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LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

ON

H.R. 1772 

MAY 16, 2013 

Serial No. 113–11 

Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary 

( 

Available via the World Wide Web: http://judiciary.house.gov 
(II) 

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 

BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia, Chairman 

F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., 

Wisconsin 

HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina 

LAMAR SMITH, Texas 

STEVE CHABOT, Ohio 

SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama 

DARRELL E. ISSA, California 

J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia 

STEVE KING, Iowa 

TRENT FRANKS, Arizona 

LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas 

JIM JORDAN, Ohio 

TED POE, Texas 

JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah 

TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania 

TREY GOWDY, South Carolina 

MARK AMODEI, Nevada 

RAU ́ L LABRADOR, Idaho 

BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas 

GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina 

DOUG COLLINS, Georgia 

RON DeSANTIS, Florida 

[Vacant] 

JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan 

JERROLD NADLER, New York 

ROBERT C. ‘‘BOBBY’’ SCOTT, Virginia 

MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina 

ZOE LOFGREN, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

STEVE COHEN, Tennessee 

HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., 

Georgia 

PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico 

JUDY CHU, California 

TED DEUTCH, Florida 

LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois 

KAREN BASS, California 

CEDRIC RICHMOND, Louisiana 

SUZAN DelBENE, Washington 

JOE GARCIA, Florida 

HAKEEM JEFFRIES, New York 

SHELLEY HUSBAND, Chief of Staff & General Counsel 

PERRY APELBAUM, Minority Staff Director & Chief Counsel 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY

TREY GOWDY, South Carolina, Chairman 

TED POE, Texas, Vice-Chairman 

LAMAR SMITH, Texas 

STEVE KING, Iowa 

JIM JORDAN, Ohio 

MARK AMODEI, Nevada 

RAU ́ L LABRADOR, Idaho 

GEORGE HOLDING, North Carolina 

ZOE LOFGREN, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois 

JOE GARCIA, Florida 

PEDRO R. PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico 

GEORGE FISHMAN, Chief Counsel 

DAVID SHAHOULIAN, Minority Counsel 
(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

MAY 16, 2013 

Page 

THE BILL 

H.R. 1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce Act’’ .................................................................... 205 

OPENING STATEMENTS 

The Honorable Trey Gowdy, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of South Carolina, and Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security .......................................................................................................... 1 

The Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security . 1 

The Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and 

Border Security .................................................................................................... 3 

The Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the 

State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary ......... 4 

The Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in Congress from the State 

of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ................................. 10 

WITNESSES 

Angelo I. Amador, Sr., Vice President, Labor and Workforce Policy, National 

Restaurant Association 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 12 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 14 

Jill G. Blitstein, International Employment Manager, Human Resources, 

North Carolina State University 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 39 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 42 

Julie Myers Wood, President, Compliance, Federal Practice and Software 

Solutions, Guidepost Solutions LLC 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 46 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 48 

Dominick Mondi, Executive Director, New Jersey Nursery and Landscape 

Association 

Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 59 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 61 

LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security ..................................................................................... 6 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee 

on Immigration and Border Security ................................................................. 7 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee 

on the Judiciary ................................................................................................... 8 
Page

IV 

Material submitted by the Honorable Steve King, a Representative in Congress from the State of Iowa, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration 

and Border Security ............................................................................................. 80 

Material submitted by the Honorable Trey Gowdy, a Representative in Congress from the State of South Carolina, and Chairman, Subcommittee on 

Immigration and Border Security ....................................................................... 183 

APPENDIX 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the 

Judiciary ............................................................................................................... 195 

Letter from R. Bruce Josten, Executive Vice President, Government Affairs, 

Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America .................................. 197 

Prepared Statement of the Food Manufacturers’ Immigration Coalition ........... 198 

Prepared Statement of the American Meat Institute (AMI) ................................ 199 

Letter from James W. Tobin, III, Senior Vice President & Chief Lobbyist, 

National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) ............................................... 204 
(1) 

LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT 

THURSDAY, MAY 16, 2013 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND BORDER SECURITY

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

Washington, DC. 

The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:16 a.m., in room 

2141, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Trey Gowdy 

(Chairman of the Subcommittee) presiding. 

Present: Representatives Gowdy, Poe, Smith, King, Jordan, 

Amodei, Holding, Goodlatte, Lofgren, Jackson Lee, Gutierrez and 

Garcia. 

Staff Present: (Majority) Andrea Loving, Counsel; Graham 

Owens, Clerk; and (Minority) Tom Jawetz, Counsel. 

Mr. GOWDY. We will now move to our legislative hearing on H.R. 

1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce Act.’’ 

The Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security will 

come to order. Without objection, the Chair is still authorized to declare recesses of the Committee at any time. 

We welcome all of our witnesses. I will introduce our witnesses 

properly here in just a moment, but for now I will recognize myself 

for a brief opening statement. 

Today this Subcommittee holds legislative hearings on bills that 

can, if implemented, substantially affect U.S. Immigration policy in 

a positive way. The first hearing is on H.R. 1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce Act,’’ which requires all U.S. employers to use E-Verify to 

verify the work eligibility of their employees. 

Because the desire for employment is one of the—if not the— 

largest incentives for illegal immigration to the United States, we 

must help ensure employers have appropriate and workable tools 

to verify a legal workforce. 

I know Chairman Goodlatte and past-Chairman Smith and others have worked tirelessly on this issue, and I am pleased to yield 

the remainder of my time to the gentleman from Texas, the past 

Chairman, Mr. Smith. 

Mr. SMITH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And I very much appreciate your yielding me your time. 

The Legal Workforce Act is bipartisan legislation that shuts off 

the jobs magnet attracting illegal immigrants to the United States. 

The bill expands the E-Verify system and makes it mandatory for 

all U.S. employers. Twenty-three million Americans are unemployed or underemployed. Meanwhile 7 million people are working 
2 

in the United States illegally. These jobs should go to American 

citizens and legal workers. 

H.R. 1772 could open up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans by requiring all employers to use E-Verify. The E-Verify system is quick and effective, confirming 99.7 percent of work-eligible 

employees. Recent data shows that approximately 451,000 American employers voluntarily use E-Verify, and an average of 1,600 

new businesses sign up each week. The program is free, quick and 

easy to use. In fact, this Subcommittee heard testimony in February from the Department of Homeland Security that E-Verify can 

now be used by smartphones. 

You have to show your Social Security number to visit the doctor, 

go to the bank or buy a home. It makes sense that businesses 

would use the same identification to ensure they have a legal workforce by checking the legal status of their employees. 

The Legal Workforce Act requires that all U.S. employers use EVerify to check the work eligibility of new hires in the U.S. The 

verification is phased in depending on the size of the employer’s 

business; up to 2 years, for example, to provide additional time for 

smaller businesses and agriculture. 

H.R. 1772 balances immigration enforcement priorities and legitimate employer concerns. It gives employers a workable system 

under which they cannot be held liable if they use the system in 

good faith. The bill prevents the patchwork of State E-Verify laws, 

but retains the ability of States and localities to condition business 

licenses on the use of E-Verify. In addition, H.R. 1772 allows States 

to enforce the Federal E-Verify requirement if the Federal Government fails do so. 

The Legal Workforce Act increases penalties on employers who 

knowingly violate the requirements of E-Verify, and imposes criminal penalties on employers and employees who engage in or facilitate identity theft. 

The bill creates a fully electronic employment eligibility 

verification system, and it allows employers to voluntarily check 

their current workforce if done in a nondiscriminatory manner. 

Furthermore, the Legal Workforce Act gives USCIS additional 

tools to help prevent identity theft. For example the bill allows individuals to lock their own Social Security number so that it cannot 

be used by imposters to verify work eligibility. The legislation also 

allows parents to lock the Social Security number of their minor 

child to prevent identity theft, and if a Social Security number 

shows unusual multiple uses, the Social Security Administration 

locks the number for employment verification purposes and notifies 

the owner that their personal information may be compromised. 

Studies by Westat on error rates in the cost of E-Verify have 

been mentioned at prior hearings. That study utilized old data and 

failed to address the provisions aimed at preventing identity theft 

that I mentioned above and which are in the bill today. 

In regard to cost this Subcommittee heard testimony earlier this 

year that discredited the study because it amplifies higher numbers by 25 percent by counting internal promotions and transfers. 

Many of these critics fail to point out that other studies reveal that 

three-quarters of employers stated that the cost of using E-Verify 

is zero. 
3 

Equally important, the American people support E-Verify. A 

2011 Rasmussen poll found that 82 percent of likely voters ‘‘think 

businesses should be required to use the Federal Government’s EVerify system to determine if a potential employee is in the country 

legally.’’ 

Unfortunately many States do not enforce their own E-Verify 

laws, and others only apply E-Verify in a very limited way. The 

Legal Workforce Act will help ensure that employers from every 

State are on an equal footing when it comes to hiring employees. 

This bill is a commonsense approach to deterring illegal workers 

that could open up millions of jobs for unemployed and underemployed Americans. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlemen from Texas. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentlelady from California, 

the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee, Ms. Lofgren. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Few issues have received as much attention before this Subcommittee in recent years as E-Verify. In the last Congress we held 

three hearings on the electronic employment eligibility verification 

system, and the Committee marked up the Legal Workforce Act. In 

this Congress we have already held one hearing on E-Verify and 

will today examine Congressman Smith’s new version of the Legal 

Workforce Act. 

At the outset let me note that the new version of the bill we are 

considering today contains several improvements over the version 

offered in the last Congress, and I want to recognize the bill’s sponsor for responding to some of the concerns raised at that time. For 

instance, when we marked up the Legal Workforce Act in the 112th 

Congress, the bill exempted returning seasonal farm workers from 

having to be verified upon hire. This gigantic loophole came under 

attack from all sides. From the right it was attacked as amnesty; 

from the left it was attacked as an admission that E-Verify alone 

would destroy our agricultural industry and the millions of jobs 

held by U.S. workers that are supported by that industry. The 

Committee struck this provision from the bill during markup, and 

I am glad to see it is omitted from this version. 

The bill in the last Congress also created new criminal penalties 

for unlawful conduct that were excessive and wasteful. In addition 

to imposing multiple mandatory minimum prison terms, the bill 

made it a felony punishable by up to 15 years in prison for a person to use a Social Security number that did not belong to him or 

her during the employment verification process. Although this 

version of the bill still creates one mandatory minimum prison 

term, it contains a number of improvements in the criminal provisions pertaining to fraud and misuse of documents. 

And finally this version contains some changes designed to make 

E-Verify a little less unworkable for the Social Security Administration, which obviously serves a number of other critically important functions. 

Having said that, today’s bill still contains several of the greatest 

flaws of the bill we considered in the last Congress. It continues 

to provide no meaningful due process protections for authorized 
4 

workers, including U.S. citizens, who may lose their jobs because 

of erroneous final nonconfirmations. 

The idea that Americans and authorized immigrants will lose 

their jobs as a result of this bill is not simply theoretical. Although 

we know that the government continues to work hard to reduce 

error rates in E-Verify, errors absolutely still exist. Under this bill 

people would lose their jobs and become effectively unemployable 

for an indeterminate length of time because of such government errors, and they would have no meaningful recourse. 

The bill also provides no penalties at all for employers who violate the requirement that they inform an employee about a tentative nonconfirmation and give that employee an opportunity to 

contest the ETNC. The absence of any consequence renders the notice requirement completely toothless. 

But let me take a step back, because although I welcome the opportunity to discuss how to discuss how to design an effective and 

fair E-Verify system, I believe it is clear that we can only do that 

together with other necessary forums to our broken immigration 

system. 

We could design the best E-Verify system imaginable, a system 

that is easy to use, 100 percent accurate, and available at virtually 

no cost to big and small businesses alike. But if we impose that 

system nationwide and did nothing to fix our immigration system, 

the consequences would be disastrous. 

I won’t belabor the point because the issues are so familiar to 

Members of this Subcommittee, and we have witnesses who are 

prepared to testify. I will simply say that without top-to-bottom reform of our immigration laws, expanding E-Verify would devastate 

the agricultural economy, resulting in closed farms, a less secure 

America, and the mass offshoring of millions of U.S. jobs, including 

the upstream and downstream jobs that are created and supported 

by our agricultural industry. 

Expanding E-Verify without more would also cost the government significant tax revenues. In 2008, the Congressional Budget 

Office and the Joint Committee on Taxation concluded that mandatory E-Verify in Representative Health Shuler’s SAVE Act would 

decrease Federal revenues by $17.3 billion over a 10-year period. 

Those offices determined that expanding E-Verify in an economy 

with this significant undocumented workforce and no way to provide for a legal workforce would drive employers and workers off 

the books and into the underground economy. The end result would 

be lost tax revenues and depressed wages and working conditions 

for all workers, including U.S. workers. 

I believe firmly that E-Verify must play an important role in 

helping to fix our immigration system, so I appreciate the proposal 

by Representative Smith. I thank Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy for the opportunity to discuss this today. I think we 

have further work to do, but I look forward to the testimony of the 

witnesses, and I yield back. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlelady from California. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentlemen from Michigan, 

the Ranking Member of the full Committee, Mr. Conyers. 

Mr. CONYERS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 
5 

This is an important hearing, and we know that everybody’s currently focused on the Senate Judiciary’s markup of S. 744, and that 

is why we are encouraged by the ongoing efforts by Members on 

both sides of the aisle to forge an agreement on an immigration reform bill in the House. That is why the U.S. Chamber of Commerce 

and AFL-CIO were able to come together to forge an historic agreement regarding a future temporary guestworker proposal. It is why 

all of the major agricultural producers amazingly, including the 

American Farm Bureau and United Farm Workers, joined together 

to back changes to our agricultural guestworker program. 

So I agree that we must talk about E-Verify because it will be 

an important component of comprehensive immigration reform, but 

when we do so, we need to recognize the dangers that American 

workers would face if we were to make E-Verify mandatory for all 

employers without fixing our immigration system. I think it is important whenever we talk about E-Verify to talk about the realworld actualities. 

Sometimes we hear people say that E-Verify will help American 

workers because every time an undocumented immigrant is denied 

a job, an unemployed American will get hired. That is a simple, an 

appealing proposition, but is probably not correct. Immigrants often 

fill critical gaps in our own workforce. Even in this difficult economy, there are entire industries that rely upon undocumented immigrants because there just aren’t enough Americans around willing to do the work. 

Just look at how mandatory E-Verify would affect agriculture. 

Fifty to seventy-five percent of farm workers are undocumented. 

Losing these workers would obviously be devastating. Fruits and 

vegetables would rot in fields, and American farms would go under, 

and we would see a mass offshoring of jobs, including millions of 

upstream and downstream American jobs supported by agriculture. 

An earlier witness at a hearing testified that some farms could 

survive by shifting to different crops. Now, that is really one for the 

books, crops that are not labor intensive. The majority of all lettuce 

in this country apparently comes from one county in California. 

Lettuce farmers may well be able to find a different crop to grow, 

but let us be clear about what it means. Virtually all our lettuce 

from now will be imported from another country. The same is true 

for tomatoes, flowers, strawberries. The list goes on and on. 

I look forward to hearing from our distinguished witnesses, and 

I hope they will comment on some of my observations. We need to 

understand the strengths and weaknesses of the Smith legislative 

proposal, and in doing so I hope that they each take some time to 

talk about whether they think it would be a good or bad thing for 

America and our workers if Congress made E-Verify mandatory nationwide without simultaneously fixing our broken immigration 

system. 

So we talk about, I conclude, comprehensive reform: One, 11 million people on the path to an earned legal status; two, and most 

importantly, modernizing the flow of future immigrants so it works 

for both businesses and families; and three, improved enforcement, 

including E-Verify, but not on its own. 

Thank you, Mr. Chairman for allowing my statement. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Michigan. 
6 

Without objection, all the Members’ opening statements will be 

made part of the record. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Smith follows:] 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Lamar Smith, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security 

The Legal Workforceq Act is bipartisan legislation that shuts off the jobs magnet 

attracting illegal immigrants to the United States. The bill expands the E-Verify 

system and makes it mandatory for all U.S. employers. 

Twenty-three million Americans are unemployed or under employed. Meanwhile, 

seven million people are working in the United States illegally. These jobs should 

go to American citizens and legal workers. 

H.R. 1772 could open up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans by requiring 

all employers to use E-Verify. The E-Verify system is quick and effective, confirming 

99.7% of work-eligible employees. Recent data shows that approximately 451,000 

American employers voluntarily use E-Verify and an average of 1,600 new businesses sign up each week. 

The program is free, quick and easy to use. In fact, this subcommittee heard testimony in February from the Department of Homeland Security that E-Verify can 

now be used via smart phones. 

You have to show your Social Security Number to visit the doctor, go to the bank, 

or buy a home. It makes sense that businesses would use the same identification 

to ensure they have a legal workforce by checking the legal status of their employees. 

The Legal Workforce Act requires that all U.S. employers use E-Verify to check 

the work eligibility of new hires in the U.S. The verification is phased-in depending 

on the size of the employer’s business—up to two years to provide additional time 

for smaller businesses and agriculture. 

H.R. 1772 balances immigration enforcement priorities and legitimate employer 

concerns. It gives employers a workable system under which they cannot be held 

liable if they use the system in good faith. 

The bill prevents a patchwork of State E-Verify laws but retains the ability of 

states and localities to condition business licenses on the use of E-Verify. In addition, H.R. 1772 allows states to enforce the federal E-Verify requirement if the federal government fails to do so. 

The Legal Workforce Act increases penalties on employers who knowingly violate 

the requirements of E-Verify and imposes criminal penalties on employers and employees who engage in or facilitate identity theft. The bill creates a fully electronic 

employment eligibility verification system. And it allows employers to voluntarily 

check their current workforce if done in a non-discriminatory manner. 

Furthermore, the Legal Workforce Act gives USCIS additional tools to help prevent identity theft. For example, the bill allows individuals to lock their own Social 

Security Number so that it cannot be used by imposters to verify work eligibility. 

The legislation also allows parents to lock the Social Security Number of their minor 

child to prevent identity theft. And if a Social Security Number shows unusual multiple uses, the Social Security Administration locks the number for employment 

verification purposes and notifies the owner that their personal information may be 

compromised. 

Studies by Westat on error rates and the cost of E-Verify have been mentioned 

at prior hearings. That study utilized old data and failed to address the provisions 

aimed at preventing identity theft that I mentioned above and which are in the bill 

today. In regard to cost, this subcommittee heard testimony earlier this year that 

discredited the study because it amplifies hire numbers by 25% by counting internal 

promotions and transfers. Many of these critics fail to point out that other studies 

reveal that three-quarters of employers stated the cost of using E-Verify is zero ($0). 

Equally important, the American people support E-Verify. A 2011 Rasmussen poll 

found that 82% of likely voters ‘‘think businesses should be required to use the fed-
7 

eral government’s E-Verify system to determine if a potential employee is in the 

country legally.’’ 

Unfortunately, many states do not enforce their own E-Verify laws and others 

only apply E-Verify in a very limited way. The Legal Workforce Act will help ensure 

that employers from every state are on equal footing when it comes to hiring employees. 

This bill is a common sense approach to deterring illegal workers that could open 

up millions of jobs for unemployed Americans. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Lofgren follows]: 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of California, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security 

Few issues have received as much attention before this Subcommittee in recent 

years as E-Verify. Last Congress we held three hearings on the electronic employment eligibility verification system and the Committee marked up the Legal Workforce Act. In this Congress we have already held one hearing on E-Verify and will 

today examine Rep. Smith’s new version of the Legal Workforce Act. 

At the outset, let me note that the version of the bill we are considering today 

contains several improvements over the version offered in the last Congress and I 

want to recognize the bill’s sponsor for responding to some of the concerns raised 

at that time. 

For instance, when we marked up the Legal Workforce Act in the 112th Congress, 

the bill exempted returning seasonal farmworkers from having to be verified upon 

hire. This giant loophole came under attack from all sides. From the right, it was 

attacked as amnesty and from the left it was attacked as an admission that E-Verify 

alone would destroy our agricultural industry and the millions of jobs held by U.S. 

workers that are supported by that industry. The Committee struck this provision 

from the bill during markup and I am glad to see it is omitted from this version. 

The bill in the last Congress also created new criminal penalties for unlawful conduct that were both excessive and wasteful. In addition to imposing multiple mandatory minimum prison terms, the bill made it a felony punishable by up to 15 

years in prison for a person to use a social security number that did not belong to 

him or her during the employment verification process. Although this version of the 

bill still creates one mandatory minimum prison term, it contains a number of improvements to the criminal provisions pertaining to fraud and misuse of documents. 

Finally, this version contains some changes designed to make E-Verify a bit less 

workable for the Social Security Administration, which obviously serves a number 

of other critically important function. 

Having said that, today’s bill still contains several of the greatest flaws of the bill 

we considered in the last Congress. 

It continues to provide no meaningful due process protections for authorized workers—including U.S. citizens—who lose their jobs because of erroneous final non-confirmations. The idea that Americans and authorized immigrants will lose their jobs 

as a result of this bill is not simply theoretical. Although we know that the government continues to work hard to reduce error rates in E-Verify, errors absolutely still 

exist. Under this bill, people would lose their jobs and become effectively unemployable for an indeterminate length of time because of such government errors and 

they would have no meaningful recourse. 

The bill also provides no penalties at all for employers who violate the requirement that they inform an employee about a tentative nonconfirmation and give that 

employee an opportunity to contest the TNC. The absence of any consequences renders the notice requirement completely toothless. 

But let me take a step back, because although I welcome the opportunity to discuss how to design an effective and fair E-Verify system, I believe it is clear that 

we can only do that together with other necessary reforms to our broken immigration system. We could design the best E-Verify system imaginable—a system that 
8 

is easy to use, 100% accurate, and available at virtually no cost to big and small 

businesses alike. But if we imposed that system nationwide and did nothing to fix 

our broken immigration system the consequences would be disastrous. 

I will not belabor the point, because the issues are already so familiar to Members 

of this Subcommittee and we have witnesses who are prepared to testify. I will say 

simply that without top-to-bottom reform of our immigration laws, expanding EVerify would devastate the agricultural economy, resulting in closed farms, a lesssecure America, and the mass off-shoring of millions and millions of U.S. jobs, including all of the upstream and downstream jobs that are created and supported 

by our agriculture industry. 

Expanding E-Verify without more would also cost the government significant tax 

revenues. In 2008, the Congressional Budget Office and the Joint Committee on 

Taxation concluded that mandatory E-Verify in Rep. Heath Shuler’s SAVE Act 

would decrease federal revenues by $17.3 billion over a 10-year period. Those offices 

determined that expanding E-Verify to an economy with a significant undocumented 

workforce would drive employers and workers off-the-books and into the underground economy. 

The end result would be lost tax revenues and depressed wages and working conditions for all workers, including U.S. workers. 

I believe firmly that E-Verify must play an important role in helping to fix our 

immigration system, so I appreciate the proposal by Rep. Smith and I thank Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy for the opportunity to discuss this today. 

I look forward to the testimony of the witnesses. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Conyers follows:] 

Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative 

in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Committee on the Judiciary 

At the Judiciary Committee’s first hearing in this Congress, we discussed opportunities for legal immigration as well as enforcement of the law against undocumented 

immigrants. It became clear early on that pretty much everyone on the Committee 

agreed that our immigration system is broken. 

So what can we do to fix it? For years, some people have argued that we only 

need to enforce the laws that are on the books. Last Congress, we spent more time 

talking only about expanding E-Verify—three hearings and a Committee markup— 

than we spent on any other topic. Already in this Congress we have held one hearing on E-Verify, so today’s hearing makes it two. 

Based on everything I have heard, I am hopeful that we have begun to turn the 

corner. I believe there is genuine interest in Congress from Members on both sides 

of the aisle to help us achieve a real solution to our broken immigration system and 

I look forward to working with Chairman Goodlatte and Chairman Gowdy to get 

the job done. 

So what does a real solution look like? For starters, it means we cannot return 

to proposals that rely solely upon enforcement of our broken system. Let me be 

clear. No one argues that we should stop enforcing our immigration laws. But enforcement without reform will promote a race to the bottom that only hurts the 

American worker. If we fix our broken immigration system, however, we can help 

American workers and grow our economy. 

That is why everyone right now is focused on the Senate Judiciary Committee’s 

markup of S. 744, the ‘‘Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration 

Modernization Act.’’ And that is why everyone is encouraged by the ongoing efforts 

by Members on both sides of the aisle to forge an agreement on an immigration reform bill in the House. 

That is why the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the AFL–CIO were able to come 

together to forge an historic agreement regarding a future temporary guestworker 

proposal. 
9 

That is why all of the major agricultural producers—including the American Farm 

Bureau—and the United Farmworkers joined together to back changes to our agricultural guestworker programs. 

So I agree that we must talk about E-Verify, because it will be an important component of Comprehensive Immigration Reform. But when we do so we need to recognize the dangers that American workers would face if we were to make E-Verify 

mandatory for all employers without also fixing our immigration system. 

I think it is important whenever we talk about E-Verify to talk about the real 

world. Sometimes we hear people say that E-Verify will help American workers because every time an undocumented immigrant is denied a job, an unemployed 

American can get hired. That is a pretty simple proposition and I see how appealing 

it is. 

The problem, of course, is that it is completely false. Immigrants often fill critical 

gaps in our own workforce. Even in this difficult economy, there are entire industries that rely upon undocumented immigrants because there just are not enough 

Americans willing to do the work. 

Just look at how mandatory E-Verify would affect agriculture. 50 to 75% of farm 

workers are undocumented. Losing those workers would be devastating. Fruits and 

vegetables would rot in the fields and American farms would go under. And we 

would see a mass off-shoring of jobs, including the millions of upstream and downstream American jobs supported by agriculture. 

One witness testified at a hearing earlier this year that some farms could survive 

by shifting to different crops. Crops that are not as labor-intensive. But my friend 

Mr. Darryl Issa explained the problems with that answer. 

The majority of all lettuce in this country apparently comes from one county in 

California. Lettuce farmers may well be able to find a different crop to grow, but 

let’s be clear about what that means. Virtually all of our lettuce from now will be 

imported from another country. The same is true for tomatoes, flowers, strawberries. The list goes on and on. 

I look forward to hearing from our witnesses, because we need to understand the 

strengths and weaknesses of Rep. Smith’s legislative proposal. But in doing so, I 

hope they each take some time to talk about whether they think it would be a good 

or a bad thing for America and American workers if Congress made E-Verify mandatory nationwide without simultaneously fixing our broken immigration system. 

Mr. GOWDY. We have a distinguished panel of witnesses for 

which we are all grateful. I will begin by swearing you in, and then 

I will introduce you en bloc, and then we will recognize each of you 

for your 5-minute opening statement. 

If you would please stand. 

[Witnesses sworn.] 

Mr. GOWDY. Let the record reflect all witnesses answered in the 

affirmative. You may be seated. 

It is my pleasure to begin by introducing Mr. Angelo Amador. 

Mr. Amador is vice president of labor and workforce policy with the 

National Restaurant Association. He advocates on behalf of the National Restaurant Association and its members before the U.S. 

Congress and the executive branch. Prior to joining the NRA, Mr. 

Amador served as the executive director in labor, immigration, employment benefits division of U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and was 

an adjunct professor of law at George Mason University School of 

Law. He is a graduate Robert H. Smith School of Business at the 

University of Maryland and obtained a master of arts in international transactions from George Mason University. He earned 

his J.D. From George Mason University School of Law, graduating 

cum laude. 
10 

Welcome, Mr. Amador. 

Ms. Jill Blitstein is testifying today on behalf of the College and 

University Professional Association for Human Resources. She is 

currently the international employment manager at North Carolina 

State University. Her current position involves assisting departments, faculty, and staff with immigration and visa issues, and 

overseeing the employment eligibility verification process and compliance procedures at NC State University. 

Prior to joining NC State, she was a senior associate at the Chicago office of Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy—and I apologize to your former partners if I messed that up, I am sure I did— 

from 1997 to 2007. Ms. Blitstein received her law degree from 

DePaul University College of Law in 1995. I would also like to note 

that she is a constituent of one of our Subcommittee’s Members, 

the former distinguished U.S. attorney from whichever district that 

is in North Carolina, Mr. George Holding. Welcome, Ms. Blitstein. 

Julie Myers Wood is president of compliance, Federal practice 

and software solutions at Guidepost Solutions, LLC, an immigration investigation and compliance firm. She served as the Assistant 

Secretary of DHS Immigration and Customs Enforcement for nearly 3 years. Under her leadership the agency set new enforcement 

records with respect to immigration enforcement, export enforcement, and intellectual property rights. She earned a bachelor’s degree and, along with Brittney Griner, is probably the most famous 

graduate of Baylor University that I can think of; and earned a 

J.D. Cum laude from Cornell Law School. Welcome, Ms. Wood. 

Mr. Dominick Mondi is executive director of the New Jersey 

Nursery and Landscaping Association, a trade group representing 

horticulture industry in the State. Prior to joining the staff, he 

served on the board of directors of the organization, first of all 

working for a landscape design/build contractor, Doerler Landscapes, and later while running his own landscape design firm, 

Mondi Designs. Mr. Mondi serves on the advisory council for landscape industry program at Rutgers University, where he also graduated with a degree in landscape architecture. 

I will, now that I have hopefully sufficiently introduced all of 

you, ask you to indulge me while I recognize our Chairman for his 

opening statement, and then I promise we will go to you for your 

opening statement. 

The gentleman from Virginia, the Chairman of the Judiciary 

Committee, Mr. Goodlatte. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I apologize for being 

late, and I do have a great interest in this issue and the hearing 

and our witnesses, so I apologize to them, but I did want to give 

my opening statement. 

I want to thank you and Congressman Smith for your hard work 

on this legislation. 

The future of immigration reform hinges on assuring the American people that our immigration laws will be enforced. In the past 

Americans were promised tougher enforcement in exchange for the 

legalization of those unlawfully in the U.S. Succeeding Administrations never kept these promises, and today we are left with a broken immigration system. 
11 

One way to make sure we discourage illegal immigration in the 

future is to prevent unlawful immigrants from getting jobs in the 

U.S. Requiring the use of E-Verify by all employers across the 

country will help do just that. The Web-based program is a reliable 

and fast way for employers to electronically check the work eligibility of newly hired employees. H.R. 1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce 

Act,’’ builds on E-verify’s success and helps ensure the strong enforcement that was promised to the American people many years 

ago. 

The Legal Workforce Act doesn’t simply leave enforcement up to 

the Federal Government; in fact, it actually empowers States to 

help enforce the law, ensuring that we don’t continue the enforcement mistakes of the past where a President can turn off Federal 

enforcement efforts unilaterally. 

Over 450,000 employers are currently signed up to use E-Verify. 

It is easy for employers to use and is effective. In fact, as USCIS 

testified in front of this Committee this past February, E-Verify’s 

accuracy rate for confirmation of work eligibility is 99.7 percent. 

But the system is not perfect. For instance, in cases of identity 

theft, when an individual submits stolen identity documents and 

information, E-Verify may confirm the work eligibility of that individual. This happens because E-Verify uses a Social Security number or alien identification number and certain other corresponding 

identifying information, such as the name and date of birth of an 

individual, to determine if the Social Security number or alien 

identification number associated with that corresponding information is work eligible. Thus, if an individual uses a stolen Social Security number, and the real name corresponding with that Social 

Security number, a false positive could occur. 

The Legal Workforce Act addresses identity theft in several 

ways. First, it requires notification to employees who submit for EVerify a Social Security number that shows a pattern of unusual 

multiple use so the rightful owner of the Social Security number 

will know that their Social Security number may have been compromised, and once they confirm this, the Department of Homeland 

Security and the Social Security Administration must lock that Social Security number so no one else can use it for employment-eligibility purposes. 

The bill also creates a program through which parents or legal 

guardians can lock the Social Security numbers of their minor children for work-eligibility purposes. This is to combat the rise in the 

number of thefts of children’s identities. 

But there are other changes that should also be made. For instance, in order to help prevent identity theft, the USCIS created 

and utilizes the photo match tool in which photos from green cards, 

work authorization documents and passports can be seen during 

the use of E-Verify in order to help ensure that the person submitting the identity document is, in fact, the person who owns that 

document. But I recently learned that USCIS materials regarding 

the use of E-Verify specifically state that a photo displayed in EVerify should be compared with the photo in the document that the 

employee has presented and not with the face of the employee. 

What good is the photo match tool to prevent identity theft if the 

employer is prohibited from matching the photos to the person sub-
12 

mitting the identity document? This policy is ludicrous, and we will 

look to address it as this legislation moves forward. 

The bill also phases in E-Verify use in 6-month increments beginning with the largest U.S. businesses, raises penalties for employers who don’t use E-Verify according to the requirements, allows employers to use E-Verify prior to the date they hired an employee, and provides meaningful safe harbors for employers who 

use the system in good faith. 

H.R. 1772 balances the needs of the American people regarding 

immigration enforcement with the needs of the business community regarding a fair and workable electronic employment 

verification system. 

I want to continue to work with the business community and 

other stakeholders to address any additional concerns with the bill. 

And I am pleased to be an original cosponsor and look forward to 

the testimony of the witnesses today. 

Again, thank you, Mr. Chairman, thank you former Chairman 

Smith and all who have worked on this legislation, and I yield back 

the balance of my time. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlemen from Virginia. 

Each of our witnesses’ written statements will be entered into 

the record in its entirety, so I would therefore ask that you summarize your statement within 5 minutes so we can have the benefit 

of the answers to your questions as well in a timely fashion. To 

help you stay within that 5-minute time parameter, there is a 

lighting system in front of you, and the lights mean what they traditionally mean in life: Green is go, yellow means you have a 

minute left, and red means if you could conclude your thought with 

all deliberate speed, that would be wonderful. 

So with that we would welcome all of you again, and, Mr. 

Amador, we will start with you for your opening statement. 

TESTIMONY OF ANGELO I. AMADOR, SR., VICE PRESIDENT, 

LABOR AND WORKFORCE POLICY, NATIONAL RESTAURANT 

ASSOCIATION 

Mr. AMADOR. Thank you. My opening statement, I have prepared 

oral remarks, but after listening to all of you, I am going to try to 

take less than my 5 minutes and just address a couple of things. 

For over a decade, you know, I have been working with your 

staff, and with then-Chairman Jackson Lee, and Chairman Smith, 

Chairman Sensenbrenner, Nolan Rappaport, who was the staffer. 

George Fishman would remember all these people. A lot of staffers 

have changed. But we have all worked on an unemployment 

verification title. So the question, there is really only one issue. 

I also want to, before I begin, say that I am honored to be here 

before Mr. Pierluisi, who may not remember me, but I started my 

career in D.C. working indirectly under him in his days as attorney 

general, so it is an honor to be here. 

I will use my time instead to say that the only question that 

seems to be before the Committee and before Congress is whether 

we should consider an employment verification system being made 

mandatory by itself, or should it be considered as part of a comprehensive immigration reform package? 
13 

When I look at it, you know, and we support pieces of immigration because what we want is our immigration system to be fixed. 

So just like we supported DACA, which is the Deferred Action for 

Childhood Arrivals, we support the Legal Workforce Act. And the 

reason is that in the over decade that I have been working on programs and unemployment verification, with staffers on both sides 

and with chairmanships from both parties, this is by far the best 

employment verification mandate that I have seen from the days 

of the Daschle-Hagel bill in the Senate to the Gang of 8 now. 

So what I would say to the Committee, and that is if you don’t 

take anything from the my written testimony and by the testimony 

of others, is that it is upon you to look at employment verification 

title and see if you can improve it. And I think that by viewing it 

by itself, we have had the benefit to be able to negotiate and to 

look at different pieces without the disruption of talking about a 

guestworker program, which is also very complicated legalization 

and all the pieces. But it is imperative that we look at the employment verification title by itself. 

And again, the only point I want to make is that from all the 

bills that I have been able to submit comments and analyze, the 

Legal Workforce Act is not perfect, but I have not seen any perfect 

law yet, but is by far the best employment verification mandate. It 

is simple; it makes accommodations for small businesses, which is 

something that we have been asking for for years; and it creates 

one set of rules that would be across the Nation for all employers. 

And even though, you know, we talk about 11 million on legalization as one important piece, I would say that this is just as important. This would affect 6 million employers, and this would affect 

how 160 million people get verified to get work authorizations. So 

it is very, very important that these pieces get right, and, in our 

opinion, this is the best starting point moving forward. 

Thank you very much. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Mr. Amador. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Amador follows:] 
14 

NATIONAL 

RESTAURANT 

ASSOCIATION 

Statement 

On behalf of the 

National Restaurant Association 

ON: H.R. [772, THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT 

To: U .S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

IMMIGRATION AN D BORDER SECURllY 

By: ANGELO L AMADOR, ESQ. 

V ICE PRESIDENT. LABOR & WORKFORCE POLlCY 

DATE: MAY 16,20 13 

,ao h~, ... h," ... ", ~w · w.,"IWt. U. 0(, 'O~III~" 

...... H' .un , ...... '" , ... . WWW .""~'AH' eO\! 
15 

Statement on: "H.R. 1772, The Legal Workforce Act" 

By: Angelo T. Amador 

On Behalf of the National Restaurant Association 

House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security 

2141 Rayburn House Office Building 

May 16, 2013 

Good Morning Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and distinguished members 

of the Subcommittee. My name is Angelo Amador and 1 am the Vice President for Labor 

and Workforce Policy at the National Restaurant Association. 

Thank you for allowing me the opportunity to testify today on behalf of the National 

Restaurant Association on the Legal Workforce Act, which would create a national EVerify mandate. 

Our Association is the leading business representative for the restaurant and food service 

industry. The industry is comprised of998,000 restaurant and foodservice outlets 

employing 13.1 million people-about ten percent of the u.S. workforce. Restaurants 

are job creators and the nation's second-largest private-sector employer. Despite its size, 

small businesses dominate the industry; even larger chains are often collections of 

smaller franchised businesses. 

For years, the National Restaurant Association has provided input on the best ways to 

improve the E-Verify program. After reviewing H.R. 1772, the "Legal Workforce Act," 

we were pleased to see that our concerns are being taken seriously, while so many other 

attempts to move forward without careful consideration of the impact of such a mandate 

on employers could have devastating effects. 

As you may know, many of our members and their suppliers have been early adopters of 

the voluntary E-Verify program-some owners have been requiring the use of E-Verify 

by their operations as early as 2006. The National Restaurant Association is also a user 

of E-Veri fy. Our members that use the program, and the head of Human Resources at the 

National Restaurant Association, have found E-Verify to be both cost effective and fast in 

helping guarantee a legally authorized workforce. 

For businesses across the country, particularly small businesses, it is imperative that any 

mandated E-Verify program be successful, eHicient, and cost-efTective within their own 

administrative structure. A federal E-Verify mandate would have an impact on the dayto-day activities, obligations, responsibilities, and exposure to liability of all restaurants, 

regardless of size. 

To be clear, the Association believes that designing an employment authorization 

verification system is indeed, unequivocally, a federal role. Actions by 50 different states 

and numerous local governments in passing employment verification laws create an 

untenable system for employers and their prospective employees. 

Page 2 
16 

1 would like to outline some improvements that the federal E-Verify program should have 

to gain broad support within our industry and compare those potential improvements to 

the version of the Legal Workforce Act we were able to review. Before addressing the 

specifics, I would like to highlight a recently released National Restaurant 

Association/lmmigrationWorks USA survey on E-Verify with first-hand accounts on 

why employers use or do not use the program. Respondents included restaurant owners 

and operators, non-restaurant foodservice operators and supply chain professionals. 

E-VERIFY SURVEY RESULTS 

The survey yielded over 789 responses from a wide range of members in our industry. It 

is attached to my testimony, so it can become part of the record. Among all restaurant 

owners and operators, 23 percent told surveyors they currently use E-Verify to check the 

immigration status of new hires. Among corporate-owned restaurants, a full 49 percent 

are enrolled in the system. 

Of those using the program, it is significant that eighty percent of restaurant operators 

who use E-Verify would recommend it to a colleague. Two-thirds of the responding 

restaurant operators who use E-Verify enrolled voluntarily. Twenty-seven percent 

enrolled because it is mandated in states where they do business and 2 percent use EVerify because they do business with the federal government. 

Of those not using the program, sixty-two percent of the restaurant operators who are not 

using E-Verify said they did not enroll because they are small companies with no Human 

Resources professionals. This is why we are calling on changes as part of a broad 

national mandate that simplifies the current two-step E-Verify process and the need for 

internet access and a computer. 

Finally, the vast maj ority of restaurant operators that use E-Verify said the system is 

accurate. Seventy-nine percent of restaurant operators said the E-Verify system has been 

100 percent accurate, as far as they know. Across each of the demographic categories, a 

solid maj ority of restaurant operators said the E-Verify system has been 100 percent 

accurate, to the best of their knowledge, but we understand there will be errors and we 

need ways to deal with them. 

A WORD OF CAUTION 

Back in 1986, businesses supported the first employer-run employment authorization 

verifIcation system, which is what we have now. Some argue that the current "1-9" 

mandatory employment verification program was supported by business because 

employers wanted to have a tool to find out who was an unauthorized worker and use that 

information to force those workers to work longer hours and in poorer conditions. This is 

nonsensical given that most undocumented workers were legalized in the same legislation 

that created the current mandatory employment verification system. 

Page 3 
17 

1 have seen similar arguments raised against our continued support for an improved 

federally-mandated E-Verify system. The truth is that employers are willing to do their 

part to address this controversial issue, as long as the system is fair and workable. 

THERE SHOULD BE ONE LAW OF THE LAND 

The current federal employment verification system is clearly in need of an overhaul. 

Out of frustration, states and localities have responded to the lack of action at the federal 

level with a patchwork of employment verification laws. 

This new patchwork of immigration enforcement laws expose employers, who must deal 

with a broken legal structure, to unfair liability and the burden of numerous state and 

local laws. A new federal E-Verify mandate must address this issue specificall y, so 

employers will know with certainty what their responsibilities are under employment 

verification laws regardless of where they are located. 

Under the Legal Workforce Act, as we understand it, states and localities are preempted 

from legislating different requirements or imposing additional penalties, but they may 

enforce the federal law and revoke a business license for failure to participate in the 

program, as required under federal law. While we might prefer blanket preemption, we 

understand the need to reach a balance. 

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMALL BlJSINESSES MlJST BE MADE 

Smaller employers do not have universal access to high speed internet connections, are 

less likely to have Human Resources or Legal staff, and, in our industry, management 

does not work at a desk or behind a computer all day. In fact, even some well-known 

restaurant brands are composed of a collection of small franchisees that mayor may not 

even have a copier at the restaurant location. 

Thus, we are glad to see that the Legal Workforce Act calls for the creation ofa toll-free 

telephonic option for doing E-Verify inquiries and allows, but does not mandate, the 

copying of additional documents. Unlike the current E-Verify, the mandate found in the 

Legal Workforce Act would permit a small restaurant to start using the program without 

the need to buy any new equipment or signing up for high-speed internet access. 

ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS MUST BE FAIR 

Full and fair enforcement of an improved E-Verify system should protect employers 

acting in good faith Businesses are overregulated and piling on fines and other penalties 

for even small paperwork errors is not the answer. The Legal Workforce Act states that 

an employer cannot be held liable for good-faith reliance on information provided 

through the E-Verify system. 

Under the Legal Worldorce Act, as we understand it, employers would also be given at 

least 30 days to rectify errors. While the language in the legislation in this area may need 

Page 4 
18 

some further clarification, it is certainly a step in the right direction. Any opportunity to 

rectify errors would protect employers that are doing their very best to comply in good 

faith with the myriad offederal regulations from unnecessary litigation. 

NO EXEMPTIONS, BUT A REASONABLE ROLL-OUT OF E-VERIFY IS 

ENCOURAGED 

To maintain an equal playing field, the Association believes an E-Verify mandate should 

be applicable to all employers in our industry. However, we understand that small 

businesses may need more time to adapt. Thus, we are encouraged by the Legal 

Workforce Act tiered approach for rolling out E-Verify, starting with employers having 

more than 10,000 employees. 

We continue to welcome the provision that allows the Secretary of Homeland Security 

the ability to extend each deadline by six months. However, even more important, the 

program needs adequate resources, both with regard to funding and staffing, if it is to 

increase from less than 300,000 enrolled employers to over six million in two years. The 

Association's current users have integrated E-Verify into their hiring practices and 

disruption because the system is overwhelmed would interrupt their operations in a 

critical manner. 

VERIFICATION OF POTENTIAL HIRES 

There is a good tool that employers should be allowed to use that is unavailable under the 

current E-Verify framework. Currently, employers are not allowed to pre-verify, prior to 

hire. In other words, while an employer can check references, conduct drug tests, and 

background checks, before an individual is officially hired, the work authorization does 

not take place until the employee is officially on the books. 

Employers should be given authority to check work authorization status as early as 

possible and allow the employee to start working with the government to fix any 

discrepancies before they show up for their first day of work. Thus, we support the 

provision that allows verification when an offer of employment is extended and making 

that offer conditioned on final verification of the identity and employment eligibility of 

the employee. 

A few years ago, a restaurant owner from Arizona testified that in over fourteen percent 

(14%) of their queries, the initial response was something other than "employment 

authorized." When the initial response from E-Verify is something other than 

"employment authorized," and the employee has already been hired as mandated in 

current law, there are additional costs to the employer. Federal law requires that the 

employer continue to treat the employee as fully authorized to work during the time that 

the tentative nonconiinnation is being contested. 

Page 5 
19 

This means the employer cannot suspend the employee or even limit the hours or the 

training for the employee. Someone must monitor any unresolved E-Verify queries on a 

daily basis to make sure that employee responses are being made in a timely manner. 

Under current regulations, if an employee contests the tentative nonconfirmation, but 

does not return with a referral letter, the employer must re-check that employee's work 

authorization after the tenth federal work day from the date that the referral letter was 

issued. 

Some restaurants are fortunate to have the staff to deal with these issues and allow for 

redundancy and backup. For smaller operations that do not have that luxury, the burdens 

are greater. 

VOLUNTARY REVERIFICATION SHOULD BE ALLOWED 

The Association supports the inclusion of a strictly voluntary reverifIcation provision, but 

objects to mandatory reverification provisions of the entire workforce. While some small 

size restaurants may not mind reverifying their workforce, all large-size operationseven those currently using E-Verify-that have contacted the Association list a 

mandatory reverification requirement as their number one concern. 

For the industry's workforce, a restaurant is an employer of choice because they can take 

advantage of the flexible scheduling we offer, work only during school breaks or move 

between employers often. The nature of the restaurant business is such that it produces a 

great amount of movement of the workforce below management level, meaning that a 

mandatory requirement, in addition to being expensive, would also be redundant. 

One of the Association's foremost concerns is to ensure that any new E-Verify mandate 

does not become too costly or burdensome for our members. Existing employees have 

already been verified under the applicable legal procedures in place when they were 

hired. 

For those same reasons, the Association continues to oppose not allowing verification of 

only some workers for good cause. Triggering a reverification requirement for the entire 

workforce because one employee is reverified, as it currently appears in H.R. 1772, 

would discourage any reverification because of the cost and time required to conduct 

such an undertaking. Furthermore, it creates potential liability for a well-meaning 

employer trying to make sure that his workforce is legally authorized to work, ifhe 

reverifies workers with good reason, but still fails to reverify "all individuals so 

employed." 

ROLE OF BIOMETRIC DOCUMENTS IN E-VERIFY 

One of the main flaws in the current E-Verify system is the uncomplicated manner 

through which an undocumented alien can fool the system through the use of someone 

else's documents. The issues of document fraud and identity theft are exacerbated 

Page 6 
20 

because of the lack of reliable and secure documents acceptable under the current EVerify system. 

Documents should be re-tooled and limited so as to provide employers with a clear and 

functional way to verify that they are accurate and relate to the prospective employee. 

There are two ways by which this can be done, either by issuing a new tamper and 

counterfeit resistant work authorization card or by limiting the number of acceptable 

work authorization documents to, for example, social security cards, driver's licenses, 

passports, and alien registration cards (green cards). 

H.R. 1772 follows the latter approach with a voluntary biometric program available to 

employers. Also. with fewer acceptable work authorization documents, as is the case 

with H.R. 1772, the issue of identity theft is also readily addressed. 

AN E-VERIFY CHECK NEEDS TO HAVE AN END DATE 

The employer needs to be able to affirmatively rely on the responses to inquiries into the 

E-Verify system. Either a response informs the employer that the employee is authorized 

and can be hired or retained, or that the employee cannot be hired or must be discharged. 

Employers would like to have the tools to determine in real time, or near real time. the 

legal status of a prospective employee or applicant to work. 

The Association appreciates that, as we understand it, ten days, or twenty under special 

circumstances, after the initial inquiry there will be a final response for those that do not 

come back as work authorized during the initial inquiry. This will help avoid the costs 

and disruption that stems from employers having to employ, train, and pay an applicant 

prior to receiving final confinnation regarding the applicant's legal status. Employers 

cannot wait months for a final determination of whether they need to terminate an 

employee. 

LIABILITY STANDARDS AND PENALTIES SHOULD BE PROPORTIONATE 

The Association agrees that employers who knowingly employ unauthorized aliens ought 

to be prosecuted under the law. The current "knowing" legal standard, also found in the 

Legal Workforce Act, for liability is fair and objective and gives employers some degree 

of certainty regarding their responsibilities under the law and should. therefore. be 

maintained. Lowering this test to a subjective standard would open the process to 

different judicial interpretations as to what an employer is expected to do. Presumptions 

of guilt without proof of intent are unwarranted. 

Penalties should not be inflexible. and we would urge you to incorporate statutory 

language that allows enforcement agencies to mitigate penalties based on size of 

employer and good faith efforts to comply. rather than tying them to a specific, nonnegotiable. dollar amount. 

Page 7 
21 

THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD ALSO BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR EVERIFY 

The Association objects to the expansion of antidiscrimination provisions beyond what is 

found in current law. Employers should not be put in a "catch 22" position in which 

attempting to abide by one law would lead to liability under another one. However, we 

understand that those wrongfully hanned by the system should have some mechanism to 

seek relief 

Thus, we support the Legal Workforce Act provision to allow those wrongfull y harmed 

to seek reliefunder the Federal Torts Claims Act (FTC A). The government must be held 

accountable for the proper administration of E-Verify. FTC A provides a fair judicial 

review process that would allow workers to seek relief 

AN E-VERIFY MANDATJi: SHOlJLD NOT MEAN ADDITIONAL COSTS FOR 

EMPLOYERS 

The federal government will need adequate funding to maintain and implement an 

expansion of E-Verify. The cost should not be passed on to the employer with fees for 

inquiries or through other mechanisms. Additionally, there should not be a mandatory 

document retention requirement, other than the form where employers record the 

authorization code for the employees they hire. Keeping copies of ot1icial documents in 

someone's desk drawer increases the likelihood of identity theft 

The Association supports the Legal Workforce Act provision that keeps the requirements 

as in current law, where an employer does not need to keep copies of driver licenses, 

social security cards, birth certificates, or any other document shown to prove work 

authorization. The fact that the infonnation in these documents will now be run through 

the E-Verify program makes the need for making copies of these documents unnecessary. 

AN EXPANSION OF E-VJi:RIFY SHOlJLD NOT SERVE AS A BACK DOOR TO 

EXPAND EMPLOYMENT LAWS 

The new system needs to be implemented with full acknowledgment that employers 

already have to comply with a variety of employment laws. Thus, verifying employment 

authorization, not expansion of employment protections, should be the sole emphasis of 

an E-Verify mandate. 

In this regard, it should be emphasized that there are already existing laws that govern 

wage requirements, pensions, health benefits, the interactions between employers and 

unions, safety and health requirements, hiring and firing practices, and discrimination 

statutes. 

The Code of Federal Regulations relating to employment laws alone covers over 5,000 

pages of fine print And, of course, formal regulations, often unintelligible to the small 

business employer, are just the tip of the iceberg. Thousands of court cases provide an 

Page 8 
22 

interpretive overlay to the statutory and regulatory law, and complex treatises provide 

their own nuances. 

The Association is encouraged by the Legal Workforce Act's emphasis on keeping it 

simple-a workable, national E-Verify system, nothing more, nothing less. 

PARTICIPATION LOOPHOLES IN THE SYSTEM SHOlJLD BE CLOSED 

Part of a government effort to roll out E-Verify to all employers should be closing 

loopholes for unauthorized workers to get into the employment system. The Association 

is glad that the Legal Workforce Act, as we understand it, requires state workforce 

agencies and labor union hiring halls to clear through E-Verify all workers whom they 

refer to employers. 

For employers who receive workers through any of these venues, finding out that the 

worker is unauthorized after they are on the jobsite creates additional problems in 

addition to having to go find another worker. For example, with regard to hiring halls, it 

may also create problems with the labor union, depending on contract requirements. If 

any of these venues are going to refer workers to employers, they should ensure that 

those workers are work authorized before they do so. 

LEGALIZATION AND LEGAL IMMIGRATION WILL STILL BE NEEDED 

Finally, while this hearing is on employment verification, we must not forget that other 

pieces of our immigration system are also broken. We are committed to working with 

you on the difficult task of fixing our nation's broken immigration laws over the long 

haul, which needs to include legalization of a significant portion of the undocumented 

workforce. 

We must also not forget that foreign born workers are an essential part of the restaurant 

industry's strength-complementing, not substituting, our American workforce. In 

general, historical immigration policies have brought vigor to the u.s economy, as 

immigration creates growth and prosperity for the country as a whole. 

Historically, teenagers and young adults made up the bulk of the restaurant industry 

workforce, as nearly half of all restaurant industry employees were under the age of 

25. Over the last several decades, this key labor pool steadily declined as a proportion of 

the total labor force. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 16- to 

24-year-old age group represented 24 percent of the total U.S. labor force in 1978, its 

highest level on record. However, by 2008, 16-to-24-year-olds represented only 14 

percent of the labor force, and is projected to shrink to only 13 percent by 2018. 

The predictions in demographic shifts tell us that we will also need to create a legal 

channel for employers in the service sectors, such as restaurants, to bring other than 

seasonal workers in a legal and orderly fashion. History tells us that when our economy 

picks up again, we will need those workers. 

Page 9 
23 

TN SUMMARY, THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT SHOWS THAT THERE IS 

LEADERSHIP IN WASHINGTON 

It would have been easy to ignore the real concerns of the business community with a 

national E-Verify mandate and simply pass a law requiring its use. It is harder to pass a 

responsible E-Verify mandate that accommodates the different needs of the close to eight 

million employers in the U.S, which are extremely different in both size and levels of 

sophistication. 

In the National Restaurant Association's opinion, notwithstanding the few changes and 

clarifications needed, the Legal Workforce Act reaches the right balance-a broad federal 

E-Verify mandate that is both fast and workable for businesses of every size under 

practical real world working conditions. Without the assurances and improvements to the 

E-Verify system found in the Legal Workforce Act, it should not be imposed on 

businesses. 

1 want to thank you for seeking our input and urge you to continue to engage the business 

community to create a workable E-Verify program for all employers, regardless of 

location, that accommodates their different needs. The National Restaurant Association 

stands ready to continue assisting in the process of tweaking and, then, moving the Legal 

Workforce Act forward. 

Thank you again for this opportunity to share the views of the Association, and I look 

forward to your questions. 

Page 10 
24 

ATTACHMENT 

---1 NATIONAL .. RESTAURANT ImmlgratlonWorks 

ASSOCIATION. ~SA -

2012 E-Verify Survey 

Surmnary of Results 

April 20 [3 
25 

Table of Contents 

ExeeUlive Summary .. .2 

Introduction .. , , , , , ,.3 

E· Verify Usage ......................................... ,""""""""" """""""""""""'""""""""""""" .4 

.. .. "".5 

.6 

Number nfYears Usiny £·Yerify •... 

Reasons for Enrolling in E-Yerify _ 

Changes 10 Hiril1~ Procedllfes "" , """""""""""""""""""""""'" """""",,, 7 

AccuracyofE-YerifySyS!ml ................... """"""",""""""""""""""""""""'"' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '",9 

Changes in 1'001 of Appliean1~ ................. .. 

DitTIcull FealUrcs or Burd~nso",c RequirementsufE-Ycrify 

WQIlld you recommend E-Vcrify 10 8 colleague? .". 

Reasons for Not Enrolling in E-Verify ., 

.10 

" 

" 

21112 ENcrif) SU/\C) 
26 

E.o.ecutivc Summary 

In (kLooer 20 12. Ihe Nalional auranL Association and Itttmi.o;raLionWorks USA conducted a 

6urvey 011 E-Verify RespOIldems included reSlauram owners and Oper.llon. non·reslauronl 

food5crvice operators and supply chRin professionals The online su", e~ fielded 739 re5JlO116e!; 

Here arc SOIllC kc~ flodings. 

[-Verify S"g~. AmOllg all rest3Ul1ml owners 3ud operators, 2J percetn told surveyors thl')' 

cllrrently use E-Verify to checr.: the immigration status of new hires Among CQrpoI1Ite-owned 

restnUl1mts. a fu1i 49 per,ent are enroll ed in thesystettt 

Most "'(lulll recommend it. Eighty percent of re~taurnnt operaton who u,e E·Verify woold 

recommend it 10 II colleague. 

Rusons for enrlllliug. Two-thirds oftht'cresponding re$taUI1lIl1 opcrato(j; who u~e E_Verify 

enroll ed volunl aril y Twemy·seven percent enrolled bee,luSe;t i~ mandatc-cl in ~tes "here Ihey 

do bll.Si neM. And 2 percent use E-Veri ~ be.:lIIuse thl!}' do bu,iness with the federal gD'Vemmel1\ 

easo lJ ~ for lIot rurolling. Si:.;ty.rwo percent of the restaurant operator.; who are nOi using 

E.Vcrify said Ihey didn't enroll because they arc smoll companies lI'ith no HR profcS!;;onals. 

Accuracy. Se\"Cflty·nine percent of re6taUrant o~rn ors said the E-Vtrify >y!;cem hHd been 100 

percent 8CClIllIle 

ChllngtS to hiring protc c~. Most of the resmurant o~ra or;. who lise E-Verify id the 

proglllm didn't CIIuse major changes 10 cheir hirin.g or mher procedures. SCI·enty·three percent 

said th~y made only minor cnan~ to their hirinS pra<:etIures. 

Pool ()f llpp icallt . Fifty·fl ve perct:nt of the restaurant ()perators ..... ho use E·Verify said tile pool 

ofapplicants seeking employmelll in their businesses hasn't changed since they staned usill!l the 

system. Thiny·four per~ent said the pool offtpplicants ha~ changed somewhat And 11 ~rc~tl1 

said it ha5 chnnged signiti cllntly 

N:lrNln.,1 RCSL1UrJ nr A..sociaricn 21112 E-Vcrif) U,, ~ 
27 

hll.rOductioll 

This report pres.ents the Findings ofth~ E-Verify Survey, which was lieltle<l in Octoo..r 201'2 _moil)!. 

restaumnt owner~ ~nd I!p\'ml0r5, l1on-resl8umnl food,erviceopcr:uofii, Bnd 5upply chain 

profcSlIi0!181s. The SUl'\'cy was iicldcd online. and alolal or7S9 responses were received 

21112 E-Vcrif) o,, ~ 
28 

E_ Verify Uuge 

Overnll , 23 percent ofrespcmding r""taUffint operators pid they curremly e E_Verify to check 

Ihe iOlm.igratioo .status ofthclr n",w hires Sil<ty-one percenl said they dou', usc E· Verify 

FOrty_nin~ percent of oorpQfale-owned chain reSllOndenl$ SlIid they currenlly use E-Verify, wel\ 

above Ihe uSIIgcamon& Iheir fJanthisec (14%) and iodepeodenl (ZOO"",) coul1lcrpans 

Respondents with large statTs lUI' mllch more likely 10 u~e E.Verify_ Fifty-Ihree percent of 

fI.'spOl:ldrnlS wilh 1,000 o r more employees said Ih",) use E_Verify, compared "ilh just IS 

perrenl ofreSPQndenls wilh fl'wer Ihan 50 employees. 

Respondenls from businesses wilh higher an nual sales volume were also much more likely Ihan 

lower volume businesst'S 10 say Ihey use E· Verify. 

Opc:r~lors QfrrlJI1-rCSlaurs,,, foodscfVice opeflt\ions (18% ) and individuals from supply ch~in 

companies (9%) are 1<"$5 likel y than restaUfltnl operalors 10 say Ihcy use E-Vrrify 

00 you t urnnl'" II ~ E-V rif)' 10 check Ihe immi r~tjon 5lnh.s of yo II. new hires? 

~. N. 0.''''1 Kn",,' 

An R" ' . Dunlo n. ... " . ~) ''''' ' f'ul~.!l' . ukl;fcnoc" S"A 7'Y. '" 

o..lIt .. ~ l~[jn 

FrlnchlSCC 

C 1I0>0\0;ne.l CImn "'. ". '" ". ;lIllml>crof Em "" "" Jl.!:3'u .• ~ ... ct~ ____ ,,,. 

So 1119'1 "" ~ ~% 

191 .:." 1111 .!l!:I SV(I IC 'J'J-) ,," ,.,. 

LOvoClrIt'lOl'e "" ,,. "~" '!i 

AOrlu.oJ Sal(> \lOlb ..... 

I.w IfIIIrr J1 minjoo , ... Sl million 

ullilllll<) 

10 S4

$» 

9

q ,rull,,,,, 

m,llion 

~ ::~ ~e.:. 

i,-ii millio" to S19 ~ miUlDII " "

. "'" n % 

s:!(!,lJ,J]'OO'lJtfllO'" ~5%, 11 ~ 

NII" _R .. ~ur""l r ,.,d ..... ·!« OJlf",.loou ". ". "U% . Sb , ,I ' Chain Com '''''Ou ,. J 5% ~. 

N:ltNIIl,,1 RCSl.1U'Jnl A<.'lOCiatio n 211 12 ENcrif) SUl'\ ~ 
29 

Oflhe re5pondin~ r"~t8urant operators who said they \."U n "ntl)' use E.v~rif)l, they have used it 

for 8 media" of2 years 

For each demographic ~a!<'gory of rt:Stauran!.S listed in (he chari below, respondent ~ have used 

E-Verif), f01 a tnro;S!! of2 or J years 

Operatnrs ornon-restaurant foodservic~ operations ha,"e uS('{) E-Veriry for a medial1 of3 yeal'S 

while supply charn ~onrp8njes that u,e E-Vcrify have u~d it for a m~-d;~n of J: years 

How "'a"y yu n hllVf you bef" " sing the t;-Vf rify prngrllm? 

' ''' , 

o C" 

, 

. .,. oW t-

" 

''''M. 

;:1:::::::: ": 

;- '" , 

99 , ill 

Ill! -, 

~ , , 

, 2tl t2 ENcrif) su,, ~ 
30 

Kc,,~ on! ror [ nrollin!: in t:·Ver if y 

Oflhe responding r"~t8unun operauxs who said lhey <;"\lrreml)' use E.v~rify, 66 percent said 

Ihey enrolled volunlarily, Twemy-scven percem said lbt:)' wrolk<l bl~ause lJ is mandalcd in 

Sillies ",here they do business, while 2 pereent ffirolled because Ihcy do business with the 

federal gllvemmenl, 

ull$elVi~eQpo::ralors /72'11.) W~t\l more likely th:1I1 quicksl"f"ice operators (58%) \0 say they 

enrolled in E-Verify voluntarily Quickservice operalOfs(35%) were more li~ely Ihan 

fullscrvkc opernt~ (21%) to say It is mandated in the siaies where Ihey ha"e operations 

franchisees (41 ~.) were milch more likely than independent operatOrS (27%) ~nd oorpllfaleowned chAin operalors t8¥.) 10 say Ihty enrolled in E-Verify because il is mandated in states 

where theydo business Eighty-three percent of chain operstor§ sHid Ihey enrolled vol untarily 

Wh)' did n Hl t llfllll in the E-Verify IIrGgum" 

\'"IUIIIMf') M.llhlcd in ~t .. C","" . " , 0. ... Bu.hll'_" 

Em .... 'lft .. m. orO, ...... ioo Wi.h 1 Go,oruo .. ml 

All R" '.ll nonl, ". ". ,. Indllllf')' Sot ..... , 

.!!~1« ll' ~. 

OIl1d .. r"Kc '"' '" ~, 

o.. ntOb it' Co,o=or')' - Il>.!.wo>.!S'tt . .211. ~" Francbl5ee 

C ....o...lICd eM .. "" l 

'" ,"" 

Nu_ r .. f Em., ... )''_' "' 

"- - .... Sl.i109\l ,.% "" 9% 

~(W.I\"~9') - ,,. 11~i> 

500109'.19 "" '" :'~% '''' , ~- , '''' W. 

AnQ" . 1 Sal .. Vo"' nl ~ 

L<$iJlMSllmll'9" - • ~t mIll;"" III~ 9 mill;"" bl% "'" ," 

SS mIllioQ II>.Sq~.~ 

'''' '" .", 

StO n,ilh(l<l 10 $ 19.9 Iud);"" 9:% '" '''' ~lOm lh"" '" roon: ... , ~8'\, , 

Non·Ro!u ... ranl F ...... ,.n·je. 0 ra,inn, ' ~9 % ,. ~. 

S • • ~ o."'n COHlIIO;'.' % 0% , "'. -

N"' N",,,I RcsL1UrJnl A>OOCi .. i"n " 211 12 ENcrif) SU" ' 
31 

Chnges to U.irillg "rocetiurn 

In general, moSl reStaurant operators that use E_Verify said it did,,'t cause major changes [0 

their hirin~ or (Mhcr rJocedure~ whel' they r'rst st~ned usi"g the progTillH Seventy-three percent 

s.,id they only made minor changC$ to their hiring procedl.U"tli, and that;t was not a major 

problem 

In t(mtrast, only 9 percent of operators s~id il WM mOle disrupt;ve than th")' anticipated. and 

thai they had to make txttnsi,'e changes 10 their procedures. Seventet11 percenl said rhey made 

r.igoificant changes to their hiring or procedures, bill that was to be ~pecled 

ACrI':>5s-tath ufthe demographic categories. n majority of reStRumnt operatorS thaI use E·Verify 

!>aid they only made minor changes to their hiring procedures when they first sraned using the 

program 

To whal U ltlll did you D1a kt gt~ in hiring or olht r procedures when yo u fird SI/lrlt>d 

using the E·\'uifv program! 

E,' .. ~'.dI"l'" ,,""';Ron , mont"" On ~ mi"""h,"to>, 

I .... di,,,, ,h. n,," ""1Iri .,- Th .. l. ,,,,",,, .~ \\"U ""', . ... · " n.t ...... 

,\U_'".n,," '" \ '" ~,:;~, f'lfI~ .... , "t.,.,,,« •• 21'. "". ~~ ."...,. - • :~:'- , .....,.u."","ctu., - ~~ '". f.!,. 

~jO. ""*: 7~ . . ~. "' .. off .. ~ .... 

.. •• w .. I" • w. 100',,", •• " • •• ".M 1.', to'. 71'. 

H.bI1",_ P. ~ .~. 

,\ ..... 01 s."" v_ 

~51(\!l11 ~,,;;:. ? l~ " 

I"'m ..... "'~ ~ .. m .... +:: 11 '. 7j·. 

~~JUI""I '1',1' • ,;, 510 :t~ ~5 9g Oft;U,,,,, •• "', ~, 

S:lfl, .. IJ ...... .. "'~ •• .,~ 1t· • 

10"""·11 ......... ' F.....t ........ ~ ... IM,,· •• ,.% 71% 

;;.. ,0. ... .:.\"" ~. .. 2! 1 7!!o 

·I ~"" '-I/",.",I,-

N:tiNl'\11 RCSl.1UrJnt A>soct.ticn 211 12 ENcrif) SU" ' 
32 

Survey rt'Spondents were given theOjlponunity to indude add tion~1 comments on chat\£~s to hiring 

proccd"roM wben they first st.'l.ned using thc e..Verify progrom. verbatim re~ponsc~ are bcl"w 

£.>:1<,,,),;1'1.' 1'1""'1:<')'. /1 " VI$ mOlY rI; ~', l", 'e l/r"" ""';o:iplll<,d. 

Fnlstration al the lime it look [0 verify new staff 

Slanet! u,in£ human tCi.01.Jrces sQllware 

$;g"iftcmll d""'ge.'I. /JllIllml i." I" he expeI-'le,L 

Wcnlto eleclronic 1-9 

h was more dit1kult to hire kitchen help. 

0",), mi",,~ d"'''I:n. It ,,·u.,· ,,'" a m{/jur p~ hI<'''L 

Wc grandfalhered the i..~istlng siaN', chose a dale. and implcmenk'Ci E- Verify for aJi new hires 

going forward 

Had 10 dt'Vciop and ulilite a syslem for faster notification of ncw hires 

Not a big deal 

We have an HR depanmem who streamlined the proce~s. 

Simply Bdd~tI a fcw cxtn\ slep~ in lh~ hiring prtXt'ss 

, 21112 E-Vcrif) so,, ~ 
33 

Acc uracy of .:_Ve rify Syste11l 

The vast majority ofreS1aurnm OpeflltOrs t~at use E_Vl'rify said t~e system is 8C(;Urate. Seventyninc percent of n:513Ullml opcrntOfS said the E-Verify system has bet'" 100 percelll accurate, as 

far as they kllOW, 

Seventeen pcrCCtJt of restallfllnt OpellllOf'S said there bal'e been some errors io the E-Vcrify 

sysl~m, whil e 4 percelll said il hn h>en frequently inaccufll!o!. 

Across each oft~c dl'lT1ographic eatcgorie~. a solid majority of restaurant operators said tlte 

E-Verify )' ~t etn has been 100 Il'CfU'nl accurate. to the best of their ~now!ed~ 

Do )'ou find the [-Vnify i)'stem is gentrally ftCCurale? 

..... f •••• 1 ~"''' . n.", ~., ........ ~ •• b ... " 

tl h ......... ,110 ,,,.1 "' .... "',,, ~ "'nlh" .o".,""I" 

All 11"".",&" '" 17';' .% 

n~""'l'S<ttttI<~1 

"'fu", .~j '" d , .... YOC< ." ". o~ 

_ 

n","'lp C. "'ltO .... " ~ :;: 1'''''"''''' .... ,.. c . )/\I~,~oIGICw..tl ~" ~t"l, 

• ~""'''''. M Emp .... ·",. , 

so 1~ 'i'J ... ~ ,. I\'II ~~ ;oo1099'l -;t~ '"7:~ -:-

J.I'''' ,.-"",'e '" ~ ,. A" .... t s:. .... \'01."", 

~ftonlll~ , SI "" lOOn ",:14 9nl~ "" . N ~ .. ~ ... l!-::O/';t,"llico' "" ". SIO .. ,IlK>u" S19 ¥ ""11 "", ",. ~ ~ 

s:rn .. Ul .. " "'''"'''' , .. m 

rot""·R., ... ,,,", Fnod .. "k. """ion.- U % ,% >% 

~p '" c~.!" c ... 0,,1t> - l~ o 7~ °Ao . % 

0114<.-.14'> "",,/I "'"'1'10 ..... 

N:tiNl",1 RCSl.1UrJ"t A>soct"icn 21112 E-Vcrif) Su,, , 
34 

ChngCli in r oot or i\ 'I,lkant~ 

Fifly-live percent ofr;,s!aumnt <>peratO~ that u~ E-Verify said tht- pool of applicants seekin!! 

employment i" their business has,,'t changed at all since they starJ oo using lhe Sy51~m Thirty_ 

four percent said ti,e pool of appliC8.nl~ haJ c,hanged somewhat. "hile II percent said it has 

changed ~ignificantly . 

Restaurant opera.IOIl with larger staffs were much more li~ely to say their pt.>U1 of applicants has 

changed since Ihey Started using E-Verify. Roughl y 1 OUI of4 operators with 500 or more 

employees !laid Iheir applicant pool has changed signilicantly. comp<tred 1';lh about I oolono 

operators w1lh fewer than 100 employeo:s 

OpernlOrS of larger restaurallf businesses were much more li~el y Ihan smaller <>peralOrS to say 

their labor pool ha~ changed as a result of using E-Verify. Twenty-two percent of openttors Wilh 

.sales of$20 million or OlO'C said tbci, applicant pool has chanK~.,j significantl y, while no 

operators with sales lInder S I million reported similarly. 

li as the pool af IIpplieants n d iing enlplaymenl in yallr businl'5s rhanged sinet }'Oll sla rtl'd 

IIsing Ihe .:-Verir" 5yslen,? 

..... 1<lr·vptlO" " ..... ,uf .pptl<"<" " 1'001 of 'ppU""",, 

h • •• h' ng<'d ,I .'Ikon,t,· ... ,b'lII!.«I ",,,,,,,.11., h ... ' , ,b. o t~ ,. u 

"'URn, ... ", . .. ,,% ~% ~ .• 

I""""..,·s...-., 

- ~ 

,d:.«n"'" ... ,~ ,,. 0.. . .... lIlr C ....... 'I'}' 

F,..,..,h...., ~ 

nooll h .... , 2~ ~ ",. 

N ... bo • • r "' "') '''' 

'''''' • . ~ ,. ". ,,. Oft" ,. ". 

~~ - ". "" '''' IJlOO"""",,' "" "" ." Ano.,IS • ..,. V.I ...... l"'U'" SIIlll~1OII . !~:' $-I ~"',u •• , ~ -¥.f ,~ 

~!fJIU!!!l! 1I;) f'/ ~'lI)ij •• , .. SIO .. il ...... Iil 119.9 .. UiM ,m }I" " . 

,,"m"'""' ..... e "" '"' ~l% 

~.·Ro". l"ll ' F""J .. " , .... 1'0 ,10.,' I~ Y. % ~ "" Sop Iv 1:11 ••• Co ," .. ;... . 'Y • 'IO . 

. 

'" 2tl l2 E-Vcrif) su,, ~ 
35 

Ch ngCli in I'oot or i\1'1,lkanu (ton'.) 

Survey rt'Spondents wen.' given the opponunity 10 include additional comm~nlS on thechangt'S to 

their pool ofllpplica"tli Verbatim responses are hel(lw 

Pool of IIl/l/fin",,,,' II(I~ dum/(ed $IRnijiclmtJ)'. 

FeWer applicRnts 

Pool ofll"l/licUIII~' hIlI dfll"K~d .'o"I<''''/lfll. 

Smallcr pool Of ClIndi<ia tes 

FC1.IIcrmi"ority ~pplicams 

We Idl applica0l5 that numb~rs will be ched~. 

t.~Sll.:i chen help. 

[)ifficult Fcat r~!1 or 8 'll'densomr rq "i r~ '" S of £..Verir)· 

SUIVt:y respondents were a!k.:<.l if there some features of the F...-Verify pro!!:ram thai they find 

panicularly difficult!o U!;e. or if there 8Te some requiremenlS that they find panicularly 

burdensome. Verbatim re!poroscs are below. 

Requirement is done in Ihlff days. Can be difficult " 'ilh central oflice aTld weekends aTld 

I;CBsonal hirin! . 

Ifsn applicaTlt comcs up non-qualified for work, you must continue to employ Ihem for several 

weeks 10 give them lime 10 clear up the problem That's a burdensome COSt of training for which 

there is no return, 

You carmOI £"Verify cutrent employees (hired prior to inSlilUling use of\he prugr~m) . 

I don't tike to have to relrain periodically and T~ my password every Ihree months 

We use a third p~n)' vendor r~lher Ihan direo::dy using lhegovernmen(s £.Verify program. It is 

much more ,,~r friendly and this way our 1-9 fonlls are entered electronically so we don't ha ve 

to worry about etr~ 

NOlle "hst,oever. It's reliable and no OIle who is rejC<:1ed .'ver claims il to be a misllIke 

Sometimes Ihe §ystem is down and you do not getsn immed;~tc response 

Public respon~e i~ more challenging than l'XpeGted 

Gelling se1 up tah-s time - if person docs 1101 fuJly r~d documenls and instructions - "ill 11 01 be 

approved to use. 

h can be a challenge wilh illle-malional studenl slalTbut not insumlOllntable 

" 21lt2 E-Vcrif) Sun ~ 
36 

Woold YOIl recommtnd "-:_"C'ril)' 10 a collragll\,? 

EIghty pe,cent of,e$tBurilnt operstor~ thai (llfremly use E-Verify $aid they "ould ,eeommend II 

10 a colleague, 

A solId majority of,estaurnnt OpCI1lIOfS across eacb oflhe dcO)ogntphic categoril"3 said Ibey 

would recommend E-Verify to ~ colle'lgue 

Would YOll r ecommend [-Ve rify In a colleague? 

'"" N" 

All R •• I.un,"!> ""% '"% I .. du"rr ~ .... nl 

~ __ ~ l.ll;"",,,,. 83"" '"- Ir' ...... hiP C ... t .. .,· 

oo.l J'~h .... "" , .. ~~~. "'"'Io:'O' ... ~ lb"," ~, ,,. u""'r uffu!!.t~ "' 

"\'I"I'" Ib,,,,,':;(, .". 

~ .,. "'" H",. 

"" 500 ~,~, ". ~' 

I I0H1"I11'1/'''' '" '2]~ 

AU"'" SAlu _ 

1.

SII"'"IOI1I~ 

lh"" lllllll"'" 

S.\ II ,u,lI"'" ~2'" 

.l

Ig

J,~,.. _ 

- ~~Ii~_~~~~Ui ,. .!J' . 

$1()'n' ll 'O: ~~~9 II" ' ~2% .. SlOm,IMI'I • .rlll<<t. ~~i;- ;;~ 

;V"n·R .. loUr"nl .·""d ...... 'w. 0 r. lI · 11111% W. 

SIIPI.I, l:holn C"'"PII. it.· 100% . " . 

N:tiNl" , 1 RCSl.1UrJnl A>soct"ic n " 
37 

Survey respondents were given the OllPonunity to include additional comn1~nts 011 whl1heror not 

they would recommend E-Verify tn a colleague Vertmim r~nse!; Hre below 

Y",,', "'()lIM I1'com",end l::-Veri/J"" " ""lIeIW"e. 

Easy, and eliminate!; !,'Ilessing. 

As long as lhey used the vendor we pannered with. 

Ok to use. 

No other choice; it's a necessity. 

1 like Ihe sySl cm with a few exceptions as il ~\'es me piece ormind. ~pecially here in Arizona 

where we have an Employer Sanction Law 

It's lh .. right thing to do beclIuse i<.lentity theft is a problem and weshOuld take a stand againSl il 

I helieve it should ~ mandaIOf)' in nil 50 ,IlUes. 

(> Nlt~I~ U!i in foll owing the law. 

Win bean indumy-wide requirement roon , 

Saf~ty 

The ~ySlem will eliminate liability of the business in regards to undocumemed workers 

It"s R must to mO\'e toward thing imrnigmtiOll issu!!!; 

No. U'lnlltl I.M rf'Commem/ E_ V"ri,li' /(J (j coileogJU!, 

Hassel f~clor 

If you don't have 10 add 10 Bdmin work, then don'l Wouldn'l give government any more rea SoIlS 

10 audil on~ bil 

" 2tl t2 E.vcrif) so,, ~ 
38 

Of the resmuram opera tors who ale not currenll y in!! E_Verify, 62- percent said they choose 

nOi to enroll because Ihey a'ell small company wilh tlO HR professional Fifty perCent of 

operator~ said they ~ no need 10 enroll in E-Vcrify 

Rcstaufllf11 operators rfOlll larger businesses were more likely to say tbey are concerned about 8 

disruptive transition, Fifty pcrc~~l1 of opera Of~ with I,M Of morc employees and 38 !)eleent or 

operators with annual sales of$20 million or moresaid they are ~i ateto enroll because Ihey 

are concerned about a disNp,j\'C transition 

If you are nOI using E-Vu iry, why do you hrsilTllr 10 enroll ? (dux 4- 1I1/ Ilrm IIppM 

'--"::" ... , 

~ 

~ ,0:;. ... 

I. ;'; . .... ., - ~. ~ ~ 

, 

~ :,~ ~ !,., II', , 

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211 12 ENcrif) su,, ' 
39 

Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Blitstein. 

TESTIMONY OF JILL G. BLITSTEIN, INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MANAGER, HUMAN RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA 

STATE UNIVERSITY 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and 

honorable Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this oppor-
40 

tunity to appear before you today to express support for the Legal 

Workforce Act. I am the international employment manager at 

North Carolina State University. NC State is an active member of 

the College and University Professional Association for Human Resources. CUPA-HR represents more than 1,900 institutions of higher education, 44 percent of which are public. I am speaking today 

on behalf of CUPA-HR. 

My institution has been using E-Verify since January 1 of 2007, 

when it was mandated by the State of North Carolina for all public 

employers and the university system. I have responsibility for the 

institution’s I-9 and E-Verify process. 

With more than 8,000 regular employees and almost 8,000 more 

student workers and temporary employees during the academic 

year, including many foreign nationals, NC State’s use of the EVerify process is substantial. I speak to you today as someone who 

has experienced the positive effects of this program and found most 

aspects of it to be administratively manageable, as well as someone 

who might offer some informed suggestions as to its implementation by other employers. 

CUPA-HR supports the majority of provisions within the act as 

being positive for both employers and employees. For example, we 

support the reduction in the number of documents acceptable to 

prove identity and work authorization, we support recognition of 

good-faith compliance, and we especially support the act’s clear preemption of any State or local law on employment verification. 

NC State has not experienced the worst-case E-Verify scenarios 

that were circulating several years ago, and in the 6 years that we 

have been managing this process, we experienced only a handful of 

cases in which a new hire could not present valid documentation 

or be cleared through the E-Verify process. So we believe that process works as intended. 

That said, based on our direct experience, we do have some concerns about the proposed time frames for compliance. The act 

would require that within 6 months, all Federal, State and local 

government employers must reverify the employment eligibility of 

all current employees not already in the E-Verify system. Having 

verified the entire workforce at NC State University, I can tell you 

with confidence that this is an unrealistic time frame to achieve 

full compliance for large public employers. 

Executive Order 12989, as amended in 2008, required Federal 

contractors with contracts containing Federal acquisition regulation, or FAR, language to use E-Verify to confirm the eligibility of 

employees working under that contract. NC State is a Federal contractor, and we received our first of many of FAR contracts in September of 2009. We quickly realized that verifying individuals coming and going on FAR contracts could be impractical, so we selected 

the only other alternative, to verify our entire workforce, for us 

meaning every active employee hired before January 1st of 2007. 

We had a 6-month time frame to enter 12,000 I-9s into E-Verify. 

It actually took us 7 months to fully accomplish this goal even after 

hiring temporary staff. The time and effort by my office, my boss 

and others was significant to achieve compliance for 12,000 employees. It was an incredibly intense effort, and we have now invested 

in an electronic system to help us manage that process. 
41 

CUPA-HR would strongly encourage a longer phased roll-out 

compliance timeline, particularly for large public employers, of 24 

months. Additionally, CUPA-HR suggests a longer reverification 

period for employees with limited work authorization. The act 

would require reverification of such employees, including many foreign nationals, during 3 business days preceding the expiration of 

their current work authorization. As an employer with over 3,000 

foreign nationals a year on payroll, it is not practical for us to 

reverify all of them within the 3 business days before their authorization expires. CUPA-HR supports a reverification time frame of 

30 days. 

Our spring semester just ended at NC State, and the number of 

foreign nationals with May expiration dates is in the hundreds. A 

3-business-day reverification period not practical for employers like 

us with large numbers of individuals whose expiration dates may 

converge around the same time. 

In closing, I would say that the Legal Workforce Act is a balanced approach to creating a more secure and flexible employmenteligibility verification system. We respectfully encourage the Subcommittee to consider the suggestions we have offered today, and 

I personally thank the Members of the Subcommittee for the opportunity to testify. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Ms. Blitstein. 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Blitstein follows:] 
42 

TESTIMONY 

OF 

JILL G. BUT STEIN 

ON BEHALF OF 

THE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY PROFESSIONAL 

ASSOCIATION FOR HUMAN RESOURCES 

MAY 2013 

ON 

THE LEGAL WORKFORCE ACT 

BEFORE 

THE 

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON 

IMMIGRA nON AND BORDER SECURITY 

OF 

THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY 
43 

Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren and Honorable Members of the Subcommittee, 

thank you for the opportunity 10 appear before you today to e.xpress support for H. R 1772, Ihe 

"Legal Workforce Act" i am the International Employment Manager wilhin Human Resources at 

North Carolina State University. fIlC Stale is an active member of the College and University 

Professional Association for Human Resources, known as CUPA-HR I am speaking today on 

behalf of CUPA-HR 

CUPA-HR serves as the lIoice of human resources in higher education, representing more than 

16, 000 human resources professionals al over 1,900 colleges and universities across the 

country, including 92 percent of all United States doctoral institutions, 77 percent of all master's 

institutions, 57 percent of all bachelor's institutions, and nearly 600 two-year and specialized 

institutions. Forly fOllr percent of CUPA~HR's member institutions are public employers, the 

remaining private. Higher education employs oller 3.7 million workers nationwide, with colleges 

and universities in all 50 States. 

By way of context, my inslilution has been using E-Verify since January 1, 2007, when il was 

mandated by the State of North Carolina for all public and the University system. As 

the International Employment Manager at Ne Stale, I responsibility for the daily oversight 

of the institution's 1-9 and ENerify processes. With more than 8,000 regular employees, and 

almost 8,000 more student workers and temporary employees each academic 'lear, including 

many foreign nationals, our use of the E-Verify process is substantive. 

So I will speak to you today as someone who has experienced the effects of this 

program and who has found most aspects of the program to be manageable, as 

well as someone who might be in a posilion to offer some informed suggestions as to its 

implementation by other employers. 

CUPA-HR supports the majority of provisions within lhe Act as being positive for both employers 

and employees. For example, we support the reduction in the number of documents acceptable 

to prove identily and employment authorization; we support the recognition of good failh 

compliance; and we especially suppor! the Act's clear preemption of any state or local law, 

ordinance or on employment verification. By e)(ample, as a research-extensive 

unillersity, NC employees in more than 40 states. The current patchwork of policies 

and laws around the country make il incredibly difficult for employers with worksites in multiple 

locations to know each jurisdiction's rules regarding employment eligibility verification, much 

less to interpret and comply. 

As NC State wrote in an article for CUPA-HR in 2008 to help allay concerns of olher universities 

around the counlry about E-Verify, we did not experience the worst-case scenarios that were 

circulating al the time. We have never, for example, 35% non-confirmation rates. 

We have found the confirmation turnaround times for of inquiries to be lIirtually 

instantaneous. We have developed a successful process for foreign national scholars 

and graduate students who are coming to Ihe U.S. for the first time and who do not yet have a 

Social Security number. in the si)( years we've been managing this process, we have 

experienced only a handful of cases in which a new hire could no! present valid documentation 

or be cleared through the E-Verify process. So we believe the process works as intended. 

we do hailS concerns the phased 

~"~on!l,,, Mw,ijlo," In Section 2, the that within 

state and local government n:Hferify 
44 

employment eligibility of any employees that had not previously been run through the 

system. Having verified the entire workforce at NC Stale under the current E-Verify system, 

can lei I you with confidence Ihat Ihis is an unrealistic limeframe to achieve full compliance for 

large employers. 

Executive Order 12989, as amended by President George W, Bush in 2008, required all federal 

contractors with a contract containing the federal acquisition regulation (or FAR) language to 

use E-Verify to verify the employment eligibility of employees performing work under that 

contract" NC State is a federal contractor, and we received our !irsl FAR contract in September 

2009. We quickly realized that tracking and verifying individual university employees working on 

FAR contracts would be impractical, since such contracts are constantly starting and ending, 

and workers on such contracts, especially graduate student workers, would be quite a 

changeable workforce. So we selected the only other available alterna!ive, to verify our entire 

workforce, which meant that every active employee would have to be verified if hired before 

January 1, 2007 _. when we had started E-Verifying all new hires. 

We were required to all of our pre-existing employees within six months in the ENerify 

system. We had to enter from approximately 12,000 1-9 forms into E-Verify to achieve full 

compliance, and it took us approximately seven months to fully accomplish the goal, even after 

hiring full-time temp slaff to do nothing but non-slop data entry into the E-Verify system. The 

time and concentrated effort by me and my staff, boss, and volunteers from other areas of 

HR, easily cost NC State more than $250,000 to compliance for 12,000 employees. I 

will say thai it was an incredibly intense and exhausting effort - and my institution may be 

fortunale to have more dedicated HR resources in this arena than most. To ease the burden 

going forward, we have now implemented an electronic system to manage 1-9 and E-Verify 

dala, which has an annual cost of more than $20,000. 

I can only imagine the costs, time, and technical resources that would be needed by employers 

with 50,000 or 100,000 employees - or, for my colleagues in olher resource-strapped 

colleges and universities -- burden of trying to accomplish this within such a timeframe, 

CUPA-HR would strongly encourage 11 longer phased roll-oul compliance timeline, particularly 

for the largest employers, of 24 months. Not only can these employers then spread the costs 

across a longer timeframe, they might also be able to alloid some the extra costs altogether 

such as hiring temporary staff or re-allocating current staff. In the end, il is more important to 

have done this process well than 10 have done il fast. 

Additionally, CUPA-HR would suggest allowing a longer re-verification period for those 

employees with limited work authorization. In Section 2, the Act would require re-verification of 

suoh employees (including many foreign nationals) during the three business days preceding 

the expiration of their current work authorization, after a phased-in implementation period. As an 

employer with over 3,000 foreign nationals on Ollr payroll during the academic year, it will be 

challenging at best and impossible at worst for us to re-verify all of these individuals within the 

three business days before their current work authorization expires, Three business days is not 

practicable in many situations, including during fillal exam periods, or in situations of absences 

due to illness or work-related travel, for example. We support are-verification timeframe of 30 

days, This would give employers a more realistic one-month period to achieve the required reverification. OUf spring semester just ended on Saturday at NC State, and the number of foreign 

national student employment expiration dates that have popped up in our electronic 1-9 and EVerify system for the end of May is in the hundreds, which is true at the end of every academic 

year. A three-business day re-veriflcation will be impractical for us and believe for many 

inslitutions, especially those of us with hundreds or thousands of foreign national students or 
45 

exchange visitors whose expiration dates tend to converge around Ihe end of the fall or spring 

semester. 

Related to this issue, we would recommend Ihat the Ad. clearly allow employers to notify 

employees with limited work authorization up 10 50 or 90 days in advance that their employment 

authorization will need to be re-verified in order for the employment to continue after Ihal 

expiration dale arrives. The new system should also have a mechanism 10 nole when a timely 

filed extension of status and work authorization has been filed but is still pending with United 

States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). If the employer CQuid enter the USCIS 

receipt number into the new system, it could comply with the Act requirements even while not 

yet having the new employment expiration dales due processing times out of its control. 

Likewise, with the "receipt rule" for 1-9 completion, if there is a way for employers to enter some 

proof that a required document was timely applied for by the new employee, it could meel the 

Act requirements with alternative, valid documentation 

In closing, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the Subcommitlee for your 

lime and attention today. The legal Workforce Ad. is a balanced approach to creating a more 

secure and fiexible employment eligibility verification system that will benefit and protect both 

l'lmployers and employees alike. We respectfully encourage the Subcommittee to consider 

some of the suggestions we have offered today, and! personally thank you for this opportunity 

to testify_ 
46 

Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Wood. 

TESTIMONY OF JULIE MYERS WOOD, PRESIDENT, COMPLIANCE, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS, 

GUIDEPOST SOLUTIONS LLC 

Ms. WOOD. Thank you, Subcommittee Chairman Gowdy, Ranking 

Member Lofgren, Members of the Subcommittee. It is great to be 

before you again, and I appreciate the opportunity to testify about 

H.R. 1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce Act.’’ 

As all of you have already stated, these challenges are not new. 

The government has not succeeded in effectively reducing the magnet of unlawful employment. Whether we are working to do this 

through civil audits or criminal investigations, the government has 

not found the right mechanisms to compel widespread compliance 

with immigration laws. 

In my view, in attempting to effectively address the magnet of 

unauthorized employment, employers have been unfairly saddled 

with the significant burden related to interior enforcement of our 

immigration laws. I think that the Legal Workforce Act takes some 

very positive steps to equitably address these burdens and provide 

additional tools to employers, while ensuring that we will make 

some progress in reducing this magnet. 

I want to highlight just a couple areas where I think the bill does 

an excellent job, and those where—areas where this bill may differ 

a little bit from the bill pending now in the Senate. 

First, the bill levels the playing field by requiring mandatory employment verification, and does so smartly by building on the existing E-Verify framework. It is not requiring the creation of a new 

framework; it is building on and using an existing tool. Although 

a sizable number of industry leaders are on E-Verify, and more 

joining every day, in many industries E-Verify participation is still 

the exception rather than the rule. What I often hear from employers, particularly in high-risk industries, is that they go on E-Verify, 

but their competitors do not, and that their competitors continue 

to engage in high-risk hiring practices, undermining the market. 

This must change. 

Second, and I think a very critical point, is this bill reduces the 

burden on employers by combining the duplicative form I-9 and EVerify process into one single process. For employers this current 

duplication is particularly problematic because they can be fined 

based on errors in their I-9s even though their employees were 

found to be employment authorized through the E-Verify system. 

An example of such error includes a failure of an employee to check 

a box indicating the employee’s status even when the employer recorded the appropriate documents and the employee went through 

the E-Verify system successfully. And even when employers are allowed to correct these paperwork errors, they are still spending a 

lot of time and often money to make a piece of paper neat and technically accurate for the regulators. Such a focus on the technical 

side of the I-9 really defeats the purpose, and the purpose is to ensure that employees are authorized to work. 

Finally, one of the biggest challenges that employers face is that 

the E-Verify system does not have a fool-proof way to address identity theft. The system’s Achilles’ heel remains its reliance on and 
47 

limitations on the information that is input into the system. If an 

employer is unable to confirm that the identity documents presented actually belong to the individual who presented them, then 

what value is there to the employment-authorized determination? 

It is merely confirming the authorization of the data entered. 

Even though USCIS has made considerable progress, and despite 

their efforts in this area, absent a stronger identity tool tied to EVerify, employers have been left to serve as document detectives. 

The good news, and I think the good news that this bill recognizes, 

is that there are ways to improve the current system, and there are 

many models for the pilot proposed by section 12. 

One system that I think really addresses this is the software system I actually helped develop called SecureID. This system 

leverages public-sector data and other information to provide realtime algorithms and consistent screening for our employees in conjunction with the I-9 and E-Verify. It also has a lot of protections 

or exception processes to make sure that we represent adequately 

and take care of the rights of asylees and new immigrants. 

The SecureID system avoids the problem of making rank-and-file 

HR managers be identity investigators, who, in their well-intentioned efforts to promote a legal workforce, only ask certain new 

hires lots of questions because their English isn’t great, or they are 

presenting certain documents. That is simply unacceptable. Tools 

like the SecureID system have proven to be extremely effective for 

employees who have faced significant identity-fraud problems, and 

something like this could be used in a pilot as proposed in section 

12. 

One of the ways that our tool is being used right now, for example, is for managers who are trying to figure out how do they address employees who come in through the DACA process. These are 

people who have now changed their name, and they said they have 

adjusted under DACA. The employees’ employers are trying to decide how do we do that in a fair and consistent way, because last 

time we were fooled, right? Last time we thought they were authorized, but they weren’t. And so by using a tool like this, using 

knowledge-based authentications, you can really do this in an effective way. 

Employers have also used a system like this to address thirdparty notification, such as when an insurance company calls you up 

and says, hey, this person you think is John Doe is actually not 

John Doe. Employers are facing how do we do this and how do we 

address this in an appropriate and nondiscriminatory manner. 

There are many tools like this in the private sector, and I encourage and applaud the work done in the Legal Workforce Act to look 

and see how can we push E-Verify further and really address the 

problems of identity theft. 

Effective employment verification is critical to reducing the magnet of unlawful employment and restoring integrity to our immigration laws. I think the Legal Workforce Act takes some positive 

steps, and I agree with my counterparts that it is the best bill we 

have seen on this to address this continuing problem. 

I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you and would be 

glad to answer any questions you may have. Thank you. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Ms. Wood. 
48 

[The prepared statement of Ms. Wood follows:] 

Hearing on "H.R. 1772, the 'Legal Workforce Act,'" 

Statement of Julie Myers Wood 

Former Assistant Secretary, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 

Before the House Judiciary Committee, 

Subcommittee on Borders and Immigration 

May 16,2013 

Subcommittee Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, Members of the 

Subcommittee, I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you about H.R. 1772, the 

"Legal Workforce Act." 

My name is Julie Myers Wood, and I am President of Guidepost Solutions, an 

investigative and compliance firm. In that position, I work with companies on their 

internal compliance programs, create web-based solutions to assist businesses with export 

and immigration compliance challenges, and consult with companies that work with the 

government. I also serve as an Advisory Committee member of the American Bar 

Association's Commission on Immigration and as a Member of the Constitution Project's 

Committee on Immigration. I am testifying today solely in my personal capacity and not 

as a representative of any group or organization. 

Before joining the private sector, I most recently served as the Assistant Secretary 

of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for nearly three years. I also served in a 

variety of government positions, including Assistant Secretary for Export Enforcement at 

the Department of Commerce, Chief of Staff for the Criminal Division at the Department 

2 
49 

of Justice and Deputy Assistant Secretary (Enforcement - Money Laundering and 

Financial Crimes) at the Department of Treasury. 

I. H.R. 1772 Must Be Considered In Context of Challenges to Stopping Illegal 

Employment. 

When considering H.R. 1772, it is important to remember the significant 

challenges we have in stopping unlawful employment. The government has not 

succeeded in effectively reducing the magnet. When I started at ICE in 2006, there was 

virtually no workplace enforcement. Although it was common knowledge that jobs 

drove individuals to enter the United States illegally, the agency had not focused on how 

to prevent this behavior. Fines, if any, were assessed under an outdated structure, were 

subject to substantial legal wrangling and ended up being nothing more than a slap on the 

wrist to companies that considered them the cost of doing business. The focus of the old 

INS was simply not on criminal violations. For example, in 2002, the INS's last full year 

of existence, it brought only 25 criminal cases in worksite investigations and only 

collected $484,585 through the administrative fine process. 

At that time, few employers were on the Basic Pilot (BP) (predecessor to the EVerify program). For employers who were on the program, document fraud remained 

rampant, and limited BP reporting procedures caused some inefficiencies in compliance 

efforts. 

In an attempt to focus anew on stopping illegal employment, in 2006, ICE 

developed a focus on egregious employers. The agency focused on criminal 

investigations, revising the civil fine structure, and also requesting funding for auditors to 

3 
50 

begin civil Fonn 1-9 audits. For several years, we conducted criminal investigations 

where we obtained civil forfeitures in excess of $30 million each year and prison tenns 

for some egregious employers. While these investigations were complex and time 

intensive, this approach resulted in renewed awareness and cooperation from some highrisk industries. We recognized this approach was also considered controversial by some 

as it included large-scale apprehensions and removals of the unauthorized workers, who 

in many cases were using the names and social security numbers of authorized workers 

and U.S. citizens. The arrest and deportation of unauthorized workers consumed 

considerable ICE resources in worksite enforcement cases. Despite this ramped up 

enforcement, many companies in lower-risk industries did not think it necessary to focus 

on 1-9 and immigration compliance with this targeted approach. 

During this period, United States Citizenship and Immigration (USCIS) took 

many steps to improve the E-Verify process, including requiring participation for federal 

contractors, and introducing photo match tools for a growing number of Department of 

Homeland Security and u.S. government issued documents. Those improvements 

encouraged signiiicant numbers of employers to join the program. 

The current Administration has focused primarily on civil immigration audits, 

adopting an IRS-type approach. Under this approach, more companies have been subject 

to desktop audits, and the general awareness of immigration compliance has increased 

significantly. This approach is also imperfect, however. In most cases, ICE HSI agents 

are not involved in a review of compliance and there is no on-site review. Often tell-tale 

signs of abuse are overlooked as they could not possibly be evident in a paperwork-only 

review. 

4 
51 

Furthermore, less than .01 % of employers have been subject to fines in any given 

year. The average cost of the penalty was still miniscule - under $25,000 per company in 

fiscal year 2012. Total civil fines for last fiscal year were only $12 million. Employers 

are well aware of the statistics. 

On occasion, the focus on civil audits have even resulted in perverse 

consequences - some employers with legal, fully authorized workers, were fined, while 

others that had a high percentage of unauthorized workers didn't receive a monetary fine, 

let alone a warning notice. The government essentially ignored the unauthorized 

workers, allowing them to stay and work in the United States. Tn the context of these 

Form 1-9 civil audits, ICE issues a Notice of Suspect documents notifying the employer 

of a worker without appropriate paperwork. The employee is terminated and then simply 

walks down the street to a new unsuspecting employer. Generally speaking, no action is 

taken where the 1-9 Forms are technically complete, even where it is clear that the 

employer knew or should have known of the employees lack of status in the United 

States. For this reason, deterrent effects of the civil audits, if any, seem to be wearing off. 

While some employers take the civil fine system seriously, others have begun to write the 

cost of immigration compliance off as another rounding error. 

I have seen the effects of the civil fine model first-hand since leaving ICE and 

consulting with a variety oflarge and small companies in many industries. Many of these 

companies have struggled with employment verification. And, although these 

companies want to do the right thing, sometimes they find the current processes are ot1:en 

counter-intuitive and overwhelming. 

5 
52 

On the positive side, more and more employers are participating in E-Verify, and 

the Administration continues to encourage participation as part of a compliance program. 

Employers that participate in E-Verify often find that it is a helpful addition to their 

overall process, especially the photo tool, but they are still frustrated by ever-increasing 

requirements and focus on "technical" aspects of the 1-9. In testimony today, I will bring 

their lessons to bear in terms of reviewing the practicality of this Bill and how it would 

work. 

II. H.R. 1772 Addresses Several Core Problems With Current Processes. 

H.R. 1772 addresses several core problems with current processes. First, the Bill 

levels the playing field by requiring mandatory employment verification. Second, it 

reduces the burden on employers by combining the duplicative Form 1-9 and E-Verify 

requirements into a single process. With a strong pre-emption provision, the Bill also 

addresses the complexity of multiple state requirements. The Bill provides a good-faith 

defense for employers who appropriately follow the process. Finally, the Bill provides 

employers with the authorization to complete a verification review of current employees 

in a consistent manner. 

A. H.R. 1772 Addresses The Need for a Mandatory Verification System 

Using Existing Tools. 

A key component of H.R. 1772 is the requirement of a mandatory verification 

system built around the government's current system, E-Verify. This makes sense. 

E-Verify has made significant progress over the past several years in terms of new 

participants as well as technological improvements. It has proven to be a critically 

6 
53 

important tool for employers to use, free of charge, in an effort to determine an 

individual's employment eligibility. The metrics on E-Verify use, accuracy, and speed 

are strong and improving all the time. 

Rather than suggesting a whole new system as some suggest or inserting 

burdensome new processes into existing E-Verify protocols, it makes sense to build on 

the system already in place. A good starting point is making the system mandatory. 

Another suggestion would be to build tools to assist employers with the compliance 

requirements within the current system. 

Although now a sizeable number of industry leaders are on E-Verify, in many 

industries E-Verify participation is still the exception rather than the rule. It is critical 

that the system be made mandatory to level the playing field and increase compliance. 

Requiring E-Verify on a mandatory basis will also help address the disconnect some 

employers currently feel What I often hear from employers, particularly in high-risk 

industries, is that they go on E-Verify but their competitors do not, and that their 

competitors continue to engage in high-risk hiring practices, undermining the market. 

B. H.R. 1772 Appropriately Streamlines and Simplifies the Verification 

Process. 

Currently, employers who are utilizing E-Verify must also separately complete 

the Form 1-9. This form requires an employer and employee to complete two pages of 

biographic information - including much of the information later provided to E-Verify. 

The Form 1-9 is not intuitive. It has an employer reference handbook that is 65 pages 

long. 

7 
54 

After completing the Form 1-9, participating employers then go through the 

E-Verify process where they have to provide much of the same information again for 

purposes of the electronic employment eligibility process. For employers that are not 

using an electronic 1-9 or a hybrid system, they are required to manually type in all the 

infonnation that is then sent to E-Verify. This type of duplication makes no sense. 

For employers, the duplication also is problematic because employers can be 

fined or assessed penalties based on errors on their 1-9s even though the employees were 

found to be "Employment Authorized" through the E-Verify system. Examples of such 

errors include a failure to check a box indicating the employee's status even where 

appropriate documents are recorded or record the issuing authority of a Social Security 

card. Even when employers are allowed to correct those paperwork errors, they are still 

spending time and often significant money to make a piece of paper "neat" and 

"technically accurate" for the regulators. Such a focus on the technical side of the 1-9 

defeats the underlying purpose - ensuring that the employees are authorized to work. 

H.R. 1772 addresses this issue by combining the 1-9 data elements with the E-Verify data 

elements into one single process for employers. 

C. H.R. t 772's Pre-Emption Provision Provides Employers With a 

Federal, Consistent Requirement. 

One of the additional challenges faced by employers is navigating the federal and 

state requirements relating to employment eligibility. In an attempt to step-up a 

perceived lack of federal enforcement of employment laws, many states and even local 

governments have developed their own laws mandating E-Verify. Although the purpose 

8 
55 

behind these laws makes sense, it has been difficult for some larger employers with 

national footprints to manage all the requirements - which are at times inconsistent in the 

documentation required or other issues. Tracking of such requirements is unmanageable. 

Section 6 ofH.R. 1772 addresses this issue by expressly preempting state laws mandating 

E-Verify participation. 

D. B.R 1772 Permits Employers to Use E-Verify on Existing Employees 

One additional challenge employers often have is ensuring that their current 

workforce is fully authorized. Under current law, employers in most situations are 

prohibited from utilizing E-Verify on current employees. Although there are methods for 

employers to make detenninations on current employees, these methods are often more 

burdensome and costly than E-Verify. And, ifnot managed appropriately, these methods 

can lead to unintentional discriminatory actions. To address this, Section 2 ofH.R. 1772 

allows employers to utilize E-Verify on existing employees. It is important to ensure that 

this is done in a non-discriminatory way, and the Bill requires that voluntary verifications 

of existing employees be done consistently to avoid problems. 

E. B.R. 1772 Gives Employers A Good Faith Defense. 

One of the most pressing issues for employers is a concern that they will be a 

subject of government investigation or, worse, penalized, even when acting in good faith. 

Section 5 ofH.R. 1772 appropriately provides a good faith defense for employers using 

E-Verify in good faith. Although this would not protect employers who willfully turn a 

blind eye to identity theft or other patterns relating to unauthorized workers, it ensures 

9 
56 

that an inadvertent error with the mandated electronic system will not result in harm to 

the company. 

III. H.R. 1772 Recognizes a Significant Weakness in E-Verify and Requires 

E-Verify to Improve Identity Theft Capabilities 

One of the challenges employers face is that the E-Verify system does not have a 

foolproof way to recognize identity theft. The system's Achilles heel remains its reliance 

on the accuracy of, and limitations on, information that is input into the system. If an 

employer is unable to confirm that the identity documents presented belong to the 

individual who presents them, what value is there to the "Employment Authorized" 

message from E-Verify? It is merely confinning the authorization of the data entered. 

Even though USClS has made considerable progress (and despite USClS's 

ongoing efforts in this area), photo matching is still not available on the primary 

documents presented by employees: driver's licenses and state identification cards. And, 

absent an identity tool tied to E-Verify, employers have been left to serve as document 

detectives. The need to connect identity is not limited to work authorization concerns. 

Indeed, the 9/11 Commission came to the same conclusion that employers have known 

for a long time: Identity documents are only as good as the information they contain. 

Without an ability to match an individual to the identity on their document, drivers' 

licenses and state-issued identity cards remain vulnerable to fraudulent use. 

RealID was poised to correct this loophole and provide conclusive matches to 

drivers' licenses and their holders. In fact, despite the retrenchment from RealID in this 

Administration, many states have pressed ahead and are now meeting established 

10 
57 

benchmarks for implementation. However, drivers' licenses in many states are still 

unsecure. 

The good news is that there are ways to improve the current system. H.R. 1772 

recognizes the potential for identity verification through the E-Verify system by 

proposing an authentication pilot in Section 12. Many models currently exist for such a 

process. The private sector has developed mechanisms to address identity theft, while 

protecting the rights of employees and ensuring appropriate treatment of asylees and 

refugees. One such system is a software program I developed with several colleagues is 

called SecureTD (www.icssecureid.com).This system leverages public sector data and 

other information to provide real-time algorithms and consistent screening for employees, 

in conjunction with the Form 1-9 and E-Verify process. The SecureID system avoids the 

problem of making rank and file HR managers identity investigators, who in their wellintentioned efforts to promote a legal workforce only ask certain new hires questions 

based on where their documents were issued or because their English is limited or not 

spoken. 

The SecureID tool has proven to be extremely effective for employers who have 

faced significant identity fraud challenges with non "photo matched" documents, and has 

offered managers a consistent process to address individuals that change their status 

while employed based on adjustments (such as the recent DACA announcement). 

Employers have also used the system to address Third-Party notifications relating to 

allegations that information submitted by a certain employee in fact belongs to another 

person. Rather than starting from scratch, E-Verify can be augmented with SecureID or 

other identity verification products. 

11 
58 

In my view, in attempting to effectively address the magnet of unauthorized 

employment, employers have been unfairly saddled with a significant burden related to 

interior enforcement of our immigration laws. H. R. 1772 takes some positive steps to 

address some of these burdens and provide additional tools to employers. We are 

appalled to learn when our law enforcement has inadequate resources to properly perfonn 

their duties. Similarly, we should be equally appalled that the government has given a 

tremendous responsibility to America's businesses, large and small, and yet to date, have 

only armed them with bureaucratic procedures and limited tools to perfonn their task. 

I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you, and would welcome the 

opportunity to answer any questions you may have. 

12 
59 

Mr. GOWDY. Mr. Mondi. 

TESTIMONY OF DOMINICK MONDI, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, 

NEW JERSEY NURSERY AND LANDSCAPE ASSOCIATION 

Mr. MONDI. Thank you. Good morning, Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and honorable Members of the Subcommittee. 

Thank you for the opportunity to come to Washington today to discuss this very important topic of immigration reform, E-Verify and 

the Legal Workforce Act. 

With this renewed debate, Congress now has a chance to repair 

our broken immigration system with legislation that addresses border security and employment verification, earned legalization, programs for future legal immigration, and guestworker programs. 

As for the E-Verify piece, no one has more to gain from the implementation and enforcement of an improved employment-eligibility verification system than the honest small businessmen and 

-women who are trying to compete on a level playing field. Good 

business owners don’t look to the government to create competitive 

advantages, of course, but rather to provide that level playing field, 

and a comprehensively reformed immigration system can help 

achieve that end. 

Unfortunately, the implementation of E-Verify in a vacuum outside the context of a comprehensive immigration package will have 

the unintended consequence of pushing more labor to the black 

market, increasing staffing burdens, and ultimately hurting the 

thousands of small businesses in the nursery, landscape and likeminded service industries. This is not what we need out of immigration reform. 

While we certainly don’t defend the use of unauthorized workers 

knowingly or unknowingly, there is a reality that a large part of 

this workforce has been trained and has advanced, contributing 

their skills and talents to the good employers and businesses who 

make good-faith efforts to follow the law. 

Should mandatory E-Verify force much of this workforce off the 

books with no avenue to legal work status, the loser is the honest 

business, and the winner is the dishonest company who drives 

down prices and wages by taking up the skilled labor under the 

table. There are over 90,000 landscape companies in the country, 

and most average under 20 employees throughout the year. These 

are truly small businesses that rely heavily on labor. These thousands of small businesses need and desperately want a safe, legal 

and available labor pool to meet their year-round and seasonal 

needs, but if a piecemeal enforcement-only policy is pursued instead of a comprehensive fix, and the existing workforce is displaced, where will the labor come from? 

It would be wrong, of course, to state there are no native-born 

Americans who are willing or able to do this work. I myself have 

worked in the landscape industry my entire life starting at age 16. 

Our Nation’s demographics, educational and employment opportunities, however, have changed over the last 50 years. There are certainly some willing to do the work, I meet them all the time, but 

the pool to draw from is smaller than it has ever been and does 

not meet the overall needs of our economy. 
60 

An older, slower-growing, better-educated society, while a good 

thing in many regards, is the contributing factor to the difficulties 

of many businesses in our industry and others like it have in finding qualified, hard-working labor. The ag sector, of course, would 

be hardest hit, of course, with 50 to 75 percent of workers undocumented. We need proactive, forward-thinking, and comprehensive 

immigration reform to address these challenges for the next generation of business owners and workers in our industry. 

In previous testimony before this Committee, it has been encouraging to hear about the improvements in the E-Verify system. And 

despite the recent and forthcoming improvements, many of our employers will face special challenges using a system like E-Verify 

due to factors like limited high-speed Internet access, high seasonal 

hiring and turnover, remote or nonoffice hiring, and lack of dedicated human resource personnel staff. We believe it is essential 

that the program is simplified for users, that error rates are minimized, and that identity theft concerns are addressed if E-Verify is 

to be phased in for all employers. As I understand it, this still does 

make strides in that direction, but the phase-in must coincide with 

a broad reform package. 

In conclusion, our organization supports the use of E-Verify, but 

only as part of a comprehensive approach modernizing our immigration laws to help the needs of our small businesses who rely on 

an immigrant workforce. If enacted as an isolated measure, however, we believe mandatory E-Verify will be a clear net negative to 

our industry and will harm small businesses across the range of 

sectors, do serious damage to the economy. 

Thank you, and I look forward to any questions. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, Mr. Mondi. 

[The prepared statement of Mr. Mondi follows:] 
61 

The Written Testimony of Dominick Mondi, Executive Director 

New Jersey Nursery and Landscape Association 

Before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security 

Hearing on H.R. 1772 the Legal Workforce Act 

May 16, 2013 

Introduction and Background on NJNLA 

Chairman Gowdy, Ranking Member Lofgren, and members of the Subcommittee, thank you for 

the opportunity to come to Washington today to join the discussion on the very important topics of 

immigration reform, E-Verify, and the "Legal Workforce Act" (H.R. 1772). 

The New Jersey Nursery and Landscape Association is comprised of Nursery Producers, 

Landscape Professionals, Garden Centers, and Greenhouse Growers. First established in 1915, our 

diverse organization represents an industry that contributes over $4 billion to New Jersey's economy 

annually and employs 39,000 people statewide. Nationally, nursery and greenhouse growers produce 

crops that represent 15% of all farm crop cash receipts. The entire industry contributes in excess of $70 

billion in economic output annually. 

Our organization has immigration reform interests in line with those of other state and national 

organizations, both in the green industry and in other small business and service related industries. We 

feel the issue of our broken immigration system hurts business and weakens the economy. Well 

thought-out reform therefore is paramount to the success of small business, especially in the 

agricultural and service sectors, now and in the future. 
62 

With the renewed debate in Congress on the subject of modernizing our immigration system, 

Congress now has a chance to get it right, with legislation that addresses border security, employment 

verification, earned legalization, and programs for future legal immigration and worker programs. The 

bi-partisan S. 744 under consideration now in the Senate Judiciary Committee is an encouraging 

development. This package takes the broad, comprehensive approach to modernizing our immigration 

laws that is needed. Within such a comprehensive package, we believe E-Verify or a similar system is an 

important part of the overall solution on immigration. But, in the stand-alone form proposed in H.R. 

1772, mandatory E-Verify threatens to be seriously damaging to small businesses and the economy. 

E-Verify's Proper Role: A Component of Comprehensive Immigration Reform 

We recognize that E-Verify is sure to playa role as a component in any comprehensive approach 

to immigration reform. With estimates ranging up to as many as 40% of unauthorized immigrants here 

having overstayed visas, enhanced border enforcement alone will not achieve the security goals so 

many want. No one has more to gain from the implementation and enforcement of an improved 

employment eligibility verification system including E-Verify than the honest small businessmen and 

women who are trying to compete on a level playing field. Unscrupulous employers who are willing to 

circumvent good and legal labor practices poison the competitive marketplace, suppress prices and hold 

down wages. This is a rampant problem in professions like landscaping where the cost of entry is low. 

Good business owners don't ask for the government to create competitive advantages, but rather to 

provide a level playing field, and a reformed immigration system complete with workforce legalization, 

future flow measures, adequate guest worker programs, and workplace security can help achieve that 

end. 
63 

Impact of Stand-Alone E-Verify Legislation on Small Businesses That Rely on Low Skill Labor 

I would like to start by offering a brief comment on the question of "skill." Labor needs in our 

industry are often described as "low-skilled" or "lesser skilled". We feel that this distorts the reality. In 

fact, most workers in our industry develop highly specialized skills, even though most jobs may not 

require extensive formal education. For example, one New Jersey nursery relies on their seasonal 

workers to fill a position entitled 'Order Puller'. This person is not only responsible for understanding 

plant sizing and quality standards, but must be able to read and understand the botanical names for 

over 100 different types of plants. In the landscape trade, the proper pruning of plants to minimize 

insect and disease intrusion opportunities while creating the desired appearance and new growth is a 

skill that can only be learned with hands on training and experience. 

Unfortunately, the implementation of E-Verify as a stand-alone approach to reforming 

employment eligibility verification would lead to serious negative consequences for our employers and 

the economy. Mandated in a vacuum, outside the context of a comprehensive immigration package, EVerify will have the unintended consequence of pushing more labor to the black market, increasing 

staffing burdens, and ultimately hurting the thousands of small businesses in the nursery, landscape, 

and like-minded service industries. This is not what we need out of immigration reform. 

While we certainly don't defend the use of unauthorized workers, knowingly or unknowingly, 

there is a reality that a large part of this workforce has been trained and has advanced, contributing 

their skills and talents to good employers and businesses who make good faith efforts to follow the law. 

In agriculture in particular, experts estimate that upwards of 70% of farm workers lack proper 

immigration status. Industries with significant entry level, manual labor, and seasonal jobs face 

challenges too. 

3 
64 

Should mandatory E-Verify force much of this workforce 'off the books' with no avenue to legal 

work status, the loser is the honest business, and the winner is the dishonest company driving down 

prices and wages by taking up this skilled labor 'under the table'. There are over 90,000 landscape 

companies in the country, and most average under 20 employees throughout the year. Over 75% of our 

members report employing 25 employees or less. These are truly small businesses that rely heavily on 

labor. These thousands of small businesses need, and desperately want, a safe, legal, and available 

labor pool to meet their year round and seasonal needs. Many of these businesses would refuse to 

work with black market labor, and the competitive disadvantage would hurt them, if not force them out 

of business. If a piecemeal enforcement-only policy is pursued instead of a real comprehensive fix, and 

the existing workforce is displaced, where will the labor come from? 

Why Sufficient Labor is Not Available Without Immigration Reform 

It would be wrong to state that there are 'no' native born Americans who are willing or able to 

do this work. I myself have worked in the landscape industry my entire life, starting at age 16, hand 

grading lots for new homes. Our nation's demographics, educational and employment opportunities, 

however, have changed over the last 50 years. There are certainly some willing to do the work - I meet 

them all the time - but the pool to pull from is smaller than it has ever been and does not meet the 

overall needs of our economy. 

According to the US Census bureau, in 1960 roughly 10% of Americans had a college degree and 

only about 40% had graduated high school. By 2010 those numbers will have swelled to 30% with 

college degrees and over 85% with high school diplomas. The increased education of our population 

should be a net benefit to our economy, but does not help fill more entry-level positions on which many 

ambitious and educated Americans build their businesses, and subsequently their lives. Consider as well 

the increasing age of our population. The median age of our population has grown from 29.5 in 1960 to 

4 
65 

37.2 in 2010. The population is also not growing at the same rate as it did a half century ago. An older, 

slower growing, better educated society is a key contributing factor to the difficulties that many 

businesses in our industry and others like it have in finding qualified, hard-working labor. We need proactive, forward-thinking, and comprehensive immigration reform to address these challenges for the 

next generation of business owners and workers in our industry. 

Despite New Jersey's unemployment rate being higher than the national average, many 

employers I speak with talk about their difficulty finding qualified and hard-working employees. One 

member firm I spoke with recently told me that despite advertising online and in local print publications, 

she is still struggling to meet her peak seasonal labor needs. Based on my conversations with others in 

the landscape industry, her experiences are not uncommon. It has been reported recently that there is 

only one major landscape company in the country that is utilizing E-Verify. This one industry accounts 

for over 90,000 small businesses across the country who are already struggling to meet their annual and 

peak seasonal labor needs, even with an available, albeit unauthorized, labor pool in place. Mandatory 

E-Verify alone, without some corresponding legal options for businesses to replace the lost labor, could 

severely undermine this industry and create a large 'black market' for lesser skilled labor. 

Our growers face daunting challenges as well. New Jersey agriculture is among the nation's 

most labor-intensive; the state ranks 5th in terms of percentage of farm income spent on hired labor. 

Farm Credit East has analyzed the potential impacts of an enforcement-only (as in, stand-alone E-Verify) 

policy on the farm sector in the states of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New 

Hampshire. The analysis found that 1,664 farms with annual production of $1.6 billion, nearly 20,000 

on-farm jobs and nearly 55,000 off-farm but farm-dependent jobs in just these five states would be 

jeopardized by an enforcement-only approach, such as mandating E-Verify without comprehensive 

immigration reform. 

5 
66 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank all our witnesses for staying within the time 

parameters. 

The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Virginia, the 

Chairman of the full Committee, Mr. Goodlatte. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

I appreciate the testimony of all of our witnesses. And I will start 

with you, Mr. Amador. I very much appreciate your testimony and 
67 

wondered if would you explain why the National Restaurant Association believes an E-Verify check should have an end date. 

Mr. AMADOR. Well, as is currently drafted, one of the problems 

that we are having is with extent of nonconfirmations that go on 

forever and forever, you know, it could be several months. Under 

the law you still have to send them to training, you still need to 

do all these things. And you have to—it is an expenditure for an 

employer to do all of these things without knowing whether he is 

going to be able keep this employee or not. 

So one of the things that my members keep emphasizing to me 

is but it has to be clear, and it has to have an end date, because 

we want to know whether this employee is going to continue on our 

payrolls or we are going to have to let him go. And we understand, 

you know, we have been talking to counsel and looking at the bill. 

We like, you know, the 10 days, 3 days and then 10 days, and then 

under certain circumstances 23 days should be enough for the government to tell us whether the name and the Social Security number of that individual that is working already inside a premises is 

authorized to do so. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Very good. 

Ms. Wood, you note in your written testimony that having to 

comply with many different State and local employment-eligibility 

verification laws has been difficult for some larger employers with 

national footprints to manage all the requirements. Would you 

comment on those difficulties, and might companies avoid doing 

business in certain States or localities because of competing laws? 

Mr. AMADOR. It creates—— 

Mr. GOODLATTE. You can comment on it, too, but we will go to 

Ms. Wood. 

Ms. WOOD. We are probably on the same page on this one, I 

think. You know, to say that a company—you don’t want companies to think, I shouldn’t expand in Colorado because their additional verification sheet is going to make life difficult. And, you 

know, HR managers have difficult jobs as it is. We want them to 

spend all their energy making sure that their workforce is authorized as well as managing other tasks. Right now, when there are 

a number of different competing requirements, it is tough for them 

to do it effectively, be as compliant as they want. So I think this 

bill takes good strides in making, you know, a Federal E-Verify 

mandate and yet allowing States to have some ability to do certain 

things without allowing them to impose new requirements. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Very good. 

And, Ms. Blitstein, in the year that NC State has been using EVerify, have you had situations in which E-Verify helped identify 

situations in which documents presented by an individual for the 

I-9 process were not, in fact, valid even though they looked valid 

on their face, as current law requires? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. Yes, to my knowledge we have had about two, 

maybe three at most, but two that I can clearly remember, where 

the individual presented documentation that on its face appeared 

to be valid, and then, through the E-Verify checks, we realized that 

it was, in fact, very good—in one case a very good fake and in another case not quite as good. But the system did catch those, and 

then we ended that employment. 
68 

Ms. WOOD. And if I could add just one thing to that. I work with 

a lot of high-risk industries. When they come onto E-Verify for the 

first time, they find a lot of instances where there are final nonconfirmations. Of course, then the pattern shifts, and it is just identity 

theft. But early on I think they find it very helpful, particularly the 

photo-matching tool, because even if you do regular training for HR 

managers on how to identify fraudulent documents, there is turnover in that position as well, and it is just tough for them to keep 

up on the latest changes. So I think E-Verify and the photo-matching tool has been extremely effective for that purpose. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you. 

And, Mr. Mondi, what percentage of your industry’s employees 

are not authorized to work in the U.S.? If, as you state in your testimony, unscrupulous employers who employ illegal workers, employees in the competitive marketplace—I am quoting you—suppress prices and hold down wages, why would you not want all of 

your competitors to be required to use E-Verify as soon as possible? 

Mr. MONDI. Sure. I can’t give you a specific percentage. There 

hasn’t been good reporting on that, so I don’t have a specific number for you. 

The challenge that a lot of businesses in our industry have now 

is that there is already a bottom-feeding tier, if you will, of employers who are paying cash under the table, who are not necessarily 

following existing laws, and there is no reason to believe that they 

would discontinue that practice. Obviously it would depend somewhat on how enforcement was enforced. 

The challenge would be that if they are already not following 

those practices, and the middle-tier employers who are forced to do 

E-Verify, and maybe they have some undocumented workers that 

they don’t even know about, and all of that now forces—that part 

of the workforce gets displaced downward, there is actually an expanded labor pool for that bottom market, and the good employees 

have a problem. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Got it. But one would presume that if we made 

this mandatory, that one of the keys to that is not just making it 

mandatory that that bottom employer, as you described them, use 

the system, but that we have an aggressive system to make sure 

that they are indeed using the system. 

So I am sure you would agree that that should be a part of this. 

In fact, in this legislation, while there have been concerns expressed by some that we not have 50 different States having 50 different E-Verify systems, we have also recognized that the States 

have a role in helping the Federal Government, which may have 

more limited resources, in checking to see if businesses are indeed 

using E-Verify to have a much greater compliance effort there to 

check to make sure businesses are indeed using it. 

So once we have the system up and operating, we want it to 

work fairly for the employer and the prospective employee, but we 

also want to make sure that everyone is using it. That is really the 

whole point of the legislation, to have it mandatory so everyone is 

using it, including the people who are getting away with things 

today that they shouldn’t be getting away with. 

Mr. MONDI. I agree 100 percent. And one of the unique—more 

unique challenges of the landscape industry, like maybe some con-
69 

struction trades, is the oftentimes lack of any centralized office or 

location. So we see with environmental regulations as well where 

certain companies, it is hard to track them down if they are dodging license fees or things like that because you can go to their office 

if you want—it is generally a room in a house, or maybe it is a 

small yard where the owner is—but he picks up his work to and 

from the yard—his labor to and from the yard, they are off site in 

different locations, sometimes not just day to day, but hour to hour, 

and unfortunately it becomes a real challenge. 

Mr. GOODLATTE. Thank you very much. 

My time is expired. Thank you, Chairman. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Virginia. 

The Chair will now recognize the gentlelady from California Ms. 

Lofgren. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

And I would like to follow up with Chairman Goodlatte’s line of 

inquiry, Mr. Mondi, if I can, because if I am hearing you correctly, 

there is an important goal that I think all of us would share, which 

is that everybody comply with the same rules so that it is a level 

playing field, nobody cheats and gets ahead. 

But there is an additional element, I think, and this is really my 

question, which is if there is not enough people to actually hire to 

do the job, then what? So you are in New Jersey with the landscape association. In the last Congress, you know, some people actually said that it wouldn’t be so bad if people and landscaping and 

agriculture were denied access to needed workers; that then they 

would just go to mechanized efforts, and they would fill in with 

technology the loss of human capital. 

Would that work in the landscaping industry? I mean, the estimate is—we don’t know, of course, but the estimate is that over 

half of the employees may not have their proper papers, they may 

have given a false document or the like. I am not suggesting that 

every employer knowingly hired someone not authorized. Would it 

work if half or two-thirds of the employees in the landscaping business in New Jersey were no longer available to hire? 

Mr. MONDI. Well, no. I mean, you would start to fundamentally 

change the structure of the whole industry. Traditionally you are 

talking about people who are younger and can handle working outside a lot and things like that. And as our demographic shifts, that 

labor pool is getting smaller. 

You know, on the agriculture side, we have a lot of nursery producers, high labor. If a lot of that production just shifted away from 

high-labor practices, you would see a loss of access to local food, especially crop growers shifted to other practices, or you would see 

a loss of open space in farmland, which is certainly not something 

that I would think we would want either. New Jersey prides itself, 

the Garden State, on its agriculture. 

On the landscape industry it proposes a lot of challenges as well. 

You start to actually see a separation. You might actually get to 

the point where if there are just less people to do the work, and 

there is less companies doing the work, a hyperinflation of the industry, which would start to make home landscaping, gardening, 

lawn maintenance, things which many average Americans and certainly in New Jersey can enjoy these days start to become unrea-
70 

sonable, start to create this higher tier of estate gardener—you 

know, you go back to the estate gardener sort of status for that 

community—while possibly having some sort of an undercurrent 

down below. 

And it is tough to say without having an exact number of—or 

exact percentage of the workforce that is undocumented, but I can 

tell you in preparation for today, calling my members and asking 

questions, New Jersey has high unemployment, and employers are 

advertising online and in print and everywhere you would traditionally do that, and they are having a very hard time finding employees to do the type of work that they need. So it is already a 

challenge, and if that workforce that is in place was displaced, it 

would only get worse. 

Ms. LOFGREN. So, what—if you are seeking some percentage of 

immigrants in the workforce, is there any way for people to legally 

come? 

I remember years ago, I was so honored when Dr. Richard Land 

from the Southern Baptist Convention was a witness before a Subcommittee, and I always mention that because I don’t want to steal 

his line. It was a great line. And he said for years, we had two 

signs at the southern border. One sign said ‘‘No Trespassing,’’ and 

the other sign said ‘‘Help Wanted.’’ 

And there is only 5,000 visas a year for unskilled workers without a college diploma. Are you able to meet the needs in New Jersey with those 5,000 visas in our current system? 

Mr. MONDI. Yeah. We have a lot of employees that are using the 

H-2B program right now for some of this temporary seasonal labor, 

and it is tough to find one that doesn’t have complications with the 

system, and any—no system is perfect. 

Ms. LOFGREN. There is a cap on that as well that is usually met 

right away. 

Mr. MONDI. There is a cap on that, and in the lowest of our economic times a few years ago, it was okay. I tell you those few years 

before that, that cap was met within the first—you know, first 

week of filings, and it was a real problem. And even now, you 

know, and anecdotally, you know, speaking with someone—one of 

my members on the way up here, they, you know, asked for 20 employees, and they got 16, and 4—4 are still stuck in their home 

country. 

And you know, when you are talking about seasonal work and 

not seasonal like, well, Christmas is coming, so we need to hear 

more salespeople, but when we are talking about seasonal where 

when the spring hits, it is time to go, you need your workers when 

you need them or you lose work, you lose revenue, and that—obviously, that is a problem. So—— 

Ms. LOFGREN. I see that my time has expired. I thank the Chairman, and I yield back. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentlelady from California. 

The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Texas Judge 

Poe. 

Mr. POE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you all for being 

here. 

As we progress through this whole numerous issues on immigration, and I think there are numerous issues, that as I look at immi-
71 

gration law, you take any subject, and it is broken all the way up 

and down the ladder. And I thank—I commend the Chairman for 

being methodical of taking one issue at a time and trying to solve 

each of those. 

When it comes to workers, I used to be one that thought that 

Americans, if they needed work, they would take any job. Well, we 

have been proven wrong about that in the last hearing. We had the 

Georgia peach orchard guy. I don’t know if they grow peaches in 

South Carolina or not, but—— 

Mr. GOWDY. We grow them more than they do in Georgia, Judge 

Poe. 

Mr. POE. We don’t grow too many. 

But anyway, American farmer wanted to hire 2,000 workers, put 

all the ads out, hired every American that applied, 490-some-odd. 

Peach season is over, he had three Americans working for him. 

Americans don’t take those jobs. They have other options. 

My own philosophy is when it comes to workers, temporary 

guestworkers on both ends, high-skilled and low-skilled, we need as 

many as we need. Sure, hire Americans first, make sure we fill 

those low-skill, high-skill jobs with Americans first, but how many 

do we need? Well, we need, like I said, as many as we need, and 

the marketplace will drive us on that. 

I don’t think we should set arbitrary numbers. I don’t think the 

labor union should, the Chamber of Commerce. Congress has to figure out a way. Maybe that fluctuates from year to year, I don’t 

know. But my philosophy is marketplace driven, and this is—the 

issue of verifying who is working and who is not working, and making sure that we keep up with workers and they go home when 

they are supposed to go home, all those issues, I commend Chairman Smith trying to make that simpler. 

But I say all that to say this: What do they do in other countries? 

We are not the only country in the world that has faced this tremendous issue. Have any of you done research with the other 194 

countries there are in the world, if we count Texas, 195 countries 

left in the world, on this specific issue? And how do they solve this 

E-Verify concept that we are talking about? Any of you want to 

weigh in on that? 

Mr. AMADOR. Well, it is a big question, yes. A lot of countries 

have done many different things. I am not saying that they should 

be appropriate for the United States, but even if you look at Europe, they solve their problem by just uniting and letting poor 

countries send workers to rich countries, and that is how they solve 

their problem. 

They have similar ways of verifying identity. They have different 

ways of verifying identity. I know in France, you as an employer 

are required to send a list every month to the government, you 

know, with everybody you hire. There are different ways of doing 

it. From the perspective of the United States, I think building in 

a system that employers are becoming more familiar with, I think, 

is the right way to go. 

On the issue of workers, as you mentioned, I think the—we do 

not support the W visa part of the Gang of 8 proposal. We like the 

big bill as a whole, but, you know, again, maybe negotiating all of 

those things ends up creating a lot of flaws. So I would hope, you 
72 

know, that thiscommittee, after taking E-Verify, will look at—I 

know you are looking at agriculture next, but look at other portions 

and maybe come up with better titles, you know, so when you go 

to conference, you are able to come up with a better package. 

Mr. POE. Any of the other three of you want to weigh in on that? 

Ms. Wood. 

Ms. WOOD. I would just say that I think E-Verify, it is a pretty 

good system, and it is increasingly doing kind of a better and better 

job. We don’t have a demand side down, which is part of the reason 

we need to have kind of effective comprehensive immigration reform, but I think the E-Verify system, in a country that does not 

want a national ID card, is doing a pretty good job, and I think the 

government is making it easier and easier. 

When I was in the government, and now that was several years 

ago, we would meet with many other countries to talk about migration challenges, and they would ask advice for us—from us, and we 

would ask advice from them. So it is not my experience that somebody else really has it solved. You know, Australia has an advantage because it is harder to get there, you know. Kind of there are 

those kinds of things. 

Mr. POE. That is right. 

Ms. WOOD. And other countries that have national ID cards can 

kind of focus on that. But, you know, we worked with several countries on effective worksite enforcement and challenges, because I 

think global migration patterns and issues, it is a real challenge for 

everyone, but I do think, you know, we are actually making some 

progress, so I would hope we stick with this horse. 

Mr. POE. I have one other comment or question. 

Mr. Amador, if I own a franchise in Humble, Texas. Let us use 

Chik-fil-A. I am a franchise owner. Who is responsible for checking 

my employees? Is it me, is it a third party, or is it Chik-fil-A corporate? 

Mr. AMADOR. No. It is the franchisee. I mean, one of the biggest 

misconceptions in our industry is when you see a brand name, you 

are thinking it is a huge company behind it, and a lot of them is 

just really a mom and pop, you know, that may own two or three 

franchisees or maybe just one, and he is responsible for his employees. That is the way it is involved, because, you know, liability and 

other matters. So he has to be able to operate it as well as somebody that may own 100 or so franchises that may have—— 

Mr. POE. It is the franchise owner that is responsible for the employees. 

Mr. AMADOR. That is correct. 

Mr. POE. All right. I yield back. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you, gentleman from Texas. 

The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from Michigan, the 

Ranking Member of the full Committee, Mr. Conyers. 

Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Chairman, may I be skipped temporarily? I 

have a—someone waiting. 

Mr. GOWDY. Certainly 

Mr. CONYERS. Thank you very much. 

Mr. GOWDY. I believe we would then go to Mr. Gutierrez, the 

gentleman from Illinois 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. Thank you so much. 
73 

Mr. GOWDY. Yes, sir 

Mr. GUTIERREZ. I want to, first of all, thank all of the witnesses, 

and I want to say to my colleagues on both sides of the aisle I am 

ready to support a vigorous, rigorous program to verify employees. 

I do not want to see a continuation of a permanent underclass of 

workers in this country. I want to fix our broken immigration system. 

I think that essential and critical to any comprehensive immigration reform package is to have E-Verify, and I want to make sure 

it works. I want to make sure that, as we have—we are suggesting 

today, that if there is an employer in America who wishes to hire 

an undocumented worker, that the full weight of the law is applied 

to that individual. And I would hope that as part of any process 

we make tests, especially in the first few months, that when we 

catch any scoundrels out there attempting to hire undocumented 

workers, that we enforce the full force of the law against them, because, you know, it takes two. It takes also—not every employer is 

hoodwinked by someone with false papers. There are employers 

who knowingly and willingly undermine American citizen workers 

by giving workers, undocumented workers, and I want to end that. 

I want to end it not only for the American workers, but I want to 

end the inherent exploitation that exists of the undocumented 

worker. 

I think we need to understand that I am for E-Verify because I 

want everybody verified for the system. We have a great Nation. 

Things are getting better. And how are they getting better? Everybody tells us, OSHA tells us, American workers are safer than ever 

before. Tragically, 13 die every day and never come home, but they 

are safer. But when you extract Latinos from the group, more 

Latinos are getting hurt on the job, and more Latinos are dying at 

the job as the rate is declining for the overall pool of American 

workers. 

I want that to end, so I am ready for E-Verify. I am ready to 

verify everyone. But let me just suggest the following. In the absence of a comprehensive immigration reform package, where are 

the votes to get the public policy? They are certainly not going to 

come from this side of the aisle, and we are going to have difficulty 

in reaching a grand bargain. And this, I want to state categorically, 

is part of the bargain, an essential fundamental part of any agreement in comprehensive immigration reform: enforcement, internal 

enforcement. It will stop and not allow a future event where, years 

to come, we have millions of other undocumented workers exploited 

again. 

So if you look at this from my point of view, and the humanity, 

and the safety, and the justice of immigrants and working men and 

women, or from a public safety point of view, or from an economic 

point of view, take the view you wish, we should be able to reach 

an agreement on comprehensive immigration reform. 

Now, if you allow the 11 million out there, then what you are 

asking me is to take our broken immigration system and unleash 

upon them an E-Verify system that is only going to make them go 

deeper into a more exploitive state where there will be more people 

that can prey upon them, I can’t do that. I can do this, and I will 
74 

encourage all of my colleagues to do this in good faith, to keep 

America safe. 

So, I want to thank you, Chairman Gowdy, for putting this hearing together. I hope we continue to have hearings like this. I think 

E-Verify is important. I believe we can make America safer, and 

make our workers safer, and live by this adage: Any job created in 

America should go to an American first, but there is plenty of work 

for others to come to this country, as they have in the past, to do. 

Thank you so much, Chairman Gowdy. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank the gentleman from Illinois. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Texas Mr. 

Smith. 

Mr. SMITH. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am tempted to ask for 

10 minutes, my 5 minutes plus the 5 minutes Mr. Gutierrez did not 

use for questions. I can only say that about a friend. I appreciate 

and admire Mr. Gutierrez very much for all that he has contributed to the immigration reform debate. 

And I do want to say it is nice to hear everyone who is here as 

a witness, and, in fact, all my colleagues support E-Verify either 

alone or often in conjunction with other immigration reforms, and 

I certainly appreciate that. 

Mr. Amador, I would like to start off with you, if I could. I don’t 

know if I heard you mention in your oral statement the recent survey that was taken by the National Restaurant Association. Did 

you mention that in your opening statement? 

Mr. AMADOR. Go ahead. 

Mr. SMITH. The recent survey that was taken. 

Mr. AMADOR. Yes. 

Mr. SMITH. Could you go into some detail about that survey, because I think it is very instructive. 

Mr. AMADOR. Sure. We—we just issued a survey that was completed late last year. We got more responses than we thought we 

were going to get. We got about 800 of our members, large, small 

suppliers. So we got a very good picture of a membership comment 

on E-Verify, you know, both members that use it, members that did 

not use it. 

One thing that, you know, until now and last time we testified, 

the National Restaurant Association testified before the Committee, it was all anecdotal. Now we have the evidence, you know, 

and the evidence shows that our—the larger companies, you know, 

the larger members, already 49 percent of them are using E-Verify, 

and out of those, two-thirds of those that are using E-Verify sign 

up to it voluntarily. 

One thing I will mention is, I mean, this whole idea that we cannot do enforcement alone, it is already happening. I mean, my 

members are seeing it. It is true that I get a lot of push-back from 

my guys in California as to why are you supporting the Legal 

Workforce Act; it is not going to be mandated here. Well, more and 

more it is mandated across borders, and it is having different mandates, and that is one of the complaints. They are signing up, and 

they are viewing that it is not just signing to E-Verify, it is signing 

to E-Verify of Colorado, E-Verify of Arizona, and they want a neutral playing ground, you know, where they have one law to follow. 
75 

From those that are not using E-Verify, I would say that the 

number one comment that they said was, well, we don’t have an 

HR department, and we would like some options. 

Mr. SMITH. Okay. Mr. Amador, I just wanted to make the point 

that I thought the survey also showed specifically that 79 percent 

of restaurant owners view E-Verify as 100 percent accurate. Is 

that—is that the final—— 

Mr. AMADOR. They found that to the best of their knowledge,that 

it was 100 percent accurate. 

Mr. SMITH. When you can find 79 percent of any group of individuals thinking that anything is 100 percent accurate, that has got 

to be a new record either in the private sector or in the public sector. 

Mr. AMADOR. It was that answer I did not expect, and we were 

happy to see it. Another one that was very interesting is 80 percent 

of those that use E-Verify recommended E-Verify to their colleagues. 

Mr. SMITH. And to your knowledge,the use of E-Verify, the cost 

is minimal by the various owners? 

Mr. AMADOR. That is what they were saying in the survey. One 

comment is for those that did not use it. For those that use it, already have Internet access, already have the framework in place. 

Mr. SMITH. Right. And then what is the average time that it 

takes to check in a potential or future employee? 

Mr. AMADOR. It takes—it takes minutes. 

Mr. SMITH. You could say 2 to 3 minutes. 

Mr. AMADOR. And if you want to—excuse me? 

Mr. SMITH. Two to 3 minutes is what I have heard. Is that accurate? 

Mr. AMADOR. Two to 3 minutes. And the number one complaint 

with it, which was the original question at the beginning of the 

hearing, was the tentative nonconfirmation throws a wrench into 

the system. So the 2 or 3 minutes we love, but then the tentative 

nonconfirmation adds additional cost to—— 

Mr. SMITH. Right. And the nonconfirmation shouldn’t be a surprise, maybe particularly in the restaurant business, but in any 

business, because across the country about 5 percent of the workforce is illegal. So when we find out that 5 percent across the board 

doesn’t—don’t get confirmed, that is not a flaw in the system; that 

is actually showing that the system works. 

Mr. AMADOR. And the concern that they have with exemptions 

that—exceptions that have been created in other States is they 

may need—it is a very neighborly business, right, so you turn 

somebody down, and they say, then I go to another restaurant that 

is exempted, because it happens perhaps throughout—— 

Mr. SMITH. That is why everybody needs to use E-Verify. 

Mr. AMADOR. Right. 

Mr. SMITH. Thank you. 

Ms. Blitstein, I wanted to go back to your statement, and I wanted to really clarify for the record, when you talked about applying 

E-Verify to the current employees, that I wanted to make sure that 

you and others understood that the bill, yes, does apply to current 

employees when it comes to Federal contractors, for example, but 

as far as all other businesses, when we are talking about future 
76 

employees. So the burden is not going to be there, the burden that 

you might feel, and we can talk more about what to do about it, 

but that burden is not going to apply in, I would say, 99 percent 

of the cases. 

The bill allows an employer to check current employees if they 

check all employees, and that is in an effort to avoid discrimination. But again, that is voluntary. We don’t force everybody to 

check their current workforce. I just want to make sure that that 

was clear. 

I appreciate your saying that E-Verify works as intended, and 

that it is a balanced approach as would—as well. 

Is my time already up? Maybe I will go into Mr. Gutierrez’s 5 

minutes. No. No. 

My time is up. Ms. Wood, let me just thank you for your testimony very quickly, and may I ask you what benefit you think EVerify has for American workers? Sometimes that gets lost. We all 

talk about foreign workers. I don’t think we talk enough about the 

benefits to American workers. And, Mr. Chairman, if I could ask 

your indulgence for her to answer that one question. 

Mr. GOWDY. Certainly. 

Ms. WOOD. Well, E-Verify provides kind of an even playing field 

for authorized workers when they apply to the system, and so it 

encourages employers to have, you know, wages and other things 

that are not undercut because they are depending on an illegal and 

unauthorized workforce. 

Mr. SMITH. Okay. Thank the gentleman from Texas. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentlelady from Texas Ms. 

Jackson Lee. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I think that has a certain ring to it. Thank 

you very much, Mr. Chairman. 

And as my good friend Mr. Smith was leaving, let me thank you 

and the Ranking Member. And I wanted to make mention of the 

fact for the record that yesterday we completed in Homeland Security one of the components to comprehensive immigration reform, 

which is a very strong border security bill, and I wanted to make 

mention for this Committee that Mr. Smith and I joined on an 

amendment that covered operational control for—oh, I am sorry. I 

thought you had stepped away—operational control for the entire 

border. And I just wanted to show a sign of bipartisanship and 

comfort for this Committee as we look at these issues that are 

enormously important, and if I might do an advertisement, I hope 

that we will consider that bill as a component to the process of 

comprehensive immigration reform. 

Let me thank the witnesses. Mr. Amador, it is good to see you 

again. We have had a long journey of working together. But I really want to take a moment and thank the National Restaurant Association. We have worked with them over the years, but I do want 

to thank them for being such an enormous economic engine, and 

coming from Texas and Houston with such a large membership, 

certainly my friends, I have been in their restaurants, I have met 

with them, I understand the challenges that they have, and I 

would also say that they seek to hire anyone who will come and 

be a good worker, and do the job, and stay on the job. 
77 

You have given opportunity to young people. I am hearing that 

you are hiring seniors because seniors are coming back to work, 

and in between. And there are people at your—in your business— 

businesses that use the restaurant job as their income for their 

family, so I think your work is very important. 

And I wanted to just ask a straight-out question because I wanted to make sure we were correct. The National Restaurant Association is supporting a comprehensive immigration reform; is that not 

the case? 

Mr. AMADOR. We support immigration reform whether it is one 

piece at a time, whether it is only DACA. We supported DACA by 

itself. We support the Legal Workforce Act, and we support legalization of work—legal work status for I wouldn’t say all, but certainly a great number of the 11 million. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. My understanding is that you are going on 

record for access to legalization for the 11-, 12 million undocumented individuals? 

Mr. AMADOR. Of course, with caveats as, you know, if you have 

a criminal record and things like that. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Well, our bill will cover all that. 

Mr. AMADOR. But other than that, yes 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. You are. 

And you would—you would certainly be happy if components of 

what you are interested in came out in the form of a comprehensive immigration package. 

Mr. AMADOR. Correct. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. So we can work together. 

I wanted to just go over some—and thank you for that. And I 

want to look very closely at this legislation. Certainly our Chairman has made a great effort. One of the things that I want to implore the Chairman of the full Committee for and the Ranking 

Member is that we do have regular order, and that this Committee 

has the ability to participate in the process, and hopefully we will 

find that there are people here who will work for the greater good. 

I want to ask Ms.—is it Blitstein? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. Blitstein. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Blitstein, let me get that correct. One of the 

things that I wanted to raise very quickly is the question of due 

process and the ability to challenge the idea that I am documented. 

Do you have an answer to that? There is no provision in this bill 

for due process. If someone has claimed falsely that they are not— 

they don’t verify them, but they are a citizen, or they have status? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. CUPA-HR would be in support of measures that 

could afford someone due process. No system is completely perfect, 

and while we certainly support the Legal Workforce Act, that 

doesn’t mean—because there is no provision, that doesn’t mean 

that we wouldn’t be supportive of—of some mechanism like that. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. That would be very helpful. Thank you. 

I want to go back to Mr. Amador. One of the major concerns 

about E-Verify has been raised. Historically the system returns an 

unacceptably high percentage of both erroneous confirmations and 

erroneous nonconfirmations. And we have heard testimony from 

USCIS early this year that improvements have been made. Will 
78 

that pose a problem? And I have heard from the restaurant association that that has been a problem. 

Mr. AMADOR. It used to be a bigger problem. And again, you 

know, we had originally opposed—and this is years ago when it 

was first mandated, we had opposed E-Verify, but the improvements are significant, and our members are telling us that, you 

know, when people go back, they are able to fix those problems. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. But you would want to make sure that those 

problems would be fixed. 

Mr. AMADOR. Well, of course, you know, we would like the system to always improve, but that doesn’t mean it shouldn’t be mandated, because it is working for the purpose intended. 

Ms. JA0CKSON LEE. I appreciate it. 

Mr. Mondi, I am sorry. Let me just—appreciate your industry as 

well, and I don’t want you to have to go out of business. What 

about the idea of how much this would cost maybe for the employer, for the employee, and fraudulent documents? And in your 

industry it is seasonal, what kind of major impact that would have 

on you. 

Mr. MONDI. So—— 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. How much—how much the system would cost, 

maybe cost the user, et cetera. 

Mr. MONDI. If—— 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Added cost. 

Mr. MONDI. It would add a lot of cost in lost time. So actual dollars spent, if the technology advancements do come to fruition the 

way they have been suggested they may, with smartphone application and telephonic things, that might be very helpful. If your office 

is the cab of your pickup truck, however, any sort of additional paperwork burden is just that. It takes more time, it takes more time 

in the office, less time in the field. You are talking about owner/ 

operators who will spend as much time with their hands on the 

shovel as they do on a keyboard, right? 

So the biggest loss of money is going to be through additional 

time and administrative burdens. They don’t have HR staff; you 

know, they cover every aspect of the business. And so when you are 

off site, when you do don’t have an office, and you don’t have dedicated office staff, any types of challenge—any type of paperwork 

burdens become a challenge. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. Let me thank the witnesses, and again, if I 

might add my appreciation for the restaurant association and the 

work Mr. Amador has done with us. Can we continue to work together? 

Mr. AMADOR. Yes. 

Ms. JACKSON LEE. I would love to do that. 

I want to thank the Chairman, and I yield back. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank the gentlelady from Texas. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Iowa Mr. 

King. 

Mr. KING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

I want to thank the witnesses for your testimony here today. And 

as I listen to the theme through here, that there is work that 

Americans won’t do, and having spent my life for a time with a 

shovel in my hands or down in the ditch, and actually I haven’t 
79 

found anything that I won’t do, or anything I can’t get my sons to 

do, or anything that I can’t get our crew to do. Whether it is 126 

degrees heat index or 60 below windchill, we will do what needs 

to be done. 

And there are an awful lot of Americans that are naturalized, native-born Americans that are out there in the cold and the wind 

and the heat in the ditch doing this work every single day, and I 

pay attention. Around this city I can send my staff out with a video 

camera, and we could find you all kinds of work done in this city 

done by Americans that are doing work that Americans won’t do. 

So I just—I wanted to put that particular thing, perhaps, to rest, 

although it keeps recurring year by year, and make the point that, 

for example, 75 percent of illegal aliens in this country have less 

than a high school degree, high school degree or less, and a household headed by a high school—someone with a high school—without a high school degree will draw down—will pay in taxes about 

$11,469 in taxes, and they will receive about $46,582 in benefits. 

That is a net fiscal deficit of $35,113. 

What we are talking about here is a Nation that has a cradleto-grave welfare system. This is not 1900. This isn’t 1907 when the 

previous wave of immigration peaked. This is the cradle-to-grave 

welfare system in the United States, and Milton Friedman said 

clearly that the—an open borders program and a cradle-to-grave 

welfare system cannot coexist, and that is what we are doing here. 

What we are doing is, speaking of the comprehensive immigration reform policy that has recurred here, is that we are really talking about taxpayers subsidizing the difference between the cost of 

sustaining a household and the wages that can be drawn into that 

household from someone who is—who is, I will say, of lower education, not necessarily lower skills. And I would ask unanimous 

consent to introduce into the record the Robert Rector report of the 

Heritage Foundation dated May 6, 2013, and ask a unanimous consent, Mr. Chairman. 

Mr. GOWDY. Without objection. 

[The information referred to follows:] 
80 

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lile IWC"Wo: U,S. h"u!ICh"l~ 'cw""11 ':U.:'>IJ4 in I;')\" 

~''''\I"nl hc"dil.!t "",I ""rvicl.lO in Ihese Ih ur ~" t~)Ct>riCll , 

The IIOwrnn>enlal .y~I<.'m t~ hij?hl)' red'''' ribu iv~ . 

WcU-cdlJl::olcd 1\,,.,sch,,III" le nd ,,, t>ef ... l/u.~ ,",,,,/ritm· 

J{)fll: l''''' ~n".,t"')'p;'ycxc",,,d thcdlrctl ~"d m~"M1e>leolllt·n.:f,u, c!luc"Uon. ~nd lH't'ul"I\on·bJl."NI ,;cr· 

V""!! tht:y r,"Cd"". 1'()t eX""'l'k ,n ~<l!O, ,n \h~ whol<.· 

U.s. ""I'ul"'~",. h(\u""hOhl~ " 'ilh Cll II~!!<,· t.,J uc"I\.'<l 

h",otI$. ')n :"'~'at;e. " "'"',,,d $~ .I!:l') in b~w\"n ",,,nl 

hc""nu whil~ poying $,.ol.DIeJ in lu"" Theuw,* 

~ol lc-ge·tdUC""' d hou,;.h,'ld \hu~ I.,,-,ncr-.ttod u fi:<cul 

sUfnl\l~or$W.~:;U 111:0\ so", .... ",,,nl u"",! 10 ronan"" 

hc nejil$ for olhe' h,)u!'(:hQlds. 

Other h"u!i<'h"ld~ MI' IY-' 'Wo' "' .. ~~"wr'" Tbc I,.., n· 

tlt~ th,'y ,ccci,.., eKc,,,,d lh" IU,,,. th~)' P~.Y. rhl;;C 

htlusch l\l~ j/t'""n,lc _ -(,0;(:,,1 ddocil" Ih"1 ",\I~I h;: 

ronu"cl'tl by 1,,0;,.. r""n> " ,ller h.",.,·h<,[d. ,.r by ..... lVrn"'c l borrowlng. I'uf nan,!,I". in :tOIO, In Ihe U.S. 

1'IIIIulation :u;a Whole , h''' I!<'".,Id~ h~~,"'d hy I ... n"'n~ 

w;IN,ul \I h,gh ~ch,~ol dc~"," , .on "w"'~". rt'c";vcl.! 

U6.5112 In AII ...... nm"nl b.!ncflts "'hil" Il"yinj,\ unly 

'11.469 in lutll. "hls~('ntr"lctl '''' :" .. ",,~c ti ... ·~1 defIdl (M""n .... l1,c~ I'"t.~1 nljnu~I"Xl'!'I)~id )l\f ~, II:! . 

Till' hi..:h ddkll~ "r 1><,,,,1)' "duouted ho,ulS(.oh"ld~ 

U'" Wlr,lrlallt ill the "" ,e~l y .Ic-baitl hccuu"," the 

Iyt'ie~l untuwfullmmig,unl hilS onl)' a Ol ·~ro( 1c 

"duc"'",,,. It,Mofunl:owful i",'ni~r"'" hou",'h,olds 

.'e hcad,'tl by un lndividuuJ with 1",,-, Ih"" ~ high 

od,1)<)! <1,,;« .... and .,.nlh", 2::; I""ccnl urhous.thodd 

he,Kl~ have (Only" high ~"h(>ol '[lll'c~. 
85 

T ill: ~I SC"' LC(l.''''' OV UNI.AW IJLI~ t\t m. A"'"rs 

ANIl A,\tNE.' .... y To TilE U.s, TAXI'A nM 

Sume "'~U~ Ih"1 IIIe dc/kil r'KU'Clf f'lf l'''vrly 

(-.lUcaled houschulll~ in Ihe lI~n"tHl I'opulali,m 

.". nul !\'Icnnt fQr l",miI(Nl l~. Many b.~H!'V~, rur 

ex,,,,,,,le.lh"'I"wful i",,"I~r"" " u"" lilllew"'f",e. 

In reality. lawful '",mi~ ,a"l hou'cllol,» tec";"" 

~ig"ifk"h ly "lOr.' "",Ifare. un av","go:. Ih'm 11.s .. IJ,,,n h(,,,~h(lld~ . (hwnll. Ihe fiS(:~1 d"f,, jl~ 'or • .". 

pIO~~ ft'r lawfOI Imnl~,."nl hQu...;ello .~ ,or", Ihe 

~' ''" ~ ~g no' hi~hfr III"" Lh""" ru, U.s.-b;or" hu"..,· 

hOld. wit h Lh" "mc ~d c"tI "" level. Poorly "du-

"" 'cd hm'sch"ld~. whdhe' immigr""t "r II.S,_horn. 

,etc,"" ~r mO,e ,n !(I,,"<:, nm~nl b"n~r"S Ihnn Ihey 

payin la~cs. 

Int'tmlr." lul"",(ul in'm'~r"nls. unh,..,.ful lmn,ig"'nl"~' 1'",,,,,"1 do n!J\ h~ a<:<.:c"; 10 m(!,.ns-Ic~It'tl 

wdfarc. Sodal s...'Curily. "r Ml-dicun" Th~ ... >C~ "''' 

me'n. h"w~'W"th'llhcy, " ",,! ,ecciwlI"""rnmcnl 

~nd l$ and ,;ervie,'lI. (' hiJdr~n 111 un"Mful 'mmi-

~ranl hou""h,lI,l. rl'Ceivt: hea vily *ul"idi:<ed puhl ic 

~o;lul ... lion, Muuy unh.wful lnlml~tHnt~ h"'''' [I,S,-

bt"" ch,ld"",,: II""", chil~'c!l arC ,urr~nltJ)· c!l~ib e 

r"rlhe lull "'nl:cM~""t!r" en l ... dl' ",",,' 1 ",edi,,~1 

""nellIS. II nd. of rou,,..,. whel! unl.wful lroh\lg"'"L~ 

live in • """,,,,unily, Ihey u"" ...... lIs. park", 1'<We,,, lII~kc, "R(l llrc prokd~ln: Ih.se "", ,,leos must 

eXI);n" 10 ~lM'r the addcd,,,,pulnlic'll <)r Iher" wUl 

be ·l."n~l",". 'n· cfk'CL< Ihal lead 10 ~ ,1~linc ,n ,:crvirc qunlll)'. 

I" 2010. Ihe avcr'Ulc "nll>wful ;",",I~ran l hnu",,-

hold r"( ";w,1 ~,(Jun<1 S~ .7'2 1 in gMf.rnmcnl hen -

cf"" and ~,,'ic:j,'S While I'.yiu!: s')me 1~IO.3:I " in 

.uxes. Thislt<'oe,""I",1 an nvcno)(c ""Ilual f,,,,,al dcficillhcn~lil 5 received mi"u~ Inxc~ p.id) of o,lloUnd 

11 .!.1117 I"" hQu..,h,""_ This c.~t h"d ' 1.' I,'" bor"" 

by n.s. laX",,}'cr~. Am n,,"l y "'!luld pnw;lIc unl~w

ful """"''''tI ~ wllh 'oc ""~ I" "ver ~(] n'C'M-I",,'-

l'tl ",elf,,,e P"'I("""" Uho ",,,,,.,,,, S""1:01 Sl",,,rily, 

nnd Ml~H arc_ The filot'1lt dcr,dl fo' ~""h h"u);Ch"ld 

w""III"",r 

tf e n;oCtc,I, amnesty would t", imnh'n,cnll~1 ,n 

h~, llurillJllhc first lit Inlerim ph,.,,,, ("'hleh ;,. 

likdy IQ 1".1 13 yc,""'). u" ~wfullmmilP'''nl" wou ld 

be ~iwn 13wful stal u! hul wo uld Il<' dcnt~,J "'!C<.'U 10 

",cans-Ie.ted "'df"tc a nd OOO",,,,,,,rc. M'ISI """_ 

lYSiS <u .~ Ihal ",ul(hly hol( "r unlo .... rul ;mmi. 

~m nl$w~rk -"trlhebooks" and Ihercf"r~ do ""I t>:ry 

;" .. ~,",c 01 I'ICIIIl""_,,,. lluri"I:l 'he in"',.,m ph"",,. 

Ihe ... · "Otrlhc b<)i)~S· "'urkers would hu,e. slrung 

i",-",nli"" 10 1tIDVt: UJ 'on Ihe book>;" ""'I'Io)'m"n" 

!n addili<'m. Iheir "'''go.'ll would Illrely 11" up as I ..... ')' 

" 

'l"US:'II jollJ$ in ~ "",,.,, "IJen cnvi"",,,wnL J\ ~" rcoOIl. 

durin,<: Ihe inlcri", perio,I, I~ll)") n":nl~ "'"uld ri"" 

"nil l~ nwtag.!! fillC,tl ddkit "mung r,,'mH unluwfl,1 

;,"mig".,,1 r,u"!<Ch,,lds ,..uuld [,lit. 

Afle' 1:1 yenr •. unl",..ful 1"''''11:'.''1' wou ld 

tX'<:"'"C dig,hI~ lilt n' ca"~-Ic.,.tcd "'elfare and 

Ob" ""~tc, Al l h .. poli n! ,,,shOrtly Ih.,caflcr. r,JI'- mcr unl~wful ill1l"illraol "U,;o,h ~1is WOuld likel)' 

b.!gi" !O r .. 'Cd"" governm",,1 bolndiu; "I Ih~ "",m~ 

rdle ~s lawful immiSI',nl Mu~holds "r Ihe ""me 

edUl.'ali.,n k .. \.~_ As a l'C"ull. gow ... "~ nl >'l'~ndin~ 

:on,1 """"I ddit1h ,",oulJ ~,,-cd,pmalR:"lIy. 

TIl~ nl!~1 phase of amo ~I ~ is rd)t,'menl. 

Unl"w(,,1 in,ml,oj",nls arc n,,' t u r",nlly di~iblc f", 

Socia l S~'C u,1t)· and Medicare. bul under an1lle>;ly 

lhe)' ..... 'uld bt.'<:on.e$(l_ nw .... >I<. Oflh i~ changtl "'.,uld 

I", ",-"y lUll:.: ;I1<le,,,1. 

As ,, ~d, ". I~ cu " ... nl lim" (bd;"c "m "csly). 

110" .""rall<-' " nh.wful immigmnl ""u""hold ns~ 

n"1 def,dl (".,nlof,,,, rccc1", .. o;l minus "' ~c~ I"ld) .,r tI .:1~7 I' erMu!-C "I'1. 

• nu '~ Ihe inle,;m ph"sc im",cdi"lcly "ftc, 

nmnc.ly_la~ pnyn,enls wuuld increusc mMe I ~n 

gn"l:rnn1cn' l! cl1's. a nd th", nvcr"!!,,, fisc. 1 dellcli fi .. roWmc' u"l.wfut imn"s ",n' h""""h"ld~ 

"'"uhl rull lu$11.4SJ;, 

• AI the "nol l~ i",erim 1""k~ , unl"w!,,,1 immi-

~ra"IS "'0010 tJewnm cll~ihlc fUI nl "'''~- ''';I.d 

,..dfatc ",,<I med ical sub.idies undctOh"n,~a",. 

M~r-d~ ~ncm, "..-.uld ri"" tn S4:1.9(l() Ilet 

tmuschQld, l:ox I'ayn.cnts "'I)uld r.nw,n a"'und 

Slrd,()(l; Ihe 'l'C"'~C f,,,,,,"l ,Ii!f,dl ""ncr,,~ III IOU. 

I"~"") ",,,,,Id hefllJt>ul $~H,OI)()l'cr h"uII\'hOld. 

• IInmi:Sly would .ISI, rol"" r~tiI'Cm nl «ISU by 

ma~ iO!! u"l.wf,,1 jm m~r"hlf d'~iblc fnr Soc'al 

S~c"rl y "nd ~ll11i<:~,", '~'1,Ui"~ in a ""I 1i S<'~ 1 

<klicil of "round S~2,700 ]ler rcllred "ml1C~ly 

rudpie,,' PC' ftl",. 

In Ic,n," Vfl'ubli< 1~'li.:y~"d """'''me''l de(",i ••. :0" i"'I~lTlanl r,~u,c i~ Ihe a)()("')\.ll~ alm",,1 ,knell 

for ~II unt",..ful j"'ml~".nl h"us~h"ld •. Thjse4u~l ~ 

Ihe ,,,, .• 1 bend, •• ",," ""rYj(, " rl-eei",d by hI! u"l.wfu t ,,,,mlg,,,n' huuschuhb< nlinu ~ IIw lolallnc~ JlOkl 

bylh""" tlJ) u""h uldli. 
86 

• lind", c .. trcnll."" "II ""In",r,,1 ""mi)(I'~1Il 1", .. ",,_ 

hokJ~ l"lldhe, haw ~n "~rc~ule nlln",,1 (kf,cil"f 

Mound .t:!>4,5biUlOn. 

• I" lhe inlerlm piluS!< (rlllll:(hly Ih~ 11I,'l 13 y~ar~ 

"flc. o"'nCSly), Ih" "I<l!tc-plc """\lal ddkil 

... "uhl fKIII"'43_~ hill;':'n. 

• Al hIlC"~ "rib" Inleri", ph,,,,,,. f",n"" ,,"llIWful 

immigr.,nl hl>lL,",b"ld~ w""ld 1I.:co",<:. fully eligible r"''''"an~_lc""l,,d ... ."rar~and h""'lh curebcn· 

cf'l.underthcA IrrmM>lc ta,cA~I . 1'1",. a~'l"j(:olc 

annu~I d.,'11cII "..,uk.! 6"a, 10 ~"'urnl SI06 hillion. 

• In Ih,' t"li~mc"l I,haso,·. III,' " "nua! asgtL'j.,"*' 

delkit ",,,uld be "nlund ,Ir.o hilli"n. II ",,,,,hi 

slllwly (",·dine ., r",n"" unl"wful "nmig",nl~ 

~,....>tIu"H~ ~~pl,,:. 

"'hc~ co~t$ IV(>Uld h""" 10 h,· oorne by .'rcady 

\WI:,l,\ul'<,lcrwd II "~. t"~I'")'I:'S. (All r'~""'L'lI "". In ~O!H 

,~,lIu"'J 

The t}'PK'Dt unla"ful '''''''',I",nl I. 34- yea,~ uld. 

Ark, "mllL",ly. Ihis Indlvidu.1 ",ill n.-.:ei"" .«\,,,,,,n-

",,,"I b<n~fil$. un ".er.,~e. fo, ,,0 y~ar •. 1\<'SI'il:t\"~ 

"Ct~"'" I.., bm~nl . r"r Ih" f1 ... 1 W ~C"''5 oft,·, un, n""ly 

thc'eror~ h"~ onl)' a ",,,rg,,,ol imp""l "n long-tel'''' 

Co.;,l'_ 

If "mn('~ly ,. cn""' ~d. Ihe oV('r'W! adult unlawful 

,mn,'g,anl Wfluhl n:e;:ivc $5'.1~.Ot!O m",e ;n ~"""'nmcnl b<'""OU (,wr Uw cou, ... 0( hi~ ' c"''''nlTl)llireIllIIe\h"" hew<luld n"yin \".c •. 

Ove, ~ lifdime.lhe former unl.wfUl i'n",igrnnl. 

l"IIL1hcr \\'(\1.11(1 '1'ceivt: 5 ... .4 I ,HI,n" In .\l''''t'r''m~''l 

ht;l1dil~ "n~ sc'vj,:c~ a,,~ I'a~ 5:U Irilli,," in t~l"~. 

Th .. ')· w,,,,ld ","craie u IIr,1ime li~~t tlcOcil (J.Otal 

benefll. mmus 1,,1,,1 ta.c,.) "f.$6.!1 lrink," (f>llliXun."" rc in eoltfh,nt 1(110 d,~I"n1 J 1'hi1 'houl1l boo: 

L~'n~Idc,c" ~ n,I"imu", L",I"""le. lll>rub"hl), unde!'-

~I'U,,.- 'enl rulur" c""151.>c~,.u"" II unll~".""n > Ihe 

num"'" or unlawrul Inm'iJ/r:ml$ and dq".'IIdcnls 

",h" will ."lu"lIy reed ...... ,,,,,ncsly 'Illd umle",.l imille •• 1~nifi a"Uy lh ~ fut un.' ~'i1W lh In ,,' Hon.· ond 

",~"'",.I hener-lo. 

'rhe d(:h" ~ 011<>1.11 Ih .. n"".1 con""~'ICI1C~'\i "r 

unl~wful ~rnl II>W- kill imml~ nl\iun", hamp",ed II)' 

" numb<r "r n""""n"~"li'''' •. 1'"", ''''''n" k~", "'~I )' 

u"d"",lolld the cuncnt ~iiIC ,)/" Jll.ivcrnm~nl IIMlh" 

>lCQ I'" of ~dh;. rlhulion . Th" f""'l Ihal Ih" '''''''''I:e 

hw,;ch"ld gd~ $:)1.600 in l/flve,nm~ nl ile.n"fll~ cadi 

:"' ,I.I n~rOMT )i0;13:I ~An.:I!I" 

}'t'at i~ ~ ~h,,~k _ 't'h~ r"",t Ihat a 11,.,,",,1\01,1 1",:KIcd by 

"n In,)ividu(.1 wllh Ics~ IhM ~ high ;;;: h' ~"I"'ltr"" 

Itets U6.(oI'I()l~ ~biAA"r\lnt, 

M""y t~'n"c tv '~ i ....... b<'I,,,,,,, lh~l If" n i nd,vldu,,1 

11"-<3 J'~' ,,,,(I w\lrks hnrd. hewill in""i\lll~yhc" nel 

l aX ""nlrihulll' (P"Y'1ljl n""tl in I"""'" Ih~n he I" ""~ 

in ht;ndil,;). In ""r ",,,"kll'. thi~ has ",)I"'...,1l I,ue lor 

• "cry IQol! tl!\lc. ~in'il",Iy. "'''")' twlil:"" tk"l unlawfulln'""R"' "lir "'or k lIIure I han "lhc ~n'ul"" Thi~ i~ 

01.0 nIll ttlle. "11/: cmnillYmcnl r~lc ror I>On...,l(krl)' 

adu!! ",,'"wfu' in, m ig,onU; IS "t,,,,,1 Ih,· .;.an,e "" ,I i< 

(<"It thcj(", ... cral t>(jpubli"n. 

Man), 11, dk)·m"~e,, " I"" 1)(:1.,,,,, Ihal 1:><',:","1<.' 

""',,wfu' i"'mil\r:",l~"re cnlllp",,,livdY)'Jun)(, U,cy 

"'111 hell' rei;"", the fIscal olr';"$ of an 3,1(ing ",:.ocldy. HL"lIrcll"bl~, thilr i~ n"l true. Al C''''')· Slage ,,flh., 

life c:yck, "nl.",(,,1 immig".nl'" nn a~<a;:"c . !(ener-

.Ie r.~ul dcr.(I1~ \b<: nefils excL .... od IUc'!\). Unl"wf\ll 

imm~ranls. on a""r:'~c .• ,e wl",~yllu "O"'Unt"'<' 

tJ",y n"""ronc.· jlCn<:nll\.'~ "li><:.1 ~urplu~" th.1 c~ n 

til: u~c~ I" I,a)' n, .. g"' ..... nntel1lucn<:/lt$ ~IijCwh~'" in 

SI.ocldy. 'rhiHiluaIKm,O/Wi"u.<lywillg£.'l much w",,,,, 

~f\","mn""I)" 

M,,,,y l',,'icymake,s believe th"l lin", ~mncsIy. unJ~wfu l il<>mign",ls will hdp nl;lke Sl>CLw l 

S~ 'il)' ~nl"" L II '" 1m" Ihnl unlawful In'mlRra"U cu",,"lly PO}' I' leA laxc:< "nd W(lulcl I"'Y 

mMe "rlct "mnL'!rty. bUl wilh ~vct~g" atnln~~ I,f 

S~4 OO I"" )'C"'. the Iypical unlawful In,mlgranl 

will pay "nly ah"ul $:1.700 pc, }"BI ;n J'ICA la x~~. 

Aflcr ,~H,cmcnl. th"l Indi"idu~1 If likel)' III droll' 

more th.n $~.OO in Sod,,1 $c"<"u,lty and Medica,,' 

(,.~djuoled for 'nllotlOn) fOr ."""y doll", in I'ltA 

IUlutlc h"' paid 

M"r""'· f. IUIC~ "ml ncn(:n ~ n,uSI he " .. : ... ·.od 

hnllSllt~Ii)~ II i~ u ml~l.kc 10 l!l<\k nl Ihe 1" 11;1,,1 

Secu"Iy I,usl fund ;n "'-oInli"n. If an in~ivldu,,' 

Imy~ t!1.1Qtl L'Nr yca, 'nl" Ih,· S(.oc ~1 S,,,"ri<.y \I u.1 

r"l,d bill SimuIt Dn,,'u~ y d""",~. nel $~l'i.VtJO 11~' 

) ..... ~, (ht:nelils mlnu~ lu.-:\l (Jut "rgen<:.,,1 JII.i""rnmenl 'e ..... ·l1ue. Ihe ""tvenL,), of !!,,"",nmcnl ha~ ,,,,1 

i'"lltOVL'tl. 

Fnllml'lll/( amnc.!y. Ihe fiSC,1 1 tu.ls ,,f f<J''''ct 

unb",rul l",mill"",1 huu'Ch"ld~will be ",u~hl)'lh~ 

,;:, m~ "~ IhuliC or law(ul imml~'''nt "",I ""n-i",o,;-

granl hou:<clt ... ld. wllh Ihe .,'me 1.,,,1 "f educ.tlon. 

Il<.-e.ust: U.S. ~<JVt:rn",cnl p,,'ky;s h;)(I1I)' rC~I"lrlh· 

utili{!. Ihll!l~ t"'l~ "'e wry br~e, 1"h,,,,,· who doin' 

lh,,1 "mnllllly will n1ll "",~Ic" 1.tg:"rlllCnl burden ,m' 

~i mply in "sMc.;f dcn!.1 c"OO:~rning Ihe urnle,!y'ng 

'" 
87 

T ill: ~I SC"' cu. --r OV USI.AWI'IlLJU\1I11" " ",- r;: 

ANU AMNR.,--rV T" TII H U-", TAXI'A UM 

",di.trihOI i,,,,,,1 n~tur~ of ~"v"rnnl~IIL P'~ K')' in the 

21., Cc n,ur)', 

Finally. ""me . '!l1/(' t hai il ~. nol n'~Hcr ",1>o.·lh " 

"' u nl:,wfullmm ~n'nt... ~".",,,,, n"".1 del ic~ lOr S(i.:J 

nillion bcc,m>;(!lh"irchlldrc" will m" ~op rOl IhL'S<'. 

~OI',"_ Thill is ""I Irue. h.m if ,III ,ru, children of 

u "I.wr ul in>Oligr.ml ~ !If,,,h,.I,,,! f rum ':.lUCj[C. Ih<')' 

wouhJ bc hard"p ;.~ I.., I~'Y \)ao;)I $(i.!J IriUi(lO In 

"o '~ ..,"cr tlld. IIreli n,"",. u'"", not "II lhe ll,l~r n lIfunlawfullmml" 

gronlS will Stood""lu r",n, l"l) lk"",. 1J",:o on ''''e'' 

!!"n~",,'i,m~1 >ucj~1 mf~'i!iIY ,h,,,,, Ihnl. "1Ih(",~h 

Ihe ch "dren Of u"'~wfu' Immign>nlS will 1> • .." ~uh · 

"l"nHally betler "ducal.mol outcome .. th,," lhdr 

I," ' cnls. Ihc~ 3chic""mcnls w,lI h""" II nlil~. Only 

I:, I""'t'~ nl uu I'~cly I ... !?r..,ju~I" r'onl t-" llc,<:oJ. f"r 

1!lI" "'I" e IlI.,""o<o or Ihill. Ihe child,..,n. un nvcra~. 

Un, nQI likciv III b"~,,m" 0"' I~X t<! olr'hulur~. lhc 

thlldr"nufunl"wfnl im migm nl_ .r,·likdyto ~n'ain 

" ,,"1 n!!<,,,j hurden "" t iS. l"xIl"Y'''<. "II h"u 1I " f,n 

>m""~r bu.Il"" Ih"" Iheir mre"l~. 

/\ fin.1 problem", Ih" unb",rul in,migrali"" 

a"re~.,; I" ,\<prcs.; Ihe w"l1('" "f 11 .... ·,;.1<111 U.s.·horo 

_1>\1 l'nvful iro",~r~o\ wo,ker.; by W 'lII'(~" " or 

S~,:lUO. lie' year. 1I "",wful i"'In, ~r:' '' '' n ',h'" poob· 

ohly dtiv~", mHOly nf "ur mOllI uln,~~b , Il,S" h"'" 

w".ken "ul vI" Ih ~ Inll'" r"r~u nlird}. 1!nlu",rul 

immi!;<.-.oIjpn Ihu~ m"~ < ~ Inu,k'r fur Ule I"", 

~d ... ant"l!<'d U.S, ili" ~"s II, ""ti,e ill Ihc lI",erlc~n 

d,..,um, This is wn'n~: publ;,: I,,~ky .h""I" ~uPl lO rt 

111"- intc",.ls,llh"",,- who h~vc . rlp,hllu be "",..,. not 

Ih""" wb<; haw h'''ken "u' la",\! .• 
88 

~.:c.' .I.I kCP<' RT sO; , .. loMU,:I\II> 

The Fiscal Cost ofUnlawjiti Immigrants 

and Amnesty Lo the U.S. Taxpayer 

Iloln!rt Hector and .I{t,wn !lie!! wine. Ph/) 

Introduction 

Ea<:k Y'-'ur, fH,"illc'$ "n~ In(llvl(jo.16 1"1)' I"~c~ t" lhe *,,,<,,n",cnl "nO CCci~(' b;&(:k p wld~ ""ri· 

L1y <If sen'ices und bend,!,;, A li!'Olllk'f;,d! ote",.,. 

wl",n I he ~ncfol~.MII "",-vic..,. recctVt.'<i b)' unc ~"'''n 

exceed Iht tnx~~ il.id, When such ~ der",11 I)l~U,", 

(lther ~fOUfl" muSI I'~Y for I h~ ""'rvin.,, ~"O h • .."cr"5 "fth~ g"'up In dendt. R"ch yl"", thc,cfQ,.", )$w",n_ 

m~"1 I,; in,,,IVt.'Il in " 1'''J(c·~ul" cCuI>o'Ol ic Imnsfc. 

"r ,,'>'Oun,., 1)c1 ween cl ,lterent fWIC1II1 S"'~ I"· 

1'",",_1 dislrihul~," un"ly~;~ mea, u,,'" Ihe d;~

Iribuli'lIl uftulnl JII"-emm~n l)c-,,d\ls Prld I'~XU in 

sc,c",ly, It nroyi<k:~ ~n a"", .. nlcnl of Ihe ,n:l,l(nil ude 

fIlI/Me ,n,""nl , .... n,fcl'!ih"twc'en g"lul's, 

Thj~ 1'''1'''' 1".)vkl<'S " fi!<:al (l1~tr;l>vt ;,;,n "n" y$i~ 

I'Ifh'~I!"'''oM~ he"ticd hy unl"wrul 'mn';~ranl.$: ;nd;-

vlduals who ,,,,,ide In the u .s. In yit~~ll(Hl offcd"ral "tw. 'rile paper nIC~'U"'" I h .. lnl.III ~<)w: rnm "nll"l-<,,­

~fIt$ Bnd "~' Vkd rt"";II"I."Il II)' unlawful imn1~n"'t 

hw.«:h"lds and Ih~ t<)I"II"xc~ ]l"id. ThI: cliffe",n, ... ' 

ht:1Wl.-e n ht: .. "roB ,"c~i""d ,,"', '.xt5 r ... iot "'1''':- ownls I he tot~1 "'!«lure,," ' ... ~n~rcrrcd b)' lI1/Wrnmclll 

on ,,,,h.lf uf u"l~wful in'mi)l'~nls fronl Ihe n'>'l of 

l\(Ieidy. 

Identi fying the Unlllwful 

Immigrllnt Population 

The II.S, Ucp,..-ln'cnt or 11,,",cll,MII Secu"l.\' 

(Ill IS) ~"I; "ol<-s lh.llhe'c w~,,, I I.:; n,ill KIll unilil<'-

umcnl<'tl_ 0' "nl.wfuJ. r'lrdgn -bo'n pc""""" ;n th" 

II,S, in Ja nua,y 2m l' Th~'lI<: "~ li"' <.S .""/)n",,d on 

ll"l-< "«llhlll the numl",.,. uff<l'dj{n--born pc;rsons 

"I' "",,'n~ in 1I.S. C<'n"u~ ~u.\It')'S is c" Midc "~ly 

.o:'."lcr Ihun Ih,' "" I " ul ",,"I!ler nn,n"i,o:n-"nrn pc,-

""n~ whouel)crmill~'<l 10 reslo,k' lnwfuJly In t hl;, I! ,~ 

"",cordill!: In inl n,i,I: •• ln", "'<'II,d,;. 

F<I' <'XJlmple, ioJ"ouu,y201I.smn,' 31.9:; milllo" 

foreilln-born pl'.r""ns lwho ",riV\'d ln , '''' (nuntry 

.fic' I9HQ) ~I'I"'M~d in lhc "nno,,1 C~ ""~ ."''''Y, but II", CQrr"~III,"dln~ lIu",h,,, or I;,wful fU ~';g,,· 

I>orn "-..;kltn.,, In h,,~ yt" r (:IC<'<)tding 10 IWv~"'­

",~ol adm;ni.<I<oI;", ,c,~l'~~ w~~ "nl)' :!I.ti mmk", '> 

1)115 ~$ l",nlc$lh"1 Ih cd l! r~r~nce. "'IIl'c 10.:15 million r"""sn-bo rn IIC'''''''5 "]lpe~ril~ lo lhe Census 

AOlc'ie~n Comll1unity Sur, ... ,), (Al:~)-... "s COIllI' r4~J of un .... ""~"d or un,"",ful r<"'ioJ.'nl~. III IS 

ru,l lIer c";liOla c~ Ihal a n ",1<111;"",,1 us ",;11,,,,, 

unl.wlul n' ml~ro", U: ri;~iokd In Ihcll.S. lllIl did 'H~ 

"II!"'''' ito lllcCell'us .urv.:y, r", ~ 10,,-,,1 "r II." millilln unL .. wful ·,:s ;o.l<.'nl~.' 

011:; .m l~ Uj"$a "rcsidu,l- mct./""J III d.' ctnllneth.o 

r. "" <:,r~ ..... Mill" "nl~ ... fut ,mmig",nl [1('il'Ii;d "'". 

I'ir.', in,n,;g,-"Uon "'CONS .'c Ui<i.'<110 ddn",in<' thl: 

gend er. :tj(C, ""un(,'y "f "';~i , ."" li"", (Of cnll)' of 

oil ro,c!gll4lutn blwlul 'c~i.kn , '''''''' rg' ... l!<lm I",r-

'I"'" with th<_ d"'nICI~risti<" 1I,e .uhlndcd rl\'", 

tho! Intol r,,,~;~n·Ix ,,n lK~lUI"I ," in c..,o;; ,, ~ ri.""ri!!;; 

III« lefl"""r, Or -'""itJ""l: ford~ .. -born poop"MioOl I~ 

" .. ~un'1'I11"rn, unln",fu!. Th;~ I'''''''''''U''' cn.hlc",IlI IS 

t'l ~..;tim"tc I"" 'I)lC, )Willie., ('()Un,,-), "e oris'''' dul<' uf 

em.y. ~"J ,'",,,,,,t u.s. <Intt "r NtJ<ioJc",-" .,clh,·unl"",-

rul im migmnl ""p<,!al~)n in the U_S. 
89 

T ill: ~A <xI ... T lW USUWI'IlLJU\1Il:MA"'- rs 

ASU AMN&>1'Y Tu TilE U.>I, TAJo:MUM 

,. ... IIU:l 

Characteristics of the Unlawful 

Immigrant Population, 2010 

T"':II 115,_ 

"'fII!"¥"'i"G"n,..Io~ 10 34 _ No1"~ US,,,...,., 

VN,oi"""ol 

<t:QO·1011 .~ 

-,,,, ,.. ~-- , .. _. U. 

'$10]4 ,,. ,51034 ,~ 

15,,, •• 

• S.".jgj.,)c·, -

U • 

- ~. 

,- %, 

...,..o/~" 

N",,~ ..... c.."''''m'' .. c~ ~ 

,~. WOo 

.... 1. U. 

,",,_0 ~ 

"-

.~ '" '" 

The ,~"rclIl i!crit"llc !" )lIndati"n .Iudy 11';"" 

I he nils relO\)rls (In Ihe <h,,,,ocler',I'i." "f unl"wful 

immi~r"nlS I" itknlil'y in Ihe ""~nt Pup"I"lion 

Sur\,,')' (CI'S) of th~ lJ.S. CCn.~Uli • i>Ol>uhtlion uf 

rl>('~i8n-.lJ<>rn IJoe"'''''" whl> h'lI'e " ,..,ry h i~h "n,b.· 

hililyllf l"'lng "nl"wful in>mi":'~l1I~ .' (TIle U"~1I1 

!'1!I,ubli,ln Survo:y i. u.'led III pl<lt ~ of I hi' 'inlil,,' 

An.er"' ... n Cun""unily $u"..,y "''''.II"e il hos n",,,' 

d .. 'tniled i'lC<, me 'Illd beneftt infornlutitlnJ 

The """""Ilu"",, u.<c<l 10 identif), "nJ"wf,,1 in. mi· 

~ ... nls in lhe '~ ~,,-" ~i", lia r 10, hQ!;C u~,'" in . ludi .. 'S 

• 

,,(the unl"wfullmn.ilt .. ~nll")I"'I"li"n p"'dU~\...t b)' 

Ih" 1"'11' Ili~I"'nk Ccnl cf. th"';cnIC. r<l' 1 mm;":,,,II,,n 

Sludk."',,,ndthc ~t ;gr"ti!)n 1\'Ii.:y In~tllu ~. ScI,,,II,,n 

I'n><:e<iu" .. ,nduded lhe folh,wiOlg' 

I. Thc u"h.wful imn.il(ranl III)""IoU<>n idcnli!i,"Il 

in Ihe C1'S m"lched RlIcI",,",y as ",~~jl1l~ Ihe ~gc. 

I/I=,,,k •• cQU lltr), Qf origin. )'en of ~'rlval. ~nOJ 

>tule vt' " .. odene" of! he unlawful 1'" 'n;~r:'"l IKlI'· 

"Minn idcntiflCdl1y 111 IS 

2. I'"",ign·burn l'C''''''~ wi", We,c <"UH"nl or r",· mcr mcmb;..,.. of t hc D,n'ed (orcc~ (If 1""- II.S 

or ""rrenl cm[Jl"yc~," uf fe,\c ... I, "1~lc. lind 

I....:al )(! • ...,r"mcnIS w~re U',,"'ed tn be Inwful 

".,.identi_ 

a. Sinte il i~ "n)~wful f!), ll"l~wful In.milt .. ~nl~ 

III roeciVl! ~" .... "nmenl "" lien", """h lI~ S"d,,1 

s.."urily, M"!lkare, Mc-di..:uid, und puhlk h' u~lng, 

in<.l;~idu~l~ ""IK)rting IJoel'S<Jn.1 ,eedl" (If ~u,h 

h,"dil~ ,,,,,,,- as"" me,) I" he lawfully ,!$idcnl. 

4 , l',llIdpk.,. <or "!Insistency were _pplit-d within 

f. m ill.:o: f"r cxn",plc,~hildrcn <lflawf,,1 ,c.,.ident. 

w~", a,;,; u", d t"tJ.o" IRw ful. 

Add;l1nn~llnfO m~lk n "" the I)ml:cdu.e~ u~t-d 

IJl idenl'f)' unlnwful in,n,ig""'" in Ihe CPS i~ p,n· 

.i(k'tl ;n APJIC",I i~ II, 1\ .hiouM als.. tK' n,~eollh"t Ihc 

Ilc';I ~go.' FI>""datlon anal)'Sls m~lthe<iI"" IlIIS n);· 11 rts ,1/1 dusdY:ls jHossibJ,," 

"he ch . .. .lClcrr~l~ I)f thc unlawful iOlmi!:"',,1 

t"'I'ul"lion ~Iim"h d In. h~ I",,,,,,nl 3nal~~is.", 

>h,lwn in leKI Tobie 1. In ~OIO. Ihe,,, W,,'" 11.5 n,H· 

lion unla"'ful im",bl"'nl~ in Ih,' ll.S. ~)",e 10:14 

",illion ,,( Ih""" apI""""d III lhe .""".1 CUrlenl 

i\)j1ulution SurVl!Y and were idl'nlilk-d \1y the ,~~id· 

u.1 n.eth"d dCll!',ibo..d "l~""" ~'I>II~"'ing Ihe n l!S 

e,limulc. an addi,","ol 1.15 mllli"n unlo",I",,1 inln';· 

gra"l~ wcrea.<sumcd to l..,sid~ in the. U.S, 00111\)\ to 

alii""" in Celis". ~urvcy". 

A. Table I show~, ~H "".eent of unluwf,,1 1m mi· 

1t,,,nL< ~hlc ['no"l Mc>k". lhe C"r~>bc"n. und 

Cenl,~1 or ~oulh A" .... ka; 11 p"f( nl Canle fro", 

Asl~, and 5 pc.cenl C"",,, (,nm the 'Co<1 Qf l h,· "~,, d 

Unl"wfullnlnli~m"t" we,e ,,In,,,.1 l~IU"lIy ' Illil by 

JII")(]Cf!r,4p"""'nl"'crc m"Il-s.m)(] 6pc= nt wc,,' 

fcm"l0:~ 
90 

~':" .I.I n~r MT )in l .. ),I AU,:W .. 

Demographic Characteristics of U.s. Households. 2010 

Noom<t dhouolll"'" 3, 444 .~ 

Num ... ,"~ .. _."..,., 12 ,7oe,87~ 

_'d""'-' ....... ..- 5,. 11,751 

.......... ""'- " 

C/l.II>r""po.,..,...."..", -"'.~ " " Ea .............. _ 

( .... po:t'~ f,38,988 " ~"" ... f,24,7'!Il 

1WooaF_'''''''''''''''''' ,.,~ 

MId ..... _ ~ 

1'tIro.'nI" __ t.:.odeII 0\' potI<lM ~~_oIcb" , .. P""""""~"'''''''_wt>o_6~ ... oO:'''' ,,. """"""_"'_",.,.._16,,,601 ~9~ 

P_d_",_ .. I1010"",,_ ""0'''''11",'8 ,,~ Pu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;"_hoIdwt>o ... ,,,,,,, ]S l'!lo 

11.f>Ot. ..... 

19,08'1,280 

18,081.1:1i 

" 

•

" • 

S'i9,~ " 71 

541.167 

$68,~l l 

" 19 0" 

HI'IIo 

,,~ 

,,~ 

" .. 

102,702.W 

753,16 1, 261, 

121,591,880 

" " " 

$53,911 " 

S43,.13 

UB,C9S 

~ 

n", 

,,~ 

,,~ 

13 .... ," 

1]J,'!Io 

_ , ... ,"""" ... _......, .. _ ...... Dd,.!." .... ., ..... u.$ciliI ............. '-''''_ .... " .. , ........ ,., .......... ''''''''' 

SO ..... w.". .. _~., ................... U.'.""' .. U.s """"'B..-, 1OlOc...-... ,..... ... 5u<..,., 

Characteristics of Unlawful Jm .i ",a nl..~ 

and Unlawful lmo,igraot lIouseh<!Jlds 

Any an~l~sUlo(lhe r.~~1 C\"'\~ ufunla,,,'ful Imml· 

~r:' lon musl dc~1 w;lh Ihc r,ocl 'h'" ~ l<re,,\ m;on)' 

unl"wrullmm~ranls arC p",enl~ of I1,S,..f>(Irn chil. 

d,\",. Fo, c~""'I'I", Ihc Pew lti';'l'~ni<: f,:'cnICt csO· 

n"'\c~ Ihul ;n 201ft, ,here w"rc $.fi 01;11;'10 children 

"" ~Idln~ In Ih~ U.S. who h""" unlnwf,,1 in'"Jig ... ",1 

p",ent •. An",")(theiiC ch ildrcn,M'me I m,lIi"n Were 

born «broad Mild ... ,."" IllUUj(hl I n\o I tJ<, U,S. unl.w· 

fully; I he rc"'D njn~ 44i", ililoo Were burn in I he U.s. 

"nd "rc t" ~..J "mlcr law ~~ U,s. il;te"s. O.cr"lI, 

""01C Il loerttnt of Ihe hllllrl>n born in Ih" U.S. cadi 

Y"~r h."" unl"wf ul In, ,n lJolt " III parent ... • 

Th"plUWnr~ oflhe~r ~ InilliQo OKU ..... ·OOtn childre" wil11 unlawful i",",ig"'''' p"l'cnL< is" dlr~cl 

rcsull ,,( unl"wl'ul in'mi~r"'i"n, TheS!' ohil,\"," 

would nul "",do.' In lhe U.s. Iflll",r parcnlS hull nol 

ell"""n lucnlcr "nil ren,,,ln In Ihe nal,on ,onlawfully. 

Obviously, any ~MI)'s s "nhe f~"t t\}S\ of unl"wrul 

in,migr3l.ion h\us h~r('/"'rc indu"" ,n., ""'Ill! " .... ,. 

d.tc..J wllh Ih~ children, tl<.'tjlu$t: thf)S<, c"".,~ ~re 

"dir.,;;1 ."d i"",'I IIbl~ rl'liult "(th,· unl.wful inl,n;. 

):r"' Mm "r Ih/: p",,·nls. 'rho: .inll, WI .... ld ""I ex;sl In 

Ihe ut)lkn~eof unlawful 'mm'g,olion. 

To "dd ..... 'III' Ih,.' '$Suc. In., p ......... ·"1 ~Iudy """IY""~ 

''''~ foscol CQsl~ "r all hour.<:holdS h~<>dcd by unl"w. 

(u l imn'l.o!mni.>' (Th"'u~h"H' Ihls .Iudy, Ihe ler",s 

"h"",;eh"ld~ hca.hl by on unlawrul in,n,i)!"" ,I" 

and "unlnwf,,1 ,n,n"gr "1 h,o"""hnll,l." ~,~ u.s.<l 

~yn"ny",,,usly) 

I" 2()]O, 3,44 mill'Gn su;;h hl"''''']H)I,I. ~pp<.'"rttl 

in Ihcel'S. Ti>I.'SC hou>'Ch(}ldsL'qnlai"",] 12.7 ""lll"n 

I'Crs,ms indudln!l7.~ milliOn "d"l1~ a nd :'.:1 rnill~m 

children. "nmol/ the ~hildren. m~ 9~(),OOO w~'c 

unJ;.wful I",",;gr.nls, ,,,,d 4.4 million we,"" nllliv.,-

born or lawful!", mlg".nl~ ' 

'r"hlc 2 ;;h"w~ t he d"""derl<lic~ "r ul1I,,,.-(ul 

in'n'i~ran l h(Ou,;ch.ll<ls in c"""I'.rill<1n In """·im,,,i· 

):r~nl and law(ul '"'01',\(101,,1 h"u~chuld~. Unh ... ·ful 

;,nm'~ranl h"u""h( d" "re ".r~r Ihan other h"u",," 

hold!'. wllh &n .vt.'rn~(· of :1.7 jlI:n".m' I",r 00""'" 

huld mmp~rt'd 10 2.5 l><:rson~ in "on.I"'""gr"nl 

h()u!l<'hol<l~.· 
91 

T ill: ~"' CO"'T (W U"I.AW I'II t\t m.A"' rs 

A"n A.\tS&1oTY·m TII H U .... TAXl'A nM 

Household Differences in Education l evel, 2010 

p.....",. .. ,\_\ .""¢I~"'W<>" $0.1'16 

P,"",,",~!h«ty~~_~ i6''11 " ... _ ,.;11\............ 12"" 

~~""""'------------,;; 

~ ...... f....-""'_ ..... ,..._.~"'" .. "1"" .... 1_101O 

c ........ ""","",100 s..-... 

nbwfuthnmi~r"nl h"usch"ldij how ''v'uwti~e 

c"m"'~ I" " "ulljleh,Ad, 1.(' eilnop.,,,,! I" I.~ "milng 

I>lln-'mml~" ''1 hVUM:hnld.<. II "",...,,,,,. lh~ ~wr· 

",I(C ",.rn">g!! I"" wotk~, n", d,uno.t "'" lIy It,,",'Ct in 

u nlawful Im m~r~nl b( u$ lIQld~ $:H,7!l1 pc. wo . k<:r 

con'I''''cd II> 1-1:1,41:1 in tl<)n,jn'n' ig.'" nl hWs<:h\l ~ 

C<lnIl'3'Y I" «,""cnl i,,,,,,1 ",i"d,)"" nM-ddcdy .<lull 

unlawful imm'I!I'3,,1$ an' not "W,<'- I(kcly 10 ..... "k 

Ih,,,, "'" ~i otil", n",,-i '" '" i~r; 'I~. 

The ~ds 0( unlawful ,mm'g,anl I>Il ~h Ws 

lore )'Ou ~c" wllh II mcd'" n '!W of :H IV mJr~. d 10 

r.o nmong nhn-,mn"IC" " " h"".ellQlde.,.,., p",Uy 

l)l.:c"uS<' 111<')1 arC youn!?,,', unh .... f~1 immi)(nrnl 

h"uscllOl ...... hIWc m'l'" chlld,,'n, with an avc,l¢'! V( 

1.6 <.hillh"n !I'" h"u>~hol ' i:t' "'I'~" II" (l,r, ~m ng 

I>IIn·immillr~"l huw.<:hl,I(hI, The h~hi'r num!>t:, uf 

t: hil~( .., ,, lends 10 rai.., Jl"""n",enl"1 costs "mo'lll 

unlawful immigronl l>Ou~h"ld H, (!loll h I""'flll :on() 

unlawful "hilUren In unlaw(ul Imn'iJ;mnt h<.>U!iC' 

.l hl~ t: d~ihl" I'~r puhl k "Iucali"". ond i he larg~ 

numher IOf <.hildr<::n wh" "'''~ h!l,n In the II.S . • re 

"I .. , d~l h! e f,,~ n,c,n.-1,,,,lcd ,...::Ir,,," bc"d' ~ ~""h 

"" r""", 1"n'I ~" Mod ;CaiJ . • (111 Chlldn- ,,'!! 1I "~ llh 

In~ll .. n("" l',"sr.>m bcncnts) 

1.1)' t"nl.",;!. Ihere ~.e "'tY few cltk.ly jlt:""'''. in 

u"r.wfullmnugt;lnl OOu><:h;)lds. On ly 1.1 I"'rttril uI' 

jlt:,...""s in Ih("", hl>I.L<c""lds "II! """ 6,"; )'C "'~ of 111$ 

\"(,rnp",,-<llo 1:1.7 r~nt nfpersunsln non·.mn'~"'nl 

h"u""h,~ d~. Tilt! :./)$cn,"" ,,(eldcrly 111. ..... '''" '" unlaw_ 

ful im",~."nl h<>u..-ch"kI5 si ~ninClO nlly " :d",: .. ,,, ,'ur· 

,,'nl !!<I"'''nn'cnt C<!"ls: how, ... ~ ... if unlawful l"'nll-

~rnn " rem",n In Ihe u .s 1)I.:.mo""nlly. Ihe number 

wllQa,~ ddt:rlywiU <Jb"iQusly ;ncrM'<: !lig";r",,,ntly. 

Unlawful .mmigrant hl>u ""holds " ..... f:or "'" .... 

lik l~' to be po,,,. Over nne_lhird "f unluwful 

• 

im m'g"'"' hoUl'<'h!)lds h«w inl','''''''' helo'" Ih~ fl,<l. 

" , a l o~rl Y Ic,",,1 "um,,"n II " \lUI 1''''''''nl "l'low· 

ru! I",mig",nl ""huld~ ~"d 13.(1 I"'r t~ fll of no,,' 

"""'o;:ran! hou""lmld~. 

&tuention Level orUntawrul 

Iminig rnllillollseholds 

Th~ 11>'" w"lIe le,·ct I>f unlawful 'mml~"fll wo.k· 

e.s is ~ i,~c\ .. """It, ,r I hei r Inw ~ducali/l" c~ s. As 

'r,ob l~ :l .\-hl>w., half o( ~fl "wf,, 1 "''''i gr~ nl hou",," 

holds ~'" h\<oocd b)' l' r""n~ ... ithullI D hl~h ""h".,1 

<l~~r~c : ",orc lh"n 7~, j>Cr~cnl n", hcndtld hy ,n<li-

",dunls "";Ih " hillh ""ho(.1 d~rc" ,,' leSS, O nly 10 

pcrcenl 'If unluwful imn';~r"nl h!luso: h"ld. ar~ 

<>tl ,1 by ~"lI c~ gra<lunlc., tty ro,,'wSI. amonS 

!lVn·ln,m ilt ..... nl h(>u!O:h(>!ds, \1.6 !,ercent a,e hcadc<l 

by p~rw,," wllhout" hi~h :«:h",,1 d''Jlrcc. mound 40 

rc,Cent a'e headed by !,~r!<>ln~ willi a hillh ...:hOOI 

dC!j"rtc o r leu. nn(1 nCMI)' (One·th,rd "r~ he a,h' d t')' 

"i'llcg~ .~(lunt c~. 

Thc u ... cnl un \o'''''fullm l~r" "II IUI' u,"l i<) n Ih"" 

",."'uin. " di~""'(l'" lion,,!c ~h,(( c ,,( p •• ,rly .. '<Iuc.l· 

cd ill(lividwJ~, This(, I"dlviduhl. will k nd 10 Iw",", 

I"w P!(i.·~ Dnd pay "'''''I,",a\lvcly I illie in IU" •. 

Th,"c is. ~"mn"'n mi"'!lnceplion Ih"llhe lu .. 

!: docation I~'"t l. of fI.'Ce nl ;",miJ!,.nls arc 11 •• 1 Or 

a ""."",nenl historic,,1 p,til e.n and Ihal lhe U.S, 

h •. < w .. )'S .dmillcd Immlg,"nl' "'htl \WrI' l)f)I)rI)' et/uc"k,J rel,,(jve I" Ih" n' .. i""-I,r'1'n 1'''l'ul"li"". 

lIi;;lI>ricall}" Ihis h" ~ nol III...:n the Oa""'. ·u , exa n)· 

pic, In Ijl6Q .• 1'Cenl imml~,"I1~ wc.~ n<1 mO .. Iik r 

lI",n "'m·'n(",I~""'lslu lock. h .d"H~ dlll('L~'. 

Uy 1'.1911, 'l'Cenl ;m",ig",,,ls '\'ere a ln'061 [uur liml'S 

ruo rtl llk ly lu ""'k a high lICk,,!)1 dLog'I'" Ihn" W"'" 

oon_im mij;:r.> nl ",· 
92 

"i\~TI 

~.:t· i\ kcp<>n )i0; , .. 

loMU, :I\I,. 

Households by Education Level 0'[ Head of Household 

.' 

..... I.. III .11 --.. 

, 

-.... -- f~"'''Wl<> _ 

.-- ... 

--.. 

..... 

---..... 

- ... 

--.. 

, 

-... "'" -- _ ~ .......... ""'~ ...... "'"'"' o!.~_'''' U. c.. ..... i _ 

QIQ~""""''''~*~'' ,,,,,,,,Iot'_''''_oI",,, 

II~ the ,li,tivc ~~ ", .. l,nn kvd ofinlmill"dn~ tetl 

,n 'L",{,nl """:odc~."'l di~ ,""i, ",1:.1,w w''1I~ lewl •. I II 

1%0. II", """ru&<: imlliK'·' "1 mAle ill I,,"' 11$ . act u-

"lly C"'"L-d n'u'e Ihan the average ",'n.lmmillrant 

m"1e. I\~ Ih" ,dal;"" l~ I" "'i,)n k ... cts"f~uh"':!4 U"n' 

w,""s of immlJl. ~ fLil. SO di~ rcl~ i ..... w"$CS. Uy 

'V ~8. 'hc ''''' .. ~~ 'mmig,.,.,,1 c",nc<I ~:\ ,""c"nl Il .... ~ 

Ihon Ihe Mvcmgc 1)(I1I·lm",ig"dlll "u 'ned." 

Aggregate Cost uf 

GO\'Crnlllent lIenclits and Scr"ices 

lin)' ,,,,,.ly.i •• ,rlhe <li~trihul'''n '" ""'nerot •• nd 

la.w:!i wil hin Ih" U.S. I"IPu l"liun ",ust 1"'Ilin with 

:In :>c~ rnlc counl ,.(Ihe C<l~ 1 of .1 1 I"'ndlts and "" .... 

vii' ... p,,,";<Io.-<I I">yLt.e!/,1vnnmc nl, Thcsi"" lind cn.1 

"( so''',nmcnl i~ 1'" , ]:"gc' Ih n" m.nyp ..... plc im;<j!-

ine. In fi",,~1 >", .. (1'Y) ~OIO. hecxl>""dil ~",s"f lh ~ 

fL*rnl go~' nm nl we'e $;! (, l,iIl.ln. I" Ih~ ."n", 

Y""', ""I",,,dil,,><,,.. "r sl"l " lind h:"'It,"",.""'~nl;< 

'\""~ $1.~ 4 1"1Ii",,, 'rh" ",,",h'neol Y~li", "rr.'!W,,,I, ~I"'C, n-d OC~ 1 npc"d ilu, ~~ in FY :21)111 was $SA 

I"II~,,, ." 

Th;,; ~un' i~"" In >"&" Ih:o\ " '" dim,,,11 to ~"m lr<'­

hend. 0".' way '0 ~ra.p t he "i.", of Jl.t""tn,nenl n",.., 

,e.dily 1~ In cnkub,' U ""crngc e~"""dilur~.,.; , 

hou><:I",I!!. In :!o)!U. the'e wen' \2V ~ mill k", hnuse· 

holds ,n th ~ U$." ("hi ~ r.~u'~ [n""udi'~ bI~h ",,,Iii· 

1",,,'On familili' ,,11,1 jingle 1",,;.oM living or>cJ 

The "wr..." C<'~I ,,( It',vcr nm,, "t ~I",n ding Il\u. 

~",,,unl~t1I" $4~}I~~ lie, I\t'" zlc ,~d """I$..~ l he U,S. 

I>o,lu lal"'n." 

The t:;.~ ',illi"" in )(ov",,,n,""1 upclldilurc is 

not rM~ il mUl'l be 1,"1(1 ftlr hylnxing ut bo rrhWill)! 

c~ ,," \'mk; 'CjI<)UC"CS ('11m Jl.m"' i('" '''' ,I< W bOle,,"w_ 

ing fmn) IIh",,,d, In I'Y ::0 (J .I"'k ,,, llaJro.'" m"''''' ' 

c;j In $2.1:2 I ,illion, Stal,' ~n-d r>c~ 1 l aX"," ~nd ,daled 

'C""nUL" "",,,unled 10. 51 ~~ I ri1l~," ." T''I«!lhc r, rc't!· 

~",I, r-tllk. and 1~,,113).:cS nn",,,nled lu $4,11 trillion. 

T.XL'" "nd ,~Ia(l'll ' C''\:IIUCS Came 1<.1 7~ p",cc ni of 

lhe $S.~ Iril1ion ;n ex pCllltitU ....,. Th,> gop 1\o.1WL'cn 

Ian'S and .,Iending w,,~ linanct:d b;< CO""::,nmcn l 

>urr""~ng, 

Types or G •. wernme n t .:xpenditure 

lifter the ~1I ,,,,,'I ()f ltQv<:rnn'enl bendils "ml 

",,-,vicco hn 1l<",n dele'mlned. U,.. ",·xl ~tcp In an.· 

Iyzill)llllt: di>lrihuti"" orbc""nl~ "",flax"," '" I" 

determln" II,.. b,mtnd"tk .. uf sll'-1:lrll' j!<J"c ,nn,"nl 

1" "II'~ U<. Su",u pr<!I(".n,$. . och '''' Sodal S<'< u'ily. 

nellUy parrcl (lui be ndil ~ h' ~nc"' ;" imli"kIU31~. 
93 

~\[1 ·~u~.ou! ~1!\J"W w<XI ~.I(> "0,11110(1,,<1 i"l1 ~u '~Id 

w~,", ~P<l tS[lOl>l!' "!1<I"d 'HId IUn'J '''"41 "~1.""t... 

~1!I'mb S!4J.) ·~pu~d~.I.(lI',mwlU""" jQ uO!lUlndod 

~41 so l'u'''lx~ "I 1""'" ,(1I"J;ou;ojl.,uCJ)l.lJd 4'n~ 1'''0 

$! ""'" I!fl"''''x~ 1""""I-U(}II1Ilo(lod J<l ' J01""J .( ~ \I 

'M""'4~!4 II'JU ~I'II<)J '~I1"!''''(ka 

1"~I"j.I'~I'''''''1 ~! ;Unl!P"",lx" )'''''''' ·ui~I''lnd''' l 

IU"I./Od.ul J"'IW"V "!nKI! loNdsul 41I \l."I IU~ ,(1o'J"" 

r~"'J I"''' 'u'~ "1!U"S '"~Jcd '.jJooa 'UO!pal'U'\ ;"!I 

Il"" ""I~l<I "pnpll! ""mIIP",dJ.' P'''''''I,u<l!lO'lnlh"\! 

·" 1! UnW""'~J,'dn.oJgO«)4,,,n·"IP~!~J""JIM",,jd"lI" 

-HuOIiI ~\!II,.!1o"II">SII'tJ·u,,! )Ulndl~l '$1"n(\l~!I"" '"10 

-::111'"<1 (lj 'O)lIAJ:)O; 111111 'l!lau;,(lnl~J'»I!p "1'1",,,,1,;;,,,, .... "" ""!",;I4I[10 !'UM 'Sl!l'u.lIll"'''''''I_§''''"'U '" IIIJ""'1 

l" JIP ~ ....... "" ... \ 's~ ...... as )~S II ''''!I'' ln do,l 

'OH.\7. .'.:1 U! U(,!l~J'II'~UI' 

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~d U,,!I",'"!'-' A,"PUo.",. puu A.HUI!,11 "'!tlI"d JO I~'~ 

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".(14~"''' llu!4J"$l.I~ 'Jj"!I'u'l<l~ IU~WU';I,W~ 1"""'1 111m 

"I"l~ JU Iu.)u<lIhun;> 1~0>iI.>.1 ~I~"!~ "4 ~! u!)!1~Jnp".:l 

'IirojM,>!; 1""0\1"""1);1 \10 II "IIU;)<I-> U"'II O\IM lenll!l'!pu! 

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1"~''''' .':w.:l" '''Il'''"'''~.' lS'''" oJ "I"nl~A!pu! "I ",,!I"~ 

·nl'~ 1""OIl".>Q.' pun '.('"f>U<",",,"t?l,d ,.,,"Jltl(j.)."lj; .~, 

,",upd ""I A,"d Iuawu,a.,,'~) ' uO!l_::>nIY.:l J!14"d 

.1., 011 )<' A.i ul PI" (l-'IS:>j"""",u 

u" UI'!lII'1 <,,: t IU;H ~ "S"n""'ll ·11"1 ...... 0 rdnoJB "II 

U! ""!'''I'!I'''''''\lJ'' ';)IlIUm, l~lUl 0'11 ~l\ dn'u~ "'I ' Uti 

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ln ".~ J"ln ~! I"'~ ~ '''J IS"" "l!d,'" ",d .,:ill..l ..... u " 4.1.) 

·li1 lnp" I~>I\I~"IP P"~ ""'ftSJ~,1 ~IJ~ 'I~ '''"'PI!4'> ~n 

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"1 ,;.U!M ..... JO 1'"'" "I!d~' •. Id .'IiI.nM u"' ~..,"d,u"J 

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p~lun"'~! s'~""""l ~Jn'!I"' IV J" ~nl"" ''II SU 'P"'" 

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IU,'!dl.l;U "I P"PIMIJ<I "'~ 1"41""',,,,, 

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'<IU,!dp.lJ 1>1 4~~' J1! ,'QJ d ':lJ.m ''II 1'''" ISS "" 

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~)QI" I<'I:I!~J.'S IM! :kIS "'Ii ru~ :",n,J!o.>d (~ I']nu 

(u.>J PI!":) puu '''l'''U''1 ·u'>"''',\'>.) ;)110\ ~IJI "'",~,l!>u, 1 

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~ u'~P3S :( I~S) "un''' 1 lil!'''''''5 1"lu.u~'I<ltlns 

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sw",Jlo,d ~'"JI".I\ FIS,ll'~""~I~ ·~ I'I'''l;;:Ij\l 1 nw"",! 

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·".(1 1'.>I~'I·''''''I~ .,IY "8 palU '~ "_~ 1I 

·OIOr. 

,1..'1 !I! i l\j,IU"<j WUIP U()"'IJ.It!'Ji ~t~IS IU 'l<I~ !" 'U"J' 

'Ml~ '1111.1""'0 (.,·~l uald] .\J In J.)qwnl' IUWI '''11 .(q 

(l-'P!AII' II-,,!AJ"" "~,,!(l-'IV JII I""'> 1" ,111 "11 sl""IIa 

J;l<.jwnu ~1~.u · ... ,.'l!M"II ;un~!p.1 ~ JU IS(l.') GII".J ';"I(! 

.")/IIU""" ~411) 1 Innt", ~H f""I'!A!!"'] Un JI)J ~J~:>! ':l I~ J'J 

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~l\ P'Al""" ~"J!hJ.">S I"'!I""" 'Ol":!! I",d 'J(JI ~ I"du.,,~ 

{II lI""" IOU ""I'l' 'IUU ':wJ~ ',(IP.U!llJO ·x~ ld'u().l 

;UO'U~! $..IIAJ .... ~W.:l'I)~I~ J(IIS<.>~ 41 Jlu!!el"JI":) 

'IU:)l''''l 41 ~U!J""!I~I' U! "''''I'"'''! "I"'" a.'!IIIJ I 

"lU!W '~ " 41 ~nld ~""4J Al!,n:>'>S I~!;)I>S '''lIJ'\ " "I"h 

a'il I~"h:> 1'100,", IU'''''>.I 41 JI) 1~"" "41 '~H,n);>s 

I~IJIIS ()~""~ 4' uJ '''' '''"J~l~r ol.'"".,.{[.l.1I1"1·"''' u 

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·ndod ~41 II! "lunp!A!Jltl] nl ~"' 'J"'! ) In<! p~I-',)J"d 

usl'pua\l~IjJ, ",","n,IS-~' >t,uuu"""J" ,aJ''''''II'''' 

.'~"'UII.JI X]J!uJ """,~",ul ~w u,'d\)J d IU"""'1 Po'>'!ll 

'' ~~ ""u'Id'''uJ .~'''~''I'' lIu~ .'''''"'n~u J I"'W 

'A"ldw~" n ~'" SW"J8<ud IY""'''1 P'''IP 1~I!"ol;;(ln~ 

J~'flO '~ JIIJ[I"')~ P"" "",nHS I"!J'US .,,~ 1'uu,li\.),(/ 

I!f"''''-I pa.!p I~'''I ~41 JeJ ~Il ~"OI'J~ d .)wUJU!·"'>1 

<> 1 Jl:'II! "" I IOU ~'" ~'U~ iI<"'h t 1~ ''''''4 :''1J lP 's,uu,li\.),d 

1'<'I~"\'$U"""w "lIlIulI '1"111'\'1I"'! "~'uJ ~!~."" "WJ 

-;I< I~ J" ''''''IIP",<I '''11 '" S"'.J>"","I ''''~ JJIJI!" '),'lllAU' 

s<UUJlJ<ud ly"""(J PJ'IO '~ IYilU"8 133-11 (1 

" l><l<JIIl!\,!,,1l JJ!\d ]lu" 'AI!"! PIt 1".1'" 

''''MIllI JOIJd wWJ ifu!lIl1gaJ suo\l"~llfl'l 1"[""OIl!} 

J~4N P"" 'S,=I .. I·";).'! .... ".l""'''\i·u,,!J>lJI"IIJud '>a.'\~ 

·,as !ftul~a"J1>(l-' "'IU''''''I pal"'I's""",,, ''''Uau'''l 

IJ.1'!P '''''I''Ql!~I~.:I ~!~ >.I I"! S""nl!!lUJt!IQ jU,'WUJMolt 

\1IIW'HI .~ ~ SUj)l."l\j .'pn)S,,!\ll · .. '"!h''''' P"u ~1!l;"'''1 

luawu ....... '!f j(> u()HnQ!' ISJP "41 OOIWJ.1I.lj') ()~ 

·~ .lldw<l.pJl) IU >! wlUlI<u~J,,;)(l.\ ln'll 

JIl sl!Jau;)I1 "'11.1" "'~I.""II. J .... 1<ud a41I1"!"!IUJ~I"ll 

"I"nJl!~!pll1l 0 1 ~IUt»J"" Inl' 1,'J,.d ~1I".1U I"" OP UO!I 

.'"J)""" .fu.I<4H!\I s" 4ans .",~p"nJ IU.l"'UJ ..... o~ 

J;}Ijl»'pu~" '''ll''~'!l uo 'I),)P!·"'U(! m.1u:"I ,''!IJ'' lSI);) 

" 411'''" Anl)lO"''''I .141 JO ~1!l"'>P! .1'11 ""1"'JJ Jl 

"I ,'''"'' .'t·M!l"laJ "! I! """"41 s~ 'I.lns lfI"~JJ!<U,t 41!,\\ 

~AV,IXVJ. -S"!l3 1U OJ. ~.L<lI ~ .. ·v (Jsv s.t '1Y !I' ''' ~!' ''' I<IV1N"!I ,IOJ.._"f):>1V.""' ,1 :W.L 
94 

numh~' ofPI~ i,,, .n~ r. ,~r'glltcn; WIll ~e'" '",lIy nced 

III c~ parnl pn~)"'li"""lIy, 

In TMNI'WAmrr;runs. a st udy oftlle IL_,,,I (ll;t~ 

I>/' Im",ig,.t i"" publisllc'<l b)' tke N,.I ill",,1 A~"tlc",)' 

of SCient"". the Nali,,",,1 HC.,..,Mch CUlInd l (Nuq 

"'';u~d tll,1 if "",vi"", 'CIn~ins fo~ '<l whll.: tllel'OPu· 

I"L iun 11""~>'<.'!!. a prog,"m wmlllwme :O llJie~ c, ." 

"~the 'lUaLij)' o{l\O!,vi<,...,for 1.lS':" will IklcriQt.le. 

TI,o'. III" N lit' .....". Ille le,m "eonlP'"lihll' goOO'- I" 

(bcTlhe fl<1)1lh,li(m·ba,'cd ,;c'vk:c .... IIi~hwll)'~ '" 

"" "lwi(lUS Clt an'I'I , In gene,.I. Ihl' ~VI' I ,,( P"I>uI •• 

tliln· hn"".l ""rvk"", <',n hI: "tlu.:lIie,1 o,<"rlli 'Ill I" an 

ind ivlduuli; ""I imated ul ;li",,1 '" ofl he 5<""~ Or "I 

,,(1:01 pet cHpil" cl),;1 :l<'ro"" Ihc ,.d,'\'"~ ntl>opul"l"'n . 

A ~ub"ale)(f"y uf II)Jlullll""'-tso",~1 i"'tvl~c'" i~ 

KO"':rnmCn l odn,in[~ ra ti "" sUI'I''''1 funcHnn. ~ucl1 

,,~ lu llk .. :Li,)1IS and 1''Io:i~lal;''e ;>(: i"iti(: ~. 1', .... 

1~~p;»'C(~ v ...... · I~ ~ collec lion ~. gOl-'(:rnmt nl ",,-" . 

cr.!; 1I><,e(", •. ~'I.'; ~n'n~ Ihe ",,.1 n( Ihis "hencr,! " 

"I'pc~rs In b<: I't"b cm"Ii ~, 

Th~ ""IUli .. " lu Ih is ~jlcn,"l" is I" ,,'n"Cl' u~ li ~ 

1l<J\'~fnnlcnl ac livit ics inl" IWI, t<' h1~IIri ~l; primo,y 

f u nCI Io ,, ~ 0 nd ..,('(In~. ty f u nt l iOM. 

• /'r;m/If, [uI1.-tiiJIIs 1""VIde hendH. dircdly 'il th~ 

I'uhlie, I rn,y ndud~ d irccl .nd n",an~ estt:\l t"'n-

~r. S. Cduc"I ~'n. ottli"a,y 1"'l'ululll,n.-b .• "cd "",. 

vices !lUCh liS polke • nd pR,b, ,,~ !lublic ~,~>ds. 

lIy r(' lr ~~' , Id't'()n,/,,,y ,''- ~1I1"""-1 !"n<:I;iln~ ,III 

not I'"""dc di,eel hencnts to Ure rul~k: bul dn 

p,ovide 1I<lC.",,;:"y .uPPUII ""I vit:c"S Ihal en~t~c 

Ihe g(N~r" 'c "1 to pe,fiotm pri",",y functions. 

FI" aaml' ~, rII' "",,can tc't:ei'" f", 1I) "lamp """ . 

clas unlcs .. Ihe )(u,"",mcnl 0",1 ll c~ls b~"S 

hi fu nd Ihe p"'g"m. Sc<,undnry funcUMs c'''' 

Ihus rn, c"""i,k-red "n in l"·",,,1 1',,,1 .,rlhe""',,1 

vf p,oducli,m" of 1"lm'ltY functio n!" and II><' boncr.1 ~ ,,f secund",), 'UPI"" I funcLII'ns (a" be allll· 

c. c~ "m"n~ Ih"p"p"I.liun i n l!rUIII'rl inn I" Ih" 

~IJOI:~lion 1If1le",·f>I. rmn! go ...... 'nmcnillrim"'y 

functioll". 

(O"wrnn,elU ~pt:n l $1171 him"n "n I'upul"l ""'· 

1»1st;~ "",vi<;es in y 2010. o r Ihis ;I",ollnl, ""HIe 

'769.6 bink>n """I for din~ry Wtvl\:,;s ~u~h a, 

""lic" t,,1 p",h, ~lH j SIOIA billi"n wenl r", ""'mi,,· 

isln"I"'~ JlI )(l rt ru"Nlon~ , 

Int ""SI and lll ~" Flna ndal ObligatlortJI 

Relnl ing U) PaSI {l ,w 'nm nt Activities. Of len. 

~':"' o\I n~"OMT )i1);13:I 

),MU, ,"," 

lax «..,,,,,"". "~ insulliC>enllll pay (,It III~ fult ~"'l "f 

~()VC,nmcnl bcncLilh a nd ""ryic~s. In Ih ~1 t""". )/I"'. 

c'nln~nl will hor ......... monf')' .. nd ,..:tumul.l c dclJl, I n 

,u1!!<c4ucnt )""" , i "'c,csl l"'y'nenL< "lUol 00 Il.id I" 

I bilS~ who lenl Ihe g"",'nmcnt money. I "1,,,"c.1 Jla)~ 

nl ~ fu, Ihe gove'nmenl dchl "'~ in focI I"""~I 

paymenl. rO L'~slg,),,"rom~n l IlCncf,l'3nd "",v~. 

Ihal "'c.e " lIl fully pai\t r..,r "Ilht lin!~ of ~~~ 1VI,',y. 

Sin'll"rJ)'·W'wrn"'cnlcn'pl"rL..,s dcli....,r ... 'vin~ 

10 Ihe public. l'.rL of lhe ro.;l 0111>" "",vlre is I>lud 

((I' jmn'L'dialdy Ih' u~h Ih c cn'J!I(lyc'e'5 ~""'r y,l1 ul 

)«M:' ''llIcnl "mpl('Y"~> a, " "I"" <·",ml'.:n.-..td hy 

fulut~ "-1 i ten,enl bcnclil§. To ~ C(ln~ld~r.hl e d")(tee. 

expenllilu'L"; {If I,ub/ie_clut ",li,.emc,,1 u'" Ihe,e· 

fure pr'-""Cnl l'"YnlC" I" in <:()m "'ns.~ lilm Il>r sc.vic· 

Cti dcli ....... <'ll,n Ih~ "n~ "T1ttl ~1'C "di()ltl! calcJ:"')' 

"i "":rc.,;1 "nill her ;"on(:!~1 ,,1~ig;llhlns relating I" 

11"-.<1 !IO,\'n'mc nl ;oclivilio,s" thu,; includes In l"!1S1 

"noJ principul I~oym"nt,,- un ~"'r<:rnn nl ~I:hl "lid 

"IIOl)'~ for ~,,,,,m menl n'I~"Y"1: 'd'r~m~nl , T~ nl 

1I'''"m,,'''nl ,;jlCrI<Jfn.>: lin t hc'SC llcmSC4 " alc'll S5:1J.:1 

billi"n inFY :l(IW." 

Whil~ di. ecl 1Ic".Ilt,,-, mean.·Ie:<lcd """"fol,;, 

puhli<: e<lul:"!i,,,,. ~nd 1~'I"'I~! io ·b " ... 'll ""rvi"c~ 

",'111 11'''..0 a.;; mOte In"nign",U I~kl: up n .. ide"c" 

In Ih,· Unil <-<1 StutCll, IIIb; ~ nol Ihe u"" f", 1"lrr· 

cSL1,")'mcnl. un Ihe .M,l ",,<I ,clO1ed """'ts. l'h""" 

~"Sl~ ~ f'lWd Ill' 1"'''1 K"VC' nmcn( ~I",ndifl)l ",..J IlOr!l1"'il'\S""d.f<' "" ~I)' unotfc"'lc'<l."II<·al!1 in Ihe 

inle,mcdiale letm. II}' imnli~,anl~· ent,y inlO Ihe 

!'nitell SMes. While ~n inc,ca';"'\! lnllow of Imml· 

""I~ will lc:1d 10 n" ine,e,."" i" m"sl ("'m5 ofJ:llv· 

C'"mCnl ~p""dl"):. it will not ca""" nn inc'ea"" in 

inh>'l!j;1 I',,)'mcnl$ "" 3"""nm""1 <k.o\)l 'n the .,11<)'1 

le,m. 

T" """""" 11K! nsc~1 Iml,aCI of unl:."d,,1 Imm[· 

J:nlnL .. Ih,·,e(",e.lhc pre",enl ~"1 ("11"",,,1 hI: 1"" · 

~w ""'. uMd by 11K! Naliunal 1\""';'I1r<;ll L<lUncil in 

'(hr '" IMwrirun" Thai is. il ignore'" the cuSIS ,,f 

intereSI tIn Ihtl <lehl and si n,il., fi nand.1 "llllpt ions 

when ~alc ul ~1i11J: I he ""I (<IX bu,den iml!OS(:d by I~w· 

1',,1 ,,,,d unlawrull",n'~r"nt hOUilchold .... 

01\ Ih ~ Olhe' h"nd. "'hile unlawful In,migrdn l 

h"",-""I\.,Ms ,I., ""I inc'ease gu",,' nh1cnl~t 1 il11m,,· 

lli.h'ly. such housc h,oI<I. will. nn ' .. "'n~e. irn:tea..: 

",~)V\'rnmcnl ~dll sitl,,;nca nll y ow, Ihe long ~t l11 , 

1'", ~x,,, ~plc. i( "n unl,.",rul i"'m;g"~"1 h"u.""-

hold 3<',,,,,,,lod . tid li;.tl1l d~f, cil (b<.'ndl!f rL-.:dvloJ 

ru inus t~Xl'S l~"id ) "r J~O."(lO "". Y'· ... and 'oughly 

:!l1 pcn:cnl Ofth~1 amflunl ,",'''; r. nun"~'<l ~atl\ year by 
95 

T ill: SC"' Lco.'"T ,W UNI.AW I' IJL'~ '-\l m . .. ",· rs 

Mm A.\IN&!o"TY Tt. TIIG U.s, TAXI'A nM 

A~U;' 

Aggregate Government Expendin.res and Revenues: FY 2010 

Govem .... "t EtpOn(li\u ... 

SIO,o ....,lo<aI 

Foci ..... E"poM;t.... Expond;, ...... ( ... __ 01_) ("""""01_, 

-~" UIiS.113 147.1115 1.1;:1,188 11I.08!I 

_''''''''''_f~ I\o!t990 112._ 11),(.898 .,~ 

l'1I ... tkwo-..rU ,,~ 6l.I.7!.S 758,039 ",'" ~tmb.>om ... ~ 249.11!1 ''''''' 811 ~ ,2.~ 

1",-, __ ...ro'1l iLoto V4.4tn .. ~, SH,ll7 >4,4)1; 

-,~""""'" 

Pl.", oubIi< It'Q<!o,,,oondiI,,,,,,, 1,001~.)9.4 22.1\13 1,()11,SM ~.912 

101.1.....-.... 1.4I!J,Sll 1,939.1>41 5,402.6U 504'.932 

ToI oI.....,..,;"' __ ""bIk ..... 2,1lI9,n4 1.60'1._ 1,l'91.6n 

... ...,d1tu .... 0<1 ....... 6W~!w "'- p ..... t>1< .. 

'""'""'m .... Ro_ 

SlOtoOO<llO<al _.i .. _ l _oIR_ R.....-{~ T",oIR....,,,,,, - ,.-..; 

(millions 0/ 1IoIl ... ) of _ .. ) (,.....""" 01 oIOlIonl ,-, 

T._ nlllo$ 1.11'2,445 1;;]6.0)7 1,653,461 130.477 

'...,.......~_1'I\_b "',ill ""ru '

~~"'!""""'"' ''"'", _ .... le<Ii''''''''''') 

T"' .. _ ...... '.-.- 2,1l2,445 1,98.1.572 4.101.011 

_ _ .. _"" ___ ,,, 4ot.~ ....... ~ eer....._ .... OlOc-

""" ......... ~s...~_I .. "l"""""'t"~ .... 

il',vc,,"ncnl hj"'''win~. lhen the Inlnli)('~n l h,,",..·· 

h(tIJ wi)Uld hc. i:S IJ1')llSlhIC fw _<lding rwgllly U.OOO 

Iv llV,.",n",cnl <I"bl e~ch )'<'" ... AI"!c., 50 years. lh,' 

(, mill ' (''' ntrih''l~m t" ,,,w h ing"""mn," nt ,1..1>1 

WlJul~ be "found $200,000, Wh ile IhCS\' II'Jtcnl~1 1 

l'OS ~ "'~ sil(niiitanL th~y " re ootside lh~ """pc of' 

th. ru'r('nl ""[let und n,." not In.ctud c..:l It', Ihccuic u1"Ii-Ins I"CS<onlc<l hl·'u. 

Pure Pu blic Goods. :''' ''~,"H C th.,,,,,y di~lin ' 

1I0 '~hl'" b.,'twc~" I' riv~ e cons""'llIion R""d~· nlld 

I,ure pub!", Jt01)(ts. !;l~"'''",", 1 ,, I !(",nuli."n 'S 

Crl1li1C<l wilh for"1 n'uki"~ thl~ dlsllndion. In his 

""nlin,,1 19:;4 paper Th~ Pure Th"",y of I,,,hlk 

l':~pi:rutjlu,e" ~ Samuel,.,.." tlcf,n,11 a pure publ ic 

• 

,II'.". (0" whal he ~lI c<l " "",lIb,1 "" """''',"1'11 .. " 

gnu.:!") "~a gI'IVd · ",·Iokh ~t I "11)11)' in romn!!>n In lhe 

""<IS<' t hut ....lCh i"d;""~u"l :' cun~u"'pl j"" "rSu,'h " 

II'Mld Icads t o> n" s"t~,a ltions f,i,,,, . ny .>lh,,, indi. 

vidual>: co nSun1pli<m <lf th~l govd." Uy l~nl,ast. U 

"pdv~\c con~ump ;un g<I<,d" i~ "~tlOd lh~1 ·c:", bt.: 

pan:c k..:l ,lUI hm<tng duren,n! ind,vitluhls." tll; U"",, 

lIy UtW pc,,,,,n p.w ludl'!' "r d"nihi,l'w~ il~ U!'c b)' 

:,ool her. 

'" classIC eumlM ()l ~ pu .... IIUblil.:Jl",,,1 i. ~ li~hl ' 

h'.'''' •. •. Th~ roct Ih:o( on~ ship pc'cd""", lh" w: ... ,· 

~ Iw"'-~Ph do,-, n~! din,lni.h the u",.ful n,'SS Or lh" 

Iighlh1lllS<' I" " the' ~hjl"'. AII\tll'wr d~a.-., ,"'h'l'l ~of 

"g<,Ycrnmcn\nt pu<c puhlic g(l1loJ W(ou l<l he 8 rulu,,, 
96 

~UI''' r"t "~n~~'r 1""dU"~ d 10)' It'W1:rnn., ·,u.funde'll 

~sea Thc lioel Ih~1 n"n4"x1'3}'c,~wu'\llll 1",,,d,1 

ffi,m Ih;,; (I I$('uve,)' """uld ncllh~r dlnlln I~h It,; I",nd,1 n<>' Itdd ex lr" "",10 'l~xp"ye,s. Ily e1 '''I ... ~.1. an 

(oiwiou; "~" ",Vk: of h I";"ole cOn$un>pl;<Jn go.od r~ 

"hMn>wr!1'''' Wh.", nne I.",."n <'al.>! II . II <"",11<)\ be 

~.!"nby'MItn;-. 

IHrl'c1 b.:ndlu., me"nHc<l~d 1.''' J'>~rol''. and l"<lU ' 

c~t1'm "",vi<"" ore r"ival ~ "" .. ulnpl;"" ~HId " in 

lhe ,;en$(' Ih"llhc 11.<.' I) ~ hcncro\ 01' sctvicc bY'1MC 

I"''''''''' pre'c! ude'S ''' lImil~ I ~ usc "r Ihal ""n,,, ben. 

lil ~ ""' th ~ •. (T"" r-.'tlplc .... nn"l ,,.:J', Ih" So",,, 

S"eiul S\:t u,il y check,! l'OI,ulaliun·ba""d . .."vic"", 

"ucll:o" na,ks~"'" hlllhw")" ~,e "ftcn e"II"",~ .s 

"Jlulllic ..;<H'Ids: bulll>u~ "","001 pU,e puhl '" J(\,,~ ~ ,n 

Ihe I,id llel1Sl' dcsr,lhc~1 "I~ I"". In n"",1 < •. <cl'. ali 

I"" nl,mlle . Ill' pcr!'!I"" using ~ ,pul.lion '''''SI~I ser· 

vic~ (;; h as hi~hwu) s ~ ntll"" kI<) lntTt'~H'S. lhu ~t· 

vic~ nlusl dll'C. ""pand e,l dli<~1 COSlln In pa}'1',i) 

or b<"'-~' n> c co Il"S I~d : In whkh CU$ 11$ q ""Illy will 

be r~'ll ..... 'i:<i. C" sc ~u~nlly. uS« ,-,f pU11IJIaI,Io",·basc-t! 

"".vic~"" sut h ~~ pul icc "nli Ii", ,I"p~rl me hIS h~ n'!fllaxl>ay1:' ~ (locs Inll''''''' $j~",fK:a"l ~XI." "''''IS On 

~p"yc.~. 

Gnve"'hlcnl IIUlt public )ll)()ds "'" n"~: they 

'ndud,· ,;clcnlICK' r;.'S('a.ch, def ,,~. slICn<iln>l (In vel· 

,,"'~ , Inktn"lion"l .rr",,>!. "I\d "',,'e u""v irunnlcn· 

h.1 p'''t\.-ctlu n act ivllw. such ru: t he l"c",·,"'li"I\ IIf 

endan!1C'ed ~1 1Cd .. s. Ji.och (>f t he'!'" rUI1cunns g>l""'" oily ,c t~ Ihe eri"·r;"n Ihal Ihe I'Cncfil" ",(t:i,'ell 

by "n'I"'X l"' y~rs " not .e,uUln . ~\d ulilily ru' 

taxpaye's. GI,,,,,, n,,,enl IlU'" public lI"o d ""'I",,,dilllt"" On Ih'''''' r"rltl\o.lnS (-<t u"I,~1 $'.I7k biJlion ,n Y 

~O ll , Inte rest l'aynlcnL< lin 11""",nm .. nl <,Icbl m,d 

, e!;.ted C<lS I~ . e.ullin!! rron' puhllc ~1l~1 ~pcndin~ In 

1\f "'I)U" y .... rs aWl an cslln,.lcd ~' ldlt iQl:l" l r""I,'1 

~v~." hi\l~," . h. ;''>.'\i'''~ th~ 10)1"1 public gl"><I~ ",.1 in 

!lY ~'QIQ I" $1 .071.5 blUi!!". 

An 'mmiglllnl's enlry onl o Ihe (" unlry n",_ 

III", i nere"'S,,,, Ihe ~ize and Co'._1 "r public ~lk oIs n"r ,ke."..,.." Ih e ulilily of 100."" l!Ooos lu tU I1"}'c, S. 

In c""I ... ~"1 10 dl.ect I",ncfils_ ", c~ n~ lc"l cd rn,nc· 

rots, pllbtk ",Iural",", "nd JK'pul"lion-iJaSl>d ~~rvk· 

<->S. Ihe f""llhal unl:",'ful "nd I"w·skill In,n")(I1lnl 

u!«h"ld~ n,ay,,",ncf,! from public ~'K}jI s'h"11h~y 

d<l MI I'.y ur ,~ not odd lu Ih,· ntll" ~ burlli:n '"' 

"I her ' ''XI'''YC'>!' 

This 'cl,,,. llhc.d()f" r"lI "w~ Illc """,,,, mclhi)(ls 

""" 'l'l"j'1.~ 1 by lhe Natl,,,,"1 B~~rch Cuu!>";l In 'rhe. 

M'w AmNit'41n, .rId ".dude'S public II'IQd s f ,um Ih" 

~.:c.· ,\I,k P< ln SO,I3:I 

),tAU,:I\I .. 

cuunl vfl>cnclllJ< ' ccd,,-'ll by unl:owful i",",il:(r~ "1 

huu;; h"Id~." (Fu, " fur Ihcr ,lis<:ussMln "f pUle pull· 

I i~ J;OI,ds,..", Arl>"ntll~ G.) 

Summllr y: TotAl Expenllitu,""s. A, T"blc -I 

sho ..... 1lW,..~ 1I ~u"".n", nt ~I",nding In I'Y 2010 

c"n,c lu 5.';."'> trolli"n. Dil'ecl l""",r,US h:.J an "vetollC (:t>SI "r 'II,OH~ I"" h"u,;ch,,((1 "",'lS.~ the wh'~" 

l>Vl>U.l"tiom, wllilc n>e'us-li:.K'll beJ'>crol.>! h"1j ~n 

'"''''"~''' <'<)Sl "r $6.<JH 11<'1' hOUl'L-h"I,L Educ:ll in" 

I",ne/Us and Il4lpulnlion.b.""d "",~ice" COlli Sfi.:I0~ 

:mel S7.~ 9 J'Cd",u>'Ch"ld. ' '''''V<,<:I;,,,ly. Inlcre":l pa}'· 

"n ~('n ~"".nm~ t deh' anti !tIher ,," SI~ "'I"ting 

tU l,a~1 !!",,,,,'menl 3(.11,,11 I~ C<>sl 14.-1:;(; IICr hou.<e· 

h"lll. I'ure IlUbli<: 11011" exp~n,1I1 u.~..,. t'{'"1I'ri ~'1l ~u 

I>. ,et·,.,l pfalll/U~'nmc"'l ~1 ,., n"ingQ",1 h.d "nave'-

"~ellS! ufSK'J12 IIC ' hnUl<ChHld. 

~;"cllI,ting spC",1i"~ "n public j(fI<~ . Inl eri:,ol 

on Ih ~ ~clIl. ontl .elu d ron:onc;,,1 uhlilf' iI) n~, lutul 

"1",,,,lllIg C. ,"e In t:ll.r.IH per u",, h'~,1 acr"". Ihe 

cllllrt.popul:ll\o.m. 

T axes and Ile ... nut~s 

Tu\al I~ .e~ on.ll ,,-""nue,; f", fcdc",l, SIMC. "00 

h",.1 R'l"",nn.ellis "",ounle,<1 (0, .Iu ' Irilli,," In 

1'1' 2{)tO, The fcoo",J .II<"",,",""nl f<~civcd .'-2.12 tI'iIlion In .~""nu~. while .talC lind IUt'al l/OWt"nlC"" 

"" ,,,,,,,,'ll SI.<Jl'ltrillkHl. 

II Iklni!c't!I\fca kdIIW n <If f<~lcml. ~1~lc. ",id lo.cal 

... xes isl',nvidcd in Appendix T.bl esfi anti 1. The bU;-

/1<.":1 ~"'c nue ICCnc",I". "':os Ihe ~1 leral in<un,c IU , 

whkh c,>:It la I"'Y<'r~ $1!')9 bill ion [n W IO. fulluwt<! 

hy Federal I n"u ... nt" Cont ribu!i"" Acl (FIC/\) ,,,~ ~ ... 

whkh mi!;l:d SI'I11 hill1M. l'roperl y t)lX " .•• the big· 

IIC"t " ,Ye nU!: lI.wuec . al Ihe "'lc"rnJ 1,.,...1 le",t", 

gcncral;"II «~ hilli"". while I,(c ner:o l AAlc~ I .. ~~ 

IP'thcrcd S:!SS billl"". 

Over !II) pe.cenl IIr lilt: ,e,,"nu • .". 8lM'W" In 

1I1Irx:I>IllxTobl.,,; fi and 7,,,c ~O vtnti n"1 IU<" " 'Id 

",wnUl->S: the m"inin~ 9 pcrc~nt ($4 4" hill I,,") ~rt' 

c" rn in!,(.' .,""' gu,,"rnnl cnl "ss,:u. priMlnrily ,"ssels 

hd~ in "'.Ic "n~ ...:~ I guv~rnm"nl cmpj")'(!,· ""n' 

.ion fund~. Ahllul """'·llu.,I"r urth<. ..... ""'t.'nu~s 

W"rc ,.,,,,-'Il lu fund u"~"'1 rd.lre'n1cnl bIln<'flto: Ih" 

«'SI " 't.'''' ne't.'umul:l\cd rllt rul uru uow 

I nlik~ )(C"",at I~~~. ' he,;" c~ 'ni 1\1:" ,.r" nol ",an' 

d:ol"'y '",n.<rel's fn'"' II.,.. Ik'11ulalinn lu th e go"" ',." 

me n!. bur ,all",. '~ r> I''''''''''1 ~n "·,:"n,,mk return "n 

:os""l. II>" guvt,nnIL'nl. "WIll; u, conl'ul,:. k'<:~ u"" 

Ihuy dunor ~pr....., nt ImylncnlJ! n,.el,· by hllu..,huld~ 

h' Ih/: K(I~~ rnm "1. IhcO\: "" n,~"rc ",11 Inclu,bt 

• 
97 

T ill: ~' ~"' CO"'T ,W UNI.AW IJLI t\t m.A"' rs 

ANIl A,\t S&1o'TV T1', TnG U"', TAXl'A nM 

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid: All U.S. Hooseholds, 2010 

""- OWRtSNtI DOIINtS IUHOUS<HOLD 

--

~, 

~""""i!. 

( <lo<;iouona! b<noffil> 

MioOrJI;.~",,_;~ 

~Jo:n._""", .. 

T ... ~and-'" 

"......,.w~""'" 

.""'~ "",. 

,n,817 

.. '" '18,336 

11.(10 

.,~ 

......... 

-, 

"*"",,,Wil" 

• HOIIh S<hool 

-

Ul,30J 

,S,847 

" 070 .,,, ~,lS9 

510,20\ 

17.M9 

...... 

:16,~99 m._ 

,......",.Wiltl

"---, . 

CoIIogo Dear" .. Mo. 

S8, 71 1 

""' t2,m 

... ~ .,"" 

1:1l.C86 

.... 

... ~ 

!7.748 

m~ 

T . ... Pold 1'" HousMoId 

_oI ' ..... p*<I ,914 U Q;837 ~1' 66 1 S31 ,5Jl U7,6S2 

fkc:oI _~ .... "'w ... ·m,w ·nu ts '$5,686 $29,250 'Sl,lSt ....... 

S'O'-I<_f __ ........ _ • .nood ... iS.oO~k""" ... U$ ~ ..... .,., 

lOIOC ..... I'~ ... s..-.50. _T._,.,,_""'~ ..... "'" 

,II lhe fiSl;.f "o!uncelln" I)-,;;..- pTc'l'cnlc<l i" 111"1),,,\), 

,,(Ihls 1"'1I"r.lflhc), W~r~ l"duood,lh,'ywuuld Jl~r 

lht- fi~c~1 b;,I~",-.., or euorenl ~o"""",,, '" ,et;""·,, 

thc",f<ltc, Uoe),o'l, i, ",Ic~anll!>t he on .. in \'"picMlhi!< 

'"l'~" Ih., IlJ<c,ollJ"b",:e "f Vlllawful 'n'lII ;~"~"ls . 

SummaryofEslimotion Mcthodolugy 

1'h" ""wulllin)( f"""cw'''~ u:ICd in Ill<: p"-,,cnl 

. n"Jysis Is It", ""m~ f,uII,eWllli< m"I.'l'''~ by Ih~ 

N"I i<) n"l kS"'D k Coullcil " flh,· Nat~1naJ AL'.<lchl)' 

,/~icnceF in Til<! , .... ~w Amcrirun .... f'olluwill,l( Ih~1 

fr"III<· .... '()r . Ih" prl'SCnt study: 

I. E~cludc~ puhlit:!CllI~b ('fISts s ut h as Ik,rc.w, alld 

;nk" .. 1 I'~yn'~nls "n lI"",rnn'cnl tlclll: 

2. T",,,ts I'Ol'uh.,ion·tmsc:d ,Ir ~onJa'SIi ,L' ""rvkc" 

,,~f"'ly I'riv"k I:'~,J" ,,,,d w""'S"" lke <:ost oft h""" 

"",vi"", ,e. 1 .. ,111 i~mnl h'JUschulds b"l<'d ~ilh~, on 

""linwt<-<J ~ u, un Ih e 'n,migr.. nl ~h, ,,,, "I' Ih" 

poll'ulr,\itln;" 

YlOl . _.,.., 

3. l"duM .. the wdr ... , and "dL,, :~n"n,, 1 ''''''is .. f 

m",Ig'~nl and ntJn·i",ml~r~nl "'''~'r hildr n 

"",I ~,;.'i~"g I ho"" cosls hI Ihe child's huu ... h" ld: 

4. A""igns 'he ""Ira 'e lIlId "\h)c~Il" ,,"1 t'L"IS "I' 

111i",,, 11.$.,,,,,," chilli, "" "fillllll;~r"ni p~rimt s 

I" the lllllllillr"nl l"'no;d>oId; "" d 

5. Asolgns tk I ,Jf m,:" ~' "d ~(1iI dl'ed bo! n· 

Cf l~ 3ccn.diflj( I \I LIw ,,,, If ~I'',, d uSc "r Ih""., 

bL;oclit. in Ih~ f.: I'S. 

elc"ny. :ony ,,'udy Ih:.1 dQc5 ,,,\I foU" ... this 

fr~meWl)rlt m"J' le.th ",,'y d,lT~r"nl nctUSio 'L , 

I'vr """"",lL'. "Ily sl UlJy lhol ~xd udc~ Ih e wdf",,' 

f'l ~ anti ~,'uC~l,,,"al !lC c~5 'ct~hc" by Ih" 

",Inor l l.S,·oorn chlld,,'n .. f unl " .... ful In'nl1~ranl 

p",,,n"" frtlnl Ihe 1'''.,. " ... i~n"" I" unh.wful ,""'';. 

grant hou..,hoJd, will ' cneh vcr~ dlrr rt"l o;\I"" lu-

~""'" "bUUI lh ~ "..,,,1 'tJ''''''<I" f,," of u"I" .... f,,) 

'hlmigrnl'''". 
98 

t.fIAH'f. 

~.:t' .I.I,k p<> n so. , .. 

loMH, :!III> 

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid: All U.s, Households, 2010 

tv EDU(ATIOOI Of" HEAD Of" IlOUSlHDLD 

_ ......... _ ...... _ ..... _ .... b>,~_t .. u~ c....... ....... 

;>O~C_ .......... s....,. .... II~_"'.....,.\I .. "''''''2OICC.--

r,_-s~_ ... ..., ..... ' ... """""""' ... ~ 

II" '"'llOrtnnl r~"n l~l~ in Ih .. ~"~b'sis ;:" Ihut 

t<l~0'f>1 ,,f n\~3n"·te"'ted hener, ... and dir~~1 b.'""r.", 

W~~ nlll imputed M w"ig"'~1 t.u h'lU.ch",,,,~ ,,,bill»d· 

Iy. U"t he'. Ihc c\>st or ''''n ~fo t~ " ... ..,1, ... '11 Wa~ basc'>l 

nn lilt: hn" . .,.,hilld'l! sclf·rcpor' "f """"r". 'n 1m: II.S. 

Census Ilur~"u'~ Currtnl l' rlOlal ~I n Survt')',· For 

ex,,", rl", tJ," cost 01' I h~ foo.l 5' ami' he ncf,~ ~ ' C'r\: i",d 

Is ba ... '11 Otl Ihe fill}!1 ~OlP """"f>t~ dota prMid"O 

1.».' tJ,c h(lu«''''''d. If Ihe huu""II(lld st:.te'<-I ~ d><.l n,ot 

r~cciVl' f( 1Il "amlls. Ihen 1m: valu" "rr!>",. sian,!", 

wil hl n Ihe hvu~ool'" "",uld be krI', 

Uala nn ,tltcnd,,"<'t in public ",iOla,y and §t"'· 

lInd".), M'klOi" wt:n' ~1"'II"kcn fruOl til" CPS: Sludenl. "llending pubtl<' Sl'h<>l!l ""'te thell assi~"e.l 

~'IIuc~l;'tnal r."' t~ cituHi It) th" UVCt"~C Ilet·pupll 

cxl",ndilllrc"" in lht.·ir ~tale _ I'ul~ ir P\I~I-lK'C'I)Ildnty 

<'IIu",,!ion co'l~we,ec"kul"kd in ~siml"', ""'''''0'. WM'CV(!t lII)S1j a~e. the CO.t or "ol'uhol(i(ln-hu$I.,d 

"C,vir, .. "'"" h,t.<cod vn the cst in",tl..! ulili",ti"" lOr 

Iho ""rvic" I>y .. "I"",rul immi~r"n\ h,,,,,,,,l>old ~, I,)" 

C,,"",P ~, ~,oc h hou", .. t",ld's sIl,,,,· of publ k l",n"rlOtt,.1 iun "'\It'n"ilu,,,. WaS ,"ssun'cod tu "" pn"purl,,,n,' 

tQ its .,,~." of "I"''''' inll " n publ Ie traMIl' Irt:.tion "s 

,,"pork'll;n ,h" 11m""" orL,ho. SI~t",lk_ Cun.unIer 

1'.p<m,'itur Su'-'~'Y(C ~:X)_ Wh"n dnlaM Uliliy.,1 i,ln 

of a ""rv'~ .. were nOI n"",h. blc. 'he ouse old'~s h" ", 

or 1101'"I"liun-b:,,,,,d ""rvie,,~ w.s "",,umed III "4"'" 

it~~h".c"fLhl' lotal U.S, l'op ul~ti , 

-c <k:,," ~nd 1"le incn,nc I"x e~ w.rc calc" lal,'II 

I",,,,,,, un 1M. f",", Ihe CPS, PitA I;Ix<", werc .ISI' 

calcu laled frlNl> CI'S d~l , Il1l1.h II>.: cm"lvye, . nIl 

"mplo)".", sha.e of FICA I"xes we", ",sumed 1<> fall 

,I" wlltkcr$.. C!> 'I ~'l1Ite ,nconl" l;oltlis Well' iUSIHnc'>l 

I" \It' IX""" "arUy l»' ,".rke. ~ and le"'Uy by "wn· 

ers: Ih" ,lislrihulj"n "I' the.e laxc'S waS ~~li",al<oJ 

;t('("utdllll! tn 11M:-' d;"'rillutinn of c •• ninjo(!! and [lr"I)' 

c,l)' ,nC"",,, i" Ih,' CI'S 

S~!"", eJC'SO::, and ptop.,r\.)· lox r:lYn,~n s wc", hOS<.'II ,m cnnwmptwn dal a rrum Ihe l: "n~umct 

~[)C n'lit"f e Su""y." Fur ~x.mplc. if 1m: Cf.X 

>iwwoJ 1",,1 households he~d~d by I'Crs.onl' withoul 

" h ~h ..,h.,.,1 d<-grce •• !"uunled tilt 10 I"'",,·nl of "II 

",,10& of to/lll('fo prod ucls in th ~ II,S .. tho.«: h",.",,· 

(~ d~wc'c ..... umed I" P"Y 10 I"-«C"t "ratilub,",c" 

""ds.clu"S. C,'rln tn ~I"--dlk adjustmenls wc"" m,,,,,, ror 

un",wrullmmi~n"'l .'m.!I"~d •. Si""e 4,5 pe. eenl 

uf "nl.wful immigranl!!; a.e bdlcv,'IIIO wo.k "(>iT 

III" bouk.: t he f"dcr.1 und stal" ,,,('on,,, I"x ",Id 

Hell t"x p;oymenl~ Ih"' Cen"u~ impute'S fn. ea~h 

" 
99 

TlII: ~' SC"' L<:().''T ()I/ UN'''W''tJL'~ '-\t Il!.'''''' rs 

... ,," A.\tN&!oTY n , TilE ll.>l, TAXI'AVH~ 

Govemment Benefits Received and Taxes Paid per Household, 2010 (Page 1 of 2) 

ALL MOHfTAAV 'IGURU 

ME O(lUAll5 PEfI 

"OO~ 

()n,q_~1 

[&:i(ion.! bon.!! .. 

M-»'""Ie<J_ .. 

T(II.II ~-- boo>o!iI> >«1-';_ 

,03«01 ! 

fj",., ""!io:~ ...... p~. ,.,. 

--

ALL MOMT"~flUlIIO.[S 

NltOOlJ.,l,ll$ POI 

"OO~ 

"--<11_", 

1lto""'LlI!o"'_ 

Ot""'1 "'-_,~. 

Ewo(<oooJ bof,t!;u 

~., ... ,""_'" ---..-~ 

T(II.II ......rib >«I_co.o 

ox.'_~",,,,,p~.,,", 

--

" 

_. 

Ho.>dedb!' p....",. Wi"""', oiilot>_ "". 

10.QB.6\8 

.,,, 

IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS 

-..... -"'. ~WiU. 

,- ~st>S<IIO()I ~".W~~ --. 

,,",,- s..-( ....... 

n.on.lOi!\ lIl,lI86," 

~ .. ~ .. Goo __ BeooofiI$R..- ... H_d 

'16.""1 '13,884 110 ...... ,. .. S5,J.ll 

il9.l!.O J8.14 / ""' U.091 " ... !oIi.1.0 16490 

$46,949 S).I,IV $:19,9)1 

r .... p.Id .. ,H_ 

~ .. = · $14,&42 · SS,7Z2 

_. L IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS 

-..... -. -". p....",. Will>oUt ,- ~W"" " .. ,,~ . .... S<tIOOI "-:J..Id.,.WitI\ -". - ""'- s..-c"lop 

7,SSJ,106 3,015,088 2.b/ilm ~ .. n", ~" 

Gowm",.", Bo.ofil. ___ d 

n2,211 SlD./.3'J l~Q'M 

19,186 S/I,148 "m n9,767 $IO,~l Sl,02l 

8!4!i ~~ 

"","" $n,nJ $n,.-r6 "~ 

T ..... P ... "*' Hou .. _ 

~w.ItI

--~ -. . 

CdIogoD_or 

~. M.......,.. 

!V'>'6<O \CI40~.960 

.~ \00,0'1" 

59.0CI4 jlL~17 

! 5,oI6J ","' 51891 16,68S 

~g:; n l71~1 

S~4,6'l1 Ul.126 

"',. -$310 

,-~ 

~~. 

~W>lfl . M_ 

(ojlogo D0i'" or W.tt.L ... 1uI Mo. ''''''''lion, 110 .... 

4,61 um \2,166,liOi! 

Millo, 11J(l ,~ 

Sl,~ 19.JJ8 

p,:m S8,42' 

S3,~~ J9.O'O 

!9 0P !!! ;61 

'"m $3S~U 

!.IIln . '." .... "'. 
100 

~.:t' .I.I n~r MT )10; '"" 

),MU, :III .. 

Government Benefits Received and Taxes Paid per Household, 2010 (Page 2 of 2) 

UNLAW L IMMIGRANT HOUSfHOLDS -, -, ~. "-.. -, -

H._.,.. ML~rA""f1GV111S P ....... Withoo' Pot>on> W~h ....... p....."..wrtt.~ 

AIIlOQtlAASl't~ 0",,5<_ o H;gl15<1>o<> 'ndI"tIdWI. w~n CoItltO o.a. .. ", WIIIIU","""'" 

"""'"~, 0.,- "- N"",,,,,,,,, __ L746,S'iI 9t6.231 

~, 

440,179 

.... "1,6&8 

-. --l, "''' ,~ 

"""""'."''''''~ ". ~ ~ .~ .- ~"'.'I!_lit lto<_pot~ 

P;....,bonoIlt>. ~, "' '" .. ,1M,'ionI' ~d< 

., 

T._hiclpotHou_ 

r.._, ....... poo<1 S~,~84 

.. '" M,I60 ')10,339 133 

SI" ."""''''''''''''''2!:!! .m ~"IR Ug $990! ~~ 101 

Tot.I'bM .-d n,86J '11.111 '11,019 '20,24(J Ilo,n. 

rlOC.' deficit "" ""Ipju. PO' -SlO,0485 -sun. .,,~ l5,115 -114,387 

~~~ 

... "" ""'..-.... <.4 __ ., ............ , ... 'a... ..... __ ..... __ " ......... , ...... "' __ 

-."' __ ""' __ ,..,""·",""' ... vsc.....,_ltm~~ .. """" ... ~*_.,.w., .. ......... _ ... 

h" " ... hold were r .. '"ced by ~5 percen' "mm~ 

"n".wCul immiS!mnl hou$cl\old>, The al,, ~'l' \Of Ih" 

Ha t n"u Inc"nlcT"~C",dil ilnd Ad~iI",,,nJ h,'~T"x 

C,"~ t t h~, C,'us"s imputl"; has,"" n" (,"" ily inn'mc 

W~,"- , edur.'IIIO ~cr (1 fOt lInl wfullnlmi~nll'l f~ ",

ilies .inc.. I",,'y "re not li~ihl e (or lh,""e hcndils. 

1m m ~ranl children ~n",lI cd in w"' n)enl n,<"(Ii ~. 1 

1''''IIrun,~ "'N~ U>!/'UllWd In haw hair, II ~ tl.t~t C<J,;[ 

u( n"n 'nlm;~r.nt chil,h"n,n Anti "nl ~w(", im n,!_ 

~r~nl fumilio:$ "' r~ a!!I<uml'd IV u."" Il:lrk.i,hlJ,:hwaY$. 

"nd 1iI",,,i~" Ie"" th." lawful ""u"rhuld. wilh the 

.. n' ~ j~omc_ 

Fin.lly. alM.ul 'I per~~"l "lilu I"''''',n'! in unl"w_ 

(III imm'".nl huuschnl<ls C adult law(,,1 1m mi. 

lIf11 ~ls 0' U.<;. rlti*ns, Th~ b.' ""Hls f;I.."i~d ~ntI 

l,_xc._ l'aW hy lhe"" individ u.l. h.w J~n cxcl udt."<l 

frum Ih~ . nnlysr,. The uVe'an mdh"tk>lugy of Ihe 

t udy is d,.,;cribed in dd~iI in Lh ~ 1\l'l"'nl1 'c ..... 

~ul 'l _ ... 

Distribution ufGolle rnment Benefits 

and Tuxes in the U,s. Popalation 

T"hl~ !j sh''''''' gn' .... rnnl .. nl t)l"""r'l~ <...: ~i ..... d "rill 

laxl":j PQid hy ~ A,'{!, ngc h"U "" '~ ,ld in the wh,,'" 

U, . l"'l'ulolll)n. In FY 20tn. lm.- ~",,"gc hou .... ·hQld 

"'Cd,,-,l ,, 101:11 of.:U.~, IH in ~""'rnmcnl in.'C 11 ~· ,,

"nl~, nlC,,"s'le>[ed t",,,dils, durn jo n, and IIllPU' 

I"'J"n.h~d SC rv' c ...... l'ho u~ch"'d pa,d :m,~~1\ 

in n."<lcrA I, .t"l ~, anti )"",,1 laxcs. Si.,.·c I he I1cndjt~ 

,«-ei."d ~1n..,d<:<l t~xc~ p~i~.lh' .. u','rag,c hou-o;,.:h,~J 

hod ~ r,"c~1 ddidt "Ul,)~ lh," h,d 10 I", lin"n<. .... -d hy 

gllw.nmcnl b<Jt«1win)j. 

I r c .. rnil1~' in 1I",,,rnlllenl en" ,'"Y''''' wi i""IIl"nl 

tl",l ~ were ind ,,~ d in 'h~ an..'lysi~ thi~ ~I\ ll 

"vcrngc Iwukhold d.nerl would be lor,ldy crn"<'d. 

Nondhcl""", Ih .. '!Ie rill"' '''''' .how lh"l th" laxe .. ,,,.id 

by u.s, hou><'lIo ld. " ""mil tl.r",y ~""cr lhe ~1I:' 1 

,,( ,n'n, "db ~ s,!rvi~,,,, n.'(;l'iwd (dir""t bcn ll . 

", ~'''1.~ -lc st~l ~I , du"alilln. and pop" lnt ion ·ho~e,1 

,:I 
101 

T ill: ~' SC"' L<-U.''T 0 1' U"I.AW IlLI~ t\t mM"'i'o rs 

Mom ... ,\tNE.''T~ m TII H u.s, T,I.)(l'A HM 

CJ'IIl'Tl 

Government Expenditures for 

Benefits and Services for Unla ... lful 

Immigrant Households 

... YER,f,(i( ocf'£tlorrlJll[ POI ~ 

___ .. ' _ .. coIC ..... __ ... d.oOA'-o ... 

V\ eo.- ""- ~IC e,......lIl .......... ~"" U. _oIlM>«'\I .. ' ..... ;/t)IC~[)O ........ ~ -"'''"'., ... .,.~''''''"-

SII ~_ "lC 

.. ,.vic ... )," Public~. ~uch a. IItfc'L'C :",11 ;nle,-

c!ll un gu ..... 'nnwnl fk,bl a'~ fund~1I by "~'nm~nl 

b",,,,,,,;n,l(. 

IIr>wcvt:'. Ihe,;.: "",."~C I"'u,;.:h ,~,! Ii)\ur."" m"ok 

g,,,~ t dlffcrt:ntt.", bctw~~n lHff~rcn! !yp.." Qf holl!'<'-

h"lds. IndiviJu,,1 "u,;.: I~'ld. ' ''' ..... d ill'"rcn! li,;.:,,1 

hn IRIl<'CS. ~h'ny hQu§~/I()l s BrC ",./ IIlXf (J l!/ri/.mw,;; 

The IHx,,,, Ihey I'''Y cx, ... ",d h~ lIi,c(" bnl! n'~3""· 

I~~'"d b<!n"r'L~. edU(:~li<l , "011 p''P''18~i"n.h''''''<I 

!!Crv",,,,, U"'Y 'c""'\'e. ·th"", lI"u sc h(lhl~ gcnc,al~ " 

"fll'Cal ~" .. plu~· I h'" ,l(iM:rnn'cnl u .. ,,~ J(J rlnnlW!C II!!,,· 

cftt~ "ml ~"rvil'cs for IIth.r \!u~hold lJy ''<I ntl'll';l. 

other h.msch"llIs :0'10 ""I I ox "",,",umo,": The I:\',vc, n· 

menl t>.:",:flls'Ind .",vice. ,eceived llIc<e h" u,;e1I " ldscxtcc'tllu<'s paid. Th",, ~ u,«:h old~g, ."",, • 

a-r~«.1 ddicil" ,h;o1 m"~IIlt,fi na"' Cd by l"."" r,um 

other hoo:<tlwld~ l" b>' !IO'\.-rnn ~n llol,~wing. 

Tohle " ohuws Ih"l " ,·,il i",,1 fatlu. in IIde,m,n· 

in~lhc Ih;eul hobncCCfn hOU!ll:l\(Ild ill th~~1Iu km 

,., Ih e hl",d (Of 1·"'u"" ~JIl . IndiviJunls wil h hi c" 

~d", ,,'i<," 1CV\:ls ~.rn m"'"". ".Y mu,,, in '"J"~ .• rnJ 

,en;", ("wer ~"''''n nl hen,dhs. 1.,,,;,I·etl ucaWd 

i",livillu ~1 5Iend In rc'Ct!ivc mo,e i" )(o"" .. " m"nl hen· 

eOls and " oy leso; i n laxc.,., 

('"hr! 2 show" Ih" ..ve"'~c Ii~cnl hol.n."" rtlr DII 

II,S, h""SChnhJ~ ho~e. 1 u" t heMu"nlion level "t'lhe 

head of lOu~chold . 1\1 ~nc l'XI,cmc m" lWus.ohold~ 

Will, "'lUegc·~, 'u ~nlc d headS: "" : ....... alSt'. 1IIl''''! 

hPll.«,holds rc..,~,,,,, S:!4,H:W In II<Nt:rnm"nl h"""ftt~ 

while I",)'[nll .~'J in l aXl,.. The 3VCMI,!/C wl leg"-

"Uuc:,,'"d h",,""huld Ih"s,l(""""' ... "'D f';"al ~"rpl"s IIr S2'.1,~'.Q Illal governmenl u~!'!I 10 finance bt:n<'fots for 

" t her n."",ch.~ds 

AI the nlhe' "xl' cnw "'e h<lll..,h,1Id. hcad~d lJy 

1II"ll""" wilht)ul ~ hlgll SChool dCl,l 'CC'. ! In """',,*,. 

111l'M'. hi"'sch,~II" '~te"", S~(' .. M~ in J(",'C,n",,,nl 

bt:ncnl~ (dih'd. ""·a .... ·lc'Stcd. t ducal , .... , 81ul VOP-

,,1,,1"-'"')"'1'(<1 """'k,,,,) while I'.yjn~ "nly I' .~(fJ in 

la",'S. ThiS ~'t:nc",kjl an "V\:rn~" 1i>'<!~ 1 j1l'lieil I~,n. 

"ftls r<..:dv<:d minus I~ X"" '.iiJ)ufS~5,IJ3. 

The I"rg~ av'''«<t: ro"",,1 <knell ,of 1"",~·~du<:~I· 

<'tl hilu",",h(llds II,,~ " ~,,'ing <)n Lh~ imml;:, nti!ln 

~C""' ' b«aUlle immlg'-dnl f3",il it:~ (\J<}l h lawfUl 

.,,,1 unlawful) II."". Un ",,,,; ~,'. f., I"we, tli...:.!i,," 

I~"",s lhan non-I In In i~'An\l<. I'll' cxu ,plc,"~ Thblc~ 

slu.ws.lwlf,.runl.wful i1nmis:l';lnl,h""",,hnld hc;.!ls 

II!) llQl ha..c:" high ochOOI ""g'(:'C, Mnd wnolM, 17 p~,' 

cenl h3"",,,,ly" high ""h",,] dlpluma. 

lIousehold FiseuJ Balnnces 

and Immigrntion 

Ta!)le (, ~h,w.·, Ihe Ii~",,' IInl"lW!e lor II"n-;II1 InI-

,I(''' "t. l"wr,,1 i,"mig,,,,,I. "nd "nla",ful i",",i~ .. "1 

h,)Uscholds. 1I" lnwf,,1 in mi)(,~nt h, ... ehllhls h.w.: 

Ihe '" r#~' annu31 n"",,1 delicils "I $1'l.:W IIt:' hou,<e.· 

h(lld 1'""'f,,1 i""n,s"",' hou:;< h"llI. h~,..,,,"avc ,a ~ 

alln",,1 n..,.J ddkil or S~,344, m>d non·in,n,lgmnl 

housdlOlw.haw" lI<!flCi to ~f 13I1J, meaning Ih. ! I" %!.ct 

poi<! "'ughly ~'<Iual ncr l~ ~ ... ci",d.'" 
102 

CH'J" , 

Taxes Paid by Households 

Headed by Persons Without a 

High School Diploma 

_ 1Uric""'_ ............... _"" •.•. ,_ t ... UiGoo.....b-.)OIOc..-. """""""'w.. ...... U~'- .. ~_ .... 20J()C..,_~..,."'."'" 

,...,.. -<~ ..... , .. , ... ,....".-...... ~-

SInl) • ~~ ........ 

Lawful i",",III<OII! hou"d\Oldsll~"" hi~hc. 1i",,~1 

deficit..; than n"n-imm!g.",,!~ ror I ..... ,., ' '',SOM. The. 

flrot I. h,w~ .. cdueal i'in 1c'~'I"; 20 pc""",,! "f bw· 

ful in l",i ll.~n\ households on, hc"ded h.Y i",livioJuo 

"I~ withoul R h,)!h h""j mplom •. COnlll"'"!! 10 10 

p~.cel\l an",np; ''''n·Jmm'~r:,''1 "u""~· ,,lds. "h" 

~c..;:'",d ~~<\Qn j~ high Icwb uf Wclf~,~ U~C. Tlte." 

;~ " popul". n""""\\~cl'tlol\ th,,! ih ln' i!:r n!~ U'C 

litll ~ wdfa,c_ The "ppu:o;ile is Iruc. In r"~I. I."dul 

~':"' o\! n~rOMT )i();13:1 

~An,:III" 

in'n,i~""'tl< .~c..,,,· ~ Ihe h' c~I k",d (Of welf"",' 

IWn cf,\s. 

AI $lI.O~O. I"",rul immi!lran!,' "nnuHI ..... ell .. r" 

hellelil~~"" :t Ihirtl hiAhc. Ih"" non-I"'"'i~r:'\\I. · 

lio<n~ru •. Thi. ,;(!~n'. p~r~~("'",al ~i;"U"" luwlUl 

;rnnli.l:.~nl~ n'~ b~rrc'<l from n..:dving ne".ly .11 

mc"",,·lo:skt] wdfa,c lIu,in>: lhcir li '~l livl!)'CaMl in 

tho.: ll.S. As T3bJ~ (. sho"",. u.,~ I","l!<ln"y ban h"$ 

virtu.lly nu ,niP'''''' un Ihe (J\tCr:,1I ~ "r ... dfM~ 

h,,,,au~~ (a) the l><In d,~ not .1'1~YI" , hiltlr"n hi"n 

inside II,,, 11.$ and (l» r~",dI'I "fw(.~r",,, ... tc urs~''''· 

linu~U)' Ihf1JU!;h"ul Q Ufdimc Qnd ! h.",r",,,, i~ I iul" 

~lrc~l.d by" n,,,-(lr 111.)'1."" nlO,nl",iunl un ,eel"p\ 

"raid. 

The Io~k ,,( dR>cUw"<.'fo!' uf llle r,VC-)'~"' bn" on 

wdr",c ,cce'l't in cunl'''lIin~! OI''1 w~lf"Te<'O!' I' hai 

~ ,I i,ed bt::"rin~ 'OIl the ,Mll<ll! nh'>lJ1 ~m""~IY !c'llisl~· 

!'()n, II is 1lO1~wur\I1} lh"llh bitih"~1 I,·,..,) or ","I!lrme 

II." ,h" ... " in THhl ... (j i. il'J.7(>:.I per ho ... ""ho!d l,e,' 

)'<'or nmO"llI""" ful ,mmi!!,,,,,1 hou""holds h .. '<ld~~t 

h)' [ndil'ldu"ls wflh(,ul" high ou;:hO,,1 d'l'l"n,', "hl~ 

li~"rc i~ in'PI"I"nl hI,{:au"," .imib, t,,''C I~ "r ... clf"r~ 

u~ Can he dt>Ccled mo,* unl:o",·(,,1 In,,,,,g"'nl 

I",u""hol"" n ",civ;nj{ a"'''''''I)'. 

A,N)lhe' i"'lxlrtlln! IMl;"! il< lhnl !,l'e k~1 of wdfa'c ~""r'L~r~cciwtl byunbwful imm'lImn! h"u~· 

IH~ds '" ~i,(nir."a,u, desl"l " the f""lthbt un\"wrul 

jm nlQ!' ~nt:; I hcm'-Clvc. 0," ineligible rl..- \\\.'Mly "II 

clr..r~ "id. "h~ ..... el("" h"",-'f,1S rC",,,ivctl Il)' unl" ..... 

fu l i",mig",n\ h"uschl,llls S" I" 11$ .. 1" ,,,, chil,(,cn 

within 11w~ hQn,e~. I r un(lucumcnl<'(! 3\!ull ~ ..... Ith in 

lhi.~ h(>u,dlOld~ ~,e ~i""n ,""ces. 10 n,c""s·t,."tc'<l 

welf" ~ Sl" ~""",f. pe'·hou"ch(~~ Ilenef,ls will tC fK;h 

very high 1e.",1 ... 

Cost ofGovcrnment lIenefi ts nnd 

Services Ile ceived by Un)awfu l 

Immigrunt lIousehulds 

As noted, '" 2(lIO.lio<.m,· 3.44 milll" " unlaw(ul 

im mij{,anl hu"s"holols ~p[l1:a'~<1 ,n (;"n"u> ~"'"""Y" 

APl"'ndlx Tnl)!c ~ ~I>o ... s the c,otln,~ d W$I~ or Il'lV' 

"rnmc,,' 1>c""r.I~ and ... ,vi"". ,,,,,cj,,,,d hy thl"" 

h!""",h"ld~ ,n 7:1 ""pam\" C~ l(: ndlh'''' Clll" g,,''''''. 

The ,<""ulto ~rc 8un,n""i.c"" in eh",! :1 

(}"c,nU, ~,uschol<ls hc"d,·tI hy an unl:.wful im nJi· 

lin'n1 ,ccdv«! nn nvc,,1)tC or $~ .721 pc , holL", .. hold 

in direct Ilenef'I>!. mc"ns'I<':j\cd bcncfll.<. cdoc"I~)I\ . 

~ntJ I'n(lulnti bltSI:d"'-·."i~,.,; ,n FY ~OlO, Educill ion 

."ending on h.,halr of th,.,... huu""holll< "VCf".tgo..,j 

$1:\.f,Z7. o"d "' CaM·le~\ed aid (goin~ mainly!o the 

" 
103 

T ill: ~1 ~A C(l. "T '.W U"I.AWI'IlLI t\t m. A"' rs 

A"''' A.\tS&!o"TY n l Tn R U .... TAXPA na 

~1W11 , 

Unlawful Immigrant Households: 

Earnings. Government Benefits, 

and Taxes 

Annuli ......... ~ 

~!~10;'1! 

s.o.frl> T._Paid 

~-

_ /.JJ, __ "':I()\O''''I-..~_''' """''l'"'II_ ..... '''<lo<Io\, __ lJ~'''' ..... ...; .... 

_"

Iow""_IWII. ~ __ "' """uI<oIoI'"_."", ... '_IoI ... ~ •• "",,, lholiS ","",,,, ...-.lOIOC_-., .. ~ ..... ,,. ..... 

lJS~,.I.Ab<o""_Xl"'C_ (' ..... "' .... o;.,. ... \ _ .. or""" ..... .. ~ .. ""'""'" .... ""'_ 

"'Il'. ~""""""l' 

J. S.·I~"n clllld,,:n in ,II. fomi!y) ~'·er~:c<l S~.*'J7. 

Spendiru: On ,~~ ict!. ro ..... and puhlk ""fe'y ~m~ In 

S~.(of,(, pcr h"">~~"d!l . Tt"n~r""1 "I;'>n ""de,) ,."", h· 

~, $('(;2. "nd oomlni.tr:M"" SUl'",l,1 "",·v il' ~~ cusL 

$~r>s. n;,~CI b~",--fiu c~n>c ,n 144. Mis<:d '~rn.'O us 

",'pula' i"n·lllt!lo,d "",virt.'5 OOd,-'" H r, nnl " .:!77. 

Taxn a nd Re,,,nues r . id by UnJ"wfui 

hn"'i nl IIou .... lonlds. Appendi x Table 9 dctails 

l"~ r>;l ln'Qtl'il In'.-Ii and ~'\«.'" u<-.. [Mid by unlawful 

in\ml~'~nt "' u""h,~ " in:.l4 (·nl,'g".k.,., 1'''" r,,"ulL:< 

'<Ie ~"mmarix',;j in Ch"" 4. 

T()tn' f~dcrnl. s' ate. "00 1lK',,1 lu~~s p~id II)' 

u"'~wfu' ,,,,n,,,,,,,",,' h""",,hold. ~"",a~'d .ttO.:134 

1I.:r "~lL<(<I\Old in :tOtO. Fed.·n.1 wnd ~tul~ i"divldu· 

"I inc<lnl~ ,,~"" c<l"'t>ri~d ',0;.; th"n" fifth ,~( hJ!~1 

In"'-'" Jl~id . In;;lead. iaK'''; 1m <:(",&umptinn and 

•• 

Unlawful Immigrant Households: 

Average Fiscal Deficit per 

Household Equals $14,387 

$10.344 

i24,721 

,-. ...... 

~-. 

• [)io.<I_....-.t ...... _ , _ ..... -t 

--- _ 

_r_ ... _~ ..... _ ,.... ..... r_._ .... ......, ................ ........ !.C-.. ' .. _101O c ...... "-"'"' s....,. oM ~.s _oI ...... $I.bW "" .~O~! __ 

s.n., ~oIdoLo O<l ... _ .. ""'''''-

employ,,,cnl (1I It11) I>rodllC~'<I nculy half,,( the t ox 

"'~nul! flit unlawful Immip-.nl Mu«!h(olds. (The 

"nall,>,i~ a""um~~ Ihat "'nrk~r~ pay hnth ,'''' "I!y. 

cran,! cmplul"-.. :sha.e o(FICII luxJ 1""I""lyl".~ .• 

(~hllh'<l to r~nlcr.l) and tOf[l<l"" ~ 1''''1l1 tal<'!< (:Ihlfl· 

cd \<,,,,,,kc,.) a'." r,'tn", >i~nUk"nt pori "(Ih,, I n 

t>u'<l . 

It '~"'o '1\ ".~;n.l: ,hOI I' ICA and ,n",me 1-:< .. ·, 

""""I.'<l in Ch3'! 4 h~"" Ik.~ n "'du~",d 1>I.c,."",, 

the """lys;' aSSum<-'S Ih"1 S 1)I." .... ·n\ of un1,,,,ful i,,, nlis'Hnl cOt""" wmk nlr thl: h'J<>k>!. If all unl"\\,-

fullmmig'an\ Wt),kers wCN!cmplny, .. 1 "" Itw.hou kl. 

If\<-'>'C ".~ "~) n\cn'" ",.\\lld ine.c""" signifICantly. 

RalM I>Ce or TII XCS lind le nefl ~. Ll n "V<!'~~I·. 

unla",'ul ,,,,mig,,,,,' hou,,·hold. ,,~d"''<l $~4.7'21 

I' hou""h,~din)lOY'."n",cnlbcndil""nd"",viCl."'in 

1'\' :'010. This ligu ", ;''''udO.'l' lll'l'i:t h,,,,,dils. ",,,,,ns· 

",>""d bo:nd'<l1!. eojuc.tilJn. and 1,,,!,ul.,i<>n·baOl.'<J 

"" ..... ;.:c~ <L'<>e,vcd hr 'h ~ hou;;el",hl hu' exdud"~ th" 
104 

~':"' .I.I , n~, ... MT sO; '"" ),IAH, :W1> 

Benefits Received and Taxes Paid by Unlawful Immigrant 

Households. by Age of Head of Household 

f.lO$I'>od . _ _WI'i«IS_ ... !S.!<ld~. 

S21123 

". 

251034 551.64 

_ B..o>oIi .. __ """_O>l ...... _ ... I_odu< ............ ~"'"_,_( ... , .. _ ...,-",.-"", .. _ _ ... , ......... "'_ .... _"" ... ~""" ... u;c..-B_1OIa(_f\""" .... "'s..-,""" U~ _ .. """"'11 ........ :<'O>tl~ __ l _ ... w.,... ,,",,-,,'.ot.,... ... ~ .. Ar.-dl> 

L'n>lnf Ilubtlcj!l'"d~, Intere~t On the ~~'''''t''n'~nt''d)', 

"nd 'KhN Jluyn>ents fol' prlllt ,«OI"rII ",en' func,",n., 

H~ cnnl""t. unlawfUl in, l~mnt hOll<ch"ld. nn 

""""11"1,,,1\1 nnly SlO,~:'4 in laes. Thus, "nbwful 

;n,migrunl hl)useh,dd~ ",(",iv,~ 1 $2,-K\ In he"",;,. 

~nd scrvi(:,'S for each tlQll~r p,,,\1 in IU"S. 

M"ny polil ici~"" lid;'"" 'h'" hoo""""ld~ Ihal 

"'olnl"rn st"ady employmcnl .r.l"vari,oI!ll~ net Iu 

~nn'ribu'""'. Jl3~ing "U"" in l ar,'II Lh,'" 'hey tel"""" 

in )("vc,nmenl bellenls, Ch,,,, Ii ~h"l1'~ \"hy Ihis i~ 

1101 the aS A~ T"I14,· 2~h"w~, unhlll'ful'n'""!!",,,, 

h"" ..,h"ld.ha,·" hi ~h Ic""lsllfcmr1"rmcn l. .,."Ih Ili 

cQ r""rs r><:t Iwu""hoJd mId awmg<> Mllnu.J eRrnlog,; 

"f atl)Un\l S:W.(I()O fIJI' RII ..... "k~n\ 'II Ihe hOUti<:hold_ 

!lul wllh a"'r"J:~ ,;,,,,,rnmcnl rn,,,d; ~ ", $U.7~1 , 

unl"",ful ,mmUlr-onl llou."hQlds aclu~lI)' r<'CelY\: 

W cents in ,;"",,"nlc,,' b"ncnts for t""')' d"llI" of 

""rning>, 

T" IIChlcw """.1 b"I"n~c. w,th 111%<""'<11",,1 1<" b",,-

enls. Ihe ".erR!!" unl~wr,,1 '""nl~,a", rn>usdmlll 

wuuld h".., I" I"'~ n."tlnw~·'hlrd~ (ll ~ Income In 

1 .• xCII. GiVl'n Ihi. slm~1c r;,,:,.llis "b,·'''us II",Lun",w· 

fu l immigl1lnl hnw:ehOlids ~"n n,'vc, 1/"1' ~"'Jugh 

la«", 10 covc, II>\, cos1 nr Ihelr currclltll' "",rnmenL 

bt'ncfl ~~nd >'C ~_ 

NN Annua l Fisc,,1 Ileficit. The nel flSl'O ' delltil ,,fa hnu.""oItl c,!]u:o ls t hccbSI urhencljl~""d "",... 

.;, .,. " "'<!I\,,,t mjnu~ tlUC~ I"'iol. A, Ch",1 (, sl"'w~. 

when the C""~ of direci and mClIlIS·I"",,,·d ",-,,,,,r'le<. 

bll>i:aLion. and pilfJululi(m·t>; •• col ""rvi~c" .re "',,,,,,. 

c~, Ihe R~r~g" unh.wf ul i m m I~r"nt llouschQld haoJ 3 

n!l<:~1 def,cil oftl4.:RI7 (gl>wtn "",nl cxp""dilures of 

$~4, 721 m;nusSllJ.3$4 in I.~<",)in ~Oli) , 

Fur tlw .""age "nlawful In,mign,," hllU$ChukJ 

I" IlCChme r' Sl:.lly5<~Wnl . with I~~c~ I,aill c4u"lillll 

imm<",Hale "'-·nenl. ,,·cc1wd. II wwld ~ nc ~6.""rr 

I" ill'"~u",, t h" h"u:«:h"ld'. !:Ix tJ~ym"nt~ t" () p"... 

(~nl ,"'curr~IIII"wls , AllcrnaU",·ly. unlawful Imml· 

~r3"" hous<:h,~cls ,",uld I~c"mc lWl""n, unly ,r ~II 

me"n~ lc~ ~d ""Ir.,,· " ... 1 n"arl~ ~II puM;" ",h'ca' 

tl ..... llo.:l>I'r,15 w"re dim!" "'''\!. 

A~... Dii lribul,o" of 8 .. ndils Mild T"" .. ~ 

Among Unl.wful Immlgr. nl 1I ""'I<'h" ld,. Ah.ny 

l'olitic~1 dc'Cb,,'" I""ker~ ~lie"" Ihat ~c"u"" 

"~),,.,.,rul in'mi~,..~ nl "w kcr~ "re e.'n'I"""';'·"'y 

>""UI1I1, the')' an hd» 10 relic"" t hdi",,~1 sl mi n.~vran 

"gi 'IA , .. cit:\Y, Ch,,,'s 7" lid ~ .how wh}' Ihi. ,. nol,h~ 

, Th,.,.., (h,,,1s *1"""1.: Ih~ 3.H "'illion unl",w--

ful i"'mjl\"'~111 huu""hvlds Intu r,"'("',ogori,"; ba.c'<.l 

,m lhe ,""C ,,/'the h/:ad I)fhn"liChOld. 

" 
105 

TlII: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OV IlNI.AWI'IlL J,' t\t U;U ,"'- rs 

M"n AMNR..--rY TI' TilE V-". T,ul'A UM 

CII"'IT. 

Annual Fiscal Deficit per Unlawfu I Immigrant Household, 

by Age of Head of Household 

2!j to34 

""'''"' ''''''' ... ...,. __ , .... _ .. '_ ....................... '. __ 40 ... ___ _ 

\ ...... t>eo6U.l"fOII< ........................ __ <\_loo> .......... _ .. ~~ .. \_, ...... 

_''''' ............ ~ __ ... ''''.''' ... u..Ul C-.... ~1mOu...... ............ ~_~l_oIUbo.!.I...-.. ZO.,(._.~, ... _"" __ ,·, ..... _"'" ,......000 .. , ... " ..-... 

The b<:"",;,~ 11.",,1. ,n Cha" 7 ~~, ,,n ,nel ude 

di'I.'CI I",ndli •. n .... 'm$-\e"'cll ""ncnls. puhlic C~III:~' 

I ",.m. """ p,~'u!:.U (ln· I~,. l.,j "".vic ...... Tkcl!<llll.'n,·fouo 

~I"rl "' $24.12(, for "u"chD ~ headed by imnti· 

101"ll 1ll.S unlkr 25 ><ea •• o)f"lOcaml .i>'l: 10 f;~II.()Q(lI(> 

$2\1.000 PC' )",,,r as the hc"d, nf h"tl>iChold rcoch 

their :w,. ar>d 4{) •• Thi: i",,' cal;<! i.< dri" n hy 3 ri~ in 

Iht: nun,l.>c. Qfrhlld"'n In earh h>ln'''.Ao! Ihe "10""( 

Ih" ~1 "f sc h,~d rd"h"~ Ihe IUlc f>O:/;. lhc num_ 

""r l>fthilllrcn in Ihe hUn,e f"U~. ,,"" bc"'l'nl~d'p In 

" .... u nd l~ ,flOO lI"r Y""" A nn",.lla. pay,ne"l. ''''y 

lillie by lht: .oftlw hv" .. hlAdc'. ~"""«, n~ "fOll"d 

$12.')00 lie' Y"'a' i" ~ch "ge br<><;'ket. 

Till, e,itiCl'1 fatl .h"wn in Ch,,,, 7 and t h.,' 1I i. 

Ih.l. r"r C:lCh '*' ealc'jWl')'. Ih<> benef,ls ,.....,;,,,,, by 

,,"I:.wf,,1 ihltn i.<!,,,nl h""IoCholdo""c ... ·, .. <i I lI<'I."""I>.id. 

Al no PI),,,t in Ihe Ilfcc)'l:le dO<.. Iht.'. ...., f1II!~ "nl wf'" 

'nll11ig"'~ "1 huo ... ·!""d 1"'.1' m" ... in I""""thon it '"k"" 

(luI in """"r,Is. In cfI<:h ,,~'" ~I<:)!<"}·. unlawful ,"'n,i· 

~mnt h",,*h<l ld ~ n-rei,,,, nlllghly $:!.{)(J in 8''''",nhlCn\ """"rots fur e~ch dollar ,"'hlin laxC!<. 11t.1"'~"'n 

"~"-"$4~ "nd ~ (#."",, 11), I.'Qnsi,krl-<i ptln.lI! ~a<ning 

jI~"ni). unhfl>lfulin,mig'."" """ u"lIy tc",i"" rk'Mly 

S:WO In """"fil ~fo • .,.~" k~l "rplI~ 1 in t" :c;~ 

,. 

Th .. "«! ,'~ur"" t>t:hc the "",,,,n Ih"l 1(O"",."n",nl 

t M rdicvc nn;l""i.1 5\thi". In ~( oci" 1 Securil y 

~nd nther 1<Iogr "", ~ ~in ,!>l y hy in'l .... rlill,\: )'" "n~ . 

unluwf ul im m~,anl W"'kl' .... Thd;~.l ;"'Pllel (,j" n 

Intmil!,a nl ""lJ'k.:. is (lclerm;n"" fo, murt: hy .. "'Ii...:~. 

lim, .r>d skill k'Vd Ihnn by "1\1'. 1."",.,;), ill i",m'granl 

wl .. kcrs (whd he. l.",ful o. unlawful) ImIMII'e " nel 

~,"(" ' ''' 1I',,,,,,"n,enl nnanc~ ",< <'(Ion "" Iht">· c nl,·, 

Ih" C"l",l,y "nd ad,1 ~iunifi"a nll y III th'''''' ~ 

~w y)\'~ ' Ihey ,emain. 

Ch"tt ij >h<'",~ Ihe net n"'al llc 1ril~ (bcm,r,ls 

min"s Iaxel!) fur ~«h 'og/< eIol"lN' Y. Tile lisr:.1 den· 

d'" rr1>C1! ~ peak "r"vcr $I!/,()(JO I"" )/l'ar (<I, h"""". 

hnhls wllh ...... lsbclWC"n 45 ami ~ Y"a '5 ,,1<1 , The 

.,"",,!!c <lendl Ihe n r.lls I" a,ound $I0.l)()j) r )'C" ' 

"" h"u""hulds ",ilh h~,Ill" htlwc"" 5~. "'''' 64 yo"," "'d. ,'he,,"ml)<o, ofunlnwful imm igr~ nl houoclJoid. 

l""i n"" h~rply willi '\1:1'. ,'''t:'"'' ''"''''''ry '"",unl "",· 

ru! imnti~mnl huus lll§ with h"~,ls'l\\"'#(':;' 

A~g....g.t .. " n"nnl N<'t 1'1.«-.1 COOI 5. In ~OIO. 

:J.H ",mion unl "w(ul i",null,,,nl IIO"""h"lds 

"1'1",.,ed in t ile CUtt""t !'''I,uMio n Su ...... ')'. ,."" 

nw,,,1:<' net f"",. 1 d~fi l I'er u"~h ld wit" $14.3117. 

n~ t "XflCrUi "",ie", that al leAsl :J..'>O,OOO m(,." 
106 

~.:t· .I.I kcp< n s o. '"" loMH, :!III> 

Total Federal and State eans· E~ted Welfare Spending. 1965-2011 

'~8lU1O >tS Of CO<ISl.o,tIl ll>!I POl\.AltS 

" 

-

• 

20n '9V~"" 

I ,. ' II 

_

No"' ~"""'''''''''''_''''~ Tlw ....... '._ ... I, . ."N '' ' __ ................. I~~I''' _'_'''''''_''''''''''''''''''''_<Moo.'''''''''''_''' O/lQ,~~ ... I""""_ ....... ....,.~I .... ___ _ 

unl,,,,fullmmigmnl hl)vschnlds 'csid"d in the l'$ 

hu' ""',e [10/ reporled in 'heCI'):. 

A""',mill)j th., (hI.' fiscal Ikl"ic,( fur ,....,.., un,,'· 

I~" IL'tl h"u""I>I,I<l~ W'IS Ihe ""mc ~s lhe fi . .cal ,lcl",a 

ft), til\.' unl.wful immig.-~nl houscl»)kls In Ih" CI'S. 

III\.' ',,'~I annuallblcal deficit (iotal ~ncl\1.5 rL~i''l~1 

minus ',,'~I',,",$ ""i<l) rur DII :I.l'') mlll;"n unl"",ful 

imm(g:ranlllQUschol .... llll"ther~quak'tl "'.s mllion 

(the Ik:fodt o/"$14,3lI7 pCr hou.""I>I.]d linIL",.1 ,),<J million 

ht)ll""lll~d.). 'rhO!< .um ]ncllkk's dirt«1 MOO ,no::nns-tc.,;l· 

c'tl hencr,,>,. cdu":."",,- "1111 IKII>ul,,' inn·h"~,j "",vic"". 

Adjusting Puture Ilefidt Estimat ~ for 

t he I'olentiallmpact ofthe 2010 

Recession 

In 2010. Ih" e~onnm}' "'~~ In ,eccs.iun. In" 

'"r~",.i,.n. \We,,,'1 iocumc nnd tn", ''''\:'''''' will be 

;~UJ " .... , __ OJ 

I"w~t: OI»m~ l><:ncflU <uch "" uncml'luyn,ent i"sur. 

"ne~ will I>< "rt,,,,,,'ically hi~her. Th" ,cccs~jun 

mRy ~r..r"re have ;"cr~a~"lllhc !1seal ti 11 of 

""Ia",ful Immi)(r,,,,1 hou"d",ld~ ,dati"" In " .. ". 

I'I."(CSlilon y~a". IlowcvN, the 1",,,,,,, of g I\:C~$-

8'"n will nQt be un,r"rm IICr<.»'S "II Ol>JCi<)e~"nnmic 

)(,,,up~. 

Evi<k'nt't· '1II!J!CStos 111M Ihe rcet'"sloo had at be.1 

" "'!I,k'S! ,n,p,,"t on Ihe I;;,cal , ' atus of unl,,,.-(ul 

'mmi~t3nt houwholds. I'or ~xRmt'k. while ,ncoml", 

d'oP1IL'tl signifICantly du,in!: Ihu ",c'·lI&ion. mil.' ,,( 

Ihe '("'I' <H:lu«cd in I,,,,perly i"""n",: Ih~ N,,'iona l 

nc",,'~ a"d I',oduci Att"unt~ ("'hith mc ~u", Ihe 

wlude c~"no>"y) .1>I,w Ih,,1 \01,,1 ""min,,1 W"S"'" fell 

hy>1lOly 3 pertent fmnl:.!OO~ 10:"'010. SOn"''''~ p",. 

cenl ,,r Ihe i"m",e of unlowfui im""s""nl housc_ 

hol,ts omc~ f '''''' w.~,>s_ 

" 
107 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu. --r OV UNI.AW IJL t\t m. A"' rs 

ANII A,\tNE..--rV T" TIIR U.s. TAXl'AnM 

A. n1Casur~.J in t he CI'S. t he ~"n"I>n ·d "lt.r 

i...:umc Mlhe ""'r..gc unlaWful inmligr~nl h,\"I'<:-

hl>lll W~~ t l1C ~~ m.· in ~(JlO us in 2()()f,. Th,· ~a"" ,NI 

'I<"m~ uf onl:",,(ul in""igmnts mo)' 1>1, ~,» nIPI1'­

t iv~l)' $lobi.: ~UI IngH "'C($~il)n b\.'Ca uSI< ~" mpl~)\'<l 

unlawful immig'''''ts ,elu,n '" 'h~l, ",un'ty I)f 

<'Irigin "nd IhcIl!hy di~'I'\1""r ,',,)m CensuS "·,,,}cds. 

If Ih e ",Wnll\: UDJ.wful imrniJl,'.1\I hvW'«:hold 1Q!;1. 

i...:o""" during Ih e ,,,,,,,,,.i,,,,. I ..... drop ... ,m mnll.",\. 

Wh,,1 nMul wetf",c >pend'ng'! ,. ...... 'e i~. popu- h., ""'""I,I;..,n .h., ",,,'farc spen,li1\/( iJ; t1 Itt, " rolle, 

CU,.;k., risitl,)! "h~rply du,in.o: a .e • ..,,,,,ivn un.! (allil\/( 

wl>l-," Ihe ,("C.""i"n •• 111 •. Thi, I'a\ leTn nl'Pli .... S()nw-

.. h:oI'vfon<J.l.mJ",hul nollo rncan.-kslcdwclr".c 

in ~c""r" . I I i~lu'ic"lty. ,lVe",1I ".n~· ~; cd spendill,!; .... , .... rillC during ~ r(·Co.'Sllion bul dl\l,,,, n"t fall 

/lon ",~"'IIl)' wlwn Ih" '" "l'~;"n en"~, 

Thl~ II.llle.n IS own in ~'1 9. w" kh ~lll'WS 

101. 1 nlc."So! • .,.lcd " lcmUng "'''' lin ... "djust,·!! fur 

innalion. 1'h~ t hnrl ~tM!WS ft d""m"t ic ';,K';n W:!I~ 

,we. Ii n,~ _ \) ri"d~ vf '.i,id inc"c:u<c "re (,Jlluwud b)' 

~I'"nd;ng I~al cau~. bOll Ihcr~ .". nn "')!ni fl/,.nl lIil)$ 

in ","I-r", e. .. <i(Jn pcr~Iol~. I'ollnwillj/ this pullern. 

1m, Oh",,,, h,,""d silo.,.,. Ihal ",n"lanl-,k,lI.r 1"" 

""piln Illl'llM-k,;l,d sp,m(ling "'II! n'~ d"cllne uwr 

Ihe ,,"-XI dCI·~<k '" 

ncspilc Ih • ..., r"w"ts. lhe .-s',n",. d ,~. 'ulum f",_ 

~. I d(:f>ells in II ", «-s\ of Ihis palll" will be M,ljustl'ti 

~,. Ihe I""enl ;',I I.ffcCU of the 11'C,.,.~itln " " Ihe 211\0 

,["Ia. S,lCcilicaliy. U"., .nol)'8;s "-,<I",, .... (ul.u'e un"",-

I'loy"'~nl I,ICmfit,; . 1>11 fllOtl ~lalllP bc",,/il,' I»' (if, [lCr-

",,,,,, 000 ~5 perccnl IM1"w :U)IO iL .... cl •. "-'''recli",ly. 

Thcsol <ldjuSI menl. an: fi, mly bockcd by l ... idc ni!~ ~nd 

indodcd in ull "f.h" n~ur,*"n fUlu,~-yc"""cfwjt,; _ 

In ~<I; lili n. I he an~I)'~i~ ;ne,cM",". r"'<If" I.x y­

"", nl~ Ily un lawful In'mij!,unl. ul)w.,1I lIy ~ 1""-

c"nl ~nd ,edUCl'" fulu", """t~1I ", ea n"-l~"' kd ""If,,,e Iknt'lilSd"wnwmd \))'51)(:rtl.·"'lo(.,n'p.:nsa1c 

f"r the in,p:>et vf lhc 'e"~"",~,n.., n ;!OlO \lata. Th."", 

udju>lm"n!5 '''e m<1rc SI'ccol aliw; Ihdr i",pa.1 i~ 

• I\(".·n :l<.' I/;I'~I"l y In Tub"'-7 nd In$ub"'-~I'Wn l tabkJ. 

The 1.l\et ~dju'" ",enL~ 'L .... UC" 1""j lcd fulure fl.-

CB I deficits nmllflg unl"wfu l In,migrnnl hol~$ 

by :~",ul ~ Pt'fL'I.lIl1. 

Fiscal Impact of Amnesty 

or " Eitt'ned Citilcns hip" 

In tl'<'cnl )'~nl1l_ Co n~r.'SS hos ~-o ""l(l .. ·,"d .... ,,-

~ ~(> ",p","erL.i"" in,nugraU"n ",orn, I"')I "",,~ I" . 

One k,'Y ft!~u'" ilf Ih~ l)mptl!>Ols has b".n .h~1 

•• 

.11 ," ,n o.1 t Orre nl otlbwrul in'mi~r:, nlS w,)uld ~ 

:o1[u",c"I<l.'1I)' In Ihe I),S. ~n,1 i>cc<lmc 11$ . cil i~ CM. 

I n llS lt'lli~lnl i"" I)<"~I". am"""I)' "~~ rnl>d 

cillx~n'hill · w<lUld h~", Inre" I,h" ...... 11;'01. unl"",-

fo lm",~ranls w"ul~ l>c p"'\;~d in ~ ll'oyi~;Ofl"J $ta-

.u ~ Iha. w""ld .1J"wlh~ , 10 ,e,,,"in in ...... II S.I.wf"lIy.Afl". fo re ' " W~(:ar~ in Ih i. ",vil;~lnal "'u~. 

mo,;1 fo,,"eru n.bwf ul ;n""41"" II$"xlui(li)c lI,aot~d 

Il~"1 I""nt. ncnl resilk"l (U 'It) ~""u~_ Aflcr IiVI' 

}",at1; I n LI'H~lal , I he in1IivldUaISwm.ldh" ulloWL,,1 

I" !.wc,,",e U.S. cll '",,"'. The' n1 . ,v"1 bo!l ""'e" ,,,il illl 

"rnn",ly"oo b:\: n~hi '~ w"uhllhu~~In: h for 10 

It} 1" )"aT" or n~er. 

T"" f,.cal impxt "ramnct<ly w"uld ""ry)\re~lty 

dcr>< nd,ns "n Ihe tihl" llerklll e""mincd. The 1"de nl 1'"I,er will ~naly"c the f,se,,1 "'n~c'<l cC!S nf 

;ohl n.'S\ y in r"u. l'hu:;.<" 

Ph.se I, Cu . rc nll.Bwor Sl a lus Quo. Th i. i,lh,' 

fo""al 1, uS"llh~ tln"<,,,,! Ilm'· pri"rto n'nc~ . 

• I>""s~ 2: The hlled", Phase. T1&i. ph""" \l1" 1 

indude 1""- 1""",,1 ;n wh ich am "'-'Sly 'c'Cipk:nl~ 

"",c in ",,,vis;,,,,,,' Siul "" r"lh ..... ·"d ill' the fo ... 1 Ii"" 

)'CIor!< ,If k.'lI"1 l>ern'''ne nl ""'ide"'-" tJ utin~ Ih ~ 

;nll-rim I'h",;c, UX n.!VCnllC> wouW go up"" m"T<! 

!,,,,",,,,' u,,1:>wfol ;""nij!.-"n'" ""gan '<I "'!Ilk -,'I' 

Ihe IlI\Ok>I" but wuuld n:m.ln II<, ncd fwn' n:l-e!V. 

i ng "Ie" ns-! es •• 'Il """ r" 1',." ..... )f,,"" I~)'Oh'" III ll>Ca Il! 

1o""llh Cloll! sut>!,jd" ~. The "vc,uil net r,se>ol c< .. ! " f 

lho: fo,m", unl",dol lmn,ig,.nl [K'INI"'",n «loki 

be upcd,...J I" "" di,,,-, li lly dmi".1( Ihl. reriod. 

Th" lenglh nnd )"~ .... mm. lic houndnri.'S or lhe 

inl e"- 'n, l)"""C ''''uld ,ob~iJ\u$l)' Vb.Y in wne.",,1 

hilt ... hul fivc I" 15 ycn.~ ",u"ld be lyric'" .. 

• PhM"" 3, Pull Imple",e nh tion or Amnesl y. AI 

lho.· end , .. III" jnl~rjm ph"...,_ " II II llIncol), bills 

would I"ov'dll Ihe .mllC.'y ,eo:'l)icnIS (("rn.et 

unlawful In"''',1I,;&nl>\) wil h full clij(ihiJily flO' 

nlQle Ih~n 80 ",ca nS-lesled w"'f~r )rug '~ms ..... 

","II :'. hCIIllh Cl(re .ubsidle.,. u ,llIe' Iho.: A Irol"lh,lJlc 

Ca re Act (At:A. U' Onnmacarc,). The. l't,.,;uJ ill~ 

incrca .. · in uull"ys ... "uld I", "ui>l<l:lnlluJ 

• Ph u,,- 4 , UetiN1.lUr ,,1 Yellrs. Un"~r eu .... 

'''nl I ..... unl" ... ful in,mill"" '''' 'uc '''-'l cli~ib l" 

for S<)Cinl Security " nd Mt'lllcu", ""n .. ·rots. All 

:omllllSLy c~i>s lal io " wuuld "" ow recipients lIf 

lImn""t)' L" obtnin eligil,ilil)' f," Ih, .. "" pf"Krnm~ . 
108 

Fiscal Deficits DUring the Phases of Amnesty (Page 1 of 2) 

~.:t· ,I.I , n~""' MT )l0;,,~ 

\MV ~,:!O,. 

UNLAWfUL IMMI RANT HOUSEHOLOS BEfOR[ AMNESTY 

" ....... " ....... AU MC>NO ..... VJlCMt(S 

"~- "-- - -

" ....... .,.. AAlC>OU.I.IISPUI I"""""",, ~nUWit~ ~-., 1",",,~'.WotIo ..... H~d> 

~OHUJil W,1!>ouI a HIgI, ..... - 1mm~. W~~ . toIIfII!'I Dos- WiIII_PII OTHOIWISlll0lO.TW S<1>OOI00tr .. 

- -,- .M_ P",0 

N"",,,,,,uI/IOI<t<.'!:'cl<Il 

.... \.01 ryus.~ 

\74!i,8&l .. m ~4Q.\1'il ,A\.6/l6 ].~41!.~ 

"-

"" ,~ "" ,,. ''''' Go ...... ,nont Btnefil • • «u.t<I "' __ 

o;-.,a .. """ ... t~(~""""U 

" T .... Poidper Hou .... ..., 

I~<f .. ' .. "'._ """ ''''. ~,I'iO ,,(\Hl ~.t3! 

~l>1"·"'~~·"!Il!2 ~rn ~'H l!::!8~9 J9\oOi ~I I l"'01~~ ~ !9,lU $U,029 $:10.240 UO.3Jl 

r .... , ... lI<it .. _ _ -mw -$13,1'1-1 ... ~ "'"' -n~.l'7 

",,"_ d 

UNLAWFUL IMMIGRANT OUSEHOLDS AmR AMNESTY-tNflR'M PHAS~ 

........ ........ .tl 

~~m 

MONtnRV JlGUilIS "-., ....... ., .......... .... "-., - HOUUHOW, UNlUS Win, ,~-

,,,n.aHiII'> .......... '''lI;~Schcd 

"" Wi'h """"","",Wit. -., .C<lII/fMIistln1' 

.o.g, WillI .. Wrt~ ~-1InfnIg>"" OT~flWKl:tIOIC,lTtO -"",. .... -~ ... .M_ Gowrn' .... 1 knoflU ~0<0iv0d PO' 11_ - o;fUC\~ $1,)8) $1,075 '1,a71 

- $1.191 

E<IO<Alionoi """"~. jjS~Sl' ~!3~¢I; 7 "'-'" -"-~ ,U"", Meors-1O>\Od _~. 

.. = $3,755 ~,~ ~1~ ~.497 

~~"'iI!l ~I~~ '~'~i P~ZIi ~Z71 :";lYl gli!2 T""'I _~. _ .. _ I n,SM :R5,01;13 119,lJ49 511,~ 41 '""'" T .... Poid ..... _oohoI. F~l ..... p.>o<! p,3811 )8,1:10 110,6;17 ~11..66 )!.9901 

~'i'~ laII!zd!: li!£Il!iI!l l~m J:~m nlllZ m~z :l§2ZZ To101 ' __ oooId Sl:1.741 Sl3,451 n.~ $29,338 $15,071 

FIouldolkM Of ... """ ... ' -S19,1123 _$11,972 -"". 511._ -$12,433 

hou_ld 

P ... ;t.IIec_ ... ~ ........ 

M ....... ' .. 'OOI Mil ... ~" 8~ "00 H' 

- "" 1 ............ "" J6H ~, 11,461 "" R« .. ._d;'''''' ~ ·$18.1174 -Sltnl -u"," m~' - ,""" 

~-. SII,n 'l ___ .. n 

" 
109 

Till: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OV UNI.AW IJLI~ t\t m.A"' rs 

ANIl A,\tNE..--rY T" TIIH U.s, TAXl'A nM 

TAUI,V., 

Fisca1 Deficits During the Phases of Amnesty (Page 2 of 2) 

UNLAWFUL IMMIGRANT HO S£HOtOS AFTER AMNE.STY-fUllIMPlEMfNTATION 

"-" .......... -..... ..... IMONffAAVIK"o\JIIl$ "-. 

"-. - Hudod t>y -"""'" ~ 1"",",,",,\$ lfrwniFoou Wi,t. ~-. "" AIIH.,.,....,.,. ... 

I«)UJEHQlD. UNUSS WI,houI.. H;Jh HC SchoaI ''''''''III'~ Wrt" c~o.z, .. W" "ImrrO'I .. m OfHf:~W1\t ItIOICAU,D -- - -- .M_ "~. 

"-'"'_ a..ofI<. ~ Po' HooaMhokI 

D"'<I.t.o"oll'i $2.081 1.. 99~ SI,4.!S """ R l"6 E"', ........ I><ndi\s i..SI 4 U1,OI'i l 110.50) S9.1!l8 $H,611 

~t..-.1od""""-.. .2Q,091 nl.'Jl~ ,..'" R fII3 ' 1-',263 

AI\oo'~c.,.,~,-n ,, ~ '/>5,B3S n80~ y " aowl>OrO.ofiI~ ~'" !!~-""' ! ' 941' pS~6 H,n:I ~~ SIll!: TO\ .. _II>ond ..... "' .. $106,058 m ,0I0I1 S19.m 52Q.614 Solol.666 

T .... .~ ... ' I1owH/oolO 

floc.,dolltl\o, ...,.. ...... ·~).195 ·R5,1I61 · Sn.MO $9.00(0 -5l9,.SO 

~~ _.Re<_ Adju>ImonI.. 

"'-...... ~ocJ ....".'" It"'" ISS, "" 11'5 

-"' 

'"' 1 .. 1nr;JU>b ." U. "" "'" S7 1 

Rocoui .. -odju ..... d"'~ ·$Cl,s47 -..... '$lI,165 $lo.61Z -$27.1171> 

.. r~""_ 

"'''' __ ~''''''Odf",~_, ...... _.",,_.''''''''J'' __ ''''''''''''''_'''''' _ M""""'f< __ ..... _"" ..... '· ... " ... US""" .. _~Il~ __ ~._,_ .... """"_ .... 

Imm' .t d)'~ ' n""'m 111 "r m''''~' y. r",n' ' 

unl wful inlilligmn!>: with jubs wwld Ix:!;in lu 

'' I''''~ c, "'<.l il' I" ...... 'd IU10rt:S"t'lal e~u'l! y an,1 

Mf ditarc d igibil y. O",;e Il>t:y h"d c< '",pI ~~ 1 40 

IU rl s (or 10 y.: r$) of on'I*)),m"" I, Il\('y wuul~ "e,,,,,,'" di~il~o for Sod.11 Se ..... u'il y old c I",,,c' 

lil ~ und ;':'" ~ • nd .... ""Id bl,:i n 10 n;.rdvt h" ,,-

" fils Ol .... n " "",Il;'l)( , eli'e"''' ''' oge. 

In IOdditlu " , undu ~n'n""l y. ("rmt. un l_ ru l 

inlm'I(,anl' "'(luld 1>",1>"111), bt: ,lblc 10 ~'I in 

c,c~iI S Ill .... '"'' S .. cial Security IV, "'Ilrk ~'~ 

f",m .. -d dUrII'S their I,mt! " r unlawl'ul " .. !dent" 

ifthey co" ld , ... Ih~1 fiCA ta ~e'" 11',.", poid r 

lI,.' e,n],I"y",,,nl . Ilpon "~t!'in !! II", ,diren ... nL 

~~ of 67. fo,me, unh .... ful m", ig l)l~ l""ulJ 

hogin I" dr.., .... Sod"! it y a nd Me l; ra ~ bt:n· 

dib. 'rl>t:y ... "uld ~I",' ~ cli~ibl " (,l, Mher ~'."n · 

", en\ bc nd ~ s.uch a;; public huuSII\jl, rflOlJ SI" "'I"', 

" "d ~k ~id p:.y",,,,,I. "" nu,sing honl. c~ "'" 

(",ven Ihe n' e~nl II#, of nhj,;l unlawful in,ml· 

'''n ts. th e'S\: ,,,Li,c",. nt ''''i18 ,,,,uld "<II "nle rge' 

r"";,,,,,,,,1 c"a c~,"ulllll ,y uld "" qu il" inl):" 

.... 11 "" Illl')' did ,1(.'<:." 

The ",,,dl,," "!,'I! fo, cu,,,,,,t _dult unl wful 

lmmi$ ,anlJi i. . (Jlv<'n "mht.",)', Ihc!;c ;n"ividu-

, 1I,,,,,ht. ,on nv" ..... gc. '~lnlln"" t" poy I"~-.,,; "",1 
110 

Fiscal Deficit per Unlawful 

Immigrant Household 

$14,387 

527,976 

Uo>d... ......, .. ~ f ..... mn .. 'Y 

C",_ t_ "',.,;,., PhHo 

_"~-..-1 ... --.......-.. ~~"""' __ .". ... A>o\' 

~ ....... !hJ"""~_.~ 

Icc.,l~~ b,,"clll~ rut five dccllodc •. l'lu", Ihi~ llcl~)lo:t

,Iv". p(loCing" Icml~'r"ry mllT"',,,,U'" on ",<:c,plor 

.. ,,If"rcan,'Oh;tn'''''~.~ ~"b,.jd;"" ""uld h."""nly" 

ma'lI.;nal im(>;.c\ on .. ""rail CIll'I,S. 

f~',;tp,"'ln!ll"c dole whcn amrn.'Sly "",i l' ","L~ 

W\\uh( n,.,~r,. e wt:U'~", a",1 Oh"m •• :" .~ j~ imJl'lrlnnl 

1,,,Ii'i<;ally. h,,,",'ew,. iJ<:c,u*, it hid"~ III<: . eal <".'IS 

,I an,,"'~ly ,luring II." olj-iml""lanl IO·}\.'M "il,,". ICeI "'in~u"''' "",plllY"!! hy Ihct:nn~r~io['ltil t!u~)(\'l 

DUlL'\'! (t:HO). Cuncc;,liul! Ihe "",,,.1 ~'01II" urkl(i.I" . 

lion Il)' dd~y(nJ!. prugram ~xJ>hn.iun unlll Qncr Ihe 

end "rthu CliO IO ·~" ' hudgel " ·il>l.l"",, i~ a ("01"-

WllIn kgi:ll.ti"" I.i,'k in Washingl"n. Thi. "udJ!Clary I'loy tan IJC- VCT)' dTcctlw In ddndillj( b<oth 

)wllilidll'" "",( III<.' lI"hlk "huullh~ ode:.1 ",.SI. 01' 

Icgl"Zal ,on. 

When "",nu",y lc'!li.Mi"" i .... ~Icd "ul in 

C:.' n8re~ Ihe 1I,,1,l(e ~h"uld cxrICCI h' """this ,\ntl· 

'-'l!Y of Ik~t'\lli()n in r ull ftJr"" Ntarry Rtl ';0(,,,1 di~ · 

"u"",on '" C"n~re .... "nd the 1m .. "" wHI !<,"usun Ih" 

ddibomdoly luw I"mpo ... r)' '-'OO'lS during I he ("Iurim 

ph""". The fm nUll" signillc"n' Junger_Ietm """~ 

will Iw< la'l/Cly ignurc'll, Nn IUlli.icl3n \I'he, i~ ~crinu, 

CIIAII1''' 

Cl .R~P<' RT )i0; , .. 

~AU."" 

Annual Aggregate Fiscal DerlCits for 

All Unlawful Immigrant Households 

~06 

billion 

Und.. ~!y: F .... _IV , .. ",,,,1_ _ ... """' .. _ t ..... __ .. ~ __ _ _ .,_"",,,,k,,, __ .,,.d..,,,,,, ........... _"'~ .... \or1 

"boull!'lvernm~nl ~,]cnding ,mil dcr,cil~ shoul<llH<l' 

"",\<, IhJ~ Iktl"Ptiw hu<lgclary ,I1.1h\mll:k, "1>1.1 Ih~ 

puhlii: ~h"ul,1 IlI'( "" ,~ol.~1 t>r il. 

Fisca l Changes During lhe Inte rim I'hose 

Ounog Ih ~ inilinl in\cdm 1)1."" .. ~mrn:. .. tyw<lukJ 

jlnlJ"cc Ih, ~.., H5<'~1 "h"'W·~, "n i'K',e,"'· in lax rc· ... -

"nUe, an inc'~a. e in s"ocial Sccurity "",I Mcdi"arc 

I''l)'n'cnt.. fnrdi""hled I"'''''''''" and "urvil\m;, ~nd an 

i,,"rca.e in Mh\C (h'P U"'( i"n,h"",," C.>sls ,.s (nrcne. 

" " lawful im",i~rnnb' """"me m,)le oo"'fnrlllblc 

,,~i11l; g.' ..... rnn.cnl i<:TVir:c'S. Tlti. s..<'Iion uMI)"J.'s 

Ih"St.' cho")(c';' 

1\. hOled ~arUer. ""~r!y all exl'"rl5 hclicvc Ibal 

",,,ell {.'"'rloy"'~nt of "nl"wf,,1 iln,nij(r",,1,S ""CUnI 

"ulr lh ~ book.; Since (ax ... ~ 1>I>lIl.id on Ihi,' hid· 

~c" chl(!luyhl""I, I he 'l'Sull ;,; I",," )(I"',,'''"'e''( " .... _ 

enu,," Afte, an. nc~~y, r,,'mer "n"",·r,,1 immisr"nt~ 

"'"old h'''''' ~ slronJ( i~"ti,'C I" shift 10 ' on Ihe 

book." C"'I~oyn'""1 b"e,,,,1'(, a l',"sl.l"n( """ml " r 

omci~1 c"'I,I,I)'""'''( ",,]uld prubablyb" ''''''l_ryfur 

the.,;" ind,,·,du~l. lu l'I'n •• in In tho! IIS,"nd w!,".g· 

r,'S~ I< .... ~rd !.I'll Sl"'''~_ 
111 

TlII: 'SC"' Lco.'"T tW UNI.AW ·IJL t\t m ... ",· rs 

.. ,," A,\tS&1o"TY n l TIIG U.>I, TAX"" n M 

Total Fiscal Deficit for All UnlawflLlllmmigrant Households 

t);"«ttwelll. 

!0UC0(.,.,.1_i:. 

"""""·\~,>" .. d ~ntfa> An_ cao.A<t h<onh<M< lIentIits 

"""'~"'"n-t!a~$""'Y'H1 

~167 

S51,&46 

m.9-'S 

$93,fN3 

",SIS 

SSl,~ 

SI1.1I'5 

SII)o1,24O 

S3,.S12 

~,~ 

~~S 

f24,tlJ<; 

PIN5 

T .... P.ld b)I ... ~ U. 'owiU Immllron. Hou .. hoId 

_10"",1*" l>I.,. ond 'M to"" "''' 

To, .. WeI p.od 

ToIo1 'n ..... , !i.ul defldl lor 011 "",.wful 

"""' .... nlh_ 

1Ie<eo"""""""""" .., ..... ,I\o<.ot dofl<il to. ... u • ......,.",mml&r"'" h_oI>o!d< 

~,6J~ 

m:nl 

S3'l.166 

-SS1,116 

~.!lSI!I 

mOll 

SS7.119 

-5011.122 

-S4l,.,. 

-S111.616 

"'''' ~O __ ~"""""",,,,,,'''''''''''''_.'_J.~ ___ .. _, _ ""' ... ____ "" ...... " .... " ... IJS"""' .. ""-~!O''"'''''...,..... ... ~_~_'''' 

--

Til. I>r ~""nl ~n"lY"is ~"SUnt .~ Ill,1i ~l the tu ~"l 

I I",~, ~(l"'e r~~ ""retoOl of unl" .. 'f,,1 immit.'Qnl ... u.k-

~." .oMk un !II~ b<M'~ "n{,l ~ "c. ~cnl ",,"k "rr Ult! 

bt~,ks. 'n", anul)',is M~um"S (h,,( if m"cS Y "'~Il' 

cn>tied. \15 l>errcnl ufful u.e cm ~(Oy",cn I of Ill,· furme, unlawful imm;granl,wIluldt""'u, t'" Ihci>t>llk •. 

This Wll\lJd i!ICrt!l1.C payn,enlS uff.de,nl "n~ slale 

ilt<'umc I"X'·~. 1'1 ('.\ la xc,.:. "ntl olher ~" laxCtl 

<>,,,( h 1I",,",pluyn'~n' "n,1 work r.. m",~o""' i"n fc~,i\) 

by ncarJySH billion pe.) ...... r. 

"fler ~n'nt!."y. ro",,~, un!otwful i","';)(r""tg 

",,"\lId 'I<' Qhf" 10 ~c",k cmplnynwnt 010'" ('p"nl), and 

~"h1 1' ,1e ('" a wide' an~c "r ,,,,,,ili<\l\6. )(e~"'clt 

(",m Ih~ amn"Slv in 1\18(> "I>(,W~ Ih"1 Ihi,t letltt> ~i$.­

nificonl ""«" u";n~ an,()nlol "m""~\,y recfJ,!Jent~. hul 

,,,,,,,,-,,,ly 11)"" m~tk Individuals eligible (u, un~m

.>loynlcnl It~uta""'''- ~nt l other prugrnm" (I,~, sUll1'0tl indjvjdu"'~ ,,'hen th~)' "re n(lt wod'JII,g. "nd 

IIIi$ led 10 a dc1'l;ne io mIWO)'mc"l ~m""~ wc.,kcr$ 

.. 

~w 'l __ ... 

,ecdYing am"'-"Sly. Th.",,, two dr"e," olT,i.e1 e:och 

tl lh~r. y"' l(tin~ ~ net n""no li gIIln uf S )"":~ Il ' in 

WItj(l'8." Tlti. ~ ""tcenl w~gcb'""'ll~ incilllk'(!ln .hc 

"n~l l'!'is "",llca(l~ 101 on in~"'"sc In I",,'{'mo:. FIC", 

"nd 'OIl~Uml'li<Jn lU~ 1'")'mCnISO(at(1und S~ bllll"n 

pcry"a ,. 

The .n"lysls I!j.\j ... um ,,,, (11"1 nftcr Hnl" "~ly, 

(mmer "01.,,,1',,1 ihlm')(O'lI n, It""""h"ld~ ",,,,,'d k 

mf',e Hkd)' I" uSC ht~h",ays. au lOli. ~nd " i,pt .r'.: I his 

wouW Il'sun ,n un jne.e~"" in ,,,Iuled ~""s"n~ fc",~ 

of 'UIl~h yJllOO "'illio" ,><;(' Y""r. O'''''1'all, ""'",-",ly 

"'fluid i""r~~"" I.>;, """nu.· ~"" (",~ by O\ilrn~ Sill ,,;,-

I it." p~' y~a . ,,. ,,,ul/hl)' $4, 7IKI,><:r f"rm ~r u"l"w[\l1 

into.ium"' h,,"sclOl,l. 

As 11,.nt~r un lawi'ul Immigr"nts bt!!!'" In "",'k 

,lIt lh~ I,.;","" u"nll their own no """, ond ~"d,,' 

St:~mit~ numb" ... Ihdr ~lIgibllJly ro. u"ell1plvynlent mourance h"hCfits a"d wor c~' ""n'p~ItJO"_ 

lion .o""ld inCT",,",,_ 'r c~ ,,"f,t~ .0 ..... 1,\ '; ~d~ 
112 

:t· .I.I kCP<ln s O; , .. 

l-MU, :IO,. 

l awful Immigrants Over Age 65: Per-Person Benefits and Taxes, 2010 

towl" ''''''''''''' t2WhII ...... "'><>1 ''''''l.~ P ......... w~_ p.,-.w"~ LI""uI~ t-fullmmi ..... 

AU IIGOIIU AlIt: DOUAltS • o-qr,s_ 0rIIy. H~ ~~ . PIIfSOMW ... "" ~~~ -~ ".~ ..... ~- -,- CoIIqoGtOdo>,,,, ... " ...,...._ &0 .. ,., R_-,por "'-> 

o;...a-'lb 17 ,II-'S $\9,501 5<'1.120 S20,8'JS 119.417 

~"""'l><>"I<flu ~ ~ 

Me.....-""'od I>oncflr> " " " :SlII,620 }';, n t 3,98'.1 19S "m """bh""'-" ~ )l 109 . 30N n 111 ~l 13,239 T., .. boMIi .. _ IOfVKOS Sll,S74 f.28,lol6 S28, 2~ S2UAl $19,488 

T_ l'old poOf_ 

rlOUl ddW:it or ......... ' 

- -113.521 

~"" .. fo ____ """""" "'V~, ... ",._iQ"~"'_~:>n·_'_" 

..... """'-, .. 

t<],,,,,, """Is "(ornr~"'tllu Ii, lh,"'" ,cccw"d hy I:.w_ 

fill ;mm'I('anl (amili.:..; with ~I",il,\r !k.II';U(lConllmk; 

cha""'tc,isli,~ :" 

In ronlrMst t" ,)Id ~)\~ bi:nctit~, ;';,o<: ~ I Se~lldlY 

di ~hiJily, $u,"i,'o '~ l>I:n"Jit~, and ,d~lcd MC(lica,,, 

"'~ ~,,"'IJIbI~ ....,lIllcfoN reii ,,,mcnl w~. ~,,,y anHI<."-

Iy law WOu ld mnkc ro'm~t llol:,w(1l1 immil~""nl£.n(! 

(hdr kin •• Ugihlc rot Ih<'!e .,n~fit>; _ Fur ,,x,,ml'lc •• 

... "k~r wh" h"<ll;,'\!ye:,,~ "(,:re,lih:1;l e,,'ploymcnl 

would ,,,,~;v\'lti~bil ityb'"ncfit~ if ~ I~" n'e un;,blt 

lu ''''''k, Ten yea'. or c. cd il,·d cml~(Oymc,,' ... ,uld 

moke . W\)rko.','~ nml ~ cJig!bl~rOt ~u'vl,,:..r Ikntflls 

"I"'" thcv .... rkct'lo dl"'lh. 

!'(I.nrc, \lnluw!",,1 '''' ;~r"nl" WHII1,! iw,l(in ((, 

"·c~M,, Ihew bcndlt>; nul lung afle, ~ntnCSI)·, ,,1>11 

II'~ ,,,,n,iJ,,, n",dvin~ ocnci;l. would g'''''. '''''' linlc. 

g'"l'!nluhIlY. l he 1k!,·hI!US(:hoIJ di ,hi1lly nnd .urvi-

"or bo."",rolg and ~L'(."ml~II1)' '' '~ ~k .. Jic"'" ,-.xdl't..,j 

by f,,'m' ' unl"wful ,m"H)ln",l h""""h ... I,\s Wfluld 

Ilkdy 1'<l,,~1 lhe I",neiils 'e",·ivcd by cUrlenl I~wful im"".II.,"nlIo; ",u)tllly $l.{o(\I) pc, 111,,",,,,110111 pc, 

}'-~'t,'" Ilo""vc,. duri ng I "" flrsl tkcade ,,110, "n",,,"-

Iy, Ihehene,,! ''''''''.o;ol "·,,uld be mu~h }"." . 

The pre""nl wnaly~ s assume! Ilm( unlawful 

""""I(ranl h,,".>ch,"ds "ril IC>IS likely HI uSOl eerI;,;n g.w",nmen( !lerviCc~ $u~1! "~I""ks. hi)(h"' Y" 

lill""l'>', and ,,1'llOrIS Iha " arc In ... ful h<>llsi.'hull;l. 

will! Ihe SOme le",,1 "f in~"",e . h'w,'v~r. ir unl.w-

(ul immi~r"nl huus<: h"lds ",e )lr~nlcd "mnc~ly. 

(hd. "1;1iz~liotl "r Ihe .. , j(,,\'Crnnlcnl krvit:~ .. will 

inc.e.sc, 

0. .. " lin,". Ih" U>Ie "r Iho:$C lICrvk~, by r"rtlM 

unl"wl',,1 ho,u~h"ld~ ,"fluid likely ",.h'h Ihd. u,", 

I»· ,urrent ("wfu l Immigranl and n()n-In,n,ig ... ,,\ 

()u""h"hl~ wilh .inlila, dcm''Il''',11! if ch"'~"I(" ,.-

tk~ . ·rh~ n.-wlliolg i""n,,;\S(' in p'l()ulnl iolO4la!otJ g<1Vctnmcn(llerv,cl.'11 ,"nold ,'"'''' go""rn"'enl WI'IS hy 

0,,,,,,,11 $~.r~1IJ 11''' h" !lCI!.~d , Incr~ scll «-....,illl "f 

uncmpl(»lmcnl in>u,a""c, wtJrk","' ('t)n"JeIl,;ation. 

di."hilily be,,,,,,,,,, "nd IM,!,ul.lion·b" ""d ""'Vk.". 

w(lutd ;"~'C"!ot ttl<' (>v" .. ,ll gov.-:rnlff~n l h.'IIt"I, 

"",d""d t,y (".me, """,w( .. 1 ir"n'~':.nl hn"",,hulds 

hyfl<:.tlySI I hillilln ncrye", 

~'is ll ml'no."t orthe Full 

Implementation uF Amnesty 

rctlcral and SHill> governmen ls """"nlly SI"'ruj 

uV,,, $11:10 bill;"n j>Cr-yeM tin m,)rc Ihan !Ill "ilTe,enl 
113 

T1II: ~, ,;c"' LC(l"'T IW IINI.AW IJLI~t\tm. A"'·rs 

ANI! A,\tSg,,'TY T" Tn E 11.11. TAXI'A y~" 

Unlawful Immigrants Over Age 65: Projected Fiscal Balances per Person 

u~ .. "" .. Unl.wlol U,". wlul 

1"""'11''''1 I"" •• ,,.., Unlowlul Im"q,.". To,oIUoI_uI 

A.U MaHrTAI!\' IlGUIIlS AA! .. - -~ . I"""TII'''''I P ....... Wllo I"""i,,' n' Da.lAIIS POI PlR'.IOI'I W;' hou' . H Ich o..~. Hish P .. ",n. Wrth 1\,, (0110$* P./lOMo-... 

I,. 70101>OI.lAI!S S<h"""Oti: ... ~O .. ,.e Sam.C .... p G .. dUO, .. ,.M ,,_"'~(tNIkIno) .~ ' " U2 O.~3 10.13 

Govo. ...... , B .... IlI. 1to<oiwcI po< ""'- 0;....,_., 7,&t~ g l, l 20 ~20,1IOe. JI8.~27 

-...~""""", ~ " ~ ~ 

~· ... ICIII><:t<t:I .. ,..'" ~.95S 

~~. 77~ . 

TucshI4po,_ 

- "-I'"'" ' 1,401 $2,)91 i6,.4' B ''''''' $~, 9S 

SI. I< mdloo:.ol .. >h po" 8 S4,IIJ1 tM76 1H!,31'5 f,4 W Tohl ..... <>001 13,921 $6, OO "1"-1IOS "~ 17,511 

f'1O<S! de/lQt .. 5UfO .... po<_ -'28,16~ -lll,.n - $13.88& -$6.&21 -S2l,J;/'9 

M'-",1.Iod """'MoM","" 

T"" ......... 

'531 

"" 

ms m' 

M rn' 

-J28,111 -122,004 -'13.241 -$5,928 -$2l.61l 

_ ......... f ' ....... "" __ ."' ..... ~_' .... IIS.C<no ....... _ 

2OICC_._."~ ............... _ .. ,_""v ..... , .. <;lOW . _""",. 

"aft;'·I~l'Ic\L aid I"<'gro ln' U.$. '~ OTn child'l'n " f 

,((,l~wf'u1 in,millrllnlS Uri' cu""nlly d il\i"'e r.." 3id 

1I,rou~1> n)('~l !If ll>c,.., p'Oj!ram~. hut rOI.,lg,n·l>Qm 

child,,,n "'hoi ~"', in Ihe c<lunlry unlawf"lIy "nd 

...J"I! "nh,wfu' !",mignlnts nO\: AA""rlIUy IIOt igi ~c 

f"t.id. 

Al p'~'SCnl •• u .n,m",ly nWI~,s~i~ ",,,"hl m"k" 

,\(jull uni,,",fullmmi.\:rnnl. ~mllh~ir f'lI'eliln.JlOm 

",'ildren fuUy d il\iblc for th l .. " j>""J!r""", "t lh ~ ~nd 

oft"" ",,,itingpcril)(t. 1I,<a "'-'I;Ull, ~If"rt' bc,,,,fIlS In 

r"'hI ~r UII,",,'f,,1 h,woch"ld. w.",ld likcl)' ri"" I" the 

I"wl "flh'''''' ,ceei",," bytllr'~nll.wful im,u\l(rn nl 

fan,illcs " 'il h im II", iO<n:jol('t'{tllomic ~hor"Clerl~lk'" 

'fhis would me.n a . horr inetc."" '" oc"d~. ffOn, 

1"(>guIII's ~UCh"' Tcml)O ... ~ry IISjii.\;tnt" fUI ,,""I'lly 

" .miliC!', the ~:"r "d Income Tu C,cdiL. Mudbld, 

,)uhlle h<lu~in~ "d fo<)(l "l~ml~" 

0", ... 11, """".1 "'t/r,,,c I:' >~I$ "'''uld ti",! lu 

""K'ml $1:1.711() pcr rnlll,..,h,~iI "m""~ r",mer Iml~w' 

fu l hOUlO.'hlllds.llmn(','ly "'''"Id in(rca"",,,,,,,, . 11 wei· 

fnrc c.-",IS III $:>1 bililun "". Y"OT r<lr ll>i~ 1\. "Ul'," 

St"'ling In W H, Ihe IIffu,d,,'~c C.", Nt will 

bl-gin 10 I1ftlvide ,·.,illl'" lJr",~ of ",d, ,,,dudif1~ 

!:lCp.n.dI',1 M"dic~;~, pr"n,i"", ; III)!1i,lic .... ami '''' · 

sl",ri ng ."Ilsldie>;. to I~w"r·inoomc ;noJ ividu"'" "'I>,, "ICk ncnllh n"~ n"'c~. Un lawful in""ig'""Ul """ 

tllrrcnll)' ndl~iblQ Ill. Ih l~ nod, llnder am!l\'~ly Qr 

""",ned rili.~"'hil}: IIlIb",I',,1 in""i~'~ "l.< ","uld 

nhl~'" r,,11 di)\ihi1ily rur Ihe"" hI:ndil5. ~lll>"ug h 

"1~C.« luald woliid Jlt'~"'hlyhl!dd.yed IInl ;llh~ ~n.d 

lOr ! he Inle"nI I""iod, 

1'1", (",lin,al"d COlli uf bcn<'fll' rfllnl OI~maca,,, 

til fU'hI",unl"wfui in'm~"'n! hll....,huMswolild Ill' 

$~4 hill~,"JI;" )'~~r." 
114 

n.l.l n~rOMT )i(l; ' 3:1 

~~U, :w .. 

l ong-term Costs of Unlawful Immigrants After Amnesty 

-, TOUI """' .f T .... r ..... o.f;clt, T . .... Bonof .. Roc .. WI<I Tolol T ........ d _Bonora. 

(lr'oI ..... oI201O (1n'lfj_of2010 (_oIlOlO 

~". n_ .. , , .... , tl.J:l "" ... ,,',"" plio",,,, 0Jn<.nty -$O.5~ 

M ........ w ......... ""20~ nn Sl_14 -11.99 

.. - "" • .,IS"..,." ".,. 6~ ,,~ -Sl'S 

101"<0>\0 

_""' ....... 

011 ••• ....-y 

~ 

l orv-..,.,..,IIl<aI ....... t~ .... 

(,"""","'2010~_ .. ) 

T .... ~producocibyonxt....,,01_~ (,,1_ o! 2010"""".,.., i!OI .... ) 

LlhI .... <otI pti" ocIIoft ~fIIaWIUI inv?Ii&fo.t-

(2010 ..... .. d.U ... ) 

"~ ~ -$0_16 

S9 .• 0 $'l.I. -$6.26 

su s "'" -10.98 

».0 _55.28 

. ._.~ .... __ tII' (>, .... _ .. __ f\JI_ ... ,,,,,u.s .. 2Q1'J, 

... "''''''--''"'''--- s..-o: ~" __ """' 

O\'erall Fiscal Imp;lcl of 

Amnesty or "~: arnL>d iti ~enshiJl " 

TI " 7 and Ch:trL 10 .how tilu "'''''''1:'' 'l, ... ~1 ",.1 _ 

c~~ "f ... nlawrul immlgra nl ho ... icl\, ld ~ "''''' in~ Ihe 

II""" ~talP"" "'-.fmc a nlrwst y. I he i hIe" nI p e' 'lid a/le' 

o hI ~'$. Y. and r,,1I1 mpjcmcnlall,'n "fam ",,,,Iy. M Ihc 

un nl time. b"fvlc am .... Sly. th e "VI.,,-.oJ;o! unl" .... f ... 1 

in""I~""'l h"u~~hold h~s a 1i",,~1 d,f,cll of SI4.387 

1k<.yt<M. nu'l~ Ih"fnl~ fm perIOd imo"."dilltdy r(Olhl .... [n~ ,,",n""ly, tal< r"V1:n"", w(OuJd increase ""1f~ 

Ih!ln J;"" ':r n", nl h~l1cril~ .• nd Ih~ "'l!rat'· t'5 .. ,I,lcfieil "m"")!" Ih ~ r.""'~ r ,,"I ~"-fu l h(1U>'(:h"I(1s wl1uld 

("II I" SII." "" 1"-" h,"''''h,'ld .... (Thl ~ r, ",c. h"",ev_ 

cr. ~.s umc", the.\: ,""vuld Dc "u ~~ r"n$io n ofgt)vNn-

",cnl mc-dlCal Ca ' " I" I!{JOt ~m",."Sl)· " ,d,l;e"", rM a ruJl ,kcade "ft~r amr""~ly i!l enlll1cd: I ~ SCc",~ 

""I it '£!>I lly ""~ 'lI5i\)l tJ 

When Ihe inlerim ph~"" "ds. nl IIl-Sl y ",d"lents 

....,uld IIo'ro nlc eligible for nl"anS-h.. lcd "--clfMe and 

hca lth c" ~ hc"" n( ~ undc t Ihe Alf,"d"hl,' Car~ ,\"i. 

Allhal i1<"nl a"n".I~"vernmcnllwnc('lsw(lul<l """ 

10 .""'n,1 $43.~ fUo-lhe ~wr:rill' forn"" unh.",-

ful Inlnll!!,.,,1 housch.,ld."' l '"x p"yn'cllts Wtluld 

rem"in "t .round $16_000 pc. uu;«,·h (~ d. yicldltIJI 

an " nll"al r~,,1 Ikfld l (l",,,.flt. nlln~ I.Xl"" 1,.1i<1 ) 

or.",,,n(1 S2/lJ)l f() pet hn",;chuld." 

T"Ne 6 a nd Chat! 11 . h" .... 11>0 ")\)lrc~alc 1;"..,,,1 

b<l1",1C<! rQ' ,11 1 ... nl"wf ... 1 Immij(."nl holl..;(!Ml ~ in 

the Ihrc,- l~", .'" All nr th,' Ii~ure ,; n Tahle""nd 

Ch,,, Is I!J" mill .f" ~<lJIl.tl.,j r", fill ".~ ,nn"t ion " nd 

II'c>lCnlcd In 2010 "' ~t; t ~()II"rs. '" 

• lIt'lb,c ,.mne'!'ty • • lIlInl"",(,,1 Immigra nt h()ukhnlds l\lJICt hu. rcrcJ",d $~~.7 biU~m I"" yea. in 

l!(OVl:rn ~nl i>cnen", and sc,,~<....- "nll ,,:lid t:I~ 2 

hillit'ln. ylehhng 8n ~'Cg.1tc ,,,,n,,,,1 dcftdl. <'If 

1545\1il ll..,n 

• In Ihe interim rhn.c aft,·. u",ne.<ly. AAf~"lc 

I#""" "",,cnl hcncfll.s ""d ocrvK'c'!' .... " "'d I";';C I" 

$IO:J ~ billion I"" year. hilt lu fewn"" w<l"I~ 

ti~'-I" a.ound $(>0 "fill,,,,: a, ~ ~on.tquern:c. Ihe 

c~ c unnual doli",! "",uld fall . Iij:htly I" 

$4 4 blllkm. (Th<''''' ligur, .. ,,,dud,' all p""Irec",,"'K)n adju tn' nl$. ) 

• At UI" end ,.rUm inle"", pha,c, r,>rn'c,,,,,J,,wr,,1 

im",I~.~nl h"u,.,h( W~ ",n,,1Ii I",conlc CUllv ell-

~i hlc f<lr t~M- <::' ~d weir.", ~nd hl .. llh COO ' e 

bendil, undel Ihe An<".dahlc Ca.e Ad. '' I~I 

" "n ... ,,1 gtMlrnmcllt b .. "",flts nd ",n icco Wl!uld 

.. ,," til 516(.'5 IJlllion, ta ~ few""e w,,,,ld ren,ain 

al an.,nd S(oO.5 hillinn. yi ddin~ ~n aggrc~nk 

" 
115 

T ill: ~' SC"' Lcu..--r OV UNI.AW IJLI~ t\t m. A"'·rs 

ANIl A,\tNR..--rV T" TII H U.s, TAXM YEM 

,,"nu,,1 fi5(!al dendl "fSUl(; I)illi,)". (Th "'" '\/Illt"" ;n~ lu dc aU 1,,"sl·'c,,<c!'Si,)n ",lju.1 "'~n\~,J 

l.ong·Term lIe tiremenl Cosl$ for l.'orml'r 

Unlllwful lmmigrllnis UndcrAnmesty 

0"" "'OW' 11..,,,1 ""IU<!'1 cn"~ "f "",n"~ y II< 

II,,, .. nc~rly all CUfl~ nl unlaw(", i"'",igr> n.~ ~,uld 

bo....:" "'~ cl i,.; ibl~ ('" So\:;0,1 S~'t II tit Y a nil Melli,' ~ 'C and 

"",uld 'c'te,,,,, boo"C'/'lls f,o'" lhu"" I'''og,,,n,. when 

lh(,), 'c;;;:h reti",,,,c"' loge, In "''''', CO".:!" .he fc"W 

wh"did "(,I "hluin dlg'"Hilyf"r~ncl"' ~cur, Y "nd 

M""k.,,," .muld rc",,;ve ;;"l'r~)Tl fJU"' ~uprlcm;"'I~1 

Sccurlly Intome nod Me,1jeaid.lIs Ih.,y "I!c~, fQrm," 

unl"wful i"'"'illronls",luld .liI<' beel'giblu f", """. 

ih ~ h~me t~'" runde~ by Medlcuid. Th~ I'll ~ uft h,'S<! 

t>c",c/il$ w</uld he \juile b'~·j:. 

0"" "'''Y I" ~1 i",alc Ih" 1'''''' re .'" ire,n",,' fOSt~ 

of unl;'wfulln'n'i~ unl' u"~et ,,"ml.,,'y jI> 1'1 eXUm-

;"" Ihe '''''''.#' """dils ~urr" "lj y ",cell'e,j hy 1:,,,,. 

ful lmn,i,l(I"!"'J.,; over ''!({' {oS wl>i)o;c' cdul"'l it)n I.·"" IS 

m,MII I~"~",,ru,,"'wlul '",,,,il/,:onl';' TII~ rogu,,'~for 

';,wful i"'m;~ranl' over ,,~~ t,,, or;: slwwn in T"l~c 

\I. (Once ind"'jdu"ls "W"" Inl" ,eiir""",,,1 )\'~.~, 1\ 

i. m"rt: ,,~cur ul " \" "":Ill'"'" I'<'r"""5 ,,~her Ihan 

"\I~"hold~. Tllus. In (On1 " .. Un .h" t''' .. "Y)o{IU~ wblo$ 

in Ih is I~!oer. TobIe ... p"'''''nl~ bo"""f". ~'MJ IOJ("" j1~r 

""",i~"'nt ",Llier thf,n 1)0;, I"",,,,,hold.) 

Table 'I rcf'<l"~ Ihe ac .u,,1 hcrn:fots 'l~ cjwd ' ''d 

tU''''llOid I""r I',,.,..,n In !tOlO b).' l:owful irnmil?",nlli 

"""ra~c (~s. f". ~x"n,ple, t he ,,,,,r"gc ""krly I~ wful 

",",igr~nl ",hl' ,,,,,ked a hiJ;h ""hool dCllr< .... rtt."l\'t.<l 

$31,514 in u"nua! ~vcrn nl ben,,,n,,, and :It', vin.,. 

and piOid $:1.9:!1 'n I"~~"' . yiddil\)! 8n "nnual fi...:al 

deflcll (If &:!7,('!"o:j 

T"I~,· 10 .I>nw. ~ ~~'im.'~d Iisenl "",lances 

"r ,.,jult nn"'~~I)' r<'C1I,icn l~ OV~, age (~" it m""" · 

Iy we ..... en.tled. (A~"in. Ihe ~""lim;'Ic-d I>cnd'ls 

,~~iVNl "lid laxes poid "'" mudded 'In Ille Iual currenl ligu'~'l! for elderly 'n"'f", ,n' ""j(ta,,' •. ) 

Givt.'n ~mn~'!'l}; Ihe .""'"~'C rormcr " nlawful imm;· 

gr .. nl 'Ig" 65 or older woultl rcceiv~ ~'l;Hrn d $30,500 

pcr yenr In hcncfli •. S""i~1 Sccu,·i\y "em liI~ ",ould 

COln", I" "n .. ,ntl SIO,(}()(j jlilr )·car; Ml'tlicar. ",nuld 

odd ~,,,"h,'r '<J.O()O. t1cti.ec. "~,uld '''''en .... I'<,me 

$7,r,()() in mc""~·lc,'c" well'n,,,. prin,nrily 1M 

M,<lltoid "ur~inll h"me J>..:"dit~, ~encml M"dlc~id, 

"n~ SSI." P"I,ula\u.>n-b"""d ""nenls ",ould ~d" 

aMlhcr$;I,tO(t in to>I~ . TII,,~ve"'KcMmn."-'I}' «~i,,­

;cnL w~uldl'DY :.,ound $7,1100 in IU"". ",.ul lin ~ in 

"n avc ....gc annual n~".1 d~ntil of rou"M)' $22.700 

• 

c~ rd"l..,." (till r.gUll.'~ (ndu~" p"sl.,"","""" 

·;Uul't","nl~.) 

IMltllli/.t ag(: 61, d",Ilt."1J' 'c'<;lIionIS ~()u ld I", 

"Xp.,"'""<.l In re",ui"" hcncf,,~ (<Or III I" 19 )'c a .. ,," 

"""rn~c.' Th" w"u!d pr'~!U(:c " lon~-\c'm nscul ddkit 1 ... 1 urS4~O.OOO ~cr 1""I1',n durins fl1' '''''''cnt. 

Pal'l'nts \,I f An,ne"ty Recipients 

II n ",!dilk"'"ll'''''''-~!Ucncc nr h;t1"li."Iic)n I. U.'" 

when o"",/:.<I y r~lpicnl~ "cr<lme c;tiz""",, ih.')' 

"",uld have U", uncn"d it;.,,,.1 r;~h l to I)r' ''~ the" 

p""'n'~ 10''''' \1.S, (1 n ~triv"I, Ihe po,cnl, ", .. uIJ 

>e<:;)m~ le~" ! !",rn,anl1lt r""i(lcnl~ "'ilh U..e- 1>ll> ll ~ 

"hl";n cil ;zcn~hi ' ,n nY<' }"" N. l'hl')' ,,'mid pn,h.· 

bJ~ "" dlJ:ibJcf"t Qb.1maca", im m~dia\d~: "ftcr n"" yt.'1"~, Ihcy"",,uld h,,"'m'c dl~iblcf"r SU I'I "~'cn ul 

s,,<unly 100"01" (al StI':,(){) p.:r )'t.'o,) ""<l "Ih". 

mc"",;.tcS(t'll l)c ""nlS. Thc.r;~hl to brft\: ~'''tIlts h' 

I he u.s. 10 l><.'C1m,c ile ,,~ Is ~,,'nn'.I" .. amI u"I'",· 

ilod, A~ "'""y"~ I" ",Hllo" 10 ~'l mlll'!m p"rc'1I\S 

"'nul,1 Oee""'e dil!.il!lc f,or leg" I"" m" ne'" "~ 'd e"c~ 

u"dc,~ " ",ncslyl~w, 

Nol all of Ihc..;., ntlividual~ would ~n",~ 10 Ih~ 

O,S, Ilist"tk,.lJy,"nc p,,,"nl ".,IlI,,,nh,,,ughUn Ihe 

U.s, ru, every ",",vcn nun·elderly "dull l"'miS .... "I •. 

I-'ollow'n~ h'. ""iQ, 10 million adull amllt.'I'tyr"";,"· 

enl. w",,1<1 be likely In h"n~ I.f. ""lIlUn p~ .. ~'''. In 

\ he ",'un'ty ~s ",,,,rul ll.'sidcnlli, 

1'0' l hol "'OSll" rl.lhl'SC parcOI' "',uIU bc I">or 

~ntl heavily dcp\!",lcnl un I~xr'~}"""" 'I'>'pic:~l ~'oS S 

woul~ 1'.nll3bly bc alOU"" $:!(\,OoO I .... t pa"."t "." 

year for "",1(,,," a"" medk,,) care. The I'.rcnb 

w011ld Il<> cl!k.'rly on .,ri,'.1 and m~hl re~d~e hen. 

er.l~ ror row 10 10 } .... '''~ In th:ol ~"~~. Ih.· I"lal 1".1 l" 

lall"'}\:rS wuuhl he "ut $~r.(l hilll.,n," 

Ufctime .'isml Costs of UnlAwful 

Immigrants Following Amnesty 

MOlII dh'eUl'Sio,,~ or Ihe 0,;0<1 ""n~\j""hC~~ 1'( 

unlawful ;",,,,;" ,"Ii,,,, "",1 amn.,;ly I\,"US " n Ihe 

ne~1 f,ve 1<) 10 )"'~"',lJul .n",ol'ly, hy <Jcti nH lon, cntr· 

II,." """h unl"wful imn,ij{,·",,\ with lifdilne eligi· 

bility r~, Ihe full 8"'1)' of ~ov~'nmenl h<~nd;lI;. The 

''''c''~'i; odull ",,,Ia,,,(ul ;n "ni~'~nl ili currently :14 

yea .... ,~d an,1 h" ~ a I ir~ oX I,ec lanCy of~ n'ore yca r~ . 

IJn~'.,. A",nc'Sly.lhul ",c~ns 50 ~a,.,. I.lIII<,ve'nn,enl 

"."",liL" run<lL'<I by n,s. I"xp"}"",, 

Ir " """ .,;ty iHnaclc<l, 0!l"',,-3,74 ",lIllon u"l~wrul 

imm!grunl ho ..... ""I<I. will b;- gr."" e."nLu .. 1 ,'''c • .,.. 

I" weir" Te 8 nd I ,[hen:h! iLl""", nl~, or <!Ilu ff,o,'. " n," e~ly 
116 

",dl'icnt~ ""II ""I II"" IhrL""" , m""n .1",,,I;,,d m"'_ 

lal ily ~Inl j~lic,. ij i'l',,"'it~o.:hl L"llmah,1 h,· ,!c·d inc in 

Ihe Muml"" M lI(luit "nlowful i"'mi,l:ranl"l'am""~I)' 

n" i"i~nl_ ""d ~u' '''''I'"nt! i n~ h. ",,,,,I,,, Id. Y L~" by Y",.r 

in Ih~ fUlli",,"Tabte 7 11""" n'H"lim.IL>;! n,,:al deficit 

pcr ~h<)ld during Ihe inlerlm I""">OJ ""d dUring 

f,,11 impkn'~nl"'.m Ilfnm""8Iy, Ilycomhinil1$lthL'Se 

1'.,:r-ho)u>'Cl.>ol(j <kf>l.:lI f\\l"'''''' with l/J.I:o;Xl',;.'c ~~ 1 nurn -

he!, ,,( .u,",yi~ hnu""h"ld~ he,Kkd 1»' """' .... 1.1' "'''''1'' 

;"nl~, il ,s 1'<"'!l.~ihI~ In ~" Iimulc lhe totnllifo Urn" f'*C.11 

""'IS "r cur'enl u"",,,,r,,1 h"lIl>I:h,~<ls an~· , ,,,nnel'l)' 

b"ll"i", ,,,,,"1i,"m"nl "lie, 

T"ble 10 ~a"e Ihe l .. Hmlll~d 1"" -I"":<on Ii~ · 

rRI " .. lor "rn"'" ... ly .ed"i.: nl. ,ne •• eli'c,nenl. 

C(,mhini"lllhi$ pe'"l'e ~iJn dend! flJlu,,! wll h Ihe 

c~I"'dL'tl numl",. 'If survlv;ng in(l"'td",,I. in each 

ye~ . "l1c ~ rei i ,enwnl y;,'hl> "" ""I,mal c tI h'I~1 fi ~_ 

C~ I 0;(1'1 ftIT ~n,"c'l)' ,e~il'i~nt..~ .(Ier H1I,c",~nl. 

If th~ lol~llioc,,1 "'010 in !he in ~rim, rull ~'"',.." . 

Iy, 1<nd ,.ti" ,,,~nl perinll. , .. ~ .~un'nwd, 11l~ «'.ull 

,. Ihe c~ lin,ah'cllifctin u l;sc~1 e'I$U f", "nl.",ful 

;",rn(J;"4n ~ after ~n' ""~ty. 

Tal~c IJ shu"" Ih" Hfdim<' to.l~ . J;'urin~ Ihe 

i"l.edn, ph,lSl>, [he former unl,.wf .. 1 In,n"l:r.,lI 

Il"us<hold!; w(luld ~nUf"t~ ~ nel rl:iC~1 ~(k! I Ol<'""fol~ 

n'Cci"l.-d minus ,,~ paid) "I" SSSU bill illn !lu.i n~ Ihe 

full phMtl Mo "'","""ly (hIl! pr;", l<l ... ! irem"nf). the 

1>1:1 r'>'Cl>1 d.·foeil W\Juld II<' $1.YoJ l,ill kin , A ftCt retire -

mcnl. o",OCf\Y .... 'dp;unl~ ""uld r"n" 0''<;81 def,eil 

"r $:1.-405 I'illion, ParenlS "",ullht Int" the U,S. hy 

"mn~ IY ,edllicnl~ "'uuld !!Che,'ltI "nnther $:160 

billion in ,,,,1 f .... ~l en.lo, 

h "mno.-.,;Iy w.:'. ~nal:lcd Inmnrrow, urrc"l 

,,"lawful rm",ig .. nl ~ ("I"n~ wilh Ihei. rn i"''' ~hH_ 

<ircn "ml 1101'<'",1"01 pa,ent.;) ""uld SUh!lO·'4U1lntly 

ccd""~roun(j $\1.-4 I.illion in ltU""rnmi>1nt bt,,,,,foL~ 

,>Ye' Lhe sp"o nr ~ lifel imc." The lifel ime I' ...... ,,,it! 

by Ihe . ",,,,"'Sly r~dl'icnts W!JuJd eo"'e \(; $3,] I.il-

~,n. Thl' Ir,,~l fi~c~1 dcf"'i! {lo!,,1 ht:nctlh , ... ~V\."I 

i",,~ t"~C$ ,,~id) """IJ ,,<tu~1 1I-f,.:II.iIIi,'n. 011 ti~_ 

u ,es",~ In cOnsl,,"( ZOIO dollur>.) 

!'ul an"lhe, way. if "mn .... ly "ue ~n""IL'tl, U", 

"""rIIj,,,,adutl unhlwf,,1 ,n,misnonl w"lUlll~ul»<.'1u<!\t1.1' 'c ...",,., SII'JII,(lQO in R",,,rnm"nl I)1,hllfols '>'''' lhe! 

""'ro<' of n liret inw allll pay $~t06, OOI) on tnx.,,; Im:r 

(he ."me J1I!I"HIIl. The! "vcnt$<! li]L1in", li:lCI\! ddk it 

(benefol n.."d" ... d m,nu. t"u..-ptlid) """,Id he arn" ,"1 

$:"",9Z.ooo foreoch adult """ ",.Iy ' l..:ipi<:m. 

1"h, ..... CWll'! .... mld I", "1'n.'a<J "\let ~ lif~1i",,, 

hflht " mm,Sly '~<il )i~nt" MOre t han \10 p~rccnl lO r 

,l.l n~' MT )10;'''' 

),tAU, """ 

Lifetime Costs of Unlawful 

Immigrants After Amnesty 

$9,4Iri!lion 

T., ....... ~"'ooaI ,-, , .... . M ...... T-.-l 

N4IO< ......... __ .o:t ........... 

,.,.. ""~_' __ ... 0101 ...... 

<It><riW<I""""~_ $'1111 ., __ ""I 

IIIL' Ii"<!nl CO!it ..... "uld ( ..... :ur tiurlng" '.o-y~"r 1",.1.><.1 

~n"r."'nL.,;ty. 

The I'(Ilky or b~'rln~ ~mne~l )' ,e jll'cnt..~ f'Q'" 

'l'cciving wdrarc ,,,d h"n'~c",c during" ~ho'l 

periOd "nc' amn.,,;ly is u~ually Irun,pcled ~~" 

"'cltn, '.If eJ im;nol i ng 1 he H't~nti,,1 "" .'''' "f" m nl'$' 

Iy. I" ,,,~Iily. I",s!poning aCe .. "'. 1<1 It"",,,,mcnt 

])<'ndil$ h" ,: only ~ marglnnl imp..c:t on n""ul C<lSU. 

If ~m"c. y n."lpicnt~ me harr .. 'tl ["'m ,,,cL'ivinl: 

"'l'lf"r~ pid :>11\1 hCBllh h·",wfoh from (Ibnnll",ar~ 

fo. 1:1 ye:"~ ~l1c' Ini\lul bn,nc~l)', the lo'ai ii".;~1 

tlelk,1 fall~ by J~ "",I:o.:nl r",", $7.1 trlllio" t" ~(".1 

I,ililon. 

lIow Much DoesAmncsty 

Add to t!xis ting Costs? 

The $I'i.:llrillinn Ii~u,c '~l'rL,,*n\s the I(feli",c 

r,sa,1 cn5U of unl"II"lul imn,i)(",nl hu"sel"tlds"flcI" 

"",,,..:sly. II ,~~ ,,,,1 1"1:1>,,,,,,,,,1 Ihe i""re~ ... 'tl n~· 

tnl Ill"\'> C"lU<.'tl by b",,,,,Sly ~lonc. "h(, i'''''CIIs..-d 

lif"lim ~ <'O!<1!t clIusL'tlIlj.' "m", .. ly ..... uJd ~qu"1 Sr..:1 

ldUinn minus the e&imlll.c<l lifc1im" 11..,,,1 ''&.Ill! nf 
117 

T ill: ~' SCA cu. --r OV UNI.AI\II'IlLJ,' t\tmM A"'- rs 

ANII AMNE..--rY T" TIJE U.s, TAX"" nM 

~Li; !2 

Projected Educational Attainment and Fiscal Status of Children 

from Unlawful Immigrant Households Upon Reaching Adulthood 

Cample! -~< .Hlg" ..... ~ ' .... - GrOll"". 5omoC.~ &adulo" 

I'I>rtOftId d'Ioldrm,,,",,",-"odo 1181!1 VI~'tC> ~ ... l2.8l't1o ..a.cOli""lowIon.""", .. mKI. 

~n.c:.o.JotII""""""",,,,1I 

~"''''''''~'''' ·~>S.gH ~I6.5~1 ·n,m P H 9.0 ~""OIO) A __ J\5cololof><l1 __ to:>I<I 

·S35,863 -n ,6\10 -f.5,e66 D U '" ," ~n_"""_I4''''''''''''' -1i7,tr.>O 

Ho .. r.,..,.,_ ... _ .. """"" • ..-II>o ... ,..,_C ...... "OoIitlIIi! .......... ;l~!I1....u.... 

(""""""'''IIril19.lOtJI 

_ _ c.n.r ... ~SO>l ...... ·,._ooI( ..... ""'I __ St ocl\' .. I9tio,· .. '''~'''" ......... ~ 

unlawful imlnlgr~nl h..,useh(ll,ls unde' "'Jr,,,nl I.w. 

C"",,,lol;ng II>< lalb,r r,~u,c i~ nul ~a,y. 

A~ roted, u.."e ,'u""nlly a,e few unl.""fullmm)· 

g .... nt" ",u "!!C 51), Th;s o'~y bc ht.oe~ u .. • unlo",ful 

1m migr:",I..'I. ~"iY;n~ , .. )'UUn~ 'Klull..< ,,,'c' Ih" l>ru;t 15 

to:;o )"'~rs , h."" simply n<>l)lel ""lth~lI "~I·'.u. 11 O'"Y 

"I"" 00 thaI un):'wful In,mig,,,n,,,- Ile",t( un' ~.>I" 10 

nc~,;s the II,S. "..,If",. "",I rl11,enwnl S)"I en", u ... kr 

currcn,'"w.l«m,»)· JIll '",1Ok I.., Ihdt CHUnII'Y',( Qr'!;ln 

.. sllley ~I '~,k , If n"" ~"'~um,'" Ihal ",,,h'F ~" rr~'" 

I"",. "",.1 unl wf"llmmr~'Qn\S "'iJi 'Nu'''' \0 their 

l"",,,I,y "r "'ilI,n ~n) ",d "llC 55. the lifd;m~ f,"",,1 

<)osU.,f unl .. ",ful immigr.IlI~ utllle. Cu",,,,II.w a", 

~"mparall\'dy J"", "nl)' "",unoJ ., 1"IIl"n The n,'" 

inl a!!«,1 fl ",,~ 1 «>StSglm",,"c<lhy amm'~IY w<lU1<I "" 

"ruunu :II ""~," ($<;.3lr;l l;"n mi"." $1 trim"".) 

II"we,..", there;s" h~,nh()]e;n c~isli~l~ I~w Ihal 

moy .. Jlvw mnny or ",,,.t ~ ... renl unlnwfull",n,)· 

gl"nl~ In a<;hICW I""'f,,, ~I"'us and ()I)\"~n Ilcn~fih' 

f,un' Ihc welf",e ~y~lcm. S,oti,,1 s..""ur~y. MeditaTe. 

OlJ~ma~'I1'c, ~",l Mculc~,d, G)"'n I>Cte";' to Iht U.S 

""'ilie,,,"nl syskm. il ""em. unlikely Ih ~ m",1 

unlawful immigrnnl>l "",uld lI'i' I,) r<:lurn 10 

Iheir n"liw cllunl,;',,, "nlply-handed. Thu I'K,,,h,,'c 

in cx;~li!1.'\ law t~ Iheonun,cn(lcd ""w;si ... " "r~,,'''n 

c~,ds 10 \h ~ fo'~i)ln·born "c"lII of l'.s. cilii<Cru>. 

II m"J",il y,.( "uull u"l;/wful immigrnn," h"vechil· 

d«'llwh.<) "'crcwrn In I .... U.S. \Vh"n Ihco",d,lIdn.-n 

r.·""II "PO ~l. ""''Yc~n ;mmcd"ddy ,k.-"","<I Ihlll thd' 

unl;""ful immi),,,,, nl p'''cnts be gi'..,n II )1I,..,n (;a ,d 

•• 

(k'll"l lletn,,,,,,,nl resio.lcnrc) ,>\I I",, nl "'in'n," .. lial.~ 

,d.1 i",~ , TI" , ""nlllcro(I(' '''''.'' """I. ~"v.",.;; Ill, leWl1 

pc,maI>Cnl ,~,~ncc) "VDii""lelvl,.",nlS ill unllmH.· 

cd, anti I"" VI""" will bcll."nl~~1 ~lnH",\ aul"nlUlically, 

OI\C4l th" p.'<1:'" I~"ds n", y~;I'" in 1,*,1 1I<I.m",,,,,,1 

,es"lomcc. he imn",d ialciy bceo",,,,, dign)k f.." ""'I· 

fM~ "nIl CIlI ...... Mh,p. II~" Iog.;! ,,,,,oJenl, ,'''' I",,,,nl 

"' ~)' ~I'" be givcn r~",i! in Ihe Social s.,~utlly $~I~111 

~"""'k pcrfn'm..'Il,,,,,,,,,'IlsIY 'Ill lin "n1:owf,,1 'mn,i· 

11"'''\' 'I'h;8 ,..""1,1 ... ,,,1';11,,1" In r",v", d; illil;ly I;" 

Social S~'" u, II Y ~ nd Cl lcar~ b<'1ll i its. 

Ir m;II~"'" or unl~wful inlmi.<\ranls ulilil" Ih" 

p •• cnl yi1</< opl ion in the fUIU,,· (",<I Ihe,dlY <)bl"in 

It!:"dl )II',m.,,,,n\ ",;;i<lc ,, "~ "nll/'" d li",'n>ll,ip. the 

« .,;1 III Ihe OX )r'y("~ "o"ld TUIl in'" Ihll Iriiliu" •. 

Thu ... Iro"i(.lly. Iho' j"cr~"!lCd Ii..:al rost$ ~'lCl" 

"led hy "m", .. l y m",· he n'd",'~'<l I>y ll~ , r",., Illal 

"""\)' unlQwful inlmi~rants ah~"'~y h""e plllen· 

hal long'lerm RI;(c;;5 '" Soci"1 s..oeu';I)', Medic. ,c. 

Omm.!tCan·. and m~""5-t"SI" " .....,11',,,,, th,,,u~h " 

IOUI' ..... lc in CIIHenll .. \\,. 

l'oUcyn'''ken< wh" " ". illkn..,;tlll in (ulu", ~"~ 

"rnmfnl S(!IVCllcy uld clnse thL~ lonphol" hy 

I'n,hibilitllt an)' ,ndivioJu.' \I'll" lias r",h",ed ,It 

nmlh Tc~ ~ <hil<l in \he I),S while he 01 she Wi\~ all 

unlaWlul '",n,i.<\mnl fNm 10 ..... ' rc"'''VII1\! "n i",,,,e' 

diole rd"Uvc/ p,,,,"1 vlS~ . This ,,,,,,Id "n. .... ~nl 

unlawful 'mj~nlnls f'(lIll [,lIIinl"ll k'W'l I",rmanen! 

n.. d,·nc~ and cihze""hip simply bo...,nu~" they ba", 

childrco born in Ih ~ U.S . 
118 

Will theChildnm orUnlawrul 

I",,,,igronl' ltepDY Their I'un.'nts" Cosas"! 

II i~ oft.' n arguN l h.11 he r."",d hurden" nro<iurcd 

by uola",·ful in,",lg"'"is "'~ it,d .. """,l b ...,,,,,,,,, 

I hdt children will Il«llm~ vlgon'Il' nCI.IOI <:tIntrihul ors.llnxtudng:fi;;cal>'\Jrl'lus<:s IhM will mO)'~lhan 

I'll)' r,l, ~ny 1':<",1, Ihe; t I~'n.:nl ~ u~" "",ne,·ale,L Th;" 

i$ ' ..;1( ltlW, AA Ihls paf>C' h ... MtoW1I, Ih ~ do.lI'lX I ... 

which Ih~ ehild,,'n ,,( uol~wrul ino mi~,., ,,,,tJ; 1>0:"""", nct f, ..... 1 CI\nI'ih"IOIr"l' ("'Ihet thun la ~ con~umcrN 

will ~cI OC '1d I"'gd}·,m Ihd, ~u"" km. 1 aH"ill,nunL 

M"n.,w,;r. ,""n if ull of Ihe , hild, un of u,,._f\ll 

immij;rllnls I>o:c am ~ C\l n~p' ~ •• du"I"". Ih,,. w<.)UI~ 

be vcry ha,d·l'ress .. -d tu I,ay hock II"d hilliun in n<.1 

<:tI~U Cven ",,,,, Ihe eo,,~ Mlh.!, cuti.e J iwl' 

Of CI'U""" nOI all of Ih....., (·hild,en will ~' ''du · 

"Ie r,('m r"I1,")(~: muny will h,we .• "hSlanlially 

lo ... w ~"'uc~ io n~1 ac hicvc n'Cl1ls. Th,· N~li nal 

!'.ducalio".1 1.I"l)(iludin"1 SI"dy (NElS) 'q""ls 

Ihe inkl"JlC""ml~",al " ducallnn,,1 all" inm nl oJl 

U.S, child.tn )"lIC ~ ,,,, ~ ~ duc~1 i""ul 311"in ","Ill 

"flh.!ir por "llI .If T~hh, 12 u,c~dDl(,f,,, m Ih. NIU"~ 

~u""'Y 101 pr~"<li~llhe edUC'~! ionahtlainnlenl oJfth., 

children oJrullbwful immi;(,"IIlsh~""d nn elhnic· 

ily hnd Ihel. purenl,' cducal ",n lew!. "lth"ugh 

Ihc~ children will dcarlyd\> i>ellcr Iha" Ih~ir jln,· 

enl .. II< IX:,cclll ,,""I,lIlikdy 1"·1,,,,,.., se,h",,1 with" 

I.ul a hi~h ~ch{)(ll IIc'1:"'''' "nd only l:l pc<ccnl nrc 

likdy\ugt ..... u"tc f."no c"lk~ 

I~ s"d On Ihis k'vd "r c'<lura!ii>nnl Il~in", cnl, 

Inc child,,,,, uf unlawful immiilranls. ,'In nw,,#. 

will 1><.",,,n," ""lin <,1nSu,,,,' .. r.lhel 110,," ""I lax· 

I'oy!!'~: l'he ~O\"' nmc .. 1 lle n.fils lhW ".t\':ive ",·m 

cJ<<:o..'O,:d the laJ<"$lhc'Y pay" 1(lhcchildr;,t "funl"w. 

ful in'n';':r~nls w~r~ t11lults IM~y an,] had the ~'VcI ~ of educ .. Oon llrL·dicl~d In TuNc ~. I he)' """uld 

h""" an "''''I"IOJ\" fo lIC") <ldicil "r "",,,,,d '11.\Mnl I"" 

hnusdl()ld. 

Th~ odd. thul Ih ~ mild"'n "r unb",(ul ,mmi· 

grdnl5. nn a""ra~. wHl .... ~·" m~ .troll)( , .e( I.Xp"y· 

e", ",c minimal, 111<I~l~l. fOI IIM:.c childr en c""n 10 

I",,,,,"'e li""uUy neulral O"X<."S paid 1.~lual I" hI:~cnL~ 

"'(011'1.'<1.). u.... JII.·' CI.~' 1 Ih,,1 IInUlun\o f .... ,111 ( nll<'g" 

.... "uld need t" ,is<; In W [l<',e<'nt. "nd Ih~ loc ,eenl 

wilh"ul" hIgh ""h, ,,,1 ,1i1'1,,",,, ""ul,1 ~ ... d 10 r .. lIl " 

1<.1 f>Crc~m. In ,.'a1i!y. unk,wrullmml~ra",t.o .... ill ht. 

""I I, ... 'On"un",,". ph1Cing a n",,"1 hur<kn .,n "Ihe' 

laxl'!'YC" no)( only In Ih~ fil·st g~a<'r Al lQ n. bul in Iht 

"",,,,,,d ~e""ml"m 3s .... ,,11. 

:C . R~P< MT )i0; 13:1 ~An,:W" 

Will Unil,wrullmmigrants Con tribute 

to Ihe Suh·ent:y "rSud .. 1 Security IlIIt! 

Medkllre? 

It i."nen u,gued th"l u"tawfulln'n"~r:'''\s I" ~ 

"positi",,'mpIlCI on U.S. tuspalcu1><.'<.:au.., Ih~yp,,)· 

lan" inl" Ih<' ~" ,, 1 SI.-<-'lJrily IrU81 fund . Ilnl"wf,,1 

immi~r .. nl w"rker.<; IIi' pay S{J(:iol Setu,;Il' u, fiC" 

~es; th<' m~(,llan unl ..... ful imm(g"'nl"'",~cr eu ... 

,cnlly p ..... ""bnul !2.0711 1",r),,", in 1' le A lax .. "' ... 

If ~m .... ~tl' tnclluttljlo;,d Mil f"tm~r unlawfUl 

ionon'1jranl w",kc'~ In w",k "" Ihe h,,.,ks. Ih"l nUm· 

l",rw,,.,I,1 ,i".;: I" ~'lIun,1 S:I.nQ. A w'''~,~ .. h" )a~J 

Ihb< 3n",lLInl inl" Sod.! St.~\Jfityfor~;; Y'C"'" would 

'·,,,,Iribule $ 1:(2.(100. Upun r,,1 ilin)\. Ihis ind,vidu,,1 

w"uld "'" ~c I~ ,6~.o lJet )'Cn ' in SIltI~1 Securily 

""'ncr.l~ ~"Il SIO.07~ 1>eI' )'1.'"c in Medi a'c hcncfU.lI." 

OVl), on "",ra,o:c ~pan "fill }'~ rs,.r .. ~i, m"" , Ihe 

101,,1 S<)clo l :$(.'\:uril)' .!>II c~ic~re i>clll.'fits ".."ht~d 

try Ihi. in<lividu,,1 WQUI,t "om" 10 SH 5/ltIU, 'Thus. 

U'" re! I""'~'I beocl\!. "",d" .. 'd wOUld 111.' nlOre Ihnn 

Ih, ..., ti"' ~~ th~ la ....,; paid ;nl.,! he ~~'stc n .. a 

M"'Col'''' . I.roXl", and hcncl;l~ must 1M: v;,,"' .... 1 h,~i~ · 

litaU)·. II "' ~ ml<lake U! I\luk al 1111.· Social Sccu.il)' 

ll'U"1 rund in l .. ~"I"'n. Unlawful im",igr~nl" d,aw 

hcncl1(Jo from ",""y olher 1I0000rnm~nt I"ogmms 

t>e::!d,.,; Soc,al Senor;ly. If ~n iooll,·idual P")"~ ~.71Kl 

1'''' y~'" ,nlo Ih"S,,,,,,,1 $,"'1), oty I 'U"t fund bul ~i"",I· 

Inn .. «\w;ly dn' '''''' a nel $25,0lI0 Iocr )'Ch' (h"neli\$ 

m;n"~ alll'f;)""1 "rgcn~MIII"\'t'rnnoc)l1 """""UC.li>o 

110,1,,"00)" "r I!<''''"'' n'''~n l loa, "01 ;mpno",-,I. 10 ,""I· 

ily. Qtl!",. laxl'")"'''. ~l udi/llj m~"y Sod.:ll St.'l:U,1ty 

rcdpicu15. \\"ill r"",, h,ghG' IH .. '" in "rdcr 1.0 .u!J:;idi .. · 

IInl.",'ful immig",n! h()u,;.~hrlldjl. 

Coveot, Unt!erstating Future 

Welrare lind Medical Uencllts 

The /"0",,"1 ana l)· •• s in Ihis I'al"" . p'<.'l!Cnl .. -d in 

Tobie It and ChH'1 12. I"kc~ 11>0 c"rr~nl foscnl sla· 

IUS ofhousch.~ds and I'r"jcd~ Ih:ll lalUS f<,}r .... n,d 

inl " rulu,e ye"tS. "IIII.o:u,e.< '"'' p,c!OCnl~d ,n 2[)1O 

dullars. One problem .... ilh Ihi. al>l"""d, ;~ lhal il 

a",un,c", Ihal ",e~' .·I""I .. -d welf",,, an<! " .. -dk,,1 

IlI:t1cfiL' per hou!lChold w(ll !I"'''' no f"'I~r Ih .. n ". 

en.1 inn"I".>n r, lh~ n~d r~) ~~.,.,.. !loru...,h.,ld~"", 

."SUme,llo n.'Cci.~ n" grc"!~r wdr,,,e hc ne/"oll! in 

:10:1;' Ih.n ~y d,d in :lUIO. The hi. "rit~1 ",e<lTd 

,uAA""ls h"llhi~is hiShl)' uorlikdy. 

F". nc,,,ly,,v,,ry}·carfor Ih"p ... ~1 !>utf..:enlu,)" 

",clr"'e ~I",nd ing I"" capillI " l"c,eru;nl nlu<h 

f~Sh:r h~n inl1~linn. I n f~ c1 . eo n . .;I.nl·drlllar 

" 
119 

T III: ~' ;C'" L cu.'"T OV U "loA II' I'll L J ,11.111(:. M,,-rs ",,,n AM NE,'"TV T" T IIH U.s, TAXI'A nM 

"I~ncl inl: I'~r pcr$O)n I"d,,), ' •• b lime~ hj~hcr Ih~n 

il wl'~ follY""r' II~", U)'CQ LrB~L , Lh~ Qn~I)"'i~ in Lhj~ 

I"PC' a~u"w" Lhnl forLh<' nl'xl ;,()"''''', perCIIJlILu 

wclr"reb<:""fil~will"''''' nof .. l"r Ih.n innulion. 

While· Ihi~ 3SliUm$llion .Imllillie. Ihe HMI ),,,;!'. Ills 

likely"n Und",,"'!'l;"'alc. 

The ... me " ... ·.hlem appjies I" mc'ilie"j >i: n""I~. 

Tl)c Inib\lQn rate i~ higMr ror mc\li<;,,1 ,d ro: Ih~n for 

otlw, goHlIls. !n :oddilio". wh" " "''''' "'l~hl "I1r ,,' · 

m,· nl nd lCi:hh(\I,'!\Y "",-.Jme n""i!"ble. Ihe)' _'" 

("""ided lh tl)ul:h !l'wt:,nme'iI ll,c,I;.;.1 1"''IP"d''' ~, 

hro."\c'llinJ; Ihe """PC lOr ;;crv;'" "nd in",,"'~iAA 

l'()!<IS for u.l'")·~"'" The n"m "n"ly,;l~ In tllis raP<" 

.os"", • ." Ihallhc cool ,,( med ka l o~rv;';l:S PC' ben· 

eflCisry will ~ruw no f"Slc. IIl"n InnatMIf1 fm Ih" 

rH:~1 50 )""J. Thll is likel)'.n undor~",,1 Im"'e .nd 

p' ~,alli )' "",,uils In un un'Il"",,,I,,mcnl "f ful",,· 

S[!<,n(\ing. • 

Adll itiunnl Fuc lorsThul 

Could Raise Puture }'iscal Costs 

The. e 3n, ~ numh.:, or ,)',m"lolraphk. ct u",,"nc. 

nod Ikllicy fmelun; lhat cOU I(1 tuj~ e Ihe "IIo,H erm 

"Old I"n~-I tn' n""a) ddiclll.,.lim:<lCl! I""""",tl'<l I" 

Tobie", " ~nd 11 . Thc~~ ;ndude d.:mugr .. pllic , ... ri-

"hlc~ Ih,1\ atTCi:1 I~ c nund"" of anH>' .. ~)' rrc"lic nt5 

ft "d lheir d"l"'ncl ,, ~ "nd ccu"",n,,, f"CI,,'" 111", 

w<luld allCet Ihe row,,· eco nomic ,I(,,,wlh f~lc . 

1. Plllenlbl Und"'n!flu n t 

."""lllr a nls, The m'ly.; i~ "' in this 1"1"" 

",,"un,es Ih.1 Iherc ".e c u,,,,nlly 11.:> million 

imm;grnnl$ ill Ih~ 11.S. b.""d tin DI!S "sti· 

"'ales. Tbc DII~ S1im"lc. III", lht ... "r" "" n", 

I(J,4 ",ill;" n "nlawful im",igr"nl~ ,,'<·u,d;," in 

CC"" u~ ur vo:,ys ,'nd 1. 1 n' I1I10n m",,· ""h" "ro nOli 

,epmk"<l hy Ihe Ce ns"o. While the llt.SI "umhe, 

is bascd 0" firm ~id"n(:t, ~ .~(""d is merdy M 

llulJ:!S. 1"he numher ()l' u",.w(ulln'''' i!! r~n," wll" 

rc~id c in Ihe U.s. 1,,,1 dn nol ,<"",und I" C~n~us 

su,V\:)'$ ",~y be r", """" Ih~1l 1.1 mill 10,10. Tht:>c 

ex l '" un\awful In, ,, ,i~","I. wuuld lend lu lle ~I,,· 

HI" d"ll~. ~IIII:~ ddld",n w,JUld hnw up in birth 

"'$<h",,1 ",o",(ls_ 

1"h\' (,.et Iha\ Ihe ,ICI"al ""mh,:, "I unh.wf.,1 

immigrHIlI. ran Iw f:u grculcr Ih:", 11.5 ""Ilion 

is ,,"<>Ih ... 'co .... " Iha! Mm""~ly Is a h .. J />II1~, U' 

Iht' nu",h~, of "nl3wful imn'igr"nl" "' ~l1""lIy 

20 pcr<:cntgr "lcr lhan Ih" 11.5 milliOirl 3."'!'umi.'<I 

in this p"'p",r, Ih" l\ln):.lcrn, fooc:.1 ,,,,I "r "",,,,-"I)' 

wuuld incrt3I'C ""'IMOfII,ln:a\cly, ~'Idin.o: l"rh~Jl~ 

51 .2trlllinn to I.h ~ hfdin", fllICtIl deficit." 

2. Chea t ing In AmneSI),. In \ he 19110 MmncSll', An 

,.",lm,tI,"<l 25 I"',"enl ,n llle ""'nct'lic.s gr.",. 

,~I wt.e f,"uilulcnl.' · In lho:: p.oil 20 ),C!ll'"!'. Ihe 

undcrgrlJUnd inoJU$I,y p"""'''d ...... r r~UtI,,'<·nl ~,IO,:. 

umcnls h". ~"'wn V'd'tiy brll"'" nd "'",.., ""ph;"-

'lOlled, In Ihe ProlMlcd l.ew K"'",":I)'. the f'"\l~ 

",Ie c<>uld l.Ic"~ II!;! h "S 'I' higher Ihan in t~~ . 

,,:>ullin~ In 1'", mure Ihon 1I ",ill;"n amm,.1k·<1 

",dh'i(lual •. If d,ealln,l( incre;o:<e\l th~ numb~, 10" 

"",ncsty ,ecipienls hy 2~ po,:,cenl. IIw :Ilklcd Iii,,· 

Ume fisc,,! C(,,;\ wlOuld he $L51! Olion. 

3. F.xclu! ;on Ilf 20 I'e reenl of Unlawfu l 

Immigrants Ou ring U'e In teri ... Mnd Pu ll 

Implemcnt.l;nn ""ase.. otthe AnM i. ThIS 

,,, lr";~ cotimote. C():<IS rn, persons IIvin~ In 

h"uschuld~ hc:1<l1OII by unl" ..... fu. jmmi~'ant~ ,'u ..... 

inliLhe 'nle,im anll full "m ..... ~ly ph)I'C . 1j" ... cVl!'. 

"hnul ~') 11<"tenl o(unlQwful ''''m'~fllnls do n<>I 

r<'Shlc In I hn"" houschnld~. Any r,,,,,,,1 e,,,;l1< a""", CM l"<l wllh thaI. 20 I"'etnl '' ~ Inerefor.' omilted (",m Ihe "nul)"lI's: Ih, . .; 's U~dy I" ICBd to nn 

undilrL'SI,m:"tl "r 1l,!:,1 CllS t~ . (I n the ,"tlre"",nl 

)hR~, hOWL""". lO ll unl uwful imm mnl ~ wi", 

were :IIlul\ll in ~OIIl a, ~ Ind u<lcd In til" un"I)'~ l~. 

,,,,I u~1 lhi">!k, L",;, 1in~ In "nl_f,,1 immigr"nl 

hQuschQld.') 

4. POU!!l'~ . nd Children Drought Iro ... Ahro~d . 

Any amn .... ,)' 'If ~,I(:>Ii·tuli"n ... il l "ul"nwHc:.l. 

Iy l!rI'nl am ne,l), "ci l'icnl~ I"" rij(hl h' Ilrinll 

",)(I"" "" und ml"", t hlldren fron, abro:lll 10 

reunify 1,,",1, .. .,,. Th,> rL"'Uninc:.lk", """uld P"~I ' 

blY Vf~urdur ng II ... · ;"'Nlm JlhBse ,Onc,,~d"'illed tu Ihe U.j; .. Ih,· child'en "~ uld ro<;ciw hc" ..... 

ily "ubsnli.cd ""blie e,lut"li"n; '''''', lime, b<,lh 

chlldrea nd ~JWU;;c, wl)Uld I .... ('vme eligible for 

", ""n.-Iested welf"", und Ob.n"'''~r'''' Th<: num· 

t"" of >1><!<lSC'l<"nd V""d "1 hllJn:n Whilwuuld 

1)<. h"'u hl inlu In" U.s "0 II reoult "("",,,,,.1), i~ 

'''I<crl~in , IMII Ih,· :ljllk"<l !l<: ~1 cnst~ <"uld he Cun· 

~idc r"bl , If un ~d,li1km"1 nne m;IIi,) n SIHlU ... '" 

~",I d"'Pendenl children Were hrn",I(hl tn the U.s 

us" ,,·~ull "ramne.ly.the add .. ...! Hf,·time fI""~1 

ell>l wnuld Iw "round $tIOU billion. 
120 

5. T~I"",rlng ur AdtlltluII .. 1 Ch. ln nllg .... tlull 

by Rd ll~ . ~"d~1 1101,1 kiC\~h'lI "'" wo.k~ ~re 

i"'ll<Irll.n\ faCh)r~ i., 1"(~r~",,ln~ im,migratlon 

fI,'w",On~"unl"w(ol immig'a,,1 h"u.cli,dd~wc", 

I,ogalized. Ib~t~ would be ~n ,,,,.,,..,...(1 tcnd,""cy 

r<l. 1""1 Iwm:. si'lcl':!. .. nd c"u<,"~ 10 n,~;rol" f",m 

"lm",,1 Mlh l",vr"lIy on(! "nl~""f,,Uy tIl jflin Ibdr 

I\:lalJl/l'S. T~u,;. ulher Iblnl!$ bcif'l!( CIlt,al. a",n,,~· 

Iy ,."uid likdy incr~""" (ulur~ unlawful i""ni· 

g"~1 ion, In lu.n in.:'ca.<in~ f"t".~ IIsCa l CUliU. 

6. AmneSI)' ... M .. gnel fOt . ' 011,,", Unla .. ful 

Iln.nigratioll. Th,· U.s. enacted ~ mu ~ smillie, 

"mn .. ,sly for unl,,,"f,,1 immi)(nm\~ in 1411(,. The 

I)ublie W""$l't"mi~d \hall~ 19l!6 "m n,,,,ly was 

~ one·li"'e alT"" Ih., would n .. " ." t>c 'CI"'al. 

"d. fK!l;!\ik Ibis 1I",,,,i,,,,, It", 1<)1\('"m 1l.",ly w" 

prl)/)ahly" r""l\IT ill ~nNu .. ~~I"g tm.: sui)o;<.'IIucnl 

.UIXC in unl"wful ;'"",i~r"I~'''. since il "ign"k~1 

Ih"t tM. U.s, m'ght luke" lenient "~o(C \oward 

u ","wrul in,mil/ru"t..; in lhe fot or e. lfthc I '.s nuw 

en;><:I~" 1lI'~"nd ~mnc'l'IY, il will h:lve u~t"hliShcd 

~ ''l'ry Mtll! pr ~edenl (u, ~rI" 1 omn<:stio.'S. The 

p.ospccl "f n.""ur. ing "",nc.t"'" w"uhl "c.l"inly 

"'lit.. ful ure unt.,wru] 1",,,,III,,,\"'n n"ue !lllrac' 

I,\,\,. d" ...... lIjIll1o,C "nlawfullm m il!rdnU ontn I he 

("Unlry ""d ~,gn;r,t~""Y inc,c"s'tIJ( I"n)(.ler", 

(iM'ul cnsl~ . 

1. I)yn .mit ,c tsQfln"ru ~ i'l:u, .. l 1) llcil ll. 

Th,' ('(I'l' unaly~i5 'n Ihl~ p"l>cr intlica"'s Ihal 

"",n,.,;ly would inc","", net lIn"",nn",,,t,,1 CI>sls 

h)' fM!.h"l>~ $6.:1 l,i!l~Jn . Th<~ ddc~1 {:I\oIIs 

""uld h", ... I<> be r,n"r.r:~J ~il he. b}' hIgher t.><l:t\ 

0, hy ~n,," er UUv",nm",,1 Il<'rn>wi"g I""<liull In 

a hil/her nuli"nol ,1,'\11. II~he, tU)(\'i ,or ~ ~iJIh~r 

":oli"n,,1 ddll in lurn wPuld .,'<.I~~ I'ulu,,' ~c,, · 

non.i(, gr(ll<'\h. the,d», 1O\O .ins futuru I .. X ""V· 

enUe'!'. TII,~ d)'n"", W fe,'\lh>l('k dl'.ocl II~~ 1\0\ Ucen 

in<:lu,lcd in the ""k"I"liu". In I he P:lP"'. 

Additionnl FnctorsThnl 

Could Reduce Future ~'iscnl Cosb' 

I. neduced Nllmber of Amnesty Recipients. 

NOIIlIl Curt,·,,1 unl"""fu l immiJI •• nt.s will n,~·· ,,,,,,,,iI), ,~""i"" "",n~"'y. So,mc ',>dividu"ls 

""'Y IIOt "l'l'ly, Olhe's mny "ul b.· "l~,' lu den" 

(llllll r"l~ .e.iden"~. Olhe •• will ("il t""" "r'ruinal 

h.<:\r.gn,und hcck. If III pcre>!nt Oflh" unl ..... ·ful 

~.:..· o\I. n~r MT )i0; , .. 

~An :III,. 

lmml~ ... "I~ urr~"tly ,~<sidin~ in I he 1 'S. did n". 

rl'<:6"" am "csly .ntl ill~lc~\ relu,,,, ~d I" I!wi. 

cuu ntry l" "';~I".lIr~ lm" r.:<t.'al C~I~ woul(llie 

rc'<.lun'<.l P'''I",rI;''""I"ly. ,egultin~ in ,,,ughly 

$6()Oh,IUQn in ~aVil\ll~ . 

2. l ...:reaS«l 8",i~ratlon. Tn. c< ... ~ k',,,g'\c,m 

nnal)"~i5 "'"*",,.,; in THill. II ""'-",,",1'$ an ,-m[' 

~ra\lOn n,l" of l'i jw''''' ''l ."n' "~ "n"",sty "ocipi· 

"nl~. c.;"'I~l n! y. um .... "'ly ""::'I',.;nl>l w(\tIld h'lV<" " 

vcry "''''''''11 r,n ,,,,dallncenliw It> remain in Ih ... 

",unl ry \" ,..,,,,,j,,,, n.,... ,ly f n."i: e-duQol~", (," their 

~Ud,en ~nd ~ .... nlu~lly nl)lnin O('c ...... I" wei· 

r",e. Oh"m"".,e. Social St:cu.ily. ,mil Me,lk ... ,e. 

Noncthdc'$$, $Om" amr",sty "ocipicnlo ... 'U"I~ 

"'Iu'n tu I drC:l'" nl ,yo( ".igin. 

If Ibis ~m;gr.tllln p,'\:urrcd bd'''rc Lhe IndlvitJ· 

uIII oht.inl'<.l di.otihilily for Sndal Secu";lr "",I 

~ledIcMC. Ih ... re ""uld t>c "o,,~i';en'blc cr.~ ~w· 

'ngs. If Ih ... ,ndovitJnal c n,jg' aled anCT estal>li~h. 

ingcligillHity I'or thi""'I"'n~r~Ill" Ihc ~"SI !Owillll 

would he ICSI. Th" tor~ an'ly!!i!< ~O&U",I'" that :; 

1",,,..,,,1 "r ""h,,,,f ul in'm;~,"nl s Wl>ulcl ".n i~".lc 

I)cr"re ~~ tubllsJ'lng eligibill\y fur SOcI,,/ S~~urily 

und .Mcdk",e If. in.~IU~. 10 I""ccnl ~m~'Il\· 

<'<.I. Ihe lifetime foot,,1 c, .. I. n1 ~1H 1:>0: ~dl!C''II hy 

'",«hly$.:IOO IJilliun. 

3. l ncre" S«I _!sion~ry ".uuSI!1lCnlS. 'rhc 

rc("t!<:Ii\!" in 2011) ","y h~"" ,edoc~-d t~x I"'Y' 

n' nL~ rmm un!,wful immil?tDnls :lnd tcn,pfO' 

rnrlly illCt ea ..... d "dr,,," ~s"i~ ancc. In ""'ll<In .... 

til Ihis l"'SU c. lhc "n~IY"I. ha. eclur~'<.I o::;limal ed 

f"lur~ hend;I.< in Ihe IIncml'l('ymcnl ;1l~U"'Il",' 

,.nd food ~I~ml) OIll'<ln'~. I nctl~d ..... d fulu re 1:!!1i. 

""'led ta" rc"'''''~'' hy ~ pe",,"nl. :ond d .. · .. """"ed 

long·term ,(:'CCipl "f\\'Clf,,,~ bcner.tsby~ ..... Kcnl. 

All ofth,""" aotljustmen", "r~ incloded in Ih. lifc· 

lim,· 0 ....... 1 ClI!'! till" ,e. np[,"." f'I!( in 13blc II. 

'rh.:", i$ c"".iM.,,hlc ..... ·idcn<.'t! Lh"1 Ihe "'~I Iwo 

Hlju lm<:nl ~ "rC not 1>.I~lulo:I)· cc<.,.s"r)~ "'lIle' 

Ihd",,". ""n", m'lf "'guc u,"t even II "C"t~. 1',,,,1· 

r<:" .... si"n"y Il!li"~lmcnt~ s",,,,1Il Ill:' ""nsi,le,(;tI. 

In ,*, ... ",1. on ilK"'""" of one Pt',ccnl"~c 1",lnl 

in Ihe lax 10"" ,'>tin",t". "",,nb,ne" "';I~ ~ one 

Pl'.~nlagc j\!linl d<""'ea"" i" It." [ulu,,· ......... If~'c 

I"' .... .fil.< w,lIlowe, Ihc .. '>Iimal<'<llif,tim<! dellcil 

ofMmm'Sly n«:lpienl:o by I Pl'ro:<,nL Setling lhe 
121 

T Ill: ~l se,l, Lcu..--r OV UNI.AW 'IJL '-\lI (! ."'''' rs 

,l,NU ... .\INR..--rV T" TIIH ll.!l, T...xI'AVH ~ 

1 ..... ·.~c.".,iuMry tax I""" ""tim"'ea' 10 l"'rC~1\' 

(r~lh~1 ,h.n!; Ilc,cen,) "lid '~"l<I:illll" (ulun: "",,-

I, ,,,, I'<n~.flls by 10 I'cr ~nl (n" h.".,han 5 , .. retn!) 

wlluld Ihus ill"r~~.., IhcLo;lin,,,'cd li(dime ~",,~I 

dc/kil by.II otkJc'll r; )<:rc~nl. or $-1l!; h,ili(Jn. 

lll)ldh~T. lhe ,,,dohlc'!'(ii;.rll"';,,(i ,")il.""s~ .. 'SI 

lh:>1 Ih" numtJ<.,r of nrnne$ly r~ ll'icnl.5 "nd tiel''''' ' 

tknl~ "','y "",III", nluch h~hN 11I;,n Ih" numl"'rs 

ll,;sum .. '11 In 'his 1>"I)<:r. Thi~ c()uld h~~~" t<lMlder-

"~ " lnll';"'" VII rulul.., c."I$, If 'h ~ lIum r"'..,'" :IU 

pcrtl'-'JII gre"'el. r", <.""' mpl~. Ih" lifd im .. n,;tn ~ .. ~ 

"""Id d>": III n ..... ")' $\/ trill iun. 

l'Ussible Indirect PiscuJ f,;WllCts 

The 3n"'ys[~ pr.,..,nl<.'11 in IJ>ls Im", r ",n .. ",ts 

''''' dl"d 1;."".1 Imjl>ll'l "r unlawrul Inln, i~"'nls. Jt 

il'""r ~ I "" Ill:""nt.< ' l'<.,\·!v.d ~W t .. x,·, P" KI by Ihl>6C 

l",n,lg"",t •. IfllWeVl-r. Ihe,e c~n he ulhi:, im ir~L1 

li'l;lIl rtl~<iU<' nr,,; uf'lII l~wful In'mi~I1I I~ )n . For 

",,""'pic. ullb",(ul immigr ... nlS "ug",cnt the U.s. 

'"hi .. fmce ofld Il>I:r;,by ,,~paml Ih,' ~ru!,$ ,'nmc~

Ilc IlrOOUCI (t~m') by roushly:; percenl. 11"I_f,,1 

,,,,",Ig"''''''' Ihcm"dVl.'S C,.plu,,, nI'''' or lhe ga ,n 

flu'" Ihi, c~p',"dcd prod .... , ion th,ough ~b..·'r wages. 

,,,,d lax..s 011 tbt: Im",i~ra nl!;' "'''II'-''' "ml cUn~Uml)

,,,,n "'" .1 .e..:ly inc,,, p/>1'a,eiI "",, 'hc ~n'lll "'" . 

Bul Iht "",ne,s of bu,i ........,s Ihal " "'I)loy Ihe 

oll" ... \'ful inl",lg"""8 ~I"" n'C(.~VI! In""",,· r ... ,n, 

Iheir In",,'Slmcol In Ihe c" ''rpri>c~ in which Ihe 

;m",lgr-dnU work . The llimcuUy lie. ill ""Ie,.mi,,· 

Ins whether Ihc In"""'III"1II in ent~rprisL'; cmploy' 

ing u nlnwful im ""g'''nl~ 'epr<.'SCn ~ 8 nd ~"'pnnsii\n 

nflhe ~I"rk " f Invel!\"'cn, "r ",~lcl)' ... ",,,II'OC"l lon 

,,( in""~I",cnl hlll WI",I'i h~'" cxi..ted wltl "ul lh ~ 

presence uf too in'n,i~mnl 10 00', N~"" in' ...... ,"'c'~ 

","old oo uII\lk~I)' I." ,OCc ur unlc,.. Ihe i""rca ... ><1 

h,b,,, 'UI'I")' hud ,~d\lt('<1 WIO!,:CS. New 1Ic1 in',,"" 

melll wllulll rc~u lt in ne'" inc"mc, lind I.h'" Ildd~,1 

inc"nle """ II>,, I"",,, hY)(I'> ..... rn mcnl in" "",\ely IIr 

wa)'5. E ..... " th ou~h Ihc unl awful immig"'''ts wuuld 

n,,1 pay lhi..,.., I~~"" Ihc",>!Clvc~ . Ihd. c""~IIYnlenl 

wuuld hIM:! W'~d I,", ext'" II.x r'L'Vt!nu c. 

III lhe ""lrell,e e:o..<t·. ~ m'lIhl ,,",urne th"l "II 

oIlh~ in"""'III"nl a!'o:,,,,i,,I"" wilh 'Ini~\Vrul 'm ml. 

lim nl l11bor rel>r~..,nIS" nel inc.ca ... • in c" l'it;ll.h ICk. 

Si .... '" uniH,dul illlnll<:tI"' I~ c~r" "I>.JUI ~ I<:re~nl "r . U WlIj(I:~ in Ih~ U.S. c.:o""m)·. Ihis migbl "'>I " cide 

"'ith " ~ ~tt"'"t inc"",l'Il in Ilmin""" t,rufl Is "nd "nt>· 

i\1I1 ncomc lft hi.~ wc'e the c:I~.the,c" ull "",,,Id he 

". 

" ,~ughly til.:; hlllilln inCtea..., In (cdcrul. slale. lind 

,,,,,.1 ~\'Cnu ~ frll'" 11 ""riel~ "I' dilTch'nl taxc~: Ihis 

IndlrNlla~ Stlln wou ld "m"U,,'lu "'~hly ~.',()() 

ptr uIlJ:owful ,,,,,,,,)(r,,"1 1~'u",huld " The fulu ..... 

lifol,nl<' In ~" jn dUl> I" unlawrul 'nlmig .... nls f'"m 

this """'l.., ~"uld 1", ~"'und ~2HfJ bill;',n_ '\I;"ill. Ihe 

IlilliclIlly wilh Ihis",' ul"I;, n 11 .. .,0 in t hea~SUmlll i,," 

thaI all ijflhecallita l ;n',-'Ole'll in Ihc cIIII>Ioymcnl Of 

uII"",,.(ulln1migrnnL. '''pn'''''n!.'' ...... in"",,,sc roUIcr Ihll" a l calt ocotinn of cupil,,} lI<k . 

Clln""tI'ely. ,1>1:", ""'}' be .lI her 1,,,'lre'" ~r"c ~ 

h~1 subsl~nll lI y inc,"""" tht: 1i"",,1 dmin "'~I.:J 

11)' unkl"'(ul inlmj~ran !l. An Il(ldil~",al indi'eci rc~· 

col clTe .. 1 wnuld '><xu, if Ihe prcscrn." or in,n,llI""" 

"'urKl'u· in IIw l!.~ . redl.lC'Xl 111\· "'"'*" Or "m1'I,,),-

",cnl Ilr "<lm,M'I'"" nn,,_inln\i):'Dn\ w".k~ ... H,. t umnl". Ilar"or<I nrnfe~""r(,""'!(l' II ri"~ II •• ~'!' Ii · 

","led th'~ Ih ~ ""r~ lal gc 'n llu ~ Ilf [mmWr l work· 

"'" hel ""~n I\)~() " "d ~'1I"! "lwcn'{\ It... w:ij!~" n/'Ih" 

.vc~r nu"-inlnll~"'nl w(lIker by :t ~ l~rcc,,1. I" 

1'"rticul>l. Ih~ ~i~I""I"'rtjnll"'U in llu ~ "rtijw_.kill 

i"'n,i,1oiranl~ wa~ c~limn",d In c" ~~ th~ ... .og~s IIr 

"' ·~kill n>! Iv<: worker.. by H,') I,.,. cenl." 

The Nall"""' I!c'"ca'~h Cuunril has c'S\i",al(.><I 

Ih~1 a 10 l)t'tC~nt lnere".., in Ih~ I,\hur ~u lllll y Ipw· 

en< the "':Ij:~ fp. ~I"'i! arl }' ski lh ! "'"rkcrs.tty ~ ~ ... 

tllnL" In :l0l0. ulll;o",(ul ,m"" ~,a,,ts ~""" i! u' (.><1 

"b<'IuI2f, )Ctl~ '" or C"'llloycd "dull~ Vlith Ie"", Ih"n ~ 

high sello'" tle~'"c. Th is mL"""" Ih"' unlnwful jm In l' 

.o:ranl~ h;,vI: incrca:'!." 'lh" ''''~>r~upply flfi ndividu"'~ 

wit hout" high schoul dc1lrcc by o .... ·tllird. 

Ap"lyinS 1"'-' NBC n,1 ill. Uu; "'"1tC'" or k-g:.! ,"5i· 

dc"!~ wllhoul " hQlh oc houl ,li,ll"",. h"'", been 

,.><Iuc .. ..,1 by "lJ<lU' It) I">rccnl du~ tl) unl.wful im",i· 

)(r",;',n. Tlli~a","u llt sl" S:l:U l)i1l;"n in '''''' intllme. 

o r "'ul $2.31)() IIC,workc •. A w~gd,lliSof '2:1 blllJ()n 

wHUld "",,,It in "",u lId SlI bill;n" i n It .. tt"~ "''''n'''' 

unconlt, FICA. a nd co",uml'lion laxCll) un<! llC,h;,ps 

ii, hil hl'n in addl'll wclfar" cu;rlJ;. The ovcrall Inllln,(:t fi""all"",~ Ii> g,l""r"mc nl ",,,,,III he 3r"und ."4 

hill~'npc,y"" •. 

i'ln" lher pulenl i.1 inlp",,1 nf unluwrui illln,')('. " 

liol1 is 3 'cd"~II<>n in ~nlp" l)'m t ml,,,!! for ""U,'" 

w",kcrs. ·rhi. m"y Ill: flf p",1 \eul"t i"' ">tI""~e ('" 

}1\ul h oml Illr""k no"le wnr kcrs .... l1c"vy cllmpcl il i"n 

for jobs tan diocuu~,· 1'-"'\II·skll,.,d wurk ~r!l. c~d· 

i,,~ Ihem '" leave the I"bur r""t"'. i'I~ in'''''~M'nl~ 

N'«ImC Ihe IIlaio' ity of wo,kcr~ in cerlaill ""cu",,· 

lio"~. lI"tWllI'killg "nd ",,,rd-uf.mouth ":):ardjngj<>b 

"peni n):5:'" may It\Ct~n~ing y e~cl udc n"i,,,,,,,.l'in" 'ly. 
122 

HW ""undall<'" "f unlawful rn'n11~'.nL "" hell'" 

cmpi.lyt:u In ~",.iJ cX 1~"d,,,g cO'url lin ,cc,ull,n,,: 

IlOlcnliul ·!~)fn WOlke'l':' fr(lnl un.Jr1cmpIQ)"Cd 

"'"'"s, ~uch ". AflIl.h",1I1a '" M idwc'Slcm indus! ".1 

~"'ns. 

E",n ,f jUla "ne , .... , "f r,,,,, unl.wful .mm1j:rKnl 

w",~c""I'~pI,,,,'1-..t al")(lll ~,d ni f,um J<;I~ "'")II! I<IIIS<'S l" uk! u",WIIII\) $14 1)11I1"n "nMUldly. Tile I" ~ 

I,JSjI and ,odlk..r wdfa,c l''''t.. f,om til", "" ulll ,e,,,,h 

$10 bill;1)n 1l\" Y""" The I1M,me f, S<.'lI IIQi;" In I/Iwc' n-

",e nt du" I" wage . nll j "l) 1o'!\S :o,""nl( 11$ ci li' ~ 

"nd I'''''ful immig'rTInl' m, hi oo~rou l'ld S'700hillian, 

In ~<kIil ")M. Ihe dedin,' in job!; ~nd wa)O.~, ro. ""''''.-

skill I'll."-"; n",)'conlrihulc I" \he kln~'lc"'fI okdinc in 

nl rri'\ll" in 1(JW·inc"mc com munll "';;: Ille ~1I,ja1 ", I 

r.~ 1 c,' nJ'l.'I/l"'nco:s ,,f lh;~ lIedi "e D',' n'"-m,,,, . 

11<,(;0 ,,01(> f,~u,<.'II "'" inlp"~ iiC. oone ,-,{ tI,... Incli. 

I'\'CI f\s(>~1 elf,·t\:; d i5.-u"'''''d I" this 1lCi:1k> n ~ int:ludl..r in Ih f. ~u l n~l }lI ~i n Ih'" nape,. 

I'o t c ntial I:!co n omi c Gnin" lin d 1.(I'IISe" 

from Unlllwfulimmigration 

Whil\' the I\sctII ("'"""<1""11«0 (>t'u nlawrul immlgr.'1 .,11 '~ sl nmgl}· 1It'g>01 i"". !;OnlC' al'lt·"" I.h,,1 ,,,,I,,,,,· 

ful immig""'!!! TCaI~ etown,k: bcl",OI' Uui\. f"'rt~'I· 

ly c,'ml'ClIS:Ol,,(orl h" n< la ~ iJlmk"" Iht')' ~a c. I'll' 

c'X"",pic, n "' IhO(I""",ly "'1lucd 11"" un)a ... ful ,n,n,,' 

gmlion ,~ beneflcl"1 e''' ~ ""I,,"'f,,1 l o",'!!:'"o) 

wo.kc~ ... ",\lI1I lhe ~'''~ IIvn'''''I''' pnl<l'U,'l.. While 

il i.~ I."" Ihal unlawful ;n,,"i~'~nl~ nl".~ (;01' hy 

l\Iu hly:! I"'rccnl. Ihcproillem wilh \his "'gum""1 '" 

Ih"l lhe immigr."'I~ Ih .. ",..,I",,, ~plurc ,"(lSI of lll<: 

gorin from ''''pMd('..r prOOuClion in 111<:1. (Jwn W"Ll\-1'. ~' 

~1c'l~I,h"'it:ally. while unl;""ful ,n"uill:,a"lIl n,ake 

I hi, An>c.,icRn """,,,)m;': llle I"'II-e'. Ih<'Y 1 hem""",,"1'" 

C01lS<l_ ""lSt ,,rlhe ~lic'·lh"llhQi. "I~Jr .... 1.101.. 

The cent, "I i,."" in I he d"hal.e "y~t Ih, · "IS!> .lId 

b.",c/ilSo{lInJ"wfut in>mismt iull if, not whlh"l ""h 

imm'K.aliun nl"~l'S 11$_ f,IW la rger (dC'''rl y, il d'>eI\i. 

bill wh"lhe. unl"wful inlmig"'''"n , .. ,""! IhI' pIISI· 

l~X inco,,,,, o(lhc """"'#. "i''' 'imm jj(nllll A",,,. i£:a n. 

G;""" Ihe very la rge net I,," hu,d,'" Ihul ~ unl"wful 

im m gr~ nl . ImJl'lS" on l l,S. 011"';"\)'. ~uch I"'mig .. nt~ 

w"uld h"''''I'' ",ise U", inl1),ncs"r nll".im'''b:r:,n", I" 

" """",hbl,, ,1<11'(": In h"", " nel l1<""lo:,.,1 clrcel , 

Policy Issues 

The'e M'" UPIIl'tlJt1m"ldy 3.7 n,illiun unl,,,yfv l 

in'migwnl ho""""old~ ,n Ih ~ US. Tht"'" ""lUsehuld~ 

imJlO!=c" nel f,l":" hu.d"n (hcllCf'15 ~l"';""'~! minu, 

:" o\I , n~PI'RT )il); , .. 

),IAU,:WIJ 

l"xc'S t,",d) "f an,Ul1d S:; ~ hiUi" n l'Ct )'''''_ The I'll!' 

~1 eMI "I' unlowfu! ~"'! In ... ·~kill i"'''' iJtt. nl ~ wllille 

'nt;,cltSCd in th" fulun' l))' lI'-'vt'rnmcnl pOlioil'" IhlOl 

'n(;rc"", Ihe nv",t>., ,>I' I"w'sklll i",mi~ ... 'Il". Iho 

1m mi r"nt>= ' len)':1 h "I' ;:t.hy in Ihe 1/$ .. or Ihe :o;:~e .... 

of unl""'ful mm;l.Ird nt ~ In g()VC'nment hol""f,ls. 

C"n,-.:,sdy. fc 1 '''~~ will he ,e/luted lIy fJI,liciel 

thai dc..;,~,,!!e th~"", ,"A,illbl",," 

Ck",ly, ,nun b:,.li"n polky h~~ e"". mOllo f"",~1 

ImrJicKlklns. Cll ~lslc l wilh rrindpl~ f(Jf ommi· 

gr.,!;',n ,~f",", 1,,1.1 "UI cI..,wh~r~. ~ 1I1ln'~'''t1 '''' 

IK·,IIQ· ,h,I\I11I tIC h"n~ 11 in the foll'''' ~ WII)'S II. 

,cd"",' II,." COI'[I. ()( untawful uncll "'·~klll Imn'iIt'.· 

lIon I II Ihe laxp;ll"''' 

I. nfol'C~ lhe Cur ..... "1 ~w "galnSI employ ing 

unlawfu l hn ml lf .~ S. Ilnlnwful Im"';l(mnI5 

"rt' p' dQ nan y "' ~k ll ccl . Ow. 11m,'. Ih~y 

im[lose 1.,,,-,, c<.>S ~ " "IIII' la )'a. III lllll(,. the 

lJ$. 3"VI' m"" ly In 3 million unlawful "Ii<'n~ 

1n ~~c h"n!l<' fU'D pwhlb'lion " n ;,i n~ unlawful 

im",i~,~nl~ In the fulun·. Whil~ amnc"ly wos 

gmnled. U.e I"w >Wlinst hirll\ll unlawful immi· 

~r""u< W"" """". enfof'<.'t.-d in m", c Ih,n " L"ken 

nounne •. As a ""suit. Ih~l' c ,,' ~ now I t~~"1 II ... 

milUon unl'''' '(ul im",i~ "' n\$ in Ihe 1l.S. 

HO!CJlu;.c Ihe ""\II"ily , .... unl,wful in,mig,"nlS 

,,,me 1<) th ... l l.S. file i',bo;,. """>u" nf"' em n! ,of 

IIle Ilun " n hi,;n~ "nl"wf,,1 lal",,' ",,,,,hI ",,""Ian· 

Irally ",due" tile ~nll~Ol'"'C" t of unh,wful ~l icM 

""II lCOllt,,~e '''"''yl" Ie""" lhe II,S.lk..r ucin,<: lhe 

numlli:r of unh,wfuJ immli:rdnt,; on the nalkm and 

limll ing lhe fulU"" n"", ,j/" u(\I"",ful im m1gm nl~ 

woukl "I ... , «'Ilucc f .. lu.e c,~~ I(J Ihe l.xP"Y" r. 

2. IJo nol gra nl amncsly 10 "nlswr .. 1 EmonE· 

g .... nu. Gn",Ung HIllne"ly I .. unj"wful Imml· 

~r. nl' ",,,,,Id C'Jnf~r nl l)cn' l III ,,,,,If.,I'. 

S"d.1 Sec"rit}·. " r>tt ~1 oI lc"", fn,. Ihe amlll'Sly 

",c;llicnl~ . This ,,'Ouldl)c rUlnuu.<Iy~I"'''S;v" 10 

ITS.I;" n"y~ .. , 

3. 11 ",ln .. le " back door m"e5ly. ~ 1'hi"""uld he 

,I,)n,' by dlls n~ Ih,· k~, ~",I.· in CUfle nt 1,,10' Ihut 

l''''mil~ unl Awful immiUI'"nl~ 10 Il'f"n ~ II_~ _ 

<iii""". ""'"WlC Ihc'Y h:lve lJ.!l,·h"rn ,hild,en. 

Uvughly hulf of un l. wful immig ... nl ~ h"V~ U.S.' 

tlO' " child,~". When Ihcs<l childrcn ..... ""'h ,,!,'c 

~l. I h<')' t an .il:moncl th"\ thei, (lII","I~ be glVl!n 
123 

T ill: ~' SC"' Lco.'"T ,W UNI.AW IJLI~ t\t m. "", rs 

""" ",\tN&>"TY'm Til E U.s, TAXI'A nM 

" vi"". "'h it:h g"'tn'. the I''',ent ~ 1'4('" i>ermun"". 

';:f.i\kn c~, hi$~I W!Sl he ~ar~nl~ ,oc:t~~~ 10 Ih ~ U$, 

w .. rarr ~)'SI~n' and puli Ihen, un W flQl"nt i.'l'I>\h 

' 0 U.S. dtl.en.hl[l, This pruvt.ion, which "1""-

Ilk" IIut.Jmlltk"Uy . "d """not bc ~1"ppc..J \Jn~r 

<'U"en\ 1:IW.l'Uold boo: l'~ "d "bad' d"", "nH"!!'I)'; 

"'r~nllaw \Jld be cI\.nll<'1J '0 I',nhibit :wy 

in<lividu.1 wl~J "UncdVL~1 U.w ..... htrlh I"" child 

In Ihe U.s. while Ih.1 lndiYklunl \\' ,, ~ ((nl~wF((lly 

1"''lIen, in the U.S. r',(f" c""r 'ec('ivin,! an in((n"_ 

dia'" J\;ll1U""II)"'~nl <'i"" tha. pnwidcs legol perm"nen' "."i,"'nte. <.:IVIIIJl,Il 'ho' "" l'h"'~ c""ld 

Save .he tUX[l"y,:r. lrilli"n. "I' dolho~. '''''' 'h" 

IQ"",tern> . 

4. En ~ Uuil "ny guesl worker pnl!!ra", ~ 

I ruly t~"'pOr. y li nd nol a gale ",.y I 0 we lfa r e 

e lll;1Jcmenls." A .r~,"n' .h:ol in",:>1",-", lonl:' 

le,n, .c~klen" " Qnd fK'rn,ll, oc ..... ""S lO wd ~. 

S\l<:ia l !",'Cu,ily. dlc".·~. "nd I'ul~ k: ~dU<:" ion 

.. ""hi tw cllurm"u,ly "x n~iw r", u .... U.S. lax· 

p")'Cr. Fu, cxalllrl~. iflhe -~ueSI otlt~r' brings 

..," ,ool·lIRe hild" n will1 hilll. c,.ch child ",ill 

!!,·nC''''l'. "n """"'g\.'. $12.:100 In Ilubl ic cd",," -

lion f<lSl~ Ih,,' ",,,,,I be funded Il~ U.S Inxl,'.yers. 

S,n,ikorl y. even ,ftorm"lIyharrc..J From 'c"" ,viog 

weir"", ,,~~i~ >CC. Jo: lJI,.. w",ke,.' 1,,.,..·inC\lnl<\ 

familk'!' w"uld h" m1l.:ly 10 reCl';"" Hid ~i",~Jy 

>e<: ~use .. ,:\ra,e ag nc;';,~ 10,),,1(1 he relucla nl 

t~ dcny ~rvices ' 0 fallll!k'S that ".lp..·;" 10 be in 

ncc'<l ofaid. F;""lIy. hrinl:;"~ R r"nlily i,,' (} .hc \l.s. 

\\'(Juld m~ke il ".k'!'~ likd h~llhcgu,"'l .. wk~r 

""uld ",1ually ""u.n II lI nw. "nd cnnl 1",,,,d " 'slIen ~c in .he II.S ... ",,1.1 inc"'"!k: lis<~1 C,,~1.s. 

". 

;',,,,,\In,( U.S. cill"" mhi,l 10 )(uc.' ,,, .. k,,,,,· chil. 

"rcn I>orn In'he U.S. woul<l ral""r""'MI cutl". IfM 

child ~".n'u d ~""'" wu.ke , iSll,nn' ed U.s. c'lil<, nship, 'h"1 t h il,1 im n, cd i;lIeiy b<.'COmd cntilit,d 

(oj Med ie~id wven,# nd a full r~n e of lh ~r 

.. elf~r~ ""tI,,!it~. F~rlher. Kr:", lill ~ lilt: child 

c,tI "'n~hip malic'" il \("'" likcl)' .hal lhe c~1 

'"'' k"r" I'''r n''' will ""lu.II)· I .. ,,,,,, tl ... II.S. ""d 

Ih ~"·t.,. 'ne.ca""s '"X I",y~r C<>S 1·0 .he eXlen' 

I"'rn,ill c'1J IJY' he 'oY 'l n'h "",ellll nltn' . " 'h.: 

CUII.liluti"".!.hc IlIw L .. I"bli sh;n~ th" I: U~ I ... ",k· 

<" p'O)!rllms shuuld c~rl)' sl pul ~l~ III,,. cl> lld rcn 

horn to Ul";' wQrk~"" \\'<.I\lld Iw 1 ... all'<,l in th" 

"""''' ~nn<: ' as chiIJ",n or ,lipl"","I.1;-llla' I". 

they \\'I<uld iJ<, Cili"""" (!I' ,heir l'or~nlS ' ""untr)' 

,,f "ri)!in n.the •• h. n ci. i~en" otlhc lIni",d S' a'e., 

5. lIedu.,.. , .... number of lI>g" II "' .'n nell' re8i· 

dence vlsu b ... cd Df1 kln. hlp nd In~~".., 

the numbe .. of\'lus " lIucated 10 high-s killed 

worker!.'" (l nd;:r cumml low. th e vOu< 10U,'r)' 

and vi500 ,,,,ofc,,, n(.,,~ f(lr <>(j ull b'olher~, ~l'. ~,s. 

"nd r-1f~n 8 knd '0) brillS ~ h p"~"'rlion uf 

lOW-Skill 1m ml~mllis Into th e II.!', Whil~ low-_kill 

in, I\,i)!.unl$ cr .. "I~ a nllCbl J)urdcn 1lJ. I. loS_ lup"y. 

''f.'. hj.d.·skill imlllj~mnt~ 'end '" pay m .. ", ill 

I.a"'-"lihun Ihey ,,,,,<,iv,' III IJ., ... Ii.s, 

Th" k1;;.ll"'Mli~r.tti"" ~)'S.cm ~hoold II<: allerl'1J 

10 lI'eolly ~ducc Ih" number ,,/ h,..""kill ,mn,i· 

)lmntsen'~ r ln~ 'he "<I(tnl ry "nd (ooc ~:!o , thi: num' 

be. of IlI'W .. ntr"nl ~ with hiil!> 1~"",1s gf l'\lutal~'" 

. "d skill. 11"" "'U 1M den,"",] hy IT.S. nrms. Th,' 

vi"" 101lery nntl ~I! Iwdhc.,I(',.,; fur Ivoll",,,,. sis· 

~.".. p'fcn"", and rcl"ti",·~ .~h~r Ih.nSj'<)<lSCll"1>([ 

n, I'M" children ~h"uhl Ill: clin,jn31~d and repl,oe:e..J 

by n,,'" 'kill-l>a>'ed "'_ 'a' ~nliwould [ ... aIIle ln 

""" ""ll ~n;n II>c ~s~,,,-.,; " but nnt "" I'W,I 

lJl.' m,ant.'nl ""idenl>; wl.h ,1C\.'l'$lO I<! wdr",~. 

Conclusion 

The United SI"leJ ~", enor mous croMnlic 

'jll ~'r1 unll k'!' and sucict,,1 hc "fi ~. Cll onUC!4! "' I>r~ 

1>I ,t'I " w"uld I ... mil(rdk 10 t he U.S. if.l>cy h:~llh~ 

I>!' ~ •• unil)'. Gi""n 'hl~ ~u n'~ L the U_S. mu~ be 

",'Icc l;'" ;n i •• Inl1n ij: .. " l i"n [lolicy. r"licy",,, kers 

",osl ~n~u,c th", .h~ inktl\d;on <If wdll,t.' and 

"I her r.nan ci" 'trnn"j'~, p'vgrnn\), wi! h in,", ig."t")n 

~.,\ " n,,' ct[>llml.ho: 1i,;<.lIy tI~j",ntlcnt ,,, ,ul" .~ . 

, he,eby 1111 IH "i ng ""*-' e\)oH \) n A ", ~ro.: ... n I(>C""I y. 

urr nl illlmigr.'I;"" [l"Ucil ...... ith 'L""lCCI ' " 

bIll h ".wful Hnd onl, .... Ful ImmlS,nlinn n.t \"'~~ 

Ihe nl'y .,f n d;"Ptl ~"lio c nun" lCr "f lkll>rly 

'·"""g'cd ,m", j~r" nU int". ~ I I.S. As .h".., "w·~k ill 

mmlg'~nli(bulh lawful and unlawful}\ ~k \Jp Ii:!'\· 

~"c~. h<:y i"'IIO"" ~ "uhsl,,,,Ua l ~x h",dcOl UII U,S, 

a~p..y",~ . TM ~nt:f" .• '<'<:e\w" hy unl.wfu) nn,l 

Ivw.sk1lli"''''igr:, nt h"u,,, h,,IJs " ... "cd I~Xtl" pai,l "' 

(':och "~C level, "' nl> ,",;n' d" Ih'''''' hnuic h"lds r~y 

",me in I"""" t hun I he')' "'fei,,, In benefits. 

Cu.",nl imm;g"" t;'", 1"",-,lk"".OOth ',.wful "rn! 

unlawful,,,!,,,,,,lc lik •• ~)~tcn' ofl, .. n~nati nal ",eI-

~." "ut,""~h. in~;nll n!lll;on~ of ("wally d"I"'ndcnl In, lvidu,,l~inl<lth c II.S. Thi~ ", lkyn"L~ SI(jbo.: 
124 

oha,,!(Cd. Il $. ,n,mJ,:rnli"M Wiley ~h"uld cn",)urt' ¥" 

hiJIh-~klll imm;~raliu" u",i ~Iriclly limit lo",-"ldll 

immijlnltjon. III lI<' ~ml. govNllm,~nt I'ul",y ~h"uld 

I1n,ll in, m igml IOn t., til ...... • wllo will 00 "coli r.",,~1 ,.,.,,-

1,lhuhl,.,.. "Yllidlng tho.;., "'h" will I Mere"", 1111'''11)' 

and in,l"ose Ole,,· c,,,,[j< on n",r/)urdc""d t l.s. laxpayer", '1 

n.l.l n~'''' RT )10;'3:1 

),tAU, """ 
125 

Append i.'\: A: General Methodology 

"".I.I n~rOMT )i(l;'3:1 

~~U :w .. 

'1'1Ii>; p.""r""-,,,b In I'Iitim"lC hollo ~1 CU,,1 ufl"'~lit~ "nd .s."rvir"" n:ct" .... d BOOlhe 1(1I.1 value tlftnn.,; 

p",d lIy"" h"u""h,dll.~. h)' "oll-i,nn,i!:n",1 h"u-.:llOld.<, by h""""h"ld" h~,odl'1.l by lawful in ""i~"'nt>;. "lid in 

" A,lkul". by bo ""h,lId~ h~3d"d hy un!:,,,.; rul ;",mig',,"\>' l'll!: ns<:"I.naly~l~ I',c,,",nl<'ll in Ihis ' '"'"'' '" hO,l'tl 

"" Ihn.., cn,.., nwthc,d(lh~ic"llltincil'l ..... , t""'~l't!hcn"lvcnl·~S . flSl'al "ccurac),. and 1 r~nsp"r~nl'y, 

• CO"'I' ..... hcnsk~ness_ 1'11<' .n~I>.,;i$;;c. ~·k~ lU ~<)VI; r alJ SO""""".,,nt CXl"'''d ilurc~ and a U \:iXt!$ "uti Slmilu. 

rcwn""""",ccs for f,'<le."I, ",ale_ ~lId 1"",,1 ~owrn" ... "1 ComprchclL.ivcn, .... hcll'~ 1<' cns"I'\! 1»1]0""" in 

Ihe . ""I)"U>. If" ~I ,,<1y """"",;I only" limil Ml "umher ~ Iti",,:rnmcn! ~I .. :nd in~ ~"'I!1"'m~ (jr illst • j)(j,1 km 

t>l"lucs.1 he "mlssi, If" n"~ht hias 1 he ~" "dll>""". 

• 'Isca l Accuracy. 1\ "",d,,,"1 ""ntiplo: t)flhec5Iimalio" I',,«:ffiur~ ~ml~"yed for l'ach c~l~ndlhl'" pro· 

~ra", Or <"1<1I'''Y ill Ihe """I)'"j~ ,.lh,,1 Ir Ihe proa.'1.lUl'\! is rClllk"kd ror Ihe whulc LJ.s. po'llIIl.lion, Ihe 

~sulti~c~tim "tcJ ~~I'~"d; tllr c will "qual aclual ".,.p.::,,~ilurc~ un III<' 1'''~t1i0l ul:cu.diI1l!lu "llid.1 bud-

~,,1"r)' >C"mcnl~. The ,;..n'~ prindl'h' j~ "l'l'lled I" cHch llU and r~YCnW cn ~,:olry. A 11"l!clhc".lhc <'1' 1, mIll· 

Ing 1'''IC"d".~.,. "lieolln Ih i. 11"jlCr, ,rall\llk'!l l" Ih~"nllrc 1I.S, 1'''1'111"11<1", .,.' ill yield Jill""" r"r IlIlal w", rn· 

menl sIK'nlJi n~ ""d r~v;:nUi'S Ih"l mnle ll 1l1i: c~ I·1 ill: llIli,ls IT~nlcd '" butlJlC\MY ",",UI'''''S. 

• TrAnSI'."''''')'. Srll....,;nc tnlcu "tion~ IVete ma,1t' for:14 ,;cparnlc I.x ,,,,d ""n"" c.IClIt>r1e,; anIJ "",,, ~ 

5<:1'"",1" eXJ",n!!it U'u ca,,'W"."'· Sinc"(! c~>nclw<fl)"~ C~" lie inlllle",..,\! h)' 1I'~ "s~uOl"ti"n~ .. nd (ltl"-"dur,,,, 

cmp~I)'\.~ 1 in "ny ~".I}"i-Is, we h ....... cn,Ic • .,urr:,1 III mllke the m~", h.nic5 ,.r the a"~ly.ijl a~ trdn>I'",enl 0.. 

pUSIIibl,' III inlerc.<lcd rt .... k"" by do.'5Cribillj/ Ihe dctail~ ,,( <-,lOCh "k"I"lj')n '" AI'I)COOJ«os [1 ~nd H"nd 

I1ppcndixT.bbAH"nd A'J. 

AccQunting F r amework 

Tilt ",-,,,,,ulIl'''1I f",m<-'w",·\< ".0<1 ,n Ih ~ 1'1'i'S<",1 ullal>,!;'. is Ihu .ame f,a"'L""(jf\< '''''1'1,,),,'<.1 h)' Ihe Nat,,,,,,,1 

!\c~~,d, (;,lUncU (l>:lIC) "r III .. · Nllllonnl Acllllemy!lf ScI""",c,, in ils ~t OO}' Oflhe n"""J In,p<-.cl ,)/'iOl miglation. 

Thr f>','w Amrri,·uM,·' F"l1l1,, n~ l ~ N I\t; f .. ,,,ocwo,,\<. Ihe pr,,,,,,,nl ~I ud)" 

• TrealS [klpllMiQn.bit~cd Of r<lnJ.:e<t ihl e ""rv,t:<::< 3~ Full), ptl""lc gll<l<l~ and a~~n$lhc ~L M l h,)"" 1«0'-

vil;':6 II> in"" ogranl huu~h!)ld< I)a~ eilher un "~I fnwl"d U,,"'" Ih~ imOl igm nl h~'" "r t'''l'lllali'm:'" 

• lndutle,; I he "",Iru,.., ~"d d"c.Ii"n I (II\!IS or In'OliJtr~"1 ""d ""n-Im migrant ",Inor dI,ld ,..,,, "nd "",,~n< 

11",""cus!>;l" ItI<'d,ild'S h"usch"W: 

A<!Sign._ Ih~ "'"Ifure " nd ,'duc"I~'null''';I~ of 01""" uS.·b<"n ch IId'en "f ,mmig'"nl I""en'~ in th" ;m m, _ 

~ra"l. htl,,!'<:hllltl; and 

A""i~II. thu ",.1 or Olcans·II'l<lcd "lid d ;,,-.., bc"dil~ ''''''(Irding I" Ihl' j;(:lr-~I~"kd IlSC oftl""" bcnclil3 in 

the t l.S, Ccn~Il' U""'HU'S Curr~nl I'flpu.I"Uun ur ~ (CPS>. 

CIt'a,ly, . ny st",ly Ihul d"e~ MI f"lh,¥, th,s fr.mcwnrk may ",ach ""rydin'" l'cllt <oncl"si"fls. j.'"reum· 

l~, ~ny _tlld)' I hal e,clud<'l' Ih( "'dJ or~ !'>,,"ei11.:1 Hnd ~dut"l \0",,1 s.,,"lc~. "'cd""d b)' tt,,· minor LT,S..tlOrn 

children "r "nl"wf,,1 i 01 n, .)(ra lIt p"n:n!>; rrom I \,e c.>sI _ """i.l:n<-,d'" u"f"wr" I in,m i~t""1 """""hul,l. ,.., 11 

~"~h Ht)'dilre'"n\ l:Il lus ~m."bu"l Ihe n:<l:al C""""4 cn~~'oFunJn"'Fullmn'i~"'lio . 

"n 100porl",,1 I'ri"':;I~I" in Ih~ "naIY$i. " Ih", ..... "iIX "f h1c3ItlH'.,;l~'<l1>cn"1i1l! lind d"''':1 l",ncr,ls wou; 

not imllUIM Or a""ign,~1 10 hc)u~hold~ 'lbill'3,il)" hOlher, tt,(, e<-.;t ,M bcr><:f,t,; rd,ci",:d WaS b",;cd Oft Ihe 

,. 
126 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu..--r OV UNI.AI\II'IlLJ,l t\tmM M ,,-r;: 

M "U AM NR..--rY T" TIJE U.s, TAXI'A YEM 

hl}U.«'h"ld'. ""lr_ft'I''''1 ,,( t"'''ef.t$ in Ih~ CI'!;:," I'"r ",,"mptc. (n.. c,)<1 of Ihe r<.Hod "'-"n.l' bo.'ncf,lji. rec,',wll 

;~ b~~<l On U.., (0",) ~1«n'l) ~ncr.t~ dal. 1'r<J.idcd hy Ihe h"uschold, trlhe household ,.'~tcd Ih~1 ;t ,tid nill 

rt'('l'Iw. [,.00 ~1!ln'III', then Ihe ,,,(u.' offfl<)d ~1~n'l)$ wilhin the hvul\('hui<,l would Ill' "",ro, The ",~in ct(),:"""" 

I u t hi. rule II"" he""lits(""" lhe IIlrurd~hlc c,,'" 11.1 (ACi\), "r O~ m''''''r.~ 5i,,"c Ih".., bc"ef,ls did ""t exl." 

in 2010, they haJ to bi: In'puted in fUlure )11.'""', 

IInusehold-Huscd Ana l}'Sis 

Thi~ p"l'~r u""'10 the :.I 4 milllv" hvus'~hvlds hc"lk'<.l by unlu",ruJ in,",ig",,,,~, rath .... 111M ~ !UlI~\\'fuJ 

in,n,ilt",", J><'llUl~tk", II." whnk as Ihe !>,,,,i< f)/'~. ~n"I)",iJl. Ill' u"in~ the hUIJ!\(:huld as It..: unit "(((n,,I)I>"$, 

Ih:ril"l/C f( I""'s the ,),U(:(!<Jurc empl"y"d hy Ih~ Nallo,,"' Itc~,'ar h CO\locll, SI",,,, "'''11)' va,iahl~ .. ~r~ n()1 

'lVull"l~e..t ! h~ Indivldwl lc",-,l. an"I)'!!-is . I ( h~ hOllschVld 1<-'\11:1 i. mclhvdul"gkal'y ,in'I,ler. 

11""""",_ ,,"" I'",hl~mwilh ,~ eh",,,, i. Ihal :I,OR miiliun unla..,ful immigr4nl.1I" ""I ,~,idc in h"u,.,-

h"IM h<."'d~'<ll')' unl""'ful mm;);ranl~. Tlleoc Ind"'idu"I_, wh" ,c.lde m~inly In hvno~'" hc"(lcd I'J-' lawful 

inomi)(ranls, "'~ IhcfCr"", "", ioctude<J ,n Ihe pr.~"1 fi.cal a,,"I),.isror I he Inlerim """ full nm "c.ly JlC' KId., 

\\,hil~ I hi ~ ~~dtl .. "n "I mOSI c~'l~'nly rc'<lU<:c'" Ih<.' n$Cnl eMI n~u,e. pr(:;.<nlcll ;n Ihis p"l'et, inch".l n~ I hi:Sc 

individual. i~ lJcynnd Ih~ II\'UIl<: (If the cur 'ent ,"'''I) ~i" , (\.In Ihe "I her h"no.!, Ihc nO«:DI analYS'i "r rd' N!mcnl 

~ar. indudcsall C"trenl "d,,11 unl"wf"llm",l.o:.runl 'J 

There '~rc ",-,n", 1.I "'illion ll,S.-hvrn <IIlul, ~itlte"s ,'''d '"wful immtg",nts ft';i(llllll in unl."·(ul im",l-

~m"l househ"ld. in :l(JI(I, ~n<lll><y '"nl'l:Sl'nl H pc,eelll "flhe I""SO"'S in Ih"'" hllU""hold ... The ... • indivitJun ls were ,."du!kd (I'lln, the lIncll).,;;;.. 'Tn,,), Me MDI ,,,,luJed in lhe dcm!ll!r-..ph'e Infornll.\i"" on unlnwful 

<n,migrant huu,;ehQlds, the be"ef,t.; 1"'-,' ,"'''''i'''-' and X~,,; th~" j.>a'd "'~re nflt Indu,k,d in Ihe 'I~cal ~""'nU; 

!',.du;';"n ,1. ,no:lu~~ n ,,1'1 he"" intlivid""I,; n,"ke~ lillie 01 ilfe,ent·, ,n I he tj"<:~1 b"l"n~.' II( "nl,wf,,' immigranl 

hllU~h(> lds , 

Undl'rL'Ount orUnlawrul lmmigrant lIouseholds 

Th~ n"pa,t n'l'nl "f' lun.d.nd Se.:u,itJ (m lS) a,""uml'" thul at>l"o~>n.at~lyu"" In 10 u"I~" fu! immil:r"n!~ 

OJ~ mill;,," .""." "n.) 0101 nill apI"'''' in Cc'n$u, rL't:"n:I., The IkrltllJlC ound"I1 "" "nul),si. ,.ssum .. th'" the 

n""al ""Iahco ~"d dl'mugmllhy ofl hl~ u ndcr uu"tctll~)$)ul. t ion i~ ~i",iI~, 10 Ih" unl~wf\ll immig"'nl lhll"'lat i"n "1'1",arl", In the CPS. 

Tn "UjuS! r,l , I h" un,I,",«,u nlcd r,~)ul, ' ifm, the nu ml\(:r<,f " "h .... rul ;",migrnnl ""us<,h<.ld~ in Ih~ "n"lysL~ 

wa~ incr"a,;ed f,om ~.-H m ill.o" htj\l>'ChQld. (which "PI""'rin the CrOS) II' 3,7') "';IIIQ ,,"..,~utl'lII~rnm"nt 

""""fils ,.ndlax,", .re a!!Sun.cd to inc,,,",,,, in Ihe ""me pmp" .. t ,M as the m .. "he, oI'lmuschulds "" th,1\ the 

<lWtIIgt fi.cal CMIIICrunluwful i",migranl h~u""hold w3~u,,"rrech:d , 

"k~ ,-"h .wl~c nnle<,t, u!I!IrCj(i>lc r"'~~1 ll~urClS fur "nlawful Immigrant h"O\I<lI",Id~ ~PI",: .. n~ in (hl~ 

tlOl",rh"v;:bce" jn"r~KSC(t 1<, ;",'I"d. the un,lc ,c"unle,1 "ubwf,,1 (",mm"'''' h"u~chu!<ls, II i~'luile I",,;.~ibll' 

(11,,1 the numll<:r"r u n<;'(\Unl -d "nl""'ful ;"'ml~rant~ f~sid ;n~ in the U,S, cxc«ds U~ ",;nlPn, 

Llata Sources 

[J~IH n" (c-dl'r.1 eJI",,,dilufl'll' W\',e tal~c " (",m OH;"c nf M.na",",cnt Hnd Budgel , IlW,J;;l'l lijlh<' U",ktl 

.'>lu/"sC;"""rnm""'_ n .. ",r l'c"r 2{)/:f: 1Ii.</I, .. i<'lJ1 T"hI ., Tolll,' 3.2," 

llata on federal ta)<CS and ,cV\:nucswCN kcn f,om OfJir., "f~,an j(cm~nt and iJu,lgC'l, flud!}C/ ({(he Unilt:tl 

Slul~sC ''rllml'nl, H",-'IJ/ Y""r 20/2, Anui:,/i"ull'crsp/'rliw><, .), ~20, n,blc 1:>,5," 

~("'c "nd I(l('al <IIII>'<'g"t e expendit ur~ .. an~ roW.nu,' d~la ""'''' ,Rkcn f,om Ihe II,S, CenSUS lIur~'<lu's -Slale 

""d I J,c~1 ""'rn'''enl P'n,.nt.'Ct'SUIn h""'Y' 21/10," API"''''';X. I' II. 'I'clhlc 11_ •. " 

Illkl ili"",,1 n(or","l~'n "n '" ale amll'lI' 1 ~1J<:"di 'll< cn!cJ«"i . wu~ Ink"n fr"'" II,S, Census I!",e.u, ~cdr rtll. 

81(11(', and 1_ /11 GOI'I'/'"",enlo:- 19'):1 G"' 'I'mmrnl Fimr" ... ·/md £mll/oy"",n/ ClilS"ifiCir/iNr A/unutJl." 

Il,~." on .Ialc ."" 1"""II"',,sirn, (und. ~ rt: rn,m U,S, Cen,,,,, Bureau, 2IJ1II AnlllJ,,1 Sur",', ojl'uhUc f'cngi""., 

Sif/I.' &- I.Q.:,,/ Datu, Tallie I, "N'lio" al Summ"ry 'If Si nle ""d ].(",~I l'ublie-E",pl,!),<,<, IIdif<'mt'nl S)'.t"nl 

l'in"r"" .. '~1 Year 2UIQ," 

'" 
127 

s,.:n .l.l, n~roRT )i0; 133 

~An :III13 

n",,, <In ,II" di~l"bul!"" "fhe"cfots .·nd db<lrli)uUon "r !'Onle "x<,~ """" 'akell ( .... hl ,h ~ 11$. Ccn,u, 

Il urcuu's CU I,"""l 'I~' ul lj lln ~u rvcy "r ""ar~h ~ll li fw h Col""r~ 20Irl,)."' A~tlilj(J"al dllln lin Iluhlil: .o<:hool 

"Il cnduncc w"r~ thken lrom 100 Cklob<:r :1m!) t l'S.'" 1>31 . on hou;ehold c~p"nd1tur~ ,,'tn, [nkt n from Ih~ 

BUTe"U lOr 1.:.I>"r ~t"l isticsCo .... umcr II-" I' "nd ",ure Su.V1JY (CEX) fur lOm." L)~I" on ~1~lc Sl"'ndlng 011 Mc-dk:,,1d ~". dr~wn Frun. Ccnle," rOt Medic,,," and M~,lic~iIl Scrvil:c', ~e uf 

I he Aduar},.:!fJ1f) Arluutiu' lIf/'"'' (1II11w Finunriul fJu(II)I)/</", Medicufd." 

OCI,,;led jnrorm~I.!O u" m".os.[fSled "1lCndinlt w~s I.ken ffl,m C()IIlI ,,,:si,) n~1 1l ~'!ie u, h S",vk'C, -C~5h 

anoJ (ln.:a~ h Ik""fol$ fQ' .\>,w os wi,h I. imlled 1,I(\lm~' t::Iigil)jlii.\' Uuk.,l1cdl'ioml soo F-"I,."O(Iilur~ IM~, 

I'Y 2Ql'~-II" 2n() .·1· h;. "'!~ltl I'tUv;'k~; in'l'o, I",,1 i"f"r"'"'~''' Q " s,nk "n~ ,,,,,,,I n,earuH~"f;led c"l"'ndiI U".,. f,o)n, ~'" ""d 1,,1:11 111 11:,' oWn fo""llc;al r~"I'O)\l,ct~ uS db" in" from 1:X )~"dil ur ~~ funded II)' f(-d(:n.1 

~,"n S in ~jd " l'\' ~O'O d,,!. wcr~ taken fl'\l'" ORkeHr Mu",I:tC"'''", and tludgd. flu(llJ',!llflhi! IInlled S(UI"s 

""'l'rnnrl!J!t f',srollhu zt"11l!: lip"""",. .. , l' hco-C d"'a arc um ma,i ~cd in 110/>,,,1 lIe"lur\<' tc:<tjmonr oof,,,~ Ih" 

Uud):\'1 e"mmilLc"" flh~ llniled Slaies I louse Qf 1l~llT,"'c"I~Hves On May 3, :>1)12. "Examin;nll the r,'nsI .,Icd WeI(."c Stale, 7') 1'« '8,,,ms,, 0(1 S9:2? lIilli"n in 1\ nnual Sl"'nding, .... 

D"l~ u" Mc,Licaid c~j)enditur~~ fo, dilf ~n' 'tcil)i"nl cnlcgorics wer~ ("ken r (1)01 I he Mcditald SI "lIsllc,,1 

I "f",n,,,, in" ~~~'on' (MSIS) as I'ubl i~ c-d i h T"t~u J:L:J4, "Medicare & Med Icaid ~1" 1"""al SUl'l)1cnocnl; 2Q1il 

~"lil;"n 7' 1) ~1 i'" ~h:dicai<l "xpctlllil 10 ri."" n in~l l(ul n"II n~·Ii. .. m C~ rc r",,;1 il ii,s ""cml "k"n r'''Ill" ~h' ic" '" 

'" M~'<Jk id SI" i<lIt~l S"I~)I~m~nl,- ~Ol l 1'.\Iil k> n.'" 

1l.lu nil lke ",I"" ,,1 io lll~"" lsof"I, ", ~' 'c""'n~ in lns ;IIl' l"n" ll "n~' '"' ca ", fadlilk ... w~ e ~kt " rtllm 

th~ N:ltinn~1 I,..o ng Tc m·C~n.' Sur","), (Nl.n;s)!' Oat" On Ihc Ilum~r "r Individu"ls fCJidinll ill ""'~In~ 

h"mcs In Ihe ~""rugc ",nnlh 'h\l llle nUh'l l>cr ,.r Mcdka,d 'C 'I,;"nl~ in nl,ltr,i"$ hun"", wcre laken r,om the 

2004 N"I~"'.! Nur~inj( I Ion", SUfVl'Y (N t'o11 IS). 

11~(" IJn h\lU~ehuld ft nundol ",,-<ciS ba. .. :-d On Ih<' age nd "<lu,""l;,,n level !It 'he hoJuSl:h(~d ,,~,{' t~k"" f,"n, 

,he .:!/l/U SU""'J' ,(C"n.uftl<'r Hnunc.,.~' 

.. 
128 

Appendi.'\: B: Identifying Unlawful Immigrants in the CPS 

:"' .I.I , n~r MT )i0; 13:1 

~AU :III" 

Th~ n"p"rtm~1Il ~ IlomdMnd St-eurlly esl lm,lcs 11,.11 ~r" well: ll .5 mill jon .:.r~ign·b\lrn [I<',,,u,,,, « .. id· 

in,; .. nl"",rull~· in Ih" ..,..5. in .Ianu".y 20ll." '"c""c .. lin",k. ",.., 11,.""" "" the nor! 'h'" Ihe nu n,ber urrurei~n · 

born l""l'''ns''rl ><,~.i hg in U.s. C,' n.us ~u ,Vt:~'s i. c"n~idcr.'hl y sreale' Ih~n Ih~ num!),.·, of rQn!i~h born I"'" 

sims ,,'h\l ore I"" mitted lu " .. ide 1L'W'lIy in the II-'t. aCC'!fding IV immig'alil)n ~."rtl". 

1',\, ''''~m"h'. in .Ianllory 21111, ,"" n, ~ .~I \l S milli .. " forci)(n ·ti'llr" [l<'rM"~ (wh.:. c" cr~d II". ell .. n!r}· after 

1'llIO) "1lI,,",~rcd in lilt ~n nu~1 ~"".,s :lUr~c'}·.llulll>ellCt"al "u'"be,<Jf ' .... "i!lIl)UIJ(linj! lawful r(l«>ig'H.l<)Jh ."". 

idenl" in Ih'" Y"'" (,",cu rding I" guve, n"" J'" ndnll"i.1 ",Ii,,, .ec\lrds) 11'"" only 21 J, n, illiun.*' 11115 l">ll ;n''''l'~ 

IMII ""d;n"":", .. ~ .... ,,,c 10.:15 m i1Iion fll ,d 'I-1>\) ,n 1",r«Jn "pr",,"'ng ,n II>~ t"cn'u~ i\",c l~an t",)mn1unil y 

Sur\\")' (l\C$)-;" ,",de up "r u""ulhQ.;~"d \I' unl"wl\ll t('lIi<lcnts. III IS (u rlher e~1 Im"le~ ",''' "" "dd;1 ",,,,,, 

1 ,l!; milli"" unlawful 1m mi~n>nt ~ Jl-sitkd in \ he II.S. bUI <lid noll "ppcar in Ib~ t:c "'u, ~"r~i'y. rou 1\>1'11 Qrt 1.5 

mHllun unl",,'ful ,""'iMnll." 

UIIScmrl"y" ~ "residual " m"lh,><I I" dl'!l" millc Ihe ch"'a<krist """ "f h~ I1nl.wr,,1 im"'IJ:mnl pllpul"! i"n, 

!' ifllt. immig",liun ,,-;;o rd~ "'C u,:cd l()d~lermi"c Ihe j{l!ndl·t. "!:~. counl,yof,)ri;:in. "nd t im" Menlry (,r~ 11 

f"' c' ~n·h<:> n !nwful tl,,;idcnt'" \J rci~n ·bolr n I'e,jj/,,,,, "'il h I hase ~h"",ctcri~Ii<:~ Me ~ul ~ meled ft\lm It.c IVI.I 

fo,d ... n·!>'\rn 11',,,ulalir.n in {'cn~u~ rc,·"r.ns: \I", Icn r,wI '" "".,.;du"I " I'>r" i):n·horn n'>t1UM Ou n ~."""mcd III 

boo unlawrul. Tills 1""""durc-ell'~ 5 flll:5\v .,,;timule Ihcall'-'.gcnder. cvunlry uro.'~i". dute (If entry. tin<.! 

ul "l U.S .• t"l ~ of ,c.idl'1lCc ,,( lh ~ unl" ... f ul imm'g,anl II<'pul"1 illn in t hi- II.S. 

The urrtnll rl "~c I'llundniion "'d)" u-.:~ lhe I)cparlnwnl ()f lI ", and S."u";l)" rep<lrts- ')II t h< h",­

"" ri'l k~ ,,( unl"",ful immi~MJnt$ I., ioJ""li!y In Ihc C","cnl t\'IJublion ~utVl.')' (Cl'S) ,,(t"" U$_C\'""O " 

II ... pol 1 in" o(r,)",i): n·t~"nll(:l$(\n~ whu h.,~" ~ VI"Y h 1,.::h I,,"b~hilil y "rhein\( unl.wf,,1 i",",]g.onb. (Tlw CPS 

,s u~d in nl~ 0 (( he s;mil~r i\CS t~"l: ""~' il S mO,.., dc1"ik~ Incume.nd hcnent infurm.lion.)" The proce· 

durt'> """d tn "clcd unl"",fu\ im '" i~r"nls wi! hin the CI'S indudctllhc (oll"wing. 

• Th<' "nl~"'(ul im"'ig."nt Il<>puloti<m ~kht!r",d ,n Ihe CPS Was ""It hed .. ~ tl,,~ly ~s ,o;~! bk lu Ih e~. 

~'t:n""'. "'lIJlIlry uf urillin, d.1e of entry .. ""d $I,IC "f rL'lI;.J~IlL'" oflh" onlowful ,m ml~'''nll''''fl UlolJun itlcn-

!H;"dby I)IJ:;. 

I'",dsn-tl< .. " ,,"nk"'~ whu "'cre t:ur"'nl "r ru.",cr m"m l>l: r~ "" II>" .'noNl r,lrtI."f nfllli! 11$, fIT c u,renl 

n'llloye.:~ f<-dc'~I , Slal e, "ntl OC"~ I JI'.,vernmcnlS w~rcn_m~ to k I.wful .u;(dents. 

• Si .... c it is unl.wful fu' unlowful im,";~"'nl~ LO r~ cd"" 1!1)\" rnm nl hI"'cf,ls ~uch as lCin l SCi.'Ilrily. 

~wlc",cnla i S<.><:uril}· In c" n' ~. ~1cdi< ·",~. " nd Mc"<.li c~ id. in<livldvals "1""ling I""",,'nai "n",llm"nl in 

I hesc P"~"'h1S W,:rC ">'6"",,,11 III he h",·i\d. 

• Imh1i~t~nl hcltds or h"u .. h"lds tc.,;itJ;n~ in p,d,lk <or suhsid il«...J I"'"sin~ ",n" a"""'L~! I" be ~wr"l . 

ulthl\Ugh <)\ ~, me.,I",rs in II", hOU:o.:huld m(ghl ho, unluwful im01jll,." nl ~. 

• I'rr<IC,,,t<~ III" t" n5L~h ~y w~t1l p"II~~ 1 "';Ihin I'"milk~ tilT "'ldc. child,,'n "f lawrul ~"!!id l'nI 5 ",.". " 

a .. um~'<1l beJ wful. 

Sl<lCl:n Ii.". cili~n t "h OIllnln h""rul "",;&nl S\"lu~ In.,, ~IIIJUI\I.", I he <) rc n·bo'n .pou,;....; ur lloS ~n~ 

wcr ",,"""',1.Il" hc l"w(ul. 

j.'o,,";~,,·Il' ... n I"'r"'\n ~ I h occul~" i<lm! I hoi inwlVl:' hi)lh ~VI.~~ <i prnfesoo,onnl ~~ ulnli n ~ 10)/:i1 red.':n · 

li.1I 11,11 •• "" h , •• docl",:<. ph",m'It .. I:<. I"wY""'" '\Md nur"" pmclili""crs, we", """u"'Clllo be bwful, 

Und<" ''''ml):rolion how. vi"m"ly all Cu\.l:,n inllnigmnl1lwilll", Inwful; ~II Cull"" in'm~"'n", I" Ihe '~ 

"we Ih<:'cforc aSSU "Ii'" Ii> be I""'ful. 
129 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu.'--r (IV UNI.AW I'IJLJ \tm.A", r;: 

ANII AMNR.,--rV TI' TilE U-", TAXI'A nM 

• On!:''''!\l! ,mm;Kt:U\!. werc assu"' ~..! In! ... "!i~hUy k ... hke!y IV ow n a hnn,,, and I .. have ~!'llh\J}' '""',,' 

;noomc~ Ihan 1""'f,,1 ;m '" ," nlS wit h mnt in~ ch" r.>I':h"i~ lk~. 

The end fL,,"1t ,~ ' lhese p"'l'tJd"",,, WI\." h' I'"~h",,, .n c .. li,n,,' c'1.l "nlawf,,1 in""ill""" P<'I",,,,li .. ,, 11001 

",,,Idled Ihe IlCI'Mlm~"l(lf II"nod~nd ~"' llri }' Il~'''c ,; as d09.: "~ JI< )S.~i ~ 'OC ''''~ ~ run#: "rvn.IHhlell.lI 

~'O ",p" riO;<' n "r Il em"p' F,,""dnlhm "nd lIllS Iigur('S 1$ pruvidt..! in Append,x Thhl,,,, l. 
130 

:"' .I.I , n~p<'RT )i0; ,3:1 

),IAU, :W .. 

Append i.\: C: Calculating Aggregate Federal, State, and Local Spending 

AAAI~ot ~ M .. 1 "' nd;,ur\'ll I \h" uhru"ctio " le",,1 w ... '~ t"k n r",n, /ludl/l'l Q[ Ihf' Unl/,:d SI<lI J 

GV, .. nolllf'1l/, l'i,"',11 I .... r :till:/: JlM,,,.;':uJ Tub/t':<. 1' ~""" ~"la '!Ie pt<.,.., nl d in AJl1"mdi. 'T.i>lu:.!.Statc a nd 1,,,,,,1 

.~ '1:a ~ l·t llendllu, es wcr<' ha ... 'tl un 1I,,1.u from 'h~ U.s. Census lJu e~ u ur wy "f I/Overnln"n,. 

Twn "">d ill",,, ,nns " 't!re e~C!\.< "r )' III yield an ,";Iim",c .. fthe " ' 't!t"dll eumhi tl\!d !;I'ending r"r (e'ller,,1. ~' "tc. 

" nd l<>tal glMlrnm,·nl. FirSI. ""IllC 560" bill inn in " ,ole "noll' IC ~1 spcndinl( I~ fin, rn'e,l by gn"'l s· in·~ i'l (.,)m 

,hi: fC(lo:r~ 1 glJ\'\:J nn,e'l\_:;in.;(l llll'l'lI fuod,; a,ucQU nlc'<J lI$ (cdc ..... ) C)( 'cnd~ re~ ~C"' di n~ theQ' "pin u,;6 ~ 

,,,,d 1"",,1 ""I","dilurtl wIluld "" lilut ~ ~ <I" u"lc ""U nl e"""""",,",l y, fcd",.1 1I",,,ls";n-,,,d ",cr" dedUdc'll 

fl'llm Ih.· "p,)' n1l'iHle culclV'ri<... ,lf ~ n.>d (\~" I ~I k: n'!in g. 

A ~"n<l m"difOCIll,,,n in ... " I","" Ihc '. "'''' n\ . ", ,, ,kct·lik ~ " "". fees ~nd h" .~'S 3,'h~ ""te ~nd In"'''1 

1"""1,, ~"" Imnsa<:Ii<m.< ,n ... ,I'"I: ir ~": 1 payment ()f" f,,,, in c"J(ch,,,,gC r(ll" a j«"",.nmcnl >~r v..-~, Ii" cA-",nljll,·. 

poy",cn, ~ an en, ry (c", a, U park. LT. tT fc .... ~ " dC'lKribe d in I he f" ~rn l hud.III.'1 In Ib,' ,,wi ~ n,Unn,,., 

In . !kIi""n 1<> c.lIl'<;(ingla""' _"he F~'Ik' .. ! G""",nmcnl ""lIeclO 'nl"UIIW (n,m 100 v,,~Ii.: fn"" m-rkeHlf;" 

t'nl.'<! .(!lvil"-,,< ond ,he fi". nCitlM ur 'c(\, I.wry "" >C~.o! , "/w.-,e c,,]jections ~'" tllo",lHo/,t ,5 " "". c\ulrgco< . 

• "11 ,he,), i"duck, ' he ... 1e n( p<"'I~" .'" n'p' .nd dwl,·"'ily. ch"'1I"" (u, ..:Im;" . nec I,. noli •• '01 p.rh. pn:mi. 

"mS !tor de!1OS" ins"r.""". ~nO pro«.oed" f'r>m11 h. ~.I ~ Ilf "iIS<'lS, ~IICII os "'~l' .nd h'Y.I\;':~ for too right \0 

""Iracl"a (rom h~Q"ll ... CQnll"~n .ISh. f," 

In ,he ed~,.. .. J lI"dI(O.1. ~" ' fe.", m e ""t coo" le,l;os t "' ",nue. n~ the gm",romcnt SI;' v"-.... ~ Onanccd II)' USC! 

fees "'i: 001 ind lull'<l i .. Ihe ""unl or ):~vc rnm nl ~' l'''nditun '''' As Ih,> UUicc <'If Ma """",m" n! a nll Uud):Ct 

Slo,es: 

[lJ.<cr .""rg..'S[ An. ... b,radl'<l r .... ", It""''''' o,,,boy, rA,"~r Ihon .o.l<kd to IUl'Son \he ",~il'",si"" f,,,,, bud' 

Sll'L Tho rurf"Jl«'oft"'~ 'f""'menl isl" llm<Ju.~ huag.,1 l.;ItaIJ Idr f\'Ct'lp~outlJ\Yll, . nd Iludll<lh"lllQrlty i" 

w.m\O "rUle O"'''UI1 ' pr rt'!II\urc .... 11o<.ll ... ~".n ncn .lfy, 'hf\>UgII eulk:"'i,.., ""l ih ~.1 ch,';e.." ra,lIfr lhon 

Ih",u~h ,!.em.,.kc,," 

I" ""'ru~t. CCn~" jI h"I"I ;' >n S "f ta, c ,, ",IIIIeal R(\~C'nm nll j""'n<c ~ ,nod ulle u!!tr r,-ct as """nU" "m\ 

01,;1, ' neiu"" ,n., COSt .,f'hc ""rvicc lro" ,,~d for tOO ~'" ns ~n l~ "" il UI" (!''' The "I(,.t l>rum'nc nl ",;. . f",'~ 

',o,.led in Ih lS tII"n"O' by t he C~ us ~r " hn" seh" ld ""y",enL' 1<> publ Ie " I ililics r", """c,, IlOwer. a"d ;;;",il,· 

lion ..;(! rvk:(oS, 

Hu\ n,"rkcH lk,; ~r fc'tl p")'II,Icnl _ 'f ii ,),pc d" ""' ,n .. ,I ... " ,ro n.fer ,,( . ... \'''u,,·es (n,n, onell"'''P III 

~h(: r '" rIO"" " nc h" uw h"ld ,0 "I>< ,lh." . In 'h1ili "n. ~" 't! rnn' nl u,;.:. fcc ,mn;:;><:l lr"'$ ,\0 noll all cr Ih,· 

nel l,sca l oJeflCit !)t 5urph,,. of "Il)' lIOu,;.:h ~ (<I. O .. <'d . s I h.' (\SI or " I W>Vl:mmclIl .:nc nl ~ and M:''' K:( ~ 

,ec";veoJ tIIi",," 1, !~I ·" urn! I'cven",'. pa id ) Ix;;~ ,,~ c "ItCh oJ ~l ar in "", v;"cs received will he n, "lehl'<l by 

""c d(.ll u' "ffec' palO. !'inull)" lk:lermln l ~ .... hn hn..< ~id " uscr tcc nd , e(d""d Ihe "''''',"jl(Jrn!in8 ..... rvkc 

i~ w r)' d imcul" 

l'<lr ,I>(,se rc",Si",s. Ihis 1'""'" h,, ~ nppli" d 'he Ij,{let-.I ccn" n, in ~ p.lnciple "r cxd"din~ ",M! user t<'<."5 r "'til rcv nUe tuW .. 'S.as wcll uS exelutlin.r.; the ",,,vic.,. f,,""cd by lh"fc<'l' from ,b ~ co unl ofcxl> dl l"' . I".stute 

" "d l!Jul jo(Ovt:rnn,e nlli""nccs. Thi ~ n'''H",lh,,1 u"",ch",,,.,,, ,,noJ fcc.,. we, e "'"""·c,\ from hoI h 'ho ,,,,,,,,,,,e 

" ,,,I ~~ )(: ndilurc loll ic .. rn' .talc and 10<:1<1 8I"""n n't "l. /ls "O ~. Ihc !nclusl on." clldusi"n Qfl he"" II .. ' fn'S 

h,," n., d Teet " n lhc flJ;C. 1 deficit r. lI rc A f'" ""I""'ful i,n n'; r"nll"'u. hoMs "t "ny .>thc. gnltlp I'l't!\i<!nlcoJ in 

,his ,III I>C" 

M: .. d,x T~b1 ~.,.A~ . A4, nd ~ Sh,,,," IhcikduClio" 5 fcdc,~1 nl ·l n .. "id and u...... <>eCXI~c~'d il"1<"; 'hl<l 

]lidded lhe sla ,c" lid o~" 1 ""I'endil" ", 101.01, """<.\ ; n Ihi ~ " " . 1)'0;". 
131 

~':"' .I.I , n~r MT )i0; 1:1:1 

~AU, :III" 

Append i.'\: 0; Estimating the Allocation ofGovcrnmcnt 

Benefits and Taxes 

£stimating Go~ ernm t 8 ene fits 

In m(,SI "a;\t..'II.lh~doll"r~'.o<I •• ri ti r~,\: 1 ~rnl me"ns-tc~h'd t)i:n<:til~ ,ew .... .,! by unlawl;,1 in,mi,o!r..nl hi,u..,· 

h~I~~ 1I.Il<J otn.:, h(lu.."t.olJ.e; ",,,~ c"lim~tcd by (10,· dollo, <>6t oI .... ndllJo: "r l:d "" "1'''''''(1 in tho: ~I'S""" 

ilu...,,,u·sCurrcm P"llul:oli"nSurv~y. 

Un<i<o.rr'C'JIOrllng of Benefits. Ooeproblem wilb this "II,1I11<o<:h il; IhAI Ihe (.:I'S undC'tc1,n'l~ ,~dj)1 (If 

""""IW'''r''m~''L I.!c"c/lt~ _ This nw""s Ihat IhC"!:I!n.'j!l>lc d.~Ia, -".1 "(ben,,nl~ I,,,,, pa'tlcular 'n'llr~I"", 

,cpu,led II) Ihe (.: ~ 1;; l\CI)",~lIyk"'~th.n Ibe""L""l pnllrnm ~"lCII" ... lilu. ~>".:c".dillj( lugoPlcrr>mCI)' b,,,lgtl· 

".ydal" 

Tn be »ccu"'k. any 1i;oc~1 ~n"ly"i, n",,,' :.Jjust rnrlhe undc"eporl.n~""h..'""lil ... This h.s I>cen dune in 

I),itlrsludii:.: rur ~umplc.lh" r-;alku,~JII,~ •• d\Council'~sludy "rlhe fi;:.c~1 CO~ls"fim",I;:"'liun.l'''''N, w 

I\mpri(uf!~. m.u.: D ~imil" r ~ljU~1 "'"I'll n,. ~uch uncl"rr<'I~"1 in,,;." 

Th~ "",,"nl "nnlysis 1\,lj"'I~ r", unil"'·t~p"rlin~ il'l Ih" (.:I'S "'ilh a ~iml'h' ",,,,hem,,' i,:~1 pm. '~lu." Ihul 

irn:'!!a""" """,. .. 11 ~1)Cndjn~ ul'l Dr»' II;'''n Im'l/..am l(J e4uul ""111111 ~1IlI'C)I"I" 1I' •• (H n,,; lev...t~ ami iMr~"t«!~ 1 ~ 

hou ..... "',ld hc""lit. repOrted i" 1I~. CPS rOt cueb cHI<~ry "r """>l'I,,~,I~ in 1m c~,,"I,m'I)("' 1 ion. 1'". cxampl". 

Ih~ cquulion fnr lawful im miS"",1 houscl>uld! ",nuhl be: 

H~ _ 1,.1.1 "xl'endilu'~'11 fl.>. 1""g"Hn, x "'I""led ,n the <.:I'S: 

/ • .,. ~ "~p"",1 il u,eS for p'''g' an' ~ r"r lawrul j",mig,"nl h,~,>chnld~ ."p",'(.~1 ill Ih~ CPS: 

Eo. • lul,,1 ""P<>lldfturo;,< for I"tlt/.r"nl" ,"ceQ.d, ng I" Indcl>endcnl hudg"t.rysour~"": ",.1 II,. nu.nbc. ('(I"",rul in,n,lJ!r.nl h''''S1!hI,ld. illi he CPS. 

Th(.' .h,(rt:<)fexl'ernlilun:s r(."<:ciwd bY 1"",fullmmlj;'""1 h'I\IR'II\IIM,,~ rCIi;>rl,'il in tbe CI'S '"",Id "4u~J 

I:,)E,; Ihcactual.:xjlCndft"n~ ~lIocal~d 10 1"",f,,1 immlg,anl hou""'hl~d. "·",(ld b" ""lio'""'d 101"'1".1 (6,/ 

F:,) lim"" f: ... ,,,lIllhc''''''''>j(c bcn~nl jlC. "",,""h6l~ rro,,,, Ihe progr'nl '<,<cll"d by I:,w(,,! imn"#~"l hiltJ""-

hi~ds w<l\Ild ~4u"l U;,jf:,) lim"" U; .. / II). 

Fo, ~xamplc. If Ihe CI'S rcr.."I,·d Ih~t I.,wful imn'i~"'nl "',u~ch,~,I~ ,c"civ,'(Il(lI'c,cc"t "f h,d J\l"n11' 

I",IId". ~nd Ihe hJ\al eX[lcrn1ilu.c~ un fl~1 ~1"mpS JO<CfI,,'in,>l hI hullloicla,)· dul" W"'" $~O l>ill;,ln, I~".rul 

,mmij/r"nl "',,,s,,holdswvuld IloI f'!<lin,ul.,.j 10 " ",,,i,,,, ~~ bill..,n in fOl><l St'mlll",ncr.ls. Jfl"".e w~re 4 mill loIn 

I~wfu\ jn'",i)(r~nl hou..,holds. Ihe "IT'''Il'' rooo SIamI' bene!'.1 PC' IHwful huu...,!!()ld w"uld l'<jua' S~ billkln 

d" ldcdhy ~ "'lilion l>ou~h{,ld~.OtS~,("I(l . 

Th"""r "!\S"mptil..'n bo:hirllJ thi. "OId.;nL1",,\ing "'Iju~lmcnl I"' >c cdur~ 1.0; 1h.t ""n_in'",i~",nl.lawf\ll 

'mmi!;.ant. n",1 u"bwf,,1 n'OIi~. "nl h(,u~"h,4d~ m"Jcrrclx·,,' ,""l:cil'l ({welr",e pml (l1t.cr)((lVc,nmcnll",n· 

cfils ~l .""~hlyl hc same r .. lc. Fu' c"~mpr". il .ordl'l urroo,l slumr)!: il: ... n""rre(l<~"tffi by 15 jlCr«nl i n I he CPS 

r'~ lhc(lVl:."III",pul:"""' . Ihe O<Jjuslm"nl\ pt<"'tld",,, """un".,.,h", "ath "fl.hc~"b~"'UI~"r""n·rm",iK""'1. 

lowful im i)!r"nl ~rnl unlnwful io(mig ... ", h{,u;;.,hlllds 'nlh,,(;t'S would undcrrcl11ITI foodslRmp 'c ~ ... ipl hy 

l~ ~Tecn\.. The awt»gc lewl OI[f(lod SIlO"'!, benefit" an"mg e3<.:h ~WU ' "fh"Il'4!h"IJs as .. ·1>0'1 .... 1 in th e (;J'S Ii 

Ih~n :odjUSIL'il ~nw"'d by 1 hi. ralio Ii. Clon'pcn",,," f<lr Ih" undc.n.'I'''rl;n~. '' 

T"l~ Is~ ~ .... nsc.""li",· n»,un.pt[un wit h f''IIpecIIU unl"",r "I immig!""nl h""SCholds .• ine;; Iho"'· huuscholds 

n(;~hl h:n"l· " hild'c. ~ndcn"Y \u u n~cr" I,,"1 1,,·nd;I._. pmliculal Iy if Ihe bend;1 ""S (lhlo illl'tl unl"",fully, 

) low,·vtr •• ir.ec I he"" i, n" evid(:,ltc oS~i,lSl[h'" u nl"wf,,1 ;nlmi~nlnl h,)Ul;{:holds ull<lcrn'P''''I!<'~'n,"''nl 

henefils 10 the <.:~..,.us ",,, ",[e dilT,"",nl (r".n lhal of h"j.\l:'",r"ll",!,uJal~.n,lhls ["""ed"",,,p!,,,,,,,,. Lt ..... 

""liII ,os an <",l;mali IlJ( l~chn ktue. 

Ed"". l lon ;xp~ndUu .... s. Th. ;l,""m~~ C(1,;1 .'ll'u hli~ educ,,'~'" ..,. vi«.. ,..". e:>lrul nt{'d In a .. "new" ,,, 

difTcl"Cnl n,.nnc, .. ""c Inc CPS ,epII,t>; whd"". ,m (nJivKJual (s cn",IIL'(I in a l)Uhl .. · ",-,h'JOI bul,~J\.'" not 

""jl\l,1 Ihe I of cdu~oli,," .er,·;,;x" "rov ide...!,'" Con"'4uenlly, dalll f,,,m Ihe Ccn,;u~ ~utycY vi" ~ .... nm~nh 

Wt:r~ """d '.II ".IeU!:.I" I he :n .. ,,"I>" e,,,,l or pubhr I";n'~ r)' ~n~ "",'Ondary "dUCHI ioo ,,,,, pupil in ""rio 'l,dc." 

" 
132 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu..--r OV UNI.AW ·IJL t\t m.A", r;: 

ANU A,\tNE..--rY To TilE U.s, TAXI'A nM 

I'UI,il ~1l"nJ"nee dul" "'~re l>t"in ~"Il r""n Ille Oe lvbc, 21)10 CPS. rh~ I,>lal """.n"'~nl'" "'Ill' "rprim •. 

'Y "00 ...,~o)j ,d ".y "' 1I '"Kl lin~ f", ~pch hllu,,,'hOI<l ..... R .1I n ~s. ;"""ed ~ multi,llyl n,>: Ih" numt"" "I' n ,,,lied 

pupUs inl h,· ht!us"h<,>ldby lh t "venl,:t-eOO-III~rl'ullil in ""'sl"lcwh~r el ~ h"" .... hold residt.,;, "h;~ "'N.'tI ur ~ 

y idd .. "Il''lIlin,al''lI"rIH':o I,Julllk p.in",.}' .1Id sce,,,,,lu,},nl,,,,,,'ion c,,,,L_ r", ,wn·in"" ig'."nl and in""i,>:""'" 

u~ {d tl. in each ,kmO)( .... phic g'uup in 1 he t:1'S ~"d 1\" Ih~ whol~ CI'S pOpulI";,,n, "=agc ruJ;1~"rpuhlk I"""·s,,",,unda.y ,'tlue,ti"n 1"-" I'upil w"": de",,I"l/('d in (he"",me nl"nn"._ Tn det",· 

mine Ihe "lQ("''l;n\c ~ublic C<J!;t ',(I',dllir """ ·Ik.~':(l n'I". y "du.:ul i"n, "HI"il i" n Ilay menlS were d<!duch,d rrOm 

Ihe ~t"l ~ ~n~ IOX"A I \OX 1' n~ilure Ivlals. 1'0;; U'~'lI 110 eol k~ "ttel>ll""~1> WC' t: t. k~" r rom ,11 " Mo"t> ~Oll (,;I-S 

MedkA"" Expe"dltu...,8_ h"r~ is rollcn ."nfus",n "'''''''"''''''''j( Ih~ cH icul.""" "f Ihe '-'lSI "r ~1."Il,"",~ 

~n~til~ h~C~n~ .. . "l'1I"C~n~u. nJake' no clli)rl hl "eI 'nlin e Ih" ~fnf .of m"Jil:.llr(,"tnlenl<givcn 10" 

1,'01 kul.r ,,,,,''',,,, I "'Icud. " ca IL-ul"e!' I i'>u 'Cra~", "''0'1 or Medicatu bc,,,,flu [Ie, " ,cil"e'" and ":<sign' Ibl 

CV);llul"1>Ch PC""''' in IhcCP:' ",hll l''''' ~ M~, i,",c"n",lImcnl. 

The ( utren! "n"I)'l>l~ ~IIOl""I<'<l Medk. '" !II",,,d 'n~ amo",>: l>ou,:ch"'ds I>tc<J<'tI ,,~ I" Ihe 1I e "r MI-di".,c 

~I>"nding "o;,;41ncd 10 Ihe """,.,h"ld ,n Ill'" Cl'S, The HnaLy:o;i. ~dju£lnl i;>r undcrrcl'll,t.inlf"r M.'\I;':,,,1'. w,lh 

Iher.;om l>. oc~Ju,,'lI ~(\ r",nlhe'direrl be ncliu, 

Medicaid t:,,:,>endi!"Te6. ,,~ w]lh l\1<'<l ",lI'e. (he Cen.<u" m"kcs n., en"" ,,, ' c,<:"rd Ihl! <'US.,. "r ~I"' l"ific 

m,,<I ;':.llre;,lnH"nISJ(;""'n "~ puMi!:ul"'I"",;"n un,I,,, Ih" cd~ .',l pn'll",nl, 1" I" ,,, 1 CD uMl"' lh,> "V! ..... 

".ow (0:\1 uf cllw.- id be,,,,,r,.,. I'''' I'""'''n rf',,, '~ lkul,,, ' dCflIOgr"llIlli;IlJcncr.c(",y gwup_ Fur ".;(~ ~Wlc. ' 

e~p, '" ~,I","" I """,. fll' oh,M.cn ~, e ve,y dare,"" ,,1 r n,m (I"",,, f", Ih" "Idefly, "hc C. nsu~ '''''isns I h,· PI1,n­

"l n"'~' ""pilB <-,lic~ ,d CO"" I" ellcl. individu:ol whu tel/ntIS "o",mg<: In Ih<,;CI'$ ocrord,ng 10 Ihe Indlvidu"I'~ """"rod",)' d""*f,,, 1tU II',~~ . c:I ~' .I)·_ ch ilJ'cII. ,wn-clderl)' 3hlc·I'lJdil'lj "dults. " nd cl",,,blcd "dull~_" 

tn lhe n"l y~ ~ . .\Irdit~',1 ~",,",!in~ "''''' divi,IcJ i"t" 'hr c~ ~~ I~ ~ln" : Mellie"'d lO! lI r'l ~ ro. I",,!'!ms in Ih ~ 

."'1 p'X,u lalion, M."licuid ", ... ndln8on cldc 'ly nd non-c lde:rl}' pi:r .. ,,,,, ,n nur~in~ t~~nd lh~, I"n!(-

I.r.'n> eMe r"eililks. ,,,.<1 (li"l>ro ~"[["""'c .h .. " n...;pil.,1 (IlSII) ,". )' mcnL~, 

• di <1 Benefits " " ,ong J>en ons In t .... Gl'neul POI)u lat ion. 1),>1. frO<l1 Ih ~ Me-.lie.11l Sluti~IK:a1 

Inr".ma(~,,, 5y"le", (MSIS) ""'''' usell to dete,m;"" "AA"- "lol Medic:"J eKf!1lnd ,IU"," amnn,>: Ihe ",1 

Mn-,n'lilulkmlll i~t>(\ I' up ul"tion ror Ih~ 1\,IIowi ~ f<"'i~knl lO\c~o'le~, Ih,· elJ,-.Ly: oon-l'lJetly d i."llk'<l 

adul\1l; n,,,,-disoblnl. non·elderly adul, ,,, "nil )'<.1ulh und". U:I_ Th" ~tl'l!nl" l!X >c" dit..,'"" 1\ .. coch t~,""ir>ienl eal('I!u c then .Ilncalcd umMg h"ul'ChoIJs...::",,,;Jill.ll:c;..:h ,,,s.'h, I,r~ "1Hlrh, \ sh"",uF l hc " ,I-

~,,""I fiI5 in lh~t:I'S . 

• Medlc" id 8en~Hu Amnng Elderly ~rso ' In Nu,.,ln!: 1I 0m~s . nd Ol her Long·t t r m e • ...,. 

.. 

F .. cl itl s." MSIS <J~I~ " nd .>the. ~" .. ""U'CcS WOW """,Il~ <J<'I .. 'n'i ncl ~ "J(g,C~"'C ~·<. "id I'pending 

~if\\: 10 .. "icily '~t"''''S ill """,in.o( hl e~." Th""" ~1"1~,,,id [n~liluli"",1 C~p.-: I1<1iluri:S ,.·ere lhen ~1I,'­

C"kd ~m ~ ~'.o( hl "'''i''' J cml))l"'l>h l,: ~"'Ul"" non-l nlnliJIronl hou""hoIJ. h""d('<\ by 'ndi,,;du"l~ Wllh-

"ul" h sr ,~, 1 dipl,ma" " .. n-imm'gr;'nl h"u""IM ld~ h"",IeJ !l)' hi h ""h,",1 1lo-.ldu"I, .... !l<I"'immi)(ro,,1 

1l0U~hblds hc/ldc'tll')' I""suns with "''''e lOU,·SC. ·l !II n' ism,,( huu",",h"ld" hcwd,'tl by cOIl"j)(! g,"<luRld. 

;n'''''gr~n' O\l~ch"ld~ h,,"ded hy ind''''d""ls Wilh",,( ~ lIi~h5Ch<.><~ dil'l"",,,. ,n,nligranl h"w;.,h"lds he",l • 

.. I by high >'I' hi.,1 gradun"' •. im m i~,"nl h",, hllIJ" ",l cd hy pc, .. 'ms wil II .. ,n", C"ll l'l!~ . .. "" in,nlig".,,1 

hou""hold~ hc~doo b)' roIl .. ~~ ,>:r,odu,l .. s. 

Th" ,,' of ~<lk"id 1""nd;fIJ! un Ihe dd~' }' In iI~liIUli()"" wos ,, ~umcd IQ 'IU llh ~ c of M"<l kAId 

'I'cnd inj( ,, " lhu eI,!o.ly in the ",'o-in.l it uli" nal 'l'ul",j n f<lt eaeh "r [he h' Kn lU,lS 1'hu " ""Iy_<bl 

USl'ullli,d Ihcrc ..... ~ n"d,lc,lyunl"",rlll i"'"' '<tra n!.>! "",dVHl)IMcdkaid in n",.'''~h'''m1< , 

Med ica id Oenelito Amonr Non -c tlkrty Oi./lbted Adults In Nu ,."lng 11 0006 Mnd Other I",nl/-ter m 

Cart' Ad itl e~_ M SIS d"I" w".~ u..<;('J,n ddcr m;n~ "J\)!"'lI"'" M,-d;e"ill sJ)CnJi"~ ,," RI,n-dJc'ly di"~!IIl'<l 

I"""""" in nU l$ing 1I0n'L"; ,,"d "lhm'long.letm ~,,,e i"."[u';"",,. Th' •• ,., ndi,,~ was I hen ,,1I 'J<:" ~d "mon~ 

I he p.ighl m"jot (k"'Oj;ml>hi<: gmups u, in~ lhe: jl> nl~ JI, \>tNlu, c~ "llio d in t he I>' (')('e,<!ing "'-'<'.1 ",n. (Th ... 
133 

~.:t" .I.I kCP<ln sO; ,3:1 ~MU :I<I" 

S"me l,n.n'S>< w". 'hen "I'I'I~dt" n, "-~,",,hl d n"n_"IIk.t}· ,,.Jull. and pc"",,,,,,, under ,~c IH, ~llhVURh 

(hc' ~ ~ ,elntivt:ly rew H.ch I" ''''' n~ in l(>n~ tL'Tn' c~ 'c ) Crilic~II)', Ihc' Qn"iy,:,is assumtotJ Ihe,,, "'~,c "" 

unlnwrul immigrnnl!l ,>f"nyt yp.: '~Ivill~ Mcdi""iJ in nun,ingh,m,",. 

• Medicaid Di,pI'OPill'tlollal~ Share no~plt .. 1 (nSlJ) Spending_ Allpe"lion ofthl$ ~p"ndilll! ;,.. di",u<.>totJ 

;nAI'I' ",d; ~ K 

Ot""'r Mu ns-Tested Aid.. AUnll<'tilC'r, tbe fcUe ..... 1 go\"' om Jl t <lJleial<$ u\'O;, KO dUfe'n'nt mean,:-t.,,;I"" 

,.id 1,., '!C ran' . 'rllt: C lOS "(>11\ "in. d,,\~ I>n IIOu""hold uI,1 i ... llun pi' II "f lh tl l"~l-.;I pro '!l'" nl<, "'hK'h l."""r <):, 

l)creenl or 0....,,,,11 m"""s-ll'l'tcd "I)cndin~ , bul IlrQvidcS no d"la On Ihe $molitr Im.gntm~, 

All' >(Bli"" "fb<:ncflll' ("'nllhe rcn,aini ng nlea lt!l_I""\c'tl I'''>gr''n,~ w'c' <'III i'",,'ed I" 'h ~ (',Il<)wins: n,. n "Cl, 

1';",1. lilt: sho,e uf '~'P tI 't d Itllnl ~r "' ndi,,-,( f(lf Ihe II ~."aM t .. -,.t,,~ I"'''''''~'s a"',,",c,1 hy lilt: CI'S lh.l ~"" I" 

"nl:",.r 01 in>m ,."1 h""!U1h<Jlds w"~ dele '", n~d, nd, Ih,·"" hDU,;o>holds ""'" uosumed 1\1 ,«<cive u ,;I!are 

0( the n"".ns-l ... ~~ 1 "",,",\1. fron. I he ,cn",;ning un '~l'o'lcd [In'~ .... '''s ,,,,,,,,1 II> Ihei ' sh",~ or II cxI",,,,Ji_ 

lures on (lw rcp,)rled mc,,,,~ tc;:t,,'<1 p"'lj:tam~ in Ih" C; , 

Affunl .. ble Ca re Ae /Obllm~"a",_ Thc "n,dy~" ,,,,timotl!d Ihe h<:ncr,l~ 1 h.t "'0>,,1,1 be I"""ided r",m lhe 

Alr""lnhle Cn", ACI ,h"i"" h" f,,11 'mplemental i"n phu""""ra",,,,,.,,ty, Sim'e Ih,' ACA ~"I>llhlid ~ .. : nM "r

""[lily ~\I' .. lh,bl,·, 11>1:"" rr OS )<.~ li "" bc""fil" had 10 be ~~ ltulat"1I ntI intllUh:<J ]0 Ilou,;tholds Iholl""k mcd ic ~1 

;,~.ur:.n"", TI", AU w;11 provide p.en, "' '" ~,,""idit~ "111 1 t<>sl-.hal 'n ~ "I>:<i~k" 'hrDu~h hc.lI II "",e c~< h",,)(

.. ." to hvu,;eh<Jld, wJt h I"",mes betw .. ",n 1:\8 rcrrenl'ItId 4\1" I",rf\:nl of pnvcrly_ I!ou,;eholds witl! incu n,U 

""I w" en ~H I",. cent vf !'nvcrly. "II IOQ 1~ "Cenl ,. r I~"'erl)' may eilhe' l"rlidpalc i ll Ih eex,' h"~ "r rc-':~;"<' 

Cd c~l , 

T~ ~nalY"is u~d Ihe formul ... < In Iho< ~w 10) ,'ok uM e. I" m'Um ~nd cto< -~ ri<u: Ulli:1di,,,, for each unln -

"",,,d h""",,hold, Tilt: l(crit,W' a"al}'!lis w..-olt..,.i"nNllu n,;old, "osl c,;timaIGl',,,,,,,l,'tl hy l he C"n~'1"""lon,,1 

Ill>ll~t om"" (COO) for ," 'fhe CIJO prcotJicb; Ihot :~1 million I"''''''''' "'ill ''''\!t:NC ~i lhcr hcalll! ~Ich:",g.: 

sub$i,lics \1, I"n<lcd ,' d'~3 ' covc"'\IlC "n"", Ihe Air"'tMlIc" C . .... Act 'n :!OI7, All oflh",;c woukJ be lawful "-,,,odcn!<. Til« llc'riwj(C Founda[ion "nal}",;s ,,101) <o<'-"""ll"5 II"'1 :1:1 m,lliun I.wrul rcs.odcnts wlluld rc~i"" 

ACA I",nellt;:. In Xi17. AI",ut 40 Jl<!rC('nl of I,)\~I U.s, )ccil'iclltS (l( ACA hcncf,t~ W(l"ld n".1idpHt~ ,<I cl p"ndI.>d 

.\1LotJie~"', ,,,,d (j() I",,,..,nt ", .. ul<l ' c(dl't' U~ '' 1!I<' ul",iUi, .... " 

In fl( ldil "'. if "",,,,,'Sty ,,','.,' ~",oe l<:<J " an .. MiUon"l !'i.:\ mill"1n ulIl~",rul I",mi~rdnts \>'Ouhl nr~1I in 

lllJ amaca,~: urtl"'~, .. ,~ n,Hli"" ,,"ooJ<.I sld~ In unlawful I"'ml~ra,,( ~I! lds , AUo!!"th,·" 5, .. ",ill"," 

In~iyidual~ ,~. jdl",I(;" (Ulmer unl:.wr,,1 ""mi,l('""( hou""hold.Wfluld "--.:e",,, tK:""r,lJir,onl ACA dumll! Ih,· 

full "m nc:ll ~ l)crifJo.l, 1.1 n,llI iOn (0/' , hl>jc wl\lild be 11.S.-oorn Chil,1 'en of unlawfullmn, ~m nll,a.cnb," 

tc"'u 'n~ to) thc lt~rilagc .'vuntlali<ln ",,'\1<:1 "fthcACA. I",'n,iun, "nil c'>!' ~h"r;n~~<ilil'kli ~ 1'''' ennoll_ 

'''' wlluld he $';,('<)5 ill :.'0)(" Th~ Ct:lO cst ,,,,"1,· i~ iSSiCI 1'1:' cn,iIIlc,, ;n fl 7, Th,' C,,;;l or new cn"~!"" ~ in 

~le~ic~l(I Was ... '1 al Ih," "'"I!'u!!" ",,'(Iic~'K1 (11.1 IICr bcn~flc!"ry rDr ~ach dl~il1l ilY 11'0"" in !linn. I'(lrn>~' 

u nl"wrul in,n,i",,,nls wc,~ """u m<'tl I" h" "" Mcd,eHid C. [l M""~ I'I:r bcndk;;o ,y .1 ~!; [>IIr<:enl ,'f ",,,,,,"I ""~t". 

Cri"'inAI Jullie," Expeudil u .... ~, :l ""ndit " for [lOlic~. tt"I'\.'l: lun~, "n~ 1 he courl' cu n lit " IIOC"(cd 

i" I W\l "'10)0'11. Fi.~1. they C" n boo all";;lI\ed '" '1.:<) ,1), '\$111 I he rlu",iJc,rl)f 1"""""8 prol e<:lc,j f",,,, ",in,;n31 ~<1 ,vity, 

The cllle, ly, f'lrt".nll'lc.cnmmil vc,yliltl~ ",1"11' hUl ""lui,e l'''II'''' ''''r ic~FI'' [l''''' ' U,,,,,,,,c\,,,,, r,..,m the 

crimi nal ..... livlly uf()(l!e,s, In KC"Cr:.l, th<o ro.t of )<~ It<' pn,'lcCliOll will CX I",,"d in P'IlP.." Hon t\1 increuses in 

II,c numbe, ,>f lle, ... ",st> I'1I ""'I~~ , Vicwe~ in h"lli~hl. Ihem.1 (>fcrimin,,1 juslice r" uld I", "lIucalcd ...... "nly 

011 " 1K\r ""pil" ,)r 1'1:' I"",,' old 1l,,,,iS 

Aitcrn,d,,,,,ly, tI'e <,,,,Is "f Il<)t;.;c 1' r<.ll~ ~m ,..,uld I", "1I,,,,,,[od a"' ... n~ ,, ulll5 ~""",.dit~ III Illd. c"n'I""'-

t i,,,, llIre.t "r " rimln,,) actIVit)', Tllis .... -.: n's ,e" ... n"bl~ bee"u"" IltOUpS lh"l h""" h;Il" Ic'·c!s (If erin, i".1 ,ottl,.. 

it y <",.".e oll><.'r mC0I11'<:" ,,\, I~ c""'">lmity to dcn'~n~1 hi,<lher k""ls ofc~l"'ndi u", to pwt,-cllhcm..,J .... " 

Vicwl'tl in this lishl. crin,in,,1 jll.tic''' cusl.ll could be ",I"ellled nm"lIJI ~"'lUp~ 1C<' ''r i"!t t" th~ !'C1.li." nu",-

ber 01' trlmin"1 "[fen",-,,, C<ln' n, itted, l'he C ur",,,1 ~n"ly,,15 hDS folI Qw~~ I hc fQ. m~r ~11J"n"ch, ~.I", in31 Ju.tiw 

l""ls WeW al'JlOrl Kmed on a J"'Ttupil' Ix,,;i,;. 
134 

T III: ~' SC'" L C(l.--r OV UNI.A III I 'II L, t\t 1/: . ... "'- rs M"U AMNE..--rY T" TII H u.s, TAXl'An~ 

~'nl<J m;":ht ,~,jcLi In ,hi ~ 1"'0<:,-'<.10'" llI",ao>'C Ihey l>el ic ,·~ U h,.",ful ;n,m'gr:,nll< h,,,.., II)'" ""I"" "r ~rin,j nal 

IIoCl ivil)" The "uc~""n Ih." "r;",,~whClh~r uhl ~w rullmmi):,anl~ ha",,3hrnl,molly high ,or In'" '.lc~ur Ct 'n" · 

M l ndi"II)'. 

Inrn."",' '''n un Ihi. I'",nl .. ,,,,,I1;(,,lc f,,,n, Ihe SI,,'e C"m,nal Ali"n A""i'l"n,'c I', t""' (SCAAI'), ",I'kh 

provides fedcn,j relmh .. r~cn","1 lu "Ime. nill'/Cli l gI)Vern",cnls fu, I he t"!\l~ of in .. ,,,cc,,,lit\8 unl~"'ful .I",ns 

In .t"II' "nd l"c,,1 j"il~ , Wh Ile un"''''ful i'nm igr "nl~ Of<! ICS$ Ih!>,, " I",'cenl nf l he liS. 1~,puJaII"h. SCAAI' 

,lola shu", Ih"l 5 " .. 'tCc nl "r 'nmal,"" In ~1"l.c prl!!o"n5 .",1 (, Il\'.tcnl "I' In "",II'!! In i\C 1 ioils a,,,- unl.wful im no ,· ~r:o nl& .. Stale ~,O" lveal gOV(:rnn,en" .. I)'. if en.,., lroe ..... e .. "'" m!h iJ;r<> nL~ n",,,,ly [VI ~i"h)\j n of U.s. 1m mi· 

~,.Ii<Jn 10,,,,: '""I~"d, unlawful inlm lotn,,,"~ M'~ '''"'''<'t:",'~d f(}, sl" "dnrd crlmi",,1 tr~""", s,,"h as ,,,;;;:,ull. 

' /Ibl,.,,),. btl 'l/htty, hOrn kiUc. "nd d,ug C" In ~"," 

The SCI\AI'd"'3 i"die"1e II,,,, unlawful alie"" ""Iy "mmil di'I""p,,'Ii<mnldy hlghe. le'-cls " rCt,me in 

IhI: U.S. The pn:".,nl Bn.ly!;i.,< I'Y,1m'"I"'".,Iiwly ,.,.1 in,"I'o.<: ~ <T mln"II"~lic" ,,, .I ~o( II nlawf ul immill ... nl 

hou.;;,holds 10 lie P' ''I'MI km"l~ 10 Iheir ~h"", 1,( the 1IOIlUM ~'n in Ih ~ U.s. J['11b ~bl)' un!k<esl inlBI,-"" II><' OClu· 

nl c .. mln:ol jusl""': "",lio of unl~wful ' mmigr..! ;"n, 

1'(}l'ulatlo rt-Bued Senoin'$. WM't'VCI IlO;<$lble, I he ~n"l~sis nl)"taleillhc COSI ()f IlOpul<lli()n·b">i!d ""t· 

vic,,,, "n"'n~ ho"sch"W~ in 1""lw. tiun I .. th~" "".'n'Ntl'<.l ut ili""I OQn of I hoi<: "" ..... ,et'$. which W3~ c~kul"l. 

c;1 f".", (lIdr share "f cxrcnllilu"", fu. t ~ "" rv' ~e in Ihe (;I'S."'" r", e.n n,"lc. u!'<: ',fhi~h .... Y1' "nd ,,)"d5 

WaS "11,o("lo::d un,,,,,g hou"-'h l~ In ,""11<,.,-1;"" h> Ih\'i' ~h"reof ~;".~ C".~ ,.,nditu,,·s ,c PO'I~d in IheCE)L 

A,r!>", I, puhl i(, I "''''"1'0''', w,'''''. ;I1Id elr<:1 ,ic """"iteo we,c 1I 01'" "" ,n l"fIIM,,1 I"to 1(1 CXIJclldilu, l"1\ On Ih'''''' 

ileOls in I h"CEX: In Ih.!M! tl~""" Iho ~uh!<idi,e<lI>"'1 io n oHM .~rvi<~ "". ~s.um~d I" "" p((ljl(Jrliu n:ol e ~ Ih ~ 

fCC!' paid ror !he Ie' "k~. 

The p" d"",,, u",",,1 I" ""OIhi"" CEX ,."d CI'S Ih'la or" 11" •• u!<;.:1I untlc ,;nlcSI"X~S. hd"",. Whe" un ~"',. 

mote <If 1'1"1IP(l' 1 iMal e ulilizatlon Wa" not MMlbl~. 1 he CO!lI of >Q lUl"lk>n·II~""d ~rvil:<'" W"s,l,"'Mn> II ~ Bllo· 

e"lcd "n ~ unlf",m I"" ~"'lil" h •• ;". 

Gen ... ",1 ,, ~,.nlU" nI Adllli .. L. lra tl\"t' SUllJHjrl un llon§ al Ih~ " 00..,.,,11.<',.,,1. Thi. "IL'gO )'~~, n' 

,;':1. ,of ~dmlnislrallw "",vin", In support "f (llher IIl'""",n)(',,1 fund ions. II Inc)u,k,s I"~ und r~"'""nu,' ('01 · 

Iceti,,,,, hud~dill~. l ... ·nl "'1 .dmin,"' ml")n. ,,,,d 1'gi.taU"" fUIICIW",". Too all:ol)"" r"il6Wol d 'he N"II"""I 

lIeI'C,"th CilUr>eil'$ f,,,mcwurk in c.'tin.~ Ihl~ ~"';I. M ll,iv"lc. l'<,pul;,lio n·hn.o:.:d ""rvicc$ l h;,\ ;:Iwuld ",. 

;'lC'llIn,'d 10 h<' us'""'''ld''' ... 

A II' IC~ I ,un "l'llmt",IS olf ""nc,~II((wcrn"'cnl "c ,vi,·,:$. Such"~ I .. x c(IJlcClion. I'rL-s.' nl~ dillk "II"-'" S, ...... · n,' 

vne "11'1)<:"'. 10 benef,1 dj' C~ II}' fflO", 11lIJ<;(' services. 10.1" ,;1 laKI''')"'''~ WOuld ~"rtIIIlS cnUectlo" :o<.1 Ivilic~ ~s 

:0 hurden. tout ~ bencfll , 110,",,"" . wh ilc )(O",,,,,,,"nl ...tllli,. 'SI ,ai,,,, f u ",tin,,, pc,~,' do "<11 bendil Ihe llUblk. 

IIwy d,) pnn'id" a nec:t\<"" ')' roun,lalion tMa\ makl'" oil ,~~, g""" nnlCnl benefil ~nd .. ,rvke pt(lgnom. 1M"'. 

~;ble. A hnuJ;<:b"kllhal ,ccciVt:" r,,,,~ ~tam pl,.,,,,,fots. f'If c~aml'lc. C'Iuld nul fl",d", Ihnse bt'r.t:f,1.>; unle>lS Ihe 

IliS h,,<l c(.lk'CIC'! Ihe Inx ~V(' nue\(-, ",," Ihe pn'l! ... n, In Ihe Ii'SI pln<: ~. 

Since lhe pur"""", I'f Ihe ""min ~I"'1 i, ... ""II,M'" rUMtil' ''-~ ro 10 ~u~I~ln Olh", go,'or nmcnl Ilr<ll;r m~. 

'he "",I. "r :«Im,,,;"' "d;ve sc,v;""t we,,, allllc' ~'" ,",c<"din~ I" 1 h,' 'hare "f """r:.11 redc,'al ilif~"-1 bc""t\I" 

c~ I">it d b,,,,cllI., educnlion. and I",pul:ol iGn·b.",d ~rvil:<'~ n.:cd ""d by" l",~s<:h( ld . 

lIy roniTIlst., ndminl'lr"" li ""~I>S IS In ~UII[l<'tI o(po'e I,uhli" goods "'ere "QI _i~ned I" hou5<'h"ld5. In FY 

~OI O. ,;I1m.::!.7 p"n' "~,,fl<~"' r~'(\e,,,1 s[M::ndinJ( wa~ all"c~tcd I" pu", publ k 11'",<1 fundi"n., Thc,cf"",.lh" 

• n"ll"Ii~ ~urn"d Ih'" ~1 1~' ~nl of f<'llerul KC"",ul K()VIII nmenl and adrn inisl,oll"" ~ul")Url sl)I.'ndlng ~UII· 

1""led pure puhlk !I'>"d unclio'L~ . Th""" <'O'IJiw",c~xd"dcd f,,,m Ihc (;"".1 ''''''ly.i~ A fu'lher~ pc"..,,,1 of 

!tiln,1 "isl"ll Iv. <!<"' ~ w.-..'" ssun'~ 10 ' ''' rJ)O.·d (""t>; 1 hut ""mild nol C~ )M rnl 0, ~unt,att I" ~"IM\n~ 10 (h,! h~"'~ 

in th e I"'pul.ti"" JIL"t"'''': I r..'l!(: "sls w~,.., nul ~""iKn"d I" ",,,,,,,,h,,ld. 

GencMlI (;o,'c rlun" nljA<lrn; n;stnl h e SU!>llO rt ""nct,,,,,,; . IIM Sta le a nd l.ocal l.e,·ct.,. Tho",' func· 

110"" i""lud,,'uX n" ,ev;!nue cl'llcclion. l> ud~tin~. cenl ",I :odnlln",lrul Hm, Im. 1 fu"d aoo lollery :«lOll"",· 

, mlio". ,,,,d lcltis",li"" r" IIdiu" •. Like fL"tle,al "" m;"'sl ml,ve <'0,1.>;, I hL'SC «",L, we'e ~lI""aIL'<l ,,",,,,,rd,nll lu 

Ihe 01> .. ,,· of ll\'\lr\111 ~Iul~ lind 1i"K'" j Ui l<'l1 btnc,fllS. m~"n~ ksleU bellefils, ~d""~liQn. "nd lI pu!~ti"n-./r..,;(.'II 

""rvkl'lf "-,,,c,VI'd by" huusehold, Fiv;, (l,,,,,,"nl oC u""'all "dn,illiS!rai iw COO lS ,,'I'm ;' '''Unlc'll lu h" r.~ L'<I; I h""" 

eMI •. "I,)nj(wi! h sup(lolrl r\J"" ion~ f,\t "ul~it I/I~~ts • .::rv", ..... we,e nal alhlCalc,II., h.",,,,,holds. 
135 

~':"' .I.I n~r MT )in l .. ),MU, :W1> 

'l anch.L Ob LIgation! n eLating to P,ut Cm'<'-rnme nl Activities. Y<'''rby}''''',tnr"u~lI"uLm'>!'1 "(In" 

II<ISI -Wu,ld \\1M II p,:ri,ld. 11.S.la~I)IIyC's have n, ,1 paid r,), Ih~ run ro~1 "f1l\m(:r'l~ an,1 ""rv~c~I)'Ov~1c1i by 

ltllY\lrnlnenl, ,\ porl~'" "hnnual c''''b i. p ...... 'd Ullio fulur~ye",s IlIrou,.:h b"rr(JWl~ and Ih 'OU~h Ihe rcliJ'le' 

mcnl ,"'.!>! u((Ol'lntr.:oWl:rn"'cntcmpl"ycl"l'. Currenl i"I"..,.1 paynIC'nL."n ~nvc""nc"l debl am Ihe"'(o ..... 

fl~ed by ~go"'" nmc"III\Ir,,>wi"J;; CUI ',;01 \w",.nm;ml ~n1p u)'l'" .eli.cmenl CMts ale I><,,,,d ,In p"st hirl n,.:. 

An ,mm ig:ro" I'~cnlty inl" Ih .. 11$. d~~ "01 C:'O"" Ihe..., l'ayn1l'n\llIO ,n ~rC~!I<!. ~\lrthul 'cMun.lhuyh,,,,,, 

oon cxdu,kd f'um lilt' lillCol "nuly~is rn."",nlc,j in Ihi~ P"PI!', "hi. i~l'<Insi~lcnl "'ith mclhfKIScml~(l)'c,1 hy 

tl>cN<>Ii"ru,J [(,~<,~n;h Coo.,.;jl on Thc.N("'A/tH'Tir~/llJ ."" 

Pu r e Public GoQ<U. «"w.nmcnl pun' publi"g<~KI< ;ndudc""I"'''d;lu,~" nn d~fcl""'. Vlic.",,>!. ;nle.n.· 

U()n~1 "fT"irlt nnJ ..cicnllflc r<"SC",~h ~nt llh't\."f ~!l<:ndi"K on Ih\'. cny;mnnwnl. "" well o. deht '.tJIj!l"tlon~ 

,"MinK I<11'aI'! 11Ublic !,\I!<'~ I' cndln~. A" ;",,,,ill.,,nl); "nlry inl" Ihe U$. d,",,, nol incr~""" Ih,,,,~ <""'I.< '" 

<llmin ish Ih~ Uillily fir IJUhl i< ,;It!>ti.' ~pcmlln)( r .... ,>the. 1"~jlllY""" , ih.:n:f,,,,,. Ih"",: tt,,;l~ h ... ", ht.~n ~""lu ~J 

fron' Ihr Il,cal "n~I)"SL~ in Ihi>; l'"llcr. Tlli>' is ,'o""i$ ~nl will> "'.Ihod~ cmpluy<'<.I hy Ihe N"l lona l ll,,,,,,,,,ch 

Cf,undl In 'rh,' "'~W AI1I'-"'''''" ...... 

~:sl in"'ting the Ilistribution DfTnxes 

Til" disl,ihuf.'n ur h:&",,1 and StJlI~ i ncu",,· t~x(.-j< w,,~ alc"I"I,,'1 fn)m CPS dala . rho: t""sus l",p"le~ 

nto"'~ ~X p") m~nlS inlO I/mCI'S bosed on a h" .. """old's im'om" ~~ tll!n1())l r"l )hkch"r"(ldi~licI! oOOlhc 

"PI)f'lp"~lc ("!letal KOO ~1"le lItx rule., 11 "w.""r .• i nee inL"{Im" 1. ululc,n:p",led in Ihe CI'S. i"'llUl~d I~x<." 

will ~IS<I II< I()<I low. ThuS. Ih~ I "'I'ul<'d I'll: I~'mcnts Inlhe tl'$ Wc"f(' ,ulj"~lcd ttl cqu"11 he ~jIgI'l.')I:tlc i"COM" 

I"" ,~...,nu~. 'cpu'led ;11 g"""nmeTlI budl/Cl:"y ctoxu "''''11\0. FL-d~'al '''''''''Ue ,nt "l. Wert' laken f,um /Iud!/(! 

Ilftl,p "";1.'" Slul .... C"W-r"mcYlI. Fiscal Yo"",:!tll" ILnulyliral f\""In'rl;l'{w. SI~le ~nd I"ulln und ,c",nu,,,""" 

"",r~ laken fWM lilt' U.S. t.:fMU~ ~"r....,y ,>'f JWVt'rnn'" "I~. 

The P' bc~'<Iur~ .. r". "djusl in~ (," Ihe u"de •• epo,1 ing o(inrnme laxc'S were Ihe ."me:lS Ih""" uscd.tn "dju,1 

f<lr unJcr. ep<"tlngu(cxpcndllur"". I'u' \,..n,,,lc. r", I.wful in,n.lgn,nt lu)u..,I>r,ld.' f"doln.1 incon", lax p"y. 

"'"nl •. let: 

1" IOI"llnc"mc '~ x '"1",rlcd in IheD'S: 

,~ h~~l inc,)"", tl,~fQr I"wful i",migranl hnu""huld" eJ)o <~lln Ihd: '~: 

r. r 1" .. ,1 ;ru;nn," lb .... ..,"'dlllg lu indl"j(lCru!cnl t>udj(elory s"urce~: and 

11,3 n"",II\:.,o(law(\11 ,,,,mi.llrunl.h",,sdlOlil.in Ihe (;I'S. 

Th~ ,;ha,,, o( lal(t'l' paid by I:>w(ul in,n,[gr4nl h\)usd wlds as rcpor"' ~ in Ule CI-:; would C<IU~I /T~ Ihe 

""I u,,1 co""nd itllreo a!l l><~lcd to I""fuli", nligra,,1 huo""hulJs ",,,,Id II<- ".1, ",,,lcd I" ""u;ol (7",!T,) I;mes T,) 

Q nd Ih.".".,,"g" pai,I]",. I,,,,,ful 1m m Ig"'''1 hous.:h(dd WOuld c-!tuAI (r,/i,) lm~.,. (1'/ 1/), 

~I~I" inCI'""C b...,<1' """ c "djuslo:tI nor u:ndcrrcp",!inll ~~"n)ing h,I the ~."'~ f".n,ul ... 

FICA TaKes. Entplo}"~c~ we,,· ~""omo cil" pay 11<'lh I hc "Cnlpl"JC"" "I'd "c",,,lo)'c," ~h~rc (Jf 1,'ICA laXt:~ , 

AII()I;IlliO" I,f"FICA 1.)(\.,. w,,~ <'f;lim"I,-tl b,.,scd 0" II", dl~I'ih"t1"" '"!,urlcd in lheCI'S. ndjo"cd fur undcrre· 

p",l;nl: In the n",n ncr de!\C, ib<.'ll "hn"". I'.." .. (". "",,,nplojln,cnl i "'''' ""ce ~"d w".~cr"' ellml",,,,,,.I",n wc.c 

.s""mcd to Ill: burn" fuJlybylho:wo. Iw. nnd we.e "llo.. ... lcd :o,:(",ding h) Ihcdishibut1un (.fe.rnin!l" In Ih" 

CI'S. 1'10\ 1 o~"", "'ere I>!1juslcd I" c'lu~ 1 the actual X 1,,1 ,I. f"'m bO~l/CI"ry "'U'","$ wil h Ih~ I'On,,, mell>od. 

cmpl"ycdfn, Ir>eu"," IUd. 

Corpll~~l e ProfiIJ Tax. The inck\cMC I)ffcdol ... l alul~I.le corporal,' f'",r.I~ I. ~ wus u.s"m~d 10 fall ro{, 

perc ... ,,1 "n ... mkcJ"lI and ,-;(l ll,,,"e,,1 u" " ... ncrs ofc:tpilul. The wo,ke.s· ",,:o,c a~ "u,,,,,,tNi ""~.,,di"ll n Ihe 

dislrihulion I>fcRrnings In Ihe CPS, Ihe OWIll"~' ,h".C! Wit>; "lIocnt<.tJ Rn,on~ ""u""h'~'L. "tcord;n~ \0) CtII<:h 

h"",:.cIlt,ld'. ClI in',,\L~1 sh"'" ,,( f,n" n"",1 """<'1$ 

S. . a ,ul E><eise Tall"', 'l"h" .. , lax~ • • re a~,,,,,,,,,! I" tIl' 1',,;11 ~nlircly hyenn.ume,s.1'I". ~ha!(\ paid I>y 

",och h"" .. h(~d W,"" :<su",C<.1 til h<: ntOilUllit'"a\"loIIS .h,n' "fthe l'() ~" ml>lion "f Wl(jd~ ~nd ""rvir~. 

III '" ,Ie, t" ~.tin'"k ~.","um"l" 'n. I he ,,,,,,Iy"," combi""d CPS inl"m" d,,,,, wilh cun.un'!,i.",n dula r""n 

Ihe CQ,,~",cr Exp.,ndiluw SUI·""y I" Ih,' f\)lIuwlng In""'",', FirS!, forclII:h of Ih~ ll>u< ",.in Ocmngn'phlc 

~,uul'~ In Ih e8n"I}''''~ "s;.~ 1 un Iho cdl.H:.1 inn I~",I ,,f" heh~,,d1)fhlluS<."'old). Ihe ol>,,,,,,,(i.,.;om" aU"".I~d In 

ta",1 ~""'sumpli n ,,".""ltulnl~~1 wllhin Ihetl':>: ""t" h$,;o:" "h~$h"rcnflnc=u"'t.II''''"led II) ""weir", it,,",S 

" 
136 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu. --r OV UNI.AW IJL' t\t' (:.A"' rs 

ANIl A,\tNR..--rY To TilE U.s, TAXI'A nQ 

.",,11 "~ h>bat"" lind 1I"""lin" ""'8 1I"'" ,,,I,," la',,<.1. The"'" ~pe"'ifk c<.>n,u"'l'ti, ,n·lo·;nc,,"," ."tl"" weI'<) tile" 

"tll,lie<l I" .he CPS i",~rmlc ,Ma (I>r "oct. ':"'1'1' ','Ih:""ml,..: !1":~r"up·S . h;"" of e" ,.,;umJlI~ )n "fa >."'cille 

hm, 

'I'hi~ """".: P"'l't.'!.lU'C was [h,-n "PI>Ik:II t tl ",""II "nhe lu",.cl",III subea'L'l!",ic" ,,<....,nie'll '" .IIe .,,,.,,,r. 1,,«11 

Wuul"~ ~h,"~ uf C() n,u",~l iIl n vi' " n ite", wO<; ".sun",11 In ''<1",,1 its ~hnre of tile .l-1Ic. oJ, ~Xdfic I"x un Ih~ iIC"" 

·"~t·~unll"~.18wfu' i",nli~t n. h ..... seh".d" lIeaded hy I'Crs"n~ w,.hnul H high sch( .. ~ diplum" h".j • I",rc nl 

,ofl".,,1 "I (';t "',~ runs"mption and In"- ~ I herer",e a,;sumo::d 10 JlilY I P",,,,,n~ M ,h" c'xd"" titM:f; (,n "trohul, 

i\llhough ~I",dli~ (a ~ululil>o ~ "WV ,( ..... ",ell fn, II ,lilr~'~"15lOks am! excise I~ Xc"'. i" ",0.1 ,~, ~ !;r()UI'·' 

l'Sl ;"'''Ied sha'e ofl"x I,.,id d"scly rn~l~h,!d ilA ""ti",~I"d sll'''" "f """.,,11 "on<u "Ie'" tXI",,,dilurc'S. 

1'I'OI",rl)' .~. TII~ r,, ~ I'(",,,,I,,'ion cakul"ll:t .hnl in 2010, f,(, ""rCenl or nrupetL )' laS _~ I),,;d f"r 

""nll"crdall'rVl",,'I)' "",I 4-1 Jle,c~nt fur ,·""iden' iai prul>e'ly'·' The lleril"gol F!l"n" al'"'' ,,,,,,jy~is ,, ~.un"·~ 

I hut I he .,.-"p'"ly In nn tnm me, ... h.il"''PC'')' w;.~,1'1 it tljU"lly t>.1"~n "wnc,S and cuo,umer~. ,h""wnorl" 

<h"' e oft ax w~" ~ II (><'"1 cd "n",,\!! ho""" hU Ids occu,d i n~ In I lit: 1>0" .... ~d .· ~S l i mal ell .<ha,~ (If r,"" nei al !l.'set~ . 

The lu Il",d byl:'tJnsllmC'" wn. hllocalcd anl"")! h""",'h,,ld. in pWJlI"l ion 1<, Ihe,,' ~t",,,, of lot.ll"ns"nlc, 

~~I' ndiw, . (Se", AAlo::,; tax, abu",,) 

The ,,",,1)'1<''; furl her ",:sume'!' ,hat :l~ I",rcenl "f[IOIl,II''''I",rl), ,,~"'" fell 0" owncN ",-"ul"<.>tl r..,,;,IIcncl'S 

"nd ~ l>erc!:nl Oil len ,~t c~i, lent e8. "' 1'he I.x "n """n :r·,~"upKl!.1 ... ",kh'n':~'!( lv,,,, alhll:.h:d am(mJ: h""..,-

h"hJ~ ac.. "~iIlllI O th" ~hu,e~lf l'r ,~,1Y ~ X p,,),n"'nl$ re,""' ~d in [he ('J'S. ThO:- I)n)Il\:rIY ", on renICtll\(lm~ .• 

nr all"'I"'"n ~ .... ". ""."",cd I" I", I~il evenly ""I"",,'n owne,~ "nd rcnlc,~. '1'11'1 renler <I"" .. was ~l1"""ll'<l 

~monJ: hou~h,~d~ 'Itt" ,dill ~ 10 Ih~jt harc 01 'enl,,1 pO) m~n"" "'I~)r(od In (he Ct·:.':. The OWile' ,;I,,,n, w~ 

nll'K""td "n'<.>rI,IllI"u~h'~ds ",·"",dirl,lll" Il>t:orcSIInwlcd .h~ro "rnn:.nd,,1 a~I~_ 

FedeutllighwllY Trust PuntJ Taxe,;. Thi~l"xw~~ "";Unl"~ '" 1'.11 half on .h(:p,iv," " '>wnt:rS of",ol", 

""h ie,,,,, Dnd huWnn bu~inc."«'$ .''' l'he bm.lness.h.re ~s fu'lhe'a$Unlc'1.l w f"1 1 h.lf Un "n n,um"r~ "",I half 

"" ownc,..,.. Tlm<, """",II.lhe l u w". ;"",,,",'11 I" 1',,1I~.o pc,"cnl on priv"lc nllll", 'ltllide "pcn.I" ..... .:t5 ret'-

tt:nl on con.u"'~Jjt. nM2:> pcrct:IlI U" ow,,,,,,, of h"sincs""". 

1'ho:-,,,,,I;"1I ,,(lhl' IUX 1,"111 hy 1),1"",,, Inn'o, v;:hlde 1I1><."",(or6 ".~~ " llocah'd amnrl,ll h"us<:hllh ~ 'n j>rojl(lt'-

U(, n 'U .he 1I,l\l.chold·. sh",e of ¢l" " !> "C ~on 'Unlpl ,on ~ • .,.. ,"'''IC<l (rom the CEX. 'I'll" ,'Onsu",,,, porlion "I' 

Ihe IIIX Wllli ~lIut~lc<l "nlon~ "'Ju.~holds 'ot:w r~in~ I" .he Pl I.d" l~·$ ~.I i"'''lod ~h,,,c Onul.1 t"nsu"'JlI I"" 

h"",-'<I ,'n Ih~ CI':)(, (Sec ""Ics I~~. a"",," ,) Thel",'li"n mlhe lu x paid by "wn('r~ wus ft ll,,,,,,,,'d amnng h,,,,,,,,_ 

h"I* a«'mlin~ ((.Iheir eSI in'"t~ 1 ,I>M~ Mlin"oci"I.sSCl~, 

State Lollery Rcct'lptl. 1\" inlpO'I~"1 ..... IIr<~ of J9l""' ''n'~nl ,t""nuc paid by houw l\(lbJ.< l!ead .. 1,1 t>y I,"C' 

;.onswillluul a high school diplonla islhc I'u",h",e ,""lalcllllle,), lkkd •. i\ majQ' sludy ot lm. ... Ir of st;,le 

l(Jtk c)' lickd' ", ~'Irctcnl """io<:~nno",k gtOUps ~h(tW$ IIID. I",t ap ~ $I'endl"ll on sta.e lotlety tiC~dli by 

"dults w"h()OI ~ high I\I:h",'1 0.1'1,1<0",' wn< I wI<'" 'h,,1 "f "lhcr ",lui •• '" In Ihe p'csen' "n"I;~. I, 'Iter)' ~I'C"~' 

'ng pcr ,.<J,,11 in huuschuld.< he~d .. 1 h)' I'"' '';' '''~ wilh"ul " hi.o:h ~o:ho.~ dinl"mn W'~s a.iUIlIc,1 II! be (k>ublc Ih" 

puteh" sc '.I<!of ,oiJu Its IlI lhe g.::nc'''i,lOp IJlal ion, 

EMrnlng. on nv""lm~nl~ it eM I .. "mplo),,,,, Reli""onenl ·r.U"t .'on,t., Th''ll~.'''lc ;ond IllCal fe.C· 

nUc" "'llro.:Scnl Ihe IHoperl)' income 'ecehrtll Ily 1!<,"" rllm ~nllru.1 fund~ a.<,lWnc'" of ~~piluL 'T h""'" cAr"inJ\S 

"te '1<>1 (~ X"" ond can"" 1 be "lIne'lell 3'1,,',"$ hoUliCh<>ld~. 

.l~ and "",. lut~rt!t E .. nin gs "nd .:a rning8 fro", the Sal~ nfl'roperly, Th~ .. ~ '"~"n"' .. ":P'~­

;.:nl Iho P'()Jl(:,I)' inw",o ""~i ",,d by )!Ow", ",cnl a. ~wnc, 0( CIll'ilal anll othe' properly. Thcse-earni~ 3,,, 

001 I"x~ .. "nd ""''''01 be .11",,"lcd '''"o,,~ hou"cholll ... 
137 

,,~ 

""~l .... rn" so, P!P' H"'I\' "I 'I'I!'I ' I"~"' ;>IW WI,j'J '~! "U~"-"I' OO I" '" 'II \11'11 "'''''4" ,(pn ~ wc'" "'IJ. '~II"P" 

l''" '!I! wwl-UOU'''~ IS ~"41 ,,'''11 J"-"OI IUJJ,.,a ~"! 1'ln"'IP' I" "I "II"pu lU", \lI,u,ul J\I.I, . p!I"u.'I1 , od "I"' ''' 

;>41 "41~1" "" al"III"UI "I" :) "41 "" "pillS V '1""-'~I"'wI ''''u ''''41'''''P!l'''' '>< I~:xl Sl'"" " ,w'l ;MUll m"J~ 

·v.(i (. III -i)~ "JI"lUt 4\1~ ll ,U Jl't :-l I'"e I",l! PJ ~ "'ll " I ') II ~J .) "1UUJ 'LU'U I 1r.'I1 JJ 'I M' ! JJ 'IJ. 

''''''JI>M '.1 ·S u,, w In W!'''''' In'.' ''''''' 'P41 " I '~ 1'."1.,,,1 U! f;lln.,,)I ';"11" " 11'" IH:)<l!1 " 

""," u!I"'.1d~ lI lU "'U ' J" '" "4S ' 'I.l '~ ,u~ ... ud """ 'II ul lruIP";")' 1"1"1 J" I"''''''') ~I ,'14""" ' " '0107. "I ''''\1 

'lIq 1:$ pu",u",,,,,,, ;""1"'>;) '(llnJ4 o' lIUmU'UIlJ jlUu ~d SII(1 4l1nO''l1 lUIU ,WW ' I"J""'IUO 0 0 $aJ1lI11l 

·U.><IX3 1"41 ,,",u"''''u 'ls" I'm" u~ PII",n",1 ;,li~I!' II "41 '''P'' IH J!nJrv I/W"'/f 'n " I S.1I"WI I'" alII JiI'!MOII"d 

U'JPI!~ rU"~ PI J 1l )l'! WW lnj""'lun 

U<I IUods u''''! ;')'''4 PI""'" spun J ;'!I'Ind leU< I'I'1'V jI'I!I\U ~' U 1 u"!I1!'1 ~l 14 ij J ul II" ''U 1'1"' " ~F"'~I 

OIU;. ,n 'Un~U ifu! ;l< I~ utI!lllq r IS "41 ~u lm pV '5:\111 '1' .(l! u n", w,I,) pu n IISU 'ISn"u'I' JJn,>,')(\ "" 4 I'll'''''' 

" .. , sl'II')>) ~W "'''''11).11'' 1'''" U;!j ).1 1~ s~ 4:MlU W ,j!o,u~ uJ li'iJlJ,' Uu "~ 1"n l pU! :)S;l41 'l:)<JIS ",'0007-

"I .IJ"' !" ' !I'-'"u Jl'lII""J " I"'I<lod "I ~n!'l ["[$ 1"' luP."\P';1.l M~ ," I I'-' I""'!I"""' ''''' PI"'u'~I"" (t'J" HI ~) 

1IU '~I'U'1l 1 IIlJ." ulun IItlll<! '~~Jllffv 1/1/""'11 UI " pnll' ,(.,~ "' 01 !luIP. Ol.)V °\ln l!!!!!' ~ ,"u .. lk\J d ;)!:J41 ''' '!1 

lU~J )( I'UlU! 1"J.'Wlun UOJ SU!IIU .>/l. ;1u!U 'U (l ~w\U~,ud J~ lU .);lo 'Ill ""' j 1!UnW '" u~ Iu ,u utl C! ISO) 

1""dsiI4 "'IS l~U"!lJl I",d JP PI" JP. ~ 4Wn(U41 p.' punJ ",' 4\1~"' 4 ;MI":lo" ""~ ~I lil:'u,u, ")'''~lu l) 

°So'l" 1~'''UQuJ o lU l) l ;).Ie) 411~O<j I"' ''U:))( PU" ~;' ' IC'UJou Ju lU:tlJ"d '.llUI ·,! ''-'qll " 

·u ,,! JI' J,").'lJ "' "'d ""'1"-' 1"'U'ou.I" ,,,,,,,,01 O'J 01 " ' .... 'fll! 4pu ~ sP'uu JlI ;"'" lU"' U IU! "J"'~lu" "41 I'-'''''I};'' 

;;.( I~UP. 4 \ .s! 41 ' uJ I~nrl'" O.L '''lJ IIw"J 1" "-'1'I! I" Wj-u(JU ~uv IU"JJ!i LUW! InJ "~1 :l14"J",huil.l u~41 ~~ I SolJ!A''''' 

'111""41"-"",,,)1 I)U ~ .... " '''Jlj!I '~ ~J"d''''''''''4W!4 'SI>n\1J "" III",un ''', ''\j~ M SjlJOJ4:>S""4 IU "" wwI lnJ '' lu ll 

'",ul ~, lJn ~I., pun 

,"~~ W "'" " , aM IU ;)(j "="'4 1 '>'I!I;)<I·'II OW" 41 '",'lill'J \OU u"J UIU ~! '" 'u! I"J"'''lu n J,"IulS "WO:lU) 1\ W"J 

";I~ ;IJ :)< I ~ S" I! P"':> xUJ. ~(!4 :J 1"""!lIPPV P"" Ilr·u o u.nu;J o~ l"'''' '''.i "'lIJO u~,,, Ii"d l4~pu" ;u 

P lnllwi s,J::;l ' 4J. '~ 1I1 <l ~""'1 l" "Ji'!!wWj In)'''"I"n "'J P:)<J'I)UW "JIP .,J;IM '1"""1 1\1;)<1"" IUOI W". "",,!) 

'O •• ,~ ~ P'II .)J 4l-lJ~ 41 ~'" PI "d 

,,"lJ IJ(>dJJ""'lm<l,!" """ " I ~'U jl.'W""SK 'lJ''''''''IU~ ;tJ,1U1U1 InJ"'~lu n "'I"""II"'U,I'''' J'' I"JJ •. 'd {)!)" IIM""pa, 

.>J~ ", ,»' n " In" ~J d ~oJ ';»:01 '(U",IjlfI'l flU . ""11(\<<::i :~ ;mI A IUIUJ" U J" 1".}JJ;>d !X 1 InJ ·.' . Oj.1' otl l ;u .\ .. 

l'~ ''''''1>lf 1""1o'1WW! 1'1J",Mlun J! ~ ~""'J "" J~ !I ' 1"1'1'''' -lU ~ 'P I .)lu"""I ·)WU.< '1 1 41!'" >l'1"'I'II; n" 4 In) 

',""1 u. 'I1 ,o,l,'1 s,{~-"4l1t 4 P' ''' "rIH)' "" '10'14'' , OI(OW ... n "I I' '' 'u'''''' ~ olJ" \\ ~1 :'~n"'l luc,dl,'U'UII")'''''IU !) 

'IUn\lW" ~'u, .. ' '11 'll :rn P"J o'j;'W. 

""'J u,,! 1"",,;><Iwu, "'J~J( '" pur. '""'J """u, u, 1",""A"ld,u.-,un ·""I'''u"", I" JJn~ J41 J"pun "111 "'1"" "04 

IU""~ W'''l nJ ''"IU'' ' oJ IU;);)J:><l '.It ,('I SoI:)" 41 u! )).'1.1" <1.,, Ir.I v:J1 , I ~U " ,u O,\(JIJ<> ""'I ""I .,~ p.u ~I"" " 

n41°"(lJ'''.14.L 1~ U1 (>I<l"I ~ ~~'}O' 4 4IJJ (\. U" I'!~d I'''' l !snVIMlo '" ""U o1S"411"'l U!UJ ~ 1"')J<)d.>J U<) 

P.>~ e(1 ~_el V:JI ,I I'0~ ·,. ul 'w ,,~ uI "1"1~ ",, ~~ , ' I~' P. J ~" Io,h,,! S.I ) .L ;!I '~~ I 41 .11"_ I~ d ;m." 

.1l'JIUJU,' lu.u:f! '" ,ul lnj"" 'lunJo lU i),')J<l(/ '.It Ie'll p:>wnssu ~I~ ,{ IUU U "41 · ... "Hl P","P, ~nqul <II p,>d. "" 41!1I\ 

'UOI IUlnd,MlJ" " ""4" " 0 P:>S"'l "<II I~I n"I ' "0. ifu! "J!I)(11U ""'J 41 'sI11"'1'''''''4 I"" '~!W"'! I" J"'~lu" 

U! u,,~.~ 1 JO IU''''JJ'l1 ,"o'J r"". \l , ",II'\ jj"np!~ll' l I'-"onpn 4.L '~ p~ "" nlJ4 I"'P'1j)" U! nl'" u. (l I"'Jnp.lJ 

3."" ~"! '!5 4" " <IW.I< P""J pU ll ~U """'I ''Nn J ·~ ;:..\ l"U" 41 W'U J P';'I)Il pl('> :,,"'" "l"np!A!pU! """ ' 41 ~II"'"'!''''~ ' 

,, ·')( t:U ,' ",u"'l O pU ll I\l"";>( ! l" ' I"" I-S" "..>u, 'I ,i~ (j ""!l'hun~u U,' " I ., ~ ull So'I"wl1"" l!I ""'>II I" U1" ;I,,, >iI 

!loU ~M ~RP~H l <l\ ld,unsuQ~ 1''''' "I os 1U 1'o'~ ' II" 1" ,'"1'''' 'l ~'~ 41I1u" 1' 1\1<1""''''4 .J<fl ul _,,,,, 1II)U,1(lX.' W"~ 

-u", "' I"'U I" ~ 1 I'-" ,np"' <IlI ""4~'1 4J, '~ 'U" "! 1" 101 1'1"4;"'''''4 "" U} 1"'1""1"'1' M "1""P!"lpU! P"I'''P'''' 41 

J(I.1IU(>,'U] J" 11I1."".I. 'j. l I"I ",{ W" (u d p". ' W":IOlllo " I ''''11.>01'''' iJu lq' I"'" ,'l I"M'JI "" u nUI )luI 11M." 

·~ W(\ U! j'I"4'ISnll4 WV1J p·mnp_' !) ~"-" nl'lA!I1" ! I,,'pnp )(.) ;\\i.141 J" " w,I:)Ul ,' I"'<l<ud puo ~:1 u'~' '' 4.L 

'' I1i,,' P'(''~ ~ I"' l\ ' .1, . ."" :<O}XII, pu " :iJU"u'"'l '~PI"4 ;OS ''' ~ <W>l1jIJ" ~!"' "UU ""I w, " J p.v.mu>J ",'I,,, 

"I1 )0 43So\llj \ulall,Wwl l<1J"'UtU n "14!!," Jl-' PI$3J " 4'" slulIJl!t ,uwI IruJ"' lllnl'" P"~ .ualllP 's'n llnl,R II~ '1"-'1 :1 

P~"I "" "'''' I" 'UJ<I'" LU 11"J"'''lu" "'J 1'-' !l11" 'w ." .-.." <>.\'''1'' 1'-"l!''''' ''I' ""I~'''' ''d ~"!I"'U "'" "41 J" ~''''>S 

"Ill"<lAV1'( 

.. '(I ,~ U'''' '>: S 

Sp[ot[<lsnoH 1Ue !WWlln)Me Un 

.IO) s'l.lnpa;)()Jd U!1 eW!1S3 pay!pow :3 :,,'"! pu<lddy 
138 

T ill: ~' SC"' cu..--r OV UNI.AW IJL t\t A"'·rs 

ANI! A,\tNE..--rY TO TilE U.s, TAXI'A n M 

:;1) pc'~~nll"wer Ik,,,' Ih u e,"'1 ("~I!"n_;"'mi~,..~nl chndren'" On Ih"l)lhe, hondo n,".,jkat ~,,.I. ("r Ihe (ur_ 

~ign·OOrn d,bly , nu, UPI'e", l<) I,,· "",.x ably (,lweI' h"n Ih.· C"~l' for Ihe I '.S.·"'''" "'derl),.'" 

Th., Medicaid costs impul~d '"tu th~ t 'I'S h~ Ihe Census do nO)I vuy by im migrlll ion .tulu •. The I"c,;cnt 

" ,,,,Iy.'. h". I"",c("," rud uccd the l.:1'S i"",uled MI'1lic.id ","sl. (or in"ui ~""" child,en in the ~"'di"~ld 

" nd CI III' p"J~"'m$ by 50 vcrc"nt in .h ~ ·current );.w· qn,'I) ~;~. t.:1111' c,)Ot~ wer~ r~du""tl hy the ""01" 

"moun. The d;lrc~n<'\'" 1>t!lwcen immlg .. "t ~a nd ""n.ln.mig'," ls "'ilk '''"1''-,<,1 1" med le l.c''''c~. Sl"'''' 

hI II<: " result i!fdjlrcrent:~~in ""''('1IoSan,1 ~"dal ~tliluil"s ((,won! !j CAI ,. Theil<: difrcn:n.:o:s ~r~ likely 

l(> IIlm'ni~h . fl c. "mno;lll),: therefurc. ;",",i~r"nl ct>ildt~" wc"" ~u"'~tJ 10 I!!!I<' 2S p'o;re"o' 1(:$ " ... dieal 

;;.,rvku I"" I""".r,d.,y du .. ngth" ,nle,i", Ilmiod ,,".I ~o f"''''cnl k".dul'in~ Iht (ull ""'IK"'), 1"'';''.1 wh,'n 

OO"'P<I'cd 10 non·j",m4l.rn nl ". 

nl~",rut i,nml)(r",,' atlull~ ""ulll ""I .<'<:d,.., Medi .. ,,1d btn~fil. umlet u" "t I",,' ,,,. do,iuS Ike lute,1m 

lie, 1ixl. 1" Ih ~ full ~m ne';'y!'<',n>d .• hc Dn"ly,,;~"''-;;umc, Ih~" c jm i(nn' n"n-;n'm~l"~nl ,II!Tc,cJJ<:ew .. "ld 

how d'min;~hed !>ii)(hlly: dur;n,;.1>c ful l ."",~sl,)' 1I<:ti(~1. n"n·llj,,"1bl~d ad ults "'h" wcr(' ("'mcrl~ unlawfu l 

immi)!ranl!< Hre a .. ~u",cd \" 'c"",ive IIOrnl"1 Mc~lic"i<J he"d;l. thaI "'" 15 [>Creenl I"wer Ih"" Ih/)!<c recci""d 

by si",jl~r ""n_im mi~ranl< (!u'in~ ,ke rul I "m "csly pcrillo!. 

Changes in AlgQri th.ns fur Coicul ati" n "fBcnctils 

Itud Taxe s Durinfl the Inte rim l'eriud 

The r"II"win~ ch"~. wc,,- nmM 10 ('akul"lo Ihe IlCtlC'/',ts n:ee,,,,,d "lid t~"t·. p"id hy flit me, unlawt'IlI 

immigmnl I1tJus..hnld. dur, n~ u,~ interIm 11m ni.-Sly pcrl' 1. (1I~'K:nb and t.""s nil! Ii~t.(] n'main"d the ,;ame 

'''' u"de'!' ('urten! IbW.) 

GO\'ernment Benefi ts and Se r" ices 

• S<x;'.1 securil~ di"~lllily "ml surv;vo, bo:ndns I~r hQU'",hold w~rc r~ls<'o! fr\>m ~I'(l 11)33 ]Jerc.:nl ~Ih" 

I~""I oflaw!u' 'mm ;~r~'" hou~h{lllh< wil h cornp:.rnhlc ~dlJ(.';Il inn 1~~ ls . 

• Mcdif~rc I>(:""r" . r(lr OId·AgI:, Su,v'''':'r, ond Oisuhili, y In,.o,nncc (OASIJI) recipients Were .... ,,;,:d r",n, 

·,"' m ' (l3.1I'crcc ,,' vfl l1 ~ Icvcl Vfh.wful 1m ml~"""t h"u""hu d~ wi, h <,<,rnpar""I" edue.II"" k",'~_ 

• Irncmlllo~me"t in.uronce l)eneflts Wote raisc.J tv the Ie,,"' n(lawfu l ;mm',o(r~" t huuo't'hQld> with foml).ll · 

r~hlc cduc~t 'un le""l. ntllh~n red u"",1 by M pc"",,,, '0 ", "h IIon-rcco:-.;iM"rr le'·cis. 

• W,,'kers' cvrnl>en,<., "In l)enpf,,,, We"-e rU'):<''<iln I he 1,·,..,1 "f[:ow( 01 1m", igr. nl h"uS\~,,, 'd s wil/l C("", •. "."hlc 

c<iu(,"I"'" 1"",I~. 

a The vl\I" .. or~kd;"~iJ h<:ndib r"t chn~rc" w,,~ r"ised '" 1:; ner"c,,' oflhe nnr",,,1 v"Iut:" ,n'nuted in Ihe 

CI'S. II wn:; ~;,,;umcd .ha' III(' diffcrc lI ~ bo.:tw<:en l'lrp<:n,liturc. ror immill,"n' ~nd ""n-immigtl.n' children WI,uld dlm'ni~h "ye.·' Ime. 

• FlIrn,cr unlawful In,mignml hou,,,,,hQhl$were assum,'<I'o u","' r(l3d.~n<lI>i~ hwa} . ftlrl'ort.s.l'ark •. lih"'~f­

;"" di",.~tcr n~icf .• ntl lI" ,><:r.1 (n"n- ,ncan.-Ie.k'<l) l1~ lth ,':or<- ""rvie<'!I allhc " urn",1 ''''~ ror sim ll:,r 

hou~hOld" In Ih~gc l<:r" ll k'rula i~n 

• A prnil·r~~"-"".~'" ",ljU"' "ot'nl ",(]uct:,l III ",,,,pIayn,"n, insum"""hy(o(, I1<'r"" ,,' ,,,,,I f,loIl Sl~"'l' "",,"n!~ by 2:; 

Il<'tcenl. Til!."", «'<lu<:IK'n" " .. ,n' Inroflltl,ale.l inlo "I ~IS -"mnesly tK:lIetit flg u,~ 

• AlIOth., l"osl-rc'1l""tiolll ~dju,;t c'" n·dll c~d tvlal "'cu, ... ·!~~wd 1"l11lofHs by {; !"'rrcnt: the em .. "l, O)ftbj~ 

atljust l1lcnl "I'!I<:O' !<C1':" "' y in I,d~"" ,n lhl' IClO L 

" 
139 

Itevilnues 

.l.l n~ MT )10;1!:! 

,IMU,2'" 

• Tht l'N nt'<gt' (lffo.m~runl~wfullm".'i~mnt wo,kers whO we,.., aWlmc,<j toworkon tht'l l<)(f ~ Wa" .. i ... ~ 

rn'", 5~. I'"," ... nt I" O~ 1'''r"~''I : r"\I",,,1 P",.,,,,,,,,t ,,,",,'"c I~x. ~1"lc (lC, .. ",,,1 inconw l ox. ]lICA tax< .... unen,· 

I'I,Wn'cnlln.u .... nec f"e~. Hn\l wprke",' compl' n .. ~' ion fc.s w~re iner~a""d l"II$>I"t inn'lely. 

• 'rhc .... "kc.·~~ h .. e "rr"tIc .. ~1 and ~Iul e "orp<1ralc in<:ume IU w~s i""n '".,J in di, ~C I Iln'I>orli"n t" Ihc 

lncrc"~e in I> n·lhc·hoo k~ cO:!lI'JqymcDl. 

• I'Mmtt unlaWful ,mmi~"''''1 u~h ~(I~ we .... ",,'um".,:] In use '''''~ ~nd hlj:hwlYw I Ihe ""me rdle"~ 

<\,mpa,,,lllc h"\I~ch"lds with Ihe Ian,. inco>n,cs in Ihc gCIl"nollll!l,ul.t "m: high,,,,,y t rusl fUIld g"" 1,,~t'5. 

~t~IC ,(10.'; ~Xc"'. nnd m,>I,J) \"hid~ Ik"n><: fi:t1' ""r~ ina ~" .... .,j 1''''I''''II~nn!cly, ~·"'mct IInl"",'f,,1 imml· 

g,ant OUlOC ~s wt're ,"",umed 10 ...... alr,ll)rh III I he I;Omt· ,"it' n COnllla,ahle hwsetwlds wilh I he """,e 

;"e"m~.,.;" Ih")(~ .... r~II 'pul" lo n;~irl>ufl fe..,. We"'" ;""""",:<II',,,p01 I;,,n:tldy. 

FoJrmer unbwful in,n.is,"nl worker!!, wen' a~<umcd 10 'cc~ "",,:; 1'~I unl incr c.S<' in "'nins~ "5" 

r~ull of "mn<'\I1 y; 1,,1:,) ~Xe'1' paid pel' huusc hnlJ were I hcrcf,]r<' j"i'TCMsed by S ""~I'nt . 

II i~ p"''-';bie 'h~' t he ,ccl, .. i"n in :!(lIrllnlllccd inC<lml..-and tax 'c\.., n"c~ in unl.wful imn'~'"nl h""..,· 

lJ ~ hr fJ I<l""" nt.III~,~H<'f~ron "tI,III"' moml """""Pl'ticd 111,si<u: , ~ I"II'n~ pnkl hy unlnwfull m n,l· 

grdnl hous.:h,dd< by ~ percent in flllu «, )'C"<S: th Us "<lju~( "'enl 'I'P<'"'~ ~l'''' ''l dy in 'h~ led 1.1)1,'5. 

Changes in Alguri th.ms for CaJcul.ation or8el1cnts lind Taxes Ourin!,! the Io'ull Amnesty 

I'criod 

The fnJl,,"'jng eh""~e. w,·,c "'."" 10 n .leulnlc Ihe 1Jc,,,,flls r;:""iwd "nd lue. paid IlY l>r ~r unl""'ful 

i",m'~r"n' 1!o\L...,holdsdu,lng ' he full ~m'''I'1<I)' I)<:rioo, (I\c"cfl~ ~nd tax.:. n"llisted fl:m",ned Ihe",, ",c oS 

u"der curfcnll;.wJ 

Government O"-ndits and Services 

• SQtJal ~'(:UI Ry di .. hil i\ y" 1>(1 . urvivo. h<:ndil6 I"" h,)u . .,.,huld W~r~ ;s~'<I 1O\1>c Ic ... 'd "r lawfullmm(,l:,""nl 

hou""ool,\. with c"mnar"ble t..J"e~lioTlle",I., 

• ~1 ~dic bcn '''fM o.-\SI1I ,ccil'ien\!:wc1c ra d In 1rn"lcv.;1 "rlawful '''''''i r''nt ",u,;chnld~ "'ilh C""'-

,""able ,'<l"ca'K'" levl·ls. 

• U"""'I~"y",cnl In.uf.nee bc,,,,n,. wun: ,ais..'d I" Ihe lewl ,of l"w("llm"")(I';",1 h""""hl>h!~",ith """'1' •• .... 1~" duc"ti n \t.""ls. 

• W",k~",' rum""n""lion bcndil~were ru~,'<lI () lhcl~\"'1 oflowl'ul i",mi~r."'1 h""SCh(~ds"' i!h lloo"I ... ublc 

l'<lw:allon Ie-'I>is. 

1'cn'l)(lrnry i\""ilIt..nec f'\f, N<"Cdy FA,n,! ic~ I~""f, s ~re m;.s.,d to Ihdcvt:1 Ofl"wfut Immig,.,,,,' h1>U..,hvld. 

wit h .;<,n",,, mhl" OIlU",,11o ,n vel~ "lid "djusted (," d ,fl' rc1k;"~ in the lI"mt",. "r child rcn I"" hnuo<ch"ld. 

• :>U1~l\emc ' S~uri y I noome b"n"fll:; ""'", rai""d 10 t h,· Ic"<:l oft_ful i",",i~mnl hw""hohL~ wll11 COn,· 

l!at"h(e <..Jue:otK'" levels a "d adjl>stt..! t o. diffcn:n"". in I ht' "" ",bel' of pcl'Stl". pcr hwschold. 

1'<>0<1 .Ian.p l>i:ncn,s \\'~re ""':, ...J ' I> Ihe- I"",I "rlawful in.mi~l1Inl h"u..,h(~d" with c(}n I'''mhl~ <'tIue"!;!)" 

I",·ds. ~lljll~\t'\I f...- d ff"r cnCc~ in Ihc n"",he ' orpcl1!On~ I ..... hO ... ",hnl!i. 
140 

T ill: ~' ~"' cu.'--r!l V UNI.AW I'IJLJ t\tm. A", r;: 

ANIl AM NE.,--rV T(, TIJE U.s, TAXI'A nM 

• ncrundat~c l'.arn<"Il I nem"e T". Cn'<lil smut Addil""",,1 Child Tax t:rl"llil S w~r,," L'i "Ilhe Ic""l ~ i"",u'cd b)' 

Ih, Cc n$u~ in Ih~ r.:I'S. 

• FW"'Cr unlmvfullnl111tg.anl h,.......,tw,hl$wcrca$unNd 10 u'"" ,,,,,d.:u:>\J h",II"':I)'1I, iJl "'rl$, l'alk8 ,lIl.Ir~ " 

;CII, d"""'''' I id, nnd S"n.,,"' (nu n. ",e" ",-h,,,,<;>d) health e,",c scrvio..,. ", Ih" 'IOr"",1 '''1'- for .;",il", 

(lU"" hI llI~in Ih clIC~"" 1"<)1)111;11\00. 

A jI',,;H~"'''''''~ln ",Iju,'mcn' ",dUCI.. t IIncmpl!.y"'enl ~u",IlCC b)'(>G pc.~cnl "",I h,,' ~I.mp hcn~f"$h)' 

2.'"'I"'=nl. ~ reductio"" wc.e incr",lOralcd Inlo "11,H.lt'I"a"'",,$ly Il<ncfil fill\1"'';; 

• Anolhtt pc.;l 'C!<lu i"n "Ilj1l~1 menl ,educed IIlt"l "' ~n$ lcSled 1>c11c.f"s hy 5 ,,,,rce nl; t he tI ""L' "f this 

~dj ll ~( h'en( "1'1"'"' ""'I'ar"\cl)' in \ables in lhe ~!. 

Revenues 

The .r cnl~ hU,,,,,,,C!' u"l~wful in,,,, 4It a~1 wOlkersw"" w", c ~,;,!<",,"d lu work "" 1 h~ ho •• k, ~s m'-..,l 

from 1i.5 ll1:r",nl W % I""' C~ "I ; r,...teml pc"",)",,l IoK;O"'" lox, "hl~ ""rsonal 'ncon)"-I~x,I'ICA Inn '';' "'>employ-

",e ,,1 ,n"Ut" ~~ fe' .... " nd ,,,>.kcn.' .'t) n'l Sl! I ~m rec ~ were inct""",-", I't"I",.I'"",l1"I)'_ 

1'!w w(J k~r'$ ma,,' "rf~,h"at 'mol I"' c ""'1""nlc inCHme lU X .... ~ inC,.u .. ,:d in di' ~~1 l'",p, .. I;on It) Ihc 

'n<:",asc In ~"b h cn)ployn,enL 

F"rme, u"l~wful im",ig,,,,,1 h .. u-.:huld"wc.c a",; umcd In usc "'ad. and hillhw;.)'"'<llh e"a",c."l c~"~o", " 

I>" r-~ hl c h,""""hold.. wilh II>< .'''''e In~'n'('" i" U,,' gcner:<ll'ullUl"l!<ln; h ighwuy trll-'\ fu od g.~ la ~"", Slnl,' g;u 

ta les, grtCl ",oln. v;:h ici<' I iccnS/! fc,,,, w,:,rc i!1Ct' .. ao;etl "pnrllnnal~Jy" 

""rn,er unlawful i",millronl houl'Cholds were "",,umcd I .. usc ""I""L' '" Ih" same r. ~"" <"",I'"".hlu 

h'lUs"huld" w;lh Iht ';" ",C inco",c. Ih I he gencro11)"1'IlhlliOll, "irpOrl fc.", w"'~ ihe'C",."tl,)r"Il<,rlic"'''lcly_ 

Furn.cr unl"wful 'm n>ij!ra 'l1 "'"rk"", .,e.c "~Sllh'C...t lu rccl'lv;: D S pcr."n\ ;ncrca"c in ~rni.1P' 'os " ' es"ll 

,,r '''''''('!il),; I,,\al\ ~c~ nUJ(l p,,, Mu,;chohl "'ere h,,,cl,,, c i "".ca",d by" pe«"'nl , 

II !i.1 .. ,,;.<il>l ~'l h"llhc c~eSl';"n in 101(1 .... duc~d in{\"" ~~,,n\ll t re""n"'~ in unlawfulln.n'lIlmnl ~ou ""-" 

hnlds hy 5 ""teen!, A !)I11!I"rl'1:c'Sijion ..Jjustmenl W". OflPI,o,1 r~i .• ;ng Ihe !lll"llax<.,; paid by un1:owful in,,,,;" 

g .... nl MU!iChold~ h)' S percent ." future )'I, ~, Ih~ "dJllsI "' nl al>p".rs -"!l'Qr-dlcl), in I hc ~~ I t"hk,:,. 

t:.~timatingthe Aggregate Lifctim e Fiscal Ileficit for Unl!lwfuIIHlmiJj.r!lnt Households 

AnerAmncsty 

,'h" ,.,., 'n,al" "r Inc lifL1 ion,' ii"cH I """ I ,,( ,,,,1,,,,,( ul in,m;..: ... ",1 h",' >i: h"ld. "'''" 10" ... '<1 on I he rull"wing 

I\SSun" )Ii.)n,,. The c.li",a e~ ~"u"'c thaI umf),!,,;t)' is n"<lcd in 201:1, 

• Th,' numbe r Mf' .. ",,,r u ,,1~wf,,1 in, m;~ "'nl h"".d () ~ w.~ .~.i"",ed h"k .. dinc ""a" hn 'e,,, Hfle • • m""Sly 

acror(linll in I.ntl~ d mortal II )' IDbI£:j. 

• F."" [",'fenl ilfl hc hou' h"ld~ wen:. """ lImoOll 1(1 ~n i~ "tl . The em'gral ;"n 10-.., as~u m!>d 10 "" ""read ('Y1'nIy "...,. Ihe nr.t ~I I"I )'<1"" arl", 'n' " ""I)'. 

1,\). Ih ~ r. .,.1 I:) )"eal'S " t\ crf1nm"sly, Ih" nf1ua l lIn" "Ii "",J~fl dl wou ld e.luallhedct;~ill'er I>oo ,, 'd for 

Ihe ,ni.e"n, ""riud wilh 1IO<1 -."",,",oon m~u~lmclll.i{ios"h"w" 'n r"hl,,~ in Ihe Ic~t n' '-.,; II", rem,,,,,,,,!: 

num"", of ~IIOId~, 
141 

:"' .I.I , n~p<'MT )i0; '33 ~An, :!II" 

• SI ad ing in Ihc 141 h Y<'~r nnc, "nll><:~1 j ', lh~" nnu:' I ~u n,u,"I1\" deficil Wa" """,uml..J I" "'IU"II~~ Ild,dl pct 

t.,,,,,,,,hold du';n~ 1~~ full ~mnC'l l' pCr~'<l wit h l)i"I'rcCC~"~," ad,u~ln",n ~(.<hown;n "u ~c" III Lhe Ic~tl 

lilllC> Ihe ...,m,,;nll\ll nun,lW:rorhous..:h old$, 

• Thlrlj'-th,ec Y\'.'~"lk' "ml>l...,;I)', the "1Cdi"n.,'II~" hou;.,h"ldet !/Imunglhc forme, unl"Wfullmmigt~nl 

h"u""hI,ldo;) ",-,uld 'e;",h cl1'cm~nL ,~~ ~ (;1), SI"'llng: in Lh'" )'1:U, aU unbwful ,mmig: t~nl $ We,e 

""-<urne'll L" hi:)/<n rl"";,-In)/ ",Ii'ell'(:nl Ilcn"lil~, OIJV~",~lf. hair "f Ihe hU,".;chol<lc'~ wi",I,' 'ellCh 11M" (,7 

bI.-fore Ihl$ Y,'!l':..oIl halfw' ..... I(l rcDCb Illa!a. Viiu!: [n,n"WUol.,I/I$ .... !he' lbon lhe I\ll'(\( .... "i'J I" deler· 

mil><: I't:tlre,ncn! would "" nlOre I",,",,",bul "~lUld "ITed Ih u,,,,,,,,,U r.~orl.,,"nly"li~lllly. 

• The ""i,,,mcn, ph""""fum"""II' hl-gi "~ In lO (I, In th" 'e,irCh,enl 1'''''5<:. ro"",,) C\>!!'* "",baf'l<l "n indio 

"ldunL.. ml\ t. ,,,,~"hul, 6. Th~ """1$ 3,e 11"",,11 ,)r> Ihe 1,,1~1 num"", "f",rul( unl"wful mmlgnm ~ in :!0I0 

{lU.l ",;II'or;). !Wt Ju~l Iho~~ ""'lIinjl in hOUSi:ht,I,I. with uIII~wrul ,mmig",nl h~a\li in :!OIU. 1" .... ' re" 

~""hl "r Ih~"", unlawrul i",",18,..~nts ~,~ assu""..J to em'":,,,'c biJul't: rclorcn'cnl, "lid Ihe num""" ;,; rurlher "..Juccd hy nalurol n"'rl~lily ,aL" .. SOme H-II m,Uion.", a;;,<utncd III II< aliw_nll in Ihc U,S.ln 204(" 

Th~ .. nnunl cumul~1 'VC dcf",il ,~"-",,um L<lln ell,,"I I~ C l'c'·I .... "''''' dcf",il fur fnrmet unlawfUl immigmnU 

,.,-,,, (,~ (i;h",wn i n I c~t lahle Ill) lim"" I "" ~urvjvjn~ numh." "r;ndiv~I,,"ls. I n suh!;~~ I(( c"l }"C~r~. I h~ num· 

bc uhur"i"in~ inlli"'idll"'~ i~ I't:d .... "Cd by ~I~"d"rd nl"rt~lily ",I"", und lool'Unlulal ivcdcr,dl'6 ,cdUCe.J 

''''L'{)"lln~I}' 

• Am".' I}' •• ",i"lenl$ "'c ,,~u"'c,1 10 l.>,i " IISQn,.. I.:; m 111 "(I, "arcnl$ln Lhe I)'s. 3$ l",gal (.Ie,n,ancnL n'5idc"I~, 

rcsullin~ in a net ",Me" co,,1 "f12N) biI 1l"".1·" c"" c".I~ ore ",Mell I" I he I lIe!;me 1<)t~1 r,~u r", 

a Thelif"'ime 1i..".1 ", .. I Ji)/.o,~ is;nltllU ,I'~I.",. 

" 
142 

Appendi.'\: F: Othe r Methodo1ogical Issues 

Use or2010 as the 8ase Yeu .. 

~':" .I.I n~r MT )in , .. ~An, :W" 

'l'h~ r.s"~1 .,,,,Iy.i. In Ih is 1'""'" u"'-'" d u'n from :WII), ",hi<ch w". a I~n"",i"n }""r. I" ~ ,ec ..... ii:o" y":o,. I"x 

lI.y",en,. hy unl"wfullnlnll~'~n' hl)u,.,lIulds ",i~h' II",,, b."," 10"'<:t. and govt'nn'cnll><'!n~fils noi~ l h""" 

bl,ton higbt. ... lha" h<.>'"'ul. Thi, w"uld attlnd811~ 'ncr~.S<' lhe ''''''I\g'! h"uS4'hl,/d fI...,.1 deficit and biJll! 'h" 

c-SI im.IU "Hulu,e ti.,flcil,< ""word, 

Th",an~I)-sis pr~$t;nlcd in Tahle;;, $. 10. II. and l2.iJ' th., lexl ba>< aln:'*Ily adjusll'd for Ihis b)' '~dudng 

lhe t",l i"'''' cd fulu, ~ u"" of u,,"",ph'Yllle,,' insur:OI\('~ :,nd f""d ."""1'" ~n", "n, "'''''y tu "'n'I"'''.'''~ fur h~ 

h ighe' Icyel~ iIf 'cedl'l (lu,iog Ihe «',,,,...;i,,n in :!IIlO, Ill.OY']n([ thi •• I he fad I hnl ~OlO Wb M '«'1."",ion )"Co, h"~ 

"Iin,iled illll'ac' ,," 'he analy.i~ . While Ihe 'cc"""i,," ' educed inc"",,,,, und lax ""~nU<." '" t he """h<.>my ,,< 

o wll"lo.:. lhi, i",1"'d "n Ih. ~"""'g\.' unlawful iOlm b<"" nl hnu:lOh(,J.L '""~ Ii m 1\<<1. It i. I "'" thollltlJSb i"..\lm" 

in the ~to""my dN)"ped du,in..: 11." , e<:I1'sl<:m,ll<Il mO~1 "f, 1 dedin~ w,,~ i" int~fe:<1 ~nd "n.'I' rly 'ntOo'''-

Ovt:,all, W~~'5 rd I hY'IIIly :! ~ n~'cc,,' bd 'we .. ,n Ihdr p.",k in ~OOfj and :!fIIO. 

llol.wful Im",~' ~"I~ hove vc,)' Hltl~ lltQ1ICrty inrom,·. 3nd 11."" lillIe income 101.<$, I n fACt. n':; dotn Indi· 

C~lc Ihat Ihc3''''ago! inc"m~ of"lho aVC" l~ unl.wfo l imlll'llrnnt hOU8Chold did nm ~ccli"" du,ing,hc 'cccs· 

~if, , Tu p"ymcnt~l1".h'",suh,,'ll (,I, "nl, .• w1',,1 immig' "nl hr", .. :tI,II,ls in ~Ill()w'''c Ihefef".e.,," arliliCia i!y 

I\lw. Wh~"1I unl""'f,,1 rn ",i~r~n\s, ~n,"" r,llII ~nll' oym~nl,lI,..ynl;oy inll'ly ~Iurn lu thel IIUnlrYllfu'i~ln, 

Thiil remh",-.. I hem ("'''' t he SUty"y data ,,,,d ",ould f""t ,Ihu'e In I he SI"bility "f u "'~wfu'l", m i~,",,' h' 'usc· 

hol(ll nr')nle du,log ~n e.(lno""c downl u, 'n, 

IVhM """ut wdf"r~ 1"",diU? Welfare l",,,dit~ 'e,'cM:d bf lowful ,n"ni~"""I II "u""h"lds In 20tO w~,,· 

used In e>Sl i",~I. nrlun'l1e,,,,r,,s rur ~m n~',1 y .edpicn,s. If t he :lOU) I"'n"" .... ""'" ~rllflClully hillh, Ihis w"u~1 

IIios I h<o e'5lim. \·~ "f fulUf~ dci',dts urw. rd. Many '''OI''~ l1e1~"" I he welfare ~)'S[em i~ Ii"" ~ ,oller ~"as r: 

l\cndib go up dutinl(~ ,cl ... ~ion ,,,,<I '.!1 when the 'ecl"'!-.i"n ends. While r"od .''''''11 ,,,II~ cxr"",I.r-<! ,'OIl· 

Intet 10 a dcg'l'<' in ""JIll""" Ii) ~1'\"~Jmic: t'cnd., nw'" ,)Ihnwdfnrc pro'!l .... nl. are I~'gd}' un"lfcdcd ]1)' !/Usi· 

rn.."'!-"()'Clc ~ 

Cha rt 'I in the ten oh,)\\'" th~ nI~"n"·I"' e'll wdf;,, ~ "1"'01,1 IIIg I<lf ca,h.Ii">d." nd h"ul<InJ,( h.:L w~en 19(":or-<! 

2011. TI ... rlJl"'"~ Col"'" Ihe whok 1"'llUlal ion and n,c o>iJjlls'c'il r", i""al;')n, C"""ling ~""ml u"inl.'$~ lYel"o. 

Ihe ,'h~rl """""s"" ,oller·'''a.<le' I"'tt~.,.n •. [lendlt~ "':oy ,isedori"g" r~c "'sivn. bUI Ihe,), do no' f~!I wh.:n 

lhe ,e'eel',;;'ln end~, 

Th", arwl)'su; dQl'S in<:h'll< fu rther pUsl.·rt...:,"""ion ,lIlju"'nlen,s 10 "" mP\'ns:ol", fll. the p<0S5fbillly Ibul l OX 

revenue r ... m "nl~wful in""ill"u''''wa~ dcp,,,,,..,d in ~O!() and nle n~·'c"I<.,j bencnt" ~,e", iflC ''l1y hi)(h. 

The • n"ly.;i ~ incre~,;("S f,II"re la x .c"",nu,,~ r", unlawful immig"~nl h(otJ",,""lit~ by 5 I'c,C\'n/ nhove th" 20" ) 

k·"clll, II utw ,e .. h, t..'e ~ fulure c~1 imalt..'" m""""·tc~kd '''-"1Il'f''5 hl' 11 percent.. ,'h,,* Kdj ~" m~"", ore r'c1'l:~I~d 

""I'~,,,'d)' IIlT~M,"'7. K 10, "",II~in (II<, lexl, "h~'Y"'c ~" in':"'(1<""'('" inhl Tuhlc II , 

Aging orth(' I-"puration I' dor to Retirement 

'I'hcl>vtr"ltc " "I",,,ful in""ig.,,,,, wHi Spent! W ),\,"1"$ in the f .. 11 on, ",:sty ~Iagchd"re ,eli, lng, I)uring [h,,1 

I""iocl, thc co mIH'~i li "n "f the h<IU!'O:h(~d '~ b<.'nefol~ "nd I Ue.I may chang~, hul the ""e["d~"'· housch"'d den~~ 

Iik~1y will ""Y lilll,·. Ttl" nu",be. (If' chil(ll1."n '" L h" t",,,,ch,)ld i~ li""ly h) , is<! ~".t II .. :n f,,'1. Wasc~ will ris.: 

:IO",e,,·h~t. bul mcdieal c'''' '~ and subsid[o:'s"'ill riseas well. The numhe, orindivlduals rcteivi~ di!!:lhilily 

"""c(;I~ will ,,,o,c,""", "i~"iflC""tly , 0""",11, 'h" :",c,"~,' hou""hold Iklkll is con,,,,,r:oUvdy .. n"h"~;'1.'( 1'". h!)Us<:hoJd~ wil h hclld~ lX' W~"" :\fo "nJ r.:;. 

Th\, """IY"i~ " .. _um"" 'h"l unl"wful ,,,,,,,ill,,,"1 h" sell~t<l:;. "" ~ 1I"'un, will h""" nil '''''''''1:'' ,Iuf"jt (I( 

:0 '"'' nd $:t"lli)() (in ell""",,,,1 <\,dhuli) Ihw")j.h1lU1 lhe (ull "m"c~1 l' lIeri,lIl, rhi~ ,. " ~' ,pli"yin ~ ~",umlll inn 

IIul nol a n u",c~"" "bleon,," Tb~ unlawful imml.o!r:onl p<~IUI;I,jnn al,eatly CIlnloin. lIdull~ ofvunou~ I\I:I!O. 

'rhe "I:I't"n,polSili"" ,,/'uIII:,w/'ul ,m,ni)(I'",,1 h"u""",~,' he""~ ",\<I h~lIc"~'''llockofu'''d i"n in h"u""h,~d 

ro"",,) d~flC il through middl"ug.:mcan Ih~llhca""m~ed"f.eil will M\ .... 'y~~'eal d"~ t bero".o '~tl'e",e"t. 

I II)",C\'''', tbere "m t wu il'O'lJe" with ""·1,,-"<.1 til ~ill~ thai 'etjuir~ SlI<'d:01 "(>n~id"r"tion . The ti,.t i>< 3ddoid 

chilli bi,th~ , I\n addililln"t;\ milli(Jn '1l4 ,,,,Ilion ld ,c" will he bm" to p",~enl unlnwful im", J(",nL~o""t 
143 

T III: ~I SC'" L C(l..--r OV U NI.A III I'll L I t\t 1(:. A"'- rs ANU A,\tNE..--rV T" TIIR U.II, TAXI'A nM 

1111: ""~llw<.>t1e'(:3de~.i\ 1 first gl""cc. lhe'Sechlldrcn w,)\jld ~e'tt "' !"c",,,lu"n e~l",c\'''!lh,,' s""uld btlc"ku· 

1~! Cd ~pan tcl~, I n ,c~lily. thC>l('.l>ddition,,1 ch ildren ~", unlikely t" la,,",, 1M H",,"g~ n ..." .1 tIo::r,eil an'",'~ the 

unl:.wful inlnlign, nl hnu",-,h ld.~ A~"",w (hilll"~n "'" born.lJldcr h!td' n will ",;t\u,~ ~nd c~"" Ih~ h(Ju ~· 

h,~ds.1' hu., Ihe nun,lI", ,of children wilhi" Ihe unl:owfullmnligno"! ",,,,,,,,h,,lds",,, whnle ,. Ilkely'o btl f" irl)' 

"table fot n>"n~ l'~"r •. 

The~<'<'nd iSll\l<l iswagcgtuwlh. Th"ll:.sic "nal)'~IS in 110 ,. l"'locrindll<l<.'tl"::; I' cr~"nl bU""1 in w',!!lUIdue 

10 Ihe di'e":l impl1C1 "rt<,~", i7."IKln. I low""",. m"ny unlawful Immi.<!:rnnl.S ell n he ~Xl'c<led I" h",,, ",ldil i,m,,1 

wH)I';'JI..uwlh OV\.'J' time""", Ib c"fQr~ IQ ~)' m"rc \ll;n',;. Thi, w~l1"g'lIWlh ~\1U I~ I"ke two orml'c~L"K'IU'HI 

:",d nllllur.,ion:,!, 

,'ilrUr/ural M'U)II! Q""'IIII!> <"'fUtS bo:t .... '\.~ n ~...",cn. i<ln ~ /lot UamlJlc. if c,~Jc*, g,...<lu"k.,; in "n<: I!\'tIC' . tlon 

~~rI",d n", .. , (h"n ~l mllor w"r!<c,s [n Ih ~ " rior 11" """";'"'' U~'Sr~\1ably. Ihe'" lws be~n nn "huel",.. .. 1 "'''g.' 

gru,,'lh omUIlII "v,~c,. with a hl~ ::.: ",">1 dc~rcc or Ie", f"r 40 }'\:'dri', In ~~j nSI"nl dolla rs, 1111."'" c"rnln~' 

cilh~r hove ren,.lned con"I"n! Or h"w (.,I,'n.'" Thelef",..,. !hiswill nQI he"" [nll'",lIInl f1l<.1", in .l~ing Ihe 

waJll'S "r"IlI " • .,;ty rcdPlclIll. 

,\JUlur~t i(;n'" ,",1ff'IJ",wth ()ttu>S ~ n ~inglc ",orkc. g;!1$ older, MIl,;\ ",,,rkcrs al ~f,'" r,r, nrc mHfC ,knlL'tl 

1I."n IhL')' WCr~ 31 ~h nd Ihos rCl't:M:" h i,she. "'OJ,\<': ~~ l~lyn "l~ w,1I i"""''''I<' 1I"'\~ I")ll3tdy. !1;SI ,"k~ 1 

dll'~ sh ...... Ihat """ "'" wil h " high R:1!<><11 11.:.,)(,,'" or I"I'!; n,")' ~x l,..ri, ·I\Ct:. on onri:ril~'l!, • 1:; f\Cf('clllln :1(1 pc,.. 

'till ho<>SI ill cunst onHluUa, "'")(el 3ft." Ih "'~ (!L,,~dC!ll)f work.'" Th,~ w'<$I! ~rowlh wll! I>".>IIU«O hillhe. l ax 

p"ynlcnl:!. 'rhu"" <I n Ih. su rr"c~ . one nl'~1I'l ~x p" t lu >ICC hou",hOld dcliril rull "~am ,,,,.'y ",r.ipk ... ,S ,l(cl old~,. 

lIul !h~ si u"li on [~nlO", oo ml~~x I I"," Ihi<. TIM! lIol"wful [n'IlIignon! P""ul~tion In ~OI(J "'nl~d~ eo n· 

I"ined ",,,rkcl'5 ~I "'~'"IUS ul!cs. '"I ~ I~' in< ~"$" in I ~ ~"' UI' n"""g~ "''Il!\.' "'oull.! l.K.' k'AA than 11o ~ If, I""(elll 

tor ~() 1""Cen, ",ent ioned all.:,w. ~1""""~,,. tlo" li l'l:,,1 h"'.IIC ~ ofcach IK,,,,,,-,h,,ld i~ dclcrlllj",:d nul hy W,,~"S 

QiQIIC hul by I hernt io of "'''I/<''' (~ nd laXC!I) \0 l!lWtr "menlllCndllll. l~er wurke,," wflllC1l~ In e",n mOre ",II"" 

cmp'ul"'d,bul'hq.'''' .'c mO/,\, likely I" h"""IlIc il l ur.<! may'e,,,,,,' helahu,furec,,,,d rcccil'" di."lIilityho.·n· 

cfils.OhHmllC1lrt' for rw rk crsw ill h" v('rydflC" ''''''', 

Thc "nul)'~i~ In Ihl!; p"I >~r alr ad)' ' 1>«''I1O,,,l e,>< mool ofa ny,,"lici]>,"lcd maIUrnlio"w,,)(,' ncr~ .... 'Sh\.'Cll us.: 

;\ ,,'refodr''''''uok. Ihe wa~c" ofl"",ful lInd "nl:owfui ""n,,)(,ol'll " .. "k .. n'~1 V"'k U~"~"'''' Mor e ,mpofl!lIlI, it 

exn ml"~'" I h~ fil!<',,1 dencils of h<>u""hl~d., 01 ~ilTcrcnl 'u:c,;. The wr"~c fiscHI deflcll r", <lWc,·~ kill hoo><: · 

hlold. Icnili; III ri~ unlil"w-'S 1J- 4~ 1h<" r.1I . lIghtly, ,,,,1.1 then ' ''''' "gain in ", '' n'cnt. Thl!; .isc·fall.tillC 

",,'INn 8n~ IhHI a~ .I(",··sklll p,,,,ul 1 inn !OJ(~''''. Ih" "'"'''''lie ho">cI!<II,1 'ldicIli.< "nlikdrl" ch_1\IIC- mueh, 

cvtn Ihvu)(h w'W-'~ In"Y rl"" ~1i~hUy 
144 

~.:C . R~P<' MT )i0; 13:1 

),MU. :W,. 

Appendi." G; Pure Public Goods, Private Consumption Goods, and Population-Based Servi ces 

l'i"".1 dL<ltlhuli"n ,,,,,(1),,,;,-sed .. I" dct~'!Mi"e the gu"".nmenl benefilS I'~",ei"cd by" fl.,Iit-tll,,. 11"'''1' 

<o"'pared to In ..... p"lo.l.1I ~'I:"""" 'Y 1i"'1 Slep in \hi$. p<l)(' .... 'S i. lu dl.tin~ui'" gOl'CrnmCOI p' (Ig" M\~ Ih~1 

I'",vidt 'I'u'~ [lubllt gwld.· as " I'I'"""d I'" -,~'h' al c gOO)<l .... TIH.~ I Wu 1)"11'"" ,,( ""I",nd il "''''' h""" ve'y diffet_ 

enl t> sc~1 i"'[llir~l i~n~. 

:'\l ""nl.'1 l'uul Samud",'" l~ crcoJiI.-.J with being tbe lir~l lu "'-""/Qt' the U,,!q,}·v/" l~ubl iclW\..J;;. In hislO."TlIin:,1 l'1f>4 1'"1"" - 1'M I'ur ~ """')I'y of I'ul~"' RXI",ndil ure. "" ~ S"nlUdJllon def"'ed n pum public 1:000 (0' wh:,~ ho 

1.""~ lk-.l a C( ~IL'l:tJ"' •• msunll'l~ln goo.ld-) ItS .. ~ond • .. ·lI kh all (,njoy in co", ~," in II>(; !'Cn:«! 111,,1 c.,u, i"dl~~hu, 't 

",,,,w'Mpl i,," of ~uch "~"'KI 1",,<Is I" "o! sui ,I 'a(.1 i"n~ rrnn, "n)' vlhcr indi"illual'~ < .... """ml>l;" n "flh"t~">d · II)' 

omlll.,;t." ·,"+ .... Ie om~umplioln "...d" i~" WXod thai '",,,, II.: pa,,,,,lw nu l ''m)n~ di(fcrellll"dlv\..I,,~t. : U~ u~ 

1))'''11<' "",sollll'"..:)ud<"I! 0, dlmrnis~ ,IS ,,"" bJ,·un\llhcr. 

II tl" .. , k e~" nlpleura Ilure puhlk ~I ""1lI11I he a li)(hlhou"", TN: (...,1 llonl any p"rlkul","bip I""ceh",s 

Ih~ W8tn;~ he:oC:OlI uo::~ nul dimini.h Ih" u".,fuin<· .... (1ft he iighlh u~ III uth~r ~hip,; IIIYj)ical e~Q "'lll C of" 

privale < .... ''''uml'lk,n ~,~>d i. ~ h~mbu ,~,, ; When ,,"" (",,,',,n ClOt. it. 'I c;m,,"L bc calen 11>' " lhcr1 

r(\'n>~lIy.QIt [I"'~ ]> .. hlir~,,,.b wHi n.eel 'w" C'; ri,, :'" 

No n-RivlI.lrous CO"" ""'I.lio ... I':"':t~n"" ,n u !liven ["",,nuniIY""n usc Ihe ~"od: ils u,;c, hy nne pcrs"," 

Will not di mlni~h i"'''liIil)"lo''lh~t •. 

• 1.ero-Cosl "..,.Ie ns;on tn Addition .. ) Users. OI>l:C ~ pun: pulil k ~, .. OOJ hM ken p<oouC(oJ. ;1 ' '''lui,,:!, n" 

exl,a ct,,;1 for oddil~ n"1 inUiyi I,, I~ 1(. heneC,1 f,u", Ih e~",' . IC xl'a n~I"n ...rlhe 1IumlJ<'r nflJo.l.>,';ici~ties 

,lox", n'~ ,edUl'" il~ulililyl" "nyinili.1 u"", "ndd""" n'~ "lid llt.'Wcosl~"fl',,>duc "," II" Nubti pri.< w'''· 

nlll8 ~q",,,,,lolJ,,,,,cs Huo::h.n,," ".pl"in •. wil h " [lure , .... hJlegoold. "Additlon"l ."t!""unwl"!' may hc ~dd"d 

I , .... ,,' m'''l!ln~1 e,,,,,:'" 

The '~c<"111 cr it~f~'n 1~ ~ d1r"Cl c"rOU~ I y .,flhe f,r"'. If C"MU",pt kit> of ~ go "KII~ I ,uly non-ri""l,,,u~. thcn 

odd ing ~~ '~ (leW c", .. 'un'cr< wilt ,101 ,,,,it.l·" 01 ility or odd ~Ml.I< f"t I"" in ~ lal cnMSun.c"l. 

Til" .Ii,;, 'n;:l j,)n hcl ... ,:"" ",,111:<:\1>1' "no IlIriv~I" ("n~un>[ll inn g .... ls ~a n I", 1I1 ... ~1 ,.,,:d hy .,n~(k'ing I he 

ddrc, n~ c bet we..n a , edl)!: for I'''' and ~n ",,1.,41 piece ,,( l'i,·. 11 ,«I,,,, f'" pit' iF-" [lulJlic OOI .. ""nll)('I)" l1<'<,d in 

IIw '""""" 111,,1 it c" n IJ<' "1>:,,,-.1 wil h "the .... wil houl rcdud n" ils u""fulnl, .. I" Ih ~ lId!:!1n,,11."' ..... ,.., • ., m"re.-

'''''''. tlw recipe en n he Ili~mlnal~~1 In n1 ~1i! wit h lltllt". nil added C<)l:l. U~ co nL' :l st."n aClllill ~1iC\: ufpie 

1~ . W"'''Le "" ~umptio,m ,~"",, It. ""'*"""IHinn hy nne 1",'<On bars ,UI "' '' .. ,,'''pt~m ~y an"lhe'_ Elr rl ~ I" 

cxpnnll ihu !>Unit"" "r individl' l~ Ul ili~; n~ 1M pit: ~li c~ will cil h.:, • "duce Ih~ ""I i"ra i" n "r ,,:och ".e. "~ 

caeh ~"'IS a sm: II r l~ ij rt l"n oflh.· III k 1all~too,:) I'T ""(,,II tIC"· ."tlf'IS (to I'w(loxc m,',,, 1'10:') 

Examl.les ofGI)l'ernllll'ntal Pure Public Guods 

1'" 'e 1,,,111 ic g< .. Id~ a ro rel,,~ wei Y .... ' e. (),'" I'" ~ e~" '" pI~ <If ~ ~"v r n mcnl !Ill''' bl k !I<I',d is n><"" i"a I rc"",a reh 

11" 'l"",a.ch fu ndt:d by Ihe N~I lonml I n.~1 il u Il"; "fll~.II h pnldu,-...,; , cu. e (,,' c.oc.:" all f\ k~ ns will bi::nclil 

fIV '" Ihi~ di~r.I""ry. Th,' benefit ~"C ch", d II)' line 1''''"'''' ;~ nol eduo::~d by 11K- t>\'nc(il ,,~i, ... -d h)"U\""'~: nlU'~' 

"'''''. I he ""lucurthe diSl."OVI:'Y \" ~..c " i",lividu,,1 wou ld " ·,,,,,in Ihe s"",e cVl:n iflll" U.s. P<>I,uM Ion d"UhJ"ll 

llnolh,,>· noh.I)I,· ~xn OlI)lc of" pu,e uulllic 8' ~'d Is l\ ~ ~~ll ndilu,". The ul,lily ()f on Arnt)" division 

>lr~" M1rc,,,(1 ,"IO"ic, lit'S in il~ dTedi""" .... ;n <~''''Il"'' in~ ro,d~n tnn:,iI< I" f\nwri"", I u nl"sl re"l'L"''''- 0"" 

I",rsnn'$ ho:ncfi~ rro)1II d,-(\,n!'C >I,c1\Il1 h is m,1 fl.·doc."l hl:<"u,;,." ln 1 S ~I"" bt:ncfit. "fhe milila,y dTc..,liVl:""fiIl 

" j" an lI,nl)" division " f an ~;N:r l e"";,,r "' 001 ,educ,'ll Ju.<t b\'('~""" I lit, "'z~ <it !>"dvllian 1>O ul"l~m b"'n~ 

dcr"mled If'''",'''''',' .. Fi".tty. ,livld u"l~ "nO)' n.o{."iVl: [lsychiesati.fllClion f,"", tm, P'"$<',,,,,II"n of wildl ife ." ... ildt·, ncS~ &,c.". 

Tn .. 11S)",h;" ""Ii.(ad .... n i. nlll ""'DCed 1"''' ''11>11: "I hen; "",e;"" Lh ~""n", lI"nefit ~ nd i. ""I di"'ell)" ~!r~d"d by 

h"n~c"; In I he ['>-IlpU~'1 i.)n. I)" "<mln"l. erQll)'lIIe,,1 ilf ~ n~l ","~ll'"rX IIIIl)' I", cd cl~ 1 if [l(l[lul~1 iol" im:te';c,>i 

., 
145 

T III: ~' SC'" L <:0._1' ,IV U NI.A III I'll L' ,-\tI( : ... "'" rs ""Il " "'S&1o'TY Ttl Til E U.s, TAXI'A nM 

lead In cr .. ""Ii"$' In C'I "I!e'lu~ncc. !;e",,,,,1 adiviliL's In P'L"'!'<l'W ~l'cd ... 'I' on"y I", ,·tm~,dc""d a pulolic g<~Hj, 

whik pr<lVision In 11",k~ is" I"ivol e 11"'111. 

I' ure I'ublic Goods Compared to 1"opuIDtion .. lIllSed Goods 

Man~ govNnm"nl ..,n·;';", lh"t ar~ ,Iuhl>l.il public ~~ ure nIIl I'"" I"'bl;" IIOud~ "A;u""ml<l~ Tho",,,,, 

M,oCo,dy. Thurnill' N~chyl~,. a nd J3)' BhawO('hot)'a ~I"I" thai" ,dal ively re", ,.>f' Ihe !W(>d~ 1I1'I>d",, d by II h~1 

!I<)"", nnlenl ;...-eIM "r~ pu ,e puhl K: j(Of>Il.\ . in Ihe """"" I hal the f.u~l lOr pmviding II", lIlO m~ le",,1 of I he ~0<,,1 

,~,,,,,,,do ll lto thc !'i.e rlh~ lH)pUlo'i,"' ..... In ul~r "'N<J~. n,nrl}, ~""'n ntcnl $"'.'.i<..... ~ I'l.f('T'l"<llo L"\.' nvtn· 

I i"",,11,y , •• "public lIuod." ~'tl d 1<, "" inct""""d ,.1 added eX I"'""" I" thu ~xpaY"r a" thu 1'01'ul.tO<I" ,ne' """"$. 

Ihet'l'II)'''IoIHlin lh'' .. tll"tI(jn "f"t/:t1 ...... ')S1 exle n~ ~l1 i' ",lditi(Jnol u~c"', 

Flit .",~mpl~. ",tk" 1" ,"e~tio" i~ C)Ocn in'~'rt<."'lly ",rcrr~oJ I""~ a "publIC g,~,d: "("rUt·. p"!"'" liC) 1'",. 

vide ~ dilfu><: ,;", vico: Ih"l l>c.ncfil>; ncorly all menth"",,,,r a <lImmunily, lIul lh,· !',:ndil lhol ~~"h indIvidual 

" ",dv.'t< ffl'm " IlC)lic~ "m .. .." i~ ,t'lluc<'Il hy lhe c13in's I hUI olhe, ili~ ~ m~y rna"" un Ihe IK>li<"e oll'tc.:,·s Ii ml!.. 

S,""<~'ne living In a lo",n ,>I' ,.ull p,,~e~l"d by" "j n~le (l<,licc oUite • .o:cL~ fa, m'fTC prol "Cl ion f rum I h,,1 ""I ~'C 

"l1\c~t l hun wilul,! an'l\h r indh'idu"! ph~.~clcll hy Ihe ""mt· ~i!\J:I" poIke ,l(li<:o.<t in , lown "flO,OOO. 

Tho National lL'sc~ tch CI>ondl c~pl"in!l I hal g'lVC'n m"nlll<:"'«:c~ 'hul \!crkl,,,lly ncc"ll In "" increased ,,~ 

IhI I~'l'ulnlion inc"",,''':!! nn: nul ,cal pul~ ~' /I.<"~I" . 11 rc(c ~ I" Ih • .sc ~c "ic<." uS 'Ciln)!el'1 iN~' g>~~t'" If ~""h n 

l'rOj(f~m f<'malns Ii ~cd i n "i~ o a. 1m, num b\:r nf uso.:rs inttca,;., •. 11 may bcl;omu ·l~ "\Il<'~I "<I. · nd the '!,,"Iily 

",""crv,ct: will '''''''''l''!'"lly he "il"",~l. A n ,Ii>vio". ex","ple ",,,,,Id he hi;thw~y". 0 11"". examl,I .... of""u"),.,,,.I· 

jhl,," i!O'od. mt.scwc,.,.. patb. f" .... d"l)al"m~nl •. t>O!k~. <OUI'I$, ~nd m",1 ""rvlt~., "h, .. ~ type, ofptlllttnn>S 

"rC ~"lcg<.'I.e<I ,., ·I"~'~ I~I t"n-~ed · services in the 1'''I>c r. 

In ""n! r"~1 I" (IOI,ul,,) i"n·b ... <;<.~1 !lCrvioes. ~"v"rn",""! ul "",c puhl((' )l()(~I~ hov" odd n"""j P""I"" Ii, .... lh,· 

f:>el thai" Inw·inron'c IWI'S<>n who paYlIli We Or ntllhit\)! in Ine< rec..oi,'tS iJ<'nefolf,nm &"'"Crnmcnl dofens.:. 

,,,. m"dic.1 n:""~r<h p"'lll'alllS d<>c. ""I i,n(>l15f: added ",e,L, '" .cduc" Ihe 01 ilily u( Ih. "", p"')(ran'~ '" lithe! 

h.~paye'l< Thc,~fi"e. k Is il),oc< u.nk III s .. lh~llhc "on·l xl'~Y"N.' " ""uClhc,,", 1" ");"'01' imp'~n hun.!en 

(In nlht''''"I':OYC", On Ih ~ lh~rh"nd. n"n' ax1''IY'''~O' ind,vi\luMs .... ho W~Y liltle in IIIX ..... ~t'l' .(rc." rid,"s' 

on puhlir gDhtl ~ in Ihe ""noc l~'" IMY hcn'elll from" !CUM rot· ",h,eh Ihey haw ""l lla«l. 

Th~enlryoll'onl3wful lO' low-skill in'A,is'al1's in\<} Ihe tJ duc~ MI il1Cr ~H;:c I"" ,~,~ I~ o. redute the util· 

ily 1)1' 11ul~i < go>O<l8 (flt ntherlaxpa)"'t&; Iheref" .... ll(lhlic ll" ,>d~ ~I>cndlng I~ ",,1 included In I he rwl 1\:«:,,1 def«:il 

c'Uk"I~Iit>n~f"r unl"wf\lllntot ~rnnl h''''', ;o! (' ld~ prc,>cnlcd In lhi!p.l.et. Il ~ '1mlrnsl. l hc cnlry"funlawr,,1 

i III m Igr~ n\..~ dues i ""0""" eo >61~ a n<J re<JU('~ I hi:: 0111 il y 'l" CQIW'~t il)k'" Or pupu 101 ion-base<J ~~rvkC!' (Q t ..,1 ~, 

tuxl"'Y.'S; Ihc ... fot~. 11«,,,,, cxrcnd it un'. h,,,,, I>t" n i nelmlc,lln Ihe Olel fistul dd,cit c"ku""ion~ fo, I"w·.kill 

in"ni~",nt h\>u>eh"lds p""i:nl d in Ihi.< pUf'Ct . 

•• 
146 

Appendi.'\: Tables 

s r.:CIAI. ReNIRT so. , .. 

loMU.:IO,. 

Characteristics of the Unlawful Immigrant Population: Department of Homeland 

Security and Heritage Foundation Estimates 

u.s.. 0_"", .. , of H ....... d So<IIri!~ Tho ~Itogo fo ... d. ' .... 

Hulnboto/_. .. , ll.!i ... _ 

11.5 "'_ ~""* .. c..-..~ IOJ5<ri1bl 10. '-C "....,., 

NoIinC-", 115_ 1.1~"'"""" 

V.1t 0/ AnI •• 1 

2000-1011 ,,~ 

, ... ~ ~,. ~-J78'* 

-~ .. ~ 17.6''''' 

_. ... 

,,~ U .. 18'014 

151<134 '''' "'" ,,~ J~ 1'110 

35\044 "'" .'" 45anddd.;, "" "'" 

* " .. "" ." ..... " .. ~ .. .p.n .1 O<'ci' ",,~ rdfA<><,oI "'_lea 71_';110 76 a-w. 1Y\(!o;,~ 591"10 .,. ". "", ~,~ "'" '" .~ 

'- , .. ". .~ ,.'" ,.'" 
147 

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Federa1 Out1ays: Fisca1 Year 2010 (Page' of 4) 

fUNCTION AND SUBfUNCnON 

050 National Oe! ..... 

OSI~""'" 01 0., ........ · """11')' M",", ... _ 

Op.n''''' ''''~ 

"~- -,.",h,~. los~ _f .... .,.,..., 

f>l,1JII,), (ot!s'rIIClloll 

f .... 1Iy t<w>itw 

.~ 

OS I 5ub! ..... o.".ro, .... cI ~· i:lTO<y 

~ __ ~V"",""",OC'lI'ih.' 

~ O'hno ........ t..d ",,1.,1 ... 

150 "'''''''''0,\01 .o.tt .... 

lSI _ ... tiono/ o.,.. oIoo:m<nt...., iIurtIo~" ... ist ..... e 

152 "".....- <C<IJ';IV...riUon<. 

153 car.;."c, oIl...w> 011 .... 

l~ ~ "*""""o".-..! ~ octi ..... 

155~fW!A'lcial-"" 

150 GMttoI SoItnco, ~ .... """ Tot/'ItIOIoO 

2S1 Gen.!oJ KlIn~"""bo>i< ...... """ 

2S'~~hI."""'",h,md,"IIIIO<\II1t"~~1M 

"'-2/I' .... tv...,.,...,. 

7f2E""1(11 .......... oI!l"" 

214~_1'Y""~' 

776,,...IlY __ '0f\ ~ • .-..!""",lo!.", 

100 No' .. " ~"""'''' ... ...o ,...u..n.....,t >OIWO' ''''<:S<ror ... 

•• 

mc...-... IM_ ...... "'~ 

J011.,(t .. ..,....~ 

lG4l'b11u1im <Dt1'" _ oINh,m .. 'rf. 

306 Ot/oo ....... ,OJ """""'" 

Tot", N.,UO'lII -..-."'11 E ............... OI 

MillIONS 

OFOOUAJ1;5 ~n" 

15~.6\IO ""bkllOOd 

115.988 

133.603 

""- 16.990 ."'- 21.1~9 

1113 --""'- ~ ."' f'Iltir(gcm .... 666.10] 

19.11~ ,."' ."'- --

""!>III:guod M," l'<IIII;c tood 

1~01~ 

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·224 --

""bf"'F 4S.19S P<ibUc guod 

11.128 

18.110 ""'- l'utlfr(j!I?O<I 

30,098 l< lood 

,.~ 

4.9\11 

,W 

lUll '" fW<lI.Iion ~ H'-

,,~ ."' ... 10,1'I!1 

3,911 -"" f'opoIo!loft·oo .......... "'" 

10.8<2 f'WuIo,_"" ...... .". ~po l'urit(.p>! 

41,66i 

5IIl!l 'l __ 
148 

Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 (Page 2 of 4) 

FUNCTION AND SUBFUNCT10N 

300 "~ R""""",,, 0<Jd [",,",,,,,,,,,,I 

JOlw .... ,....,.,.. .. 

3()] ""'-, ... "",, ..... !arld .,.."..,....,. 

3()1Ro:u.,Uo"01"",,",,,," 

)()4 PoIiuIkw> ,«>1«0 """ .... 11_ 

l:l60""""",",01_ 

l5(l~, .... 

lSI faml""""",,.-.. .... J5l Al!>i<tIIM., ,..."."'ft .......... «:eo 

170 c~ ond """"'''' C,od" 

311 """'-<f<"d;' 

372_01 ...... ", 

313 o.,p:,.I,_nro 

J760""",""""""_01 .......... ,,,, (TARf'",_) 

Total, C_, • .,.; I1oo»inI C_, 

.-ooT~"" 

4DI Gooun<l "..-..-uli"" 

402''''~ 

4/)) Wi,,,, ",_ .. ,"'" 407~lt __ I"" 

45(1 C~ _1\esion>1 DevoI_, 'S lc-""",IV~"'" 

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~5otioI ..... :c.os 

MIUIONS 

OF DOltA1';5 

1~~56 

10.1113 

3.911 

10,841 

6.470 

' 3,66< 

16,~ 

4,151 

a'~ 

35,/I00I 

.~, 

-12.0B 

·a5,381 

.", .. 

,,~ 

21,431 

9,351 

.. 

91,912 

9.901 

3,149 

10.6"" 

13.904 

112(;1 

10,023 

3,631 

'.~ 

t765 

19.)76 

11l',710 

s r .:CIAI. RCP<>RT )i0; '"" 

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149 

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Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 (Page 3 of 4) 

fUNCTION ANO SU8FI1NCTION 

so litalth 

!oS I _" 'iIIIl..:nlce> 551_""""' ........... ._.-... \Ild 

5S1~lh ..... _...._ 

551_" ...-choro::l ...... 

~ Com~""""",, _ottonal hc.>iII1.rId,..~,ty 

600 I .......... S ..... ""' 

SOl G.nnI",,,,,,,,",,,, oro::Idi .. b!ll1' ..... """. (~J<><iIl"""";'Y) 

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r.olr._~"'I_.rId~~IV''''"I~'''''lpu/J1o:(I:OO-l 

,~ ... 1502~1~~.""6$of,il;1 '~¢\I>Ct 

S03~_ .... 11""("""""" .. .,.,e .. ....,..;'UIIl) 

foO.IIl_"'l_. 

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1!09 Oltoc. ""<7'1< ><WIlly (S.~t.oI5«I.rily ""'omt<. Il0l" ........ ~_'"""""'c...dil, T.".,r:>« .. v .... obUn:~IO-...F ..... I ... w....... ~ AWsW'<», r ... , .. c.." ChIld c.. oro::I 0.1.:1 OuYdopmett! 810.;1 G>.nI) 

700 o.l ....... _~ ..... 5_ .. 

701 "-"""""""'IY t... .... '1 ..... 

7!l211L1fI"'" O\IUCOl1l>tl. , •• ~.rId _10110)0 

7C3~01 oro::I ......... < .... r .. Yd"'..,. 

7c. v.. .......... _"". 

705 01+>0> ' ''''''mI bor" .. fb <Ir'od "".".,. 

7SO_W.,..,oIJusIlee 

"' 

151Iod« ........ ~ .. 'MlIo<> 

1521_ tlipllw .... ju6c::.4 odM\;e, 

753 Fo<Iet.l co<'",,,- .:Ii>!!;" 

lSoI c_ I""Co ""is"""" 

MIIJ,IONS 

or OOLl.ARS PROGAAM TYP£ 

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• 

]]0.110 

~.'" •. 14~ 

,,.. 

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16C,\A~ 

53,651 

95, l1 D 

lsun 

'9,161 

,~ 

'5.11, 

~ 

4,816 

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1S.11~ 

1~ft7J 

1.145 

( ,849 

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~-.......". Pl.bIic!lll)O(l 

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Federal Outlays: Fiscal Year 2010 (Page 4 of 4) 

fUNCTlON ANO suaruNCTloN 

IJOO G ........ GIMIt_ 

8CI\qi>!o!No "'oction!. 

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TOTAl OUTLAYS MINU$ OFfSrmNG R(C(lPTS, UNlMP\.OYMEHT 

INSlJRIo.NCE, ANOTARP REPAYMENTS(IJNOER coot 17~) 

MIlliONS 

OfOOUARS 

4,OBi 

,~ 

11.'>'06 

,,~ 

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.~ -1,104 

nOli 

--&1,2(,8 

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-29.539 

-1.431 

PROGRJ..M TYP£ 

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Removing Federal Grants-in-Aid Ifrom State 

and local Expenditures, 2010 (Paige 1 of 2) 

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h ...... ~ ..... (,,;,_1 

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I.n_ .. ".,..s;,_( .... ~ 12USO 

In""""" "" _.,-.c 105,721 

101., <liNn .. _dil""", 2,S3II.114 

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'18,1!>'J 251,l8'J 136,m .m ')~ '.~ 

\36,618 11l4.1Q2 lL916 

2,143 129.802 

.. ~ I.~l 

155,170 43,991 llU72 

23,129 ],882 19.247 

,~ .. .., ,,~ ". , •. 

242,110 ." 242.255 

S7~,029 S176J .,- 43,2!)6 2l,12!l " ... 12,02_ 11.02. 

~)~ 12,555 16.551 

~.~ '" ~O. 0l 

..... H89fi 

21.1116 ,,~ 

, ... 249,004 

.~ ." ". "'" 1 •. 212 

•. '" UI,.144 

lO5,721 

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152 

A l'r'::;1 >I ~ 'rA ,~ A-J 

Removing Federal Grants-in-Aid Ifrom State 

and local Expenditures, 2010 (Paige 2 of 2) 

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11 • .)61 

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un 

2.502.111 

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State and local Expenditures l e$s Federal Grants and User Fees, 2010 (Page 1 of 2) 

""""'. m~, """ltn , .. ~. ~..:I .aa.l ,e" .. ,''"s M..o .... ·K ... 1t<I 

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171.SU Me .... ·"""""bo.-ref'" 

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11,91~ 

19.204 ~_-d_ .. 

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12.038 

10,700 .~- I'ql""--~ .- F't!I'oJLttoon-t-o:! ".,..;c.. .'" ~l '''''' __ 

149,0'J.I f"opUo''''_ ....,...ren 

78.602 

~., 

-/'opuIo, ... ... ~ ..,rVia, 14.:187 1'opU<i1iat-_ -. 

~,~ ~._..,....;w 

105,121 Coolo cIw Ie PHI SC!M:H 

1.342.368 

US.l61 Dn:ctl»"loldS "'- COO\s _ "'P"! ..,.Ioeo 

12,!0Q8 ~Puoo!~, 

M31 I'opWlioft -t>oM<i "'"''""'' 

12.111 1\>pIIJ!""'-......,. ),5<)9 

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State and l ocal Expenditures l e$s Federal Grants and User Fees, 2010 (Page 2 of 2) 

Bulls" r.O<tlo. 

1Ieaibo",;oro. f'''''''_' .. !iwC<iOts .. ~IO~''_ 

~"'!"'~r.JI .e""b~!~p.II!I~~ 

C.mduo '" PI$! >eIY>Oi!.~ 10 PIbi<: 1I>OCi> 

s."" ...... $.>blOIolI.by • ...,..r"1! IYP'o' 

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f'unt ~;cpx! . >'.''''Mu' .... 

172.\103 

147,875 

66',155 

~m "'., 

22,193 

L9)9,041 

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Federal Government Taxes and Revenues, FY 2010 

AgNptoR_ AoW<>INI Subtolo" 

(~0'f0j1 ..... oIdoIla<".\ (~ .. _.of doll.or<) 

In:f ......... income' ..... 

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()Ido_onrj~"""'"",Q 

~w""" ..... ~ 

klWtol ...... ...... 

01"'" ""h'metrl rl!(o:.Pti 

110_ ... 0-

RoIIro.><I _ ... ",<",;\v<o""'."'" 0<000'" 

fe<Io .. remgloyuu.ru<>lnor~"1r,....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 

Noo.IIdonf.",~"".""_ 

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r .... """"_IJ..,. 

-

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h", • .ru8iflla. 

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~n-~ • ..,;forfo;,_ 

ou...r_n>UJOU 

~-.. "'" 

8ge,S49 

191,0 1 

811,7';~ 

e,236 

~, s.o2 

.. m 

18.885 "m 

"'~. 

73,8015 

:z.U2,445 

_ Rp .. ...-'lII~_ .. -.",..... .... ' ..... ,_.~""' ..... _ ..... ,15..t>Iooort .. _ """', .. _-......-.l ... -.. 011 .. oj "'-""" ..-.I ~ ~-II ... ,Ml<dSMJo>Gow. __ """"'"" l\w JO~ ~ _ P 2'/00, 

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m.'" 

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180,068 

2.28. 

,.. 

<,062 

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11,\80 

~, 

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3-1,992 

10,M' 

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11,861 

8.110 

.~ 

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158 

State and Local Taxes and Revenue, 2010 

-,,- PtoI>.:ttv 

-.- -_ .... ~.'" 11_,-... Totoc<op<OO/<l. 

P\Jt:tIc"til/lles 

Qtn.,......,.;"'~ 

--WfICI'''._ 

--"'..",...., 0I"'1>,Od 

~-....~~ 

""" ........ mir@> 

~....,.''''''I1l. 

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[~Qn""""'!JUl\. 

"'"' ''''.,I1 ......... lo<ol ............ 

'~"",,,-,._~I"_',,,,,,~ 

~ .. .,. ~ ... """ 

(io millioM 0/ doI\on) 

A4 1.66J 

2&1.910 

146.166 

160.3ltl 

42.960 

22.498 

11.116 

m .... 

99.1110 

UM66 

l.9114.512 

... ",r-$S6J_II ___ ~'~_h,,_,,"'.'6."'.onoI __ ' 

s r .:CIAI. RCP<lMT SO,I3:I 

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IVY "., 

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,~. 

17,/53 

IIU,3oIS 

1S.191 

16,W2 

1,38] 

J'I,101 

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Mr. KING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Then I wanted to ask the question of Mr. Amador, the bill prohibits an employer from checking current employees unless they 

check all current employees. So let me suggest that if you had a 

national restaurant burger chain, and you had—in one or more of 
177 

the locations you had reasonable suspicion that a high percentage 

or even any of your workforce was working unlawfully, under this 

E-Verify bill, how would you go about doing your due diligence as 

a citizen to verify those employees if you had that administrative 

burden of all the employees in the Nation, as Ms. Blitstein has 

said? 

Mr. AMADOR. Well, let us—I will say a little bit of history, and 

I know Ms. Blitstein—Blitstein reported on that a little bit. 

When the Federal Government, when the Obama administration 

continued the policy of the Bush administration requiring Federal 

contractors to reverify the entire workforce, the U.S. Chamber of 

Commerce filed a lawsuit. They have since lost that lawsuit, but 

it was accounted that it cost millions of dollars to reverify people 

that had already gone through the current system and there was 

no suspicion of any of them being undocumented. 

The same is still true for the entire workforce. It is very expensive to go back and reverify, particularly in our industry where you 

have such a high turnover rate, to bring everybody in and make 

sure that you didn’t miss anybody, even the owner, because if you 

did that, then you open yourself for liability. 

Mr. KING. Would you prefer to have the option that as an employer at a location could just simply run one or more of the employees who he verified that were current employees? 

Mr. AMADOR. We have always supported a voluntary reverification with good cause. That doesn’t mean that we want to waive 

other nondiscrimination and antidiscrimination laws, but at the 

same time, you know, if you have good cause, if you have reason 

to believe that the—— 

Mr. KING. And I can get into that discrimination piece, because 

the computer doesn’t know the difference. But I would go to Ms. 

Wood in the time that I have left, because one of my other concerns, and I have a couple—one of my other concerns is that we 

have an executive branch that refuses to enforce immigration law, 

and so it is hard for me—although I like a lot that is in this bill, 

it is hard for me to get to the point where I can except that with 

a promise of enforcement of immigration law, we would actually 

get enforcement, since I have been watching this since 1986 and 

am disappointed with every Administration, including Ronald 

Reagan, on this issue. How could we expect the law to actually be 

enforced unless the President wants it to happen and believes in 

it? 

Ms. WOOD. Well, I think it is tough, and as I noted in my written 

testimony, I mean, it has been a challenge, you know, how can we 

do this more effectively? That doesn’t mean, I think, that we give 

up, and I think this bill and more and more employers going on 

E-Verify is a good start. 

I would note just with the idea of verifying kind of one employee 

at a time, I do think we have to be careful and build in some civil 

rights and civil liberty kind of protection, because you could have 

a well-intentioned HR manager that would just decide that only 

employees that don’t speak English well, those would be the one I 

would—would want to run through for existing employees. 

So I think we have to be careful if you allow people just to run 

an individual employee through without a reasonable amount of 
178 

suspicion or a particular investigation that would lead them to 

that. 

Mr. KING. Thank you, Ms. Wood. 

And I would note, Mr. Chairman, that you have already made 

the decision to hire, that would be when the discrimination would 

take place. 

And I yield back. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Iowa. 

The Chair would now recognize the gentleman from Florida Mr. 

Garcia. 

Mr. GARCIA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

Ms. Wood, you worked in the previous Administration, and back 

then, if I remember correctly, you favored comprehensive immigration reform. 

Ms. WOOD. That is right, and I still do, yes 

Mr. GARCIA. Good. 

I just want to get back to a statement that was just made. You 

would assume that since we are deporting about half a million people a year, that this Administration is enforcing immigration law. 

Ms. WOOD. I think that no Administration, the Bush administration included, has been effective in truly reducing the magnet of 

unlawful employment. I think we have all tried, we tried in different ways, and we haven’t succeeded. And so I think it makes 

sense to look at how can we improve our overall system. One of 

those ways is by making E-Verify mandatory and looking at that. 

I certainly think that the continuation of the Secure Communities 

program has been a very positive thing, and there has been other 

positive things in the Obama administration as well. 

Mr. GARCIA. Thank you. Just glad to know—I am glad that you 

agree that we are enforcing immigration law. It is an important aspect to this. 

I want to ask you, following up, you would—you would agree 

with me that sort of continuation of an immigration system that is 

broken under the current confines makes absolutely no sense, 

right, that you are probably trying to do the impossible? 

Ms. WOOD. I think our system is broken, has been broken, and 

we need to do something to fix and address. I think we have a responsibility to do that, even though it is tough, and even though 

the answers, frankly, may not be perfect. But I do think this bill 

on the E-Verify piece, I will say, is, in my view, better than the 

proposal in the Gang of 8 relating to employment verification, so 

I hope that something more similar to this could be considered at 

an appropriate time 

Mr. GARCIA. I would imagine that because you believe in comprehensive immigration reform, you see this as a part of a broader—broader component. This is but a component of an overall immigration overhaul, and that what we need to do is fix it all at 

once and get it done, correct? 

Ms. WOOD. We need to fix it, but if this is all we can do, I would 

say let us start with this. So I am—you know, I certainly think we 

need to fix it, but—but just like DACA, it may be that there are 

portions of reform that make sense in different chunks, and that 

the American people are—and Congress would be able to do that 

in kind of sizeable pieces, and I am not opposed to that. If we can 
179 

do it in one overall bargain, you know, kind of all the better, but 

we have got to make sure we get every piece of it right. Got to 

make sure we get interior enforcement right, border enforcement 

right, future demand right, and that is very difficult, particularly 

in a bill that is almost 900 pages. 

Mr. GARCIA. You do realize, though, the complexity when we 

have Members of this Committee who find the ability of doing immigration at all or making the assertion, almost ludicrous assertion, that Americans are willing do all these jobs when we found 

that that has not been the case across the board probably for the 

last two decades, correct? 

Ms. WOOD. These are incredibly tough issues, and I think the 

fact that Congress is focusing on them so much now makes a lot 

of sense. And so I just hope that there is political courage on both 

sides of the aisle to seek for a reasonable situation that is not perfect, doesn’t satisfy everyone’s equities, but moves the ball forward, 

because the current situation we are in, I think, is not tenable and 

not sustainable in the way we would like for the American public. 

Mr. GARCIA. Okay. I wanted to—thank you. 

I wanted to ask Mr. Mondi a few—a question. 

So, you know, implementing these requirements to the agriculture industry, last time it came up, there was sort of an outcry 

because it could basically shut down the agricultural industry, and, 

in fact, there were consequences when we had enforced certain provisions in certain parts of the country. So is—is the E-Verify that 

we are proposing here workable for your industry, and would 

you—— 

Mr. MONDI. E-Verify is important as part of—there are a couple 

other components. I know after this hearing we are going to be discussing a workforce—a guestworker bill. 

Mr. GARCIA. Uh-huh. 

Mr. MONDI. And now for specific comment, certainly that panel 

can address those, but there is also the legalization factor where 

if you have people who develop skills over time that have been here 

working hard, which we know in agriculture in particular, since 

that is your question, there is a lot of them, without some—you 

can’t pick up three-quarters of the workforce, throw them out, and 

just bring in—replace that with new people that have no experience and maybe even ability. 

So, I think that E-Verify is going to absolutely be a part of advancing agriculture, but I think it is going to be imperative that 

there is a guestworker program, and that there is some legalization 

program as well. 

Mr. GARCIA. Or broader comprehensive immigration. 

Mr. MONDI. And all those things together are contingent on each 

other, so they need to be together. 

Mr. GARCIA. Thank you. Thank you very much. 

Mr. Chairman, I yield back the balance of my time. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from Florida. 

The Chair will now recognize the gentleman from North Carolina, the former U.S. attorney Mr. Holding. 

Mr. HOLDING. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 
180 

Ms. Blitstein, welcome. I understand you are a constituent of 

mine, so it is a delight to have you in the Committee today, and 

so I will ask you a few questions. 

In the years that NC State has been using the E-Verify system, 

have you had situations in which E-Verify has helped identify 

places in which documents presented by an individual for the I-9 

process were not, in fact, valid even though they looked valid on 

their face, as current law requires? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. In our experience we had, that I can think of, 

about two situations that I can think of with clarity where the system did catch that they were fake documents. One of—they are 

both green cards or permanent resident cards. One of them was actually very good, and it took me a little while, after I got the result, 

to figure out where some of the fraudulent aspects had come in. 

And then there was one that was not quite as good, but the system 

captured that right away, and then we terminated that employment. 

Mr. HOLDING. And did you follow up with law enforcement at all 

on the fraudulent documents? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. We did not. And because through the E-Verify 

system, now at least the Department of Homeland Security was 

aware that those individuals were using fake documents, and so we 

ended our employment, which is our obligation, and then that is 

when we ended the matter. 

Mr. HOLDING. And do you have any idea whether the Department of Homeland Security followed up on, you know, occurrence 

of fake documents being used with individuals? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. On those two instances, I am not aware, and 

Homeland Security did not reach out to my office at all about those 

two individuals. 

Mr. HOLDING. The—this is to the whole panel. You know, as a 

situation like that arises, and, you know, you catch an instance of 

false documents, have any of you ever gone beyond what is required and reached out to law enforcement to ask them to follow 

up on, hey, we have someone here using false documents? 

Ms. WOOD. I work with some companies that under the IMAGE 

program have a protocol where they can relate certain things to 

ICE and so have done that on certain occasions. But it is not where 

they have an individual employee that is a problem, but where 

they are seeing kind of a current pattern or something else, like 

the fraud is shifting of individuals trying to get through the system, and they report that. 

Mr. HOLDING. All right. The—again to you, Ms. Blitstein. How 

many resources are wasted when an employer is required to actually hire an employee before the employer can check the work eligibility of that employee and subsequently finds out that the new 

employee is not work authorized? 

Ms. BLITSTEIN. Because of the industry that I am in, higher education, I would say that we are unique from some in that we have 

not found a large instance where we did subsequently have any 

issues with documentation. So it is not something that has occurred and wasted a lot of our time, but certainly, like my colleagues can say, I do understand when you get the tentative nonconfirmation, and that process can take a while to get resolved, 
181 

that there are resources that potentially could be effective, or you 

are training someone and then they have to leave. But at least at 

NC State we have not really had that as a situation. 

Mr. HOLDING. All right. 

Ms. WOOD. And, in fact, if I could just add. 

Mr. HOLDING. Sure. 

Ms. WOOD. Particularly what we see in the proposed Senate bill, 

the idea that after a nonconfirmation an individual can then go to 

an ALJ, I mean, there is so much uncertainty for an employer, and 

I think that is very problematic, and you are going to have employees who are not authorized who are going to try to game the system and stay and work as long as possible. So I think that it is 

stretching out the amount of time before the employer has a final 

decision could be a really kind of problematic thing in terms of 

business operation, money wasted on training for people who ultimately aren’t authorized, et cetera. 

Mr. AMADOR. And I would like to add. 

Mr. HOLDING. Yes, sir. 

Mr. AMADOR. In our industry, I guess, is the opposite. Because 

of the demographics of our industry, and we are very proud of our 

diversities at all levels, from managers to cooks to dishwashers, 

you know, we are very proud of that, but we get a disproportionate 

amount of these nonconfirmations than vis—vis other industries. 

The number one cost is the cost of training. You know, you are 

training this individual for a job that he may not have the following day, and at the same time you cannot hire somebody else 

to do the job. So that is the number one reason. 

So, one thing that is very important that we have been asking 

for for years, from both Democrats and Republicans, is something 

that is on this bill: being able to conditionally hire somebody that— 

saying, well, if everything checks—you know, right now you can 

look at background checks, you can look at all of these other checks 

except employment authorization. Under this bill, you can make 

employment conditional on a final confirmation, and that that is 

very important because you do not waste all that time and money, 

you know, training somebody that might not end up working for 

you after all. 

Mr. HOLDING. Thank you very much. 

Mr. Chairman, I yield back. 

Mr. GOWDY. I thank the gentleman from North Carolina. 

The Chair would now yield to the gentlelady from California for 

a question. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Just one quick question, Ms. Wood. You, I think, 

said that it would be a concern that unauthorized workers would 

game the system to string it out. Do you have any—are there any 

studies, or, I mean, any evidence to support that statement, because I—at least in what we have seen, people who are here unauthorized, the last thing they want to do is come to the attention of 

anybody. I mean, they are hightailing it down the street if they get 

caught. What data to you have to support that? 

Ms. WOOD. Certainly there are companies that I have worked 

with where that has occurred. And so I think that the attitude is 

changing a little bit, and part of that may be people, you know, are 

hoping that there is going to reform in the system, and so that if 
182 

they can just work a little bit longer, 2 or 3 weeks, while they are 

employing for a job down the street, they would do that. 

I would say several years ago we didn’t see that. I think there 

was more willingness even—unfortunately, even people who are 

authorized, but may be new immigrants, if there is a TNC that 

came back, sometimes they would leave the job when they 

shouldn’t have. But now we are actually seeing people who are contesting even final nonconfirmation. 

Ms. LOFGREN. If you could provide us some examples of that, I 

would appreciate it. I remember my former counsel on the Subcommittee when I chaired who was an American citizen and—you 

know, an Immigration counsel, who was given a tentative nonconfirmation. 

Ms. WOOD. Right. 

Ms. LOFGREN. And it took her—I mean, she is an immigration 

lawyer. I was Chair of the Immigration Subcommittee. It took 

her—— 

Ms. WOOD. That might be the problem. 

Ms. LOFGREN. It took her almost a month and a half to sort it 

out, and, I mean—and if there is no process, you just get fired, and 

if you don’t get notified—— 

Ms. WOOD. Right. 

Ms. LOFGREN [continuing]. Then you can never fix it. 

Ms. WOOD. Well, you certainly should have the process, and I 

think the current process generally works. I will tell you that right 

now we have had some people that have gotten a final nonconfirmation, but are authorized, and what they have able to do, and 

we have helped them, go to USCIS and get that resolved. So I do 

think it is important that on an individual basis there are ways 

that if the government kind of doing it and they go and address 

that. What I am concerned about is institutionalizing the idea of 

having an ALJ and other layers there—— 

Ms. LOFGREN. I am not necessarily talking about the Senate bill 

so much as the need for Americans to not be treated unfairly. 

Ms. WOOD. Oh, yeah, and I think the current TNC process, I 

think, works generally very well. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I am going to stop, because I want to thank the 

Chairman for letting me ask that question, and I don’t want to 

abuse his good courtesy. 

Mr. GOWDY. Yes, ma’am. Thank you. I thank the gentlelady from 

California. 

The Chair will now recognize himself for 5 minutes, and I would 

begin by asking unanimous consent to enter into the record the following: letters of support for H.R. 1772 from the National Restaurant Association, Associated Builders and Contractors, Essential 

Worker Immigrant Coalition, National Retail Federation, Darden 

Restaurants, and a statement of support for this bill from 

ImmigrationWorks USA. Without objection, so entered. 

[The information referred to follows:] 
183 

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~ belie'1; th,. kgi$l,,,,,,, rtp"""n' " fors' 'ep IIIwards a rthabl. and dlid<n, S)'51~'[J\ th:n "ori.s fo.- boIh 

cmpIOl'.~:md cmploy=, W~ part",,,I,,,]) "IlIl"'"o:n" !he ,,,,,I,,,,,,,,, of the foll"",ns ,II the .fOrt,nCnllonod b,lI 

A RI'IIIl8 ..,fc harbor pro,'" ,,,,, 10 1'''''""' ""'1'10)'.", f",." p"""'ClIuon ~qx:n. ',c s "I", " III<.,> aa ,n good 

f.lllh \\1111 ~1l5 H12 E_Venfj' 

Fcrlcr.ll p","mpl''''' lanSlI:IgC tha, ",II bene, allo\\' mpl~ c~ 1<1 oorodu<l b","ocss "" ...... !.lle Ii ..... 

'""""" be,1IS ,n CtlI,<laI\, conn", ",," ",:lie or 1"",,113\ .. Ih:\l m:wl:llQ ,,,nfo.a"OO ro.. .n,pI~ n'o,,, 

'b,h ~ P"IJIO$<'S 

A IWO ~"'" ph"",-,. fu, cn,plo)c:rs ""h less ,haII }(J ,·ttfph.y"r¥ n".@t3d"al phaso-,n pro~\Ck. m""yor 

01>, nlCmbe",. "hQ h,~c hn1lled '''''''' ''''''''- " rc."",able I;nlc-f",,",, III "on'pl) wllh thc on"'" t-Vent; 

s~' .. o"' 

ABC COIIU""<$ 10 ' "WOn • \\'orkable, ",h:lbl". dlie .. n, ""d "~ '' <>-U$C on1pIO)'nI"n, ,'"nn .. ooo Sl.m ~"" 

"'CCIS ",gula<ors' n.,,'d, ""hQu, wld"l) bu!dc"u,s corruncrcc:Yl<l h""'IX:n"g "«",.,, .... I!IO>\Ih All"'''. II " 

;.pprc<;'a!~ )OU ' klloCkrsh,p on l-lR 1712,wI 1001; foIW:u-d to \\'orlan-8 w,,~ )'OU OIl ,mmigr,tl,OII rcfoo-m 

GcoffIC) Burr 

Vice Pn:sod;" •• F,'IIo.'flIl AffiI,rs 
185 

EWIC [ JSf"lItinl Worker h nrnigrathlll COjllitiou 

WIC SIIll~III"1II 

Ilia)' 7, ]O/j 

H.R. 1112 - u gal Workforce ,\ CI - Congrtn lllan LAma r Smilll IImJ HUllSI'. Jndicilll'), 

Cha irmlln. llob GoodlAtlt IntrodLlc t II Bill 10 ImlltOn rh t [-\ltrify System 

We write IOjhank YOII for the work done on I-I R 1772. The Legal Worklorce Act imroduced by 

Congressman Lamar Smith and House Judiciary Chaimll!J1, Bob Goodlalle on April 26, 

20n, and we suppon yUlir continued efTon~ toward immigration reform. This i~ II bill Illalo if 

paS5Cd. would mnndal~ an improved E-Vcrify program on all employers and for all new hires. 

We wanl10 enc<lI.If1Ige you in the prO(;e$S, 10 recognize the positive provisions. Rnd La e:'(press our 

concerns nn certain provisioos Ihnl W,t cannot support. 

EWIC is II coalition of businesses. trade ass<x:ialiOl1s. and OIht:t urganiuuions from a~r<»s tilt 

industry spectl\lm that suppor1s ref 'm1 of U $, immigration policy to fadlitate II sustainable 

w{)rkfo«:e for the American economy while ensuring our national security and pr()l;perity. We 

wam to underscore the need for establishing a workable. reliable Rnd efticient worksite 

enforcement employment eligibility system A new E-Verify ,,,andate would impact every 

business in the United States as well as every employee. 11 is imperative Illal this new sy~!cm 

function properly and be administel\Xl in the proper environment. 

Some of the most important goals for EW1C that are included in H R. 1772 arc· 

,.. Clarificalion Ihal federal j urisdiclion preentpts Slate and 100a]la'IS u~iness needs onc 

standard to comply with and eliminating Ihe morass uf Stllte and local ~mploymenl 

verification laws): 

,. Safe harbors for employers Ihal use E_Vcrify in good fai th (althou~h we rCC\lmmmd thaI 

"good faith" be fu rther clalitit:rl), 

,. FuUy electronic version \\il1 be available \0 employers, The full y electronic version wil! 

provide reminders to employtfll when temporary wor~ authorization is expirinS aud will 

provide printable and searchable records for employers; 

Adequate funding with resources. available to implement the program ",itb more tbon 1;])( 

million employers, 

NO! hurdensome to employer!! from eitber a COSt or an administrative pcrspecli\'e; 

, A reasonable nuntberor ,elia!:>l ... documettls 10 reduce r[';lud, 

Es. nt"~t Worj.;c:r bn""~nuoo , .. lIloon 

2111J J StI'l.'<1 NW. Slutc j(~~, "'osIl!'ij\I~ n DC 21~J17 

,7uJ'14').I37= 
186 

,.. A reuonable definition or"eri tiea) infrastruetur~' employers, 

" A 'kno"ins' inten! standard for liability for both employer.> and contractors ihat have 

SUDcOIltrnctor relntionships (,a l!hough we have rOllcems mbout the lower knowledge 

S\andard for the criminal penalties): 

A rcaSOf1able system response times; 

;. An option for employers to begin the verifiCluion process once IUl olTer has been 

oflicialJy mad~ , 

Provisions to make the systen'l won.able for our nation's small busineSses, induding 1011-

free telephonic ac~~s to Ihe )'~tem aIld II pha:w.-in 10 the prugram based on bu~in~s~ site. 

ensuring that larger employers enter the system first, followed by II Qnldual inclusion of 

smaller businesses: 

, Accountability for errors when l'fJlploycrs and/or employees are given inaccurate 

infOfmalion, and 

;. Recugllition that automalit debarment of employers from f~deral.!!O~en1ment conlrncts is 

nOi an au!hority that ShOldd tJ<l given to D~ S and must be handled through current law 

under the Fedel1ll Acquisition Regulations ("FAR' ), 

We would like to Sl~ improvemems itl Ihis I~ogislation that include. 

,.. One of the bi!! problems with E-Vcriry, is tllat it doesn' t thoroughly prevent identity theft 

More thought should be gh= to methods thH! employers could us;: to undertake 

~dditiO!1al veritication to miti~:ste id~ntity thef! issues, such as Self-Check. 

~ Lan~ua.\!c should be includt:d In INA St"(:tion 274A and Section 274B to protect 

~rI1 Jn m from liability for usin~ additional wrificatioo me1hods as loog as they are 

used across the board TIlis should be an additional safe harbor for purposes of 

employment eligibility veri(ica\ion aud for claims of Imlawli,l immigratiOll·relaled 

employment prRctices. 

We do not suppon the new c;riminnl penalties proposed by the Jcgi~lalion If addilional 

crim,nKI penalties are neces,;.ary beyond those in curren! law. \hen there should be 

clarification Ihal the new pen1lhics do not appl~ 'in "willful blindness" sitUlUiom; absent a 

showin!! of actual knowledge on the pan of the alleged perpetl1ltor, and ~lou(d only allow 

prosecutors to pU!1;ue vicariQ4.lS corporate liability for the actions of employees if the 

company lacked an adequate immigration compliance program, and 

There should be an investigative and enforeemem syStem that takes into eonsiderntioo 

concerns of small business and i, fair, \\;Ih penahies comm~nsunue 10 the olTense 

including provi~ions to protcc,t Iir.;Hime good fpith offenders cnUW1L in Ihe web of everchanging i'.>dcrBI law 

E5!i nt"~1 Wor1o;c:r hn""~nllon C .. I'Hon 

21111 I S1~ NW. Slulc j(~~, I'oISlII'ij!lon DC 2'~Jl7 

,7I1J,14·/· 137= 
187 

Congreu still needs to lix our immigllliion sy~tem to recugnize the Ot1going need of Ihe 

American econom~ for workl'rs when nOI enough Aml'rican workers are available, and to 

S<!parate those , .. 110 wish 10 hann our natjol1 from Ihv'!C who wish to help build il. The current 

sySTem docs nO! won; for an~one. and Congress "~ed~ to ~ddress the issue in n coherent mnnnl'T 

thai serves both our national securily and economic interests. EW IC is cumnlly reviewing and 

conlm~nling 011 Tide III of S, 744. Ih ~ Border Security. ECOIlomic Opponunity. and Immillflltiol1 

odemization Act and thai bill's Title d('aling with Employment Eligibility Vt'riftcation We 

believe that H R, 1772 iJ a beltt'r SIl!,ninl! poil1tthun S 744. and takes very si!91iftcanl ~t.·ps to 

achieving Ih~ goals impononT 10 EW1C for an improved E-Verify system We are prepared to 

cOt1tinue 10 wOIk with all involved to eSlablish a functional. reliable and efficient syslem 

61f/C" II /trumf./'Il,,'d cw/'/,w, 1>/ "m""/lI1 hu.,nr:<:<~s ~ml ""'"" ,,..,,,,11""""1"'''' """"', ,,,,,,,-,,,,,,,(1)' 1[14"'/"'''' ",,,,,,,,,,,,,<1 ~'lIh "",/t ",,.,.-.. Mllrll ~"" UIldrW,<I (· •• ",m'-~I ",*,,~ .j ,~"''' £WlC '"I'(K""U ""Iiei" l/tllifill"/""" 

1M ulpl",'/W'" of~~t~"" / ... <lrl. ... " /[I' 1'..') • . r:o/II/Wm .. ,hn, nrr """"It Ir) p"II,Im"TIC(IIJ "",*e'.r 

EMcnl"~1 Wo"'.,. lllllm,nlllon COIlIIIon 

21111 1 S1~ NW. S,ulc j(~~, ...... !L\.J>!Iij:tan DC !'~!17 

,71lJIH'J-137: 
188 

A ational Retail Federation ~ Th~ Voice of R!JUli/ WQ,It:JMdfJ 

The I-Ionorable Bob Gooc!lmte 

Chaim13n 

Comminee on the Judici~ry 

U.S. House of Rl"pa:!icmatin"s 

Washington. D.C. 20515 

Dear Chaiman GoodlJne: 

May 14. 2013 

On behalf of the National Retail Federation (NRF). I am writing YOli loday to thank you 

for the .... ork put ronl! on H.R. 1172. The Legal Workforce Act. H.R. 1772, If p~ssed. would 

mandate an irnprovl"d E-Vcrify program for all employers. This bill. introduced in April lOU.;$ 

nn irnponllnl component of immigration reform and .... e appreciate the crron pul fonh by you and 

Congressman Lamar Smith in scr~ing [0 addrcs) this IISpt'CI of immigration rcfoml. 

A~ the. world's lug"""t retail trade as:o:ociation and th ... voire of fl"tail worhJwide, NRr'~ 

global memben:hip include~ relai]ers of all sire.~ . fom13tJ; and channels of di~lribution ns well ~s 

chain rt'-'t~uranIS ~nd indll~tl)' pannen. From the United State~ and more than 45 cOuntrie~ 

abroad. tuthe U.S .. NRF repre,ents an indu try thnt includes more than 3.6 million 

~Iablishmen ' and which directly and indiJ'\!cLly accounll' for ~2 million jobi< - Ol)e iQ four U.S, 

jobs. The tOlal U.S. GOP impacl of retail is $2.5 trillion annually. und retail is a daily barometer 

for Ihe heal1h of the nation',", economy. 

NRF is 11 strong adVOC3lt' of comprehensive immigration reform. which should include a 

balanced verification program as ..... ell as impro,'emems !O our vi~il program thJt would allow For 

more legal pathway~ to be r.$tabli$boKl for Ihose seeking work ill thh country a~ the etoQomy 

improves. Any reform ,hould al~o include provi~ions Ihat en.:ournge intrrnational bu~ine.", and 

lei'lire travrl to the United St3le~ which would not only enhance. national security bUI a150 

strengthen the U.S. e.:onomy. 

H.R. 1772 makes great strides in wor~;ng to mt:et many of the needs of Ihe employer 

communily in regard 10 Ihe verification a'pett of immigration refonn. including; clarificmion on 

federal jurisdiction preemption: il ··I:now\ll£·· intent standard for liability; and an option to begin 

the verification p~s once an offer has been of(;ci all ~ made. NRF lookg fOrw:lrd 10 wor :i n£ 

with Ihe CU1Ilmillee to find funher way~ ID improve the legi,lation as Ihe bill mo e~ forward. 

NRF apprccime ~ the effon that h8$ ~n put fonh on Ihe legi-:13lion and hopQ a 

rea,onable approach to employment "erification con be .\lIsmined as thedcbalc cominue,;. 

cc: ou~e Judiciary Contmiuee Members 

Uberty Place 

3257111 Street NW, Suite t tOO 

Wa.sIlington. DC 2000<1 

8OO.NREHOW2 (800,6734692) 

202.183,1971 faJc 202.731.2849 

www.mtcom 

Sinl'erely. 

-----.., ~ 

~-~"­ D3~id French 

Senior Vice President 

Govt"mment Relmion, 
189 

)'DARDEN 

" , . 1 >r' . M.I ... ·' _ · ..... . , .... ,~ ... _.t 

The HQnor.oble IJ()b (iQodlalle 

Cbaim,.", lI""se Judiciary Commin"" 

2138 KI)'bum HOIJSl,' Office Buildill! ~ 

W",hingtOll, DC 20515 

Dea, Ch"im'.~ OoOO nu~ 

. , I, 

On ~h3lfofDarden RcS(n~ranls. In(; .• I ~m wri t;n!!, to convey our suppocl f<lf H II. 1772. Ih~ 

Legal Wockforce Act. in1roduced by you and Rep Lamar Smilh (R-TX) 

Darden ,,"'liS and opcrlles some of Amwca' $ favorite resl.uran" iocludill!! R<!d Lobstet. Oljve 

GardCfl. l.OIlgilonl Stc.l;hOllse, The Capital Grille, Bahama 8"""z,," Eddie V's, Yard Jlouli<:. and 

Sc~son$ 52 We employ over WO OO~ individuals in or~ th~n 2,000 loc'liOl'~ . wilh a pre!;enCt' 

Ih~1 spans an 50 JIll." 

AI Darden ,,,,, hl.,e. $lrong vlluts·ba;ed rollureand embrace di,'cBity and inclu~'Qn as a 

business imperative.. Immigrarl1 wOfkcrs are an impon.lnl and " .Iued pan of rut "'<lIkforce .• lId 

we believe everyone has a righllO, Rnd should be, !""~ ed fairly Darden suppons OIlgoing~ITom 

in both Ihe llJU~ and Senale lu ,rail CQII1pfl'hen~lVe 'mmisnlliun ",fonn leg;sla1)1l11 A$lhe 

'-wsJali,e prtlC<:ss mOVes f<",'.-ard ... e u"ders.talld Ihi, lellWacio" will O)I1linue 10 evolve. We w"",," be An aClive partner during tllQe discunil"" I" o;Ievel<!p immigration policy thaI all"". u' 10 gmw and crealejobs fllr IMusands ofpe<lple. 

Oooofour lOp prioril;e.l is III eslablil.h. reli"bJe . "d uncolllpliuleO E-Verjfy SY5lelll for 

e"'pl,,)'e<5. ln OOr ,jew, legisi31ioo 1<> mand l~ E-Verify .hoold addresslhe followi ng prin,ipie!l" 

Employers should be rrealed equilably - all should be required 10 panjciplle. and 

companies 5hould oogiven arJequalephllSC'-in lim~ 

A fedml E-Verify mandale Lhould preempt tl15(~le, hxal aM municipal I."" 

Safeguards shollid Ix: in pllK:" fm employers "-ho use £·Vcrify in good faith Employ<!fS 

should no. be held liable for fraudul.", emp1uy«s Of erron in Ihe federal dillabase. and 

Iho;y "'oold nOl 00 penali~ed folf IhoM, fi,S! oflhses or for drric.aJ erron iflhl')' act in 

,good faj1h 

E.Verify obliJ!lllions should ~rply 10 new hires !lilly 

The duplicative 1_9 )If<)Cl!ss51K)Uld "" rliminaled forall employers, 

Ae<:eplabledoomre!1l5 .hoolt! be lim;led 10 social se<:Urily card,. driver's li""">l:5 or 

paSl;por1S (any rounuy), or green cards 
190 

We believe I~ . 1772 acco",p ;'~ these gools We ...and ready 10 work with you. members of 

)'()Ur oolnmillee. ind mcmben ofmf Hou!>e and Senate in .'luppon of <omprehi'ft$ive intmi~11Ition 

~fllm1legisl.ti(l(t that includes an E··Wrifj mlndi1t<".that alitilt' "'ith lheframe"'ll<k llruvided by 

II R. 1712 

Shoold Y"" have any qlJes~on. or need ."y additi u,,0.1 information. don't hesitate to cootactme 

11(202) 281)..242). or c~~'nde@d rMn com We 1001: forward 10 workIng ",i,l, you OIl thl~ 

im",,"lftt i ...... 

Sin~~ly. 

Chip Kunde 

Vice President. G.wemmffiL R.d~tiom 

cc. Men,bt."fs Ort~e H"III(lJudiciary Commill~" 
191 

Mr. GOWDY. Ms. Wood, do you agree the safe harbor provisions 

in this bill are balanced inasmuch as they seek to protect employers who use the system in good faith, but also allow the government the flexibility to enforce the laws against employers who do 

not use the system in good faith? 

Ms. WOOD. You know, I do think that the safe harbor provisions 

attempt to do that. I think one thing that is important is you want 
192 

to make sure employers have the ability if someone comes in on 

day one with an obviously fraudulent document, and you are going 

through the I-9 process, that you can kind of end it right there 

without them having to move through, you know, a longer E-Verify 

system or something else. 

But, yes, I do think the safe harbor—and I think it is important 

for employers to have a good safe harbor that works. 

Mr. GOWDY. You have referenced consultation and work you have 

done with employers in the past. Can you speak to their initial apprehension or skepticism with using this system and whether or 

not actually using it has mollified those skepticisms at all? 

Ms. WOOD. It really has. For the employers that I have worked 

with in the landscaping, construction, and in the restaurant industry, often the first reaction is this will never work for our workforce, it is absolutely going to destroy our ability. And, you know, 

oftentimes some of these companies weren’t coming to E-Verify voluntarily. Some of these companies were encouraged to do so by, you 

know, difficulties in interacting with ICE and things. But once they 

are on the system, you know, they feel a lot of help from the system, they feel a lot of surety from the system, particularly with the 

photo matching and other tools that E-Verify has. 

You know, I will say that sometimes their turnover is higher 

than they are used to, even in high-turnover industries, for a period of time, but I think as employers are on it, they get used to 

it, and I think the workforce knows that it is coming and looking 

for jobs there that, you know, X company is an E-Verify employer, 

and so that there is almost a self-selecting of the workforce up to 

some degree. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you. 

Mr. Amador, what are your thoughts on allowing an employer to 

acquire a prospective employee—to require a prospective employee 

to use and be confirmed through the E-Verify self-check option 

prior to hire? Do you think it is a good idea, and, if so, why? 

Mr. AMADOR. No. I think it is a terrible idea. I have had an EVerify check. I know Tracy Hung had issues. But I didn’t pass the 

self-check, so maybe that is why I opposed it. 

No, it is a two-step process. It is not—when people say you got 

to do a self-check, it is not just doing E-Verify. You have got to pass 

through a process that is not based on any government database; 

it is based on credit report. And my credit report has my name misspelled four different ways, and that was the options that it gave 

me to choose from, and I chose ‘‘none of the above’’ because I knew 

my name was misspelled. In that case—and counsel told me to 

bring my passport just in case they asked for another check. 

But—so once that happened, it doesn’t let you go forward. You 

are never able to do E-Verify. The way I fixed it is I was able to 

pick up the phone and call Alan Mayorcas, who runs a great agency, and he assigned somebody with me, and it took them 3 months 

to explain to me what was it that went wrong. 

So asking somebody to do a self-check is completely different 

than asking somebody to do an E-Verify check, and if they are 

young and don’t have enough credit history, if their credit report 

is full of errors, or if you do not remember who had your first mortgage at what bank that was sold three times, you might never get 
193 

through E-Verify. So for that reason I don’t think it should be required. 

It is something to encourage people to do so they have that peace 

of mind when they go and apply for a job that, you know, they are 

not going to encounter any problems, but it shouldn’t be require, 

because, again, if it is not based on the government database, the 

security provisions that it has in place are based on credit reports 

and is not, in my view, accurate enough, from personal experience. 

Mr. GOWDY. Thank you. 

Mr. Mondi, I don’t have a question, but I do want you to know 

that I—some of my better friends back in Spartanburg, South 

Carolina, are in the landscaping and nursery business. When they 

allow me into Sunday school, I sit beside one of the largest 

landscapers and nursery owners. 

I have never served in the statehouse in South Carolina. I think 

E-Verify is mandatory in South Carolina. And so I appreciate the 

work that your constituents, if you will, do. And they are some of 

the better people that I know in my hometown, and they are wonderful employers, and they make a huge contribution to our community. 

So, with that, and for each of you, this concludes our hearing, 

and I want to thank you on behalf of everyone on both sides, and 

especially our Chairman, Mr. Goodlatte, and my Ranking Member, 

Ms. Lofgren, for your very informative testimony and asking good 

questions, your collegiality toward one another and with the Committee. 

Without objection, all Members will have 5 legislative days to 

submit additional questions, written questions, for the witnesses or 

additional materials for the record. 

This hearing is adjourned. We are going to take a brief recess 

and then proceed to a hearing on H.R. 1773, which is the Agricultural Guestworker Act. 

With that, this hearing is adjourned, and thank you all for your 

testimony. 

[Whereupon, at 11:58 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] 

(195) 

A P P E N D I X 

MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD

Prepared Statement of the Honorable Bob Goodlatte, a Representative in 

Congress from the State of Virginia, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary 

Thank you Chairman Gowdy. And thank you Mr. Smith for your work on this legislation. 

The future of immigration reform hinges on assuring the American people that 

our immigration laws will be enforced. In the past, Americans were promised tougher enforcement in exchange for the legalization of those unlawfully in the U.S. Succeeding Administrations never kept these promises and today we are left with a broken immigration system. 

One way to make sure we discourage illegal immigration in the future is to prevent unlawful immigrants from getting jobs in the U.S. Requiring the use of EVerify by all employers across the country will help do just that. The web-based program is a reliable and fast way for employers to electronically check the work eligibility of newly hired employees. 

H.R. 1772, the ‘‘Legal Workforce Act,’’ builds on E-Verify’s success and helps ensure the strong enforcement that was promised to the American people many years 

ago. 

The Legal Workforce Act doesn’t simply leave enforcement up to the federal government. 

In fact, it actually empowers states to help enforce the law, ensuring that we don’t 

continue the enforcement mistakes of the past where a President can ‘turn-off’ federal enforcement efforts unilaterally. 

Over 450,000 employers are currently signed up to use E-Verify. It is easy for employers to use and is effective. In fact as USICS testified in front of this Subcommittee this past February, E-verify’s accuracy rate for confirmation of work eligibility is 99.7 percent. 

But the system is not perfect. For instance, in cases of identity theft, when an 

individual submits stolen identity documents and information, E-Verify may confirm 

the work eligibility of that individual. 

This happens because E-Verify uses a Social Security Number (SSN) or alien 

identification number and certain other corresponding identifying information such 

as the name and date of birth of an individual, to determine if the SSN or alien 

identification number associated with that corresponding information is work eligible. Thus if an individual uses a stolen SSN and the real name corresponding with 

that SSN, a false positive result could occur. 

The Legal Workforce Act addresses identity theft in several ways. First, it requires notification to employees who submit for E-Verify a SSN that shows a pattern of unusual multiple use. So the rightful owner of the SSN will know that their 

SSN may have been compromised. 

And once they confirm this, DHS and SSA must ‘‘lock’’ that SSN so no one else 

can use it for employment eligibility purposes. 

The bill also creates a program through which parents or legal guardians can 

‘‘lock’’ the SSNs of their minor children for work eligibility purposes. This is to combat the rise in the number of thefts of children’s identities. 
196 

But there are other changes that should also be made. For instance, in order to 

help prevent identity theft, USCIS created and utilizes the photo-match tool in 

which photos from greencards, work authorization documents and passports can be 

seen during the use of E-verify in order to help ensure that the person submitting 

the identity document is in fact the person who owns that document. But I recently 

learned that USCIS materials regarding the use of E-Verify specifically state that 

‘‘A photo displayed in E-Verify should be compared with the photo in the document 

that the employee has presented and not with the face of the employee.’’ 

What good is the photo match tool to prevent identity theft if the employer is prohibited from matching the photos to the person submitting the identity document? 

This policy is ludicrous and we will look to address it as this legislation moves forward. 

The bill also phases-in E-Verify use in six month increments beginning with the 

largest U.S. businesses, raises penalties for employers who don’t use E-Verify according to the requirements, allows employers to use E-Verify prior to the date they 

hire an employee and provides meaningful safe harbors for employers who use the 

system in good faith. 

H.R. 1772 balances the needs of the American people regarding immigration enforcement with the needs of the business community regarding a fair and workable 

electronic employment verification system. 

While I want to continue working with the business community and other stakeholders to address any additional concerns with the bill, I am pleased to be an original cosponsor and look forward to the testimony of the witnesses today. 

Thank you Mr. Chairman and I yield back the balance of my time. 

f 
197 

f 

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

R. BRUCE JOSTEN 

The Honorable Lamar Smith 

U.S. House of Representatives 

Washington, DC 20515 

Dear Representative Smith: 

May 22, 2013 

161." H STREET, X\\'-

\VAS}Ul\:GTON, D.C. 20062-2000 

202'~63<'310 

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the world's largest business federation representing the 

interests of more than three million businesses and organizations of all sizes, sectors, and 

regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations, and dedicated to 

promoting, protecting, and defending America's free enterprise system, supports RR 1772, the 

"Legal Workforce Act," which would address a critical component of comprehensive reform by 

creating a workable employment verification (E-Verify) system. 

Thank you for your leadership on the E-Verify issue. Important for our members, 

provisions in RR 1772 would preempt state and local laws mandating either the use ofE-Verify 

or the establishment or continuation of state or local employment verification schemes. These 

provisions would provide the clarity and consistency employers seek that is absent today. This 

bill would also mirror the existing Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) rules for federal 

contractors using E-Verify on the current workforce, would create a clear safe harbor for good 

faith employers, and would establish an integrated 1-9 and E-Verify system available both 

electronically and via telephone. 

The Chamber recognizes that RR 1772 balances many competing interests, and looks 

fonvard to continue working with you to discuss and overcome any roadblocks that may arise as 

this bill is considered by Congress. 

However, fixing America's broken immigration system will require more than a 

workable employment verification program; it requires reforming the construct ofthe existing 

legal immigration system, including workable guest worker programs, strengthening border 

security while promoting travel and tourism, and establishing a process where undocumented 

immigrants can earn a legal status. 

The Chamber looks forward to working with you and Congress to pass legislation needed 

to reform our immigration system. 

Sincerely, 

R. Bruce Josten 

cc: Members of the House Committee on the Judiciary 
198 

f 

Written Statement for Hearing Record on H.R. 1772, Legal Workforce Act 

by the Food Manufacturers' Immigration Coalition 

House Committee on the Judiciary 

May 23, 2013 

Thank you for this opportunity to submit a statement for the hearing record on H.R. 1772, the 

Legal Workforce Act, which would mandate use of E-Verify by all employers over a six to 24-

month period. Secure employment veritication is a critical aspect of meaningful immigration 

reform, and we thank the Committee and the bill's sponsors for addressing the issue. 

The Food Manufacturers Immigration Coalition is a broad coalition of the leading meat and 

poultry processing companies and a variety of trade associations including: the North American 

Meat Association, the American Meat Institute, the National Chicken Council, the National 

Turkey Federation, and the National Pork Producers Council. 

We are in agreement with the testimony of the American Meat Institute on the legislation. 

We also commend the committee for obtaining the May 22, 2013 testimony offonner ICE 

Director Julie Myers Wood on S. 744, the Senate Gang of Eight legislation, and draw your 

attention to her statement regarding identity theft: 

In high-risk industries where there are significant number of individuals who 

repeatedly try to circumvent the E-Verify system, however, employers face a 

very real risk that ICE and federal prosecutors will be reluctant to conclude 

that a company relied in "good faith" on E-Verify confinnations if a number of 

identity thieves circumvented the employer's E-Verify program. For this 

reason, many employers do not rely on E-Verify alone, but also use manual 

and automated tools to try to prevent identity theft. These tools are essential 

given the current deficiencies in the E-Verify system. Unfortunately, S. 744 

appears to prohibit or limit these current anti-identity theft programs, while 

still making employers subject to significant penalties. 

This predicament applies to employers under current law, and we urge the Committee to give 

this problem careful consideration and allow employers to use additional anti-identity theft tools 

-- unlike the Senate legislation. 

We look forward to working with the Committee as it considers this important legislation in the 

weeks to come. 

7835879-v1IWASDMS 
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,At 1 

AMUICAN MfAT INsnruu 

lal nt for the Rrcord 

Ilfaring 011 II .R. 1172. thl' Lrgal Worliforcf ,\ CI of2013 

Stl co mmitl . on ImmigrHlion Hlld lklrdtr SecurilY 

Commi!!cr onlhr J"didHr)' 

U.S. 11011$11 of Repre~e n1Mlh es 

l'hur:Sltay, I\lHy 16. 2013 

ThI.'Amencan Mea! InS';1Ule tA MI) is the nation'S oldesl and largest meat and poIll try 

lradeassociati nn FO!.mded in 1906, I\MI repn,'S('IIIS Amerita'~ meal and pooltry packers and 

prt)(:essors and their ppli{'rs Our member companies J)rocess 95 percent of led meal and 70 

percent of turkey in the U.S. Headquaneml in Washington. D.C.. AMI m(llliiors legislation. 

regulations and ml'din activity 1hal impacts the mea! and poulu)' industry In edditioll, AMJ 

conducts scientific research through j,ts Foundation. a 501 (e)(3) organization. designed 10 

identify technologies and practices dut cnable meat and poohry companies \0 produce safer and 

more nutritiouS meat Dnd p<lUltry products 

11\1.' U.S meal and poultry indu~try gencrates more than 5832 billion annually in our 

nation 's !!<:onomy. reprul.'ming sis p(:reel11 of gross domestic produci (GOP) and employs 11I0re 

Ihan 500,000 worken;. The industry Mrong!y suppons eITons to achitll.·c a practical and 

functional w0fli:5ile e!e.:;tronic emplO)'ment verifi cation system and necu5ary tools to secure our 

na\ion'sborders 

A$the I 13th CongreSS hptOr<~ various legislative morn" to the nation's immigration 

~yslel11 , the American Meal lI15!ilU!e (;onlinues to he 8 strong advocale for the F.-Verify program 

and SUppClIl$ its mandMory applicalion across all economic sectors. while j"'provement$ 10 

ensure legal Wtrl; 5Lumsjob applicanu and wllrkers remains a priority. 

AM I iJ enCOllraged by the reintrOOu(.1ion of H R 1772, lite Legal WnrkforceAet. in the 

IIJth Congress by Congressman Smith and Chainnan Goodlstte. This [~!!islatjon seeks to 

impnJVe.the Current electronic employmem I'crificatiOl1 ~ySlcm and is a crilical first step in 

providing a practical Bnd functional ",orks;te electronIc employment ve rification system that is 

vital to a~hicving a stable, legal workrOf~t a~ congress ~pl ores comprehensive immigration 

refllnn . We would like to continue tQ< work with the Commiu~ to funher address ehaJlcnge~ 

with keeping the Social Se<:urity Administration ~mJ Depanment of om~!Hnd Security's data 
200 

up-to-date within the system and further address concerns regarding identity theft via the antiidentity theft program earlier than the introduced legislation envisions. 

AMI's Members Have a Demonstrated History of Voluntary Use ofE-Verify and Its Predecessor 

Basic Pilot Program 

AMI's members have been in the forefront of the efforts to bring integrity to the 

employment authorization verification process enacted by Congress in the Immigration Reform 

and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986. After it became apparent the paper-based employment 

authorization process was woefully inadequate to screen out fraudulent employment documents, 

Congress enacted the lllegal Immigration Refonn and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) in 

1996, which established the Basic Pilot telephonic and electronic employment verification 

program. The program was voluntary and was intended to screen out fraudulent social security 

numbers and alien work authorization documents provided by job applicants to employers at the 

time of hire, but its effectiveness was limited and vulnerable to identity theft. 

In the mid-1990s, AMI members in the Midwest faced disruptions of their meat packing 

operations when they were audited by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and 

informed that many of their experienced workers, who were vital to their operations, had 

provided fraudulent documents. These employers, in compliance with the paper-based 

employment verification procedures enforced by INS, were unable to screen out those who 

provided invalid work authorization documents. AMI members have been cited by INS for 

violating the immigration laws, were required to terminate the employment of large numbers of 

workers in whom they had invested substantial training costs, and as a result suffered millions of 

dollars in economic losses due to worker shortages and lost productivity. 

Given these enforcement efforts, many AMI members increased their efforts to scrutinize 

employment authorization documents. Ironically, in doing so, some faced discrimination 

charges tiled by the Department of Justice's Office of Special Counsel under the unfair 

immigration-related employment practice provisions of IRCA for being too vigilant in seeking to 

employ only legally authorized workers. Needless to say, AMI members were and continue to 

be frustrated by the vise in which they find themselves as they try to comply with lRCA's 

inherently contradictory provisions. Employers are required to walk an impossible legal 

tightrope due to the law's failure to provide "bright lines" for compliance. 

AMI and its members took the initiative to address this problem by successfully urging 

Congress in 1999 to extend the scope of the Basic Pilot program beyond the original five pilot 

states to include Nebraska, where many AMI members are located. This enabled a number of 

meat packing companies to enter into agreements with INS to participate in the Basic Pilot 

program. AMI has been pleased to continue to work with Congress and the U.S. House 

Committee on the Judiciary to reauthorize the Basic Pilot program and support existing efforts as 

the initial program developed into the current E-Verify program available nationwide and 

administered by the Department of Homeland Security. 
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The Current E-Verify Is Only Partially Effective. It Does Not Effectively Address the Problem 

ofIdentity Theft Involving Social Security Card Information Stolen from Others. 

The experiences of AMI members participating in the Basic Pilot and E-Verify programs 

have been mixed. The electronic verification mechanisms of the E-Verify program have 

screened out a number of unauthorized workers at the point of hire, and the mere fact that a 

company is participating in the program deters many individuals from even applying for work. 

The program, nonetheless, is only partially effective. It does not solve the problem of identity 

theft, through which individuals who have stolen the name and social security or alien document 

numbers from their rightful owners who are authorized to work use the stolen information to 

gain employment. The system determines only that the information on the documentation relates 

to one person-it does not determine whether the person presenting the documentation is that 

actual person. 

In addition, there are delays by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in updating 

its databases to include the most recent change in the status of aliens. These delays can result in 

an employer receiving false information regarding whether an individual is or is not authorized 

to work. "Real time" updating of alien status information is critical to the effective functioning 

of the E-Verify program. It is costly and administratively burdensome for employers to hire and 

train an individual whom they believe is authorized to work, only to be informed later that a 

mistake had been made and the employer would need to terminate the individual's employment. 

Moreover, the E-Verify program does not have the ability to determine, through its 

access to the Social Security Administration's (SSA) database, when an individual's name and 

social security number (SSN) are being reported by several employers at the same time, 

especially when the employers are not located in close proximity to each other. Such 

information should be more effectively acquired and used to target individuals seeking 

employment who are engaged in identity fraud. 

Unfortunately, the problem of identity theft is widespread and, notwithstanding the 

extensive use of the E-Verify program by meat and poultry processing companies, it has resulted 

in the continued disruption of AMI member companies l There have been a number of highly 

publicized raids of well-known meat packing companies, including AMI member companies, 

that are participating in the E-Verify program and that have worked closely with DHS in 

attempting to comply with the law. DHS apparently targeted these companies upon receipt of 

information that a number of workers had engaged in identity theft. The raids of these 

companies have been devastating, resulting in significant disruptions of their operations and 

millions of dollars in losses. The use of the E-Verify program by law-abiding companies that 

went the extra mile to seek a legal workforce has not served them well. 

I Tn past testimony bcrorc this Subcommittee, Richard Slana, Director of Homeland Security and Justice, 

Government Accountability OITiee. testified that the prevalence of identity fraud is increasing. "a development that 

may affect employers' ability to reliably verify employment eligibility in a mandatory EEV program. The large 

number and variety of acceptable work authonzallon doclUnents ... along with mherent vulnerabllities to 

counterfeiting of some of these documents may complicate efforts to address identity fraud," "Hearing on r" __ ~l~ ,rl;~;l_;l;,- ,,_"_:r:_, ("1 __ ,_" __ " ('<_1 • ____ (,< __ :_1 (' ~_ r' ___ " 
202 

E-Verify and Identity Fraud Challenges 

Beyond the improvements already in H.R. 1772, the US meat and poultry industry 

supports additional modifications and a phased-in mandate ofE-Verify. First, employers are 

given tools to determine employee work eligibility. To combat true-identity theft, the Legal 

Workforce Act requires SSA and DRS to inform employers ifan employee's name and SSN are 

legitimate - and to block numbers if an SSN is being used in unusual multiple places of 

employment by persons who may have stolen the identity of others. The Act also gives workers 

the ability to suspend or limit the use of their SSN if they suspect they have been victims of 

identity theft. Finally, the Act blocks SSNs of aliens who are subject to an order of removal 

trom the United States, have voluntarily departed, or have an expired work authorization. These 

are all important tools that will help employers to hire workers who are properly authorized to 

work in the US., but these tools alone may not be sufficient to deter increasingly sophisticated 

attempts at identity theft that remain available in the United States 

The Legal Workforce Act also authorizes DHS to create a voluntary pilot program for 

Biometric Employment Eligibility Verification. AMI previously proposed a similar program to 

combat identity theft and fraud, and appreciates its continued inclusion in the Legal Workforce 

Act. While we are encouraged by the improvements made to the E-verify program in this 

legislation to prevent identity theft and fraud, we encourage the Committee to continue to 

explore additional methods employers could use to undertake additional verification to mitigate 

identity theft issues, such as Self-Check. 

Employers are not document authenticity experts, nor should they be. Therefore, they 

must also be given the tools to determine the authenticity of documents provided to them to 

determine work eligibility of their workers. The number of documents that are currently allowed 

for submission to determine work eligibility can lead to confusion and document fraud. The 

Legal Workforce Act reduces the number of documents that can be used to establish legal status, 

and gi ves DHS authority to bar types of identification frequentl y used in a fraudulent manner. 

These provisions will help employers achieve compliance with verification rules without 

exposure to document fraud problems. 

Second, AMI supports safeguards for employers attempting, in good faith, to verify the 

legal status of their workforce. We would ask the Committee to make further improvements to 

ensure that the "good faith" standard is reasonable and achievable and given full faith and credit 

for efforts by the Federal or state governments. To protect employers and encourage 

participation in the system, the legislation should more firmly establish that employers 

participating in good faith are not liable to the Federal or state governments for hiring decisions 

taken with respect to information provided by the system. This will eliminate the fear of 

discrimination suits for employers attempting in good faith to maintain a legal workforce. 

AMI's member companies have been leaders in the use and promotion of E-Verify and 

believe those engaging in illegal hiring practices should be prosecuted to the full extent of the 

law, however we do not support the new criminal penalties proposed by the legislation. If 

additional criminal penalties are necessary beyond those in current law, then there should be 

.. britl .. ~ti"n th~t thp npur npn~1tip"", rl" nnt ~nnh, in "uril1f.d hlinrlnp.;;;: ..... " '"itll~tirm'" ~h,"pnt ~ 
203 

f 

showing of actual knowledge on the part of the alleged perpetrator, and should only allow 

prosecutors to pursue vicarious corporate liability for the actions of workers if the company 

lacked an adequate immigration compliance program. 

Third, the Legal Workforce Act mandates E-Verify for all employers, phasing in 

universal participation. Mandatory participation is an important, key way to ensure a stable, 

legal workforce throughout the United States. A thoughtful phase-in period will give DRS and 

SSA sum ci ent time to better implement and administer the program. We encourage the 

Committee to work with businesses who have already invested in the program with E-Verify 

trained workers who have been using E-Verify and other DHS programs, like the U.S. 

Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Mutual Agreement between Government and 

Employers program (IMAGE), so the businesses are not burdened with repetitive training 

requirements as the E-Verify program expands to include those not previously using the 

program. While the Legal Workforce Act includes a phase-in period, a longer period of time 

with Congressionally-mandated benchmarks would help ensure the improved system is well 

designed and includes the capacity to accurately check new applicants screened under the 

system 

Finally, we strongly support preemption of state and local laws as it is critical that 

employers have the establishment of a single clear-cut standard of compliance. As many AMI 

members operate across state lines, the costs and difficulty of complying with multiple and 

differing state and local "E-Verify type laws" has been a frustrating and growing problem for 

AMI's members. While the preemption provisions of the Legal Workforce Act takes important 

steps in that direction, the provisions still allow states to impose licensing penalties for violations 

of this act. We prefer the original preemption lanb'llage included in the 1 12th version of the 

Legal Workforce Act with clear federal preemption and are concerned with states' ability to 

enforce the Legal Workforce Act. 

AMI appreciates the opportunity to submit for the record testimony on AMI's views on 

this subject, and looks forward to continuing to work with the Chairman and the Committee to 

further refine the electronic employment eligibility verification legislation like the Legal 

Workforce Act, and with Congress as the legislative process for this badly needed 

comprehensive immigration refonn moves forward. We are encouraged by the action of this 

Congress on the issue of immigration refonTI. Thank you again for your time and this 

opportunity to share our thoughts. 
204 

f 

----

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Ja".... W. Tollin III 
205 

lI:3TH CONGRESS H R 1772 1ST SESSION 

• • 

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to make mandatory and 

permanent requirement.s relating to use of an electronic employment 

eligibility verification system, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF R,EPR,ESE:-.JTATIVES 

APKII, 2G, 201;3 

Mr. SMITH of Texas (for himself, Mr. GOODLATTE, Mr. CALv~R.T, Mr. 

GOWDY, Mr. W~;irt'l\{C!K.~;LAND, Mr. STIVf';K.i', Mr. h"NC~;, lVfr. KING of 

~ew York, }Ir. DEFAZIO, Mr. SENSENDRENNER, ::VII'. FRA.:'{II:S .)f Arizona, ~Vlr. POE of Texas, lVIr. SCh>'lEIKERT, Mr. HOYCE, lVIrs. Hh'l.CKBURN, ::'III'. FORBES, ::VII'. CHAFFETZ, Mr. BURGESS, Mr. LABRADOR, Mr. 

FAREKTHOLD, Mr. HOLDl:'-i'C, Mr. BISHOP of Utah, and Mr. ISSA) introduced the followillg bill; which was referred to the Committee 011 the ,Judiciary, and in addition to the Committee:,; on vVay:,; and Means and Education and the vVorkforce, for a period to be subsequently determined by 

The Speaker, in each rase for consideration of sueh provisions as fall withill the jurisdiction of the eommittcc eonecl'ncd 

A BILL 

To mnend the Immigration and Nationality Act to make 

mandatory and permanent requirement8 relating to U8e 

of an electronic employment eligibility verification system, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted the Senate and House uf ti.vnn':RP:YltlI2 tives United States assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 Tllis Act may be cited as tlle vVorkforee Aet". 
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SEC. 2. EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION PROC· 

ESS. 

IN GENEKI\L.-Section 274A(b) of the Immigra4 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 132i

la(b)) is amended 

5 to read as follows: 

6 EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATIOX 

7 PROCESS.-

8 "(1) NEW HIRES, RECRUITMENT, A.\U REFER9 RAL.-The requirements referred to in paragraphs 

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(1 )(B) and of subsection (a) are, in tl1e case of 

a person or other entity hiring, recruiting, or referring an individual for employment in the United 

States, the folluwing': 

ATTESTATION AFTER EXA1\HNATIOX 

OJ<' ])OClTlVlENTA'I'ION.-

.HR 1772 IH 

"(i) ATTESTATION.-During the 

verification period (as defined in subparagraph (E)), the person or entity shall attest, under penalty of peTjury and on a 

form, inelucl1ng electronic and telephonic 

formats, designated or established the 

Secretary by regulation not later than 6 

months after the datc of thc cnactmcnt of 

the Tjegal 'Workforce that it has 

verified that the individual is not an unauthorized alien by-
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obtaining from the individual the indhridual's social security 

account number and recording the 

number Oll tlle form (if tlle individual 

claims to have been issued such a 

number), and, if the individual does 

not attest to United States nationality 

under suhparagTaph (D), ohtaining 

SUell identificatioll or authori,mtioll 

number established by the Department of Homeland Security for the 

alien as the Secretary of Homeland 

Security may specify, and recording 

such number on the form; and 

"( II) examininga document relating to 

the individual presenting it describpd ill clause (ii); or 

"(bb) a document relating to 

the individual presenting it described in clause (iii) and a document relating to the individual 

presenting it deseribed ill dause 

(iv) . 
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"(ii) DOCUMENTS EVIDENCING EMPLOYMENT ALTHORIZATIO~ ~~"l) ESTABLISHING IDE~TITY,-A document described ill tllis subparagrapll is an individual's-

"(I) une:"l)ired United State8 

passport or passport card; 

"(II) unexpired permanent re:'udent card that contains a pllotograpll; 

"(III) unexpired employment authorization card that contains a photograph; 

"(IV) ll1 the ease of a nonimmigrant alien authorized to wor'k 

fur a 8pecifie employer incident to 8tatus, a foreign passport with Form 1-

94 or Form 1-9411, or other documentation as designated by the Secretary specifying the alien's nonimmigrant status as long as the period of status has not yet e:..~ired and 

the propmed employ-ment is not in 

conflict with any restrictions or limitatit)ll8 identified in the do('umentation; 
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"(V) pa~~port from the l,lederated States of Micronesia (FSM) or 

the Republic of the Marshall Islands 

(RMT) ,,~tl1 Form T-94 or Form T-

~j4r\ or other documentation as designated by the Secretary, indicating 

nonimmigrant admission under the 

Compact of Free Association I3etvveen 

tlle rnited States and the FSM or 

RMI; or 

"(VI) other document designated 

by the Secretary of Homeland Secu1'ity' if the document-

"(aa) contains a photograph 

of the individual and biometric 

identification data from the individual and su('h other personal 

identifying information relating 

to the individual as the Secretary 

of Homeland Security finds, by 

regulation, sufficient for purposes 

of this clause; 

"(bb) is evidence of authorization of employment in the 

l~nited States; and 
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('ontains security features to make it resistant to tampering, counterfeiting, and fraudulent use. 

"(iii) DOCUME~TS EVIDENCING EMPLOYMENT AL"THOmzATIOx.-A document 

described in this subparagraph is an individual's social security arconnt mnnher 

card (other than such a carel which specifies on the face that the issuance of the 

card does not authorize employment in the 

United States). 

"(iv) DOClJNmN'1'S ESTABLISHING 

IDENTITY OF INDIV1DUAL.-A doeument 

described in this subparagraph is-

"(I) an individual's unex'Pired 

State issued c1rivcr's license or identifieation eard if it eontains a photogr-aph and information such as name, 

date of birth, gender, height, eye 

and address; 

"(II) an individual's unexpired 

U.S. military identifieation earel; 

"(Ill) an indiviuual's unex-pired 

Native Ameriean tribal identification 
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document i88ued by a tribal entity recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs; or 

"(IV) ill tlle case of all illChvi011 al 

under 18 years of age, a parent or 

legal guardian' 8 atte8tation under 

penalty of law as to the identity and 

age of the individual. 

AU'I'TTOHT'I'Y '1'0 PHOTTTnT'I' USR OF 

CERTlliN DOCUMENTS.-lf the Seeretary of 

Homeland Security finds, by regulation, 

that any document described in clause (i\ 

(ii), or (iii) as estahlishing emplo:vment authorization or identity does not reliably establi:sh 8uch authorization or identity or i8 

being used fraudulently to an unacceptable 

degree, the Secretary may prohihit or plaee 

conditions on its use for puq)oses of this 

paragraph. 

"(vi) SIG~ATuRE.-Such attestation 

may be manifested by either a hand-'written or cleetronic signature. 

"(Bl INDIVIDUAL ATTE8TATIOX OF EMPLO"YIVIENT AUTHOBIZATION.-During the 

verification period defined in subparagraph 

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(E)), the individual :shall atte:st, under penalty 

of perjury on the form designated or established 

for purposes of subparagraph (A), that the individual is a eiti7.en or national of the United 

States, an alien lawfully admitted for' permanent re:sicleuee, or an alien who i:s authorized 

under this Act or the Secretary of Homeland 

Scrnrity to he hired, recruited, or referred for 

SUell employ-ment. SUell attestation may be 

manifested by either a hand-written or' electronic signature. The individual shall also provide that individual's social security account 

numher (if the individual claims to have heen 

issued such a number), and, if the individual 

doe:s not atte:st to United State:s nationality 

under this subparagTaph, such identification or 

authorization numher estahlished hy the Department of Homeland Security for the alien as 

the Secretary may specify. 

RETEXTION OF v'ERIFICATIO~ FORM 

AND VERIFICATION.-

.HR 1772 IH 

"(i) IN GENERAL.-After completion 

of such forlll in aeeorcianee with subparagraph:s (A) and (B), the person or entity 

sha11-
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"(I) retain a paper, microfiche, 

microfilm, or electronic version of the 

form and make it available for inspectiOTl by officers of tl1e Department of 

Homeland Security, the Special COUllsel for ImmigTation-Related Unfair 

Employment Practices, or the Department of Labor during a period heginning on the clate of tl1e recruiting or 

['eferral of the illdividuaL or, in the 

case of the hiring of an individual, the 

date on which the verification is complctecl, and enclingin the case of the recruiting or referral of an individual, 3 years after the date of 

the recruiting or referral; and 

in the case of the hiring of all individual, the later of 

3 years after the date the 

verification is completed or one 

year after the date the individual's employment is termillatedj 

and 
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-liR 1772 III 

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"(II) during the verification period (as defined in subparagraph (E)), 

make an inquiry, as prcrvided in subseetion (cl), using the verification system to seek verification of the identity 

and employment eligibility of an individual. 

"(ii) CON}1'lRl\1A'1'lON.-

"(I) Cm,<'FTR.MA'TTON 

CEIV'ED.-lf the pemon or other entity 

receives an appropriate confirmation 

of an individual's identity and work 

eligibility under the verification system \vithin the time period speeified, 

the pemon or entity shall record on 

the form an appropriate code that is 

provided under the system and that 

indicates a final confirmation of such 

identity and work eligibility of the individual. 

"(II) TENTATIV'E NONCONFIR1LtlTION RECEIVED.-If the person or 

other entity receives a tentative nonconfirmation of an individual's identity or work eligibility under the 
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verification system within the time period specified, the person or entity 

shall so inform the individual for 

w110m t11e verification is sougllt. If the 

individual does not contest the nOIlconfirmation 'within the time period 

specified, the nonconfirmation shall be 

considered final. The person or entity 

slmll t11en record on the form an appropriate code which has been provided under the system to indicate a 

final nonconfirmation. If the individual docs contest the noneonfirmation, the individual shall utilize the 

process for 8eeondary verification provided under subsection (dl. The nonconfirmation will remanl tentative 

until a final confirmation or non('onfirmation provided by the 

verification system 'within the time period specified. In no case shall an employer terminate emplo:yment of an individual because of a failure of the individual to have identity and work eligibility confirmed under this section 
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until a nonconfirmation become:s final. 

Nothing in this clause shall apply to a 

termination of employ11lent for any 

reason other than because of SUCll a 

failure. In no case shall an employer 

re:scind the offer of employment to an 

individual because of a failure of the 

individual to havc idcntity and work 

eligibility confirmed under tllis subsection until a nonconfirmation becomes final. Nothing in this subclause 

shall apply to a recission of the offer 

of cmplo.')'111cnt for any rcason othcr 

than because of such a failure. 

"(Ill) j11INAL COXFIR1\L\TION OR 

NONCONFIRlVIATION RECEIVED.-lf a 

final confirmation or nonconfirmation 

is prov~ded the verification system 

regarding au individual, the person or 

entity shall record on the form an appropriate code that is provided under 

thc systcm and that indicatcR a confirmation or nonconfirmation of identity and work eligibility of the individual. 
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"(IV) EA"TENSION OF TIME.-If 

the person or other entity in 

faith attempts to make an inquiry 

during tlle time period specified and 

the verification system has registered 

that not all inquirie:s vvere received 

during such time, the person or entity 

may make an inquiry in the first suhsequent working day in which the 

verification :system registers that it 

has received all inquiries. If the 

verification system camlOt receive inquiries at all times (luring a day, the 

per'soIl or entity merely has to assert 

that the entity attempted to make the 

inquiry on that day for the previous 

sentence to apply to such an inquiry, 

and does not have to prov~de any additional conceruing :such inquiry. 

CONSEQUEXCES OF XONCONFIK\1A~ TIOX.-

TERMINATION OR )JOTIFICATIO)J OF CONTINrED EMPLOYMENT.-If the per:son or 

other entity has received a final 
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.lIR 1772 III 

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noneonfirmation regarding an individual, the person or entity 

may terminate emplo:yment of the 

indi~vidl1al (or decline to recruit 

or [·efet· the individual). If the 

person or entity does not terminate emplo:yrnent of the individual or proceeds to recruit or 

refer tlle individual) tlle person or 

entity shall notify the Secretary 

of Homeland Security of such 

fact through the verification system or in such other manner as 

the Secretary may 

"(bb) j11AILURE TO ~OTIFY.-If the person or entity 

fails to provide notice vvith resped to an indiv~dual as required 

under item the failure is 

deemed to constitute a violation 

of subsection (a) (1) (A) with respect to that indi"ridual. 

"(VI) COXTINUED EMPLUYMENT 

~AFTER FINilli NONCONFIBJVIATION.-lf 

the person or other entity continues to 
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employ (or to reeruit or refer) an individual after receiving final nonconfirmation, a rebuttable presumption is 

created tllat the person or entity has 

violated subsection (a)(I)(A). 

"(D) EFFECTTI'E DATES OF NEW PROCEDURES.-

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"(i) IIllUNG.-Except as provided in 

clause (iii), tlle provisions of this paragraph shall apply to a person or other entity hiring an individual for emplo:yment m 

the United States as follows: 

"(I) ~With respect to employers 

having' 10,000 or more employees in 

the Cnited States on the date of the 

enactment of the Legal 'Vorkforce 

Act, on the date that IS 6 months 

after the date of the emH"tment of 

such Ad. 

"(II) ~With respect to employers 

having 500 or more employees in the 

United States, hut less than 10,000 

employees HI the United States, on 

the date of the enadment of the 

Legal Workforce Act, on the date that 
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it> 12 montht> after the date of the enactment of such Act. 

"(III) vVith respect to employers 

ll(l.,~ng 20 or more employees in the 

United States, but less than 500 employeet> in the United on the 

date of the enactment of the Legal 

~Workforce Art, on the date that iR 1R 

montlls after tlle date of the enactment of sueh Aet. 

~With respeet to employers 

having 1 or more employees in the 

United StateR. hut lcRR than 20 employees in the United States, on the 

date of the enactment of the Legal 

\Vorkforee Aet, on the date that is 24 

monthR after the date of the enactment of such A('t. 

"(ii) RECRUITI)JG A~'JD REFERRIKG.-

Except as provided in clause (iii), the proY1SlOnS of this paragraph shall apply to a 

person or other entity rerruiting or referring an individual for employment 1Il the 

United Statet> on the date that It> 12 
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montht> after the date of the enactment of 

the Legal YVorkforce Act. 

"(iii) AGRICULTURAL LABOR OR SERVTCES.-vVitll to an employee performing' agricultund labor or serviees, this 

paragraph t>hall not apply vvith re8peet to 

the verification of the employee until the 

date that i8 24 month8 after the date of 

the enactment of tlw Tjegal vVorkforce Ad .. 

Blur purpot>e8 of the preceding 8entence, 

the term 'agricultural labor or services' has 

the meaning given such term by the Secretary of Agriculture in reg1l1atio1l8 and includes agricultural labor as defined in section 3121(g) of the Internal Revenue Code 

of 1986, agriculture as defined in section 

3(f) of the Fair Lahor Stnndarrl8 Act of 

1938 (29 r.s.c. 203(f)), the handling, 

planting, drying, packing, packagiug, processing, freezing, or grading prior to delivery for storage of any agricultural or horticultm'nl eommorlity in its unmanufacturerl 

state, all activities required for the preparation, proce88ing or manufacturing of a 

product of agriculture such term is de-
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fined in such seeti on 3 (f)) for further distribution, and activities similar to all the 

foregoing as they relate to fish or shellfish 

in aql1ael1lture faeilities. An employee deseribed in this dause shall not be eoullted 

for purp08e8 of ('lau8e (i). 

TRANSITIOX RULE.-Subject to 

paragraph the follmving shall apply to 

a perSOll or other entity hiring, reernitillg, 

or referring an imlivic1ual for employment 

III the United States until the effective 

date or dates applicable under clauses (i) 

through (iii): 

"(I) This subsection, as in effect 

before the enactment of the Legal 

vVorkforce Act. 

"(II) Subtitle A of title IV of the 

TIl ega] ImmigTation Reform and Immigl'allt Responsibility Ad of 19% (8 

U.S.C. 132c1a note), as in effect before the effective date in section 7 (c) 

of the Legal vVorkforce Act. 

"(III) ~~lly other provisioll of 

j1'ederal law requiring the person or 

entity to partieipate in the E-Verify 
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Prognun described in sedion 

of the Illegal Immigration Reform and 

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 

(8 U.S.C. 1 :3240. note), as in effect before the effective date in section 7(e) 

of the Legal Workforce Ad, including 

Executive Order 13165 (8 U.S.C. 

1324a note; relating to Government 

procnrement) . 

"(E) VERIFICATION PERIOD DEFINED.-

"(i) IN GENERAL.-For purposes of 

this paragraph: 

"(I) In the case of recruitment or 

referral, the term 'verification period' 

means the period ending on the date 

recruiting or referring commences. 

"(II) In the case of hiring, the 

term 'verification period' means the 

period beginning on the date (Hi vvhich 

an offer of emplo,yment is eA'iended 

and ending on the date that is 3 business clays after the (late of hire, exeept as provided in elause (iii). The 

offer of employment may be comlitioned in accordance ,vith clause (ii) . 
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"(ii) JOB OFFER lVIAY BE CO~DI2 TION.AL.-A person or other entity may 

3 offer a prospective employee an employ4 ment position that is conditioned on final 

5 verification of the identity and employment 

6 eligibility of the employee m:ing the proee7 dures established under this paragraph. 

S "(iii) SPECIAL lWLE.-Notwith9 stallding clause (i)(TT), in tlle case of an 

10 alien ,vho i8 authorized for employment 

11 and who provides evidence from the Social 

12 Security Administration that the alien has 

13 applied for a social security account num14 ber, the verification period ends three busi15 ne88 day8 after the alien reeeive8 the 80eial 

16 security account number. 

17 RKVEBIFICATION FOR INDIV1DUALS 'VITH 

18 LTlVrTTTm WORK A UTHORT/jATTON.-

19 IN GENERAL.-Except a8 provided in 

20 subparagraph (B), a person or entity shall 

21 make an inquiry, as provided in subsection 

22 using the verification to seck 

23 reverification of the identity and employment 

24 eligibility of all individual8 \~ith a limited period 

25 of work authorization employed by the person 

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or entity during the 3 bu:sine:ss days before the 

date on which the employee's work authorization ex-pires as follows: 

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"(i l vVitll resped to employers lmving 

10,000 0[' more employees ill the United 

States on the date of the enactment of the 

Legal 'Vorkforce Act, beginning on the 

date that is 6 months after the date of the 

enactment of snell Act. 

"Oil ''lith ['esped to employe['s having 

500 or more employees in the United 

States, but less than 10,000 employees in 

the United StateR, on the date of the enactment of the IJegal 'Vorkforce Ad, begmmng on the date that is 12 months 

after the date of the enactment of such 

Act. 

"(iii) "With respect to employers having 20 or more employees in the United 

States, but less than 500 employees in the 

United States, on the date of the enactment of the Legal 'Yorkforee Act, beginuing on the date that is 18 mouths after 

the date of the enactment of such Art . 
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"(iv) With re8peet to employen; heWing 1 or more employees in the United 

but less than 20 employees in the 

United States, on tl1e date of the enactlllent of the Legal Wo['kforce Ad, beginning on the date that i8 24 month8 after 

the date of the enactment of such Act. 

"(13) AGIUCliLTlJHAL LABOR OR SERVTCRS.-'Yitl1 respeet to an employee performing 

agyieultural labor or 8enriee8, or an employee 

recruited or referred by a farm labor contractor 

(as defined in section 3 of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural 'Yorker Protection Act (29 

U.S.C. 1801)), subparagraph (A) shall not 

apply with re8peet to the reverifieation of the 

employee until the date that is 24 months after 

the date of the enactment of the Legal "\V orkforce Act. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 'agricultural labor or services' 

has the meaning given such term by the Secretary of Agriculture in regulations and includes agricultural lahor as defined in section 

:3121(g) of the Internal Hevenue Code of 1986, 

agyieulture a8 defined in 8edion 3 (f) of the 

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C . 

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203(f)), the handling, planting, drying, packing, 

packaging, processing, freezing, or grading 

prior to delivery for storage of any agricultural 

or 11 orti cultural commodity in its unmanufactured state, all activities required for the preparatiun, prucessing, ur manufacturing uf a pruduct of agriculture (as such term is defined in 

such section 3(f)) for further distrihution, and 

aetivities similar to all the foregoing as they relate to fish or' shellfish in aquaculture facilities. 

An employee described in this subparagraph 

shall not be counted for purposes of subparagraph (A). 

RRVERIFICATION,-Paragraph 

(l)(C)(ii) shall apply to reverifications pursuant 

to this paragraph on the same basis as it applies to verifications pursuant to paragraph (1), 

except that employers shall-

• HR 1772 IH 

"(i) use a form designated or established by the Secretary regulation for 

purposes of this paragTaph; and 

"(ii) retain a paper, microfiche, microfilm, or electronic version of the form and 

make it available for inspectiun by officers 

of the Department of Homeland Security . 
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the Special Coum;el for lrmnigTation-Related Unfair Employment Practices, or the 

Department of Labor during the period beginning on tlle elate tlle reverification commences and ending on the date that is the 

later of 3 year:s after the date of :such 

reverification or 1 year after the date the 

individual's emplo:yment is terminated. 

Pn.FJVTOUSIN nnmD INDIVTDUAT,S.-

"(A) OK A l\LlliDATORY BASIS FOR CERTAIN ElVIPLOr'EES.-

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IN OENERAL.-Kot later than the 

date that is G months after the date of the 

enactment of the Legal vVorkfol"ce Act, an 

employer 8hall make an inquiry, a:s provided m subsection using the 

verifiration system to seek verification of 

the identity and employ"lTIent eligibility of 

allY individual described iLl clause (ii) employed by the employer whose emplo:yrnent 

eligibility has not been verified under the 

E-Verify Program described in section 

403(a) of the lllegal Immigration Reform 

emu lmmignmt Re:spon:sibility Act of E)96 

(8 U.S.c. 1324a note) . 
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"(ii) INDIVIDUALS DESCRIBED.-~:\n 

individual described in this clause is any of 

the follmving: 

"(1) An employee of any unit of 

a Feder·al, State, or local gover-nment. 

"(II) ~:\n employee who requirers a 

Federal security clearance working in 

a Federal, State or loral government 

bllildillg, a military a mwlear 

energy site, a weapons site, or an airport or other facility that requires 

,Yorkers to carry a Transportation 

"Vorker Identification Credential 

(T\\lIC). 

"(Ill) An employee arsrsigned to 

perform work in the United States 

under a Federal contract, except that 

tllis subchll1se-

"(aa) is not applicable to individuals who have a clearance 

under Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (IISPD 12 

c.learance), are administrative or 

overhead perrsonnel, or are working solely on contracts that pro-
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vide Commercial Off The Shelf 

goods or services as set forth by 

the Federal Acquisition Regu1atol"y Council, ullless they are 

subject to verification uudei' sub-

('lause (II); and 

only applies to contracts over the simple aequisition 

tllresho1d as defined in section 

2.101 of title Code of Federal 

Reg·ulations. 

"(B) ON A l\gNDATORY BASIS FOR ML"L-

'l'lPLE USERS CH' ELLU\I!E SOCIAL SECURITY ACCOUNT ~lJMBER.-In the case of all employer 

who is required by this subsedion to use the 

verification system described in subsection (d), 

or has cleetcd voluntarily to usc such system, 

the employer s11a11 make inquiries to the system 

in accordance with the following: 

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"(i) The Commissioner of Social Security shall notify annually (at the 

employee address listed on the \Vage and 

Tax Statement) who submit a social seeurity aecount number to whieh more than 

one employer reports income and for which 
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there is a pattern of unursual multiple use. 

The notification letter shall identify the 

number of employers to ,'{hich income is 

being reported as well as sufficient illformation notifying the employee of the process to contact the Social Security Administration Fraud Hotline if the employee believes the employee's identity may have 

been stolell. The notice shall not sllare information protected as private, in order to 

avoid any recipient of the notice from 

being in the position to further commit or 

hegin committing identity theft. 

"Oi) If the person to whom the soeial 

rsecurity account number wars isrsued the 

Social Security Administration has been 

identified and confirmed hy the Commissioner, alld indicates that the social security aecount number was used '¥vithout 

their knowledge, the Secretary and the 

Commissioner shall lock the social security 

account numher for emplo.yment eligihility 

verifieation purposes and shall notify the 

employers of the individuals who wrongfully submitted the social security account 
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number that the employee may not be 

work eligible. 

"(iii) Each employer receiving such 

notification of an incorrect social secllrity 

accoullt number under clause (iil shall use 

the verification :sy:stem de:scribed in :subsection (d) to check the work eligibility status of the applicahle employee 'within 10 

business days of receipt of tlle notification. 

ON ~~ VOLUNT"illY BASIS.-SuQject to 

paragraph (2), and subparagraphs (A) through 

(0) of this paragraph, beginning on the elate 

that is ;:1O days after the date of the enactment 

of the Leg'al vVorkfol'ce Act, an employer may 

make an inquiry, a:s provided in :sub:section 

using the verification system to seek verification 

of the irlentity and employment eligihility of any 

incliviclllal employed by the employer. If an employer chooses voluntarily to seek verification of 

any individual employed by the employer, the 

employer shall seek verification of all individuals so employed. ~~1 employer's decision ahout 

whether or Hot voluntarily to seek verification 

of it:s current ,yorkforce under thi8 :subparamay not be considered any govenl-

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ment agency in any proceeding, inve8tigation, 

or review provided for in this Act. 

VERIFICATION.-Paragraph 

(1 )(C)(ii) shall apply to verifications pursuant 

to this paragraph on the same basis as it applie8 to verification8 pur8uant to paragraph (1), 

except that employers s11a11-

"(i) usc a form 0csignatcd or cstahlisllecl by the Secretary regulation for 

purposes of this paragraph; and 

"(ii) retain a paper, microfiche, microfilm, or electronic version of the form and 

makc it availahlc for inspcction 

of the Department of Homeland 

officcrs 

the Special Coun8el for ImmigTation-l{,elated Unfair Employment Practices, or the 

DcpartIncnt of Lahor during thc pcriod hcginning 011 the date the verification COnlmenees and ending on the date that is the 

later of 3 years after the date of such 

verification or 1 year after the date the individuaFs cmploymcnt is tcrminatc(1. 

"( 4) ELillliY COMPLlAc~CE.-

"(A) l"ORMER E-VERIFY REQUIRED USERS, 

INCLUDING FEDERAL CONTRACTORS.-Notwith-

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stamling the deadlines m paragraphs (1) and 

(2), beginning on the date of the enactment of 

the IJegal \V orkforce Act, the Secretary is autllori?;ed to commence requiring employers required to participate in the E-Verify Pr'ogram 

described in section 403(a) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility 

Act of 1996 (R r.s.c. 1324a note), including 

employers required to participate ill snell program reason of Federal acquisition laws 

(and regulations promulgated under those 

including the Federal Acquisition Regulation), 

to commence compliance vvith the requirements 

of this subsection (and any additional requirements of sueh j11

ederal acquisition laws and regulation) in lieu of any requirement to participate in the E-VerifY Program. 

FClHMER E-'71<":RTFY VOLUN'I'ARY 

USERS ~AND OTHERS DESIRIXG EARlj'{ COMPLIANCE.-Notwithstanding the deadlines in paragraphs (1) and (2), beginning on the date of 

the enartment of the Legal \V orkforre Act, the 

Secretary shall provide for the voluntary COlllplianee with the requirements of this suh,;eetion 

employers voluntarily electing to partic.ipate 

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III the l<J-VerifY Program de8cribed in 8eetion 

403(a) of the lllegal Immigration Reform and 

Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 

1 ;324a note) before SUCll date, as well as 

other employers seeking voluntary early compliance. 

COPYING OF DOCUMENTATION PER8 IVll'l"rED.-Kot\\~thstanding any other provision of 

9 law, tlle person or entity may copy a document pre10 8ented by an individual pur8uant to thi8 sub8eetion 

11 and may retain the copy, but only (except as other12 ,vise permitted under law) for the purpose of com13 pl:ying \,~th the requirements of this subsection. 

14 IJDlITATION ON USE OF FORlVIs.-A form 

15 designated or e8tablished by the Secretary of Home16 land Security under this subsection and any infor17 mation contained in or appended to such form, may 

18 not be llsed for pllrposes other than for enforcement 

19 of this Act and any other provision of Federal crimi20 nallaw. 

21 "(7) GOOD FMTH COl\IPLLlliCE.-

22 IK fmI\nRAL.-Except as other,,~se 

23 provided in this subseetion, a person or entity 

24 i8 ('onsidered to have complied with a require25 ment of this subsection lloh'~thstanding a tech-

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nical or procedural failure to meet 8uch requirement if there was a good faith attempt to comply v,lth the requirement. 

"(B) EXCEPTION IF FAILURE TO CORRECT 

~~TER NOTICE.-Subparagraph (A) shall not 

apply if-

"(i) the failure is not de minimus; 

"(ii) the Secretary of Homeland Security has mq)lained to the persoll or entity 

the oa8i8 for the failure and why it i8 not 

de minimus; 

"(iii) the person or entity has been 

provided a period of not less than :i0 calendar days (beginning after the date of the 

e::'lcrplanation) 'within which to torred the 

failure; and 

the person or entity has not corrected the failure voluntarily vvitllin such 

period. 

EXCEPTION FOR PATTERN OR PRACTICE VIOLATORS.-Subparagraph (A) shall not 

apply to a person or entity that has or is engaging in a pattern or practice of violations of sub8eetion (a)(l)(A) ur (a)(2) . 

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"(8) SINGLE EXTENSION OF DElillLINES UP OX 

2 CERTIFICATION.-In a case in which the Secretary 

3 of Homeland Security has certified to the Congress 

4 that the employment eligibility verification system 

5 req uired under subsection (cL) will not be fllUy oper6 atiunal the date that is 6 munths after the date 

7 of the enactment of the Legal 'Yor1l:force Act, each 

8 deadline estahlished under this sedion for an e111-

9 

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ployer to make an inquiry using such 

be extended 6 months. K 0 other extension of such 

11 a deadline shall be made.". 

12 (b) DATE OF HIRE.-Section 274A(h) of the Immi13 gration flnd ::\fationality Act (R l~.S.C. r::~24a(h)) is 

14 amended adding at the end the following: 

15 "( 4) DEFINITION OF DATE OF HIRK-As used 

16 m this section, the term 'date of hire' means the 

17 date of actual commencement of emplo.yment for 

18 wages or other remuneration, unless othen;vise speci19 fied.". 

20 SEC. 3. EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VERIFICATION SYSTEM. 

21 Section 27,Ll( d) of the Immigration and K ationality 

22 Act (R U.S.C. 1:~24a(d)) is amended to read as follows: 

23 "(dl EMPLOYMENT ELIGIBILITY VEnIFICATION SyS24 TEM.-

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"(1) IN GE1\"ERl..L.-Patterned on the employ2 ment eligibility confirmation system established 

3 under section 401 of the lllegal Immigration Reform 

4 and Immigrant R,esponsibility Act of 1996 (8 U.S.C. 

5 1324a note), the Seeretary of Homeland Security 

6 shall establish and administer a verification system 

7 through which the Secretary (or a designee of the 

8 Secretary, which may he a nongovernmental enti9 ty)-

10 "(A) responds to inquiries made by perIl sons at any time through a toll-free telephone 

12 line and other toll-free electronic media con13 ('eruing an individuaFs identity and ,yhcther the 

14 individual is authorized to be employed; and 

15 "(B) maintains records of the inquiries 

16 that were made, of verifications provided (or 

17 not provided), and of the codes provided to in18 ql1irers as e\~clence of their compliance with 

19 their obligations under this seetion. 

20 INITIAL RESPONSE.-The verification sys21 tem shall provide confirmation or a tentative non22 confirmation of an individual's identity and employ23 meut eligibility within 3 working days of the initial 

24 inquiry. If providing confirmation or tentative non25 confirmation, the verification system shall provide an 

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appropriate code indieating ::meh confirmation or 

2 such nonconfirmation. 

3 SECONDARY CONFIRMATION PROCESS IX 

4 CASFJ OF TFJNTATTVT<: NONCONFTR.lVfATTOK.-In cases 

5 of tentative nonconfirmation, the Secretary shall 

6 specifY, in eonsultation vvith the Commissioner of 

7 Social Security, an available secondary verification 

8 process to confirm the validity of information p1'o9 vided and to pru\ide a final confirmation or 11011C011-

10 firmation not later than 10 working days after the 

11 date on which the notice of the tentative noncon12 firmation is received by the employee. The Secretary, 

13 in consultation with the Commissioner, may extend 

14 this deadline once OIL a ease-by-case basis for a pe15 riod of 10 working days, and if the time is eA'iended, 

16 shall document such eA'iension vvithin the verification 

17 system. The Secretary, in consultation with the 

18 Commissioner, shall 110tify the employee and em19 ployer of such extension. The Secretary, ill cOIlsulta20 tion with the Commissioner, shall create a standard 

21 process of such extension and notification and shall 

22 make a description of such process availahle to the 

23 public. ~When final confirmation or nonconfirmation 

24 is provided, the verification system shall proviue an 

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appropriate code indicating ::mch confirmation or 

2 nonconfirmation. 

3 "( 1) DESIO~ ~Au'lD OPERATION OF SYSTEM.-

4 Tl1e verification system shall be designed and oper5 ated6 "(A) to maximize its reliability and ease of 

7 use by persons and other entities consistent 

8 'with insulating and protecting the privacy and 

9 security of the underl'y~ng information; 

10 "(B) to respond to all inquiries made by 

11 such persons and entities on whether individ12 uals are authorized to be employed and to reg13 ister all times when such inquiries are not re14 ceived; 

15 "(C) with appropriate administrative, tech16 nicaI, and physical safeguards to prevent unau17 thorized disclosure of personal information; 

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"(D) to have reasonable >0""""",,, against 

the system's resulting ill unlawful discriminatory practices based on national origin or citizenship status, including-

.lIR 1772 III 

"(i) the selective or unauthorized use 

of the system to verify eligibility: or 

"(ii) the exclusion of certain individuals from consideration for emploYlnent as 
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a result of a perceived likelihood that additional verification will be required, beyond 

what is required for most job applicants; 

to maximi7.e tlle prevention of identity theft use in the system; and 

"(P) to limit the sul~ieets of verification to 

the follmving individuals: 

"(i) Individuals hired, referred, or recruited, in accordance ~v\~th paragrapll (1) 

or (4:) of subseetiou (b). 

"(ii) Employees and prospective employees, in accordance ,,,ith paragraph (1), 

(2), un, or (4) of suhsection (h). 

"Oii) Individuals seeking to eonfirm 

their ovm employment eligibility on a voluntary basis. 

"(5) RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMl\IISSIONER OF 

SOCIAL SECURTTY.-As part of the verification systern, the Commissioner' of Social Security, ill eOllsultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security 

(and any designee of the Secretary selected to establish and administer the verification shall establish a reliable, secure method, which, within the 

time periods 8peeified under paragraphs and (3), 

compares the name and social security account num-

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her provided in an inquiry against such information 

maintained the Commissioner in order to validate 

(or not validate) the information provided regarding 

an indi\~clllal whose identity and emplo.ymellt eligibility must be co nfir"med, the correspondence of the 

name and number, and whether the individual has 

presented a social security account number that is 

not valid for employment. The Commissioner shall 

not disclose or release social security information 

(other than such confirmation or nonconfirmation) 

under the verification system except as provided for 

in this section or section 205(c)(2)(I) of the Social 

Security Act. 

RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECRETARY OF 

HOlVIEh'l.~v SECURITY.-As part of the verification 

system, the Secretary of Homeland Security (in consultation with any designee of the Secretary selected 

to establisll and administer the verification system), 

shall establish a reliable, secure method, which, within the time periods specified under paragraphs (2) 

and compares the name and alien identification 

or rmthorization number (or any other information 

as determined relevant by the Seeretary) which are 

provided in an inquiry against such information 

maintained or accessed by the Secretary in order to 

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validate (or not validate) the information provided, 

2 the eorrespondence of the name and number, wheth3 er the alien is authorized to be employed in the 

4 United States, or to tl1e extent that the Seeretary 

5 determines to be feasible and appropriate, whether 

6 the reeorc18 available to the Seeretary verity the 

7 identity or status of a national of the United States. 

8 "(7) UPDATING INI1'ORlVL!\,l'ION.-Thc Commi8-

9 8ioner of Soeial Seeurity and tlle Seeretary of Home10 land Seeurity shall update their information in a 

11 manner that promotes the maximum aeeuraey and 

12 shall provide a proeess for the prompt correction of 

13 CITonCOU8 information, including instancc8 in which 

14 it is brought to their attention in the seeondary 

15 verifieation proeess ueseribed in paragTaph 

16 "(8) LIMITATION O~ USE OF THE 

17 v~BIFICATION SYSTEM A.~D ANY RELATED SYS18 TEMS.-

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"(A) No NATIONAL IDENTIFICATIOX 

CARD.-Nothing in this seetion shall be eonstrued to authorize, direetly or indireetly, the 

188uanec or 118C of national idcntific8tioll card8 

or the establishment of a national identifieation 

eard . 

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"(B) CRITICAL INFRASTRCCTURE.-The 

~p(·rp·t.!lrv may authorize or direct any person or 

entity responsible for gTanting access to, protecting, securing, operatillg, admillistering, or 

regulating part of the critical infrastructure (as 

defined in section 1016(e) of the Critical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2001 ('12 U.S.C. 

5195c(e))) to usc the verification system to the 

extent the Secretary determines tllat SUC'11 use 

will assist in the protection of the critical infrastructure. 

"(9) REMEDIES.-If an individual that 

the imlivi(lual would not have been msmissed from 

a job but for an error of the verification mechanism, 

the individual may seek compemmtion only through 

the mechanism of the Federal Tort Claims Act, and 

injullctive relief to correct sueh error. No class aetiOll may be brought ullder this paragraph.". 

19 SEC. 4. RECRUITMENT, REFERRAL, AND CONTINUATION OF 

20 EMPLOYMENT. 

21 ADDITIONAL CFLLIu.~GES TO RCLES FOR RECRUIT22 lVIENT, REFERR-'ciL, AND CONTINTTATION OF EMPLOY23 l\IENT.-Section 274AJa) of the Immigration and Nation24 ality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)) is arnended25 (1) in paragraph (1)(A), by striking "for a fee"; 

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(2) in paragTaph (1), by amending ::-mbpara2 graph (B) to' read as fO'llows: 

3 "(B) to' hire, cO'ntinue to employ, or to re4 cl'uit or refer for employ-ment in the United 

5 States an individual without complying with the 

6 requirements of ::.;ub8eetion (b)."; and 

7 (3) in paragraph by striking "after hiring 

8 an ali~n for ~mplo:yYn~nt in aecordane~ vvith para9 grapl1 (1 )," and inserting "after complying vv~t11 

10 paragraph (1),". 

11 (b) DEFINITION.-Section 27~~(h) of the Immigra12 tion and Nationality Act (8 r.s.c. 132'1a(h)), as amended 

13 section 2 (h) of this Aet, is further amended hy adding 

14 at the end the following: 

15 DEFINITION OF RECRUIT OR REFER.-As 

16 used in this section, the term 'refer' means the act 

17 of sending or directing a person who is in the United 

18 States or transmitting documentation or information 

19 to another, directl.v or indirectly, with the intent of 

20 obtaining employment in the United States for such 

21 person. Only persons or entities referring for remu22 neration hvhether on a retainer or eontingency 

23 basis) are included in the definition, except that 

24 union hiring halls that refer union member::.; or non25 union individuals who pay union membership dues 

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are included in the definition whether or not they re2 ceive remuneration, as are labor service entities or 

3 labor service agencies, whether public, private, for4 profit, or nonprofit, that refer, dispatcll, or otller5 wise facilitate the hiring of laborers for any period 

6 of time by a third party. As used in this section, the 

7 term 'recruit' means the act of soliciting a person 

8 vvho is in the United State8, directly or inclirectly, 

9 and referring tlle person to anotller ''v~th tlle intent 

10 of obtaining employment for that person. Only perIl sons or entities referring for remuneration (whether 

12 on a retainer or contingency basis) are included in 

13 the definition, except that union hiring halls that 

14 ['efer union members or nOHunion individuals who 

15 pay union memben;hip dues are ineIuded in this defi16 nition whether or not they receive remuneration, as 

17 arc lahor service entities or lahor service agencies, 

18 whether public, private, for-profit, or nonprofit that 

19 recruit, dispatch, or otherwise facilitate the hiring of 

20 laborers for any period of time by a third party. . 

21 EFFECTIVE DATE.-The amendments made by 

22 this section shall take effect on the date that is 1 year 

23 after the date of the enactment of this Ad, except that 

24 the amendments made by subsection shall take effect 

25 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act inso-

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far m; tmeh amendment::> relate to continuation of employ2 ment. 

3 SEC. 5. GOOD FAITH DEFENSE. 

4 Section 274A(a)(:3) of tl1e Immigration am] Nation5 ality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(:3)) is amended to read as 

6 follow::>: 

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"(3) GOOD FAITH DEFENSE.-

DBFBNSl£.-~\.n employer (or person 

or entity that l1ires, employs, reeruits, or refers 

defined in ::>ub::>ection (h)(5)), or i::> otherwi::>e 

obligated to comply vvith this section) who establishes that it has complied in good faith with 

the requirements of suhsection (h)-

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"(i) shall not be liable to a job applicant, an employee, the j11

ederal Government, or a State or local government, 

nnder Federal, State, or local criminal or 

eivil law for ally ernployn1ent-relaterl action 

taken with L'espeet to a job applieant or 

employee in good-faith reliance on information provided througoh the system established nnder suhsection (dl; and 

"(ii) has established compliance with 

it::> obligation::> under ::>ubparagraph::> (A) 

and (B) of paragTaph (1) and subsection 
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absent a showing by the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, clear and convincing evidence, that the employer had 

knowledge that an employee is an unauthorized alien. 

"(B) j11~'liLURE TO SEEK "A-,~D OBTAI:, 

'lERIFICATION.-Subject to the effective dates 

and other deadlines applicahle under suhsection 

(b), in the ease of a person or entity in the 

United States that hires, or continues to employ, an individual, or recruits or refers an individual for employment, the follmving requirements apply: 

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"(1) FAILURE TO SEEK 

VERIFICATIOK.-

"(I) IN GENERAL.-If the person 

or entity has not made an inquiry, 

under the mechanism established 

under subsection (d) and in accordance ,vith the timeframes established 

under subsection seeking 

verification of the identity and work 

eligibility of the individual, the defense under subparagyaph (A) shall 

not be considered to apply with re-
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t>peet to any employment, except at> 

provided in subclause (II). 

"(II) SPECBL RULE FOR FAILITER OF Vl~RTFTCA1'TOX MRCHA'JTSM.-

If such a person or entity in good 

faith aUemptt> to make an inquiry in 

order to qualify for the defense under 

subparagraph (A) and the verification 

meelm.nism has registered that not all 

inquiriet> vvere ret>poncled tu during the 

relevant time, the person or entity can 

make an inquiry until the end of the 

first suhsequent working day in whirh 

the verification mechanism registers 

nu nunret>pont>et> and qualify for t>ueh 

defense. 

(( (ii) F~A.lLURE TO OBTAIX 

Vl'JRTFTCA1'TOK.-Tf the person or entity 

has made the inquiry described in clause 

(i)(I) but has not received an appropriate 

verification of such identity and work eligihility under such mechanism vvithin the 

time period specified under subseetion 

(cl)(2) after the time the verification inquiry was received, the defense under sub-
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paragraph CA) shall not be considered to 

apply with respect to any employment after 

3 the end of such time period.". 

4 SEC. 6. PREEMPTION AND STATES' RIGHTS. 

5 Section 274A(h)(2) of the Immigration and Nation6 ality Ad (8 U.S.C. 1324a(h)(2)) is amended to reau as 

7 follows: 

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"(2) PmJ1:LVIPTJOl\.-

STNGT,K NATTONAT, POT,TCY.-The 

provisions of this sedion preempt any State or 

local law. ordinance. policy, or rule, including 

any criminal or ci,il fine or penalty structure, 

insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to 

the hiring, eOlLtinued employment, or status 

verifieation for employment eligibility purposes, 

of unauthorized aliens. 

"(13) STATE E:t\~ORCEMENT OF FEDERAL 

LAW.-

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"(i) BrSINESS I,ICENSING.-A State, 

locality, municipality, or political subdivision may exercise its authority over business licensing and similar laws as a penalty for failure to use the verifieatioll system deseribed in subsedion (d) to verity 
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employment eligibility when and a:s required under subsection (b). 

"(ii) GENERAL RULES.-A State, at 

its OVVl1 cost, may enforce tIle provisions of 

this section, but only insofar as such State 

follow:s the Federal regulation:s implementing this section, applies the Federal 

pcnnlty structure set out in this section, 

and complies vvith all Federal 111les and 

guidance conc·.erning implementation of this 

section. Such State may collect any fines 

assessed under this section. An employer 

may not he suhject to enforcement, including audit and investigation, both a Federal agency and a State for the :same violation under this section. vVhichever entity, 

the Federal agency or the State, is first to 

initiate tlle enforcement action, has the 

right of first refusal to proeeed with the 

enforcement action. The Seeretary must 

provide copies of all guidance, training, 

and field instructions provided to Federal 

officials implementing the provisions of 

thi:s :section to eaeh State." . 
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SEC. 7. REPEAL. 

2 (a) I~ GENERAL.-Subtitle A of title IV of the Illegal 

3 ImmigTation Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 

4 1996 (8 U.S.C. 1324a note) is repealed. 

5 (h) REFEREXCE8.-1l.ny reference III any Federal 

6 law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of au7 thority, or any do('ument of, or pertaining to, the Depart8 ment of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, or the 

9 Social Secnrity Administration, to the emplo:yment digi10 bility confirmation system established under section 404 

11 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Respon12 sibility Aet of 1996 (tl U.S.C. 1324a note) is deemed to 

13 refer to the employment eligibility confirmation system es14 tahlished under section 2741~(d) of the Immigration and 

15 Nationality Act, as amended by section 3 of this Act. 

16 (e) J1JFFECTIVE DATE.-This section shall take effect 

17 on the date that is 36 months after the date of the enact18 ment of this Act. 

19 SEC. 8. PENALTIES. 

20 Section 274A of the Immigration and N ationalityAct. 

21 (8 U.S.C. 1324a) is amended22 (1) in subsection (e)(1J23 (1\..) by striking "Attorney General" each 

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place such term appears and inserting "Seeretary of Homeland Securit.v"; and 

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(B) 111 subparagntph (D), by striking 

"Service" and inserting "Department of Homeland Security"; 

(2) in subsection (e)(4)-

CA) in subpar'agraph (A), in the matter before elause (i), inserting, subject to paragraph (10)/' after "in an amount"; 

(13) in suhparagraph (A)(i), hy striking 

"not less tl1an $2;"50 and not more tlUlll 

$2,000" and inserting "not less than $2,500 

and not more than $5,000"; 

in subparagraph (A)(ii), by striking 

"not less than $2,000 and not more than 

$5,000" and insed.ing "not less than $5,000 

and not more than $1U,UUO"; 

(D) in subparagraph (A)(iii), by striking 

"not less than $8,000 and not more than 

$10,000" and inserting "not less than $10,000 

and not more than $25,000"; and 

(E) amending subparagraph (B) to read 

as follows: 

"(13) may require the person or entity to 

take such other remedial action as is appropriede."; 

(3) in subsection (e)(5)-

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(A) in the paragraph heading, strike "PAPERWORK"; 

(B) by inserting ", subject to paragraphs 

(10) tl1rollgh (1 "after "in an amount"; 

(C) by strikitlg "$100" and inserting 

"$1,000"; 

(D) by striking "$1,000" and inserting 

"$25,000"; and 

(E) by adding at the end the follovving: 

"Failure a person or entity to utilize the emploYlnent eligibility verification system as required by law, or pruviding information to the 

system that the person or entity knows or reasonably believes to be false, shall be treated as 

a viulatiun of sl1bsedion (a)(l)(A)."; 

(4) adding at the end of subsection (e) the 

following: 

"(10) RXl'J}1"P'l'TOK FRcnr PBNATll'Y FOR GOOD 

FMTH vlOL~TIO~.-In the case of imposition of a 

civil penalty under paragraph (4)(A) \"ith respect to 

a violation of subsection or (a)(2) for hiring or continuation of emplo:yment or recruitment or 

referral by person or entity and in the case of impositiun uf a eivil penalty under paragraph (5) fur a 

violation of subsection (a)( 1) (B) for hiring or re-

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eruitment or referral a per:son or entity, the pen2 aIty otherwise imposed may be waived or reduced if 

3 the violator establishes that the violator acted in 

4 good faitll. 

5 "(11) AUTHORITY TO DEBAR EMPLO"l'EBS FOR 

6 CERTAIK v'10LATIOXS.-

7 Ix aE~EK,>,L.-If a person or entity 

8 is determined hy the Secretary of Homeland Se9 ('urity to be a repeat ~violator of paragrapll 

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( 1) (A) or (2) of :sub:seetion or i:s convided 

of a crime under this section. such person or 

entity may be considered for debarment from 

the receipt of Federal contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements in accordance with the debarment :standard:s and pur:suant to the debarment procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation. 

"(B) DOT<JS NOT HAVT<J CONTRACT, (tRANT, 

AGREEMENT.-If the Secretary of Homeland 

Security or the Attorney General wishes to have 

a person or entity considered for debarment in 

accordance ",ith this paragTaph, and such an 

perSOIl or entity does not hold a Federal contract, gTant or eooperative agTeement, the Secretary or Attorney General shall refer the mat-

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tel' to the Administrator of General Service8 to 

determine whether to list the person or entity 

on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal 

Procurement, and if so, for wllDt duration and 

under what scope. 

llil.s CONTRACT, GRLL\JT, AGREE-

::VfEXT .-If the Secretary of Homeland Security 

or the Attorney General wishes to have a person or entity considered for debarment m accordance vvith this paragraph, and such pemon 

or entity holds a Federal contract, grant or cooperative agreement, the ~e(3retary or Attorney 

General shall advise all agencies or departments 

holding a contract, grant, or cooperative agreement vvith the pemon or entity of the Government's interest in having the person or entity 

considered for deharment, and after soliciting 

and considering the v~ews of all such agencies 

and departments, the Secretary or' Attorney 

General may refer the matter to any appropriate lead agency to determine whether to list 

the person or entity on the List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procurement, and if so, for 

what duration and under what scope . 

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"(D) REVIEW.-Any decision to debar a 

2 person or entity in accordance with this para3 graph shall be reviewable pursuant to part 9.4 

4 of tlle Federal Aequisition Regulation. 

5 "(12) OFFICE FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERN6 MENT COMPLMXTS.-'1'he Secretary of Homeland 

7 Security shall establish an office8 "(A) to which State and local government 

9 ageneies may submit information indicating po10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

tential violations of subseetion (b), or 

that \vere generated in the normal course 

of law enforcement or the normal course of 

other official activities in the State or locality; 

"(B) that is required to indieate to the 

complaining State or local agency within 5 business of the filing of such a complaint by 

identifJing whether the Secretary v,ill further 

investigate the inforrnation provided; 

that is requiroed to investigate those 

complaints filed by State or local government 

agencies that, on their face, have a substantial 

prohahility of validity; 

"(D) that is required to notify the complaining State or local agency of the re~;ults of 

any such investigation conducted; and 

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2 

3 

4 

5 

"(E) that is required to report to the Congress annually the number of complaints received under this paragraph, the States and localities tl1at filed s11c11 complaints, and the resolution of the complaints investigated the Sec6 retary.": and 

7 (5) by amending paragraph (1) of subsection (f) 

8 to read as follow8: 

9 "(1) Cnnrr'\AI, PENATlrY.-Any person or enti10 ty which engages in a pattern or practice of viola11 tiems of subsection (a)(l) or (2) shall be fined not 

12 more than $15,000 for each unauthorized alien ,,,ith 

13 respect to which such a violation occurs, imprisoned 

14 for not less than one year and not more than 10 

15 years, or both, notv,ithstallliing the prm,isions of any 

16 other Federal law relating to fine levels.". 

17 SEC. 9. FRAUD AND MISUSE OF DOCUMENTS. 

18 Section 154G(b) of title 18, TTnited States Code, 1S 

19 amel1ded20 (1) in paragraph (1), by striking "identification 

21 document," and inserting "identification document 

22 or document me8nt to establish vl'Ork authorization 

23 (including the doeuments described 1Il section 

24 274A(b) of the llIlmi~Tation and Nationality 

25 and 

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55 

(2) in paragTClph (2), by 8triking "identification 

2 document" and inserting "identification document or 

3 document meant to establish work authorization (in4 eluding the documents described in section 274A(b) 

5 of the Immigration and Nationality Act), . 

6 SEC. 10. PROTECTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRA7 TION PROGRAMS. 

8 (a) FC~DlNG Ul\DER AGREBIVlBNT.-Effective for 

9 fiscal years beginnillg on or after October 1, 201:3, the 

10 Commi88ioner of Social Seeurity and the Seeretary of 

11 Homeland Security shall enter into and maintain an 

12 agreement which shaU13 (1) provide funds to the Commissioner for the 

14 full costs of the responsibilities of the Commissioner 

15 under 8eetion 27 4A( d) of the Immigration and N a16 tionality Act (8 r.s.c. 1324a(d)), as amended by 

17 section B of this Act, including (hut not lirnited 

18 to)-

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

(A) acquiring, installing, and maiutaining 

technological equipment and systems necessary 

for the fulfillment of the responsibilities of the 

Commissioner under such section 27 4i\'( d), hut 

only that portion of sueh costs that are attributable exeJusively to 8ueh re8pon8ibilitie8; and 

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(B) responding to indivicluals who contest 

2 a tentative nonconfirmation provided by the em3 ploYLnent eligibility verification system estab4 lished under sncll section; 

5 (2) provide such funds anlLually m advance of 

6 the applicable quarter based on estimating method7 ology agreed to by the Commissioner and the Sec8 rctary (execpt in sueh instances where the delayed 

9 enactment of an annual appropriation may preclude 

10 such quartedy payments); and 

11 ( 3) require an annual accounting and reconcili12 ation of the actual costs incurred and the funds pro13 vided under the agreement whieh shall he reviewed 

14 the Inspectors (Jeneral of the Social Security Ad15 ministration and the Department of Homelaml Seeu16 rity. 

17 (h) CONTINl~ATION OF EMPLOYMENT VERIFICATIOX 

18 IN ARSl'JKCl'J OF TIMELY ACmRRl\mKT.-Tn any case m 

19 which the agreement required under subsection for any 

20 fiscal year beginning on or after October 1, 2013, has not 

21 been reached as of October 1 of such fiscal year, the latest 

22 agrcement hetween the Commissioner and the Seerctary 

23 of Homeland Security providing for fundiug to cover the 

24 cost:-; of the respon:-;ibilitie:-; of the Commi:-;:-;ioner under 

25 section 274AJd) of the Immigration and l\ationality Act 

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(8 U .S.C. 1324a( dl) 8hall be deemed in effed on an lll2 terim basis for such fiscal year until such time as an 

3 agreement required under subsection is subsequently 

4 reached, except tllat tlle terms of such interim agreement 

5 shall be modified by the Dir'ector of the Office of Manage6 ment and Budget to al\iust for inflation and any increase 

7 or decrease in the volume of requests under the employ8 ment eligihility verification system. In any case in whirh 

9 an interim agreement applies for any fiscal year under this 

10 subsection, the Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not 

11 later than October 1 of such fiscal year, notify the Com12 mittee on and }Ieans, the Committee on the Judici13 ary. and the Committee on Appropriations of the House 

14 of Hepresentatives and the Committee on Finane-e, the 

15 Committee on the Judiciary, and the Committee on Ap16 propriations of the Senate of the failure to reach the 

17 agreement required under suhsection for such fiscal 

18 year. Until such time as the agreement required under 

19 subsedion (a) has been reae-hed for such fiscal year', the 

20 Commissioner and the Secretary shall, not later than the 

21 end of each 90-day period after October 1 of such fiscal 

22 year, notify such Committees of the status of negotiations 

23 between the Commissioner and the Seeretary in order to 

24 reach such an agTeement . 

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5g 

SEC. 11. FRAUD PREVENTION. 

2 (a) BLOCKING MISrSED SOCLUJ SECURITY ACCOUNT 

3 NUlVIBERS.-The Secretar.v~ of Homeland Security, in con4 sultation with the Commissioner of Social Security, shall 

5 establish a progTam in which social security account num6 bers that have been identified to be subject to unusual 

7 multiple use in the employment eligibility verification sys8 tem established under section 27 4A( d) of the ImmigTation 

9 and Nationality Act (R U.S.C. 1824a(d)), as 3l11endcd hy 

10 section :3 of this Act, or that Flre othen,rise suspected or 

11 determined to have been compromised by identity fraud 

12 or other misuse, shall be blocked from use for such system 

13 purposes unless the individual using such number is able 

14 to establish, through secure and fair additional security 

15 procedures, t11at the imlivridual is t11e legitimate holder of 

16 the number. 

17 (b) ALLOWING SUSPENSION OF LSE OF CERTAIN SO18 CL~L SECURITY ACCOUNT NUlVIBERS.-The Secretary of 

19 HomelFlncl Security, in consultation vvith the Commis20 sicmer of Social Security, shall establish a program which 

21 shall provide a reliable, secure method which victims 

22 of identity fraud and other individuals may suspend or 

23 limit the usc of their social security account number or 

24 other identifying information for pUl1)oses of the employ25 ment eligibility verifieation system established under sec26 tion 274A(d) of the ImrnigTation and Nationality Act (8 

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C.S.C. 1324a( d)), as amended by section 3 of this Act. 

2 The Secretary may implement the progTam on a limited 

3 pilot program basis before making it fully available to all 

4 imlilicluals. 

5 (e) ~LliJLO'VING P AREKTS To PREv"ENT THEFT OF 

6 THEIR CHILD'S IDEXTITY.-The Secretary of Homeland 

7 Security, in consultation vvith the Commissioner of Social 

8 Security, shall estahlish a progTsm which shall provide a 

9 secure method by whie11 parents or legal guard10 mns may suspend or limit the use of the social security 

11 account number or other identifying information of a 

12 minor under their care for the purposes of the employrnent 

13 eligihility verification system estahlished umler 27 4J'Ic( d) of 

14 the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1324a(d)), 

15 as amended by section 3 of this Act. The Secretary may 

16 implement the program on a limited pilot program basis 

17 hefore making it fully availahle to all individuals. 

18 SEC. 12. IDENTITY AUTHENTICATION EMPLOYMENT ELIGI19 BILITY VERIFICATION PILOT PROGRAM. 

20 Not later than 48 months after the date of the enact21 ment of this Act, the Secretary of Homeland Security, 

22 after consultation with the Commissioner of Social Secu23 rity and the Director of the National Institute of Stand24 ards and Technology, shall establish by regulation an 

25 Identity Authentication Employment Eligibility 

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60 

Verification pilot progyam (the "Authentication Pilot"). 

2 The purpose of the Authentication Pilot shall be to provide 

3 for identity authentication and emplo,v1uent eligibility 

4 verification v,~tll respect to enrolled new employees wl1ie11 

5 shall be available to subject employers who elect to partiei6 pate in the Authentication Pilot. Any ~ub.iect employer 

7 may cancel the employer:s participation in the Authentica8 tion Pilot after one year after cleding to parti(~ipate with9 out prejudice to future participation. 

10 SEC. 13. INSPECTOR GENERAL AUDITS. 

11 (a) IN GENERAL.-Not later than 1 year after the 

12 date of the enactment of this Act, the Inspector General 

13 of the Sorial Security Administration shall complete audits 

14 of the following categories in order to urwover evidence 

15 of individual:s who are not authorized to work in the 

16 l~nited States: 

17 (1) "Workers who dispute wages reported on 

18 their social security accmlllt number when they be19 lieve someOlle else has used such number and name 

20 to report wages. 

21 (2) Children's social security account numbers 

22 used for vmrk purposes. 

23 (8) Employers whose workers present signifi24 cant numbers of mismatched social security aCl'ount 

25 numbers or names for wage reporting . 

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(b) 8UK\lISSION.-The In8peetor General of the 80-

2 cial Security Administration shall submit the audits com3 pleted under subsection (a) to the Committee on and 

4 Means of t11e House of Representative and the Committee 

5 on Finance of the Senate fOt· review of the evidence of 

6 indivillua18 who are not authorized to work in the United 

7 States. The Chairmen of those Committees shall then de8 termine information to he shared vvith the Secretmy of 

9 Homeland Security so t11at such Secretary can investigate 

10 the unauthorized employment demonstrated such evi11 dence . 

• HR 1772 IH