COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Beales, Callins and Senior Judge Clements

Argued by videoconference

RAKIM JAMAL JACKSON

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0652-23-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES

JULY 2, 2024

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY

David E. Johnson, Judge

Gregory R. Sheldon (Bain-Sheldon, PLC, on brief), for appellant.

Victoria Johnson, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Following a jury trial, Rakim Jamal Jackson was convicted of (1) unlawful wounding and 

(2) possessing a firearm after having been previously convicted of a violent felony. On appeal, 

Jackson argues that the trial court erred when it gave a non-model jury instruction defining 

“imminent danger.” Jackson then argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction 

of unlawful wounding because he alleges that he acted in self-defense. Jackson also argues that the 

evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for possession of a firearm as a violent felon 

because he claims that he acted out of necessity. 

BACKGROUND

“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, [as] the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v. 

Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381 

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
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(2016)). “This principle requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that 

of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the 

Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 289 Va. 

463, 467-68 (2015) (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498 (1980)).

On January 2, 2021, Selina Dowe helped her son move into a townhome in Chesterfield 

County. Dowe testified that a conflict arose with the next-door neighbor, Michelle Chavis, while 

Dowe’s son and his friends were moving items out of a U-Haul truck. The argument was captured 

on three videos taken from Chavis’s front door security camera.

The first video recorded by Chavis’s camera showed several people shouting at one another 

in the front yards of these two neighboring townhomes. During the arguments, Chavis leaned

against a vehicle parked in front of her home’s walkway while Dowe stood on the walkway in front 

of her son’s new home. Chavis’s daughter, Ariel Jackson (“Ariel”), soon arrived in a white sedan. 

Ariel exited her vehicle and began arguing with Dowe. Shortly after Ariel arrived, Jackson arrived 

in a grey sedan with his two children inside the vehicle. The second video showed several men,

including Tysheem Parham, standing around the U-Haul truck.

1

 While Ariel and Dowe argued, 

Jackson stood on the sidewalk several parking spots away from the U-Haul. In the third video,

Parham is seen standing behind the U-Haul truck with his back turned away from the other 

members of the group. Jackson suddenly walked toward Parham, pulled out a firearm, and placed

the firearm to the back of Parham’s head. Parham, who had his back to Jackson, quickly turned 

around and struggled with Jackson for a moment before Parham ran back toward the new 

townhome of Dowe’s son. Gunfire then erupted as the group dispersed. Jackson then got into his 

grey sedan and drove away. 

1 Several minutes elapse between Jackson’s arrival in the first video and the beginning of 

the second video.
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Sergeant Shawn Beach of the Chesterfield Police Department arrived and found Parham 

injured inside the townhome of Dowe’s son. Parham suffered gunshot wounds to his left thigh and 

his left elbow. Orthopedic surgeon Dr. Karanvir Prakash testified at trial that he treated Parham’s 

injured elbow by inserting a plate into the arm. Dr. Prakash testified that Parham suffered from 

nerve damage and muscle loss to his arm, and Dr. Parkash further stated that Parham’s elbow is 

“never going to be the same again.” Police officers also found five shell casings in the townhomes’

parking lot between the U-Haul truck and a black vehicle.

The day after the shooting, January 3, 2021, Detective Gregory Hopkins of the Chesterfield 

Police Department was looking at an apartment complex in Henrico County for a suspect who was 

connected to the prior day’s shooting. Detective Hopkins testified, “I had seen a gentleman who 

had matched the description come out of the apartment and did a slight jog to a white sedan that was 

parked in the parking lot along with a female party.” Detective Hopkins then told other officers that 

the couple left the area. Officer Bryan Farthing of the Henrico County Police Department soon saw 

the white sedan driving on Parham Road. Officer Farthing testified, “I then pulled in behind the 

suspect’s vehicle and activated my emergency lights and siren to initiate a traffic stop. The vehicle 

quickly switched lanes going from the right lane to the left lane and attempted to what appeared to 

be an illegal u-turn right there at Parham [Road].” Officer Farthing stated that Ariel was driving the 

vehicle and that Jackson was in the passenger seat. After stopping the vehicle, the assisting officers 

found a loaded firearm locked inside the glovebox. Nicole Athey, an expert witness on firearms 

and the functionality of firearms, testified at trial that the five shell casings that were recovered 

from the townhomes’ parking lot were all fired from what she described as the “Smith & Wesson 

model SD9VE caliber 9 mm, semiautomatic pistol” that was recovered in Ariel’s white sedan. 

The Commonwealth also entered into evidence copies of Jackson’s 2011 felony convictions for

robbery, for use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, and for unlawful wounding.
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Jackson testified in his own defense at trial. He stated that he and Ariel were at their 

apartment when Ariel received a phone call. Jackson testified that Ariel became upset after the 

phone call, that she mentioned something about her mother, and that she then quickly left the 

apartment. Jackson gathered their two children and then drove to the home of Ariel’s mother. 

Jackson testified, “When I pull up I see a lot of commotion going on. And when I get out I see 

Tysheem Parham and he looks at me like what are you supposed to do. And that is exactly what he 

said and – um went and got a gun.” Jackson also testified that Parham said that “I’ll air this bitch 

out” before Parham went to get his firearm. Jackson stated, “He [Parham] goes and gets the gun 

and he puts it on his hip and he is like what’s up? What you gonna do? And that how he was 

coming at me.” 

Jackson further testified, “I go by Ariel’s car to try to get out of sight of this guy. I see the 

firearm. I grab it.” While watching the video footage Jackson testified, “I put the gun to him 

[Parham] and I told him to give that shit up because I was at that point where I was just scared. I 

wanted him to give it up. If I could just disarm him then nobody hurt nobody because he was being 

aggressive.” Jackson acknowledged that he shot at Parham first because he was scared for his life. 

After all the evidence was presented, both attorneys agreed that a self-defense instruction 

should be given to the jury. The trial court gave Instruction 16, which states:

If you believe that the defendant was without fault in provoking or 

bringing on the bodily injury, and you further believe that: 1. he 

reasonably feared, under the circumstances as they appeared to 

him, that he was in imminent danger of bodily harm; and 2. he 

used no more force, under the circumstances as they appeared to 

him, than was reasonably necessary to protect himself from the 

perceived harm, then he acted in self-defense, and you shall find 

the defendant not guilty.

The attorney for the Commonwealth also offered Instruction 23, which reads: 

“Imminent danger” is defined as “an immediate, real threat to 

one’s safety.” There must be some act menacing present peril and 

the act must be of such a character as to afford a reasonable ground 
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for believing there is a design to some serious bodily harm, and 

imminent danger of carrying such design into immediate 

execution.

Counsel for Jackson objected to the inclusion of Instruction 23, arguing that the instruction 

was not a model jury instruction and that it would likely cause confusion when read alongside 

Instruction 16, the self-defense instruction. The attorney for the Commonwealth stated that the 

language of Instruction 23 came directly from Lienau v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 254 (2018), 

aff’d on reh’g en banc, 69 Va. App. 780 (2019), and that Instruction 23 was needed because 

Instruction 16 does not define the term “imminent danger.” The trial court agreed with the attorney 

for the Commonwealth, and Instruction 23 was then given to the jury. After deliberating, the jury 

found Jackson guilty of unlawful wounding and guilty of possession of a firearm by a violent felon. 

Jackson now appeals to this Court.

ANALYSIS

I. Jury Instruction on Imminent Danger

In his first assignment of error, Jackson argues, “The trial court erred by giving a non-model 

jury instruction on ‘imminent danger,’ as it conflicted with the instruction on self-defense whereby 

the circumstances needed to be viewed as they reasonably appeared to Mr. Jackson at the time of 

the shooting.” The Supreme Court has held, “As a general rule, the matter of granting and denying 

instructions does rest in the sound discretion of the trial court.” Cooper v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 

377, 381 (2009). “And in deciding whether a particular instruction is appropriate, we view the facts 

in the light most favorable to the proponent of the instruction,” which is the Commonwealth in this 

case. Id. In addition, the Supreme Court has also stated that “whether a jury instruction accurately 

states the relevant law is a question of law that we review de novo.” Watson v. Commonwealth, 298 

Va. 197, 207 (2019) (quoting Payne v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 855, 869 (2016)).
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Jackson argues that the definition of imminent danger in Instruction 23 was not an accurate 

statement of the law regarding self-defense because “it required a real threat and not what appeared 

to be reasonable to Jackson based upon the circumstances as they appeared to him.” Jackson also 

argues that Instruction 23’s definition of “imminent danger” conflicted with Instruction 16, the selfdefense instruction. 

“The principles governing a plea of self-defense are well-established.” Commonwealth v. 

Sands, 262 Va. 724, 729 (2001). The Supreme Court has consistently held, “To establish a claim of 

self-defense, a defendant must show that he reasonably feared death or serious bodily harm at the 

hands of his victim.” Hines v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 674, 679 (2016). “Whether the danger is 

reasonably apparent is judged from the viewpoint of the defendant at the time of the incident.” Id.

In Sands v. Commonwealth, the Supreme Court has also stated, “In the context of a self-defense 

plea, ‘imminent danger’ is defined as ‘an immediate, real threat to one’s safety . . . .” Sands, 262 

Va. at 729 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 399 (7th ed. 1999)); see also Lienau v. Commonwealth, 

69 Va. App. 254 (2018), aff’d on reh’g en banc, 69 Va. App. 780 (2019). Indeed, the Court has 

long held, “In determining whether the accused had the right to shoot the deceased in self-defense, 

the test is not whether the accused thought or believed at the time of the killing that he was in 

imminent danger of great bodily harm at the hands of the deceased.” Perkins v. Commonwealth, 

186 Va. 867, 877 (1947) (first emphasis added). Instead, the Court has emphasized, “He must have 

believed and must have had reasonable ground to believe, at the time, that he was in such danger.” 

Id. 

Given these principles, the language of Instruction 23 correctly states the law of self-defense 

because the instruction quotes verbatim from binding precedent from the Supreme Court and from 

an en banc panel of this Court. See Sands, 262 Va. at 729; Lienau, 69 Va. App. at 265. Instruction 

23 accurately defined one of the key elements of a plea of self-defense that is provided in 
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Instruction 16. Indeed, when read together, Instruction 16 and Instruction 23 accurately state both 

the objective component and the subjective component of the law of self-defense. Colas v. Tyree, 

302 Va. 17, 29 (2023) (“In Virginia, self-defense includes both subjective and objective 

components.”). 

Consequently, given that Instruction 16 and Instruction 23, when read together, accurately 

state the Supreme Court’s and this Court’s binding precedent on the law of self-defense, we 

cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion when it granted the Commonwealth’s request 

to include Instruction 23.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Jackson also argues on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions 

because he proved that he acted in self-defense and that he acted out of necessity. “When 

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is presumed correct 

and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Secret v. 

Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor v. 

Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself 

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” 

Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at 512). “Rather, the relevant question is 

whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009) (quoting Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). 

A. Self-defense

Jackson argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his unlawful wounding 

conviction because he alleges that he shot Parham out of self-defense. This Court has 

consistently held, “Whether an accused proves circumstances sufficient to create a reasonable
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doubt that he acted in self-defense is a question of fact.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App.

68, 71 (1993). On appeal, “[w]e are bound by the trial court’s factual findings unless those 

findings are plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.” Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 

Va. 163, 168 (2008). 

Here, the jury saw the video footage that showed Parham calmly looking away from the 

commotion taking place in front of the townhomes. The video then shows that Jackson suddenly 

approaches Parham from behind while pointing his pistol to the back of Parham’s head. Parham 

turned toward Jackson, and then Parham fled from Jackson as Jackson continued to point his gun

at Parham. Jackson then fired the first shots at Parham (as Jackson acknowledged in his 

testimony at trial) as Parham fled from Jackson into a townhome. Parham was struck in his thigh 

and elbow. These facts certainly do not show that Parham posed “an immediate, real threat” to 

Jackson’s safety that would justify Jackson’s decision to shoot Parham. Sands, 262 Va. at 729. 

Furthermore, given the video footage of the incident, the jury was also entitled to reject 

Jackson’s self-serving testimony that Parham was the aggressor in this encounter and, therefore, 

was entitled to implicitly find that Jackson was lying to conceal his guilt. See Marable v. 

Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10 (1998) (“In its role of judging witness credibility, the 

fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that 

the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.”). The video simply does not show – at the time that 

Jackson shot Parham – that Parham acted in a way that would have given Jackson a reason to

fear for his own life or for the lives of the other people at the scene. Consequently, we cannot 

say that the trial court was plainly wrong or without credible evidence when it determined that 

Jackson did not shoot Parham in self-defense. Therefore, we also cannot conclude that no rational 

factfinder could have found the evidence sufficient for Jackson’s conviction of unlawful wounding.
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B. Necessity Defense

Jackson also argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for 

possessing a firearm after having been previously convicted of a violent felony because he 

maintains that he acted out of necessity, given the circumstances on January 2, 2021, when he 

obtained the firearm. The Supreme Court has recognized that a defendant can raise the defense of 

necessity against the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Small v. 

Commonwealth, 292 Va. 292, 299-300 (2016). When raising this defense, the defendant must 

show: “(1) a reasonable belief that the action was necessary to avoid an imminent threatened 

harm; (2) a lack of other adequate means to avoid the threatened harm; and (3) a direct causal 

relationship that may be reasonably anticipated between the action taken and the avoidance of 

the harm.” Edmonds v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 301, 306 (2016) (quoting Humphrey v. 

Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 36, 45 (2001)). “[T]he necessity relied upon must not arise out of 

defendant’s own misconduct.” Id. (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 560, 562 

(1978)). Furthermore, this Court has held, “Necessity provides no defense to a charge of 

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon if the felon takes possession of the firearm before 

the threat becomes imminent or retains possession longer than required after the danger has 

passed.” Humphrey, 37 Va. App. at 50. 

Here, Jackson failed to demonstrate that there was “a lack of other adequate means to avoid 

the threatened harm” when Jackson armed himself with a firearm. Edmonds, 292 Va. at 306. 

Rather than leaving the scene or calling the police to deescalate the situation, Jackson testified that 

he went to Ariel’s car and grabbed a firearm in order to disarm Parham himself. As discussed 

supra, Parham was actually facing away from Jackson when Jackson approached Parham from 

behind. Jackson then pointed the firearm to the back of Parham’s head, and Jackson soon fired the 

first shots at Parham. These facts clearly show that Jackson escalated the encounter by obtaining a 
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pistol and then threatening Parham with that pistol. Given that Jackson could have deescalated the 

situation by calling the police or could have avoided the situation altogether by leaving the scene, 

Jackson simply did not act out of necessity when he chose to pick up a firearm to confront Parham. 

Because Jackson is a previously convicted violent felon, it was unlawful for Jackson to even possess 

that firearm. Consequently, under these circumstances, it was clearly not necessary for Jackson to 

pick up and use the firearm as he did here. Therefore, we certainly cannot say that no rational 

factfinder could have found the evidence sufficient for Jackson’s conviction for possession of a 

firearm after having been previously convicted of a violent felony.

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and uphold both of 

Jackson’s convictions.

Affirmed.