The other seven named defendants are BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Sanofi Aventis, 1

Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eisai Corp. of North America, Daiichi

Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., and John Does.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JIM HOOD,

 Plaintiff,

 v.

F. HOFFMAN-LAROCHE, LTD., et al.,

 Defendants.

Civil Action No. 06-01484 (TFH)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Pending before the Court is a Motion to Remand filed by Mississippi Attorney General

Jim Hood, who seeks to have this lawsuit remanded back to the Chancery Court of Rankin

County, Mississippi, where it originally was filed. The Mississippi Attorney General’s motion is

opposed by three of the ten named defendants in this lawsuit – F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.,

Hoffman-La Roche Inc., and Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. – which jointly assert that they are

the only defendants the Mississippi Attorney General properly served with a copy of the

Complaint. (Defs.’ Opp’n Br. 4 n.2.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court will grant the 1

Mississippi Attorney General’s Motion to Remand.
 It is no exaggeration to state that the Complaint is so superficially and vaguely drafted 2

that it is nearly impossible to determine what is alleged. Although the Complaint asserts that the

defendants violated “the provisions of Mississippi law governing ‘Trusts and Combines in

Restraint or Hindrance of Trade,’” (Compl. ¶ 5), and “engaged in a conspiracy,” (Compl. ¶ 1),

the document otherwise is completely devoid of so much as a hint about what the conspiracy

entailed. It appears that the first time the nature of the conspiracy was fully disclosed was in the

Attorney General’s legal brief supporting the remand motion, which states that “[t]he conspiracy 

. . . consisted of a continuing agreement, understanding, and concert of action among the

conspirators to fix prices and allocate markets of vitamins, vitamin premixes, bulk vitamins, and

other vitamin products in Mississippi.” (Pl.’s Br. 2.)

 The Mississippi Attorney General explained in his Motion to Remand that: 3

Due to the complexities of the Defendants’ illegal monopoly, the

Mississippi Attorney General decided he would prosecute the

Defendants in separate actions. The Mississippi Attorney General

first sued BASF Corporation in the Hinds CountyChancery Court on

August 31, 2004. [BASF] did not remove the first action, but moved

the Court to transfer it to the Chancery Court of Rankin County on

November 29, 2004. The Hinds County Chancery Court granted the

motion to transfer on February 17, 2005. . . . On January 24, 2005,

the Attorney General sued the Defendants in this action in the

Chancery Court of Rankin County.

(Pl.’s Br. 3-4.)

2

BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On January 24, 2006, Mississippi Attorney General Jim Hood filed a Complaint in the

Chancery Court of Rankin County, Mississippi, that purported to allege an antitrust conspiracy

among the named defendants. With the consent of all defendants, Hoffman-La Roche Inc. 2

removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi,

Jackson Division. The Mississippi Attorney General immediately moved to remand the case

back to the Chancery Court of Rankin County where a separate, but related, case was pending

against BASF Corporation. Before the Mississippi Attorney General’s motion was resolved, 3
3

however, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the case transferred to this Court

for inclusion in the coordinated and consolidated pretrial proceedings for actions that involve

alleged antitrust violations related to vitamins and vitamin products. Consequently, the

Mississippi Attorney General’s motion seeking remand is now pending before this Court.

ANALYSIS

28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) permits defendants to remove civil actions from a state court to a

federal district court if the federal district court otherwise would have original jurisdiction. 

Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 134 (2005) (“A civil case commenced in state

court may, as a general matter, be removed by the defendant to federal district court, if the case

could have been brought there originally.”). When considering whether removal was proper,

courts must construe the removal statute narrowly to avoid federalism concerns. Shamrock Oil &

Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100 (1941). Moreover, any doubts about the exercise of subject

matter jurisdiction will be resolved in favor of remand. Gasch v. Hartford Accident & Indem.

Co., 491 F.3d 278, 281-82 (5th Cir. 2007). Ultimately, it is the defendant who bears the burden

of proving that removal was soundly taken and, if the defendant fails to do so, the case must be

remanded. Wilson v. Republic Iron & Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 97 (1921); 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).

The jurisdictional statute the defendants invoked to remove this case provides that federal

courts have original jurisdiction over “all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds

the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interests and costs, and is between . . . citizens of

different States . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Accordingly, if this case involves citizens of different

states and an amount in controversy exceeding $75,000, then the Court may exercise subject
4

matter jurisdiction over it and removal will be deemed proper. If, however, “at any time before

final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be

remanded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).

The Mississippi Attorney General asserts that remand is warranted because this Court

lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the case. Although the parties agree that the amount in

controversy meets the requirement imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the Mississippi Attorney

General contends that this lawsuit was filed as a parens patriae action on behalf the State of

Mississippi, which is not a citizen for the purpose of establishing the diversity of citizenship

necessary to exercise subject matter jurisdiction. Consequently, so the Mississippi Attorney

General argues, removal was improper notwithstanding that the defendants are citizens of other

states. The Mississippi Attorney General also asserts that the Eleventh Amendment to the

Constitution bars removal because a state cannot be sued in a federal court.

The defendants oppose remand on the ground that the State of Mississippi is not the real

party in interest for the claims that seek compensatory damages on behalf of Mississippi

corporations and citizens (referred to collectively as “Mississippi citizens”). The defendants

assert that Mississippi citizens are the real parties in interest for those claims. Thus, according to

the defendants, the real parties in interest to the lawsuit are (1) Mississippi citizens, (2) the State

of Mississippi, and (3) the defendants. The defendants argue that, because Mississippi citizens

also are real parties in interest and complete diversity exists between Mississippi citizens and the

defendants, the Court properly may exercise subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1332. The defendants further argue that, regardless, the Eleventh Amendment is no bar to
5

jurisdiction because it does not afford immunity from lawsuits commenced by states, versus

lawsuits commenced against them.

Because there is no dispute that the amount in controversy is met for the purpose of

exercising federal diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the Court will focus its

attention on determining whether this lawsuit involves citizens of different states. In recognition

of the defendants’ burden to prove that remand was appropriate, the Court will turn to the

contentions raised by them first. To assess the merits of the defendants’ contentions, the Court

will consider (1) the identity of the real parties to the controversy, (2) whether complete diversity

exists among the real parties to the controversy, and (3) if so, whether the Eleventh Amendment

bars the Court’s exercise of subject matter jurisdiction in any event.

I. The Real Parties In Interest

The Supreme Court has made clear that “the ‘citizens’ upon whose diversity a plaintiff

grounds jurisdiction must be real and substantial parties to the controversy.” Navarro Sav. Ass’n

v. Lee, 446 U.S. 458, 461 (1980). Accordingly, this Court “must disregard nominal or formal

parties and rest jurisdiction only upon the citizenship of real parties to the controversy.” Id. The

crux of the defendants’ argument is that some of the plaintiff’s claims involve compensatory

damages asserted on behalf of Mississippi citizens who are the real parties in interest for those

claims. The defendants point to the Mississippi statutes cited in the plaintiff’s Complaint and

argue that only individual citizens and corporations are authorized to recover compensatory

damages under the statutes. The defendants also argue that the parens patriae authority cannot

be used to vindicate injuries suffered by individuals. 
 The Court recognizes that, at least with respect to issues of federal law – such as the 4

question of federal jurisdiction – it should give “close consideration” to the law of the transferor

forum, although such law “does not have stare decisis effect in a transferee forum situated in

another circuit.” In re Korean Air Lines Disaster of Sept. 1, 1983, 829 F.2d 1171, 1176 (D.C.

Cir. 1987).

6

Last year, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit decided a case that this

Court views as instructive with respect to determining the identity of the real parties in interest

for this lawsuit. In Louisiana ex rel. Caldwell v. Allstate Ins. Co., 536 F.3d 418 (5th Cir. 2008), 4

the Louisiana Attorney General “filed a lawsuit which it styled as a parens patriae action”

against multiple corporations for alleged violations of Louisiana’s antitrust statute. 536 F.3d at

421-22. The Louisiana Attorney General alleged that the defendants combined to suppress

competition in the insurance industry by fixing the value of insurance policy holders’ claims and

raising insurance premiums to cover their losses. Id. at 422. The lawsuit was filed in a Louisiana

state court but the defending insurance companies removed the case to the federal district court

pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2), which provides federal

district courts with original jurisdiction over qualifying class action lawsuits. In response to the

removal, the Louisiana Attorney General moved to remand the case back to the state court where

it originally was filed. Id. at 422-423. After the district court determined that “the real parties in

interest were the citizen policyholders” and denied the Louisiana Attorney General’s motion to

remand, the Louisiana Attorney General appealed to the Fifth Circuit. Id. at 423.

On review, the Fifth Circuit first considered the Supreme Court’s decisions in Hawaii v.

Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 405 U.S. 251 (1972), and Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico,

458 U.S. 592 (1982), which it viewed as “useful in illustrating both the limitations and reach of
7

parens patriae actions.” Id. at 426. The Fifth Circuit observed that “based on these two cases it

is clear that while parens patriae actions are not restricted to their common law roots, there are

some limitations, particularly when a state is seeking to recover damages for alleged injuries to

its economy.” Id. at 427. Although the Fifth Circuit agreed that Louisiana’s Attorney General

had the “statutory and constitutional authority to bring parens patriae antitrust actions,” the court

distinguished the question of authority to bring such actions from the ultimate issue of whether

the Louisiana Attorney General was the real party in interest, stating that “[e]ven assuming

arguendo that the Attorney General has standing to bring such a representative action, the narrow

issue before this court is who are the real parties in interest: the individual policyholders or the

State.” Id. at 429.

To determine the real parties in interest, the Fifth Circuit proceeded to analyze the statutes

that governed the remedies the Louisiana Attorney General was seeking in the complaint that

triggered the lawsuit, which consisted of “forfeiture of illegal profits, treble damages, and

injunctive relief.” Id. at 423. With respect to the remedy of treble damages, the Fifth Circuit

determined that individual policyholders were the real parties in interest because they were the

parties intended to enforce the provision of the statute authorizing such damages:

The text of § 137 of the Monopolies Act, which authorizes the recovery of treble

damages, plainly states that ‘any person who is injured in his business or property’

under the Monopolies Act ‘shall recover[] [treble] damages.’ The plain language of

that provision makes clear that individuals have the right to enforce this provision.

Accordingly, we agree with the district court and hold that under § 137 the

policyholders, and not the State, are the real parties in interest.

Id. at 429. Indeed, the Fifth Circuit rejected the Louisiana Attorney General’s contention that,

even with respect to the claim for treble damages, Louisiana was the real party in interest because
8

another section of the Monopolies Act authorized the Attorney General to enforce every

provision of the Act. Id. As the Fifth Circuit explained:

Once again, even assuming arguendo that such an interpretation of state law is

correct, it does not resolve the central issue in this appeal: whether the ‘person who

[was] injured in his business or property’ – in this case the policyholders – are the

real parties in interest. We have no reason to believe that they are not, especially

given that the purpose of antitrust treble damages provisions are to encourage private

lawsuits by aggrieved individuals for injuries to their business or property.

Id. at 429-30 (citing Hawaii, 405 U.S. at 262). Moreover, acknowledging that the lawsuit also

involved a claim for injunctive relief, the Fifth Circuit further commented that “[i]f Louisiana

were only seeking that remedy, which is clearly on behalf of the State, its argument that it is the

only real party in interest would be much more compelling.” Id. at 430. Accordingly, because

the Fifth Circuit concluded that the individual policyholders were the real party in interest for the

claims seeking treble damages, the court held that those claims were properly removed to the

federal district court pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, but indicated that the district

court might elect to sever the claim for injunctive relief and remand that claim back to the state

court. Id.

Turning to the case at hand, this Court also will consider the statutes that govern the

remedies the Mississippi Attorney General is seeking in the Complaint to determine whether the

State of Mississippi is the only real party in interest or whether there is another real party in

interest, as the defendants maintain. The last paragraph of the Mississippi Attorney General’s

Complaint states that he is seeking compensatory damages, statutory damages, and punitive

damages, in addition to interest, costs and attorney’s fees. (Complaint 3.) The Mississippi
 Miss. Code § 75-21-1 through § 75-21-39. 5

 After this lawsuit was filed, the title was amended to state “Penalty for Violation of 6

Chapter”; however, the substantive text of the statute remains unchanged. Miss. Code Ann. §

75-21-7 (2008).

 Like the prior title, this title was amended to state “Recovery of Damages by Private 7

Persons,” but no change was made to the substantive text of the statute. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-

21-9 (2008).

9

Antitrust Act, which is the statute the defendants are alleged to have violated, contains several 5

sections that address damages. The first section, Miss. Code § 75-21-1, mandates fines in the

event of a criminal conviction, but that section does not apply to this civil case. At the time this

lawsuit was filed, the second section, Miss. Code § 75-21-7, was titled “Penalty for Violation of

Antitrust Laws” and mandated a forfeiture penalty in an amount from $100 to $2,000 for every

6

violation of the Mississippi Antitrust Act. That section of the statute also stated that:

Each month in which such person, corporation or association shall violate this

chapter shall be a separate violation, the forfeiture and penalty in such case to be

recovered alone by suit in the name of the state on the relation of the attorney general

and by the consent of the attorney general suits may be brought by any district

attorney, such suits to be brought in any court of competent jurisdiction.

Miss. Code Ann. § 75-21-7 (2007). As the statute made clear, the real party in interest for any

forfeiture penalty sought pursuant to Miss. Code § 75-21-7 was the State of Mississippi.

The only other damages provision identified in the Mississippi Antitrust Act is Miss.

Code § 75-21-9, which previously was titled “Private Persons and Corporations May Sue” and 7

stated that:

Any person, natural or artificial, injured or damaged by a trust and combine as herein

defined, or by its effects direct or indirect, may recover all damages of every kind

sustained by him or it and in addition a penalty of five hundred dollars ($500.00), by

suit in any court of competent jurisdiction. Said suit may be brought against one or
 This also is the only basis on which the defendants challenge the Mississippi Attorney 8

General’s status as a real party in interest. (Defs.’ Opp’n Br. 6-8.)

 At this juncture, the Court must remark that the Mississippi Attorney General appears to 9

overlook the distinction between the parens patriae doctrine and the concept of the real party in

interest. As the Fifth Circuit indicated in Allstate Ins. Co., whether a state’s attorney general has

standing to pursue an action in a representative capacity as parens patriae is an independent

inquiry from the question of whether that same attorney general, or anyone else for that matter, is

the real party in interest for a particular claim. 536 F.3d at 429. In contemporary legal analyses,

the parens patriae doctrine is recognized as a concept of standing. See, e.g., Alfred L. Snapp &

Son, 458 U.S. at 601 (describing the doctrine as one of standing); Oregon v. Legal Svs. Corp.,

552 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009) (“Generally, a state has been granted standing under the parens

patriae doctrine in situations involving the abatement of public nuisances, such as global

warming, flooding, or noxious gases.”); New Mexico v. General Elec. Co., 467 F.3d 1223, 1243

n.30 (10th Cir. 2006) (“The doctrine of parens patriae is a standing concept rather than one of

10

more of the parties to the trust or combine and one or more of the officers and

representatives of any corporation a party to the same, or one or more of either. Such

penalty may be recovered in each instance of injury. All recoveries herein provided

for may be sued for in one suit.

Miss. Code Ann. § 75-21-9 (2007). As far as this Court can discern, this is the only

compensatory damages provision contained in the Mississippi Antitrust Act. Like the statute in 8

Allstate Ins. Co., this provision of the Mississippi Antitrust Act clearly is intended to be enforced

by a private “person or corporation,” i.e., an individual (whether natural or corporate), seeking

compensation for injuries sustained as the result of violations of the Act. Thus, the defendants

are correct that Mississippi citizens, whether natural persons or corporations, are the real parties

in interest for any compensatory damages sought pursuant to this provision of the Mississippi

Antitrust Act. The Court, therefore, is inclined to agree with the defendants that, at least with

respect to compensatory damages, the “persons” who suffered injuries are the real parties in

interest for such claims, not the Mississippi Attorney General, regardless of whether the

Mississippi Attorney General is acting in a representative capacity on behalf of its citizens. See 9
substantive recovery.”); N.E. v. Hedges, 391 F.3d 832, 836 n.3 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Used in the

modern sense, parens patriae is ‘[a] doctrine by which a government has standing to prosecute a

lawsuit on behalf of a citizen . . . .’” (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1137 (7th ed.

1999)); Connecticut v. Health Net, Inc., 383 F.3d 1258, 1261 (11th Cir. 2004) (assessing whether

a state had standing to sue as parens patriae); City of Olmstead Falls, OH v. FAA, 292 F.3d 261,

268 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (acknowledging that the doctrine of parens patriae is a “theory of

standing”). The concept of a real party in interest for the purpose of testing a court’s diversity

jurisdiction, however, involves a determination about whether a named party “has a ‘real interest’

in the suit or, in other words, is a ‘real party’ to the controversy.” Carden v. Arkoma Assocs.,

494 U.S. 185, 200 (1990). As defined in Black’s Law Dictionary, a real party in interest is a

“[p]erson who will be entitled to benefits of action if successful, that is, the one who is actually

and substantially interested in subject matter as distinguished from one who has only a nominal,

formal, or technical interest in or connection with it.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1264

(6th ed. 1990). See also United States v. 936.71 Acres of Land In Brevard County, 418 F.2d 551,

556 (5th Cir. 1969) (“Whether a person is a real party in interest depends upon his substantive

rights, which, in diversity cases and cases like the present one, are determined by state law.”). 

The fact that an attorney general has the authority to proceed as parens patriae does not, ipso

facto, mean that he or she necessarily is the only real party in interest.

11

Allstate Ins. Co., 536 F.3d at 429; see also In re Baldwin-United Corp., 770 F.2d 328, 341 (2d

Cir. 1985) (“[W]hen the state merely asserts the personal claims of its citizens, it is not the real

party in interest and cannot claim parens patriae standing.”). The Court’s determination is

reinforced by the fact that the Mississippi Attorney General asserts that “[l]arge quantities of

vitamins are sold directly and indirectly to the citizens of Mississippi[,]” (Pl.’s Br. 2), and “[t]he

citizens of Mississippi have been illegally overcharged by purchasing these items containing

vitamins[,]” (Pl.’s Br. 3). Accordingly, it is clear that the Mississippi Attorney General “is

seeking to recover damages suffered by individual” vitamins purchasers, who are the real parties

in interest for the compensatory damages claims. Allstate Ins. Co., 536 F.3d at 429.

II. Whether Complete Diversity Exists Among the Real Parties In Interest

Because the Court concludes that Mississippi citizens are the real parties in interest for

any claims seeking compensatory damages, it therefore follows that their citizenship must be
12

taken into account when determining whether diversity of jurisdiction exists for the purpose of

exercising subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Accordingly, at this point

the Court’s diversity calculation must take into account the following parties: (1) the State of

Mississippi acting as parens patriae and represented by the Mississippi Attorney General, which,

at a minimum, is the real party in interest for the forfeiture and penalty claims, (2) Mississippi

citizens who, collectively, are the real party in interest for claims seeking compensatory damages

under the Mississippi Antitrust Act and (3) the defendants, who are citizens of states other than

Mississippi. It is established beyond peradventure that the exercise of subject matter jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 requires complete diversity between the parties, “[t]hat is, diversity

jurisdiction does not exist unless each defendant is a citizen of a different State from each

plaintiff.” Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 374 (1978) (emphasis in

original). Furthermore, “[t]here is no question that a State is not a ‘citizen’ for purposes of the

diversity jurisdiction.” Moor v. Alameda County, 411 U.S. 693, 717 (1973). The question, then,

is whether Mississippi’s lack of citizenship destroys complete diversity and thereby warrants

remand.

“Ordinarily, ‘[i]n an action where a state is a party, there can be no federal jurisdiction on

the basis of diversity of citizenship because a state is not a citizen for purposes of diversity

jurisdiction.’” Louisiana v. Union Oil Co. of California, 458 F.3d 364, 366 (5th Cir. 2006)

(quoting Texas Dep’t of Housing and Cmty. Affairs v. Verex Assurance, Inc., 68 F.3d 922, 926

(5th Cir. 1995)). There is an exception when the state is merely a nominal party, but that is not

this case. Id. (“However, if the State is a nominal party with no real interest in the dispute, its
 The defendants argue that the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Hussain v. Boston Old Colony 10

Ins. Co., 311 F.3d 623 (5th Cir. 2002), stands for the proposition that the presence of a state as a

party may be disregarded for the purpose of determining whether complete diversity exists

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. (Def.’s Br. 4 n.3.) This Court is disinclined, however, to adopt

the analysis in Hussain because it is dicta offered in a footnote addressing jurisdiction over an

“interpleader-like action” subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1441 (involving foreclosure actions against the

United States), see 311 F.3d at 635 n.46, and, more importantly, it conflicts with the more recent

and well-reasoned decisions in In re Katrina Canal Litig. Breaches, 524 F.3d 700 (5th Cir.

2008), and Union Oil Co. of California, 458 F.3d 364 (5th Cir. 2006), discussed supra. While

considering the issue of a state’s immunity from removal, the Fifth Circuit noted in In re Katrina

Canal Litig. Breaches that “it has been long settled that a State is not a person for purposes of

diversity jurisdiction. This, with the long time companion insistence upon complete diversity,

made the presence of additional parties aligned with the State irrelevant to federal diversity

jurisdiction.” 524 F.3d at 706. Likewise, as indicated above, in Union Oil Co. of California the

Fifth Circuit indicated that a state’s presence as a party destroys complete diversity unless the

state is deemed a nominal party, in which case its citizenship may be disregarded. 458 F.3d at

366-67. Both of these decisions contradict the notion that complete diversity can be established

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 if a state is the plaintiff and a real party in interest.

13

citizenship may be disregarded.”). As a result, although the Court finds that Mississippi 10

citizens are real parties in interest with respect to the compensatory damages claims, the Court

nevertheless is constrained to hold that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the lawsuit

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 because complete diversity is lacking so long as the State of

Mississippi also is a real party in interest.

III. Eleventh Amendment Immunity

It is a well-established rule of judicial restraint that “‘prior to reaching any constitutional

questions, federal courts must consider nonconstitutional grounds for decision.’” Jean v. Nelson,

472 U.S. 846, 854 (1985) (quoting Gulf Oil Co. v. Bernard, 452 U.S. 89, 99 (1981)). Because

the Court concludes that it may not exercise subject matter jurisdiction over this case pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1332, and for that reason remand to the state court is warranted, the Court need not

address the contentions raised by the parties about whether the Eleventh Amendment bars
14

removal in this case.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant the Motion to Remand. An appropriate

order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

August 4, 2009 /s/ Thomas F. Hogan 

Thomas F. Hogan

 United States District Judge