[Cite as Guilford v. Zaner, 2023-Ohio-2098.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

DEFIANCE COUNTY

BRUCE E. GUILFORD,

CASE NO. 4-22-19

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

 v.

LORIN ZANER, ESQ., O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.

Appeal from Defiance County Common Pleas Court

Trial Court No. 20-CV-45121

Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded

Date of Decision: June 26, 2023

APPEARANCES:

Larry W. Zukerman and Brian Murray for Appellant

David R. Hudson and Taylor Knight for Appellee
Case No. 4-22-19

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WILLAMOWSKI, J. 

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Bruce E. Guilford (“Guilford”) appeals the judgment 

of the Defiance County Court of Common Pleas, alleging that the trial court erred 

in granting the Civ.R. 12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by

defendant-appellee Lorin Zaner (“Zaner”). For the reasons set forth below, the 

judgment of the trial court is reversed. 

Facts and Procedural History

{¶2} On July 25, 2018, Guilford was indicted on four criminal charges, 

including rape, sexual battery, abduction, and gross sexual imposition. He had 

previously retained Zaner to represent him in this matter. On March 11, 2019, Zaner 

advised Guilford to accept a plea agreement. On March 12, 2019, Guilford pled 

guilty to one count of gross sexual imposition. Shortly after this change of plea 

hearing, Guilford retained different attorneys. On April 17, 2019, Zaner filed a 

motion to withdraw as defense counsel. The trial court granted this motion on April 

17, 2019.1 Guilford then filed several motions, seeking to withdraw his guilty plea. 

These motions were ultimately successful. 

1 On appeal, the parties do not raise the issue of the statute of limitations. However, we note that “[a]n action 

for legal malpractice accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run when there is a cognizable event 

whereby the client discovers or should have discovered that his injury was related to his attorney's act or nonact and the client is put on notice of a need to pursue his possible remedies against the attorney or when the 

attorney-client relationship for that particular transaction or undertaking terminates, whichever occurs later.” 

Starner v. Onda, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 22AP-599, 2023-Ohio-1955, ¶ 25, quoting Zimmie v. Calfee, Halter, 

& Griswold, 43 Ohio St.3d 54, 538 N.E.2d 398 (1989), at the syllabus. See also Omni-Food & Fashion, Inc. 

v. Smith, 38 Ohio St.3d 385, 528 N.E.2d 941 (1988). The complaint indicates that Zaner withdrew as defense 

counsel for Guilford on April 17, 2019. The complaint instituting this action was filed on May 20, 2019. 

The face of the complaint does not indicate when Guilford may have become aware of the injury alleged in 
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{¶3} On May 20, 2020, Guilford filed a complaint that raised legal 

malpractice claims against Zaner. He alleged that Zaner incorrectly informed him 

that the plea agreement “includ[ed] ‘a guarantee of no jail time.’” (Doc. 1). He

further alleged that Zaner breached his professional duty by “failing to discover, 

compel, and/or obtain previously recorded statements of the complaining witness 

and/or the complaining witness’s significant other * * *.” (Doc. 1). 

{¶4} On May 12, 2022, Zaner filed a Civ.R. 12(C) motion for judgment on 

the pleadings, arguing “no facts to support any breach of duty exist[ed] within the 

four corners of the Complaint * * *.” (Doc. 11). In particular, Zaner argued that 

duty to disclose exculpatory evidence rested with the prosecutor and that he could 

not be held to breach a duty for failing to seek such evidence. On December 6, 

2020, the trial court granted Zaner’s motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Assignment of Error

{¶5} Guilford then filed his notice of appeal on December 28, 2022. On 

appeal, he raises the following assignment of error:

The trial court erred to the prejudice of Appellant by granting 

Appellee’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (Journal 

Number 20) and dismissing Appellant’s Complaint because 

construing the material allegations in Appellant’s Complaint, 

with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in favor of 

Appellant, Appellant was able to prove facts in support of his 

claim that would entitle him to relief—specifically, that Appellee 

breached a legal duty owed to Appellant—and, therefore, 

his complaint. But since this issue of the statute of limitations was not raised on appeal, we make no 

determination on this issue in this opinion.
Case No. 4-22-19

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material factual issues exist and Appellee was not entitled to 

Judgment on the Pleadings. 

Legal Standard

{¶6} Under Civ.R. 12(C), “[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such 

time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.” 

Civ.R. 12(C). “In determining whether to grant a motion for judgment on the 

pleadings, a court must examine solely the pleadings.” McComb v. Suburban 

Natural Gas Co., 85 Ohio App.3d 397, 400, 619 N.E.2d 1109, 1111 (3d Dist.). “If 

the trial court ‘finds beyond doubt, that the plaintiff could prove no set of facts in 

support of his claim that would entitle him to relief,’ then the grant of the motion 

for judgment on the pleadings is proper.” Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores East, LP, 2019-

Ohio-5037, 150 N.E.3d 499, ¶ 8 (3d Dist.), quoting Reznickcheck v. North Cent. 

Correctional Institution, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-07-22, 2007-Ohio-6425, ¶ 12. 

{¶7} When a Civ.R. 12(C) motion is being considered, “the nonmoving party 

is entitled to have all material allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable 

inferences to be drawn therefrom, construed in his or her favor.” Klever v. Sullivan, 

3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-07-33, 2008-Ohio-1784, ¶ 4, quoting Hawthorne v. Migoni, 

5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2003 AP 070054, 2004-Ohio-378, ¶ 9. On appeal, “Civ.R. 

12(C) * * * presents only questions of law * * *.” Peterson v. Teodosio, 34 Ohio 

St.2d 161, 297 N.E.2d 113 (1973). Thus, appellate courts “review a trial court’s 

decision on a Civ.R. 12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings under a de novo 
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standard.” Provens v. Woodridge Place Apartments, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 22AP760, 2023-Ohio-1388, ¶ 8. 

{¶8} In considering a Civ.R. 12(C) motion, “the principles of notice pleading 

apply * * *.” David v. Matter, 2017-Ohio-7351, 96 N.E.3d 1012, ¶ 8 (6th Dist.). 

See Kincaid v. Erie Ins. Co., 128 Ohio St.3d 322, 2010-Ohio-6036, 944 N.E.2d 207, 

¶ 19 (applying the requirements of Civ.R. 8(A) and 9(C) to a Civ.R. 12(C) motion). 

“This means that outside of a few specific circumstances, such as claims involving 

fraud or mistake, see Civ.R. 9(B), a party will not be expected to plead a claim with 

particularity.” Maternal Grandmother v. Hamilton County Department of Job and 

Family Services, 167 Ohio St.3d 390, 2021-Ohio-4096, 193 N.E.3d 536, ¶ 10. 

{¶9} “Instead, ‘[a] pleading that sets forth a claim for relief’ needs to include 

only ‘(1) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the party is entitled 

to relief, and (2) a demand for judgment for the relief to which the party claims to 

be entitled.’” Ohio Neighborhood Preservation Association v. Alaura, 10th Dist. 

Franklin No. 22AP-347, 2023-Ohio-1281, ¶ 10, quoting Civ.R. 8(A). The purpose 

of the notice pleading requirements is “to give the defendant fair notice of the 

plaintiff’s claim and the grounds upon which it is based.” Patrick v. Wertman, 113 

Ohio App.3d 713, 717, 681 N.E.2d 1385, 1387 (3d Dist. 1996), quoting Kelley v. E. 

Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 44448, 1982 WL 5979, *2 (Oct. 28, 1982). A 

Civ.R. 12(C) motion should not be granted simply if it appears “doubt[ful] that 

plaintiff will win on the merits.” Patrick at 716. 
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{¶10} “To establish a cause of action for legal malpractice, a plaintiff must 

show ‘the existence of an attorney-client relationship giving rise to a duty, a breach 

of that duty, and damages proximately caused by that breach.’” Ratonel v. Roetzel 

& Andress, L.P.A., 147 Ohio St.3d 485, 2016-Ohio-8013, 67 N.E.3d 775, ¶ 6, 

quoting New Destiny Treatment Ctr., Inc. v. Wheeler, 129 Ohio St.3d 39, 2011-

Ohio-2266, 950 N.E.2d 157, ¶ 25. 

“The duty of an attorney to his client is to ‘* * * exercise the 

knowledge, skill, and ability ordinarily possessed and exercised by 

members of the legal profession similarly situated, and to be 

ordinarily and reasonably diligent, careful, and prudent in discharging 

the duties he has assumed.’” Yates v. Brown, 185 Ohio App.3d 742, 

2010-Ohio-35, [925 N.E.2d 669,] ¶ 17 (9th Dist.), quoting Palmer v. 

Westmeyer, 48 Ohio App.3d 296, 298[, 549 N.E.2d 1202] (6th 

Dist.1988), quoting 67 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Malpractice, Section 

9, at 16 (1986).

Phillips v. Wilkinson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-231, 2017-Ohio-8505, ¶ 14. 

See State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-20-05, 2021-Ohio-1132, ¶ 127 (“As a 

general matter, trial ‘counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations * * *.’”), 

quoting State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 146, 538 N.E.2d 373, 383 (1989). See 

also Merkosky v. Wilson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2008-L-017, 2008-Ohio-3252, ¶ 6. 

Legal Analysis 

{¶11} In his Civ.R. 12(C) motion, Zaner’s basic contention was that 

Guilford’s complaint contained “no facts to support any breach of duty * * *.” (Doc. 

11). He noted that “[e]ach of Plaintiff’s alleged breaches of duty relate[d] to his 

allegation that Zaner failed to obtain potentially exculpatory information * * *.” 
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(Doc. 15). Zaner argued that, “[u]nder Brady v. Maryland, the duty to disclose 

potentially exculpatory evidence rested with the prosecutor.” (Doc. 11), citing 

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 1197-1198, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). 

Thus, he asserts that he “had no duty to pursue the evidence” identified by Guilford 

in his complaint as “this duty rest[ed] solely with the prosecutor * * *.” (Doc. 11). 

{¶12} However, we find this argument to be unpersuasive. Regardless of 

what duties Brady imposed upon the prosecutor, defense counsel still had a duty to

be reasonably diligent in investigating the facts and evidence in Guilford’s case. 

Thus, contrary to his assertions, Zaner did have a legal duty under the law that could 

be breached with respect to his handling of the evidence in Guilford’s case. In his 

complaint, Guilford alleged that Zaner breached this duty and alleged facts related 

to this purported breach. Thus, considering the allegations as true as required by

the standard for Civ.R. 12(C) motions, Guilford has set forth what is necessary to 

raise legal malpractice claims in his complaint. 

{¶13} In conclusion, having examined all of the material allegations in the 

complaint, we cannot conclude, beyond doubt, that Guilford could prove no set of 

facts in support of his claim that would entitle him to relief. We specifically do not 

rule as to whether his claims will ultimately prove to have merit. However, his 

complaint can withstand the challenge brought pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C). Thus, the 

trial court erred in granting judgment on the pleadings in this case. Accordingly, 

Guilford’s sole assignment of error is sustained. 
Case No. 4-22-19

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Conclusion

{¶14} Having found error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars 

assigned and argued, the judgment of the Defiance County Court of Common Pleas

is reversed. This cause of action is remanded to the trial court for further 

proceedings that are consistent with this opinion.

Judgment Reversed

And Cause Remanded

WALDICK and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/hls