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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |  |
| Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Fuel Cells
**Tracer Bullet 07-3**
- Scope
- Introductions to the Topic
- Subject Headings
- Basic Texts
- Additional Titles
- Specialized Titles
- Handbooks, Encyclopedias, and Dictionaries
- Conference Proceedings
- Technical Reports
- Selected Technical Reports
- Dissertations
- Selected Dissertations
- Abstracting and Indexing Services
- Journals
- Representative Journal Articles
- Selected Materials
- Additional Sources of Information
- Selected Internet Resources

 

 A fuel cell converts hydrogen   and oxygen into water, producing electricity and heat in the process.    It has two electrodes, the negative anode and positive cathode,   separated by an electrolyte that only allows specific ion flows.  Fuel   is delivered to the anode and oxygen to the cathode. 
Graphic and caption from  the NASA Website.  **SCOPE**
This guide lists informative sources on three types of electrochemical			  energy storage systems: batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. A battery			  is a multicelled direct-current voltage source that converts chemical, thermal,			  nuclear, or solar energy into electrical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical			  device in which the reaction between a fuel, such as hydrogen or methanol,			  and an oxidant, such as oxygen or air, converts the chemical energy of the			  fuel directly into electrical energy without combustion. In contrast to			  a battery, a fuel cell can be thought of as a chemical battery whose reactants			  are fed from external sources rather than from part of the battery. Fuel			  cells consume reactants that must be replenished, while batteries store			  electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Supercapacitors, also known			  as ultracapacitors or electrochemical double-layer capacitors, are electrochemical			  storage devices that offer both high power and high energy and work like			  large versions of common electrical capacitors. 

 Related titles in the *Science Tracer Bullet* series are TB 92-3,                *Electric Vehicles* and TB 06-8,*Alternative Fuel                Vehicles and Combustion Processes.* Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography,                this compilation is designed--as the name of the series implies--to                put the reader on target. 

TOP OF PAGE
**INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC**
 	Appleby, Anthony J.  Fuel cell.  In *McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology*.			  9th ed. v. 7. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2002. p. 549-552.			       Q121.M3 2002 <SciRR>

Sadoway, Donald R. Battery. In *McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology.*9th ed. v. 2. New York, McGraw-Hill, c2002. p. 633-647.    Q121.M3 2002 <SciRR>

*Supercapacitors.* National Renewable Energy Laboratory   URL: http://www.nrel.gov/learning/eds_supercapacitors.html

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**SUBJECT HEADINGS**
Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which materials			  on batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells can be located in			  Library catalogs, include the following:

**Highly Relevant**

CAPACITORSELECTRIC BATTERIES FUELCELLSSTORAGE BATTERIES

**Relevant**

CONCENTRATION CELLSELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION FROM CHEMICAL ACTIONLEAD-ACID BATTERIESLITHIUM CELLSMOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLSNICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIESNICKEL-HYDROGEN BATTERIESNICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIESNUCLEAR BATTERIESSELENIUM CELLSSODIUM SULPHUR BATTERIESSOLAR BATTERIESSOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLSSOLID STATE BATTERIESSTANDARD CELLSTHERMAL BATTERIESZINC-SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

   See also subdivison BATTERIES under individual land vehicles,e.g., AUTOMOBILES--BATTERIES, or under other headings, e.g., CLOCKS AND WATCHES--BATTERIES

**Related**

BATTERY CHARGERSBATTERY INDUSTRYELECTRIC BATTERIES--RECYCLINGFUEL CELL INDUSTRYPARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES (U.S.)STORAGE BATTERIES--RECYCLINGTHERMOPILESWASTE HOUSEHOLD BATTERIES

**More general**

DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSIONELECTRIC CAPACITYELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES TO APPARATUSELECTROCHEMISTRYENERGY STORAGE

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**BASIC TEXTS**
 Dell, Ronald, and David A. J. Rand.  *Understanding batteries.*  Cambridge,			  Royal Society of Chemistry, 			  c2001. 			  223 p. 			     Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2901.D45 2001 <SciRR>

 Crompton, T. R. *Battery reference book.* 3rd ed. Oxford, Eng., Boston,		      Newnes, 2000. 1 v.   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2901.C75 2000 <SciRR>

 Li, Xianguo. *Principles of fuel cells.* New York, Taylor & Francis,		      2006. 572 p.   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.L5 2006

*Recent advances in supercapacitors, 2006.* Vinay Gupta, ed. Kerala,		      India, Transworld Research Network, 2006. 152 p.			     Includes bibliographical references.   TL7872.C65R43 2006 <SciRR>

 Srinivasan, S. *Fuel cells: from fundamentals to applications*. New York,		      Springer, 2006. 691 p.			    Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.S75 2006

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**ADDITIONAL TITLES**
 	Barclay, Frederick J.  *Fuel cells, engines, and hydrogen: an energy			    approach.*			  Chichester, Eng., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, c2006. 188 p.    Bibliography: p. 177-184.   TK2931.B38 2006

 Bergveld, Henk Jan, Wanda S. Kruijt, and Peter H. L. Notten. *Battery		      management systems: design by modeling.* Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer		      Academic, 2002. 295 p. (Philips Research, v. 1)   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2943.B38 2002

 Busby, Rebecca L. *Hydrogen and fuel cells: a comprehensive guide.* Tulsa,		      OK, PennWell Corp., c2005. 445 p.			     Bibliography: p. 415-426				     TP359.H8B87 2005 <SciRR>

 Conway, B. E.  *Electrochemical supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals		      and technological applications.* New York, Plenum Press, c1999. 698 p.		         Includes bibliographical references.   TK2941.C66 1999 <SciRR>

*Electrochemical studies of batteries.* Magdalena Nuñez, editor.		      New York, Nova Science Publishers, c2005. 210 p.	   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2901.E4335 2005

*Energy storage systems for electronics.* Edited by Tetsuya		      Osaka and Madhav Datta. Amsterdam, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,		      c2000.		      579 p. (New trends in electrochemical technology, v. 1)	   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2941.E53 2000

*Fuel cell fundamentals*. Ryan O’Hayre and others. Hoboken, NJ,		      John Wiley & Sons, c2006. 409 p.   Bibliography: p. 389-393.   TK2931.F78 2006 <SciRR>

 Kordesch, K., and Günter Simader. *Fuel cells and their applications.*		      Weinheim, New York, VCH, c1996. 375 p.	   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.K664 1996

 Larminie, James, and Andrew Dicks. *Fuel cell systems explained.* 2nd		      ed. Chichester, Eng., J. Wiley, c2003. 		      406 p.   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.L37 2003 <SciRR>

 Perez, Richard A. *The complete battery book.* Blue Ridge Summit, PA,		      Tab Books, c1985. 185 p.    TK2896.P47 1985

 Sørensen, Bent. *Hydrogen and fuel cells: emerging technologies		      and applications.* Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, c2005.		      450 p.	   Bibliography: p. 405-440.   TP359.H8S68 2005 <SciRR>

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**SPECIALIZED TITLES**
 	Dhameja, Sandeep.  *Electric vehicle battery systems.*  Boston, Newnes,			  c2001. 230 p.   Bibliography: p. 215-219.   TL220.D49 2001 <SciRR>

*The Economic dynamics of fuel cell technologies.* Editors, Armand Avadikyan,		      Patrick Cohendet, Jean-Alain Héraud; with contributions by Fernand		      Amesse and others. Berlin, New York, Springer, 2003. 237 p.    Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.E26 2003

*Fuel cell technology: reaching towards commercialization.* Nigel Sammes,		      ed. London, Springer, c2006. 298 p.			       Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2931.F787 2006

*Lithium batteries: science and technology.*  Edited by Gholam-Abbas		      Nazri, Gianfranco Pistoia. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2004.		      708 p. 			     Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2945.L59 2004

*Solid state ionics for batteries.* T. Minami, editor in chief; M. Tatsumisago		      and others, editors. Tokyo, New York, Springer, c2005. 276 p. 			       Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2942.S67 2005

*Used battery collection and recycling.* Edited by G. Pistoia, J.-P.		      Wiaux, S. P. Wolsky. New York, Elsevier Science, 2001. 372 p. (Industrial		      chemistry library, v. 10)     Includes bibliographical references.     TK2921.U73 2001 <SciRR>

*Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries.* Editors, D. A. J. Rand and others.		      Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier, 2004. 575 p.     Includes bibliographical references     TK2941.V35 2004

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**HANDBOOKS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, AND DICTIONARIES**
Appleby, A. J., and F. R. Foulkes. *Fuel cell handbook.* 1st ed. New York,			  Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1989. 762 p.	   Bibliography: p. 633-748.   7th ed. available from the National Technical Information Service as report numberDE2004834188.    TK2931.A67 1989 <SciRR>

*Battery technology handbook.* Edited by H. A. Kiehne. 2nd ed. New York,		      Marcel Dekker, c2003. 		      515 p. (Electrical engineering and electronics,		      60) 			     Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2901.B393 2003

*Encyclopedia of energy.* Editor in chief, Cutler J. Cleveland; Associate		      editors, Robert U. Ayres and others. Amsterdam, Boston, Elsevier Academic		      Press, c2004. 6 v.     Includes bibliographical references.     See particularly: “Batteries, overview,” “Batteries, transportation  applications,” “Fuel cells,” and “Fuel cell vehicles.”      TJ163.28.E53 2004 <SciRR>

*Fuel cell technology handbook*. Edited by Gregor Hoogers. Boca Raton,		      FL, CRC Press, c2003. 1 v.			        Includes bibliographical references.			  	    TK2931.F785 2003 <SciRR>

*Handbook of batteries.* David Linden, editor, Thomas B. Reddy, editor.		      3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002. 1 v.	     Includes bibliographical references.     TK2901.H36 2001 <SciRR>

*Handbook of battery materials.* Jürgen O. Besenhard, ed. Weinheim,    New York, Wiley-VCH, c1999. 618 p.	   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2901.H364 1999

Handbook of fuel cells: fundamentals, technology, and applications. Editors,Wolf Vielstich, Arnold Lamm, Hubert A. Gasteiger. Chichester, Eng., Hoboken,NJ, Wiley, c2003. 4 v.   Includes bibliographical references.   TK2931.H34 2003 <SciRR>

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**CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS**
*Battery Conference on Applications and Advances.  The Seventeenth			    Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of			    the conference			  held at California State University, Long Beach, California, 15-18			    January 2002.* Compiled by Radhe S. L. Das and Harvey Frank. Piscataway,			    NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., c2002. 313			    p.			     Includes bibliographical references.   TK2901.S937a No. 17, 2002

*Intercalation compounds for battery materials: proceedings of the		        international symposium.* Editors: G.-A. Nazri, M. Thackeray, T. Ohzuku. Pennington,		      NJ, Electrochemical Society, c2000. 442 p. 			     Includes bibliographical references.   Papers presented at joint Electrochemical Society and Japan ElectrochemicalSociety meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 17-22.   TK2941.I577 2000

*Lithium batteries: proceedings of the international symposium.* Editors,		      S. Surampudi and others. Pennington, NJ, Electrochemical Society, c2000.		      824 p. (PV 99-25)     Includes bibliographical references.     Papers presented at the Lithium Battery symposium of the 196th Electrochemical  Society Fall Meeting, October 17-22, 1999, held in Honolulu, Hawaii.     TK2921.L55 2000

*Materials for energy storage, generation and transport: symposium		      held April 2-4, 2002, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.* Editors, Ricardo		      B. Schwarz, Gerbrand Ceder, Steven A. Ringel. Warrendale, PA, Materials		      Research Society, c2002. 232 p. (Materials Research Society symposia		      proceedings, v. 730)    Includes bibliographical references.   TK2901.M38 2002

 NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Trends in Intercalation Compounds		      for Energy Storage (2001, Sozopol, Bulgaria). *New trends in intercalation		      compounds for energy storage*. Edited by C. Julien, J. P. Pereira-Ramos,		      and A. Momchilov. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2002.		      654 p. (NATO science series. Series II, Mathematics, physics, and chemistry,		      v. 61)    Includes bibliographical references.   “Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on New Trends in IntercalationCompounds for Energy Storage, Sozopol, Bulgaria, 22 September-2 Oct. 2001.”   TJ165.N49 2002

 NATO Carbon Advanced Research Workshop and Conference (2003, Argonne,		      Illinois). *New carbon based materials for electrochemical energy		      storage systems: batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells.* Edited by Igor V.		      Barsukov and others. Dordrecht, Springer, 2006. 523 p. (NATO science		      series. Series II, Mathematics, physics, and chemistry, v. 229)   Includes bibliographical references.   TA455.C43N375 2003

*New materials for batteries and fuel cells: symposium held                April 5-8, 1999, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.*Editors, Daniel H.              Doughty and others. Warrendale, PA, Materials Research Society,              c2000. 439 p. (Materials Research Society symposia proceedings,              v. 575) 			     Includes bibliographical references.			     TK2941.N48 2000

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**TECHNICAL REPORTS**
Technical Reports**** and other types of literature may be			  identified in the following abstracting and indexing journals:

*Government Reports Announcements & Index* (1946-)  	   Z7916.G78 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic format	   URL: http://www.ntis.gov

 Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications (1895-)     Z1223.A18 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic format     URL: http://catalog.gpo.gov (1976-)

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**SELECTED TECHNICAL REPORTS**
Reports listed below are available in the technical reports collection			  of the Science, Technology & Business Division, with more information			  at http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/trs/trsover.html. Some reports			  on the topic may be purchased from the National Technical Information			  Service (NTIS), 5825 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.			  NTIS telephone: (703)		  605-6585. NTIS web site URL: http://www.ntis.gov.

 Battery Council International. *BCI 2002.* Chicago, IL, 2002, 1 CD-ROM. 			   <SciRR>   CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.

 Mitchell, William L., and Antonino Toro. Advanced fuel cell development		      for automotive operation. In *Applications of fuel cells in vehicles		      2006.* Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers, c2006. p. 7-11.			     SAE/SP-2006   “This SAE Special Publication presents papers from the session Applicationsof Fuel Cells in Vehicles held during the SAE 2006 World Congress, held April3-6, 2006 in Detroit, Michigan, USA.”

 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Research and Technology Organization.		      *Fuel cells for land, sea and air vehicles. Report of the Applied		      Vehicle Technology Panel, Fuel Cells Working Group AVT-103.*Neuilly-sur-Seine		      Cedex, France, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Research and Technology		      Organization, May 2004. 1 CD-ROM. 			     <SciRR>     CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.

 	Stienecker, Adam W., Mark A. Flute, and Thomas A. Stuart.  Improved		      battery charging in an ultracapacitor: lead acid battery hybrid energy		      storage system for mild hybrid electric vehicles. In *Advanced hybrid		      vehicle powertrains 2006.* Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers,		      c2006. p. 153-158. 			     SAE/SP-2008   “This SAE Special Publication presents papers from the session AdvancedHybrid Vehicle Powertrains held during the SAE 2006 World Congress, held April3-6, 2006 in Detroit, Michigan, USA.” 

*World energy analysis.* Lexington, MA, WinterGreen Research, Inc., 2006,		      1 CD-ROM.    <SciRR>   CD-ROM collection maintained by the Technical Reports and Standards Unit.      Describes how renewable energy systems provide economies of scale and power  automobiles from energy generated from wind and solar panels and stored in  thin film batteries.

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**DISSERTATIONS**
Dissertations  may be identified by using online resources or the following			  indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any reference			  librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available in			  full text through electronic resources on public terminals at the			  Library of Congress.

*Comprehensive Dissertation Index* (1861-1972)				   Z5053.X47 1973

*Comprehensive Dissertation Index. Supplement* (1973- annual) 			     Z5053.X47a

*Dissertation Abstracts International* (1938- monthly) 			     Z5053.D57 and Electronic format

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**SELECTED DISSERTATIONS**
Bervas, Mathieu. *Engineered nanocomposites as high-energy density positive			  electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.* Ann Arbor, MI, University			  Microfilms, 2005.   UMI publication number AAT 3176149   Collation of the original: 278 p.   Thesis (doctoral)--Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,2005.

 Choi, Jeh Won. *Crystal chemistry, chemical stability, and electrochemical		      properties of layered oxide cathodes of lithium ion batteries.* Ann Arbor,		      MI, University Microfilms, 2006.   UMI publication number AAT 3221805   Collation of the original: 190 p.   Thesis (doctoral)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006.

 Cook, Kimberly, A. *Design of hybrid battery power supplies for		        microelectronics.*					   UMI publication number AAT 3163780 				   Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.   Collation of the original: 110 p.     Thesis (doctoral)--University of Michigan, 2005.

 Joachim, Humberto.  *Developing novel electrode materials in energy		      storage devices for hybrid electric vehicles.* Ann Arbor, MI, University		      Microfilms, 2005.   UMI publication number AAT 3185899   Collation of the original: 181 p.   Thesis (doctoral)--Illinois Institute of Technology, 2005. 

 Lytle, Justin Conrad. *Design, fabrication, and testing of three-dimensionally		      ordered macroporous materials for pseudomorphic transformation		        and power storage*. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005. 				   UMI publication number AAT 3188590     Collation of the original: 360 p.      Thesis (doctoral)--University of Minnesota, 2005.

  Stienecker, Adam. *An ultracapacitor-battery energy storage system for hybridelectric vehicles.* Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2005.    UMI publication number AAT 3197544   Collation of the original: 74 p.   Thesis (doctoral)--The University of Toledo, 2005.

 Tang, Ping. *Computational research on lithium ion battery materials.*		      Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2006. 			   UMI publication number AAT		      3321890     Collation of the original: 96 p.     Thesis (doctoral)--Wake Forest University, 2006.

 Xu, Mingming. *Electrochemical kinetics studies of copper anode		        materials in lithium ion battery electrolyte*. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms,		      2005.     UMI publication number AAT 3205623     Collation of the original: 108 p.     Thesis (doctoral)--Ohio University, 2005.

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**ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES**
Abstracting and Indexing Services that index relevant journal articles			  and other literature are listed below. Some suggested terms for			  searching are “Batteries,” “Fuel cells,” “Electrochemical			  capacitors,” “Supercapacitors,” or other headings, depending			  upon the topic of interest. Many of the titles may now be available			  in electronic format. **Consult a reference librarian			  for the location and format of abstracting and indexing services.**

*Applied Science & Technology Index*(1913-)  			   Z7913.I7 <SciRR> and Electronic format

*Current Technology Index* (1962-) 			   Z7913.B7 <SciRR>

*Engineering Index* (1884-) 			   Z5851.E62 <SciRR> and Electronic format

*Fuel and Energy Abstracts* (1960-)    TP315.G8522

*General Science Index* (1978-)    Z7401.G46 <SciRR> and Electronic format

*Index to Current Urban Documents* (1972-) 			    Z7165.U5I654 <N&CPRR>

*PAIS International in Print* (1915-)     Z7164.E2P34 <MRR> <N&CPRR>

*Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature* (1900-)      AI3.R48 <BusRR> and Electronic format

Society of Automotive Engineers. *Technical Papers*     *Cumulative Index of SAE Technical Papers* (1906-1993)      TL1.C83 <SciRR>     *Annual Index/Abstracts of SAE Technical Papers* (1993-)	     TL1.S473 <SciRR>	        

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**JOURNALS**
Journals that often contain articles relevant to batteries, supercapacitors,		  and fuel cells:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
*Electrochemical and solid-state letters*TK7869.E43*Electrochemical Society interface*TP250.E595*Electrochemistry communications*QD551.E4917*Electrochimica acta*TP250.E63*Fuel cell industry report*Current Issues Only <  N&CPRR >*Fuel cells bulletin*TK2931.F793*Home power*TJ807.H66 *Hybrid & electric vehicle progress*Current Issues Only  < N&CPRR >*Journal of applied electrochemistry*TP250.J68*Journal of power sources*TJ163.2.J69*Journal of the Electrochemical Society*TP250.E542 
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**REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES**
Cheng, Liang, and others.  Nanosized Li4Ti5O12 prepared by molten salt			  method as an electrode material for hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors.			  *Journal of the Electrochemical Society*, v. 153, no. 8, 2006: A1472-A1477.		     TP250.E542                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

 Griffiths, James. Connaught’s hybrid relies on supercapacitor		      power. *Automotive engineer*, v. 31, July/Aug. 2006: 42. 			     TL1.A596

 Gujar, T. P., and others. Electrosynthesis of Bi2O3 thin films and		      their use in electrochemical supercapacitors. *Journal of power sources*,		      v. 161, Oct. 27, 2006: 1479-1485. 			     TJ163.2.J69

 Kalpana, D., and others. A novel high power symmetric ZnO/carbon aerogel		      composite electrode for electrochemical supercapacitor. *Electrochimica		      acta*, v. 52, Nov.12, 2006: 1309-1315. 			     TP250.E63

 Kazaryan, S. A., and others. Mathematical model of heterogeneous electrochemical		      capacitors and calculation of their parameters. *Journal of the Electrochemical		      Society*, v. 153, no. 9, 2006: A1655-A1671. 			     TP250.E542 

 Kim, Jimyoung, and Jaephil Cho. SnO2 filled mesoporous tin phosphate		      high capacity negative electrode for lithium secondary battery. *Electrochemical		      and solid-state letters*, v. 9, no. 8, 2006: A373-A375. 			     TK7869.E43

              Lemofouet, Sylvain, and Alfred Rufer. A hybrid energy storage system based  on compressed air and supercapacitors with maximum efficiency point tracking  (MEPT). *IEEE transactions on industrial electronics*, v. 53, Aug. 2006: 1105-1115.     TK7800.I22

 Li, Yangxing, and others. Crosslinkable fumed silica-based nanocomposite		      electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. *Journal of power		      sources*,		      v. 161, Oct. 27, 2006: 1288-1296.     TJ163.2.J69

 Liu, H., and others. Doping effects of zinc on LiFePO4 cathode material		      for lithium ion batteries. *Electrochemistry communications*, v. 8, Oct.		      2006: 1553-1557. 			     QD551.E4917

 Mangold, Michael, Mykhaylo Krasnyk, and Kai Sundmacher. Theoretical		      investigation of steady state multiplicities in solid oxide fuel cells.		      *Journal of applied electrochemistry*, v. 36, Mar. 2006: 265-275. 			     TP250.J68

 Ramschak, Erich, and others. Online stack monitoring tool for dynamically		      and stationary operated fuel cell systems. *Fuel cells bulletin*, v. 2006,		      Oct. 2006: 12-15. 			     TK2931.F793

 Shi, D. Q., and others. Preparation and electrochemical properties		      of mesoporous Si/ZrO2 nanocomposite film as anode material for lithium		      ion battery. *Electrochemistry communications*, v. 8, Oct. 2006: 1610-1614.		         QD551.E4917

 Sholklapper, Tal Z., and others. LSM-infiltrated solid oxide fuel cell		      cathodes.*Electrochemical and solid-state letters*, v. 9, no. 8, 2006:		      A376-A378. 			     TK7869.E43

 Thomassen, Magnus, and others. Evaluation of concepts for hydrogen-chlorine		      fuel cells. *Journal of applied electrochemistry*, v. 36, July 2006: 813-819.		         TP250.J68

 Uzunoglu, M., and M. S. Alam. Dynamic modeling, design, and simulation		      of a combined PEM fuel cell and ultracapacitor system for stand-alone		      residential applications. *IEEE transactions on energy conversion*, v.		      21, Sept. 2006: 767-775.			     TK1001.I25

 Yamada, Masanori, and Itaru Honma. Biomembranes for fuel cell electrolytes		      employing anhydrous proton-conducting uracil composites. *Fuel cells		      bulletin*, v. 2006, May 2006: 11-15.			     TK2931.F793

 Yoshida, Toshihiro, and others. Influence of electrode active materials		      on safety performance of large and high-power Li-ion batteries for hybrid		      electric vehicles. *Electrochemical and solid-state letters*, v. 9, no.		      10, 2006: A458-A462.			     TK7869.E43

 Xue, Ming-Zhe, and Zheng-Wen Fu. Lithium electrochemistry of NiSe2:		      a new kind of storage energy material. *Electrochemistry communications*,		      v. 8, Oct. 2006: 1855-1862.      QD551.E4917

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**SELECTED MATERIALS**
Selected Materials****available in the Science Reading Room			  pamphlet boxes include the following:

 Abraham, Ann, Attila Palencsár, and Daniel Scherson. Electrochemistry		      for K-12: the potato clock and beyond. *Electrochemical Society interface*,		      v. 15, fall 2006: 43-46.

 Adler, Stuart B. Education initiatives of the Electrochemical Society.		      *The Electrochemical Society interface*, v. 15, fall 2006: 20-27.

 Blankinship, Steve. It looks like a battery, but it’s an ultracapacitor.		      *Power engineering*, v. 108, May 2004: 64-65.

 Cunningham, A. New electrodes could make better batteries. *Science		      news*, v. 169, Apr. 8, 2006: 212.  Dankoff, Windy. Top ten battery blunders and how to avoid them. *Home power*,  issue 114, Aug./Sept. 2006: 54-60.

 Dodds, D. How do batteries store and discharge electricity? *Scientific		      American*, v. 295, Sept. 2006: 126.

  Jost, Kevin. Ultracapacitors charge ahead. *Automotive engineering international*,  v. 112, Sept. 2004: 46-53. 

 Maher, Bobby, Jonathan Dogterom, and Toni Fisher.  Fuel cells and ultracapacitors:		      a proven value proposition versus incumbent technologies. *EDN*, Oct. 2006,		      supplement: 12, 14.Special supplement to *EDN (Electrical Design News)*.

 Ogden, Joan. High hopes for hydrogen. *Scientific American*, v. 295,		      Sept. 2006: 94-101.

 Perkins, S. New materials may boost fuel cell performance. *Science		      news*, v. 171, Jan. 13, 2007: 21-22.

 Service, Robert F. New ‘supercapacitor’ promises to pack		      more electrical punch. *Science*, v. 313, Aug. 18, 2006: 902.

 Stuve, Eric M. Bringing fuel cells to the classroom: the University		      of Washington’s fuel cell curriculum. *Electrochemical Society		      interface*,		      v. 15, no. 3, fall 2006: 31-36.

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**ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION**
 Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA)1101 Vermont Ave. NW, Ste. 401Washington, DC 20005Telephone: (202) 408-0774Fax: (202) 408-7610E-Mail: [email protected]URL: http://www.electricdrive.org   Represents corporations and government agencies developing electric- and hybrid-poweredvehicles. Includes areas of interest, such as commercial development of batteries,fuel cells, propulsion systems, infrastructure, and complete vehicles. Encouragesthe introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles into the transportation sector.Functions as an information clearinghouse.

 Electrochemical Society (ECS)  65 S Main St., Bldg. D  Pennington, NJ 08534-2839  Telephone: (609) 737-1902  Fax: (609) 737-2743  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.electrochem.org     Serves as technical society of electrochemists, chemists, chemical and electrochemical  engineers, metallurgists and metallurgical engineers, physical chemists, physicists,  electrical engineers, research engineers, teachers, technical sales representatives,  and patent attorneys. Seeks to advance the science and technology of electrochemistry,  electronics, electrothermics, electrometallurgy, and applied subjects.

 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Center (EERE)  Department of Energy  Mail Stop EE-1  Washington, DC 20585  Telephone: (202) 586-9220  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.eere.energy.gov     Provides information and technical assistance on energy efficiency and renewable  energy technologies; operated by NCI Information Systems, Inc., for the U.S.  Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, under  contract to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

  European Portable Battery Association (EPBA)  Ave. Marcel Thiry 204  B-1200 Brussels, Belgium   Telephone: 32 2 7749602  Fax: 32 2 7749690  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.epbaeurope.net     Manufacturers of batteries. Promotes growth and development of the European  battery industry. Represents members' collective interests before labor and  industrial organizations, government and international trade agencies, and  the public.

International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE)  c/o Roscoe S. Wolfville, Sec. Gen.  Ave. Vinet 19  CH-1004 Lausanne, Switzerland   Fax: 41 21 6483975  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.ise-online.org     Individuals, organizations, universities, and industries using electrochemistry,  united to contribute to and promote research and applications in the field.  Seeks to advance electrochemical science and technology. Disseminates scientific  and technological knowledge. Promotes international cooperation in electrochemistry.  Aims to maintain a high professional standard among its members.     Publications: *Electrochimica Acta* (in English), monthly.

 Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA)  1776 K Street, NW, 4th Floor  Washington, DC 20006  Telephone: (202) 719-4978  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.prba.org     Promotes the portable rechargeable battery industry on legislative, regulatory,  and standards issues at state, federal, and international levels; facilitates  collection for recycling of SSLA batteries; addresses issues on other rechargeable  battery recycling; aims to develop criteria for international environmental  labeling of rechargeable battery products both nationally and internationally;  disseminates information on regulatory and legislative developments to members;  seeks ways to improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness for the industry.     Publications: *PRBA Battery Reclamation Manual.*

 U.S. Fuel Cell Council (USFCC)  1100 H Street, NW, Suite 800  Washington, DC 20005  Telephone: (202) 293-5500  Fax: (202) 785-4313  E-Mail: [email protected]  URL: http://www.usfcc.com     The U. S. Fuel Cell Council is an industry association dedicated to fostering  the commercialization of fuel cells in the United States. Its members include  the world's leading fuel cell developers, manufacturers, suppliers and customers.  It promotes public understanding of fuel cells and their environmental benefits.      Publications: *Fuel Cell Catalyst* (quarterly newsletter). *Fuel   Cell Connection*  (monthly newsletter).

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**SELECTED INTERNET RESOURCES**
The Internet offers a number of sites useful for finding information on		  batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Several of the organizations		  listed above provide links to related sites from their web sites. You might		  try the sites described		  below, or use your favorite search engine (such as Google or Yahoo)		  and appropriate key words to identify more specific resources.

 Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium  URL: http://www.alabc.org

Association of Battery Recyclers   URL: http://www.batteryrecyclers.com

Battery and Electrical Specialists Association  URL: http://www.besabattery.com

Battery Association of Japan  URL: http://www.baj.or.jp/e/index.html

Battery Council International  URL: http://www.batterycouncil.org

BatteryTek Link Page   URL: http://www.basytec.de/links_e.html  Boat Batteries and Generator Sets  URL: http://www.boatowners.com/electrical.htm

British Battery Manufacturers Association  URL: http://www.bbma.co.uk

China Industrial Association of Power Sources  URL: http://www.cbo.com.cn

Electric Vehicle Battery Information  URL: http://www.madkatz.com/ev/battery.html

Electricity Storage Association  URL: http://www.energystorage.org

Electrochemical Society  URL: http://www.electrochem.org

EuroBat (Association of European Accumulator Manufacturers), (Belgium)  URL: http://www.eurobat.org

Fuel Cells database  URL: http://www.fuelcells.org

Independent Battery Manufacturers Association  URL: http://www.thebatteryman.com

International Battery Materials Association  URL: http://www.ite-iba.com

International Electrotechnical Commission (Switzerland)  URL: http://www.iec.ch

International Society of Electrochemistry (Switzerland)  URL: http://www.ise-online.org

Lead Development Association  URL: http://www.ldaint.org

National Renewal Energy Laboratory  URL: http://www.nrel.gov

Recharge (Belgium)  URL: http://www.rechargebatteries.org

Society of Automotive Engineers  URL: http://www.sae.org

Smart Battery System Forum  URL: http://www.sbs-forum.org

United States Advanced Battery Consortium  URL: http://www.uscar.org

United States Council for Automotive Research  URL: http://www.uscar.org

Zentralverband der Elektrotechnik und Elektronikindustrie e.V. (Germany)  URL: http://www.zvei.org/index.php?id=157

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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