 87 *648 *13 5,211 100 4,219 81 *991 *19

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,718 100 1,072 62 *646 *38 1,157 100 1,072 93 *85 *7

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,610 100 2,063 57 1,547 43 2,686 100 2,063 77 *623 *23

Illinois.................. 7,656 100 6,971 91 685 9 9,378 100 6,971 74 2,407 26

Indiana ................. 11,999 100 11,386 95 *613 *5 12,986 100 11,386 88 *1,600 *12

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,393 100 6,135 96 *258 *4 7,135 100 6,135 86 1,000 14

Kansas ................. 2,416 100 1,667 69 *749 *31 2,783 100 1,667 60 1,116 40

Kentucky ............... 5,689 100 5,287 93 *402 *7 7,108 100 5,287 74 *1,821 *26

Louisiana ............... 2,432 100 2,167 89 *265 *11 2,399 100 2,167 90 ... ...

Maine .................. 4,981 100 3,251 65 1,730 35 3,452 100 3,251 94 *201 *6

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 100 5,137 75 1,672 25 6,570 100 5,137 78 1,434 22

Massachusetts............ 10,198 100 9,094 89 1,103 11 10,796 100 9,094 84 1,701 16

Michigan................ 13,999 100 12,285 88 1,714 12 14,180 100 12,285 87 *1,895 *13

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,234 100 12,354 93 880 7 13,489 100 12,354 92 *1,135 *8

Mississippi .............. 3,288 100 *3,121 *95 ... ... 3,486 100 *3,121 *90 *365 *10

Missouri ................ 12,448 100 10,937 88 1,510 12 12,611 100 10,937 87 *1,673 *13

Montana ................ 4,612 100 2,812 61 1,799 39 3,074 100 2,812 91 *262 *9

Nebraska................ 2,240 100 1,538 69 *702 *31 1,968 100 1,538 78 *430 *22

Nevada ................. 1,567 100 673 43 *894 *57 1,161 100 673 58 488 42

New Hampshire .......... 3,178 100 1,232 39 1,946 61 1,810 100 1,232 68 578 32

New Jersey .............. 9,873 100 8,988 91 886 9 12,560 100 8,988 72 3,572 28

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,381 100 5,209 82 1,173 18 5,474 100 5,209 95 *266 *5

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,583 100 18,836 87 2,748 13 22,099 100 18,836 85 *3,263 *15

North Carolina ........... 5,947 100 4,551 77 1,396 23 5,548 100 4,551 82 *997 *18

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 100 396 76 ... ... 469 100 396 85 *72 *15

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,814 100 18,995 96 *819 *4 21,366 100 18,995 89 2,371 11

Oklahoma ............... 4,058 100 3,680 91 *378 *9 3,912 100 3,680 94 ... ...

Oregon ................. 8,517 100 6,458 76 2,059 24 7,571 100 6,458 85 1,113 15

Pennsylvania............. 18,990 100 16,534 87 2,456 13 20,066 100 16,534 82 3,532 18

Rhode Island ............ 1,414 100 773 55 *641 *45 1,003 100 773 77 *230 *23

South Carolina ........... 4,616 100 3,828 83 *788 *17 4,557 100 3,828 84 *729 *16

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,923 100 1,409 73 514 27 2,015 100 1,409 70 *606 *30

Tennessee ............... 6,144 100 3,138 51 3,007 49 3,706 100 3,138 85 *569 *15

Texas................... 7,711 100 6,345 82 1,366 18 12,561 100 6,345 51 *6,216 *49

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,414 100 3,199 72 1,215 28 4,007 100 3,199 80 808 20

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,717 100 1,705 46 2,012 54 2,143 100 1,705 80 *439 *20

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,906 100 7,541 85 1,365 15 10,212 100 7,541 74 2,671 26

Washington.............. 11,256 100 9,647 86 1,609 14 12,763 100 9,647 76 3,115 24

West Virginia ............ 2,619 100 2,195 84 *424 *16 2,508 100 2,195 88 *313 *12

Wisconsin ............... 16,499 100 13,573 82 2,926 18 15,028 100 13,573 90 *1,455 *10

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,924 100 1,724 44 2,200 56 1,791 100 1,724 96 *67 *4

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of nonresponse. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in

the statistical accuracy appendix.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 115
Table 69. Expenditures for Wildlife-Watching Activities by State Where Spending Took Place: 2001

(Population 16 years old and older. Expenditures in thousands of dollars)

State where spending

took place Total

expenditures

Trip-related expenditures Expenditures for equipment

Expenditures for

other items1

Total trip

related

Food and

lodging

TransportationOther

trip costs

Total

equipment

Wildlifewatching

equipment

Auxiliary

equipment

Special

equipment

United States, total. . . . . 38,414,488 8,162,439 4,818,843 2,595,542 748,054 23,539,593 7,353,977 716,900 15,468,716 6,712,457

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626,400 79,531 32,846 36,772 *9,913 407,636 119,232 *3,216 *285,187 139,233

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498,865 386,233 174,348 157,007 54,878 53,337 26,563 *2,749 ... 59,295

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820,718 304,677 193,511 98,217 12,950 484,530 128,202 20,470 *335,858 31,511

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,990 20,044 9,142 9,540 *1,361 204,553 80,980 *22,709 ... 19,393

California ............... 2,580,875 880,805 531,229 300,502 49,074 1,239,195 561,514 51,816 ... 460,875

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,402 416,734 278,931 120,020 17,784 172,829 136,154 19,969 ... 34,839

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,964 38,010 25,911 10,255 *1,844 142,817 113,152 *6,533 ... 45,137

Delaware................ 42,338 14,287 9,381 3,191 *1,715 21,083 19,677 *1,405 ... 6,968

Florida ................. 1,575,481 675,384 399,998 171,131 104,255 838,041 275,540 *29,814 ... 62,056

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535,771 123,264 76,011 32,963 14,290 364,702 132,760 *14,086 ... 47,805

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,619 69,057 39,786 24,537 4,735 52,482 15,261 *1,397 ... 10,080

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,470 96,807 52,140 40,346 4,321 117,848 42,017 *5,499 ... 12,815

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596,241 85,618 50,906 27,711 *7,000 472,585 243,767 *12,988 ... 38,038

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641,239 118,525 70,951 41,991 5,582 340,081 221,295 *10,665 ... 182,633

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,391 22,067 11,104 9,740 *1,223 143,471 109,448 ... ... 22,854

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,663 32,175 19,827 11,388 *960 71,949 68,719 ... ... 24,539

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601,550 49,776 26,723 22,344 *710 328,796 107,864 *9,617 ... 222,977

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,420 55,424 28,741 20,502 *6,181 97,339 70,326 *3,918 ... 15,657

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513,566 147,530 78,551 36,659 32,319 139,786 55,437 *7,023 ... 226,251

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,687 129,692 94,261 30,482 4,949 450,596 150,630 10,914 ... 282,399

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 469,333 162,433 71,543 46,264 44,625 252,097 153,852 *11,025 ... 54,803

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692,757 281,978 189,425 55,156 37,397 354,649 296,279 ... ... 56,130

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531,057 115,640 66,717 40,070 8,853 370,482 204,449 *4,859 ... 44,935

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,477 36,109 *20,572 *12,285 *3,252 243,647 53,082 ... ... 23,721

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,756 156,986 93,056 58,100 5,830 275,687 166,191 *8,304 ... 16,083

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350,335 207,496 118,394 75,571 13,531 115,443 53,823 *3,934 ... 27,396

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,747 18,413 9,115 8,860 *439 103,140 42,924 *4,788 ... 8,194

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,145 70,164 31,280 36,093 2,790 173,445 36,312 *7,035 ... 6,537

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . 342,940 177,305 132,641 32,523 12,140 148,353 62,514 5,660 ... 17,282

New Jersey .............. 1,243,844 142,042 94,534 32,274 15,234 1,029,512 180,472 *8,926 ... 72,290

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . 558,290 151,015 92,938 52,514 5,564 297,857 126,379 39,842 ... 109,417

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,407,193 248,174 124,398 63,911 59,865 802,663 504,293 *10,374 ... 356,356

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 826,882 158,523 107,682 45,662 *5,179 574,561 216,033 *9,487 ... 93,798

North Dakota ............ 27,100 9,361 6,145 2,870 *346 15,163 8,245 ... ... 2,576

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623,051 129,788 79,646 41,361 *8,782 453,354 286,339 *38,204 ... 39,909

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,248 69,211 30,297 33,167 *5,747 111,457 104,186 *3,798 ... 12,580

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769,407 304,990 182,183 108,457 14,350 340,293 136,998 29,672 *173,624 124,123

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . 961,799 171,658 101,996 59,749 9,913 729,868 359,445 *44,851 *325,572 60,274

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 169,635 66,639 17,518 9,908 *39,213 96,265 13,760 ... ... 6,731

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . 256,372 89,045 55,833 25,075 *8,137 149,451 113,069 *6,463 ... 17,876

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,958 53,556 28,227 19,777 5,552 23,568 15,305 *2,417 ... 14,834

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448,543 206,729 148,601 55,118 *3,009 212,452 165,441 *5,730 ... 29,363

Texas................... 1,282,943 228,780 146,525 61,227 *21,028 944,854 314,319 *61,297 ... 109,309

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555,710 175,861 103,573 58,169 14,118 277,989 71,662 18,044 *188,282 101,861

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,715 63,243 36,855 23,632 2,756 57,660 37,115 *2,904 ... 82,811

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788,644 172,351 106,629 58,065 7,657 370,729 267,653 23,147 ... 245,564

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979,730 282,492 158,195 102,233 22,064 594,631 277,239 62,080 *255,312 102,607

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,511 78,860 28,073 46,270 *4,516 80,467 63,791 *3,766 ... 4,184

Wisconsin ............... 1,311,619 250,760 151,554 77,512 21,694 837,020 251,856 24,380 *560,784 223,838

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,931 135,626 79,584 47,630 8,412 111,663 24,619 *2,383 ... 17,642

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

1 Includes expenditures for magazine subscriptions, membership dues, and contributions.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix.

116 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Appendix A
Appendix A A-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Annual household income—Total 2001

income of household members before

taxes and other deductions. 

Auxiliary equipment—Equipment

owned primarily for wildlife-associated

recreation. These include for the

sportspersons section—camping bags,

packs, duffel bags and tents, binoculars,

field glasses, telescopes, special fishing

and hunting clothing, foul weather gear,

boots, waders, and processing and

taxidermy costs; and for the wildlifewatching section—tents, tarps, frame

packs, backpacking equipment and other

camping equipment, day packs, carrying

case, and special clothing.

Big game—Antelope, bear, deer, elk,

moose, wild turkey, and similar large

animals which are hunted.

Birding life list—A tally of bird species

seen during a birder’s lifetime.

Census Divisions

East North Central

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Ohio

Wisconsin

East South Central

Alabama

Kentucky

Mississippi

Tennessee

Middle Atlantic

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Mountain

Arizona

Colorado

Idaho

Montana

Nevada

New Mexico

Utah

Wyoming

New England

Connecticut

Maine

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Vermont

Pacific

Alaska

California

Hawaii

Oregon

Washington

South Atlantic

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Maryland

North Carolina

South Carolina

Virginia

West Virginia

West North Central

Kansas

Iowa

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska

North Dakota

South Dakota

West South Central

Arkansas

Louisiana

Oklahoma

Texas 

Day—Any part of a day spent in a given

activity. For example, if someone hunted

2 hours 1 day and 3 hours another day, it

would be recorded as 2 days of hunting. If

someone hunted 2 hours in the morning

and 3 hours in the evening of the same

day, it would be considered 1 day of

hunting. 

Education—The highest completed

grade of school or year of college. 

Expenditures—Money spent in 2001 for

wildlife-related recreation trips in the

United States and wildlife-related

recreational equipment purchased in the

United States. Expenditures include both

money spent by participants for

themselves and the value of gifts they

received. 

Federal land—Public land owned by the

federal government such as National

Forests and National Wildlife Refuges.

Fishing—The sport of catching or

attempting to catch fish with a hook,

line, bow and arrow, or spear; it also

includes catching or gathering shellfish

(clams, crabs, etc.); and the

noncommercial seining or netting of fish,

unless the fish are for use as bait. For

example, seining for smelt is fishing, but

seining for bait minnows is not included

as fishing.

Fishing equipment—Items owned

primarily for fishing. These items are

listed in Table 13.

Freshwater—Reservoirs, lakes, ponds,

and the nontidal portions of rivers and

streams.

Great Lakes fishing—Fishing in Lakes

Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair,

Erie, and Ontario, their connecting

waters such as the St. Marys River

system, Detroit River, St. Clair River,

and the Niagara River, and the St.

Lawrence River south of the bridge at

Cornwall, New York. Great Lakes

fishing includes fishing in tributaries of

the Great Lakes for smelt, steelhead, and

salmon.

Appendix A. 

Definitions
Home—The starting point of a wildliferelated recreational trip. It may be a

permanent residence or a temporary or

seasonal residence such as a cabin.

Hunting—The sport of shooting or

attempting to shoot wildlife with

firearms or archery equipment.

Hunting equipment—Items owned

primarily for hunting. These items are

listed in Table 18.

Local land—Public land owned by local

government such as county parks or

municipal watersheds.

Maintain natural areas—To set aside

one-quarter acre or more of natural

environment such as wood lots or open

fields for the primary purpose of

benefiting wildlife.

Maintain plantings—To introduce or

encourage the growth of food and cover

plants for the primary purpose of

benefiting wildlife.

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)—

Except in the New England States, an

MSA is a county or group of contiguous

counties containing at least one city of

50,000 or more inhabitants or twin cities

(i.e., cities with contiguous boundaries

and constituting, for general social and

economic purposes, a single community)

with a combined population of at least

50,000. Also included in an MSA are

contiguous counties that are socially and

economically integrated with the central

city. In the New England States, an MSA

consists of towns and cities instead of

counties. Each MSA must include at

least one central city.

Migratory birds—Birds that regularly

migrate from one region or climate to

another. The survey focuses on migratory

birds which may be hunted, including

bandtailed pigeons, coots, ducks, doves,

gallinules, geese, rails, and woodcocks.

Multiple responses—The term used to

reflect the fact that individuals or their

characteristics fall into more than one

reporting category. An example of a big

game hunter who hunted for deer and elk

demonstrates the effect of multiple

responses. In this case, adding the

number of deer hunters (1) and elk

hunters (1) would over state the number

of big game hunters (1) because deer and

elk hunters are not mutually exclusive

categories. In contrast, total participants

is the sum of male and female

participants, because male and female

are mutually exclusive categories.

Nonresidential activity (away from

home)—Trips or outings at least 1 mile

from home for the primary purpose of

observing, photographing, or feeding

wildlife. Trips to zoos, circuses,

aquariums, and museums are not

included.

Nonresidents—Individuals who do not

live in the state being reported. For

example, a person living in Texas who

watches whales in California is a

nonresident participant in California.

Nonresponse—Nonresponse is a term

used to reflect the fact that some survey

respondents provide incomplete sets of

information. For example, a survey

respondent may have been unable to

identify the primary type of hunting for

which a gun was bought. Hunting

expenditures will reflect the gun

purchase, but it will not appear as

spending for big game or any other type

of hunting. Nonresponses result in

reported totals that are greater than the

sum of their parts.

Observe—To take special interest in or

try to identify birds, fish, or other

wildlife.

Other animals—Coyotes, crows, foxes,

groundhogs, prairie dogs, raccoons, and

similar animals that are often regarded as

varmints or pests. Other animals may be

classified as unprotected or nongame

animals by the state in which they are

hunted.

Participants—Individuals who engaged

in fishing, hunting, or a wildlifewatching activity.

Primary purpose—The principal

motivation for an activity, trip, or

expenditure.

Public areas—Public lands owned by

local, state, or federal governments.

Public land—Land that is owned by the

local, state, or federal government.

Private land—Land that is owned by a

private individual, group of individuals,

or nongovernmental organization.

Residential activity (around the

home)—Activity within 1 mile of home

with a primary purpose: (1) closely

observing or trying to identify birds or

other wildlife, (2) photographing

wildlife, (3) feeding birds or other

wildlife, (4) maintaining natural areas of

at least one-quarter acre primarily for the

benefit to wildlife, (5) maintaining

plantings (shrubs, agricultural crops,

etc.) primarily for the benefit of wildlife,

or (6) visiting public parks within 1 mile

of home to observe, photograph, or feed

wildlife.

Residents—Individuals who lived in the

state being reported. For example,

persons who live in California and watch

whales in California are resident

participants in California.

Rural—Respondent lived in a rural

nonfarm, or rural farm area, as

determined by Census.

Saltwater—Oceans, tidal bays and

sounds, and the tidal portions of rivers

and streams.

Screening interviews—The first survey

contact with a household. Screening

interviews with a household

representative in each household to

identify respondents who are eligible for

indepth interviews. Screening interviews

gather data about the individuals in the

households, such as their age and sex.

Screening interviews are discussed in the

Survey Background and Method section

of this report.

Small game—Grouse, partridge,

pheasants, quail, rabbits, squirrels, and

similar small animals and birds for

which many states have small game

seasons and bag limits.

Special equipment—Items of equipment

that are owned primarily for wildliferelated recreation. These include for the

sportsmen section bass boat and other

types of motor boat; canoe and other

types of nonmotor boat; boat motor, boat

trailer/hitch, and other boat accessories;

pickup, camper, van, travel or tent trailer,

motor home, house trailer, RV, cabin;

and trail bike, dune buggy, 4x4 vehicle,

four-wheeler, and snowmobile. For the

wildlife-watching section these include

off-the-road vehicles such as

snowmobiles, four-wheeler, 4x4 vehicle,

trail bike, dune buggy, travel or tent

trailer, motor home, pickup, camper, van,

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix A A-3
Appendix A A-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

house trailer, RV boat and boat

accessories, and cabin.

Spenders—Individuals who reported an

expenditure value for fishing, hunting, or

wildlife-watching activities or

equipment. 

Sportspersons—Individuals who

engaged in fishing, hunting, or both.

State land—Public land owned by a

state such as state parks or state wildlife

management areas.

Trip—An outing involving fishing,

hunting, or wildlife-watching activities.

In the context of this survey, a trip may

begin from an individual’s principal

residence or from another place, such as

a vacation home or the home of a

relative. A trip may last an hour, a day, or

many days.

Type of fishing—Three types of fishing

are reported: fishing in (1) freshwater

except Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and

(3) saltwater.

Type of hunting—Four types of hunting

are reported: hunting for (1) big game,

(2) small game, (3) migratory bird, and

(4) other animals.

Urban—Respondent lived in an urban

area, as determined by the U.S. Census

Bureau.

Wildlife—Animals such as birds, fish,

insects, mammals, amphibians, and

reptiles that are living in natural or wild

environments. Wildlife does not include

animals living in aquariums, zoos, and

other artificial surroundings or domestic

animals such as farm animals or pets.

Wildlife-associated recreation—

Recreational fishing, hunting, or wildlife

watching.

Wildlife-watching activity—An activity

engaged in primarily for the purpose of

feeding, photographing, or observing fish

or other wildlife. In previous years, this

was termed nonconsumptive activity.

(See also residential and nonresidential

activities.)

Wildlife-watching equipment—Items

owned primarily for observing,

photographing, or feeding wildlife.

These items are listed in Table 43. 
Appendix B
Appendix B B-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

The 2001 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation (FHWAR) was designed to

continue the data collection of the 1955

to 1996 Surveys. While complete

comparability between any two surveys

cannot be achieved, this Appendix

compares major findings of all the

surveys and presents trends for the major

categories of wildlife-related recreation

where feasible. Differences among the

Surveys are discussed in the following

two sections under the headings of the

year in which each survey was

conducted.

The principal characteristics of the 1955

to 2001 Surveys are summarized in Table

B-1. The table shows the scope and

design of all 10 surveys.

This Appendix provides trend

information in two sections (1991 to

2001 and 1955 to 1985). Beginning with

1991, a significant change was made in

the recall period used in the detailed

phase of the FHWAR Surveys. The

recall period in 1991 was shortened from

12 months to 4 months to improve the

accuracy of the data collected. As a

result of that change in methodology, the

surveys conducted since 1991 cannot be

compared with those conducted earlier.

The 1955 to 1985 Surveys required

respondents to recall their recreation

activities for the survey year at the

beginning of the following year. The

1991 Survey went back to the

respondents three times during the

survey year to get their activity

information. This change in the recall

period was due to a study of the effect of

the respondent recall length on survey

estimates. The recall study found

significant differences in FHWAR survey

results using annual recall periods and

shorter recall periods. Longer recall

periods lead to higher estimates. Even

when everything else was held constant,

such as questionnaire content and sample

design, increasing the respondent’s recall

period resulted in significantly higher

estimates for the same phenomenon.

The recall study also found that the

extent of recall bias varied for different

types of fishing and hunting participation

and expenditures. For example, annual

recall respondents gave an estimate of

average annual days of saltwater fishing

that was 46 percent higher than the

trimester recall estimate, while the

annual recall estimate of average annual

saltwater fishing trips was 30 percent

higher than the trimester recall estimate.

This is evidence against a single

“correction factor” for all survey

estimates when calculating trends from

surveys using different recall periods.

Applying a correction factor to estimates

of FHWAR surveys with different recall

periods is not feasible.

Reliable trends analysis needs to use data

compiled from surveys in which the

important elements, such as the sample

design and recall period, are not

significantly different.

Section I. Trends for 1991 to 2001

This trends section covers the period

from 1991 to 2001. The 1991, 1996, and

2001 Surveys used similar

methodologies, therefore all published

information for the three surveys is

directly comparable. 

The most significant design differences

in the three surveys are as follows:

1. The 1991 Survey data was collected

by interviewers filling out paper

questionnaires. The data entries

were keyed in a separate operation

after the interview. The 1996 and

2001 survey data were collected by

the use of computer-assisted

interviews. The questionnaires were

programmed into computers, and the

interviewer keyed in the responses at

the time of the interview.

2. The 1991 Survey screening phase

was conducted in January and

February of 1991, when the sample

households were contacted and a

household respondent was interviewed on behalf of the entire

household. The 1991 screening

interview consisted primarily of

sociodemographic questions and

wildlife-related recreation questions

concerning activity in the year 1990

and intentions for the year 1991. The

screening interviews for the 1996

and 2001 Surveys were conducted

April through June of their survey

years in conjunction with the first

wave of the detailed interviews. The

screening interviews consisted

primarily of sociodemographic

questions and wildlife-related

recreation questions concerning

activity in the previous year (1995

or 2000) and intentions for the

survey year (1996 or 2001).

3. In the 1991 Survey, an attempt was

made to contact every sample person

in all three detailed interview waves.

In 1996 and 2001, respondents who

were interviewed in the first detailed

interview wave were not contacted

again until the third wave. Also, all

interviews in the second wave were

conducted by telephone. In-person

interviews were only conducted in

the first and third wave.

Important instrument differences in the

1991, 1996, and 2001 Surveys

1. The 1991 Survey collected

information on all wildlife-related

recreation purchases made by

participants without reference to

where the purchase was made. The

1996 and 2001 Surveys asked in

which state the purchase was made.

2. In 1991, respondents were asked

what kind of fishing they did, i.e.,

Great Lakes, other freshwater, or

Appendix B. 

Comparability With Previous Surveys
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-3

Table B-1. Major Characteristics of Surveys: 1955 to 2001

Characteristic 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1991 1996 2001

Survey design:

Screening interview

mode and population

of interest ............ Combined

with

detailed

phase

Personal

interview,

12 years

old and

older

Personal

interview,

9 years old

and older

Mail

questionnaire,

9 years old

and older

Telephone

interview,

6 years old

and older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

6 years old

and older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

6 years old

and older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

6 years old

and older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

6 years

old and

older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

6 years

old and

older

Detailed interview

mode and population

of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . Personal

interview,

12 years

old and

older

Personal

interview,

12 years

old and

older.

Substantial

participants1

Personal

interview,

12 years

old and

older.

Substantial

partici

pants1

Personal

interview,

12 years

old and

older.

Substantial

participants2

Mail

questionnaire,

9 years old

and older

Personal

interview,

16 years

old and

older

Personal

interview,

16 years

old and

older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

16 years

old and

older.

Telephone/

personal

interview,

16 years

old and

older

Telephone/

personal

interview,

16 years

old and

older

Respondent’s recall period. 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 4 months 4-8 months 4-8 months

Sample sizes:

Screening phase

(households) .......... 20,000 18,000 16,000 24,000 106,294 116,025 102,694 102,804 44,000 52,508

Detailed phase

(individuals):

Fishing and hunting . . . 9,328 10,300 6,400 8,700 20,211 30,291 28,011 23,179 13,222 25,070

Wildlife watching3 . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 5,997 26,671 22,723 9,802 15,303

Response rates:

Screening phase ........ (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 95 percent 95 percent 93 percent 95 percent 71 percent 75 percent

Detailed phase:

Fishing and hunting . . . (NA) 93 percent (NA) (NA) 37 percent 90 percent 92 percent 95 percent 80 percent 88 percent

Wildlife watching3 . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) 95 percent 94 percent 95 percent 82 percent 90 percent

Level of reporting ........ National National National National State and

National

State and

National

State and

National

State and

National

State and

National

State and

National

Data collection agent ...... Private

contractor

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

Private

contractor

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

U.S.

Census

Bureau

(NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable; wildlife-watching (nonconsumptive) interviews were not conducted prior to 1980.

1 Spent $5.00 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year.

2 Spent $7.50 or more or participated 3 days or more during the year.

3 Termed ′′nonconsumptive′′ in 1980, 1985, and 1991 surveys.
Appendix B B-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

saltwater, and then were asked in

what states they fished. In 1996 and

2001, respondents were asked in

which states they fished and then

were asked the pertinent kind of

fishing questions. This method had

the advantage of not asking about,

for example, saltwater fishing when

they only fished in a noncoastal

state.

3. In 1991, respondents were asked

how many days they “actually”

hunted or fished for a particular type

of game or fish and then how many

days they “chiefly” hunted or fished

for the same type of game or fish

rather than another type of game or

fish. To get total days of hunting or

fishing for a particular type of game

or fish, the “actually” day response

was used, while to get the sum of all

days of hunting or fishing, the

“chiefly” days were summed. In

1996 and 2001, respondents were

asked their total days of hunting or

fishing in the country and each state,

then how many days they hunted or

fished for a particular type of game

or fish.

4. Trip-related and equipment

expenditure categories were not the

same for all Surveys. “Guide fee”

and “Pack trip or package fee” were

two separate trip-related expenditure

items in 1991, while they were

combined into one category in the

1996 and 2001 Surveys. “Boating

costs” was added to the 1996 and

2001 hunting and wildlife- watching

trip-related expenditure sections.

“Heating and cooking fuel” was

added to all of the trip-related

expenditure sections. “Spearfishing

equipment” was moved from a

separate category to the “Other” list.

“Rods” and “Reels” were two

separate categories in 1991 but were

combined in 1996 and 2001. “Lines,

hooks, sinkers, etc.” was one

category in 1991 but split into

“Lines” and “Hooks, sinkers, etc.”

in 1996 and 2001. “Food used to

feed other wildlife” was added to the

wildlife-watching equipment

section, “Boats” and “Cabins” were

added to the wildlife-watching

special equipment section, and

“Land leasing and ownership” was

added to the wildlife-watching

expenditures section.

5. Questions asking sportspersons if

they participated as much as they

wanted were added in 1996 and

2001. If the sportspersons said no,

they were asked why not.

6. The 1991 Survey included questions

about participation in organized

fishing competitions; anglers using

bows and arrows, nets or seines, or

spearfishing; hunters using pistols or

handguns and target shooting in

preparation for hunting. These

questions were not asked in 1996

and 2001.

7. The 1996 Survey included questions

about catch and release fishing and

persons with disabilities

participating in wildlife-related

recreation. These questions were not

part of the 1991 Survey. The 2001

Survey included questions about

persons with disabilities

participating in wildlife-related

recreation but not about catch and

release fishing. 

8. The 1991 Survey included questions

about average distance traveled to

recreation sites. These questions

were not included in the 1996 and

2001 Surveys.

9. The 1996 Survey included questions

about the last trip the respondent

took. Included were questions about

the type of trip, where the activity

took place, and the distance and

direction to the site visited. These

questions were not asked in 2001.

10. The 1991 Survey collected data on

hunting, fishing, and wildlife

watching by U.S. residents in

Canada. The 1996 and 2001 Surveys

collected data on fishing and

wildlife- watching by U.S. residents

in Canada.

Important instrument changes in the

2001 Survey

1. The 1991 and 1996 single race

category “Asian or Pacific Islander”

was changed to two categories

“Asian” and “Native Hawaiian or

Other Pacific Islander.” In 1991 and

1996, the respondent was required to

pick only one category, while in

2001 the respondent could pick any

combination of categories. The next

question stipulated that the 

respondent could only be identified

with one category and then asked

what that category was.

2. The 1991 and 1996 land leasing and

ownership sections asked the

respondent to combine the two types

of land use into one and give total

acreage and expenditures. In 2001,

the two types of land use were

explored separately.

3. The 1991 and 1996 wildlifewatching sections included

questions on birdwatching for

residential users only. The 2001

Survey added a question on

birdwatching for nonresidential

users. Also, questions on the use of

birding life lists and how many

species the respondent can identify

were added in 2001.

4. “Recreational vehicles” was added

to the sportspersons and wildlifewatchers special equipment section

in 2001. “House trailer” was added

to the sportspersons special

equipment section.

5. Total personal income was asked in

the detailed phase of the 1996

Survey. This was changed to total

household income in the 2001

Survey.

6. A question was added to the triprelated expenditures section in the

2001 Survey to ascertain how much

of the total was spent in the

respondents state of residence when

the respondent participated in

hunting, fishing, or wildlife

watching out-of-state.

7. Boating questions were added to the

2001 Surveys fishing section. The

respondent was asked about the

extent of boat usage for the three

types of fishing.

8. The 1996 Survey included questions

about the months residential wildlife

watchers fed birds. These questions

were not repeated in the 2001 Survey.

9. The contingent valuation sections of

the three types of wildlife-related

recreation were altered, using an

open-ended question format instead

of 1996’s dichotomous choice

format.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-5

Table B-2. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Sportspersons

1991 1996 2001

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

UNITED STATES

Total population .............................. 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100

Sportspersons ................................ 39,979 21 39,694 20 37,805 18

Anglers ................................... 35,578 19 35,246 17 34,067 16

Hunters ................................... 14,063 7 13,975 7 13,034 6

New England

Total population .............................. 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100

Sportspersons ................................ 1,658 16 1,673 16 1,504 14

Anglers ................................... 1,545 15 1,520 15 1,402 13

Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 4 465 5 386 4

Middle Atlantic

Total population .............................. 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100

Sportspersons ................................ 4,508 15 4,192 14 3,810 13

Anglers ................................... 3,871 13 3,627 12 3,250 11

Hunters ................................... 1,746 6 1,453 5 1,633 5

East North Central

Total population .............................. 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100

Sportspersons ................................ 7,202 22 6,912 21 6,400 19

Anglers ................................... 6,264 19 6,006 18 5,655 17

Hunters ................................... 2,789 9 2,712 8 2,421 7

West North Central

Total population .............................. 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100

Sportspersons ................................ 4,143 31 3,977 29 4,239 29

Anglers ................................... 3,647 27 3,416 25 3,836 27

Hunters ................................... 1,709 13 1,917 14 1,710 12

South Atlantic

Total population .............................. 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100

Sportspersons ................................ 6,996 21 7,282 20 6,957 18

Anglers ................................... 6,441 19 6,636 18 6,451 16

Hunters ................................... 2,083 6 2,050 6 1,875 5

East South Central

Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100

Sportspersons ................................ 2,984 26 2,907 23 2,865 22

Anglers ................................... 2,635 23 2,514 20 2,543 20

Hunters ................................... 1,279 11 1,301 10 1,164 9

West South Central

Total population .............................. 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100

Sportspersons ................................ 5,125 26 5,093 23 4,924 21

Anglers ................................... 4,592 23 4,616 21 4,375 19

Hunters ................................... 1,843 9 1,812 8 1,988 9

Mountain

Total population .............................. 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100

Sportspersons ................................ 2,488 25 2,761 23 2,757 21

Anglers ................................... 2,079 21 2,411 20 2,443 18

Hunters ................................... 1,069 11 1,061 9 1,020 8

Pacific

Total population .............................. 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100

Sportspersons ................................ 4,875 17 4,897 15 4,349 13

Anglers ................................... 4,505 15 4,501 14 4,111 12

Hunters ................................... 1,101 4 1,203 4 837 2
Appendix B B-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table B-3. Wildlife-Watching Participants by Census Division: 1991, 1996, and 2001

(U.S. population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Sportspersons

1991 1996 2001

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

UNITED STATES

Total population .............................. 189,964 100 201,472 100 212,298 100

Wildlife watching, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,111 40 62,868 31 66,105 31

Nonresidential ............................. 29,999 16 23,652 12 21,823 10

Residential ................................ 73,904 39 60,751 30 62,928 30

New England

Total population .............................. 10,180 100 10,306 100 10,575 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 4,598 45 3,710 36 3,875 37

Nonresidential ............................. 1,856 18 1,443 14 1,155 11

Residential ................................ 4,544 45 3,586 35 3,765 36

Middle Atlantic

Total population .............................. 29,216 100 29,371 100 29,806 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 10,556 36 8,185 28 8,740 29

Nonresidential ............................. 4,166 14 2,960 10 2,849 10

Residential ................................ 10,282 35 8,023 27 8,452 28

East North Central

Total population .............................. 32,188 100 33,121 100 34,082 100

Wildlife Watching, total........................ 14,511 45 11,731 35 11,631 34

Nonresidential ............................. 5,572 17 4,501 14 3,571 10

Residential ................................ 14,175 44 11,297 34 11,196 33

West North Central

Total population .............................. 13,504 100 13,875 100 14,430 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 6,924 51 5,089 37 6,206 43

Nonresidential ............................. 2,654 20 1,927 14 2,059 14

Residential ................................ 6,722 50 4,900 35 5,938 41

South Atlantic

Total population .............................. 33,682 100 36,776 100 39,286 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 13,047 39 11,252 31 11,395 29

Nonresidential ............................. 4,450 13 3,992 11 3,469 9

Residential ................................ 12,813 38 10,964 30 10,911 28

East South Central

Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,667 100 12,459 100 12,976 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 4,864 42 3,904 31 4,514 35

Nonresidential ............................. 1,592 14 1,118 9 1,086 8

Residential ................................ 4,765 41 3,795 30 4,390 34

West South Central

Total population .............................. 19,926 100 21,811 100 23,337 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 7,035 35 5,933 27 5,747 25

Nonresidential ............................. 2,459 12 2,096 10 1,822 8

Residential ................................ 6,817 34 5,773 26 5,490 24

Mountain

Total population .............................. 10,092 100 11,966 100 13,308 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 4,437 44 4,099 34 4,619 35

Nonresidential ............................. 2,215 22 1,967 16 2,019 15

Residential ................................ 4,145 41 3,855 32 4,282 32

Pacific

Total population .............................. 29,508 100 31,787 100 34,498 100

Wildlife watching, total ........................ 10,139 34 8,966 28 9,377 27

Nonresidential ............................. 5,035 17 3,648 11 3,793 11

Residential ................................ 9,641 33 8,558 27 8,504 25
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-7

Section II. Trends from 1955 to 1985

1955 to 1970 Surveys 

The 1955 to 1970 Surveys included only

substantial participants. Substantial

participants were defined as people who

participated at least 3 days and/or spent

at least $5 (the 1955-1965 Surveys) or

$7.50 (the 1970 Survey) during the

surveyed year. Under most

circumstances, the surveys may be

compared for totals, but the effects of

differences should be considered when

comparing the details of the surveys.

The 1960, 1965, and 1970 Surveys

differed from the 1955 National Survey

in classification of expenditures as outlined below.

1. Alaska and Hawaii were not

included in the 1955 Survey.

2. Expenditure categories were more

detailed in 1970 than in earlier

surveys.

3. The 1960 to 1970 classification of

some expenditures differs from the

1955 Survey in the following

respects:

a. “Boats and boat motors” shown

under “auxiliary equipment” were

included in “equipment, other” in

1955.

b. “Entrance and other privilege

fees” shown separately were

included in “trip expenditures,

other” in 1955.

c. “Snacks and refreshments” not

included with “food”

expenditures in the 1960 to 1970

reports were under “trip

expenditures, other” in 1955.

d. Expenditures on equipment,

magazines, club dues, licenses,

and similar items were classified

by the one sport activity for

which expenditures were chiefly

made. In 1955, these

expenditures were evenly divided

among all the activities in which

the sportsman took part.

e. Compared with 1955, the 1960 to

1970 Surveys reported fewer

expenditures within the “other”

category because selected items

were transferred to more

appropriate categories.

f. Expenditures on alcoholic

beverages were reported

separately in the 1970 Survey.

g. In 1970, definition of a

“substantial participant” was

changed from one who spent at

least $5.00 during the year or

spent 3 days fishing or hunting to

one who spent $7.50 for the year

or spent 3 days fishing or

hunting.

4. The number of waterfowl hunters in

the 1970 Survey is not comparable

with those reported in the 1960 and

1965 Surveys. In 1960 and 1965,

respondent sportsmen were not

included in the waterfowl hunter

total if they reported that they went

waterfowl hunting but did not take

the trip chiefly to hunt waterfowl. In

1970, all respondents who reported

that they had hunted waterfowl

during 1970, regardless of trip

purpose, were included in the total.

The number of hunters who did not

take trips chiefly to hunt waterfowl

in 1970 was 1,054,000.

1975 Survey

In contrast to previous surveys which

covered substantial participants 12 years

old and older, the 1975 Survey based all

the estimates on responses from

individuals 9 years of age and older and

did not select respondents based upon

substantial participation as defined

above. As a result, individuals who

participated fewer than 3 days or spent

less than $7.50 on hunting or fishing

were included in the estimates of participants, days of activity, and expenditures.

Categories of hunting and fishing

expenditures differed from the previous

four surveys in that only major

categories were reported. For example,

hunting equipment expenditures were not

further delineated by subcategory.

Similarly, no detail was provided within

the category of fishing equipment

expenditures. Expenses for “other” items

such as daily entrance fees, magazines,

club dues, and dogs were categorized as

“other” in the 1975 report.

In addition to the above differences, the

1975 Survey gathered data on species

sought for the favorite hunting and

fishing activity. This data replaced the

“chiefly” category where hunting or

fishing was the primary purpose of the

trip or day of activity. Data omitted in

the 1975 Survey that were included in

previous surveys include the respondents

population density of residence,

occupation, and level of education.

1980 to 1985 Surveys

The 1980 and 1985 Surveys were

similar. Each measured participants,

rather than substantial participants.

Questions were incorporated into the

1980 and 1985 Survey questionnaires to

facilitate the construction of categories

of data for comparisons with earlier

surveys. The use of “chiefly” to delimit

primary purpose appeared in the 1970

and prior surveys, and its use was

continued in the 1980 and 1985 Surveys.

The expenditure categories in 1980 and

1985 are similar to the 1970 categories

with the addition of fish finders, motor

homes, and camper trucks as separate

categories. The definition of fishing

included the use of nets or seines and

spearfishing.

As in the 1970 and 1975 Surveys, the

1980 and 1985 Surveys used a two-phase

process to gather information from

households and individuals. In the first

phase, household respondents were

asked to identify each participant 6 years

of age and older who resided in their

household. In comparison, the 1975 and

1970 Surveys screened households for

participants who were 9 years of age and

older. In the second phase, the detailed

interview phase, interviews were

conducted in person for the 1985, 1980,

and 1970 Surveys and were conducted

by mail for the 1975 Survey. Participants

were included in the detailed phase of

the Survey if they were at least 12 years

old in 1970, 9 years old in 1975, and 16

years old in 1980 and 1985. As a result,

the population of hunters and anglers

was more narrowly defined in 1980 and

1985 to include individuals 16 years old

and older. However, estimates of

sportsmen 6 years old and older, 9 years

old and older, and 12 years old and older

are available for comparison with past

surveys.
Appendix B B-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table B-4. Comparison of Major Findings of the National Surveys: 1955 to 1985

(U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Sportspersons 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Total sportspersons ...................... 24,917 30,435 32,881 36,277 45,773 46,966 49,827

Anglers............................... 20,813 25,323 28,348 33,158 41,299 41,873 45,345

Freshwater .......................... 18,420 21,677 23,962 29,363 36,599 35,782 39,122

Saltwater ........................... 4,557 6,292 8,305 9,460 13,738 11,972 12,893

Hunters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,784 14,637 13,583 14,336 17,094 16,758 16,340

Small game ......................... 9,822 12,105 10,576 11,671 14,182 12,496 11,130

Big game ........................... 4,414 6,277 6,566 7,774 11,037 11,047 12,576

Waterfowl .......................... 1,986 1,955 1,650 2,894 4,284 3,177 3,201

Expenditures1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,401,464 13,948,974 14,991,502 19,618,548 33,398,677 34,517,421 42,058,860

Anglers............................... 7,655,522 9,743,971 9,952,411 13,699,311 23,498,506 23,387,469 28,585,686

Freshwater .......................... 5,700,187 7,476,454 7,231,851 10,315,966 17,333,212 16,663,239 18,942,060

Saltwater ........................... 1,955,336 2,267,512 2,720,574 3,383,345 6,165,294 5,581,976 7,191,387

Hunters............................... 3,745,942 4,204,997 3,814,303 5,919,236 9,900,171 10,812,058 10,256,668

Small game ......................... 1,975,707 2,629,360 2,093,137 2,612,390 4,525,942 3,335,852 2,342,860

Big game ........................... 1,295,357 1,251,800 1,424,711 2,631,532 4,238,341 5,638,395 5,345,606

Waterfowl .......................... 474,878 323,840 296,452 675,315 1,135,889 766,033 783,315

Days................................... 566,870 658,308 708,578 909,876 1,459,551 1,300,983 1,415,379

Fishing ............................... 397,447 465,769 522,759 706,187 1,058,075 952,420 1,064,986

Freshwater .......................... 338,826 385,167 426,922 592,494 890,576 788,392 895,027

Saltwater ........................... 58,621 80,602 95,837 113,694 167,499 164,040 171,055

Hunting .............................. 169,423 192,539 185,819 203,689 401,476 348,543 350,393

Small game ......................... 118,630 138,192 128,448 124,041 269,653 225,793 214,544

Big game ........................... 30,834 39,190 43,845 54,536 100,600 117,406 135,447

Waterfowl .......................... 19,959 15,158 13,526 25,113 31,223 26,179 25,933

1 In 1985 dollars.

Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this table not comparable with the estimates in Tables B-2 and B-3.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix B B-9

Table B-5. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985

(U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Year

Population Sportspersons,

fished or hunted Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

UNITED STATES

1955 ......................... 118,366 100 24,917 21.1 20,813 17.6 11,784 10.0

1960 ......................... 131,226 100 30,435 23.2 25,323 19.3 14,637 11.2

1965 ......................... 141,928 100 32,881 23.2 28,348 20.0 13,585 9.6

1970 ......................... 155,230 100 36,277 23.4 33,158 21.4 14,336 9.2

1975 ......................... 171,860 100 45,773 26.6 41,299 24.0 17,094 9.9

1980 ......................... 184,691 100 46,966 25.4 41,873 22.7 16,758 9.1

1985 ......................... 195,659 100 49,827 25.5 45,345 23.2 16,340 8.4

New England

1955 ......................... 7,919 100 1,224 15.4 1,002 12.7 589 7.4

1960 ......................... 8,349 100 1,368 16.4 1,205 14.4 517 6.2

1965 ......................... 9,256 100 1,650 17.8 1,488 16.0 583 6.3

1970 ......................... 8,652 100 1,579 18.3 1,430 16.5 582 6.7

1975 ......................... 9,910 100 2,004 20.2 1,861 18.8 566 5.7

1980 ......................... 10,205 100 1,974 19.3 1,788 17.5 572 5.6

1985 ......................... 10,554 100 2,058 19.5 1,914 18.1 552 5.2

Middle Atlantic

1955 ......................... 24,869 100 3,539 14.2 2,811 11.3 1,608 6.5

1960 ......................... 26,493 100 3,432 13.0 2,569 9.7 1,723 6.5

1965 ......................... 27,346 100 3,602 13.2 2,760 10.1 1,631 6.0

1970 ......................... 28,244 100 4,539 16.1 4,504 14.4 1,731 6.1

1975 ......................... 30,449 100 5,919 19.4 5,097 16.7 2,096 6.9

1980 ......................... 30,256 100 5,181 17.1 4,332 14.3 2,001 6.6

1985 ......................... 31,099 100 5,565 17.9 4,820 15.5 1,972 6.3

East North Central

1955 ......................... 25,733 100 5,489 21.3 4,583 17.8 2,538 9.9

1960 ......................... 26,833 100 6,316 32.5 5,317 19.8 2,985 11.1

1965 ......................... 28,124 100 6,214 22.1 5,336 19.0 2,563 9.1

1970 ......................... 31,550 100 7,284 23.1 6,699 21.2 2,812 8.9

1975 ......................... 32,796 100 9,049 27.6 8,181 24.9 3,392 10.3

1980 ......................... 33,526 100 8,725 26.0 7,891 23.5 2,955 8.8

1985 ......................... 33,747 100 8,973 26.6 8,270 24.5 2,814 8.3

West North Central

1955 ......................... 9,201 100 2,913 31.7 2,346 25.5 1,534 16.7

1960 ......................... 10,149 100 3,383 33.3 2,855 28.1 1,709 16.8

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,681 100 3,678 31.5 3,226 27.6 1,620 13.9

1970 ......................... 12,904 100 4,000 31.0 3,579 27.7 1,783 13.8

1975 ......................... 13,564 100 4,524 33.3 4,089 30.1 1,863 13.7

1980 ......................... 13,826 100 4,770 34.5 4,220 30.5 1,965 14.2

1985 ......................... 14,137 100 5,140 36.4 4,681 33.1 1,971 13.9

South Atlantic

1955 ......................... 14,336 100 3,223 22.5 2,805 19.6 1,449 10.1

1960 ......................... 17,798 100 4,423 24.9 3,695 20.8 2,045 11.5

1965 ......................... 20,593 100 5,626 27.3 5,054 24.5 1,900 9.2

1970 ......................... 23,539 100 5,461 23.2 5,129 21.8 1,904 8.1

1975 ......................... 27,127 100 7,110 26.2 6,479 23.9 2,494 9.2

1980 ......................... 30,512 100 7,769 25.5 7,086 23.2 2,444 8.0

1985 ......................... 33,636 100 8,721 25.9 8,056 24.0 2,467 7.3

East South Central

1955 ......................... 7,959 100 1,963 24.7 1,665 20.9 989 12.4

1960 ......................... 9,277 100 2,778 29.9 2,207 23.8 1,510 16.3

1965 ......................... 9,652 100 2,587 26.8 2,201 22.8 1,294 13.4

1970 ......................... 9,862 100 2,660 27.0 2,464 25.0 1,162 11.8

1975 ......................... 10,798 100 3,007 27.8 2,689 24.9 1,355 12.5

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,771 100 3,614 30.7 3,173 27.0 1,567 13.3

1985 ......................... 12,364 100 3,671 29.7 3,308 26.8 1,441 11.7
Appendix B B-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table B-5. Anglers and Hunters by Census Division: 1955 to 1985—Continued

(U.S. population 12 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Year

Population Sportspersons,

fished or hunted Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

West South Central

1955 ......................... 10,250 100 2,560 25.0 2,237 21.8 1,165 11.4

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,837 100 3,666 31.0 3,133 26.5 1,750 14.8

1965 ......................... 12,724 100 3,713 29.2 3,278 25.8 1,571 12.3

1970 ......................... 14,624 100 4,380 30.0 4,006 27.4 1,918 13.1

1975 ......................... 16,628 100 5,781 34.8 5,267 31.7 2,563 15.4

1980 ......................... 19,136 100 5,862 30.6 5,136 26.8 2,456 12.8

1985 ......................... 21,184 100 6,418 30.3 5,704 26.9 2,572 12.1

Mountain

1955 ......................... 4,529 100 1,369 30.2 1,112 24.6 796 17.6

1960 ......................... 5,222 100 1,646 31.5 1,372 26.3 1,120 21.4

1965 ......................... 5,029 100 1,565 31.1 1,261 25.1 988 19.6

1970 ......................... 5,656 100 2,044 36.1 1,769 31.3 980 17.3

1975 ......................... 7,576 100 2,570 33.9 2,252 29.7 1,159 15.3

1980 ......................... 9,160 100 2,903 31.7 2,500 27.3 1,268 13.8

1985 ......................... 10,215 100 3,128 30.6 2,765 27.1 1,241 12.1

Pacific

1955 ......................... 13,570 100 2,637 19.4 2,252 16.6 1,116 8.2

1960 ......................... 15,268 100 3,422 22.4 2,971 19.5 1,279 8.4

1965 ......................... 17,523 100 4,246 24.2 3,744 21.4 1,433 8.2

1970 ......................... 20,199 100 4,332 21.4 4,030 20.0 1,466 7.3

1975 ......................... 23,012 100 5,811 25.2 5,386 23.4 1,607 7.0

1980 ......................... 26,299 100 6,168 23.5 5,747 21.9 1,531 5.0

1985 ......................... 38,725 100 6,154 21.4 5,829 20.3 1,310 4.6

Note: Methodological differences described in the text make the estimates in this table not comparable with the estimates in Tables B-2 and B-3.
Appendix C
Appendix C C-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

The 2001 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation was carried out in two

phases. The first (or screening) phase

began in April 2001. The main purpose

of this phase was to collect information

about persons 16 years old and older in

order to develop a sample of potential

sportspersons and wildlife watchers for

the second (or detailed) phase. Also,

information was collected on the number

of persons 6 to 15 years old who

participated in wildlife-related recreation

activities in 2000. This data is included

here to report the recreation activity of 

6- to 15-year-olds. 

It is important to emphasize that the

information reported from the 2001

screen relates to activity only up to and

including 2000. Also, this data is based

on long-term recall (at least a 12-month

recall) and is reported in most cases by

one household respondent speaking for

all household members rather than the

actual participant, as in the case of the

2001 detailed phase. 

Tables C-1 thru C-4 report data on firsttime participation and the most recent

year of hunting and fishing for

participants 6 years of age and older. The

remainder of the Tables, C-5 thru C-11,

reports data specifically on 6- to 15-yearold participants in 2000. Detailed

expenditures and recreational activity

data were not gathered for the 6- to 15-

year-old participants.

Because of differences in methodologies

of the screening phase and the detailed

phase of the 2001 Survey, their data are

not comparable. Only participants 16

years old and older were eligible for the

detailed phase. The detailed phase was a

series of three interviews conducted at 4-

month intervals. The screening

interviews were 1-year recall. The

shorter recall period of the detailed phase

had better data accuracy. Survey

research has found that in many cases

longer recall periods result in overestimating participation in and

expenditures on wildlife-related

recreation.

Appendix C. 

Selected Data From Screening Interviews
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-3

Table C-1. Anglers and Hunters Participating for the First Time in 2000 by Age Group

(Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group

Total anglers

in 2000

Fishing for first time

Total hunters

in 2000

Hunting for first time

Number

Percent

of anglers

in age group Number

Percent

of hunters

in age group

Total, all ages .............. 55,430 4,149 7 15,175 1,239 8

6 to 8 years .............. 3,325 927 28 128 63 49

9 to 11 years.............. 4,458 731 16 474 205 43

12 to 15 years ............ 5,363 560 10 1,139 399 35

16 to 17 years ............ 2,032 151 7 630 83 13

18 to 24 years ............ 4,626 301 7 1,653 157 9

25 to 34 years ............ 8,180 463 6 2,504 110 4

35 to 44 years ............ 10,765 514 5 3,387 128 4

45 to 54 years ............ 8,252 292 4 2,764 *50 *2

55 to 64 years ............ 4,624 128 3 1,427 *36 *3

65 years or older .......... 3,805 83 2 1,068 ... ...

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening

interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.

Table C-2. Anglers and Hunters Participating in 1999 But Not in 2000 by Age Group

(Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group

Anglers Hunters

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all ages ....................... 9,754 100 2,994 100

6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 4 ... ...

9 to 11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 6 *60 *2

12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 8 158 5

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 3 9 8 3

18 to 24 years ..................... 1,011 1 0 4 11 14

25 to 34 years ..................... 1,503 15 628 21

35 to 44 years ..................... 2,067 21 659 22

45 to 54 years ..................... 1,582 16 505 17

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 8 266 9

65 years or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 8 197 7

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening

interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries.
Appendix C C-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table C-3. Most Recent Year of Hunting by Age Group

(Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group

Total, all persons

who hunted in 2000

or earlier year

Most recent year of hunting

2000 1999 1998

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all ages .............. 43,745 100 15,148 35 2,988 7 1,761 4

6 to 11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 100 602 80 72 10 ... ...

12 to 15 years ............ 1,488 100 1,139 77 158 11 *52 *3

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 100 630 69 98 11 *44 *5

18 to 24 years ............ 3,237 100 1,638 51 411 13 286 9

25 to 34 years ............ 5,968 100 2,504 42 623 10 336 6

35 to 44 years ............ 8,466 100 3,377 40 658 8 388 5

45 to 54 years ............ 9,094 100 2,763 30 505 6 296 3

55 to 64 years ............ 6,047 100 1,426 24 266 4 176 3

65 years or older .......... 7,779 100 1,068 14 197 3 161 2

Most recent year of hunting

1997 1996 1995 Before 1995

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all ages ............. 1,193 3 1,231 3 927 2 20,062 46

6 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . *48 *3 ... ... ... ... *46 *3

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . *32 *4 ... ... ... ... *54 *6

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . 175 5 134 4 121 4 424 13

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . 231 4 238 4 176 3 1,793 30

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 283 3 227 3 169 2 3,258 38

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 211 2 252 3 216 2 4,787 53

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2 183 3 96 2 3,777 62

65 years or older . . . . . . . . . 105 1 165 2 140 2 5,913 76

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening

interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-5

Table C-4. Most Recent Year of Fishing by Age Group

(Population 6 years old and older. Numbers in thousands)

Age group

Total, all persons

who fished in 2000

or earlier year

Most recent year of fishing

2000 1999 1998

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,066 100 55,263 50 9,689 9 5,847 5

6 to 11 years.............. 9,774 100 7,783 80 952 10 412 4

12 to 15 years ............ 7,587 100 5,360 71 753 10 441 6

16 to 17 years ............ 3,372 100 2,032 60 335 10 318 9

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,116 100 4,575 50 1,001 11 682 7

25 to 34 years ............ 15,381 100 8,098 53 1,475 10 915 6

35 to 44 years ............ 20,351 100 10,747 53 2,059 10 1,020 5

45 to 54 years ............ 18,982 100 8,248 43 1,575 8 1,035 5

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,695 100 4,620 40 799 7 477 4

65 years or older .......... 14,808 100 3,800 26 741 5 547 4

Most recent year of fishing

1997 1996 1995 Before 1995

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total, all ages ............. 3,678 3 3,317 3 2,218 2 29,935 27

6 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2 113 1 *80 *1 137 1

12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . 264 3 201 3 120 2 400 5

16 to 17 years . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5 102 3 53 2 326 10

18 to 24 years . . . . . . . . . . . 414 5 372 4 267 3 1,594 17

25 to 34 years . . . . . . . . . . . 593 4 484 3 341 2 3,245 21

35 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . 713 4 561 3 420 2 4,636 23

45 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . 665 4 661 3 424 2 6,217 33

55 to 64 years . . . . . . . . . . . 340 3 489 4 211 2 4,709 40

65 years or older . . . . . . . . . 331 2 333 2 304 2 8,671 59

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members. The screening

interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.
Appendix C C-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table C-5. Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Sportspersons

Total, 6 to 15 years old 12 to 15 years old 9 to 11 years old 6 to 8 years old

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total sportspersons, fished or hunted . . . 13,369 100 5,524 100 4,504 100 3,342 100

Total anglers ...................... 13,145 98 5,363 97 4,458 99 3,325 99

Fished only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,628 87 4,385 79 4,030 89 3,213 96

Fished and hunted ................ 1,517 11 978 18 428 9 112 3

Total hunters...................... 1,741 13 1,139 21 474 11 128 4

Hunted only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 2 161 3 *46 *1 *17 *1

Hunted and fished ................ 1,517 11 978 18 428 9 112 3

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household

member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who fished or hunted only in other countries.

Table C-6. Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old by Wildlife-Watching Activity: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Activity

Total, 6 to 15 years old 12 to 15 years old 9 to 11 years old 6 to 8 years old

Number

Percent

of participants

Percent

of population Number

Percent

of participants

Percent

of population Number

Percent

of participants

Percent

of population Number

Percent

of participants

Percent

of population

Total participants .......... 15,066 100 37 5,564 100 34 5,192 100 41 4,311 100 36

Nonresidential (away from

home).................. 6,091 40 15 2,265 41 14 2,043 39 16 1,783 41 15

Residential (around the

home).................. 13,542 90 33 4,895 88 30 4,718 91 37 3,929 91 33

Observe wildlife ........ 10,659 71 26 3,761 68 23 3,774 73 29 3,124 72 26

Photograph wildlife...... 1,756 12 4 732 13 4 682 13 5 341 8 3

Feed wild birds or other

wildlife .............. 8,062 54 20 2,836 51 17 2,825 54 22 2,400 56 20

Maintain plantings or

natural areas . . . . . . . . . . 2,111 14 5 795 14 5 743 14 6 572 13 5

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Columns showing percent of participants are based on the first row of each column. Columns showing percent of population in age group are based on the U.S. population in each age category, including those who did not participate in

wildlife-watching activities. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household

members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated

only in other countries.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-7

Table C-7. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population Sportspersons, fished or hunted Fished only

Number Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons ....................... 40,949 100 13,369 33 100 11,628 28 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban............................ 29,935 73 8,583 29 64 7,875 26 68

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,014 27 4,787 43 36 3,753 34 32

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). . . 33,020 81 9,888 30 74 8,925 27 77

1,000,000 or more ............... 21,513 53 5,827 27 44 5,371 25 46

250,000 to 999,999............... 8,161 20 2,799 34 21 2,517 31 22

50,000 to 249,999................ 3,346 8 1,263 38 9 1,037 31 9

Outside MSA ..................... 7,929 19 3,481 44 26 2,703 34 23

Census Geographic Division

New England ..................... 1,905 5 613 32 5 566 30 5

Middle Atlantic .................... 5,445 13 1,466 27 11 1,291 24 11

East North Central ................. 6,620 16 2,396 36 18 2,119 32 18

West North Central................. 2,797 7 1,413 51 11 1,156 41 10

South Atlantic ..................... 7,288 18 2,276 31 17 2,005 28 17

East South Central ................. 2,404 6 921 38 7 731 30 6

West South Central................. 4,825 12 1,510 31 11 1,215 25 10

Mountain......................... 2,809 7 1,043 37 8 909 32 8

Pacific ........................... 6,856 17 1,731 25 13 1,636 24 14

Age

6 to 8 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,848 29 3,342 28 25 3,213 27 28

9 to 11 years...................... 12,795 31 4,504 35 34 4,030 31 35

12 to 15 years..................... 16,305 40 5,524 34 41 4,385 27 38

Sex

Male, total........................ 21,172 52 8,572 40 64 7,105 34 61

6 to 8 years..................... 6,044 15 1,963 32 15 1,866 31 16

9 to 11 years.................... 6,707 16 2,917 43 22 2,516 38 22

12 to 15 years................... 8,421 21 3,693 44 28 2,724 32 23

Female, total ...................... 19,777 48 4,797 24 36 4,523 23 39

6 to 8 years..................... 5,804 14 1,379 24 10 1,347 23 12

9 to 11 years.................... 6,089 15 1,587 26 12 1,515 25 13

12 to 15 years................... 7,884 19 1,831 23 14 1,661 21 14

Ethnicity

Hispanic ......................... 6,343 15 1,092 17 8 1,045 16 9

Non-Hispanic ..................... 34,606 85 12,277 35 92 10,583 31 91

Race

White............................ 33,378 82 12,337 37 92 10,655 32 92

Black ............................ 5,519 13 602 11 5 577 10 5

Asian ............................ 1,320 3 208 16 2 204 15 2

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 2 222 30 2 191 26 2

Annual Household Income

Under $10,000 .................... 1,849 5 310 17 2 259 14 2

$10,000 to $19,999................. 3,012 7 662 22 5 593 20 5

$20,000 to $24,999................. 2,223 5 592 27 4 534 24 5

$25,000 to $29,999................. 2,344 6 674 29 5 574 24 5

$30,000 to $34,999................. 2,492 6 778 31 6 678 27 6

$35,000 to $39,999................. 2,009 5 736 37 6 630 31 5

$40,000 to $49,999................. 3,956 10 1,454 37 11 1,219 31 10

$50,000 to $74,999................. 7,239 18 3,137 43 23 2,684 37 23

$75,000 to $99,999................. 4,168 10 1,847 44 14 1,620 39 14

$100,000 or more .................. 4,036 10 1,652 41 12 1,504 37 13

Not reported ...................... 7,621 19 1,526 20 11 1,333 17 11

See footnotes at end of table.
Appendix C C-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table C-7. Selected Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000—Continued

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Hunted only F ished and hunted

Number

Percent who

participated Percent Number

Percent who

participated Percent

Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 1 100 1,517 4 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 (Z) 39 621 2 41

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1 61 896 8 59

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). . . 115 (Z) 51 847 3 56

1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *71 *(Z) *32 384 2 25

250,000 to 999,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 259 3 17

50,000 to 249,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *21 *1 *10 204 6 13

Outside MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 1 49 670 8 44

Census Geographic Division

New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 41 2 3

Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 156 3 10

East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 240 4 16

West North Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *31 *1 *14 227 8 15

South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *33 *(Z) *15 238 3 16

East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *28 *1 *12 162 7 11

West South Central. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *44 *1 *20 251 5 17

Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *19 *1 *8 116 4 8

Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *9 *(Z) *4 86 1 6

Age

6 to 8 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *17 *(Z) *8 112 1 7

9 to 11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *46 *(Z) *20 428 3 28

12 to 15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 1 72 978 6 64

Sex

Male, total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 1 76 1,298 6 86

6 to 8 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 85 1 6

9 to 11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *39 *1 *17 362 5 24

12 to 15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1 53 851 10 56

Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 (Z) 24 220 1 14

6 to 8 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *27 *(Z) *2

9 to 11 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 66 1 4

12 to 15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *43 *1 *19 127 2 8

Ethnicity

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *33 *1 *2

Non-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 1 94 1,484 4 98

Race

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 1 92 1,475 4 97

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...

Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...

All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *14 *2 *6 *16 *2 *1

Annual Household Income

Under $10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *37 *2 *2

$10,000 to $19,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 59 2 4

$20,000 to $24,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... *47 *2 *3

$25,000 to $29,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 86 4 6

$30,000 to $34,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 95 4 6

$35,000 to $39,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *16 *1 *7 90 4 6

$40,000 to $49,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 218 6 14

$50,000 to $74,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1 26 393 5 26

$75,000 to $99,999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *41 *1 *18 186 4 12

$100,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... 139 3 9

Not reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *27 *(Z) *12 166 2 11

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ...Sample size too small to report data reliably. (Z) Less than 0.5 percent.

Note: Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of

those living in urban areas who fished only, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column’s participants who are described by the row

heading (the percent of those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one

adult household member responded for all household members. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-9

Table C-8. Selected Characteristics of Wildlife-Watching Participants 6 to 15 Years Old: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

U.S. population

Participants

Total Nonresidential

(away from home)

Residential

(around the home)

Number Percent Number

Percent

who

participated Percent Number

Percent

who

participated Percent Number

Percent

who

participated Percent

Total persons ..................... 40,949 100 15,066 37 100 6,091 15 100 13,542 33 100

Population Density of Residence

Urban.......................... 29,935 73 10,126 34 67 4,291 14 70 9,030 30 67

Rural .......................... 11,014 27 4,941 45 33 1,800 16 30 4,513 41 33

Population Size of Residence

Metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) . . 33,020 81 11,790 36 78 4,837 15 79 10,586 32 78

1,000,000 or more .............. 21,513 53 7,360 34 49 3,119 14 51 6,582 31 49

250,000 to 999,999 ............. 8,161 20 3,061 38 20 1,131 14 19 2,805 34 21

50,000 to 249,999 .............. 3,346 8 1,369 41 9 587 18 10 1,199 36 9

Outside MSA.................... 7,929 19 3,277 41 22 1,254 16 21 2,957 37 22

Census Geographic Division

New England .................... 1,905 5 714 37 5 244 13 4 664 35 5

Middle Atlantic .................. 5,445 13 2,015 37 13 781 14 13 1,875 34 14

East North Central ................ 6,620 16 2,689 41 18 1,074 16 18 2,485 38 18

West North Central ............... 2,797 7 1,292 46 9 568 20 9 1,159 41 9

South Atlantic ................... 7,288 18 2,493 34 17 869 12 14 2,277 31 17

East South Central ................ 2,404 6 873 36 6 307 13 5 811 34 6

West South Central ............... 4,825 12 1,502 31 10 569 12 9 1,337 28 10

Mountain ....................... 2,809 7 1,121 40 7 554 20 9 938 33 7

Pacific ......................... 6,856 17 2,367 35 16 1,125 16 18 1,998 29 15

Age

6 to 8 years ..................... 11,848 29 4,311 36 29 1,783 15 29 3,929 33 29

9 to 11 years .................... 12,795 31 5,192 41 34 2,043 16 34 4,718 37 35

12 to 15 years ................... 16,305 40 5,564 34 37 2,265 14 37 4,895 30 36

Sex

Male, total ...................... 21,172 52 7,951 38 53 3,243 15 53 7,154 34 53

6 to 8 years ................... 6,044 15 2,145 35 14 870 14 14 1,952 32 14

9 to 11 years .................. 6,707 16 2,827 42 19 1,171 17 19 2,566 38 19

12 to 15 years ................. 8,421 21 2,978 35 20 1,202 14 20 2,636 31 19

Female, total .................... 19,777 48 7,116 36 47 2,848 14 47 6,388 32 47

6 to 8 years ................... 5,804 14 2,165 37 14 913 16 15 1,977 34 15

9 to 11 years .................. 6,089 15 2,365 39 16 872 14 14 2,152 35 16

12 to 15 years ................. 7,884 19 2,586 33 17 1,063 13 17 2,259 29 17

Ethnicity

Hispanic........................ 6,343 15 1,483 23 10 597 9 10 1,294 20 10

Non-Hispanic .................... 34,606 85 13,584 39 90 5,494 16 90 12,248 35 90

Race

White .......................... 33,378 82 13,435 40 89 5,548 17 91 12,085 36 89

Black .......................... 5,519 13 1,029 19 7 336 6 6 926 17 7

Asian .......................... 1,320 3 276 21 2 106 8 2 231 17 2

All others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 2 326 45 2 101 14 2 301 41 2

Annual Household Income

Under $10,000 ................... 1,849 5 456 25 3 115 6 2 438 24 3

$10,000 to $19,999 ............... 3,012 7 757 25 5 276 9 5 668 22 5

$20,000 to $24,999 ............... 2,223 5 659 30 4 225 10 4 608 27 4

$25,000 to $29,999 ............... 2,344 6 818 35 5 328 14 5 707 30 5

$30,000 to $34,999 ............... 2,492 6 883 35 6 365 15 6 799 32 6

$35,000 to $39,999 ............... 2,009 5 787 39 5 290 14 5 716 36 5

$40,000 to $49,999 ............... 3,956 10 1,637 41 11 707 18 12 1,471 37 11

$50,000 to $74,999 ............... 7,239 18 3,205 44 21 1,301 18 21 2,936 41 22

$75,000 to $99,999 ............... 4,168 10 2,085 50 14 975 23 16 1,831 44 14

$100,000 or more................. 4,036 10 2,002 50 13 941 23 15 1,751 43 13

Not reported..................... 7,621 19 1,779 23 12 567 7 9 1,619 21 12

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row’s population who participated in

the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who were residential participants, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of

each column’s participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who were residential participants who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data

reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The

screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated in wildlife-watching activities only in

other countries.
Appendix C C-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table C-9. Participants in Wildlife-Related Recreation 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant’s State

of Residence: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Participant’s state of

residence

Population

Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife-watching participants

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total........ 40,949 20,245 49 13,369 33 15,066 37

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 297 48 247 40 178 29

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 83 74 60 54 64 57

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 349 43 211 26 249 31

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 213 57 154 41 145 39

California .................. 5,239 2,040 39 1,145 22 1,589 30

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 388 62 234 38 289 46

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 225 47 132 28 173 36

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 136 71 35 18 122 64

Florida .................... 2,159 800 37 586 27 537 25

Georgia .................... 1,224 501 41 406 33 325 27

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 69 43 47 29 46 29

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 139 67 110 54 93 45

Illinois..................... 1,833 955 52 609 33 694 38

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 500 57 363 41 368 42

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 265 64 205 50 172 42

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 260 66 208 53 180 46

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 333 60 238 43 261 47

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 306 45 174 26 235 35

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 125 73 83 49 106 62

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 404 52 222 29 343 44

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 358 42 234 28 255 30

Michigan................... 1,498 811 54 489 33 625 42

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 577 79 456 62 434 59

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 211 48 171 39 144 33

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 443 55 334 41 320 40

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 82 62 69 52 55 42

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 145 58 105 43 103 42

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 126 42 80 27 99 33

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 112 62 79 43 85 47

New Jersey ................. 1,192 545 46 316 27 443 37

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 150 53 102 36 105 37

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 1,062 41 555 21 872 34

North Carolina .............. 1,171 561 48 400 34 397 34

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 56 63 47 53 34 38

Ohio ...................... 1,637 800 49 595 36 577 35

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 288 58 206 41 207 41

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 308 65 167 35 254 53

Pennsylvania................ 1,656 897 54 594 36 700 42

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 69 48 44 30 49 34

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 275 50 176 32 213 39

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 74 66 58 51 48 43

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 404 51 265 34 290 37

Texas...................... 3,276 1,389 42 976 30 916 28

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 253 66 195 51 188 49

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 54 65 41 50 46 56

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 575 59 342 35 443 45

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 518 60 312 36 414 48

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 155 66 110 47 113 49

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 501 64 340 44 426 55

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 55 77 41 58 43 61

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as

described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member

responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes

persons who participated only in other countries.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C-11

Table C-10. Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by Sportsperson’s State of Residence: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Sportsperson’s state of

residence

Population

Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Fished and hunted

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total........ 40,949 13,369 33 11,628 28 224 1 1,517 4

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 247 40 191 31 ... ... 45 7

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 60 54 49 44 *6 *5 *5 *5

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 211 26 183 23 ... ... *22 *3

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 154 41 112 30 ... ... *38 *10

California .................. 5,239 1,145 22 1,099 21 ... ... ... ...

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 234 38 211 34 ... ... *23 *4

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 132 28 128 27 ... ... ... ...

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 35 18 32 17 ... ... ... ...

Florida .................... 2,159 586 27 543 25 ... ... ... ...

Georgia .................... 1,224 406 33 348 28 ... ... *49 *4

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 47 29 45 28 ... ... ... ...

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 110 54 97 47 ... ... *12 *6

Illinois..................... 1,833 609 33 549 30 ... ... ... ...

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 363 41 312 36 ... ... *50 *6

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 205 50 172 42 ... ... *31 *8

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 208 53 180 46 ... ... *26 *7

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 238 43 206 37 ... ... *29 *5

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 174 26 147 22 ... ... *22 *3

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 83 49 71 42 ... ... *10 *6

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 222 29 201 26 ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 234 28 227 27 ... ... ... ...

Michigan................... 1,498 489 33 452 30 ... ... ... ...

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 456 62 388 53 ... ... *61 *8

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 171 39 117 27 ... ... 46 11

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 334 41 242 30 ... ... *79 *10

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 69 52 51 39 ... ... *15 *11

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 105 43 90 36 ... ... *11 *5

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 80 27 77 25 ... ... ... ...

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 79 43 68 37 ... ... *8 *5

New Jersey ................. 1,192 316 27 303 25 ... ... ... ...

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 102 36 87 30 ... ... *10 *4

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 555 21 490 19 ... ... *66 *3

North Carolina .............. 1,171 400 34 353 30 ... ... *43 *4

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 47 53 38 42 ... ... *8 *9

Ohio ...................... 1,637 595 36 526 32 ... ... *62 *4

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 206 41 155 31 ... ... *47 *9

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 167 35 152 32 ... ... ... ...

Pennsylvania................ 1,656 594 36 498 30 ... ... *80 *5

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 44 30 42 29 ... ... ... ...

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 176 32 150 27 ... ... *23 *4

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 58 51 45 40 ... ... *10 *9

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 265 34 217 27 ... ... *41 *5

Texas...................... 3,276 976 30 801 24 ... ... *143 *4

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 195 51 169 44 ... ... *23 *6

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 41 50 31 37 ... ... *10 *13

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 342 35 304 31 ... ... ... ...

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 312 36 292 34 ... ... *20 *2

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 110 47 73 31 ... ... *31 *13

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 340 44 280 36 ... ... *48 *6

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 41 58 33 47 ... ... *7 *10

* Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on

this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interviews required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries.
Appendix C C-12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table C-11. Participants in Wildlife-Watching Activities 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant’s State

of Residence: 2000

(Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Participant’s state of

residence

Population

Participants

Total Nonresidential Residential

Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population Number

Percent of

population

United States, total........ 40,949 15,066 37 6,091 15 13,542 33

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 178 29 52 8 161 26

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 64 57 28 25 54 48

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 249 31 95 12 215 27

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 145 39 *44 *12 138 37

California .................. 5,239 1,589 30 742 14 1,339 26

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 289 46 143 23 236 38

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 173 36 43 9 166 35

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 122 64 57 30 119 62

Florida .................... 2,159 537 25 *168 *8 492 23

Georgia .................... 1,224 325 27 136 11 286 23

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 46 29 24 15 38 24

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 93 45 51 25 82 40

Illinois..................... 1,833 694 38 210 11 658 36

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 368 42 137 16 350 40

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 172 42 75 18 153 37

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 180 46 72 18 160 41

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 261 47 113 20 238 43

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 235 35 78 12 203 30

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 106 62 40 23 102 60

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 343 44 145 19 319 41

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 255 30 80 9 238 28

Michigan................... 1,498 625 42 288 19 579 39

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 434 59 152 21 403 55

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 144 33 *38 *9 137 31

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 320 40 188 23 283 35

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 55 42 39 29 45 34

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 103 42 45 18 88 36

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 99 33 44 15 79 26

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 85 47 47 26 71 39

New Jersey ................. 1,192 443 37 184 15 397 33

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 105 37 50 17 89 31

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 872 34 323 12 806 31

North Carolina .............. 1,171 397 34 117 10 366 31

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 34 38 17 20 30 34

Ohio ...................... 1,637 577 35 207 13 525 32

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 207 41 98 20 178 36

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 254 53 128 27 212 44

Pennsylvania................ 1,656 700 42 274 17 671 41

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 49 34 15 10 44 31

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 213 39 73 13 195 35

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 48 43 18 16 41 36

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 290 37 104 13 274 35

Texas...................... 3,276 916 28 350 11 818 25

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 188 49 108 28 159 41

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 46 56 19 23 43 52

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 443 45 149 15 393 40

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 414 48 203 23 356 41

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 113 49 *24 *10 106 46

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 426 55 233 30 372 48

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 43 61 25 34 35 48

* Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U.S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia,

as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member

responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.

Includes persons who participated only in other countries.
Appendix D
Appendix D D-2 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

This Appendix is presented in two parts.

The first part is the U.S. Census Bureau

Source and Accuracy Statement. This

statement describes the sampling design

for the 2001 Survey and highlights the

steps taken to produce estimates from the

completed questionnaires. The statement

explains the use of standard errors and

confidence intervals. It also provides

comprehensive information about errors

characteristic of surveys, and formulas

and parameters to calculate an

approximate standard error or confidence

interval for each number published in

this report. The second part, Tables D-1

to D-4, reports approximate standard

errors and 95-percent confidence

intervals for selected measures of

participation and expenditures for

wildlife-related recreation.

Source and Accuracy Statement for

the 2001 National Survey of Fishing,

Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated

Recreation

Source of Data

The estimates in this report are based on

data collected in the 2001 National

Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and WildlifeAssociated Recreation (FHWAR).

The 2001 FHWAR Survey was designed

to provide state-level estimates of the

number of participants in recreational

hunting and fishing, and in wildlifewatching activities (e.g., wildlife

observation). Information was collected

on the number of participants, where and

how often they participated, the type of

wildlife encountered, and the amounts of

money spent on wildlife- related

recreation.

The survey was conducted in two stages:

an initial screening of households to

identify likely sportspersons and wildlifewatching participants, and a series of

follow-up interviews of selected persons

to collect detailed data about their

wildlife-related recreation during 2001.

The 2001 FHWAR sample was selected

from expired samples of the Current

Population Survey (CPS).

Sample Design

A. CPS - Current Population Survey

The expired CPS samples used for

the 2001 FHWAR had been selected

initially from 1990 decennial census

files with coverage in all 50 states

and the District of Columbia. The

samples, while active, had been

continually updated to reflect new

construction. The sample addresses

were located in 754 geographic

areas consisting of a county or

several contiguous counties.

B. The FHWAR Screening Sample

The total screening sample consisted

of 80,000 households identified

from the expired CPS samples.

About 3,300 households were

removed from sample because they

did not have accurate or consistent

address or contact information. Of

the remaining households, roughly

8.8 percent were found to be vacant

or otherwise not to be enumerated.

About 23.1 percent could not be

enumerated because the occupants

were not found at home, refused to

participate in the survey, or were

unavailable.

Overall, about 52,508 completed

household interviews were obtained

for a national response rate of

approximately 74.8 percent. Local

field representatives conducted

interviews by telephone when

possible, otherwise through a

personal visit. The field

representatives asked screening

questions for all household members

6 years old and older. Interviewing

for the screen was conducted during

April, May, and June of 2001. 

Data for the FHWAR sportspersons

sample and wildlife-watchers sample

were collected in three waves. The

first wave started in April 2001, the

second in September 2001, and the

third in January 2002. In the

sportspersons sample, all persons

who hunted or fished in 2001 by the

time of the screening interview were

interviewed in the first wave. The

remaining sportspersons sample

were interviewed in the second

wave. All sample persons (from

both the first and second waves)

were interviewed in the third wave.

The reference period was the

preceding 4 months for waves 1 and

2. In wave 3, the reference period

was either 4 or 8 months depending

on when the sample person was first

interviewed. 

C. The Detailed Samples

Two independent detailed samples

were chosen from the FHWAR

screening sample. One consisted of

sportspersons (people who hunt or

fish) and the other of wildlife

watchers (people who observed,

photographed, or fed wildlife).

1. Sportspersons 

The Census Bureau selected the

detailed samples based on

information reported during the

screening phase. Every person

16 years old and older in the

FHWAR screening sample was

assigned to a sportspersons

stratum based on time devoted to

hunting/fishing in the past and

time expected to be devoted to

Appendix D. 

Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy
hunting/fishing in the future. The

sportspersons categories were:

Active - a person who had already

participated in hunting/fishing in

2001 at the time of the screener

interview.

Likely - a person who had not

participated in 2001 at the time of

the screener but had participated

in 2000 OR said they were likely

to participate in 2001.

Inactive - a person who had not

participated in 2000 or 2001

AND said they were somewhat

unlikely to participate in 2001.

Nonparticipant - a person who

had not participated in 2000 or

2001 AND said they were very

unlikely to participate in 2001.

Persons were selected for the

detailed phase based on these

groupings. 

Active sportspersons were given

the detailed interview twice—at

the same time of the screening

interview (April-June 2001) and

again in January/February 2002.

Likely sportspersons and a

subsample of the inactive

sportspersons were also

interviewed twice—first in

September/October 2001, then in

January/February 2002. If

Census field representatives were

not able to obtain the first

interview, they attempted to

interview the person in the final

interviewing period with the

reference period being the entire

year. Persons in the

nonparticipant group were not

eligible for a detailed interview.

About 28,700 persons were

designated for interviews. The

detailed sportspersons sample

sizes varied by state to get

reliable state level estimates.

During each interview period,

about 12 percent of the

designated people were not found

at home or were unavailable.

Overall, about 25,100 detailed

sportspersons interviews were

completed for a national response

rate of 88 percent.

2. Wildlife Watchers

The wildlife-watching detailed

sample also was selected based

on information reported during

the screening phase. Every

person 16 years of age and older

was assigned to a category based

on time devoted to wildlifewatching activities in previous

years, participation in 2001 by

the time of the screening

interview, and intentions to

participate in activities during the

remainder of 2001.

Each person was placed into one

of the following groups based on

their past participation: 

Active - a person who had already

participated in 2001 at the time of

the screening interview.

Avid - a person who had not yet

participated in 2001 but in 2000

had taken trips to participate in

wildlife-watching activities for 21

or more days or had spent $300

or more.

Average - a person who had not

yet participated in 2001 but in

2000 had taken trips to wildlifewatch for less than 21 days and

had spent less than $300 OR had

not participated in wildlifewatching activities but said they

were very likely to in the

remainder of 2001.

Infrequent - a person who had not

participated in 2000 or 2001 but

said they were somewhat likely

or somewhat unlikely to

participate in the remainder of

2001.

Nonparticipant - a person who

had not participated in 2000 or

2001 and said they were very

unlikely to participate during the

remainder of 2001.

Persons were selected for the

detailed phase based on these

groupings. Persons in the

nonparticipant group were not

eligible for a detailed interview.

A subsample of each of the other

groups was selected to receive a

detailed interview with the

chance of being selected

diminishing as the likelihood of

participation diminished.

Wildlife-watching participants

were given the detailed interview

twice. Some received their first

detailed interview at the same

time as the screening interview

(April-June 2001). The rest

received their first detailed

interview in September/October

2001. All wildlife-watching

participants received their second

interview in January/February

2002. If Census field

representatives were not able to

obtain the first interview, they

attempted to interview the person

in the final interviewing period

with the reference period being

the entire year.

About 17,100 persons were

designated for interviews. The

detailed wildlife-watching sample

sizes varied by state to get

reliable state-level estimates.

During each interview period, 11

percent of the designated people

were not found at home or were

unavailable. Overall, about

15,300 detailed wildlife-watcher

interviews were completed for a

national response rate of 90

percent.

Estimation Procedure

Several stages of adjustments were used

to derive the final 2001 FHWAR person

weights. A brief description of the major

components of the weights is given

below.

All statistics for the population 6 to 15

years of age were derived from the

screening interview. Statistics for the

population 16 and over came from both

the screening and detailed interviews.

Estimates which came from the

screening sample are presented in

Appendix C.

A. Screening Sample

Every interviewed person in the

screening sample received a weight

that was the product of the following

factors:

1. Base Weight. The base weight is

the inverse of the household’s

probability of selection.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-3
2. Household Noninterview

Adjustment. The noninterview

adjustment inflated the weight

assigned to interviewed

households to account for

households eligible for interview

but for which no interview was

obtained.

3. First-Stage Adjustment. The 754

areas designated for our samples

were selected from over 2,000

such areas of the United States.

Some sample areas represent only

themselves and are referred to as

self-representing. The remaining

areas represent other areas similar

in selected characteristics and are

thus designated nonselfrepresenting. The first-stage

factor reduces the component of

variation arising from sampling

the nonself-representing areas.

4. Second-Stage Adjustment. This

adjustment brings the estimates

of the total population in each

state into agreement with censusbased estimates of the civilian

noninstitutional and nonbarrack

military populations for each

state.

B. Sportspersons Sample

Every interviewed person in the

sportspersons detailed sample

received a weight that was the

product of the following factors:

1. Screening Weight. This is the

individual’s final weight from the

screening sample.

2. Sportspersons Stratum

Adjustment. This factor inflated

the weights of persons selected

for the detailed sample to account

for the subsampling done within

each sportsperson’s stratum.

3. Sportspersons Noninterview

Adjustment. This factor adjusts

the weights of the interviewed

sportspersons to account for

sportspersons selected for the

detailed sample for whom no

interview was obtained. A person

was considered a noninterview if

he/she were not interviewed in

the third wave of interviewing.

4. Sportspersons Ratio Adjustment

Factor. This is a ratio adjustment

of the detailed sample to the

screening sample within

sportspersons sampling stratum.

This adjustment brings the

population estimates of persons

age 16 years old or older from

the detailed sample into

agreement with the same

estimates from the screening

sample, which was a much larger

sample.

C. Wildlife-Watchers Sample

Every interviewed person in the

wildlife-watchers detailed sample

received a weight that was the

product of the following factors:

1. Screening Weight. This is the

individual’s final weight from the

screening sample.

2. Wildlife-Watchers Stratum

Adjustment. This factor inflated

the weights of persons selected

for the detailed sample to account

for the subsampling done within

each wildlife-watcher stratum.

3. Wildlife-Watchers Noninterview

Adjustment. This factor adjusts

the weights of the interviewed

wildlife-watching participants to

account for wildlife watchers

selected for the detailed sample

for which no interview was

obtained. A person was

considered a noninterview if

he/she were not interviewed in

the third wave of interviewing.

4. Wildlife-Watchers Ratio

Adjustment Factor. This is a

ratio adjustment of the detailed

sample to the screening sample

within wildlife-watchers

sampling strata. This adjustment

brings the population estimates of

persons age 16 years old or older

from the detailed sample into

agreement with the same

estimates from the screening

sample, which was a much larger

sample.

Accuracy of the Estimates

Since the 2001 estimates came from a

sample, they may differ from figures

from a complete census using the same

questionnaires, instructions, and

enumerators. A sample survey estimate

has two possible types of error—

sampling and nonsampling. The

accuracy of an estimate depends on both

types of error, but the full extent of the

nonsampling error is unknown.

Consequently, one should be particularly

careful when interpreting results based

on a relatively small number of cases or

on small differences between estimates.

The standard errors for the 2001

FHWAR estimates primarily indicate the

magnitude of sampling error. They also

partially measure the effect of some

nonsampling errors in responses and

enumeration, but do not measure

systematic biases in the data. (Bias is

the average over all possible samples of

the differences between the sample

estimate and the actual value.)

Nonsampling Variability

Let us suppose that a comparable

complete enumeration was conducted,

that is, an interview is attempted for

every person 16 years old and over in the

United States. Chances are we will not

correctly estimate every parameter under

consideration (for example, the

proportion of people who fished). In this

instance, the difference is due solely to

nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors

also occur in sample surveys and can be

attributed to several sources including

the following:

• The inability to obtain information

about all cases in the sample.

• Definitional difficulties.

• Differences in the interpretation of

questions.

• Respondents’ inability or

unwillingness to provide correct

information.

• Respondents’ inability to recall

information.

• Errors made in data collection such

as in recording or coding the data.

• Errors made in the processing of

data.

• Errors made in estimating values for

missing data.

• Failure to represent all units with the

sample (undercoverage).

Appendix D D-4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Overall CPS undercoverage is estimated

to be about 8 percent. Generally,

undercoverage is larger for males than

for females and larger for Blacks and

other races combined than for Whites.

Ratio estimation to independent

population controls, as described

previously, partially corrects for the bias

due to survey undercoverage. However,

biases exist in the estimates to the extent

that missed persons in missed

households or missed persons in

interviewed households have different

characteristics from those of interviewed

persons in the same age group.

Comparability of Data. Data obtained

from the 2001 FHWAR and other

sources are not entirely comparable.

This results from differences in field

interviewer training and experience and

in differing survey processes. This is an

example of nonsampling variability not

reflected in the standard errors. Use

caution when comparing results from

different sources (See Appendix B).

Note When Using Small Estimates.

Because of the large standard errors

involved, summary measures (such as

medians and percentage distributions)

would probably not reveal useful

information when computed on a base

smaller than 100,000. Take care in the

interpretation of small differences. For

instance, even a small amount of

nonsampling error can cause a borderline

difference to appear significant or not,

thus distorting a seemingly valid

hypothesis test.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-5
Sampling Variability

The particular sample used for the 2001 FHWAR Survey is one of a large number of all possible samples of the same size that

could have been selected using the same sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each

other. This sample-to-sample variability is referred to as sampling variability and is generally measured by the standard error.

The exact sampling error is unknown. However, guides to the potential size of the sampling error are provided by the standard

error of the estimate.

Since the standard error of a survey estimate attempts to provide a measure of the variation among the estimates from the possible

samples, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all

possible samples. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described next in “Standard Errors and Their Use,” are primarily

measures of sampling variability, although they may include some nonsampling error.

The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval, a range that would include the average

result of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the

same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each

sample, then approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 1.96 standard errors below the estimate to 1.96 standard errors above

the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples.

A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples. However, one

can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples.

Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing—a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters

using sample estimates. One common type of hypothesis is that the population parameters are different. An example would be

comparing the proportion of anglers to the proportion of hunters.

Tests may be performed at various levels of significance where a significance level is the probability of concluding that the

characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. To conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.05 level of

significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.96 times the

standard error of the difference.

This report uses 95-percent confidence intervals and 0.05 levels of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard

statistical textbooks for alternative criteria.

Standard Errors and Their Use. A number of approximations are required to derive, at a moderate cost, standard errors applicable

to all the estimates in this report. Instead of providing an individual standard error for each estimate, parameters are provided to

calculate standard errors for each type of characteristic. These parameters are listed in tables D-5 to D-10. Methods for using the

parameters to calculate standard errors of various estimates are given in the next sections.

Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard error, sx, of an estimated number shown in this report can be

obtained using the following formulas. Formula (1) is used to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, anglers,

and wildlife watchers.

(1)

Here, x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic.

Formula (2) is used for standard errors of aggregates, i.e., trips, days, and expenditures.

(2)

Here, x is again the size of the estimate; y is the base of the estimate; and a, b, and c are the parameters in the tables associated

with the particular characteristic.

Appendix D D-6 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Number

Table 1 in this report shows that 37,805,000 persons 16+ either fished or hunted in the United States in 2001. Using formula (1)

with the parameters a= -0.000020 and b= 4,289 from table D-6, the approximate standard error of the estimates number of

37,805,000 sportspersons 16+ is

The 95-percent confidence interval for the estimated number of sportspersons 16+ is from 37,088,600 to 38,521,400, ie.,

37,805,000 ± 1.96 x 365,500. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a

range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples.

Table 1 shows that 13,034,300 hunters 16+ engaged in 228,367,800 days of participation in 2001. Using formula (2) with the

parameters a = 0.000168, b = -11,904, and c = 12,496 from table D-8, the approximate standard error on 228,367,800 estimated

days on an estimated base of 13,034,300 hunters is

The 95-percent confidence interval on the estimate of 228,367,800 days is from 213,695,000 to 243,040,600, ie., 228,367,800 ±

1.96 x 7,486,100. Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed

in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples.

Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both

numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more

reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or

more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the tables

indicated by the numerator.

The approximate standard error, sx,p, can be obtained by use of the formula

(3)

Here, x is the total number of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the base of the percentage; p is the percentage (0 < p < 100);

and b is the parameter in the tables associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Percentage

Table 1 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters 16+, 22.7 percent hunted migratory birds. From table D-6, the appropriate b

parameter is 3,793. Using formula (3), the approximate standard error on the estimate of 22.7 percent is

Consequently, the 95-percent confidence interval for the estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16+ is from 21.3 percent to

24.1 percent, ie. 22.7 ± 1.96 x 0.71.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-7
Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to

(4)

where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates x and y. The estimates can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc. This will

represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic in two different

areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive

(negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference

Table 24 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters, 10,688,000 were licensed hunters, and 1,689,300 were exempt from a hunting

license. The corresponding percentages are 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. The apparent difference between the

percent of licensed hunters and hunters who are exempt from a license is 69.0 percent. Using formula (3) and the appropriate b

parameter from table D-6, the approximate standard errors of 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent are 0.66 and 0.57, respectively.

Using formula (4), the approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 69.0 percent is

The 95-percent confidence interval on the difference between licensed hunters and those who were exempt from a hunting license

is from 67.3 to 70.7 percent, i.e., 69.0 ± 1.96 x 0.87. Since the interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with 95 percent

confidence that the percentage of licensed hunters is greater than the percentage of hunters who are exempt from a hunting

license.

Standard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown in the report were calculated

as the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as:

Standard errors for these averages may be approximated by the use of formula (5) below.

(5)

In formula (5), r represents the correlation coefficient between the numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the above

formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average

Table 2 shows that the average days per angler 16 years old or older for all fishing was 16.4 days. Using formulas (1) and (2)

above, we compute the standard error on total days, 557,393,900, and total anglers, 34,071,100, to be 8,726,000 and 350,600,

respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 16.4 days is

therefore, the 95-percent confidence interval on the estimated average of 16.4 days is from 16.0 to 16.8, i.e., 16.4 ± 1.96 x 0.18.

Appendix D D-8 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-9

Table D-1. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected

Fishing Estimates: 2001

Anglers, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent

ANGLERS (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 351 33,384 34,758

Freshwater ............................................. 28,439 325 27,801 29,077

Freshwater except Great Lakes........................... 27,913 323 27,281 28,545

Great Lakes .......................................... 1,847 89 1,673 2,021

Saltwater .............................................. 9,051 193 8,673 9,429

DAYS OF FISHING (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557,394 8,726 540,291 574,497

Freshwater ............................................. 466,984 8,919 449,502 484,466

Freshwater except Great Lakes........................... 443,247 8,614 426,364 460,130

Great Lakes .......................................... 23,138 2,391 18,451 27,825

Saltwater .............................................. 90,838 3,929 83,137 98,539

Average Days per Angler

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.18 16.0 16.8

Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.23 16.0 16.8

Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 0.22 15.5 16.3

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 0.97 10.6 14.4

Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 0.32 9.4 10.6

FISHING EXPENDITURES (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,632,257 $945,263 $33,779,541 $37,484,973

Freshwater ............................................. $21,348,370 $604,067 $20,164,398 $22,532,342

Freshwater except Great Lakes........................... $19,972,014 $568,976 $18,856,821 $21,087,207

Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,274,435 $122,992 $1,033,371 $1,515,499

Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,388,962 $381,702 $7,640,826 $9,137,098

Average Expenditure per Spender

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,115 $22 $1,073 $1,157

Freshwater ............................................. $817 $16 $785 $849

Freshwater except Great Lakes........................... $782 $16 $751 $813

Great Lakes .......................................... $750 $49 $653 $847

Saltwater .............................................. $1,034 $32 $972 $1,096
Appendix D D-10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table D-2. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected

Hunting Estimates: 2001

Hunters, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent

HUNTERS (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 215 12,612 13,456

Big game .............................................. 10,911 198 10,523 11,299

Small game ............................................ 5,434 142 5,156 5,712

Migratory bird .......................................... 2,956 105 2,750 3,162

Other animals .......................................... 1,047 63 924 1,170

DAYS OF HUNTING (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,368 7,486 213,695 243,041

Big game .............................................. 153,191 5,385 142,637 163,745

Small game ............................................ 60,142 2,865 54,526 65,758

Migratory bird .......................................... 29,310 1,851 25,682 32,938

Other animals .......................................... 19,207 2,058 15,173 23,241

Average Days per Hunter

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 0.64 16.2 18.8

Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 0.56 12.9 15.1

Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 0.60 9.9 12.3

Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 0.72 8.5 11.3

Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 2.25 13.9 22.7

HUNTING EXPENDITURES (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,611,025 $941,534 $18,765,618 $22,456,432

Big game .............................................. $10,087,930 $485,235 $9,136,869 $11,038,991

Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,816,199 $110,041 $1,600,519 $2,031,879

Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,388,581 $108,766 $1,175,400 $1,601,762

Other animals .......................................... $243,760 $29,928 $185,101 $302,419

Average Expenditures per Spender

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,638 $77 $1,487 $1,789

Big game .............................................. $1,013 $48 $920 $1,106

Small game ............................................ $399 $22 $356 $442

Migratory bird .......................................... $548 $40 $469 $627

Other animals .......................................... $376 $32 $314 $438
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-11

Table D-3. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing

and Hunting Expenditure Estimates: 2001

(Numbers in thousands)

Expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent

FISHING AND HUNTING EXPENDITURES

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $69,976,330 $1,791,976 $66,464,058 $73,488,602

Trip-related ................................. $19,908,392 $508,674 $18,911,390 $20,905,394

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,330,938 $211,927 $7,915,561 $8,746,315

Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,305,077 $134,367 $5,041,717 $5,568,437

Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,272,377 $159,162 $5,960,420 $6,584,334

Equipment ................................. $40,954,202 $1,048,104 $38,899,918 $43,008,486

Fishing/hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,507,114 $242,075 $9,032,648 $9,981,580

Auxiliary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,627,686 $65,733 $2,498,850 $2,756,522

Special .................................. $28,819,402 $737,075 $27,374,736 $30,264,068

Other...................................... $9,113,737 $231,992 $8,659,033 $9,568,441

Magazine subscriptions ..................... $307,981 $6,089 $296,046 $319,916

Membership dues and contributions ........... $515,282 $11,498 $492,745 $537,819

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,128,486 $181,106 $6,773,518 $7,483,454

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . $1,161,988 $28,139 $1,106,835 $1,217,141

Fishing Expenditures

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35,632,257 $945,263 $33,779,541 $37,484,973

Trip-related ................................. $14,656,000 $387,889 $13,895,738 $15,416,262

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,880,997 $154,718 $5,577,750 $6,184,244

Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,515,756 $91,865 $3,335,702 $3,695,810

Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,259,247 $138,196 $4,988,382 $5,530,112

Equipment ................................. $16,963,523 $449,204 $16,083,084 $17,843,962

Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,617,612 $121,146 $4,380,166 $4,855,058

Auxiliary................................. $721,049 $17,550 $686,651 $755,447

Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,624,862 $307,346 $11,022,465 $12,227,259

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,012,733 $105,072 $3,806,793 $4,218,673

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,152,594 $82,213 $2,991,456 $3,313,732

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits ........... $639,876 $15,384 $609,724 $670,028

Hunting Expenditures

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20,611,025 $941,534 $18,765,618 $22,456,432

Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,252,391 $237,159 $4,787,560 $5,717,222

Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,449,942 $108,603 $2,237,080 $2,662,804

Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,789,320 $78,283 $1,635,886 $1,942,754

Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,013,129 $42,614 $929,606 $1,096,652

Equipment ................................. $10,361,496 $471,479 $9,437,397 $11,285,595

Hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,561,709 $205,479 $4,158,969 $4,964,449

Auxiliary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,202,845 $51,341 $1,102,216 $1,303,474

Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,596,942 $207,095 $4,191,035 $5,002,849

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,997,138 $225,451 $4,555,253 $5,439,023

Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,975,892 $178,609 $3,625,819 $4,325,965

Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits ........... $693,038 $27,850 $638,452 $747,624
Appendix D D-12 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table D-4. Approximate Standard Errors and 95-Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected

Wildlife-Watching Estimates: 2001

Participants and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent

WILDLIFE-WATCHING PARTICIPANTS (thousands)

Total participants ........................................ 66,105 625 64,880 67,330

Nonresidential (away from home) .......................... 21,823 559 20,727 22,919

Observe wildlife ...................................... 20,080 395 19,307 20,853

Photograph wildlife.................................... 9,427 278 8,883 9,971

Feed wildlife ......................................... 7,077 242 6,603 7,551

Residential (around the home) ............................. 62,928 616 61,720 64,136

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 538 41,057 43,165

Photograph wildlife.................................... 13,937 334 13,283 14,591

Feed wildlife ......................................... 53,988 588 52,836 55,140

Maintain natural areas or plantings ....................... 13,072 324 12,437 13,707

Visit public parks ..................................... 10,981 299 10,396 11,566

DAYS OF PARTICIPATION IN NONRESIDENTIAL

ACTIVITIES (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,006 16,700 339,274 404,738

Observe wildlife ........................................ 295,345 14,584 266,761 323,929

Photograph wildlife...................................... 76,324 6,969 62,665 89,983

Feed wildlife ........................................... 103,307 8,558 86,534 120,080

Average Days of Participation in

Nonresidential Activities

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 0.56 16.0 18.1

Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 0.56 13.6 15.8

Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 0.60 6.9 9.3

Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 0.93 12.8 16.4

EXPENDITURES (thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $38,414,488 $644,659 $37,150,955 $39,678,021

Trip-related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,162,439 $135,441 $7,896,974 $8,427,904

Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,818,843 $79,151 $4,663,706 $4,973,980

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,595,542 $41,707 $2,513,796 $2,677,288

Other trip costs ....................................... $748,054 $10,478 $727,518 $768,590

Equipment and other expenses............................. $30,252,049 $507,267 $29,257,805 $31,246,293

Wildlife watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,353,977 $121,832 $7,115,187 $7,592,767

Auxiliary ............................................ $716,900 $9,944 $697,410 $736,390

Special .............................................. $15,468,716 $258,428 $14,962,197 $15,975,235

Magazines ........................................... $331,955 $3,095 $325,888 $338,022

Membership dues and contributions....................... $920,183 $13,413 $893,893 $946,473
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-13

Table D-5. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Sportspersons, Anglers,

Hunters, and Wildlife-Watching Participants

(These parameters are to be used only to calculate estimates of standard errors for characteristics developed from the screening sample)

State

6 years old and over 6-15 year olds only

ab ab

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000017 4,191 –0.000103 4,052

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000380 1,493 –0.002270 1,417

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000948 512 –0.004485 489

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000399 1,559 –0.001931 1,303

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001069 2,456 –0.006381 2,444

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000221 6,329 –0.001083 5,240

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000521 1,819 –0.002707 1,551

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000336 996 –0.002227 1,007

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000428 283 –0.002753 284

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 5,619 –0.002768 5,390

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000506 3,361 –0.002856 3,156

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000659 705 –0.003146 538

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001285 1,393 –0.006911 1,424

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 4,572 –0.002310 4,043

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000578 3,064 –0.003388 2,867

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000803 2,084 –0.004015 1,702

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000659 1,528 –0.004453 1,804

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000493 1,760 –0.002857 1,623

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000874 3,461 –0.004231 3,101

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000903 1,035 –0.005933 1,086

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000463 2,151 –0.002684 1,973

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000193 1,065 –0.001155 928

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000606 5,281 –0.003588 5,206

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001004 4,226 –0.006232 4,574

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000955 2,368 –0.005090 2,275

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000681 3,305 –0.004295 3,440

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001327 1,085 –0.008909 1,292

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000479 714 –0.002742 713

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000588 845 –0.003740 838

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000455 482 –0.002565 446

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000220 1,591 –0.001309 1,434

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000887 1,389 –0.004190 1,228

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000298 4,907 –0.001768 4,458

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000506 3,353 –0.004040 4,161

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000994 581 –0.007996 816

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000402 4,091 –0.002543 4,199

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000774 2,323 –0.003822 2,007

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000429 1,261 –0.002347 1,105

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000563 6,176 –0.004018 6,755

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000327 291 –0.002062 276

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000542 1,838 –0.002857 1,566

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000788 522 –0.005465 667

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000798 3,887 –0.005230 3,954

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000674 11,571 –0.003386 10,479

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000532 948 –0.001723 667

Vermont ............................... –0.001116 605 –0.008013 697

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000636 3,870 –0.003336 3,090

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000190 956 –0.001070 889

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000784 1,344 –0.005315 1,323

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000986 4,628 –0.005562 4,461

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001599 718 –0.007708 647
Appendix D D-14 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table D-6. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels for the

Detailed Sportspersons Sample

State

Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

ab ab

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000020 4,289 –0.000018 3,793

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000459 1,570 –0.000489 1,672

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001213 535 –0.000986 435

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000405 1,492 –0.000389 1,431

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001229 2,452 –0.001529 3,050

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000275 7,111 –0.000265 6,859

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000602 1,924 –0.000649 2,075

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000385 976 –0.000429 1,086

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000483 288 –0.000658 392

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000395 4,789 –0.000478 5,788

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000512 3,106 –0.000472 2,858

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000509 454 –0.001043 930

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001216 1,176 –0.001263 1,221

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000487 4,492 –0.000648 5,979

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000549 2,501 –0.000654 2,982

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000888 1,953 –0.000659 1,450

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000642 1,292 –0.000832 1,673

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000835 2,592 –0.000679 2,110

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000991 3,270 –0.000831 2,743

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000954 959 –0.000937 942

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000516 2,087 –0.000397 1,605

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000252 1,221 –0.000278 1,344

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000643 4,874 –0.000592 4,491

Minnesota .............................. –0.001114 4,105 –0.000889 3,278

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001033 2,169 –0.001124 2,360

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000678 2,843 –0.000857 3,597

Montana ............................... –0.001195 832 –0.001299 904

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000676 851 –0.000707 890

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000617 893 –0.000576 833

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000501 478 –0.000547 522

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000252 1,588 –0.000305 1,918

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000711 944 –0.001259 1,672

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000364 5,159 –0.000301 4,277

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000451 2,646 –0.000616 3,618

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000814 389 –0.001295 619

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000421 3,638 –0.000381 3,292

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000954 2,454 –0.001042 2,679

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000652 1,715 –0.000558 1,468

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000635 5,902 –0.000628 5,840

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000423 322 –0.000510 389

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000527 1,616 –0.000696 2,133

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001088 605 –0.001013 563

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000577 2,490 –0.000749 3,232

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000603 9,273 –0.000733 11,259

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000616 955 –0.000714 1,106

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001086 520 –0.001184 567

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000546 2,930 –0.000658 3,529

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000427 1,913 –0.000305 1,368

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000781 1,133 –0.000891 1,288

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001026 4,165 –0.000832 3,378

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001209 452 –0.001693 633
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-15

Table D-7. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures for the

Detailed Sportspersons Sample

State

Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

abcab c

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000209 –81,938 16,935 0.000849 –338,404 16,347

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009175 –61,525 5,860 0.024164 –1,049 5,155

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.006112 –16,312 2,378 0.021402 39,475 489

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026819 –7,817 2,578 0.092593 –90,851 2,072

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004633 –23,748 6,426 0.014405 –62,820 5,523

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021384 –70,276 15,458 0.113785 –136,283 6,339

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009864 –19,578 5,293 0.022718 –94,581 3,887

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001877 –16,928 2,684 0.079125 –34,580 1,895

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040550 –7,042 809 0.105687 –2,637 311

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.007654 20,508 14,478 0.023874 –155,743 8,973

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014008 –36,268 6,059 0.008831 –95,649 7,863

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.025846 –5,658 1,067 0.097125 –938 788

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002875 –29,463 3,878 0.016379 –64,453 3,289

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019572 10,051 8,854 0.085878 –549,762 11,311

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.022696 –22,961 5,102 0.033251 –103,911 8,051

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005064 –20,998 4,528 0.016656 –138,890 5,392

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015860 18,185 1,730 0.021785 –50,528 2,671

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004591 –41,799 5,443 0.008079 –58,497 4,208

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.00040 –65,739 6,880 0.019445 –21,541 4,669

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017717 –5,998 1,713 0.025284 –13,157 1,841

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008904 –8,843 3,522 0.032998 –11,255 2,731

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016262 –12,678 3,571 0.024064 –1,953 1,922

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019792 –127,849 11,921 0.040148 –65,705 9,671

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008800 –47,947 9,688 0.014048 –30,492 6,73

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016340 –3,615 2,838 0.048203 –12,376 2,679

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010252 –14,938 4,700 0.044792 –43,432 4,274

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006249 2,944 2,023 0.012939 –22,671 1,865

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017333 –3,651 1,663 0.027267 –39,668 2,043

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018933 –14,263 1,569 0.031588 –38,184 1,658

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018219 –2,158 896 0.019369 –16,561 1,337

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008872 –21,461 4,161 0.074090 –47,814 2,925

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009851 –15,340 3,013 0.038148 4,904 1,576

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026625 –55,537 8,963 0.021960 –65,942 13,270

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002898 –52,854 8,564 0.027058 –70,174 6,255

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005072 –1,310 842 0.013476 10,740 593

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006294 –16,259 6,658 0.032819 –343,279 12,406

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004660 –37,618 7,562 0.020499 –34,984 4,891

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003145 –20,997 4,657 0.039506 –209,288 4,495

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001615 –16,424 12,085 0.015010 –45,176 9,408

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008233 –3,065 823 0.163731 1,552 318

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006577 –24,715 4,435 0.014150 –45,230 4,751

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016156 –6,396 1,099 0.041242 13,567 850

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.033971 –12,176 3,739 0.025020 25,879 2,858

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002571 –181,509 27,582 0.012511 228,353 16,609

Utah .................................. 0.001106 –2,243 3,125 0.011415 –63,829 3,240

Vermont ............................... 0.011747 –4,625 1,103 0.008540 –5,531 1,212

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016382 –12,594 5,152 0.014967 –57,318 6,583

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003760 –21,018 4,033 0.047027 –137,577 2,616

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006720 –9,550 2,878 0.031204 –15,338 1,413

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012407 –19,300 6,202 0.024061 –96,808 6,607

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012293 –9,179 1,344 0.024311 –20,666 1,350
Appendix D D-16 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table D-8. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Days or Trips

for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample

State

Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

abcab c

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000359 –10,379 21,216 0.000168 –11,904 12,496

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.014899 –1,645 10,642 0.010257 –3,745 3,494

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004232 –2,284 1,514 0.017337 –1,630 1,174

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009813 –504 1,658 0.025859 –2,427 2,408

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000591 –4,532 7,151 0.005331 –5,600 6,560

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005829 –32,577 19,133 0.046419 –14,455 11,763

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002514 –4,440 6,304 0.005304 –3,344 4,269

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004894 –1,905 2,797 0.032365 –208 1,179

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019930 –260 493 0.042659 –901 837

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004327 –8,388 12,123 0.023712 –8,026 8,704

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006853 –15,975 7,865 0.000498 –4,557 6,375

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024692 –3,126 2,236 –0.011390 –629 1,711

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003745 –3,875 4,263 0.007761 –1,392 1,956

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001740 –10,299 13,115 0.116103 –25,870 11,750

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005471 –5,800 7,756 0.015379 –6,119 5,928

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002638 –1,789 4,745 0.013073 –5,442 4,003

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016223 –605 1,633 –0.005996 –2,318 4,722

Kentucky .............................. –0.001146 –3,831 5,559 –0.008903 –1,883 5,581

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005167 –9,551 6,990 0.031739 –9,447 4,809

Maine ................................. –0.001145 –2,421 3,262 0.012469 –2,544 2,121

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015009 –1,757 3,235 –0.000817 –3,341 4,179

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001279 –5,091 4,088 0.028210 –2,953 2,268

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014345 –13,184 13,688 0.005369 –5,906 7,564

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003565 –17,781 12,718 –0.002763 –5,610 8,671

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019493 –15,942 6,461 0.014162 –6,098 5,274

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002128 –5,253 7,226 0.018480 –8,909 5,746

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000449 –2,600 3,680 0.000401 –1,984 2,302

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001914 –1,750 2,477 –0.000535 –295 1,450

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021810 –2,046 1,649 –0.001816 –1,230 1,883

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002071 –1,578 1,470 0.000312 –511 902

New Jersey ............................. 0.011720 –5,526 6,959 0.022081 –3,488 3,096

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001275 –6,683 5,081 0.035962 –4,491 2,409

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006773 –19,672 13,519 –0.006261 –6,261 14,001

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003764 –7,850 10,700 0.005307 –10,202 11,887

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000254 –1,046 1,099 0.013638 –2,072 1,354

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002277 –12,642 14,807 0.014951 –10,264 9,111

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002908 –8,589 7,908 –0.012896 –7,384 10,343

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004964 –10,252 11,849 0.014008 –4,387 3,466

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000351 –9,506 15,294 0.001946 –7,227 10,734

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003515 –532 829 0.036010 –680 752

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001822 –4,530 4,244 0.016996 –2,924 3,226

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006727 –857 1,163 0.014473 –561 1,029

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003393 –8,542 10,929 0.014450 –5,875 5,933

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008771 –62,115 37,457 0.026724 –40,596 24,438

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000945 –159 2,170 0.009900 –3,490 2,684

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003874 –1,213 1,671 0.001720 –943 1,254

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003305 –6,179 9,142 0.003533 –4,262 5,955

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001423 –4,085 5,250 –0.000778 –1,826 2,912

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003294 –831 2,712 0.003483 –2,510 3,463

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000821 –11,365 13,762 0.002687 –8,025 7,969

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001824 –978 1,466 0.000207 3,198 606
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D-17

Table D-9. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels of Wildlife-Watching

Participants for the Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample

State

Nonresidential users Wildlife-watching participants1

ab ab

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000076 15,974 –0.000040 8,555

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001806 6,172 –0.000996 3,406

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003984 1,757 –0.007723 1,368

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001862 6,858 –0.001138 4,191

Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005383 10,740 –0.003708 7,397

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001245 32,229 –0.000675 17,485

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002666 8,521 –0.001570 5,017

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002028 5,136 –0.001170 2,963

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003015 1,797 –0.001488 887

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002113 25,612 –0.001029 12,478

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002607 15,802 –0.001239 7,512

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001747 1,558 –0.001508 1,345

Idaho.................................. –0.011466 11,088 –0.002755 2,664

Illinois................................. –0.001118 10,311 –0.001182 10,900

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002301 10,485 –0.001294 5,899

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002614 5,750 –0.002397 5,274

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002324 4,676 –0.001200 2,414

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001720 5,341 –0.001519 4,717

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002007 6,621 –0.001352 4,459

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003051 3,066 –0.002046 2,056

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001879 7,604 –0.001100 4,449

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001845 8,924 –0.000791 3,824

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002911 22,083 –0.001385 10,506

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003859 14,226 –0.002710 9,989

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002421 5,085 –0.002331 4,896

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.007940 33,309 –0.002372 9,949

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005126 3,568 –0.003963 2,758

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002615 3,292 –0.001558 1,961

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002376 3,438 –0.001641 2,375

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003949 3,767 –0.001860 1,774

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001349 8,490 –0.000839 5,282

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003029 4,023 –0.001796 2,385

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001303 18,488 –0.000811 11,505

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001908 11,203 –0.001382 8,114

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003144 1,503 –0.002659 1,271

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001298 11,210 –0.000884 7,638

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004011 10,317 –0.002253 5,796

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003939 10,356 –0.001506 3,958

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002310 21,485 –0.001198 11,142

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.001581 1,205 –0.001226 934

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004009 12,288 –0.001840 5,460

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.005473 3,043 –0.002845 1,582

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002163 9,330 –0.001206 5,202

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003860 59,315 –0.001142 17,541

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.003023 4,685 –0.002427 3,762

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.007125 3,413 –0.003296 1,579

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002550 13,684 –0.001540 8,266

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002590 11,601 –0.000842 3,773

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002233 3,226 –0.001979 2,859

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.002881 11,690 –0.002288 9,283

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.004150 1,552 –0.004075 1,524

1 Use these parameters for total wildlife-watching participants and residential participants.
Appendix D D-18 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Table D-10. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures

and Days or Trips for Detailed Wildlife-Watching Sample

State

Expenditures Days or trips

abcab c

United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.000286 –65,186 37,635 0.000052 543,738 10,948

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030708 –4,434 4,714 –0.022833 –34,485 19,838

Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.041800 –4,269 1,514 –0.029715 –14,349 8,241

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015564 –88,920 7,092 –0.006753 8,600 9,994

Arkansa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010470 –232,312 19,942 –0.016982 –55,327 23,242

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018066 –66,438 36,961 0.012283 199,721 11,847

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038817 –215,098 11,070 –0.052385 –41,128 50,721

Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009671 –39,324 6,004 –0.041089 –115,012 28,194

Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.048255 793 1,135 –0.017715 –10,761 3,753

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037237 246,936 15,955 –0.011904 368,712 53,853

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049562 –47,365 13,337 –0.012828 –66,122 35,936

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.073902 –7,392 1,428 –0.107474 –50,423 10,960

Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049578 3,816 4,179 –0.012767 26,870 10,809

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023791 –91,738 15,163 0.017880 –26,735 32,660

Indiana ....................... 0.031176 –6,949 11,644 –0.031304 –137,397 50,618

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.027387 –151,677 10,811 –0.043626 –36,375 39,705

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014086 –26,411 5,617 –0.020112 –42,505 16,304

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034724 –14,328 9,748 –0.100682 –143,695 76,120

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.077714 –11,409 5,935 –0.079705 –145,421 49,422

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023033 –44,469 5,406 –0.017174 –7,365 9,098

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.043571 –70,123 6,923 –0.033325 –216,192 46,228

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006810 –178,680 12,400 –0.031568 –234,200 47,548

Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040492 –319,042 19,607 –0.018833 –31,270 48,594

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014246 –14,209 13,809 –0.095678 –560,553 139,828

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.124078 18,562 3,885 –0.030843 –100,539 24,176

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034639 –25,636 11,799 –0.010269 219,841 37,795

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057903 –22,171 3,776 –0.012332 5,559 10,812

Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024994 –4,237 3,539 –0.038650 –12,323 13,951

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034440 22,068 4,012 –0.005101 –34,384 8,741

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.035666 –13,208 2,568 0.022014 –23,662 6,038

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013039 –52,984 9,831 –0.011200 215,547 18,712

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.160478 –37,219 3,245 –0.041133 –40,922 17,946

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.055761 –88,911 14,702 –0.018354 –352,468 78,358

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016613 –38,392 14,073 –0.014391 –150,974 57,926

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.083798 –1,532 1,564 0.000482 –16,359 3,936

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013567 –190,802 23,398 0.054816 –205,827 28,294

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016264 –32,772 9,957 0.012938 93,047 14,288

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006779 –12,633 7,354 –0.034862 –36,621 32,540

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.029900 –197,526 29,144 0.024902 969,419 –33,184

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030265 –1,717 1,486 –0.069322 –95,835 12,964

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.053921 14,141 5,196 –0.019706 –230,401 46,919

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057120 7,343 999 –0.031149 –123,874 14,456

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037696 –9,299 8,559 0.000581 38,507 8,480

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038651 –443,322 33,784 0.005378 354,179 23,102

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.056421 9,481 4,059 0.045711 –66,098 23,779

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013746 –43,820 3,010 0.010618 –34,930 7,630

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.036266 –105,349 16,055 –0.016136 –231,865 58,093

Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018752 –46,218 10,365 –0.015432 –108,529 31,269

West Virginia .................. 0.051192 –2,708 2,632 –0.035244 –80,788 20,819

Wisconsin ..................... –0.001127 –25,290 18,720 –0.064163 –592,681 124,050

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097425 –2,122 1,550 –0.093805 –13,385 14,702