A Revision of the Indo-Pacific Fish

Genus Gobiopsis with Descriptions

of Four New Species

(Pisces: Gobiidae)

m

ERNEST A.LACHNER

and

JAMES F. McKINNEY

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 262
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 26 2

A Revision of the Indo-Pacific Fish

Genus Gobiopsis with Descriptions

of Four New Species

(Pisces: Gobiidae)

Ernest A. Lachner

and James F. McKinney

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1978
ABSTRAC T

Lachner, Ernest A., and James F. McKinney. A Revision of the Indo-Pacific

Fish Genus Gobiopsis with Descriptions of Four New Species (Pisces: Gobiidae).

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 262, 52 pages, 7 figures, 11 plates,

8 tables, 1978.—The genus Gobiopsis Steindachner comprises ten species, four of

which are described as new. Five monotypic genera are placed in the synonymy

of Gobiopsis, namely Pogonogobius H. M. Smith, Pipidonia H. M. Smith,

Herreogobius Koumans, Barbatogobius Koumans, and Abranches J.L.B. Smith.

Salient characters of the genus include the following: a broad, depressed head

with pug-nosed snout; head with barbels in particular positions; cutaneous

papillae and cephalic sensory pore and canal systems interrelated; sensory pores

large, some on tubes, slit-like and hooded; a fleshy midcheek fold; and a dark

sickle-shaped mark at base of pectoral fin. The species we recognize in Gobiopsis

are Gobiopsis macrostoma Steindachner, Hetereleotris arenarius Snyder, Pipidonia

quinquecincta H. M. Smith, Ctenogobius malekulae Herre, Macgregorella bravoi

Herre, and Abranches pinto J.L.B. Smith. The four new species are G. angustifrons, G. aporia, G. canalis, and G. woodsi, which are variously distributed in the

Indo-Pacific region. Two species groups are defined. A key is given differentiating

the species. Distributions of the species are plotted on maps. Drawings and photographs of the heads or bodies of all species are provided.

The genus is distributed along the tropical continental slopes of Africa, Asia,

Australia, and major islands of the East Indies and Philippines; it has not been

found in the Red Sea, the insular Indian Ocean areas, nor Oceania.

The various and elaborate development of cephalic sensory structures, the

general body physiognomy including the depressed head and upturned snout,

and the obliterative color pattern are, apparently, adaptations of subsurface dwelling species for preferred habitats of sandy, muddy, or coral-rubble areas.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESICN: The coral

Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus) .

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Lachner, Ernest A.

A revision of the Indo-Pacific fish genus Gobiopsis with descriptions of four new species (Pisces,

Gobiidae)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 262)

Bibliography: p.

1. Gobiopsis—Classification. 2. Fishes—Classification. 3. Fishes—Indian Ocean. I. McKinney,

James F., joint author. II. Title: A revision of the Indo-Pacific fish genus Gobiopsis . . .

III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 262.

QL1.S54 no. 262 [QL638.G7] 591'.08s [597'.58] 77-21103
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Methods 2

Analysis of Characters 6

Gobiopsis Steindachner 10

Key to the Species of Gobiopsis 11

Gobiopsis aporia, new species 12

Gobiopsis canalis, new species 15

Gobiopsis pinto (J.L.B. Smith) 16

Gobiopsis macrostoma Steindachner 18

Gobiopsis woodsi, new species 21

Gobiopsis malekulae (Herre) 22

Gobiopsis arenaria (Snyder) 24

Gobiopsis quinquecincta (H. M. Smith) 26

Gobiopsis bravoi (Herre) 29

Gobiopsis angustifrons, new species 31

Summary and Remarks 33

Tables 35

Literature Cited 39

Plates 41

A Revision of the Indo-Pacific Fish

Genus Gobiopsis with Descriptions

of Four New Species

(Pisces: Gobiidae)

Ernest A. Lachner

and James F. McKinney

Introduction

This study is an extension of the survey of gobies

having prominent head barbels reported by Lachner

and McKinney (1974). Many of the nominal genera

of Indo-Pacific barbeled gobies are infrequently encountered and their taxonomic status is poorly

known. The various nominal species previously have

been placed in genera as a convenience rather than

from an understanding of their interspecific relationships. In our treatment of Barbuligobius (Lachner and McKinney, 1974:878) we observed similarities among nominal species that we referred to the

genus Pipidonia H. M. Smith. Subsequently we have

found additional genera and species referable to

this genus and we have discussed these in our communications with our colleagues in many institutions over the world. We recently learned and now

report that the genus Pipidonia is a synonym of

Gobiopsis Steindachner (1861:291). The objectives

of this paper are to redescribe the genus Gobiopsis,

reallocate five nominal genera to its synonymy, redeErnest A. I.achner, Department of 1'ertebrate Zoology,

National Museum of Natural Histoiy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. James F. McKinney, Department of Biology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia,

2350S.

scribe six valid nominal species in the genus and

describe four new species.

At the time of our allocation of species to the

genus Pipidonia (Lachner and McKinney, 1974:

878) we did not include Pogonogobins H. M. Smith

(1931:37; type species Gobius planifrons Day) because (1) we could not adequately assess Smith's

generic description, (2) Smith did not compare the

genus with Pipidonia, which he described as new

in the same paper, (H. M. Smith 1931:39), and

(3) we were unaware that type material of Gobius

planifrons Day was extant.

After 1974, we obtained the putative type specimen of Gobius planifrons and determined that

Pipidonia and Pogonogobius are congeneric. Our

use of the name Pipidonia in preference to Pogonogobius in labeling collections and in correspondence

was based on our actions (Lachner and McKinney,

1974) as first revisors. Also, the name Pipidonia had

received greater usage in the literature, although

both names had limited use.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—For loans and exchanges of

specimens and for providing information on material in their care, we thank the following individuals (for explanation of abbreviations see

"Methods'): D. E. Rosen and C. L. Smith (AMNH);

J. R. Paxton and D. F. Hoese (AMS); J. E. Bohlke

and W. F. Smith-Vaniz (ANSP); P. J. Whitehead

1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

(BMNH); J. E. Randall and A. Suzomoto (BPBM);

W. N. Eschmeyer, T. Iwamoto and P. Sonoda (CAS);

L. P. Woods and R. K. Johnson (FMNH); T.

Yamakawa (KSHS); P. Kahsbauer (NMW); M.

Boeseman (RMNH); M. M. Smith and R. Winterbottom (RUSI); T. H. Fraser (formerly at RUSI);

J. Nielsen (UZMK); T. K. Chatterjee (ZSIC); A.G.K.

Menon (Zoological Survey of India, Madras).

Detailed drawings of the heads were made by J.

R. Schroeder. Ms. S. Karnella (NMNH) provided

Figure 1. R. F. Gressey (NMNH) identified and

provided information on parasitic copepods found

on some specimens. M. F. Gomon (University of

Miami) located specimens in the AMS collection.

V. G. Springer (NMNH) provided habitat information for some collections.

METHODS

Methods and techniques of making and recording counts and mensurations are similar to those

given by Lachner and McKinney (1974), with the

following exceptions. The vertical fin rays of poorly

preserved type and nontype specimens representing

important historical or geographical material were

counted from radiographs. The pectoral fin rays

and barbels were counted on both sides when possible and are tabulated as separate counts. Counts

of the segmented and branched caudal fin rays were

taken from larger specimens that could be sexed

externally. The horizontal or lateral scale count

includes all rows from the dorsal insertion of the

pectoral fin to the midbase of the caudal fin. The

scales are smaller and often irregularly arranged

anteriorly compared with those on the caudal

peduncle. Some specimens have the body covered

with a heavy mucous layer. These conditions made

it practically impossible to repeat the same count

for an individual specimen. Therefore, we have

presented only the ranges of the scale counts by

species.

MEASUREMENTS.—Proportional measurements were

taken from specimens that could be sexed externally

by examination of the genital papilla.

The straight line distance from the insertion of

the pelvic fin spine to the origin of the anal fin was

used in computations involved in Figure 3.

The postanal length was taken as a straight line

measurement from the origin of the anal fin to the

midbase of the hypural.

The lower jaw was measured from the extreme

anterior midportion to its posterior tip.

The diameter of the orbit and the interorbital

width are difficult to measure precisely because of

the dense, fleshy tissue over these areas. Our measurements of these characters approximate the distances between the bony structures.

All counts and measurements were taken on the

left side unless otherwise indicated.

Scales were taken from the middorsolateral area

of the trunks of several specimens in determining

scale morphology.

We follow the method of Birdsong (1975:137) in

describing the relationship of the spinous dorsal fin

pterygiophores with the underlying vertebrae.

COLOR PATTERN.—There is considerable individual variation in the color pattern of some species.

Our description of the preserved coloration in such

species is based on a number of specimens, segregated by sex and size groups, having a consistent

pattern.

EXTERNAL SENSORY STRUCTURES.—Strong light,

high magnification, and a fine jet of compressed air

often facilitated examination of the sensory pores,

barbels, and cutaneous papillae. The drawings of

the heads in Plates 1-6, based on a single specimen

primarily to show the head physiognomy and the

patterns of the barbels and sensory pores, may not

show the complete cutaneous papillae pattern.

However, the salient papillae paterns described below are evident on these illustrations.

Cephalic Sensory Pore and Canal System: Location of the cephalic sensory pores is shown on the

generalized drawing (Figure 1). Abbreviations used

in Figure 1 and in descriptive portions of the text

follow:

AOT anterior otic

AT anterior temporal

IT intertemporal

NA nasal

PITO posterior interorbital

PT posterior temporal

POP preopercular

SOT supraotic

Specific pores in all of the species are located in

approximately the same place. The pores of

Gobiop.sis are generally easy to observe in well

preserved specimens because of their comparatively

large oval or slitlike orifices and their encirclement

by small, dense chromatophores. The posterior in-
NUMBER 262

FIGURE 1.—Diagrammatic dorsolateral view of head of Gobiopsh, barbels and papillae omitted,

showing cephalic sensory pores and canals found in various species (for explanation of abbreviations see "Methods").

terorbital and supraorbital pores open at the end

of a tube, the orifice of which is covered by a well

developed flap. The posterior interorbital and

supraorbital pores are characteristically located

more posteriorly on the head than are the same

pores we described in Barbuligobius (Lachner and

McKinney, 1974), but we adhere to the same terminology as used in that paper in lieu of more

comprehensive comparative external and internal

studies of this system in relation to the cranium in

gobioid fishes.

Barbels: The larger barbels almost always occur

in either clusters or rows on specific portions of the

head (Figure 2). The mandibular barbels that are

in rows are usually simple and elongated. Barbels

on the snout are often clustered, complex structures.

Some clusters are mounted on an elongate fleshy

flap or fold. Others are mounted on fleshy stalks

or circular bases, and these may be simple, bifid, or

multifid. A bifid barbel was counted as one if the

tip is divided into two parts but the divided portion

is less than one-half its total length. If the division

is more than one-half of the total length, it was

counted as two. Barbels are difficult to find on old,

dried, or poorly preserved specimens. Such specimens may have much tissue torn about the head,

making an accurate barbel count impossible. The

counts from specimens showing only evident barbels are shown in Table 3.

Terminology used to identify the important barbels follows.

Chin (or mental): a cluster of barbels, almost

always 2, on each side at symphysis of lower jaw.

Anterior gular: a transverse medial group of

barbels, frequently 2 or 3 in number, located just

posterior to chin barbels on anterior hyoid area.

Posterior gular: usually an irregular group of

1-4 small barbels on midhyoid area, often absent.

Intermandibular chin row: simple, small to large,

elongate barbels in a row on fleshy fold located

mesad on lower jaw, numbering 1-8 on each side.

Posterior mandibular row: 1-6 simple barbels on

posterior portion of dentary, one of which is terminally located on the bone.

Postmandibular: a single, simple elongate barbel

on upper row of papillae posterior to rictus on

preopercle.

Anterior cheek tuft: a cluster of 1-7, usually 3-5,

barbels varying in size from small barbellike projections to some as large as those on chin, and

mounted on a fleshy tuft at junction of midcheek

skin fold and maxillary.

Anterior internasal group: a small group of barbels, usually 2—3 in number, often bifid, rarely

trifid, at tip, bordering the maxillary, on each side

of midline between anterior nares.

Posterior internasal group: usually a simple barbel, sometimes bifid, on each side of midline between posterior nares.

Small barbels, usually simple or bifid, are found

on various parts of the head, particularly on the

snout of certain species. Some of these are tiny,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

CHIN

ANTERIOR INTERNASALS

POSTERIOR INTERNASALS

ANTERIOR CHEEK TUFT

MID-CHEEK FOLD

ANTERIOR GULAR

POSTERIOR GULAR

INTER-MANDIBULAR

POSTERIOR MANDIBULAR

POST-MANDIBULAR

FIGURE 2.—Particular barbels or barbel groups found on species of Gobiopsis, dorsal and ventral

views.
NUMBER 262

barbellike projections, often only slightly larger

than a large papilla.

Cutaneous Papillae System: A general account of

the gobioid papillae system is reviewed by Lachner

and McKinney (1974:870). Because of erosion, drying, or imcomplete development of papillae on any

particular specimen, the papillae pattern in each

species of Gobiopsis was determined by examining

a number of specimens. In order to discuss and compare rows of papillae we have adopted terminology

denoting their location. We do not imply that this

terminology is adequate or suitable for other gobies.

Identifiable rows of papillae in Gobiopsis, such as

those on the cheek and the cheek fold, may not be

homologous to those similarly located on other

gobioid fishes that lack the fold.

The principle rows of papillae were examined

and compared among the species. We reviewed the

studies of various authors in respect to the terminology used to identify particular rows or series of

papillae. At best, the alphanumeric symbols or abbreviated descriptive words employed by other

workers are not entirely applicable to the cutaneous

papillae system present in Gobiopsis; at the worst,

such symbols serve no useful purpose. Comprehensive studies of gobioid sensory pore and papillae

systems of many genera would be necessary to afford

the possibility of developing a useful comparative

terminology. Perhaps the highly adaptive nature of

such sensory structures as the papillae, barbels,

canals, and pores of gobioid fishes may obviate the

possibility of any reasonably consistent terminology.

Takagi (1963) describes and compares many papillae

patterns and sensory pore and canal types among

the gobioid fishes found in Japanese waters. This

detailed work also includes an excellent review of

the literature of these sensory structures but it

illustrates the need for further analysis and interpretation of such sensory systems.

The following three rows of papillae are intimately associated with the cephalic sensory pore

and canal system.

Suborbital row: commences at fleshy margin of

snout, above the anterior cheek tuft, and continues

under the eye, terminating at the AOT pore.

Nasal row: originates on tip of snout between the

anterior nares and the anterior internasal barbel

group and continues posteriorly to the nasal pore;

continues posteriorly around the eye and is confluent with the suborbital row when all of the

sensory pores are absent (Plate 1) or terminates

posteriorly at the SOT pore when the nasal pore is

absent (Plate 5).

Lateral cephalic row: three variations exist: (1)

originates at the row of papillae encircling the eye

and extends posteriorly to the end of the upper gill

opening (Plate 1); (2) originates at the IT pore and

extends posteriorly to or slightly beyond the upper

gill opening (Plates 5, 6); or (3) originates at the IT

pore and extends posteriorly to or slightly beyond

the upper gill opening but is interrupted by the

closed AT-PT canal (Plates 2-4).

Other rows or series of papillae not intimately

associated with pores or canals follow.

Secondary lateral cephalic row: located just above

and parallel to the lateral cephalic series (shown

best in Plate 26); originates midway between the

AOT and IT pores and continues posteriorly to about

the level of the upper gill opening, but is interrupted above the AT-PT canal; in a similar position

when pores and canals are absent.

Preopercular row: a short, vertical row on upper

preopercle that descends from the secondary lateral

cephalic row to a level just anterior to the upper

POP pore, or to a similar position when the POP

pore is absent.

Cheek rows: there are four rows of papillae on

the cheek below the suborbital row: the first row

borders the cheek fold and orginates at the anterior

cheek tuft of barbels and extends posteriorly beyond

the midpreopercle; the second row, of coarser and

more widely separated papillae than those of the

first row, lies beneath the cheeck fold (or nearly so)

and is about as Jong as the first row; the third row,

short and with poorly developed papillae, begins

at a point vertically below the posterior margin of

the eye and extends posteriorly to about midpreopercle; the fourth row curves ventrally from the

anterior cheek tuft, borders the upper jaw and

extends posteriorly on the lower preopercle.

Preoperculo-mandibular series: consists of two

parallel rows originating on the chin opposite the

paired chin barbels, borders the lower jaw, extends

posteriorly on the preopercular margin and ascends

to about the lower preopercular pore, or to a similar

area when pore is absent.

Transverse snout row: occurs on the fleshy edge

of the snout bordering the labial groove, is almost
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

always developed between anterior cheek tufts, and

is confluent in some species with the fourth cheek

row.

Anterior nostril series: a row and sometimes other

scattered papillae more or less encompassing the

anterior nostril and the associated short barbels.

Posterior nostril row: a short, sometimes weak or

obscure row posterior and mesad of the posterior

nostril.

Postorbital row: a short row on the head behind

the eye, extending posteriorly and mesially from

just lateral to the SOT pore, or from a similar position when pore is absent.

Occipital series: three short, more or less longitudinal rows on each side of head in the midoccipital area.

Opercular series: three unconnected rows arranged in an irregular triangle on the opercle,

apparently present in most, if not all gobioid fishes.

Pectoral series: a cluster of short vertical, oblique,

and horizontal rows present in the area above the

base of the pectoral fin.

Trunk series: short, vertical rows of fine papillae

extending from behind the base of the pectoral fin

to the base of the caudal fin, each row about one

to three scale rows in height and positioned on the

anterior exposed portions of the scales; rows are

staggered on the anterior trunk and sometimes on

the belly; those on caudal peduncle are more regularly arranged on midside.

Caudal series: consists of three horizontal rows

of fine papillae on the lower margin of the sixth

and ninth, and upper margin of the twelfth segmented caudal fin rays; papillae rarely on the

upper margin of thirteenth caudal fin rays.

PRESENTATION OF DATA.—In the descriptive accounts, the values given for meristic characters are

followed by frequencies of counts in parentheses.

The frequency that includes the holotypic value

is italicized. Values for measurements, expressed

in thousandths of the standard length (SL), include

the mean, the range in parentheses, and the number

of specimens measured.

Data in the section on material examined include

the following: general geographic area; type status,

if any; catalogue number; sex, for type specimens;

number of specimens in the collection; standard

length (SL), mm, in parentheses (range given if

more than one specimen); specific locality; collector

and/or field number; date collected.

Synonymies are based on examination of original

specimens, an illustration, or adequate descriptive

data.

ABBREVIATIONS.-—Institutions and collections cited:

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York

AMS Australian Museum, Sydney

ANSP Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia

BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London

BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu

CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; also

houses collections formerly at Stanford University

(SU), including the George Vanderbilt Foundation collections (GVF register numbers)

FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

GVF See CAS

KSHS Kochi Senior High School, Kochi City, Japan

NMNH National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D.C.

NMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna

RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden

RUSI Rhodes University, J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa

SU See CAS

USNM Collections of the United States National Museum

now in NMNH

UZMK Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen

ZSIC Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta

ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERS

The important characters useful in differentiating

among the species and species groups are as follows.

CEPHALIC SENSORY PORE AND CANAL SYSTEM.—

The pores in Gobiopsis are conspicuous and easily

observed for study. The full complement is usually

developed at about 18 mm SL, and sometimes at

lesser sizes (G. quinquecincta, 15.2 mm SL). The

presence of a particular pore or groups of pores is

one of the important species characters of the genus.

There is little variation in the occurrence of a

particular pore within any species; most of the

pores are either present or absent. Where variation

occurs, the tendency is for reduction in the number

of pores. We found no examples, among the adults

and larger juveniles, of a particular pore being

present even on one side in species where it is typically absent. In G. pinto, two specimens (27 and 30

mm SL) had the PITO pore but it was absent in seven

larger specimens (35-51 mm SL).

The number, distribution, and variation in occurrence of the sensory pores in 608 specimens involving all of the species of Gobiopsis are given in

Tables 1 and 2. Abbreviations for these pores are
NUMBER 262

defined in "Methods." The SOT pore was the most

variable. In the most abundant species G. quinquecincta, where we analyzed the pore pattern in 402

specimens, the SOT pore was absent on both sides

in only 7 specimens, or about 1.7 percent. In all the

species, only three pores at particular sites were

found to be developed as double structures and one

pore as a triple structure. These anomalies were at

the PITO, SOT, and IT pore sites. The absence of

specific pores, such as the NA, PITO, SOT, or POP,

aided in distinguishing one or more species. One

species, G. aporia, never has any developed pores or

vestiges thereof. Of the nine other species, the NA

pores are absent only in G. maleknlae, the PITO pore

is absent in G. malekulae and G. pinto, and the two

POP pores are always absent in G. arenaria and G.

malekulae. There is a reduction of the paired POP

pores in G. canalis from two to one. The presence

of the AT and PT pores and canal, and the location

of the NA pore anterior to the posterior nostril,

rather than adjacent to or behind it, are characters

unique to the G. macrostoma species group, which

includes the species G. macrostoma, G. canalis, G.

pinto and G. woodsi. The AT and PT pores were

considered absent on one side of four specimens

because the canal was incompletely developed.

Unlike the developmental conditions of sensory

pores found in the goby genus Gillichthys by Barlow

(1961) we found that the full species complement is

attained at a small size, that the pattern and number of pores do not vary with increased size among

the juveniles and adults, and that for any species the

presence of a specific pore is extremely stable.

CUTANEOUS PAPILLAE SYSTEM.—The full papillae

complement is attained at small sizes, thereby enhancing the usefulness of this character as a systematic tool. For example, some specimens of G.

aporia develop the characteristic row of papillae

encircling the eye at about 9 mm SL. In some species

the rows of papillae are longer, finer, and more

delicate than those of others, e.g., the cheek row on

G. macrostoma (Plate 2b); such differences are of

some aid in species recognition. But the most important diagnostic differences of the papillae system

are the rows that are intimately associated with the

occurrence of certain sensory pores. Four patterns

were observed.

Pattern 1: No cephalic sensory pores; the nasal

papillae row encircles eye and is confluent with the

suborbital row; the primary lateral cephalic row

extends from behind eye to upper gill opening;

occurs in one species, G. aporia (see Plate 1).

Pattern 2: NA and PITO pores absent, SOT pore

present; the nasal papillae row terminates posteriorly at the SOT pore; the lateral cephalic papillae

row originates at the IT pore and extends uninterrupted posteriorly to or slightly beyond the upper

gill opening; occurs in one species, G. malekulae

(Plate 5a,b).

Pattern 3: NA pore present; the nasal papillae row

terminates at the NA pore; the lateral cephalic

papillae row is similar to pattern 2; occurs in four

species (the G. quinquecincta species group): G.

angustifrons, G. arenaria, G. bravoi, and G. quinquecincta (Plate 6a-d).

Pattern 4: NA pore present; the nasal papillae row

is similar to pattern 3; the lateral cephalic papillae

row originates at the IT pore and extends posteriorly

to or slightly beyond the upper gill opening but it

is interrupted by the closed AT-PT canal; occurs in

four species (the G. macrostoma species group): G.

canalis, G. pinto, G. macrostoma, and G. ivoodsi

(Plates 2b, $a,b, 4a,b).

These patterns describe the ways in which the

extent of development of the nasal and lateral

cephalic rows of papillae separates the G. macrostoma and G. quinquecincta species groups as well

as the species G. aporia and G. malakulae.

BARBELS.—The presence and number of barbels

in particular groups or rows on the snout and

laterally and ventrally on the head differ among the

species. The mode, mean, range, and number of

counts for barbels on specific locations of the head

in all the species of Gobiopsis are given in Table 3.

The barbels on the anterior cheek tuft are long to

short, differing among the species. In G. aporia, G.

canalis, G. pinto, G. macrostoma, and G. woodsi

the lowermost barbel on the anterior cheek tuft is

long and the others in the group are shorter, usually

less than one-half the length of the lower barbel.

The other five species have anterior cheek tuft

barbels comparatively shorter and not differing in

size as much as on the species listed above. There

are elongate barbellike structures replacing the

papillae on the first cheek row of G. pinto.

MERISTIC CHARACTERS.—The number of pectoral

fin rays for the species of Gobiopsis are given in

Table 4. The pectoral fin ray count ranges from 15

to 23 for the genus and the range of mean values

among the species is 17.4 to 22.5. Several species
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

may be easily identified by this count. The G.

macrostorna species group has a high pectoral fin

ray count, almost always from 20 to 23, and the G.

quinquecincta species group almost always has a

low pectoral fin ray count, numbering 15 to 19.

The number of lateral scale rows varies considerably in some Gobiopsis (Table 5), particularly

in species where the scales are smaller and more

difficult to count. The range of the scale row counts

for the genus extends from about 28 to 60. Nevertheless this character is useful in differentiating

among several species. G. angustifrons, G. arenaria,

G. bravoi, G. malekulae, G. quinquecincta, and G.

woodsi are large-scaled forms, while G. canalis and

G. pinto are the small-scaled species.

MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS.—The length of the

pelvic fins is an important species group character;

the length expressed as percent of distance from

pelvic fin base to the origin of the anal fin is shown

for eight species in Figure 3. The G. macrostoma

species group has longer pelvic fins than the G.

quinquecincta species group, as well as the species

G. aporia and G. malekulae. Two species are not

shown in Figure 3, G. canalis (values of 72 and 77

percent) and G. malekulae (values of about 50 percent).

The length of the lower jaw is also a species group

character; the G. macrostoma group has moderate

to long jaws and the G. quinquecincla group, as

well as G. aporia and G. malekulae, have short jaws.

There is considerable overlap in jaw length interspecifically, G. woodsi having an intermediate jaw

length, about 13 to 18 percent of SL. The jaw is

very short in G. arenaria, G. malekulae, and G.

quinquecincla (about 10 to 13 percent of SL). G.

macrostoma has the longest jaw, about 16 to 23

percent of SL. The largest species have the longest

jaws. The length of the lower jaw is compared for

species of the G. macrostoma group in Figure 4. Jaw

length is also intraspecifically related to body

length. There is an allometric increase in jaw length

with increase in body length. In some species,

especially G. woodsi (Figure 4), males have longer

jaws than females.

The depth of the caudal peduncle expressed as

percent of the postanal length is useful as a specific

character in differentiating the deeper bodied forms

(G. august ifrons, G. braxioi, and G. quinquecincta)

from the slender form, G. arenaria (Figure 5).

The diameter of the orbit differs among the

1

angustifrons

1

aporia

1

arenaria

1

bravoi

1

quinquecincta

I I 1 1

1

pinto

1

macrostoma

1

woodsi

6

20

14

9

7

5

20

18

65 70 75

Pelvic fin length as % of distance from pelvic fin

insertion to anal fin origin

FIGURE 3.—Pelvic fin length as percent of distance from pelvic

fin insertion lo anal fin origin in eight species of Gobiopsis

(hoiizontal lines represent ranges of percents; vertical lines

mark means of percents; N = numbers of specimens).

species, and especially so in relation to the width

of the interorbital dimension. The orbit diameter

is equal to or less than the bony interorbital width

in G. bravoi, but it is always greater than the bony

interorbital width in the closely related species G.

angustifrons.

TYPE OF SCALES.—There are ctenoid-scaled and

cycloid-scaled species within Gobiopsis. The scales

are strongly ctenoid in G. macrostoma and G.

woodsi. A few scales on specimens of G. quinquecincta may bear ctenii, but most of the scales are

cycloid. The other seven species have only cycloid

scales.

DENTITION.—Males of G. canalis, G. pinto, and

G. ivoodsi have enlarged, recurved canine teeth

medially on inner row of upper jaw. The dentition

of the jaws among all of the remainder of the species

is fairly uniform, consisting of small, villiform teeth
NUMBER 262

18

16

12

V

o

o o

MALE

CANALIS O

MACROSTOMA +

PINTO •

WOODSI •

FEMALE

®

•fa

D

O

30 40 50 60 70 80

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

FIGURE 4.—Lower jaw length as percent of standard length versus standard length in four

species of Gobiopsis.

30

25

i•i•i'i•i•r^i"i•i'i•i•i'r^ r

ANGUSTIFRONS

ARENARIA

BRAVOl

OUINOUECINCTA

o

•

n

-A-

* *

*• •

1 I 1 1 I I I

20

FIG

10 15

POSTANAL LENGTH (mm)

URE 5.—Least deptli of caudal peduncle as percent of postanal length versus

postanal length in four species of Gobiopsis.
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

in patches, those of the outer row variously enlarged.

COLORATION.—The presence of distinct marks,

bars, or saddles on particular areas of the head and

trunk provide useful characters in distinguishing

between species groups or among the species. The

salient color patterns are summarized in Table 5.

A dark wedge at the base of the pectoral fin

projects anteriorly and divides, or nearly so, the

light basal area into upper and lower portions

in the four species of the G. macrostoma group.

The light basal area is undivided in the G. quinquecincta group as well as in G. aporia and G.

malekulae.

A dark wedge present in some species on the

preopercle descends dorsally from the head to the

middle or lower preopercle. The wedge descends

to the upper preopercle in G. arenaria. In G.

aporia, G. canalis, G. pinto, G. macrostoma, and G.

woodsi the dark wedge is obscured by dark mottling

or it is not noticeably developed.

The coloration of the trunk of most species is a

mixture of four dark saddles and dark mottling in

varying degrees of development. The saddles are

well developed in G. arenaria, are not obscured by

dark mottling, and are strongly united laterally

forming a prominent midlateral stripe. The saddles

extend ventrally almost always as broad, unconnected conspicuous bars in G. quinquecincta. An

extra (fifth) narrow saddle is present over the

caudal peduncle in G. angustifrons, which aids in

distinguishing it from the related G. bravoi.

Gobiopsis malekulae is the only species that has a

dark, uniform, midlateral stripe on the trunk and

also lacks the typical, dark saddles.

Gobiopsis Steindachner

Gobiopsis Steindachner, 1861:291 [type-species: Gobiopsis

macrostomus Steindachner, 1861, by monotypy].

Pogonogobius H. M. Smith, 1931:37 [type-species: Gobitts

planifrons Day, 1873. by original designation].

Pipidonia H. M. Smith, 1931:39 [type-species: P. quinquecincta H. M. Smith, 1931, by monotypy].

Herreogobius Koumans, 1940:139 [type-species: Ctenogobius

malekulae Herre, 1935, by original designation].

Barbatogobius Koumans, 1941:241 [type-species: B. asanai

Koumans, 1941, by original designation].

Abranches J.L.B. Smith, 1947:813 [type-species: A. pinto

J.L.B. Smith, 1947, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—First dorsal fin with six spines; teeth

in jaws unicuspid; well developed, usually short

barbels in specific areas on head (see "Methods"),

typically in clusters on snout and side of head and

in rows on ventral surface of head; a horizontal

fleshy fold on midcheek area bearing a row of

coarse papillae or barbellike structures; cephalic

sensory pore system lacking the anterior interorbital

and posterior otic pores; POP pores 2, 1, or 0

(cephalic pore system entirely absent in one species);

sensory pores mostly conspicuous, round, oval or

slitlike, some opening at end of raised, dark tubes,

and some having well developed hoods; cutaneous

papillae system well developed, consisting of moderate to coarse papillae, conspicuous horizontal

rows on side of head and on chin; inner rays of

pelvic fins joined to tips or nearly so, frenum

fragile to moderately developed, forming a weak

disc, the fin rays multibranched, not reaching anal

opening; head broad, depressed; snout broad, pugnosed, the lower jaw protruding; gape wide; coloration of trunk in most species with saddles, vertical

bars, or variously mottled; a sickle-shaped dark

mark on pectoral fin, near base, with an anterior

wedge, or wedges in some species, that divides the

light basal area.

DESCRIPTION.—The following characters are shared

by all of the species of the genus Gobiopsis. Second

dorsal fin rays 1,9 to 1,11; first dorsal fin free from

second dorsal fin and about as high as second dorsal;

anal fin rays 1,8 to 1,10; pectoral fin rays 16-23 (1

specimen with 15 on one side); segmented caudal

fin rays 17 (1 specimen with 16); branched caudal

fin rays 15-17 (rarely 16 or 18); horizontal scale

rows about 30-60; nape with small, crowded, often

deeply embedded scales, usually extending anteriorly

to about a line connecting preopercular margins;

nape scales obscure in some specimens up to 30 mm

SL; small cycloid scales on belly, breast, and pectoral base, absent on cheek and opercle; scales on

body in most species cycloid, cycloid and ctenoid

in 3 species; scales highly eccentric, the anterior field

large with well developed primary radii; anterior

nostril at end of a conspicuous, bulbose tube, the

posterior nostril at end of a somewhat shorter tube;

posterior nostrils located close to most anterior

portion of eye; tongue round, the tip free; gill

opening moderate, extending ventrally to or slightly

below a horizontal line intersecting lower base of

pectoral fin; caudal fin somewhat longer than deep,
NUMBER 262 11

shorter than head length, the posterior margin

round or nearly so; genital papilla in male tubelike, elongate, tapering, its length much longer than

basal diameter; genital papilla in female round,

bulbous, about as broad as long, the tip slightly

bilobed.

Gillrakers on lower limb about 7-10, stout, short

to rudimentary; upper limb with 0-3 rudiments.

Vertebrae 10+15(2), 10+16(366), 10+17(4); pterygiophore formula 3 (22110) in 370 specimens, 3

(221100) in 2 specimens.

Teeth of lower jaw in a villiform patch, in 3-4

rows at middle of jaw, reduced to 1-2 rows laterally;

teeth in outer row largest, caninoid, about 2-3

times larger than teeth on inner rows; teeth of outer

row separated by spaces about one-half to one tooth

length in width; teeth of outer row on anterior

third of jaw, numbering about 7-14 across the jaw;

1 or 2 stout; enlarged, posteriorly recurved canine

teeth on inner margin of each side of lower jaw,

the posterior one larger (apparently absent in one

species); teeth in upper jaw in a villiform patch of

3-4 rows, the widest portion medially, the largest

teeth caninoid in outer row, widely spaced and

numbering about 9-25 across the jaw, the tooth at

end of patch on each side is almost always enlarged,

stout, recurved posteriorly and may be preceeded by

a tooth intermediate in size and robustness between

the terminal tooth and those of the caninoid row;

upper jaw in males of some species with 1-3 enlarged, posteriorly recurved, fanglike canines on

each side of symphysis behind innermost row; no

vomerine or palatine teeth.

Cephalic sensory pores common to all of the

species, except G. aporia, are the AOT and IT.

The following barbels are common to all of the

species: chin, anterior internasals, posterior internasals, anterior cheek tuft, and the anterior gular.

Additional barbels may be present among the

species in other positions that we have identified.

The following rows of cutaneous papillae are

present more or less uniformly among the species:

secondary lateral cephalic, preopercular, cheek rows,

preoperculo-mandibular, transverse snout, anterior

nostril, posterior nostril, postorbital, occiptal, trunk,

and caudal. One species also has barbellike structures on the first and fourth cheek rows and the

lateral preoperculo-mandibular row. Other rows of

papillae are intimately associated with particular

cephalic sensory pores or canals and vary by species.

Species small to moderate in size, mature specimens range from 25 to 80 mm SL.

HABITAT.—Bottom dwelling forms, associated

with sand, mud, or loose coralline substrates.

Key to the Species of Gobiopsis

1. Sensory pores on head absent; nasal papillae row confluent with suborbital row around eye;

primary lateral cephalic row originates at row of papillae encircling eye (Sri Lanka to

Australia) G. aporia, new species

Sensory pores on head present; nasal papillae row not confluent with suhorhital row around

eye; primary lateral cephalic row originates at or near intertemporal pore 2

2. Anterior and posterior temporal pores present; nasal pore anterior to posterior nostril;

number of pectoral fin rays almost always 20-23; light base of pectoral fin divided or

nearly so by 1 or 2 dark wedges 3

Anterior and posterior temporal pores absent; nasal pore if present, adjacent to or behind

posterior nostril; number of pectoral fin rays almost always 15-19; light base of pectoral

fin not divided by a dark wedge 6

3. One preopercular pore; preopercular canal connecting with the lateral cephalic canal; scales

cycloid. (Persian Gulf and West India) G. canalis, new species

Two preopercular pores; preopercular canal incomplete, not connecting with the lateral

cephalic canal; scales cycloid or ctenoid 4

4. Scales cycloid, small, about 50-60 in lateral series; papillae on anterior portion of first

cheek row (bordering cheek fold) icplaccd by a row of elongate, barbellike structures.

(Mozambique) G. pinto (J.L.B. Smith)

Scales ctenoid, large or intermediate in size, about 30-50 in lateral scries; mid-cheek fold

with a row of papillae on edge 5

5. Supraotic sensory pore absent; no barbels on posterior mandible; I chin barbel on each side;

anterior cheek tuft with 1-3 (modally 1) barbels on each side; both sexes without enlarged,

medial canine teeth on innermost tooth row of upper jaw; body not heavily mottled

(Western India to Gulf of Thailand) G. macrostoma Steindachner
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Key to the Species of Gobiopsis (cont'd)

Supraotic sensory pores almost always present (at least 1 present on 96 percent of specimens);

posterior mandible with 2-5 barbels on each side; 2 or more chin barbels on each side;

anterior cheek tuft with 3-6 (modally 5) barbels on each side; males with 2-6 medially

located, enlarged canine teeth on innermost tooth row of upper jaw; body heavily mottled

(Gulf of Mannar, India, and Gulf of Thailand) G. woodsi, new species

6. Nasal and posterior interorbital sensory pores absent; a row of course papillae on each side

of head from margin of upper jaw to supraotic pore; trunk with a uniform, wide, dark

midlateral stripe; a broad predorsal saddle connecting stripes on each side; other trunk

saddles and body mottling absent (Philippines and New Hebrides) G. malekulae (Herre)

Nasal and posterior interorbital sensory pores present; a row of papillae on each side of

head from margin of upper jaw only to nasal pore; trunk with prominent saddles and/or

mighly mottled 7

7. Preopercular pores absent; body slender, depth of caudal peduncle 24-30 percent of postanal

length (Figure 5); dark wedge on head descends gently ventrally to upper preopercle, to

about a line drawn from lower margin of eye to upper base of pectoral fin; dark trunk

saddles joined at midbody, usually forming a continuous, more or less uniform, midlateral

stripe, with narrow extensions below stripe; side of head and lower trunk usually pale,

never mottled (Hong Kong to southern Japan) G. arenaria (Snyder)

Two preopercular pores; body deep, depth of caudal peduncle 31-37 percent of postanal

length; dark wedge on head descends sharply ventrally to lower preopercle, to about a line

drawn from lower margin of eye to lower base of pectoral fin; dark trunk saddles when

joined at midbody usually form a wavy or irregular lateral stripe, with broad extensions

on lower body, or saddles not joined, extending ventrally as prominent bars, or body

heavily mottled; side of head and lower trunk pale or mottled 8

8. Dark trunk saddles extending ventrally as broad unconnected bars, or saddles sometimes

weakly joined along midbody with narrow, irregular ventral extensions; cheeks and lower

preopercle almost always pale; caudal fin mostly pale, sometimes lightly mottled; pectoral

fin rays fewer, range 15-19, 55 percent of specimens with 17 or less (Southern India to

Okinawa and Palau) G. quinquecincta (H. M. Smith)

Males heavily mottled, the dark saddles obscured, or males, females, and juveniles with dark

trunk saddles joined at midbody, forming a broad, wavy lateral stripe, with broad extensions on lower body; cheek, lower preopercle, and caudal fin mottled; pectoral fin rays

18-20 9

9. Head with many barbels, postmandibular barbel present, intermandibular row long, having

2-8 barbels on each side, anterior cheek tuft with 4-6 barbels, posterior gular barbels

almost always present; eyes small, interorbital wide, diameter of orbit less than or equal

to width of bony interorbital; narrow, well defined dark saddle on caudal peduncle absent

(Okinawa to New Guinea) G. bravoi (Herre)

Head with fewer barbels, postmandibular barbel absent, intermandibular row short, having

1-2 barbels on each side, anterior cheek tuft with 1-3 barbels, posterior gular barbels

absent; eyes large, interorbital narrow, diameter of orbit always greater than width of

l>ony interorbital; narrow, well defined dark saddle on caudal peduncle present (Celebes

to Solomon Islands) G. angustifrons, new species

Gobiopsis aporia, new species

FIGURE fi; PLATES 1, 2a, la, 8a

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores absent; nasal papillae

row confluent with suborbital row around eye; primary lateral cephalic papillae row continuous from

behind eye to upper gill opening; scales cycloid,

37—15 in horizontal series; postmandibular barbel

and posterior gular barbels absent; jaw short; its

length 13-16 percent of SL; dark wedge on head

obscured by mottling; light base of pectoral fin

not divided by dark wedge; trunk with dark saddles and strongly mottled.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,8(1), with 2

malformed pterygiophores and no associated external elements, VI-1,10(57); anal fin rays 1,8(1),

1,9(57), 1,10,(1); pectoral fin rays 19(6), 20(55),

21(52), 22(3); pelvic fin rays 1,5(27); segmented

caudal fin rays 17(56); branched caudal fin rays

15 (28), 16 (7); lateral scale rows 37-45 (23); trans-
NUMBER 262 13

verse scale rows 18-22(23); predorsal scales 16-

19(23).

Scales cycloid, no trace of ctenii, with 20-25 primary radii in anterior field and with few secondary

radii; posterior field small, narrow, with about

12-15 short radii; focal area narrow to broad; primary radii in anterior field about 5-8 times longer

than those of posterior field; some scales have the

posterior field almost absent.

Vertebrae 10+16(5-/).

Measurements of features of the head and trunk

for the holotype and means and ranges for selected

male and female paratypes are given in Table 6.

A stout, robust species, the largest male 53 mm,

the largest female 49 mm; trunk posterior to the

pectoral area round to oval-shaped; fleshy interorbital wide, width about equal to length of snout

and 1.5 times the diameter of orbit; lower jaw

short, length about 13-16 percent SL; origin of

second dorsal fin slightly posterior to vertical

through midanal opening; depressed pectoral fin

extends posteriorly to vertical from end of first

dorsal fin, not reaching vertical through anal opening; pectoral fin longer than deep, moderately acute;

pelvic fins short, extending posteriorly about 47

to 64 percent of distance from pelvic fin insertion

to anal fin origin (Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw about

16-25, lower jaw about 8-10.

The absence of the cephalic sensory pore and

canal system correlates with the greater development and elongation of certain rows of papillae

(Plate 1); the nasal row is confluent with the suborbital row around eye, and the primary lateral

cephalic row extends from behind eye to upper

gill opening (Pattern 1).

Barbels (Table 3) in particular groups are generally intermediate in number; intermandibular

barbels 1-3 (mean 2.05); posterior mandibular 2-6

(3.00); anterior cheek tuft 1-4 (2.55); anterior internasals 2-4 (2.50); posterior internasals 1-2 (2.60);

the postmandibular and posterior gular barbels are

absent. The barbels on the anterior cheek tuft are

short to long, the lower one is longest and is preceeded by one of intermediate size.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Head and trunk heavily

mottled light gray to dark brown. Mottling on head

heaviest on border of upper jaw, on cheek and

preopercle and on the head dorsally between and

behind the eyes; mottling reduced in the occipital

area. Some fine mottling on chin; most of lower

part of head including the branchiostegal area is

pale to light color; dark wedge on the preopercle

is obscured in larger specimens by the mottling but

is evident in the smaller specimens, the wedge descending to about the middle portion of the preopercle, or slightly below (Plates l-2a).

Light, fine to heavy, gray-brownish mottling of

trunk obscures the heavy saddles. Four, wide, dark

brown saddles on trunk, anterior one bridging upper bases of pectoral fins, fourth saddle passes

through end of base of second dorsal fin; a very

small, narrow mark passes over end of dorsal part

of caudal peduncle. Saddles meet irregularly along

body midline forming wavy band; a dark projection from the wavy band extends ventrolaterally

between each saddle on side of body; a narrow dark

bar at base of caudal fin sometimes irregular or

wavy. Ventral portion of body pale or light. Heavy

body mottling and strong saddles shown on Plate

la.

Proximal portion of pectoral fin with a dark

brown sickle-shaped mark beginning at upper base

of fin and extending downward on upper two-thirds

of fin; lower one-third of pectoral fin mostly clear,

outer portion clear or slightly pigmented. Pelvic

fins clear. Spinous dorsal fin with a small, dark spot

at anterior base, a larger spot or band at midbasal

portion extending up from saddle, and 2 rows of

small dark spots on outer portion, remainder transparent. Second dorsal fin with a series of 3-4 horizontal rows of brown spots, remainder of fin clear.

Caudal fin with a series of 6-7 reticulated or irregular vertical rows of brown spots, remainder of fin

clear.

No sexual dichromatism observed. Juveniles have

much less mottling; smaller specimens have little or

no mottling, but the 4 saddles are very distinct and

the bridging of the saddles laterally is weak, sometimes incomplete; remainder of the body of juveniles is light to pale. Small specimens, 9-10 mm,

have the 4 conspicuous body saddles weakly or not

joined along lateral portion of body, basal vertical

bar on the caudal fin, a weak head wedge descending to about the middle of the preopercle, and

scattered chromatophores on the head dorsally between and behind the eyes as well as some on the

snout; 2-3 small dark spots on the midline of the

belly, 1 behind the pelvic fins, 1 at its base, and

about 6 spots in a series beginning behind the
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

origin of the anal fin and extending along the midventral margin of the caudal peduncle to the lower

caudal base.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Occurs in the Indian Ocean only at Sri Lanka, widespread from

Malaya and the East Indies eastward to eastern

New Guinea and the northern Barrier Reef, and

at one locality in the Ryukyus (Figure 6).

ECOLOGY.—The available field notes for collections of Gobiopsis aporia from Australia (C. L.

Smith, Tyler), Indonesia (Springer), Ceylon (Iwamoto, Koenig) and the Gulf of Thailand (GVF

stations) are similar in respect to habitat description. Most sites are depicted as areas of dead and

live coral with interspersed coral rubble, rocks, and

while, silty sand. V. G. Springer (pers. comra.) states

that specimens of G. aporia killed with an ichthyocide at Karimundjawa (VGS sta 74-28) were found

on white sand areas, but always near coral rubble.

None of the collectors have indicated that they have

seen live specimens. All specimens were taken with

rotenone base poisons.

It is probable that individuals of G. aporia conceal themselves in the sand or among coral fragments in-the substrate surface.

Specimens have been collected in relatively shallow areas of about 3 m or less, and also probably

have been taken in depths to 30 m, in clear to

moderately turbid waters in areas of no current,

or moderate or strong surge.

Eighty-one specimens of G. aporia were collected

at 40 stations, 35 of which yielded 3 specimens or

less. Mature males and females were collected together only at 3 stations. These data may indicate

that G. aporia is not a gregarious species, and that

it is not a common species at any locality.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name aporia is constructed from the Latin a (without) plus porus (a

hole) and refers to the absence of the cephalic sensory pores for this species.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Holotype: USNM 209731, female

39.9, Ambon Island, Moluccas, off Tandjung Suli, over shallow

coral reef, bottom of sand and coral, depth to 2.5 m, collected

with rotenone by V. G. Springer and M. F. Gomon,

Rumphius Exp. 1, sta SU-1, VGS 73-8, 11 Jan 1973.

Paratypes: 28 males, 30 females, and 12 immature specimens as follows.

SRI LANKA: USNM 209240, male (36.3), female (41.5)

cleared and stained, Kalkudah Bay, Batticaloa District, T.

Iwamoto sta 70-347, 9 Jun 1970; AMS 1.18101-001, male

(44.4), same data as USNM 209240; BPBM 20321, female

(34.1), Kalkudah Bay, Iwamoto sta 70-344, 6 Jun 1970;

USNM 211137, males (31.5-44.9), Trincomalee, center of

second bay N of harbor, C. C. Koenig sta 69-136, 4 Apr 1970;

ANSP 134200, male (32.9), same data as USNM 211137;

ANGUSTIFRONS

APORIA

ARENARIA

BRAVOI

MALEKULAE

FH;URE 6.—Distributions of five species of Gobiopsis.
NUMBER 262 15

USNM 211138, females (29.9, 38.6), Passakudah Bay, Batticaloa District, Iwamoto sta 70-349, 10 Jun 1970; CAS 31497,

female (33.2), same data as USNM 211138; ANSP 134201,

females (32.0, 38.3), same data as USNM 211138; USNM

212293, immature (9.2), Hikkaduwa, 1 mile S of coral gardens,

Koenig sta 69-100, 12 Feb 1970; USNM 212294, females

(35.2, 37.8), 3 immature (9.0-20.9), Hikkaduwa, 1 mile S of

resthouse, Koenig sta 69-103, 13 Feb 1970; USNM 212296,

female (36.5), Weligama, 500 yards S of resthouse, Koenig

sta 69-107, 15 Feb 1970; USNM 212298, females (31.6, 35.8),

immature (11.3), Galle, SE end of bay, Koenig sta 69-108, 16

Feb 1970; BMNH 1976.2.5.1, female (34.0), same data as

USNM 212298; FMNH 78751, female (35.8), same data as

USNM 212298; USNM 212300, immature (9.3, 10.8), Weligama, cove S of resthouse, Koenig sta 69-106, 15 Feb 1970;

AMS 1.18492-001, female (36.4), Trincomalee, 08°37.7'N,

81°14.2'E, P. C. Heemstra sta 69-277, 29 Sep 1969.

GULF OF THAILAND: CAS 33628, female (36.0),

Rayong Province, Toud-chin Bay on SE side of Ko Samet,

12°31'42"N, 101°26'57"E, GVF Reg. No. 2169, 22 Apr 1960;

CAS 33629, females (26.1, 35.8), Rayong Province, Pra Sang

Bay on NW point of Ko Samet, 12°34'41"N, 101°26'50"E,

GVF Reg. No. 2171, 23 Apr 1960; CAS 33630, male (43.4),

Chumphon Province, Pround Bay at SW corner of Goh

Samed, 10°26'04"N, 99°17'33"E, GVF Reg. No. 2185, 17 May

1960.

INDONESIA: USNM 212000, immature (16.7, 21.4),

Pulau Tikus, Pulau Seribu, ca. 05°51'S, ca. I06°34'E, VGS

sta 74-35, 6 Apr 1974; USNM 211990, male (44.6), Pulau Ajer,

Pulau Seribu, ca. 05°46'S, ca. 106°35'E, VGS sta 74-32, 4

Apr 1974; USNM 211984, females (32.7, 39.1), just N of Lesser

Mendjangan I., Karimundjawa Islands, ca. 05°53'S, ca. 110°-

25'E, VGS sta 74-30, 30 Mar 1974; USNM 211983, 10 males

(32.4-49.3), 3 females (29.5-42.7), one cleared and stained,

off SW coast of Karimundjawa, ca. 05°52'S, ca. 110°26'E, VGS

sta 74-28, 29 Mar 1974; RMNH 15256, male (51.1), Timor,

Wienecke coll., 1863.

NEW GUINEA: USNM 211136, female (36.5), S end

Belian I., Madang, B. B. Collette sta 1478, 22 May 1970.

AUSTRALIA, ARNHEM LAND: USNM 211140, male (47.1),

Yirrkalla, Northern Territory, near Cape Arnhem, Gulf of

Carpentaria, R. R. Miller sta 48-21, Jul-Aug 1948; USNM

211152, male (41.7), probably taken with USNM 211140.

QUEENSLAND: AMS 1.19108-001, male (53.4), immature (14.5),

Lizard Island, J. Paxton sta LZ 75-42, 17 Nov 1975; AMS

1.18755-002, immature <10.4), Palfrey Island, Paxton sta LZ

75-4, 2 Nov 1975; AMS 1.18767-003, male (47.4), Linnet Reef,

Paxton sta LZ 75-52, 22 Nov 1975; AMNH 32962, immature

(18.7), Little Hope Island, C. L. Smith sta 69-27, 20 Jan 1969.

Endeavour Reef: USNM 209238, male (45.9), J. Tyler sta A-4,

5 Jan 1969; USNM 209247, male (49.6), Tyler sta A-5, 6 Jan

1969; ANSP 134202, male (520), female (47.3), same data as

USNM 209247; USNM 209251, female (33.0), Tyler sta A-12,

13 Jan 19fi9; USNM 211139, female (49.0), Tyler sta A-3,

4 Jan 1969; USNM 211151, female (48.1), Tyler sta All ,

11 Jan 1969; AMNH 32957, male (41.8), Smith sta 69-7, 6 Jan

1969; AMNH 32958, female (34.0), Smith sta 69-13, 13 Jan

1969; AMNH 32959, males (37.4, 39.2), Smith sta 69-16,

14 Jan 1969; AMNH 32960, male (48.3), Smith sta 69-19,

16 Jan 1969; AMNH 32961, female (42.8), Smith sta 69-18,

15 Jan 1969.

The following small specimens are given no type status.

RYUKYU ISLANDS: AMS 1.18493-001, (23.6), Taketomi

Island, Ishigaki, J. E. Randall, 24 May 1962.

AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND, Endeavour Reef: USNM

211149, (10.7), Tyler sta A-16, 15 Jan 1969; USNM 211150,

(13.0, 14.2), Tyler sta All , 11 Jan 1969; AMNH 32963, (14.9),

Smith sta 69-12, 11 Jan 1969; AMNH 32964, (10.8, 129, 13.8),

Smith sta 69-16, 14 Jan 1969. Big Hope Island: USNM

209246, (14.3), Tyler sta A-33, 27 Jan 1969.

Specimen questionably assigned to G. aporia: AMNH

32965, (13.9), Endeavour Reef, Smith sta 69-19, 16 Jan 1969.

Gobiopsis canalis, new species

FIGURE 7; PLATE 9a,b

liarbatogobius asanai.—Blegvad and L0ppenthin, 1944:167,

fig. 97 [Iranian Gulf].

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, PITO, AT, and PT

present, 1 POP present, SOT absent; preopercular

canal connects with lateral cephalic canal; scales

cycloid, small, over 50 in horizontal series; intermandibular, posterior mandibular, postmandibular

and posterior gular barbels absent; jaw moderate

in length, about 16-17 percent of SL; dark head

wedge not noticeably developed; light base of pectoral fin divided or nearly so by dark wedge; body

moderately mottled, saddles not prominent.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-1, 10(2); anal fin

rays 1,9(2); pectoral fin rays 22(2); 23(2); pelvic fin

rays 1,5(2); segmented caudal fin rays 17(2); branched

caudal fin rays 15(2); lateral scale rows 50-55(2);

transverse scale rows 23-24(2); predorsal scales

18-20(2).

Scales cycloid, with 12-20 primary radii in the

anterior field and 2 or 3 secondary radii; posterior

field small, narrow with about 10-15 tiny radii,

some of which are barely discernible; focal area

narrow, never broad; primary radii in anterior field

much longer than those of posterior field, more than

20 times; some scales have posterior field almost

entirely absent.

Vertebrae 10+16(2).

The following proportional measurements are

given for the holotype (50.5 mm SL) followed by

the value for the paratype (41.3 mm SL): head

length 321, 341; snout length 83, 85; postorbital

length 198, 208; greatest diameter of orbit 50, 53;

bony interorbital width 59, 61; pectoral fin length
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

269, 278; pelvic fin length 232, 252; caudal fin

length 257, 305; predorsal length 404, 414; greatest

depth of body 174, 165; least depth of peduncle 121,

111; postanal length 390, 368; lower jaw length 166,

165; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin origin 323, 344.

Body moderately stout and deep; fleshy interorbital wider than length of snout and greater

than diameter of orbit; lower jaw of moderate

length 16-17 percent of SL; origin of second dorsal

fin slightly posterior to vertical through anal opening; depressed pectoral fin reaches vertical through

end of first dorsal, is somewhat longer than deep,

the posterior margin rounded; pelvic fin not reaching anal opening, pelvic fin length as percent of

distance from pelvic fin insertion to anal fin origin

about 72 and 77.

Teeth on outer row of lower jaw number 10-12,

the outer row of upper jaw 23-24. The inner row

of the upper jaw of the holotype, a male, has 1-2

enlarged teeth on each side of the symphysis, absent

in the female paratype.

The cephalic sensory pore and canal system is

characterized by the presence of the AT and PT pores

and the absence of the SOT and upper POP pores. The

preopercular canal is complete to the lateral cephalic canal and joins it just anterior to the IT pore.

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 4.

A characteristic feature of the barbels is the absence of four particular groups (Table 3), these

being the intermandibular, posterior mandibular,

postmandibular and posterior gular. Barbels of the

posterior internasal group are sometimes absent.

Anterior cheek tuft barbels number 1-4, and the

anterior internasals 2-3. The lower barbel on the

anterior cheek tuft is fairly long, considerably longer

than others on the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Our specimens were

collected many years ago and are faded. The holotype was illustrated by Blegvad and L0ppenthin

(1944:168, fig. 97) showing the body saddles and the

coloration of the pectoral fin fairly well developed.

Our photographs of the same specimen, Plate 9a,b,

depict the current state of preservation. The head

shows concentration of chromatophores just posterior of the eyes; the dark wedge on the preopercle

is only faintly visible; there are 4 brown saddles

on the trunk, one before the first dorsal fin, one

through the first dorsal, another through the second

dorsal fin and one just at the end of the second

dorsal; a faint small mark or spot is present posterior to the last saddle and at the beginning of the

first procurrent caudal fin rays; the saddles are

more or less joined along the midside of the body

and there is some pigmentation ventrolaterally on

the body; there is evidence of a weak mark at

the base of the caudal fin and it appears to

be more dense just above and below the midbasal area; the pectoral fin has a sickle-shaped

mark near its base which is darkest on the upper

portion, the lighter upper basal area is divided by

the dark wedge that extends from the sickle-shaped

mark, the area posterior to the dark sickle-shaped

mark is followed by a fairly wide, light band in the

midportion of the fin, approximately the outer half

of the fin is pigmented pale to light brownish,

enough to show the lighter band; the first dorsal

fin has a white basal area anteriorly on the fin and

another light area basally between the 5th and

6th spine, the remainder is brownish; the second

dorsal fin has 4 to 5 brownish stripes separated by

light to pale areas; the pelvic fin is clear to transparent with some scattered chromatophores and a

concentration of chromatophores near the midbase

of the pelvic fin on the lower part of the frenum;

the middle portion of the anal fin is light brownish,

the basal and outer portions are pale. The caudal

fin has a series of 4-5 irregular vertical, brownish

bands, the remainder of the fin is pale to clear.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from 2

localities, one in the Persian Gulf and the other

from the southwest coast of India (Figure 7).

ECOLOGY.—The holotype was taken at a depth of

13 m by trawl, over a clay and sand bottom (Blegvad

and L0ppenthin, 1944:26).

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific name canalis is from

Latin in reference to the unique extension of the

preopercular canal from the lower POP pore dorsally

to join the lateral cephalic canal.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Holotype: UZMK 01.9.1943,619, male

(50.5) Persian Gulf, E of Hindarahi, 26°4I'N, 53°46'E, depth

13 m, M/S Rashgoo sta 123, 9 Apr 1938.

Paratype: SU 40079, female (41.3), Calicut (now known as

Kozhikode), India, collected by A. W. Herre, 14 Jan 1941.

Gobiopsis pinto (J.L.B. Smith)

Fir;i RF. 7; PLATES 3, 7r, 8c

Abranches pinto J.L.B. Smith, 1947:813 [type-locality: Ponte

Mahone, Delagoa Bay, Mozambique]; 1949:331, fig. 909,

pi. 72 [color]; 1959:211, pi. 12l.
NUMBER 262 17

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, AT, and PT present,

2 POP pores, the PITO pore usually absent; papillae

on anterior portion of first cheek row (bordering

cheek fold) replaced by a row of elongate, barbellike structures; scales cycloid, small, about 50-60

in horizontal series; 2-3 enlarged canines medially

in inner tooth row of upper jaw of males; posterior

mandibular, postmandibular, and posterior gular

barbels absent; jaw moderate to long, about 15-22

percent of SL; dark head wedge not noticeably

developed; light base of pectoral fin divided or

nearly so by dark wedge; trunk uniformly dark or

with faint saddles.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,10(2) VI-I,

11 (7) ; anal fin rays 1,9(9); pectoral fin rays 20(5),

21(//); pelvic fin rays 1,5(9); segmented caudal fin

rays 17(9); branched caudal fin rays 15(6), 16(1),

17(2); lateral scale rows 50-60(9); transverse scale

rows 20-26(9); predorsal scales deeply embedded or

rubbed off in all specimens.

Scales cycloid, primary radii in anterior field

about 16 with a few secondary radii; focal area

broad; posterior field narrow with about 10 short

radii; some scales have the posterior field barely

discernible.

Vertebrae 10+16(9).

Head length 340 (328-356) 7; snout length 81

(75-91) 7; postorbital length 208 (190-227) 7;

greatest diameter or orbit 50 (47-54) 7; bony interorbital width 53 (44-57) 7; pectoral fin length 251

(244-259) 6; pelvic fin length 224 (214-237) 7;

caudal fin length 298 (278-325) 5; predorsal length

418 (410-424) 4; greatest depth of body 157 (134-

175) 6; least depth of peduncle 105 (100-112) 7;

postanal length 353 (333-369) 7; lower jaw length

177 (148-216) 7; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin

origin 322 (306-340) 7.

Body stout, head broad, fleshy interorbital width

about equal to snout length and about 1.5 times

orbit diameter; lower jaw moderate to long, longer

in larger specimens and apparently longer in males

than females, 15-22 percent of SL (Figure 4); origin

of second dorsal fin over anal opening; depressed

pectoral fin almost reaching vertical through anal

opening, longer than deep and moderately round;

pelvic fins comparatively long, about three-fourths

length of distance from pelvic fin insertion to anal

fin origin (Figure 3); largest male 51.0 mm SL

largest female 42.7 mm SL.

Number of teeth on outer row, upper jaw about

21, lower jaw 12-14; 2-3 enlarged, posteriorly recurved canines medially on inner tooth row of

upper jaw of males.

The cephalic sensory pore and canal system is

CANALIS •

MACROSTOMA O

PINTO A

QUINOUECINCTA

WOODSI

FIGURE 7.—Distributions of five species of Gobiopsis.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

characterized (Tables 1, 2) by the presence of the

AT and PT pores, the absence of the SOT pores, and

the absence of the PITO pore in all but the 2 smallest specimens.

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 4,

except that the papillae are modified or replaced

by elongate barbels on the anterior portion of the

first cheek row (on border of cheek fold), to a lesser

extent on the fourth cheek row, and beneath the

jaw on the outer preoperculo-mandibular row.

The following barbel groups (Table 3) are

absent: posterior mandibular, postmandibular, and

posterior gular; the intermandibular row is sometimes absent or eroded away. The number of barbels in other groups are: intermandibular 0-3

(mean 1.33); anterior cheek tuft 1-3 (2.42); anterior

internasals 1-2 (1.42); poterior internasals 1 (1.00).

The lower barbel on the anterior cheek tuft is

elongate, much longer than others on the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Head and trunk more

or less uniformly dark, the saddles weakly developed (Plates 7 c, 8c); midportion of head behind

the eye pale to light, a dark band traverses the occipital area; the dark wedge on preopercle obscure

(Plate 5b); 4 faint saddles on trunk extend ventrally

to midlateral portion, apparently not joining to

form a wavy, lateral stripe; areas between saddles

pale to light.

Light base of pectoral fin divided, or nearly so,

by dark wedge arising from dark sickle-shaped

mark on proximal portion of pectoral fin; sickleshaped mark darkest on upper portion, the dark

wedge almost obscure on some larger specimens,

remainder of fin dusky to pale. Pelvic fin pale to

transparent. Anterior basal portion of first dorsal

fin clear, remainder dusky brown. Second dorsal fin

with 3 faint oblique stripes, one on lower anterior

portion, one through middle, and one on outer

posterior portion, remainder pale, stripes not evident on most specimens. Anal fin pale. Caudal fin

pale to dusky, some traces of faint, small spots, not

visible on most specimens.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from

Delagoa Bay, Mozambique (Figure 7).

ECOLOGY.—Described by J.L.B. Smith (1947:814;

1949:331) as occuring beneath stones in tide pools

of muddy areas.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Males, 5 (35.2-51.0 mm SL); females,

5 (270-42.7 mm SL). MOZAMBIQUE: RUSI 197, holotype,

male (35.2). Ponte Mahonc, Delagoa Bay, J.L.B. Smith; RUSI

3019, 5 (29.7-51.0), from type-locality, Oct 1953; USNM

210414, (27.0, 41.1), same data as RUSI 3019; USNM

210405, 36.0), from type-locality, Aug 1948; UZMK, uncataloged, (50.1), Polana beach, Lourenco Marques, sand coast,

Th. Mortensen's Java and S. Africa Exp., 1929-1930, 9 Mar

1929.

Gobiopsis macrostoma Steindachner

FICURE 7; PLATES 2b, 9c, d

Gobiopsis macrostomus Steindachner, 1861:291, fig. 6 [typelocality: Bombay].—Koumans, 1941:245 [from Steindachner,

1861].

Gobhis macrostoma Giinther, 1861:548 [from Steindachner,

1861].—Day 1876:286 [from Steindachner, 1861]; 1889:252

[same data as Day, 1876:286].

Gobius planijrons Day, 1873:108 [type-locality: Bombay];

1876:293, pi. 63: fig. 9 [Bombay]; 1889:264, [Bombay].

Pogouogobius planijrons H. M. Smith, 1931:37 [Paknam and

Chantabun River, Siam]; 1945:520 [Paknam and Chantabun

Estuary].—Fowler, 1935:161 [Paknam].—Koumans, 1941:246

[Bombay and Hingi Basin].

Barbatogoliius asanai Koumans, 1941:242 [type-locality:

Kosamba Creek near Bulsan, Western India].

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, PITO, AT, and PT

present; 2 POP pores, SOT absent; only 1 chin barbel on each side; posterior mandibular, postmandibular, and posterior gular barbels absent; scales

strongly ctenoid, size moderate, about 36-44 in horizontal series; jaw moderate to long, about 16-23

percent of SL; dark head wedge not noticeably developed; light to dusky base of pectoral fin divided

or nearly so by dark wedge; trunk brownish with

moderately dark saddles.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,10(24); anal

fin rays 1,8(1), 1,9(23); pectoral fin rays 19(1), 20-

(16), 21(21), 22(7); pelvic fin rays 1,5(24); segmented

caudal fin rays 17(10); branched caudal fin rays

15(9), 16(1); lateral scale rows 36-44(11); transverse

scale rows 16-21(10); predorsal scales 14-20(8).

Scales strongly ctenoid, the anterior field with

15-19 primary radii; posterior field narrow, with

about 4 short radii; scale highly eccentric, focal area

moderate; ctenii on margin of posterior field

number 18-25.

Vertebrae 10+16(23), 10+17(1).

Head length 340 (324-352) 5; snout length 82

(79-87) 5; postorbital length 213 (208-218) 5;

greatest diameter of orbit 50 (44-52) 5; bony interorbital width 56 (51-62) 5; pectoral fin length 255

(251-260) 3; pelvic fin length 219 (195-236) 5;

caudal fin length 297 (268-328) 3; predorsal length
NUMBER 262 19

408 (378-421) 5, greatest depth of body 172 (157-

189) 4; least depth of peduncle 116 (109-121) 5;

postanal length 388 (355-436) 5; lower jaw length

194 (159-234) 22; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin

origin 310 (300-319) 5.

A large, robust species, the largest male 79.5 mm

SL, the largest female 67.2 mm SL, a gravid female

32.4 mm SL. Head broad; snout rounded from

above; trunk deep; fleshy interorbital wide, width

almost equal to length of snout, about 1.5 times

orbit diameter; lower jaw moderate to long, longer

in larger specimens (Figure 4) 16-23 percent of SL;

origin of second dorsal fin just posterior to vertical through anal opening; depressed pectoral fin

extending to or posterior to anal opening but not

reaching anal fin origin, moderately rounded and

longer than deep; pelvic fins long, about threefourths length of distance from pelvic fin insertion

to anal fin origin (Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row, upper jaw about

20-22, lower jaw about 12-14. No evidence of

recurved canine teeth medially on inner row of

upper jaw in both sexes.

The cephalic sensory pore and canal system has

the AT and PT pores and canal and lacks the SOT

pores (Tables 1,2).

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 4. The

cheek rows are long, reaching end of preopercle,

and the papillae in the cheek rows as well as other

rows on the head are typically smaller than those

of other species of Gobiopsis (Plate 2b) .

The groups of barbels not present are: posterior

mandibular, postmandibular, and posterior gular;

the intermandibular row is occasionally absent.

The number of barbels in other groups are: intermandibular, 0-4 (mean 1.78); anterior cheek tuft

1-3 (1.41); anterior internasals 1-3 (1.32); posterior

internasals 1-2 (1.10). The lower barbel on the

anterior cheek tuft is very long, much longer than

other barbels on the tuft and longer than those of

most other species of Gobiopsis.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Head and trunk of

larger specimens more or less uniform brownish

with traces of light and brown motling, the trunk

saddles faint to moderately developed; smaller specimens with well developed saddles and mottling

on head and trunk, especially laterally on trunk.

Head dorsally and laterally brownish, irregularly

mottled in smaller specimens, the dark preopercular wedge obscure (Plate 2b), chin slightly

dusky and remainder of lower head and breast

light to pale brown; trunk with 4 wide dark brown

saddles, the first saddle bridging base of upper

pectoral fins, a light transverse band precedes first

saddle and a dark bar or saddle crosses the occipital

area anterior to the light band; anterior portion of

the fourth saddle touches the end of the second

dorsal fin, a small saddlelike mark on end of

caudal peduncle, at upper procurrent caudal rays;

saddles in smaller specimens descend to midside or

ventrolaterally on trunk in an anterior oblique

direction, the saddles almost always not joining

laterally and not forming a wavy lateral stripe,

areas between saddles light, lower trunk uniform

brownish, a dark, irregular vertical bar at base of

caudal fin.

Light to dusky base of pectoral fin divided or

nearly so on upper portion by dark wedge that

extends forward from dark sickle-shaped mark on

pectoral fin, lower base of pectoral fin in larger

specimens uniformly dusky or with brownish mottling, remainder of fin with dark, elongate, irregularly arranged spots on rays and membranes appearing as wavy vertical bands; pelvic fins dusky,

the interradial membranes dark in larger specimens, base of frenum with some pigment, pelvic

fins clear to transparent in small specimens; first

dorsal fin with 2 broad, dark bands separated by

a light area, the outer portion of fin pale to light;

second dorsal fin with dark and light markings arranged in 5-6 irregular stripes; anal fin with lower

half dusky to brown, an irregular band on outer

portion, the fin margin pale to white; caudal fin

highly mottled with irregular brown and light

spotting or marking, the brown spotting arranged

in 5-6 irregular, vertical bands; coloration of fins

on some larger specimens faint or obscure (Plate 9c,

d).

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from 3 areas:

the Bombay area and the Gangetic delta of India,

and the northern Gulf of Thailand (Figure 7).

ECOLOGY.—Specimens from the Gulf of Thailand

were taken over muddy and rocky bottoms in

brackish water, some captured in bamboo stake

traps (GVF Reg. No. 1592, 1593, 1595). H. M.

Smith (1945:521) states that the species was found

locally in brackish and fresh water.

REMARKS.—The three syntypes forming the basis

of the description of Gobiopsis macrostroma (NNW

29593-95) were lost or overlooked since the time of
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Steindachner's (1861:291) publication of the name,

for no author known to us has indicated that he

examined these specimens. Koumans (1941:245)

followed Steindachner by placing rnacrostoma in

the genus Gobiopsis, but Giinther (1861:548) and

Day (1876:286; 1889:252) placed the species in the

genus Gobius. The latter authors may have been

influenced in doing so by Steindachner's reference

to Heckel's manuscript name for this species as

Gobius macrostomus. Steindachner's description (or

his figure 6 of the head) does not mention or show

that this species has head barbels. On a recent

world tour of museums examining gobioid types,

D. F. Hoese of the Australian Museum called our

attention to Steindachner's syntypes of G. macrostoma with the observation that they were most

likely in our "Pipidonia" group of gobies because

they had, among other features, the characteristic

barbels on the head.

Because of the rediscovery, after more than a

century, of the syntypes of G. macrostoma, which

are the important specimens bearing on the nomenclature of this generic group, and because there are

many unrecorded diagnostic characters that still

can be seen on them (despite the fact that they are

old, soft, and faded, making it difficult or impossible

to record some of the important meristic counts and

measurements), we give the following salient data

pertaining to most of the diagnostic characters.

These data are not listed in the descriptive account

of the text or in the tables. The data for each

character is given, in sequence, for the 48 mm male,

58 mm female, and the 61 mm male unless it is the

same for all three: dorsal fin rays VI-I,10(3); anal

fin rays 1,9(3); pectoral fin rays 22-22 (right side-left

side), 20-21, 20-21; pelvic fin rays 1,5(3); branched

caudal fin rays 15(3); segmented caudal fin rays, not

obtainable, outer portion of most caudal fin rays

broken off; lateral scale rows for the two largest

specimens, based on a count of scale pockets or

marks (all the scales are gone), about 40 or 41, about

38 or 39; predorsal scales for the two largest specimens about 17 and 19.

The cephalic sensory pore system is the same on

the 3 syntypes and is as follows (P = present;

A = absent): AT pores (P), PT pores (P), NA pores

(P). PITO pore (P), SOT pores (A), AOT pores (P),

POT pores (A), IT pores (P), POP pores (P, 2 on each

side).

The following barbels on the head were clearly

observed with the specimens completely immersed

in alcohol: chin or mental 1-1 (3 specimens);

anterior gular 1-1 (3); intermandibular row about

3-4, 5-4, and 3-4; anterior cheek tuft 2-2, 2-1, 2-2,

the lower barbel very long; anterior internasals

2-2, 1-1, 1-1; posterior internasals 1-1, 1-1, 2-2.

Vertebrae 10+16(3); pterygiophore formula 3

(22110) (3); jaw length as percent SL 19.8, 17.0, 19.6.

The fleshy cheek fold is distended and resembles a

fine, straight crease on the midcheek area. The

cutaneous papillae of the head are entirely eroded

away. Some of the dark pigmentation is present on

the pectoral fin base but otherwise the color pattern

is completely faded; the specimens are pale brown.

Since the 3 syntypes agree closely in respect to the

diagnostic specific characters we see no need in

specifying one as a lectotype.

We regard ZSIC Reg. No. 97 as the putative

holotype of Gobius planifrons Day. The label in

the jar indicates that it is the specimen drawn in

Day (1876: pi. 63: fig. 9). Day (1873:108) states that

one specimen 4 inches long was obtained and later

(1876:293) he refers to "Bombay, where the specimen figured (life-size) was obtained." Day's figure

is 4 inches (101.6 mm) in total length, which is close

to the present actual length of specimen No. 97.

We conclude, therefore, that only one specimen

was involved in his accounts of this species. Koumans (1941:247) listed a specimen he examined at

the Indian Museum purchased from F. Day, which

is probably the same specimen as ZSIC Reg. No. 97.

We have not encountered any other specimen of

G. planifrons attributable to Day.

The paratype of Barbatogobius asanai Koumans

(ZSIC 5532/2, 54.6 mm SL) examined by us has

strong ctenoid scales, a long jaw, and typical pore

and barbel patterns of G. macrostoma. A.G.K.

Menon provided data for the holotype and another paratype of B. asanai and these data also

agree with those of G. macrostoma.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Males, 19 (25.7-79.5 mm SL); females,

8 (21-8-67.2); unsexed, 3 (36.0-50.0).

INDIA, west coast: NMW 29593-95, three syntypes of

C.obiopsis macrostomus Steindachner, 2 males (48, 61), female

(58), Bombay, Baron Hiigel, 1839; ZSIC Reg. No. 97, putative

holotype of Gobius planifrons Day, male (79.5), Bombay;

ZSIC 5283/2, holotype of Barbatogobius asanai Koumans,

unsexed (49.0). Kosamba Creek, Gujarat, India, J. J. Asana,

May 1925; ZSIC 5532/2, para types of B. asanai Koumans,

male (54.6), unsexed (36.0), same data as ZSIC 5283/2; ZSIC

1720, (ca. 50.0), shallow water near Bombay, T. S. Patrick
NUMBER 262 21

Stewart Townsend. East coast: ZSIC, uncataloged, (25.5)

Gangetic delta.

THAILAND: USNM 119633, (57.7, 67.2), Chantabun

Estuary, Southeastern Siam, H. M. Smith, 17 Jul 1928; ANSP

63125, (58.6), Paknam, 15 mi (24 km) SSE of Bangkok, R. M.

deSchauensee, 28 Ang 1934; CAS 33614, (22.0, 50.5), rock

jetty S of Choi Buri between Bangsaen and Choi Buri, GVF

Reg. No. 1542, collection date unknown; CAS 33615, (26.4),

Chantaburi Province, Mae Nam, Chantabun River at

Tha Chalaep harbor, GVP Reg. No. 1592, 24 Dec 1957;

CAS 33616, 10 (21.8-47.3), rocky shore of south side of Goh

Proet Island, GVF Reg. No. 1593, 25 Dec 1957; USNM

216191, 4 (27.7-42.6), 2 cleared and stained, same data as

CAS 33616; CAS 33618, (26.3), Mae Nam, Welu River at Ban

Klong Sone village, GVF Reg. No. 1595, 25 Dec 1957.

Gobiopsis woodsi, new species

FIGURE 7; PLATES 4, 1 b , 8&

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, PITO, AT, and PT

present, the SOT pore almost always present, 2 POP

pores; 2-5 posterior mandibular barbels present;

anterior cheek tuft barbels modally 5; postmandibular and posterior gular barbels absent; scales

strongly ctenoid, large, 30-36 in horizontal series;

males with 2-5 enlarged canine teeth medially on

inner row of upper jaw; jaw moderate in length,

about 13-18 percent of SL; dark head wedge not

evident; light base of pectoral fin divided or nearly

so by dark wedge; coloration mottled, saddles not

prominent.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays V-I,10(2) the associated pterygiophore is present where the spine is

absent, VI-I,10(53), VI-I.ll(l); anal fin rays 1,8(1)

with external element absent from third anal pterygiophore, 1,9(55); pectoral fin rays 18(1), 20(3),

21(50), 22(38); pelvic fin rays 1,5(3-/); segmented

caudal fin rays 16(1), \1(44); branched caudal fin

rays 14(1), 15(34), 16(8); lateral scale rows 30-36(25);

transverse scale rows 15-19(24); predorsal scales

11-15(29).

Scales strongly ctenoid, highly eccentric; 10-16

primary radii in large anterior field; focal area

broad; posterior field small but wide, with short

radii numbering up to 14; 11-18 ctenii in 1 row

on posterior margin.

Vertebrae 10+ 16(57).

Measurements for the holotype and paratypes are

given in Table 7.

A species of moderate size and robustness, the

largest male 42.3 mm, the largest female 37.7 mm.

Among the species of Gobiopsis, G. woodsi appears

to show the greatest difference between sex and size,

the males considerably exceeding the females in

body length. Head moderately wide, trunk moderately deep; fleshy interorbital width about equal to

snout length, slightly greater than diameter of orbit;

lower jaw of moderate length (13-18 percent of SL),

but jaw length related to body size (Figure 4),

lower jaw increases with increase in body length,

and apparently is longer in males than females for

any size group; origin of second dorsal fin just

posterior to vertical at anal opening; depressed

pectoral fin just anterior to vertical at anal opening,

pectoral fin longer than deep and rounded posteriorly; pelvic fin comparatively long, average

length about 72 percent of distance from pelvic fin

insertion to anal fin origin (Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw about

21, lower jaw 8-10; males with 2-5 enlarged posteriorly recurved canine teeth medially on inner

row of upper jaw.

The cephalic sensory pore and canal system contains more pores than any other species of Gobiopsis.

The AT and PT pores and canal are present and the

SOT pores are almost always present (Tables 1, 2).

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 4 (Plate

4). The papillae on the head are generally conspicuous, particularly those on the first and fourth

cheek rows and on the outer preoperculo-mandibular row.

The following groups of barbels (Table 3) are

absent; postmandibular and posterior gular; intermandibular row occasionally absent. The number

of barbels in other groups are: intermandibular,

0-2 (mean 1.45); posterior mandibular 2-5 (3.05);

anterior cheek tuft 3-6 (4.70); anterior internasals

2-5 (3.35); posterior internasals 1-2 (1.10). The

lower barbel of the anterior cheek tuft is long,

considerably longer than others of the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Head and trunk mottled

with light and dark brown markings, dorsally and

laterally; head ventrally, breast and belly light.

Saddles on trunk usually weakly developed (Plates

7b, 86). Snout, lower jaw, cheek, preopercle, opercle,

and head dorsally irregularly mottled in light and

brown markings, dark preopercular head wedge not

evident (Plate 4); a light band traverses head between upper opercular areas. The 4 typical dark

trunk saddles present in most species of Gobiopsis

are poorly defined in the larger specimens, 2 of

which are divided by light blotches along the dorsal
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

midline, noticeably so in smaller specimens, forming

6 brown dorsal cross bars or saddles; the first saddle

in the predorsal area traverses a wide area between

the upper pectoral fins; the second dorsal saddle

passes through the midportion of the first dorsal

fin and extends onto the fin; the third saddle touches

the end of the first dorsal fin and extends out on the

tips of the posterior spines; the fourth saddle passes

through the third and fourth rays of the second

dorsal fin; the fifth saddle passes through the

midportion (the sixth and seventh rays) of the

second dorsal fin; the sixth saddle touches the

last ray of the soft dorsal fin; the typical dark mark

is present at end of caudal peduncle, at beginning

of upper procurrent caudal fin rays. Trunk saddles

join irregularly at midtrunk, and 6 projections extend downward from wavy stripe on ventrolateral

part of anterior trunk, ventrally on caudal peduncle;

base of caudal fin with an irregular spot deeper

than wide.

Base of pectoral fin with large, light area, the

lower two-thirds much wider than upper part; light

base divided or nearly so by dark wedge extending

anteriorly from dark sickle-shaped mark on proximal portion of pectoral fin, distal half of pectoral

fin with dark brown spots arranged, more or less,

in 3-5 wavy, vertical bands. Pelvic fin clear in

smaller specimens, slightly dusky in larger specimens. First dorsal fin with three brownish marks

separated by two light areas, the first is a spot at

anterior base, the second is a bar through middle

of fin from bases of the third, fourth, and fifth

spines and the third is a bar extending from base

of last spine to tips of fourth and fifth spines.

Second dorsal fin with 5 brownish, oblique cross

bars or spots, the first is a spot located basally at

the first and second rays, the second is a bar that

passes upward and forward from the bases of the

third and fourth rays, the third, a bar, extends up

and forward from the bases of sixth and seventh

rays, the fourth bar extends up and forward

from the last ray, and a fifth mark is at the outer

tips of the last f> rays. Anal fin clear in smaller

specimens, slightly dusky in larger specimens. The

caudal fin mottled, light and brown, the brown

marks arranged in 3-4 irregular, wavy bars. Saddles

and fin bars are more defined and the pattern is

more intense on the smaller specimens.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from 2 disjunct areas, southern India (Gulf of Mannar) and

the northern Gulf of Thailand (Figure 7).

ECOLOGY.—Sand and living and dead coral are

listed as bottom types in field notes of all 4 collections. At one collection site a "variety" of sponges

was listed. Specimens were taken in depths up to

4—5 m.

ETYMOLOGY.—Named for Loren P. Woods, Curator of Fishes, FMNH, who collected all but 2 of the

known specimens.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Holotype: USNM 212249, male

(38.0), Musal Tivu (also known as Hare Island), N side, outer

reef, Manauli Reef, across channel from Mandapam, Gulf of

Mannar, India, collected over bottom of broken and live

coral and sand by Loren P. Woods, sta 4, 2 Jan 1964.

Paratypes: 24 males and 32 females. USNM 211343, 3

males (23.9-42.3), 1 cleared and stained, 4 females (27.8-37.7),

1 cleared and stained, same data as USNM 212249; CAS

31498, male (30.7), female (33.7), same data as USNM

212249; FMNH 77048, 10 males (31.9-39.0), 12 females

(29.3-36.2), same data as USNM 212249; USNM 211344, 3

males (28.4-39.5), 3 females (19.6-35.3), type-locality,

L. P. Woods sta 7, Jan 1964; FMNH 77049, 6 males

(29.0-38.8), 10 females (21.1-32.9), same locality as USNM

211344; FMNH 77050, female (34.0), Musal Tivu, 1 mile off

NE tip, L. P. Woods sta 21, 22 Feb 1964; CAS 33631, male

(29.1), female (26.8), Gulf of Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan

Province, NW side of Goh Raed, ll°47'40''N, 99°49'30"E,

GVF Reg. No. 2651, 19 Jun 1961.

Gobiopsis malekulae (Herre)

FIGURE 6; PLATE 5

Cterwgobius malekulae Herre, 1935:423 [type-locality: Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides]; 1936:367, fig.

25 [New Hebrides].

Herreogobius malekulae.—Koumans, 1940:139 [New Hebrides].—1953b: 145, fig. 34 [New Hebrides].

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pore SOT present, NA, PITO,

AT, PT, and POP pores absent; a row of papillae

from snout to SOT pore; trunk with a dark, wide,

uniform midlateral stripe; only one trunk saddle;

scales cycloid, 31-34 in horizontal series; barbels

present in all defined positions except the posterior

gular; jaw very short, about 10-11 percent of SL;

dark head wedge descends to middle of preopercle;

light base of pectoral fin not divided by dark

wedge.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,10(<9); anal

fin rays 1,9(7), 1,10(1); pectoral fin rays 16 (1), 17 (10);

pelvic fin rays 1,5 (5) ; segmented caudal fin rays

17(7); branched caudal fin rays 15(6); lateral scale
NUMBER 262 23

rows 31-34(3); transverse scale rows 15-17(2); predorsal scales 9-10(2).

Scales cycloid, primary radii in anterior field

about 13-14; scale eccentric; focal area narrow;

posterior field small with 9-10 short radii.

Vertebrae 10+16(7), 10+17(1); pterygiophore

formula 3 (22110) in 7 specimens and 3 (221100)

in 1.

Head length 294 (279-310) 4; snout length 67 (61-

75) 4; greatest diameter of orbit 33 (30-35) 4; bony

interorbital width 44 (43-45) 4; pectoral fin length

270 (262-275) 3; pelvic fin length 196 (188-205) 3;

caudal fin length 284 (280-288) 2; predorsal length

381 (367-389) 4; greatest depth of body 157 (157) 2;

least depth of peduncle 118 (117-118) 2; postanal

length 362 (357-367) 2; lower jaw length 108 (100-

115) 6; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin origin 361

(354-365) 3.

Apparently a small species, largest male 22.9 mm,

largest female 23.0 mm. Body fairly slender, head

moderately wide, fleshy interorbital width about

1.5 times diameter of orbit but less than length of

snout; lower jaw very short, 10-11 percent of SL;

origin of second dorsal fin just anterior to vertical

from anal opening; depressed pectoral fin extending to about the vertical from end of base of first

dorsal fin, pectoral fin longer than deep, the outer

margin round to moderately acute; pelvic fins short,

about one-half length of distance from pelvic fin

insertion to anal fin origin.

Number of teeth on outer row, upper jaw about

13-15, lower jaw about 8.

The cephalic sensory pore and canal system is

greatly reduced (Plate 5; Tables 1, 2) compared

with these structures exhibited by the other species

having pores. The NA and PITO pores, the AT and

PT pores, and the POP pores, and the associated

canals linking these pores are absent. The SOT pores

are located close together near the midline, more

so than on any other species. In smaller specimens

of G. malekulae the SOT pores are more widely

separated.

The cutaneous papillae system represents our

Gobiopsh pattern 2 (Plate 5) which is characterized

by having the nasal row continuous to the SOT

pore. The lateral cephalic row originates at the IT

pore and extends uninterrupted posteriorly to

about the upper gill opening. The papillae of the

second cheek row are coarse and more widely separated anteriorly than those of the other species.

The third cheek row is greatly reduced, having

only 1 or 3 papillae. There is additionally a vertical row of 2 papillae as in G. arenaria at the midpreopercular margin, above and disjunct, but in

line with the outer preoperculo-mandibular row

and more posterior and disjunct from the upper

preopercular row.

The barbels in G. malekulae are comparatively

well developed, only the posterior gular group is

absent. The number of barbels in the groups are:

intermandibular, 1-3 (mean 2.00); posterior mandibular 1-3 (2.63); postmandibular 1 (1.00); anterior

cheek tuft 3-4 (3.56); anterior internasals 1-2 (1.18);

posterior internasals 1 (1.00). The lower barbel on

the anterior cheek tuft is not elongate but is about

equal to or slightly longer than others on the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Trunk with a prominent, dark lateral stripe located dorsolaterally anteriorly on trunk and laterally on caudal peduncle;

stripe wide, greater than one-half depth of caudal

peduncle; stripe begins at upper base of pectoral

fin where it unites with the broad, predorsal saddle

that extends between the upper pectoral fin bases;

Herre (1936:367, fig. 25) does not show the predorsal

saddle or barbels; trunk stripe terminates at base

of caudal fin where it is somewhat constricted and

confluent with the dark, deep bar at base of caudal

fin, which is as deep as caudal peduncle; middorsal

area posterior to predorsal saddle pale to slightly

dusky, lacking saddles characteristic of other species

of Gobiopsis. Head with dark mark from interorbital area to line between preopercular margins and

descending laterally to midpreopercle as a dark head

wedge; a light band on head between upper preopercular margins and upper edge of gill openings;

snout slightly pigmented; margins of upper and

lower jaws, chin, opercular area, breast, belly, and

lower caudal peduncle below the dark lateral stripe,

pale or light.

Pectoral fin with lower two-thirds light; sickleshaped mark on upper pectoral fin does not divide

the light base, but extends to upper fin base, remainder of fin clear; pelvic fin clear; first dorsal fin

with a dark narrow stripe on lower portion of fin,

remainder of fin clear; second dorsal fin with dark

pigment on lower part of first 3 rays, remainder of

fin clear; anal fin clear; caudal fin clear other than

dark basal bar. Pigment on most of our specimens

is greatly faded, including the wide, dark lateral

trunk stripe.
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from the

type-locality (New Hebrides) and from islands in

the northern and southern Philippines. Koumans

(1953a) reports this species from Misool in the

Moluccas.

ECOLOGY.—Specimens from the Albatross stations

in the Philippines came from tide pools and were

collected with copper sulphate. The GVF collection

from the Philippines was made with rotenone poison

at a depth of 1 m on a sand bottom at edge of

open sea, 10-15 m from shore at low tide.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Males, 2 (20.0-22.9); females, 3 (22.6-

23.0); unsexed, 3 (14.4-18.0).

PHILIPPINES: CAS 33627, (23.0), Apo Island, 4 miles

E of Zamboanguita town, Negros Oriental, 09°05'N, 123°16'E,

GVF Reg. No. 2670, 11 May 1960; SU 40135, (15.1), Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, collected by A. W. Herre, 22 Dec

1936; USNM 135755, (18.0), Batan Is., Albatross Exp., 22 Jul

1909; USNM 135756, 3 (14.4-22.6), Maculabo Is., E of Luzon,

Albatross Exp., 14 Jun 1909.

NEW HEBRIDES: FMNH 17385, holotype, male (229),

Bushman Bay, Malekula Is., A.W.C.T. Herre, 4 Apr 1929;

SU 24434, paratype, female (23.0), same data as FMNH

17385.

Gobiopsis arenaria (Snyder)

FIGURE 6; PLATES Id, 8d

Hetereleotris arenarius Snyder, 1908:100 [type-locality: Naha,

Okinawa]; 1912:513, pi. 67: fig. 3.

Pipidonia arenarius Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1968:14, fig. 5

[Kikaijima, Japan].

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA and PITO present,

SOT almost always present, AT, PT, and POP absent;

body slender, depth of caudal peduncle 24-30 percent of postanal length; scales cycloid, 33-36 in

horizontal series; postmandibular barbel present,

posterior gular barbels almost always present; jaw

very short, its length about 10-13 percent of SL;

dark wedge on head descends only to upper preopercle; light base of pectoral fin not divided by

dark wedge; trunk with dark saddles joined at

midbody, usually forming a continuous midlateral

stripe with narrow extensions below stripe, head

and trunk not mottled.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,9(1), VI-I,10

(17), VI-1,11(1); anal fin rays 1,9 (19); pectoral rays

17(17), 18(22), 19(2); pelvic fin rays 1,5(27); segmented caudal fin rays 17(20); branched caudal fin

rays 15(14), 16(2), 17(1); lateral scale rows 33-36(16);

transverse scale rows 13-17(14); predorsal scales

7-11(13).

Scales cycloid, primary radii in anterior field

13-14; scale eccentric; radii in posterior field short,

numbering about 6-9; radii of anterior field converge broadly on a wide focal area.

Vertebrae 10+16(20), 10+17(1).

Head length 283 (260-299) 17; snout length 65

(59-73) 16; postorbital length 178 (164-187) 16;

greatest diameter of orbit 41 (37-44) 16; bony

interorbital width 39 (34-43) 12; pectoral fin length

249 (224-270) 15; pelvic fin length 188 (171-203) 14

caudal fin length 283 (255-308) 11; predorsal length

372 (357-391) 17; greatest depth of body 137 (121-

159) 16; least depth of peduncle 102 (92-120) 23;

postanal length 380 (357-399) 23; lower jaw length

119 (102-133) 12; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin

origin 350 (314-380) 14. The latter measurement

may be related to both sex and size; males (19.5-22.7

mm SL) have values ranging from 314 to 323 and

females (22.5-30.1 mm SL) have values ranging from

332 to 380.

Body slender, snout from above pointy, head

behind eyes narrow. A small species, largest male

25.2 mm SL, largest female 30.6 mm SL, a gravid

female 25.2 mm SL. Trunk not deep, caudal peduncle narrow, least depth of peduncle about 24—30

percent of postanal length (Figure 5). Snout long,

longer than width of fleshy interorbital; fleshy interorbital width somewhat greater than diameter of

orbit; lower jaw short, about 10-13 percent of SL;

origin of second dorsal fin slightly posterior to vertical at anal opening; depressed pectoral fin short,

extending posteriorly to vertical from end of base

of first dorsal fin, longer than deep, the margin

rounded; pelvic fin short, shortest for the genus,

about 54 percent length of distance from pelvic fin

insertion to anal fin origin (Figure 3) .

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw 14-

17, on lower jaw 8-12.

The following cephalic sensory pores are absent:

the POP, AT, and PT pores. The SOT pores are occasionally absent (Tables 1, 2).

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 3. As

in G. malekulae, there are 2 papillae in a vertical

row at the midpreopercular margin, above and disjunct, but in line with the outer preoperculo-mandibular row and more posterior and disjunct from

the upper preopercular row.
NUMBER 262 25

Barbels present in all defined positions except

occasionally the posterior gular group is missing.

The number of barbels, by particular groups, are:

intermandibular, 1-3 (mean 2.30); posterior raandibular 2-4 (3.00); postmandibular 1 (1.00); posterior gular 0-2 (0.70); anterior cheek tuft 2-4

(3.26); anterior internasals 1-2 (1.45); posterior internasals 1-2 (1.35). Lower barbel on anterior cheek

tuft is not elongate, but is about equal to or slightly

longer than others on the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—Body strongly bicolored,

the four prominent dark brown trunk saddles are

in contrast with a predominately light colored body

(Plates 7d, 8d).

Head from tip of snout to line between upper

preopercidar margins dark brown, more so behind

the eyes, forming a broad, dark band that descends

on the upper preopercle as a dark wedge; a light

interopercular band between dark head band and

first anteriormost dark trunk saddle, sometimes

finely dusky; remainder of head whitish.

The 4 trunk saddles extend from the dorsal midline ventrally to about the midlateral body where

they arc together and form a lateral stripe, and are

joined from the upper pectoral fin base to base of

caudal fin; 5 narrow branches of the dark brown

arcs between the saddles extend ventrally to about

the ventrolateral part of the body; the first saddle is

largest, squarish, and occurs in the predorsal area

from about the upper interpectoral area posteriorly

to before the origin of first dorsal fin; the second

saddle, one-half width of first saddle, passes through

the posterior part of first dorsal fin; the third saddle,

about as wide as second, passes through the anterior

portion of second dorsal fin; the fourth, smallest

saddle, about one-half as wide as third saddle, passes

through the base of last ray of second dorsal fin; the

light dorsal areas between the dark saddles have

some fine, brownish mottling; base of caudal fin

with a well developed, dark vertical bar confluent

with midlateral stripe, equal to or less than diameter of orbit, and as deep as base of caudal fin;

remainder of body ventrolaterally and ventrally

light to whitish.

Pectoral fin with dark brown sickle-shaped mark

on upper part of the fin, touching the upper basal

portion; sickle-shaped mark not dividing the light

pectoral base into two parts by a dark anteriorly

directed wedge, remainder of pectoral fin light or

clear; pelvic and anal fins light to transparent; first

dorsal fin with a small, dark basal spot between first

two spines; another dark mark basally at fourth to

sixth dorsal spines over second saddle; a dark basal

mark on second dorsal fin between third to fifth

rays over third saddle; a small, brownish basal spot

on last ray of second dorsal fin over the fourth

saddle; remainder of dorsal fins light to transparent;

caudal fin primarily light with irregularly arranged,

weak, brownish, elongate spots on rays. Definitive

adult color pattern almost completely developed

at 8 mm SL.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from southern Japan, the Ryukyus, Taiwan, and Hong Kong

(Figure 6). Koumans (1941:247) reported this species from the Andaman and Nicobar islands. We

consider these to be erroneous records of G. arenaria;

they probably represent specimens of G. quinquecincla. Our search of specimens did not reveal G.

arenaria occurring west of Hong Kong. Koumans

(1940:127, 130) placed G. quinquecincta Smith in

the synonymy of G. arenaria which may account

for these records. We were unable to obtain the

specimens from these two islands studied by

Koumans.

ECOLOGY.—The type-locality of Hetereleotris

arenarius was characterized as "sandy pools" (Snyder, 1908:100). Collection sites listed in the material

examined include tide pools, surge channels and

rocky and coral reefs, but always with a bottom of

rock or coral rubble. Gobiopsis arenaria is known

from depths of 8.5 m. Most specimens were collected with ichthyocides.

REMARKS.—A small specimen, USNM 74581,

paratype, 8.1 mm SL, from the type-locality, has no

pores developed and we tentatively place it under

G. arenaria because the dark body saddles are narrow and are in various stages of uniting laterally,

whereas specimens of similar sizes of G. quinquecincta have broad saddles, forming broad bars not

united laterally. The pectoral fin ray count of 17 is

typical for G. arenaria and is low for the other

species that have laterally connected saddles at small

sizes, e.g., G. aporia, G. angustifrons, and G. bravoi.

The dark head wedge, however, extends ventrally

on the preopercle, which is not typical for G. arenaria.

Snyder (1908:100) gave the length for the holotype as 270 mm, an obvious error. The standard

length is 20.1 mm.
26

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Males, 6 (19.5-25.2 mm SL); females,

16 (19.2-30.6); unsexed, 3 (8.1-19.5).

JAPAN: USNM 74582, paratypc, female (19.2), Tanega

Shima, Albatross Exp. 1906; SU 21104, paratypes, male (21.9),

unsexed (19.5), same data as USNM 74582.

RYUKYU ISLANDS: KSHS 6366, (30.1), Amami O

Shima, Jul 1969; KSHS 9458, (29.8), Kikaiga Shima, Aug

1969; KSHS 9459, (24.4), same data as KSHS 9458; USNM

62237, holotype, male (20.1), Naha, Okinawa, Albratross Exp.

1906; USNM 74581, paratype, immature (8.1), same data as

USNM 62237.

TAIWAN: USNM 209241, (19.5), hay between K'en-ting

and Ta-yuan Shan, 21°55.5'N, 120°48'E, V. G. Springer sta

68-12, I May 1968; USNM 211141, (25.9), Ta-fan-lieh, V. G.

Springer sta 68-6; 25 Apr 1968; USNM 211142, (16.4, 24.6),

Ch'uan-fan-shih, V. G. Springer sta 68-21, 7 May 1968; USNM

211143, gravid female (25.2), SE tip of Taiwan, V. G. Springer

sta 68-8, 27 Apr 1968; USNM 211144, (24.4, 24.8), Sha toa,

NW of swimming beach, V. G. Springer sta 68-17, 5 May

1968; USNM 211145, 7 (22.3-28.9), 1 cleared and stained, cove

SE of K'en-ting, S end of Taiwan, V. G. Springer sta 68-1,

22 Apr 1968; USNM 213530, (25.2), large cove on W side of

southern tip of island, 21°55.O'N, 120°50.0'E, V. G. Springer

sta 68-13, 2 May 1968.

HONG KONG: BPBM 18634, gravid female (27.7), SW

side of Kau Sai Island, J. E. Randall and W. Chan, 22 Jun

1975; CAS 33625, (30.6), E shore of Shelter Island, 22°19'42"-

N, 114°17'56"E, GVF Reg. No. 1732, 24 Apr 1958.

Gobiopsis quinquecincta (H. M. Smith)

FIGURE 7; PLATE 10

Pipidonia quinquecincta H. M. Smith, 1931:39, fig. 19 [typelocality: Island of Pipidon, Vogels Islands, W coast Malay

Peninsula].

Macgregorella indica Herre, 1945:402 [type-locality: Krusadai

Island, Gulf of Mannar, Pamban District, Madras Presidency, South India].

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA and PITO present,

SOT pore almost always present, 2 POP pores, the AT

and PT pores absent; postmandibular and posterior

gular barbels almost always present; anterior cheek

tuft barbels modally 5; most scales cycloid but some

with a few weak ctenii, size large, 29-37 in horizontal series; jaw very short, about 11-13 percent of SL;

dark head wedge descends to middle or lower preopercle; light base of pectoral fin not divided by

dark wedge; trunk with well developed unconnected

bars, or saddles weakly united laterally.

DKSCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays V-I,10(2), both lack

third dorsal fin spine and pterygiophore, VI-I,9(8),

VI-I,10(/52), VI-1,11(7); anal fin rays 1,8(4), 1,9(136),

1,10(7); pectoral fin rays 15(1), 16(11), 17(70), 18(57),

19(8); pelvic fin rays 1,5(35); segmented caudal fin

rays 16(1), 17(128), 18(2); branched caudal fin rays

15 (103), 16(23), 17(4); lateral scale rows 29-37(14);

transverse scale raws 13-16(10); predorsal scales

6-11(10).

Scales mostly cycloid, a few ctenoid scales on

caudal peduncle; scale eccentric; primary radii in

anterior field 13-16; radii of anterior field converge

rather sharply forming a focal area moderately wide;

radii in small posterior field 8-12, about one-sixth

as long as those in anterior field.

Vertebrae 10+15(2), 10+16(767), 10 + 17(1).

Head length 284 (269-305) 16; snout length 71

(67-76) 8; postorbital length 179 (167-193) 16; greatest diameter of orbit 38 (34-45) 16; bony interorbital width 42 (38-48) 10; pectoral fin length 247

(223-269) 16; pelvic fin length 188 (175-209) 15;

caudal fin length 248 (229-276) 12; predorsal length

373 (349-389) 16; greatest depth of body 147 (128-

199) 16; least depth of peduncle 124 (117-130) 34;

postanal length 374 (345-395) 34; lower jaw length

120 (112-128) 10; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin

origin 354 (328-379) 16.

Body elongate, slender, the head not expanded

when viewed from above (the expanded head shown

in Plate \0b is atypical; this expansion is probably

related to preservation); snout rounded, viewed

dorsally; a species small to moderate in size, the

largest male 36.4 mm SL, the largest female 36.2

mm SL; length of snout greater than fleshy interorbital width; fleshy interorbital width about 1.2

times diameter of orbit; length of lower jaw very

short, 11-13 percent of SL; trunk not deep, but

caudal peduncle deep, the least depth about 30.5-

36.5 percent of postanal length (Figure 5); origin

of second dorsal fin just anterior to vertical through

anal opening; depressed pectoral fin short, not extending posteriorly to vertical from end of base of

first dorsal fin, pectoral fin longer than deep, the

posterior margin round; pelvic fin short, its length

about 55 percent length of distance from pelvic fin

insertion to anal fin origin (Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw 10-

14, on lower jaw 7-9.

The AT and PT sensory pores are absent; the SOT

pores are occasionally absent (Tables 1, 2). In a few

specimens (5 specimens out of 401 examined) particular positions of pores may be occupied by double

or triple sets of pores. The PITO pore position in 3

specimens was occupied by double but somewhat

smaller than normal sized pores. The SOT pore
NUMBER 262 27

position was occupied on one specimen by a double

set of pores and on another by a triple set of pores,

all smaller than normal pores and adjacent to each

other.

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 3.

Barbels present in all denned positions except

occasionally absent from the postmandibular and

the posterior gular. The number of barbels on the

anterior cheek tuft is high, ranging from 3 to 7

(mean 5.08). The number of barbels in other particular positions follows: intermandibular, 2-4

(2.67); posterior mandibular 2-5 (3.40); postmandibular 0-4 (0.92); posterior gular 0-3 (1.42); anterior internasals 1^4 (2.73); posterior internasals

1-3 (1.73). Lower barbel on anterior cheek tuft is

not elongate, but is about equal to or slightly longer

than others on the tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—The typical color pattern consists of the dark broad head band just behind the eyes that descends laterally to the middle

or lower preopercle; 4 prominent, wide, dark saddles

or bars on trunk almost always descending to lower

trunk; a deep, dark bar traversing base of caudal fin

(Plate \0a,b).

Tip of snout posteriorly to interpreopercular area

dark brown, more so behind eyes; pigment descending to middle or lower preopercle as a dark brown

wedge; tip of lower jaw and cheeks with some pigmentation; nape, spanning the interopercular region to upper opercular area, is lightly pigmented

in brown; head laterally and ventrally light colored

with some scattered chromatophores.

First dorsal saddle square-shaped, beginning just

before upper pectoral base and extending posteriorly

to origin of first dorsal fin, the saddle descends to

midbody, slightly below insertion of upper pectoral

fin; second saddle almost as wide as first, passes

through base of first dorsal fin, and descends on

lower trunk somewhat obliquely and posteriorly as

a wide, conspicuous dark brown bar, portions of

which may extend onto belly; the third saddle, as

wide as second, passes through anterior portion of

second dorsal fin, and descends obliquely and posteriorly as a broad bar ventrally to the anal fin; the

fourth saddle as wide as third or sometimes wider,

passes through end of second dorsal and anterior

peduncle and descends ventrally as a broad, oblique

bar, to base of caudal peduncle; a deep, dark brown

to black basal caudal bar, as deep as caudal base,

wider than diameter of orbit, with an enlarged midbasal wedge, directed anteriorly; light areas between

saddles dusky or mottled in heavy patches of brown;

breast and belly light to whitish. The above color

description pertains to the predominant pattern of

collections from the Indian area shown in Plate

\0a,b; these illustrations lack the heavy dark mottling usually present in the light dorsal areas.

Pectoral fin with a dark, slanting bar, touching

upper base of fin and confluent with anterior part of

first saddle, light area of pectoral base not divided

into two parts by dark wedge extending from

sickle-shaped pectoral mark, remainder of fin clear

to slightly dusky; pelvic and anal fins light or transparent; first dorsal fin with a small, light spot at

anterior base, remainder of fin black in area where

saddle passes through it, the outer tips whitish;

second dorsal fin with a small, light area at anterior

base, two to three horizonal rows of elongate dark

spots on rays, the basal portion of fin dark where

third and fourth saddles pass through it, remainder

of fin clear; caudal fin with some elongate, light

brown spots on rays, irregularly arranged, but more

concentrated in center part of fin, these spots usually

weakly developed or not visible. A few specimens

have smaller saddles, or an additional saddle (Plate

10c), and in a few specimens the saddles descend to

the midbody where some are joined laterally.

Collections from the Gulf of Thailand have the

dark head band almost always subdued or obscure.

This band is almost always prominent in collections

from India and Sri Lanka. In our large series of

specimens examined from the Gulf of Thailand

there was considerable variation in the trunk saddles. They were usually smaller and more irregularly

shaped than on specimens from India. The saddles

break up laterally on the midside of the body,

where some may arc together and become partially

joined (Plate lOd), sometimes not descending on

lower body or in some specimens with small projections below the arcs. A few specimens may lack a

saddle, or 2 saddles may be combined dorsally

(Plate \0e). About 10 percent of the specimens from

the Gulf of Thailand have some modification of

the saddles laterally on the body, and most of the

specimens have no caudal pigmentation. The subdued head band and the smaller and more irregular

lateral bars in the Malaya collections may reflect a

significant racial divergence.
28

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

The small specimens, CAS 33611, 8.1 mm SL,

from Palau, and SU 68001, 8.5 mm SL, from the

Philippines, have the typical color pattern of the

adults. At these small sizes the preopercular wedge

is well developed and descends well below the midline; the dark head bar is evident; the 4 trunk

saddles are completely developed, barlike at the

side of the body, descend to the ventral portion, and

are uniform and regular in shape; the caudal bar

is completely developed with the midbasal wedge;

the dark, sickle-shaped pectoral mark is prominent

as well as the dark areas of the first and second

dorsal fins, where the saddles pass through the

basal portion. Three small dark spots are present

on the mid-ventral line, observed in other small

specimens of other species of Gobiopsis; a very small

spot is at the middle of the frenum; a larger, elongate spot in middle of belly and one at end of anal

fin base.

The type specimen of Macgregorella indica

Herre, SU 39855, possesses the typical broad saddlelike bars and mottling characteristic of other

Indian collections.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from southern India, Sri Lanka, Nicobar Islands, both sides of

the Malay Peninsula, Mindanao, Taiwan, and

Okinawa (Figure 7). A specimen, 8.1 mm SL (CAS

33611), from the Palau Islands, is identified as this

species but not shown on the distributional map.

ECOLOGY.—Data available from collection sites

in the Malacca Straits and the Gulf of Mannar suggest a similar habitat preference as that given for

G. aporia, although no collections were made deeper

than 4 m. L. P. Woods' field notes state "very

abundant on dead coral". The holotype of G.

quinquccincta was taken in a tide pool. The holotype of Macgregorella indica was taken "from coral"

(Herre, 1915). The Albatross collections from the

Philippines were made with dynamite in areas of

coral, or sand and coral, at depths of about 2.4 to

6 m. The Gulf of Thailand specimens were taken

over bottoms of coral or boulders and gravel.

REMARKS.—The species G. quinquccincta has

been confused with G. arenaria in the literature by

various authors. Tomiyama (1936:93) questionably

placed G. quinquecincta in the synonymy of G.

arenaria but examined no specimens. Koumans

(1910:127, 130) examined the types of both of these

species and considered them synonymous without

question. H. M. Smith (1945:519) recognized both

forms but gave no critical characters to distinguish

them. These species differ as follows: preopercular

canal present in G. quinquecincta, absent in G.

arenaria; the caudal peduncle is consistently deeper

in G. quinquecincta than in G. arenaria (Figure 5);

the dark wedge on head descends lower on the

preopcrcle in G. quinquecincta than on G. arenaria;

and the color pattern of the body of G. quinquecincta

consists typically of dark bars, free from each other

(Plate 10«) or weakly connected, whereas G.

arenaria has dark dorsal saddles that join laterally

(Plate Id). Gravid females of G. quinquccincta were

found ranging from 17.4 to 30.3 mm SL and from

25.2 to 27.7 mm SL for G. arenaria.

Numerous specimens taken in the Gulf of Mannar

by Loren Woods had a species of copepod attached

deeply into the body wall beneath the pectoral fin.

The copepod, identified as Peroderma petersi Richardi (1881) by Roger F. Cressey, was originally recorded from a goby, Gobius buccatus Cuvier and

Valenciennes. This parasite apparently has not been

reported since the original description (Cressey,

pers. comm.). We are unable to confirm the identity of the goby from which Richardi obtained the

copepod.

We found this copepod in 5 of the 7 stations from

the Gulf of Mannar as follows: station LW-3,

copepods on 11 of 36 specimens; LW-5, 7 of 12

specimens; LW-7, 5 of 60 specimens; LW-8, 2 of 115

specimens, and LW-11, 4 of 210 specimens. The

infestation occurred on small to large specimens of

both sexes. No copepods were found on specimens

of G. woodsi collected commonly in the same area

where infestation was found for G. quinquecincta.

At station LW-7, G. woodsi was captured with G.

quinquecincta, yet 22 specimens of G. woodsi examined had no copepods. In over 800 specimens of

Gobiopsis examined in this study, copepods were

found only on G. quinquecincta from the Gulf of

Mannar.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—262 males, 330 females and 13 small

unsexed specimens.

SRI LANKA: USNM 211350, 3 (25.5-34.8), Galle, sheltered inlet at park, L. P. Woods sta 22, 5 Mar 1964; FMNH

77057, 3 (29.9-32.2), same data as USNM 211350; USNM

212295, (14.6, 19.5), Weligama, E of resthouse, C. C. Koenig

sta 69-105, 14 Feb 1970; AMS 1.18494-001, (24.4, 29.8), Trincomalee, N side of Dutch Point, P. C. Heemstra sta 69-278, 30

Sep 1969.
NUMBER 262 29

INDIA, SE coast: SU 39855, holotype of Macgregorella

indica, female (32.1), Krusadai I., Gulf of Mannar, Pamban

District, Madras Presidency, A.VV.C.T. Herre, 22 Jan 1941;

SU 39928, (34.1), same data as SU 39855; USNM 211345, 10

(23.7-33.9), Musal Tivu, across channel from Mandapam,

reef at W end, L. P. Woods sta 8, 16 Jan 1964; FMNH

77054, 105 (22.6-33.7). same data as USNM 211345; USNM

211346, 5 (27.6-36.2), Musal Tivu, N side, outer reef, L. P.

Woods sta 7, Jan 1964; FMNH 77053, 55 (29.1-36.4), same

data as USNM 211346; USNM 211347, 10 (9.2-35.6), Shingle

I., S side of Pamban Pass, Kallaru Reef, L. P. Woods sta 11,

30 Jan 1964; FMNH 77055, 200 (19.2-34.5), same data as

USNM 211347; USNM 211348, 5 (8.9-31.3), Musal Tivu, SW

reef, L. P. Woods sta 13, 27 Jan 1964; FMNH 77056, 10

(9.5-28.4), same data as USNM 211348; USNM 211349, 6

(21.1-30.5), Musal Tivu, just inside SW point, L. P. Woods

sta 3, 30 Dec 1963; FMNH 77051, 30 (23.5-29.0) same data as

USNM 211349; USNM 211351, 5 (24.0-27.8), Musal Tivu,

S side, L. P. Woods sta 5, 7 Jan 1964; FMNH 77052, 7 (24.4-

28.0), same data as USNM 211351; FMNH 77058, 3 (29.5-

31.1), Musal Tivu, N side outer reef, L. P. Woods sta 4,

2 Jan 1964.

NICOBAR ISLANDS; 7.SIC F 7168/2 (15.2), no other

data.

MALAY PENINSULA, west coast: USNM 90317, holotype, male (19.5), Pipidon I., Vogels Is., just S. of Phuket,

Thailand, H. M. Smith, 10 Mar 1925; USNM 209239, (26.5),

Pulo Jarak, Malacca Strait, 3°59'N, 100°06'E, Te Vega sta 71,

30 Oct 1963; USNM 214838, (20.2, 25.5), Pulo Tenga, Butang

Is. 6°34'24"N, 99°27'36"E, Te Vega sta 88, 10 Nov 1963.

East coast: USNM 211352, 20 (20.8-35.8), 3 cleared and

stained, Gulf of Thailand, 8°26'N, 100°45'E, R. Bolin, 25 Jan

1960; CAS 28352, 101 (23.5-32.4), 3 cleared and stained,

same data as USNM 211352; CAS 33613 (24.6) between Goh

Lam and Goh Crok, head of Gulf of Thailand, 12°55'52"N,

100°48'09"E, GVF Reg. No. 1458, 23 Oct 1957; CAS 33617, 6

(23.9-32.8), S side of Goh Proet, GVF Reg. No. 1593, 25 Dec

1957; CAS 33626, (27.6, 28.4), Ko Kra, 8°26'N 100°45'E, GVF

Reg. No. 2039, 26 Jan 1960.

PHILIPPINES: USNM 160749. 4 (17.4-22.2), Pilas I.

SW of Mindanoa, Albatross Exp., 12 Scp 1909; USNM 160750,

(20.1). Tapiantana I., SW of Mindanao, Albatross Exp., 13 Sep

1909; SU 68001, (8.5), Catanduanes Province, Panay I., G. W.

Barlow, 26 Jun 1953.

TAIWAN: USNM 211147, (22.5), about 2 km SW of

Ta-fan-lieh, SW end of Taiwan, V. G. Springer sta 68-7,

26 Apr 1968.

RYUKYU ISLANDS: BPBM 18709, (23.6), Okinawa,

Yomitan tide pools, J. E. Randall, et al, 6 Jun 1975,

PALAU: CAS 33611, (8.1), reef off SW point of Nardueis

I., 7°20'44"N, 134°35'08"E, GVF Reg. No. 811, 4 Sep 1956.

Gobiopsis bravoi (Herre)

FIGURE 6; PLATES 6a,l>, Wa.b.d

Mncirregorella bravoi Herre, 1940:363, pi. 5 [type-locality:

Nasugbu, Batangas Province, Luzon].—Koumans, 1953b:

390.

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, PITO and SOT present, 2 POP pores, AT and PT pores absent; head with

many barbels, postmandibular barbel present, posterior gular barbels almost always present, the intermandibular row long, modally 7 barbels on each

side, barbels of the anterior cheek tuft modally 5;

head broad, eyes small, interorbital wide, diameter

of orbit less than or equal to width of bony interorbital; scales, cycloid, 28-38 in lateral series; jaw

short, its length about 12-16 percent of SL; dark

head wedge descends to lower preopercle, obscured

in large specimens; light base of pectoral fin not

divided by dark wedge; trunk with 4 dark saddles

joined at midbody, forming a wavy midlateral

stripe, with broad extensions below stripe, head and

trunk mottled.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,9(7), VI-1,10

(22), VI-I.ll(l); anal fin rays 1,8(1), 1,9(2/), 1,10(2);

pectoral fin rays 18(11), 19 (32), 20(3); pelvic fin

rays 1,5(20); segmented caudal fin rays 17(15);

branched caudal fin rays 15(11), 16 (4); lateral scale

rows 28-38(8); transverse scale rows 12-17(6); predorsal scales 9-12(3).

Scales cycloid; primary radii in anterior field

10-18; radii of anterior field converge rather sharply

forming a focal area moderate to narrow in width;

radii in posterior field short, 5-11; the posterior

field in some specimens barely discernible.

Vertebrae 10+16(25).

Head length 314 (281-338) 9; snout length 83

(65-93) 9; postorbital length 190 (176-204) 9; greatest diameter of orbit 41 (36-47) 9; bony interorbital

width 46 (43-54) 9; pectoral fin length 262 (243-

283) 5; pelvic fin length 204 (176-221) 13; caudal fin

length 251 (229-291) 7; predorsal length 398 (369-

425) 9; greatest depth of body 173 (150-189) 9;

least depth of peduncle 127 (121-136) 13; postanal

length 359 (324-385) 13; lower jaw length 150 (124-

164) 8; pelvic fin insertion to anal fin origin 354

(337-372) 13.

Species attaining an intermediate size for the

genus, largest male 34.1 mm SL, largest female 32.3

mm SL, a gravid female 28.4 mm SL. Body stout,

trunk deep, head broad (Plates 6a,b, lid). Snout

slightly longer than fleshy interorbital width; fleshy

interorbital width about 1.5 times diameter of orbit;

length of lower jaw short, 12-16 percent of SL,

angle of jaw beneath vertical from about middle of

eye; caudal peduncle deep, least depth 33.5-37.5

percent of postanal length (Figure 5); origin of
30

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

second dorsal fin over anal opening; depressed

pectoral fin extends posteriorly to vertical from end

of base of first dorsal fin, the length twice depth at

base, the posterior margin moderately acute; pelvic

fin short, averages about 57 percent of length of

distance from pelvic fin insertion to anal fin origin

(Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw about

14-16, on lower jaw about 8-10.

The AT and PT cephalic sensory pores are absent.

A double IT pore on one side of one specimen

was found and one specimen lacked the SOT pore on

one side (Tables 1, 2).

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 3 (Plate

6a,b).

Barbels present and comparatively well developed

in all defined positions. The ranges and means for

barbels in particular positions are: anterior cheek

tuft 4-6 (4.93); intermandibular 2-8 (6.09); posterior mandibular 2-6 (3.43); postmandibular 1

(1.00); posterior gular 0-4 (2.14); anterior internasals 2-4 (3.00); posterior internasals 1-3 (2.29).

Lower barbel on anterior cheek tuft not elongate,

but about equal to or slightly longer than others

on tuft.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—The predominant color

pattern consists of 4 dark trunk saddles that arc and

join at midbody forming a wavy midlateral stripe

usually with broad projections from the stripe to

the ventrolateral area (Plate lib).

Head dorsally from tip of snout to interpreopercular line dark brown, mottled in larger specimens,

forming a dark brown bar behind the eye that

descends as a wedge to lower preopercle, wedge

sharply defined in smaller specimens, obscure in

larger specimens, brown coloration more intense

behind the eyes; light band on head just posterior

to brown bar traverses interopercular area, pale to

slightly brown in smaller specimens and brownish

pigmented or slightly mottled in larger specimens;

cheek and tip of snout with some pigmentation in

larger specimens, lower head pale.

First dark trunk saddle slightly wider than interorbital, extends from just before upper pectoral

base to area before first dorsal fin and descends to

level of upper base of pectoral fin; second saddle,

somewhat narrower than first, passes through midbase of first dorsal fin; third saddle, as wide as second, passes through anterior base of second dorsal;

fourth saddle, narrower than third, passes through

end of base of second dorsal; the saddles arc and

join laterally, just above midside of body, and

usually broad projections from about the middle of

the arcs descend ventrolaterally on belly and ventrally on caudal peduncle, projections often broken

up into scattered, brown patches; a deep, dark

brown bar at base of caudal, its depth equal to that

of peduncle, the midportion broadened into a

wedge, directed anteriorly and confluent with wavy

lateral stripe; breast, belly, and lower peduncle

pale; spaces between dark saddles dusky brown,

sometimes mottled.

The holotype, a male, and the largest two paratypes, males, 29.4 and 31.7 mm SL, are heavily

mottled, somewhat obscuring the weak saddles

(Plate lla,d). Other specimens of both sexes have

well developed saddles, not appreciably obscured

by mottling. The smaller specimens have little or no

mottling, the dark head band and wedge, the trunk

saddles, the wavy lateral stripe and its ventral projections, the basal caudal bar, the sickle-shaped

pectoral mark and the dark marks on first and

second dorsal fins are sharply defined.

The pectoral fin proximally with a sharp, dark

brown sickle-shaped mark, touching upper pectoral

base, and confluent with first dorsal saddle, the large

light base not divided into two parts by dark wedge

from sickle-shaped mark, some dark scattered spots

on rays of upper and outer half of fin, often weakly

developed or obscure, remainder of fin clear; pelvic

and anal fins clear; first dorsal fin with a small dark

spot at anterior base, midportion with dark area

where it is traversed by second saddle, the outer

portion of fin dusky to clear; second dorsal fin with

a small, light anterior spot, two dark basal marks

where the third and fourth saddles traverse the fin,

a small dark basal spot between the two dark latter

marks, the middle and outer part of fin with dark

horizontal stripes formed by elongate spots on rays,

remainder of fin clear; caudal fin with dark elongate

spots on rays, irregularly arranged, diffuse in some

specimens, almost obscure in smaller specimens.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Known from Okinawa (questionable identification), 2 areas of the

Philippines, off western New Guinea, the Moluccas,

and Palau (questionable identification) (Figure 6).

ECOLOGY.— Taken in areas of dead and live coral

interspersed with sand, sometimes taken in tide

pools; depths of capture range from one-half to

5 m.
NUMBER 262 31

REMARKS.—A specimen from Palau, CAS 33612,

a male, 20.5 mm SL, has all the characters of G.

bravoi except in its color pattern and pterygiophore

formula. The first dark trunk saddle is present and

connected anteriorly with the wavy midlateral dark

stripe, but the three posterior trunk saddles beneath

the dorsal fins are absent. The deep, basal caudal

bar is present. Remnants of the dark pigment in

the dorsal fins, typical of other bravoi, are present.

The pterygiophore formula is 3 (221100).

The specimen from Okinawa, USNM 132806,

a male, 30.6 mm SL, has well defined saddles that

extend to midline and arc and join, ventral projections on lower body, a sharp sickle-shaped bar

on pectoral and a clearly outlined head bar and

wedge. The body is distinctly bicolored, the dark

saddles greatly contrast with the remainder of the

light body. This specimen lacks the general pigmentation or mottling of all of our larger specimens. The physiognomy of the head also differs to

some extent from our other material, but the head

appears to be swollen or expanded. Thus, we allocate this specimen with some suspicion to G. bravoi.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—8 males (26.2-34.1), 12 females

(20.9-32.3), 3 unsexed specimens (11.8-16.1).

PHILIPPINES: SU 33120, holotype, male (31.1), Nasugbu,

Batangas Province, Luzon, A.W.C.T. Herre, 11 Dec 1936;

SU 33121, paratypes, males (29.4, 31.7), females (24.4, 26.3),

same data as SU 33120; CAS 33619, (20.9), Ayuguitan area, 14

km N of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, O9°27'N, 123°14'E,

GVP Reg. No. 1598, 7 Apr 1958; CAS 33620, 3 (16.1-34.1),

same locality as CAS 33619, GVF Reg. No. 1600, 19 Apr 1958;

CAS 33621, (11.8, 29.9), same locality as CAS 33619, GVF

Reg. No. 1602, 2 May 1958; USNM 216190, 4 (24.9-29.0), 2

cleared and stained, presumably Dumaguete Beach, Negros

Oriental, GVF Reg. No. 1605, 7 Jun 1958; CAS 33623, (27.0,

27.7), Dumaguete Beach, Negros Oriental, 09°19'N, 123°19'E,

GVF Reg. No. 1608, 8 Jun 1958; CAS 33624, 3 (25.9-26.2),

ca. 9 km N of Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, 09°26'(or 270N,

123°I8'E, GVF Reg. No. 1623, date of collection unknown.

INDONESIA: USNM 211923, (14.3), ca. 3°35'S, ca. 128°

36'E, SE tip of Haria Bay, Saparua, V. G. Springer sta 74-5,

5 Mar 1974.

NEW GUINEA: SU 28066, (22.9, 32.3), Waigiu, A.W.C.T.

Herre.

The following specimens are tentatively identified as G.

bravoi.

PALAU ISLANDS: CAS 33612, (20.5), Anguar Island,

off southern corner of Ngatchab beach, 06°53'52"N, 134°O7'

58"E, GVF Reg. No. 1423, 21 Oct 1957.

RYUKYU Islands: USNM 132806. (30.6), tide pool near

Hiza Onna, Okinawa, J. R. Simon sta S-14, 8 Sep 1945.

Gobiopsis angustifrons, new species

FIGURE 6; PLATES 6C//, llr,e

DIAGNOSIS.—Sensory pores NA, PITO, and SOT present, 2 POP pores present, AT and PT pores absent;

head narrow, eyes large, interorbital narrow, diameter of orbit greater than width of bony interorbital; scales cycloid, 32-38 in lateral series; postmandibular and posterior gular barbels absent; jaw

short, its length about 14-15 percent of SL; dark

wedge on head descends to middle or lower portion

of preopercle; light base of pectoral fin not divided

by dark wedge; trunk with 5 prominent saddles and

moderately mottled.

DESCRIPTION.—Dorsal fin rays VI-I,10(/3); anal

fin rays 1,9(13); pectoral fin rays 18(76), 19(7), 20(2)

pelvic fin rays 1,5(6); segmented caudal fin rays 17

(5); branched caudal fin rays 15(5); lateral scale

rows 32-38(5); transverse scale rows 16-19(5); predorsal scales 14-16(5).

Scales cycloid, highly eccentric; 28-32 primary

radii in large anterior field; focal area broad; posterior field small, wide, with 17-20 short radii.

Vertebrae 10+16(6).

Measurements for the holotype and paratypes

are given in Table 8.

Species moderate to large in size, the largest male

45.4 mm SL, the largest female 41.2 mm SL; body

moderately elongate, head width moderate, snout

moderate to sharp (Plates 6c,d, lie), snout longer

than fleshy interorbital; fleshy interorbital narrow,

slightly less than diameter of orbit; length of jaw

short, about 14-15 percent of SL; caudal peduncle

deep, least depth about 31-37 percent of postanal

length (Figure 5); origin of second dorsal fin over

anal opening; the depressed pectoral fin entends

posteriorly to vertical from end of base of first

dorsal fin, the length greater than twice the depth

at base, the posterior margin moderately acute; pelvic fin short, the length about 61 percent of length

of distance from pelvic fin insertion to anal fin

origin (Figure 3).

Number of teeth on outer row of upper jaw

about 22, lower jaw about 12.

All described cephalic sensory ]>ores for the genus

are present except the AT and PT pores (Tables 1, 2).

The cutaneous papillae system is pattern 3 (Plate

6c,d).

The barbels of the postmandibular and posterior

gular groups are absent. The number of barbels in
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

other particular groups are: intermandibular 1-2

(mean 1.56); posterior mandibular 2-5 (3.25); anterior cheek tuft 1-3 (1.70); anterior internasals

1-3 (1.25); posterior internasals 1 (1.00). The barbels

of the anterior cheek tuft are short to moderately

long, the lower one is longest and is preceeded by

one of the intermediate size.

COLOR IN PRESERVATION.—The dominant color

pattern consists of 5 dark brown trunk saddles or

crossbars that descend to the midlateral body where

they join and form a wavy stripe (Plate \\c,e) extending from the base of the pectoral fin to base of

caudal fin. Body moderately mottled dark brown.

Head dark brown from tip of snout posteriorly

to the interpreopercular line, darker behind eye,

where the color forms a transverse bar that descends

as a wedge to middle or lower preopercle, bar

moderately developed, sometimes diffuse or mottled

and less intense than trunk saddles (Plate 6d); the

interopercular band on head uniformly light in

smaller specimens, mottled in larger specimens; tip

of snout, cheek and lower preopercle dusky to

mottled, some pigment on opercle, lower head pale.

Cephalic sensory pores encircled by small, black

tubes.

The first trunk saddle broad, extends from the

upper interopercular area to the origin of first

dorsal fin, descends laterally to upper base of pectoral fin; second saddle, almost as wide as first,

traverses the first dorsal fin; third saddle slighly

smaller than first, passes through anterior part of

second dorsal fin; fourth saddle narrower than

third, passes through posterior base of second dorsal

fin; the fifth saddle or bar is narrow, just touches

the procurrent rays of caudal fin, and separated by

a light, round spot from the upper portion of the

dark bar at base of caudal fin; all saddles descend to

midside of body, where they arc and unite to form

a wavy midbody stripe that extends from upper

base of pectoral fin to base of caudal fin; broad,

dark brown projections descend ventrolaterally on

belly and ventrally on caudal peduncle; large light

dorsal areas between saddles and between the arcs

on the side of the body are mottled or with patches

of brown; smaller specimens with saddles, midlateral

arcs and ventral projections beneath arcs well developed, dark brown to brown, the mottling reduced

or absent, resulting in a highly contrasting bicoloration. Base of caudal fin with a dark, vertical bar, as

deep as base of fin, with an enlarged midbasal

portion, anteriorly directed and confluent with wavy

midlateral stripe. Breast and belly pale to whitish,

lower caudal peduncle brownish mottled.

Pectoral fin with dark, basal sickle-shaped mark,

touches upper base of fin and confluent with first

dorsal saddle; large, light basal portion of pectoral

fin not divided by a dark, anteriorly directed wedge

from the sickle-shaped mark; rays of pectoral fin

with elongate dusky spots on outer portion, irregularly arranged, remainder of fin clear; pelvic fins

clear; first dorsal fin with a small dark spot at base

between first and second spines, a larger, light to

whitish spot on basal portion between second and

fourth spines, the midportion of fin dark where

traversed by second saddle, the tips of spines with

small dark spots in 2 rows, areas between dark

spots are light to whitish; second dorsal fin with 5

dark spots between rays 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6,

7 and 8, and 9 and 10; these dark spots are confluent

with a larger dusky spot in the areas where the third

and fourth saddles pass through base of fin, middle

to outer parts of rays with dark elongate spots

arranged in 3, more or less, horizontal rows, remainder of fin clear; anal fin with faint dusky spots in

3-4 horizontal rows, most of fin clear; caudal fin

with irregularly arranged, elongate, dusky spots

mostly on the rays, more evident on middle portion,

areas between spots clear.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.—Taken at Celebes,

Ceram, Great Barrier Reef, and the Solomon Islands

(Figure 6).

ECOLOGY.—Limited data suggest that G. angustifrons inhabits areas of coral rubble; the 3 Endeavour

Reef collection sites that yielded specimens of G.

angnstifrons also contained G. aporia. The depth

range of G. angustifrons is from 1 to 25 m. The

specimens were taken with rotenone or dynamite.

ETYMOLOGY.—The specific epithet is taken from

the Latin angn.stus (narrow) plus frons (forehead)

and is used as a noun in apposition with the generic name.

REMARKS.—According to the labels in the jars

and catalogue, the collections from the Celebes,

USNM 99282, 99283, were taken at Great Tobea

Island on 15 December 1909. Published Albatross

Station Records list a collection from Great Tobea

Island on 14 December and at Pendek Island on

15 December. We consider the Great Tobea Island

locality as the proper site and that the differences

in dates resulted from an error in data transcription.
NUMBER 262

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Holotype: USNM 213492, female

(33.6), Endeavour Reef, Queensland, Australia, C. L. Smith

sta 69-13, 13 Jan 1969.

Paratypes:

INDONESIA: USNM 99282, male (36.5), Celebes, Great

Tobea Island, Albatross Exp., 14 Dec 1909; USNM 99283,

male (33.8), same data as USNM 99282; AMS 1.18469-152,

male (40.8), Marsegoe Bay, W end of Ceram, J. Pax ton,

1 Apr 1975.

AUSTRALIA: AMS I. 18805-001, male (43.4), female

(22.9), unsexed (18.8), Sand Cay, N of Lizard Island, N Queensland, D. Hoese sta 75-15, 28 Jan 1975; USNM 213791, male

(40.5), females (38.6, 41.2), same locality as AMS I. 18805-001, J.

Paxton, sta LZ 75-70, 27 Nov 1975; USNM 211146, female

(21.2), Endeavour Reef, Queensland, J. Tyler sta A-3, 4 Jan

1969; AMNH 32966, immature (16.1), same locality as USNM

211146, C. L. Smith sta 69-7, 6 Jan 1969.

SOLOMON ISLANDS: USNM 211148, male (45.4), Tautsina Island, E of Kieta Peninsula, Bougainville, Te Vega

Cruise 6, sta 247, 11 Mar 1965.

Summary and Remarks

Head barbels are present on diversely related

gobioid fishes. At least 16 nominal genera among

the Gobiidae have prominent barbels (Lachner and

McKinney, 1974:876). Genera that we relegate to

the synonymy of Gobiopsis are Pogonogobius H. M.

Smith, Pipidonia H. M. Smith, Herreogobius Koumans, Barbatogobius Koumans and Abranch.es

J.L.B. Smith. The salient diagnostic characters

shared by the species of Gobiopsis are (1) a broad,

depressed head with pug-nosed snout, (2) head barbels in characteristic positions, (3) a conspicuous

cutaneous papillae system variously related to a

differentiated cephalic sensory pore and canal system, (4) a well developed fleshy fold on midcheek

area, (5) cephalic sensory pores generally large,

some on tubes, slitlike and hooded, and (6) a dark

sickle-shaped mark at base of pectoral fin.

Most of the other barbeled genera differ significantly from Gobiopsis in one or more of these

and other characters. Triaenopogon Bleeker shares

some characters with Gobiopsis in respect to the

development of the barbels, sensory pores and in

head shape but differs in having tricuspid teeth.

The genus Macgregorella Seale, a synonym of

Callogobius Bleeker, had species referred to it that

we place in Gobiopsis and others that are properly

placed in Callogobius sensu stricto. There are no

close relationships between Gobiopsis and Callogobius. Callogobius has no barbels, but has well

developed vertical and horizontal raised cirrose

ridges of papillae on the head.

The genus Feia J.L.B. Smith was related to

Abranches by J.L.B. Smith (1959:206). Feia, however, has no barbels or cheek fold.

Within Gobiopsis there are recognizable species

groups. The G. macrostoma species group has the

following characters: temporal canal present, nasal

pore located anterior to posterior nostril, light base

of pectoral fin divided by dark wedge, pelvic fins

comparatively long, lower jaws generally long, and

a high number of pectoral fin rays. The species included in this group are G. canalis, G. pinto, G.

macrostoma, and G. woodsi.

The G. quinquecincta species group is characterized by no temporal canal; nasal pore located

adjacent to or behind posterior nostril; light base

of pectoral fin not divided by dark wedge; pelvic

fins short; lower jaws usually short; and a low number of pectoral fin rays. The species included in this

group are G. angustifrons, G. arenaria, G. bravoi

and G. quinquecincta. Gobiopsis malekulae shares

all the characters of the G. quinquecincta group except it has no nasal pore. Gobiopsis aporia agrees

with the Gobiopsis quinquecincta species group except that it has no sensory pores and has a high

number of pectoral rays.

The genus shows a strong affinity in its distribution for the tropical, continental, Indo-Pacific slopes

of Africa, Asia, and Australia and the major insular

areas of the East Indies and the Philippines.

Gobiopsis is not known from the Red Sea, the insular areas of the Indian Ocean, nor from most of

Oceania. The G. macrostoma species group is found

only on the continental slopes of the Indian Ocean

and the Gulf of Thailand. The species, except

G. woodsi, prefer substrates of mud, silt, clay and

sand and apparently avoid coralline areas. The G.

quinquecincta species group plus G. aporia and

G. malekulae occur in coral rubble areas and sand

near coral reefs of the western Pacific Ocean and in

similar areas westward to south India. These species

are found about smaller insular areas as well as the

larger islands and large land masses.

The fact that the species of Gobiopsis have not

been observed alive and the consistency of the data

recording the bottom type of the collection sites

as sandy, muddy, or coral rubble habitats suggest

a bottom dwelling existence in the surface substrate.

The salient generic character such as the robust
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

body, the broad depressed head, the upturned

snout, the mottled and obliterative color pattern,

the variability and reduction in the number of

pores, the development of hoods and flaps on the

pores, and the presence of barbels and coarse

papillae on the head are apparent adaptations to

life in intimate association with the substrate.

Bohlke and Robins (1968:145) observed reductions in the cephalic sensory pore system similar to

those present in Gobiopsis among genera and species

of hole-dwelling or strictly sponge-dwelling, sevenspined gobies of the western Atlantic Ocean. We

concur with their statement that one should not

relate or align, arbitrarily, groups of nonpored

gobies or those with reduced pore systems without

comprehensive analysis of other systematic characters and consideration of the adaptive trends within

each character system.
Tables

TABLE 1.—The number, distribution, and variation in occurrence of cephalic

sensory pores in species of Cobiopsis; based on 608 specimens greater than

18 mm SL (N = number of specimens; 0 = pore absent; 1-1 = pore present

on left and right sides; D = double pore; T = triple pore; see "Methods"

for names of pores)

Species

angustifrons ...

aporia

arenaria

bravoi

canal is

macrostoma

malekulae

pinto

quinquecincta ..

woodsi

N

12

50

20

2

1

20

1

1

2

25

6

7

2

355

19

15

7

3

1

1

1

46

3

2

2

3

1

NA

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

PITO

1

o

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

D

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Cephalic

SOT

1-1

0-0

1-1

0-0

1-0

1-1

1-1

1-0

0-0

0-0

1-1

0-0

0-0

1-1

0-1

1-0

0-0

1-1

T-l

1-D

1-1

1-1

0-1

1-0

0-0

1-1

1-1

A0T

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

pores

IT

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

D-l

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

AT

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

1-1

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

0-1

1-0

PT

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

1-1

1-1

0-0

1-1

1-1

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

1-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

0-1

1-0

POP

2-2

0-0

0-0

0-0

0-0

2-2

2-2

2-2

1-1

2-2

0-0

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

0-0

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

2-2

TABI.F. 2.—Occurrence of particular cephalic sensory

pores in species of Gobiopsis (P = present; PI =

1 pore present; P2 = 2 pores present; A = absent;

UA = usually absent; AP = almost always present;

sec "Methods" for names of pores)

Species

anqustifrons ...

bravoi 7

canalis

macrostoma

malekulae~

quinquecincta ..

NA

P

A

P

P

P

P

A

P

P

P

PITO

P

A

P

P

P

P

A

UA

P

P

SOT

P

A

AP

P

A

A

P

A

AP

AP

AT-PT

A

A

A

A

P

P

A

P

A

P

POP

P2

A

A

P2

PI

P2

A

P2

P2

P2

35
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 3.—Numbers of barbels in certain locations on the head in species of Gobiopsis (top row:

the mode and, in parentheses, the mean; bottom row: the range and, in parentheses, the number

of counts; all barbel groups, except the posterior gular, are paired bilaterally and the left and

right sides are considered as separate counts)

Species

anqustifrons ...

aporia

arenaria

bravoi

canal is

macrostoma

maiekulae

pinto

quinquecincta ..

woodsi

Intermandibular

2(1.56)

1-2 (9)

2(2.05)

1-3(20)

2(2.30)

1-3(20)

7(6.09)

2-8(23)

absent

2(1.78)

0-4(46)

2(2.00)

1-3 (8)

1(1.33)

0-3 (6)

3(2.67)

2-4(24)

2(1.45)

0-2(20)

Posterior

mandibular

3(3.25)

2-5 (8)

3(3.00)

2-6(20)

3(3.00)

2-4(20)

3(3.43)

2-6(28)

absent

absent

3(2.63)

1-3 (8)

absent

3(3.40)

2-5(25)

3(3.05)

2-5(21)

Postmandibular

absent

absent

1(1.00)

1 (20)

1(1.00)

1 (26)

absent

absent

1(1.00)

1 (12)

absent

1(0.92)

0-1(26)

absent

Posterior

gular

absent

absent

1(0.70)

0-2(10)

3(2.14)

0-4(14)

absent

absent

absent

absent

1(1.42)

0-3(12)

absent

Anterior

cheek tuft

1(1.70)

1-3(10)

2(2.55)

1-4(20)

3(3.26)

2-4(19)

5(4.93)

4-6(28)

-(2.50)

1-4 (4)

1(1.41)

1-3(46)

3(3.56)

3-4 (9)

3(2.42)

1-3(12)

5(5.08)

3-7(26)

5(4.70)

3-6(20)

Anterior

internasal

1(1.25)

1-3 (8)

2(2.50)

2-4(20)

1(1.45)

1-2(20)

3(3.00)

2-4(28)

3(2.75)

2-3 (4)

1(1.32)

1-3(46)

1(1.18)

1-2(11)

1(1.42)

1-2(12)

3(2.73)

1-4(26)

3(3.35)

2-5(20)

Posterior

internasal

1(1.00)

1 (10)

2(1.60)

1-2(20)

1(1.35)

1-2(20)

2(2.29)

1-3(28)

-(0.50)

0-1 (4)

1(1.10)

1-2(46)

1(1.00)

1 (12)

1(1.00)

1 (12)

2(1.73)

1-3(26)

1(1.10)

1-2(20)

TABLE 4.—Frequency distribution of numbers of pectoral fin rays in species

of Gobiopsis

Species

angustifrons ...

arenaria

canalis

macrostoma

inalekulae

pinto ...

quinquecincta ..

woodsi

15 16

1

1 11

17

17

10

77

Pectoral

18

16

22

11

62

1

19

7

6

2

32

1

9

-

fin rays

20

2

55

3

16

5

3

21

52

21

11

50

22 23

3

2 2

7

38

X

18.4

20.4

17.6

18.8

22.5

20.8

16.9

20.7

17.4

21.3
NUMBER 262 37

Species

angustifrons .. .

aporia

arenaria

bravoi

canalis

macrostoma

malekulae

pinto

quinquecincta ..

woodsi

TABLE 5.—Comparisons of several characters among the

Scale: type,

size

cycloid

large

cycloid

moderate

cycloid

large

cycloid

large

cycloid

small

rany ctenoid

moderate

cycloid

large

cycloid

small

some ctenoid

large

many ctenoid

large

Lateral

scale rows

32-38

37-45

33-36

28-38

50-55

36-44

31-34

50-60

29-37

30-36

Dominant

color pattern

saddles, weak mottling

saddles, strong mottling

saddles strongly united

laterally

heavily mottled or

saddles united laterally

saddles united laterally;

lower trunk mottled

brownish, with moderate

dark saddles

uniform, wide lateral

stripe; no saddles

uniformly dark to

faint saddles

bars to weakly united

saddles laterally

highly mottled

species of Gobiopsis

Dark wedge

on preopercle

reaches middle to

lower portion

obscured by mottling

restricted to upper

preopercle

obscured or descends

to lower portion

not noticeably

developed

not noticeably

developed

descends to middle

of preopercle

not noticeably

developed

reaches middle to

lower portion

absent or obscured

by mottling

Light area at base

of pectoral fin

not divided by

dark wedge

not divided by

dark wedge

not divided by

dark wedge

not divided by

dark wedge

divided or nearly

so by dark wedge

divided or nearly

so by dark wedge

not divided by

dark wedge

divided or nearly

so by dark wedge

not divided by

dark wedge

divided or nearly

so by dark wedge

TABLE 6.—Proportional measurements of Gobiopsis aporia expressed in thousandths of the

standard length (N = number of specimens)

Character

Hoiotype

Female

39.9

298

78

183

43

45

268

208

281

396

155

108

366

153

Range

31.5-52.0

292-327

67-87

183-202

38-49

40-49

240-264

187-220

227-324

384-416

127-189

108-122

344-386

134-160

Males

Mean

41.9

310

78

195

44

45

254

206

272

399

160

116

363

149

Paratypes

N

13

12

12

12

12

10

10

11

10

12

12

13

11

10

Range

29.5-49.0

296-325

69-86

184-205

38-51

39-48

234-275

186-226

233-335

386-424

154-190

101-123

335-386

130-151

Females

Mean

37.7

309

77

195

46

44

255

207

279

403

171

109

364

143

N

16

14

14

14

14

10

12

14

12

12

10

16

14

11

Standard length (mm)

Head length

Snout length

Postorbital length

Greatest diameter of orbit

Bony interorbital width ..

Pectoral fin length

Pelvic fin length

Caudal fin length

Predorsal length

Greatest depth of body .. .

Least depth of peduncle ..

Postanal length

Lower jaw length

Pelvic fin insertion to

anal fin origin 361 334-393 364 10 318-392 351 10
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TABLE 7.—Proportional measurements of Gobiopsis woodsi expressed in thousandths of

the standard length (N = number of specimens)

Character

Holotype

Male

38.0

316

74

195

55

47

271

242

280

392

174

124

384

161

Range

23.9-41.9

305-334

63-78

184-203

48-59

39-54

246-285

222-238

289-313

372-414

134-192

102-122

356-390

141-176

Males

Mean

34.4

313

71

195

52

46

262

232

302

390

155

112

373

159

Paratypes

N

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

Range

26.4-37.7

294-330

64-77

180-196

50-61

38-45

241-286

224-246

273-348

379-413

149-172

99-112

344-409

135-153

Females

Mean

31.7

311

69

191

54

42

260

234

305

394

159

106

373

143

N

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

10

9

10

9

10

10

10

Standard length (mm)

Head length ,

Snout length

Postorbital length

Greatest diameter of orbit

Bony interorbital width ...

Pectoral fin length

Pelvic fin length

Caudal fin length

Predorsal length

Greatest depth of body

Least depth of peduncle ..

Postanal length

Lower jaw length

Pelvic fin insertion to

anal fin origin 313 305-345 319 323-356 336

TABLE 8.—Proportional measurements of 6 specimens of Gobiopsis angustifrons

expressed in thousandths of the standard length

Character

Standard length (mm)

tead 1ength

Snout length

Postorbital length

Greatest diameter of orbit .. .

3ony interorbital width

Pectoral fin length

Pelvic fin length

Caudal fin length

Predorsal 1ength

Greatest depth of body

.east depth of peduncle

Postanal length

Lower jaw length

Pelvic fin insertion to

anal fin origin

Holotype

Female

33.6

321

77

202

60

42

253

223

313

408

190

119

324

152

384

Paratypes

Immature

16.1

323

81

205

62

50

298

242

329

416

205

124

348

143

366

Female

21.1

332

76

204

57

47

294

111

yn

403

171

104

341

142

332

Males

33.8 36.5 45.4

296 307 308

67 74 70

180 195 189

52 53 51

38 47 42

266 - 267

207 184 233

293 311

382 410 392

151 162 161

114 123 119

367 353 341

142 151 145

343 345 381
Literature Cited

Barlow, G. W.

1961. Gobies of the Genus Gillichthys, with Comments

on the Sensory Canals as a Taxonomic Tool.

Copeia, 1961 (4):423-437.

Birdsong, R. S.

1975. The Osteology of Microgobius signatus Poey

(Pisces: Gobiidae), with Comments on Other

Gobiid Fishes. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, 19(3): 135-187.

Blegvad, H., and H. L0ppenthin

1944. Fishes of the Iranian Gulf. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, 3: 247 pages, 135 figures, 12

plates. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.

Bohlke, J. E., and C. R. Robins

1968. Western Atlantic Seven-spined Gobies, with Descriptions of Ten New Species and a New Genus,

and Comments on Pacific Relatives. Proceedings

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 120(3):45-174.

Day, F.

1873. On Some New or Imperfectly Known Fishes of

India and Burma. Proceedings of the Scientific

Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for

the Year 1873, 4:107-112-

1876. The Fishes of India; Being a Natural History of

the Fishes Known to Inhabit the Seas and Fresh

Waters of India, Burma and Ceylon, 1(2): 169-368,

plates 41-81. London.

1889. Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and

and Burma, Volume 2 (Fishes), 509 pages. London:

Taylor and Francis.

Fowler, H. W.

1935. Zoological Results of the Third DeSchauensee

Siamese Expedition, Part VI: Fishes Obtained in

1934. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 87:89-163.

Giinther, A.

1861. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the

Collection of the British Museum. Volume 3, 586

pages. London.

Herre, A.W.C.T.

1935. New Fishes Obtained bv the Crane Pacific Expedition. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological

Series, 18(12):383-455.

1936. Fishes of the Crane Pacific Expedition. Field

Museum of Natural History Zoological Series,

21:1-472.

1940. Notes on Fishes in the Zoological Museum of

Stanford University, VII: New and Rare Philippine

Gobies from the Hcrre 1936-1937 Oriental Expedition, and in the Collections of the Bureau of

Science. The Philippine Journal of Science,

72(4):357-369, plates 1-6.

1945. Notes on Fishes in the Zoological Museum of

Stanford University, XX: New Fishes from China

and India, a New Genus, and a New Indian

Record. Journal of the Washington Academy of

Sciences, 35(12):399-404.

Kamohara, T., and T. Yamakawa

1968. Additional Records of Marine Fishes from Amami

(II). Reports of the Usa Marine Biological Station,

15(2): 1-17.

Koumans, F. P.

1940. Results of a Reexamination of Types and Specimens of Gobioid Fishes, with Notes on the Fish

Fauna of the Surroundings of Batavia. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 22:121-210.

1941. Gobioid Fishes of India. Memoirs of the Indian

Museum, 8(3):205-329.

1953a. Biological Results of the Snellius Expedition, XVI:

The Pisces and Leptocardii of the Snellius Expedition. Temminckia, 9:177-275.

1953b. Gobioidea. The Fishes of the Indo-Australian

Archipelago, 10: 423 pages. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lachner, E. A., and J. F. McKinney

1974. Barbuligobius boehlhei, a New Indo-Pacific Genus

and Species of Gobiidae (Pisces), with Notes on

the Genera Callogobius and Pipidonia. Copeia,

1974(4): 869-879.

Richiardi, S.

1881. Intorno a due specie nuove di Crostacei parassiti.

Zoologischer Anzeiger, 4(88):386-387.

Smith, H. M.

1931. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of

Siamese Fishes. Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 79(2873): 48 pages, 22 figures,

1 plate.

1945. The Fresh-Water Fishes of Siam, or Thailand.

United States National Museum Bulletin 188: 622

pages, 107 figures, 9 plates.

Smith, J.L.B.

1917. New Species and New Records of Fishes from

South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, series 11, 13(I08):793-821.

1949. The Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. 550 pages.

South Africa: Central News Agency, Ltd.

1959. Gobioid Fishes of the Families Gobiidae, Periophthalmidae, Trypauchenidae, Taenioididae and

Kraemeriidae of the Western Indian Ocean. Rhodes

University, Department of Ichthyology, Ichthyological Bulletin, 13:185-225, plates 9-13.

Snyder, J. O.

1908. Descriptions of Eighteen New Species and Two

New Genera of Fishes from Japan and the Riu

Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

National Museum, 35(1635):93-111. Takagi, K.

1912. The Fishes of Okinawa, One of the Riu Kiu 1963. Studies of the Gobioid Fishes in the Japanese

Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Waters on the Comparative Morphology, PhyMuseum, 42(1913):487-519, plates 62-70. logeny, Taxonomy, Distribution and Bionomics. 273

Steindachner, F. pages, 47 figures. Tokyo University. [In Japanese,

1861. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Cobioiden. Sitzungs- unpublished.]

berichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien; Tomiyama, I.

Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 42 1936. Gobiidae of Japan. Japanese Journal of Zoology,

(23):283-292, 6 figures. 7(1):37-112.
PLATES
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 1.—Details of the head of Gobiopsis aporia, USNM 209247, paratype, male, 49.6 mm SL:

a, dorsal view; b, lateral view.
NUMBER 262 43

J R.

PLATE 2.—Details of heads of Gobiopsis species: a, ventral view of G. aporia, USNM 209247,

paratype, male, 49.6 mm SL; b, lateral view of G. macrostoma, USNM 119633, male, 57.7 mm SL.
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 3.—Details of the head of Gobiopsis pinto, RUSI 3019, male, 43.6 mm SL: a, dorsal view;

b, lateral view.
NUMBER 202 45

PLATE 4. -Details of the head of Gobiopsis woodsi, USNM 211343, paratype, male,

42.3 mm SL: a, dorsal view; b, lateral view.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

J mm

PLATE 5.—Details of the head of Cobiopsis malekulae, SU 24434, paratype, female, 23.0 mm SL:

a, dorsal view; b, lateral view.
NUMB1-1R 262 47

PLATE 6.—Details of heads of Gobiopsis species: a, ventral view of G. bravoi, SU 33120, holotype,

male, 31.1 mm SL; b, dorsal view of a; c, ventral view of G. angustifrons, USNM 213492, holotype, female, 33.6 mm SL; d, dorsal view of c.
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 7.—Species of Gobiopsis, lateral views: a, G. aporia, USNM 209731, holotype, female, 39.9

ram SL; b, G. woodsi, USNM 212249, holotype, male, 38.0 mm SL; c, G. pinto, RUSI 3019,

43.6 mm SL; d, G. arenaria, KSHS 9458, 29.8 mm SL.
NUMBER 262 49

PLATE 8.—Species of Gobiopsis, dorsal views; same species and specimens as Plate
50

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 9.—Species of Gobiopsis: a, G. canalis, lateral view, UZMK 01.9.1943, 619, holotype, male,

50.5 mm SL; b, dorsal view of a; c, G. macrostoma, lateral view, CAS 33616, 42.6 mm SL; d,

dorsal view of c.
NUMBER 262 51

PLATE 10.—Extremes in color pattern of Gobiopsis qttinqnecincta: a, prominent saddles, lateral

view, FMNH 77051, 27.3 mm SL; b, dorsal view of a; c, five saddles joined laterally on body,

lateral view, FMNH 77051, 23.7 mm SL; d, saddles weakly joined laterally, lateral view, USNM

211352, 30.2 mm SL; e, saddles reduced, lateral view, USNM 211352, 28.6 mm SL.
52

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 11.—Color patterns in Gobiopsis bravoi and G. angustifrons: a, lateral view of G. bravoi,

SU 33121, 31.7 mm SL; b, lateral view of G. bravoi, SU 33121, 26.3 mm SL; r, lateral view of G.

anguslifrotis, USNM 213492, holotype, female, 33.6 mm SL; d, dorsal view of a; e, dorsal view

ofc.
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