II 

Calendar No. 633 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4932 

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research, 

development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

AUGUST 1, 2024 

Mr. DURBIN (for himself, Mr. DAINES, Mr. HEINRICH, Ms. MURKOWSKI, and 

Mr. SCHUMER) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 

referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

NOVEMBER 21, 2024 

Reported by Mr. MANCHIN, with an amendment 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

A BILL 

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide 

for a research, development, and demonstration program, 

and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 

5 Quantum Leadership Act of 2024’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION 

2 SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM. 

3 Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

4 (15 U.S.C. 8851) is amended— 

5 (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the 

6 following: 

7 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

8 carry out a research, development, and demonstration pro9 gram on quantum information science, engineering, and 

10 technology.’’; 

11 (2) in subsection (b)— 

12 (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘, engi13 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

14 (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, engi15 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

16 (C) by striking paragraph (3) and insert17 ing the following: 

18 ‘‘(3) provide research experiences and training 

19 for additional undergraduate and graduate students 

20 in quantum information science, engineering, and 

21 technology, including in the fields specified in para22 graph (4);’’; 

23 (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) 

24 through (5) as paragraphs (5) through (7), re25 spectively; 


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1 (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the 

2 following: 

3 ‘‘(3) operate National Quantum Information 

4 Science Research Centers under section 402 to ac5 celerate and scale scientific and technical break6 throughs in quantum information science, engineer7 ing, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art 

8 infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry 

9 partners; 

10 ‘‘(4) conduct cooperative research with indus11 try, National Laboratories, institutions of higher 

12 education, and other research institutions to facili13 tate the development and demonstration of quantum 

14 information science, engineering, and technology pri15 orities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy, 

16 including in the fields of— 

17 ‘‘(A) quantum information theory; 

18 ‘‘(B) quantum physics; 

19 ‘‘(C) quantum computational science, in20 cluding hardware and software, machine learn21 ing, and data science; 

22 ‘‘(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 

23 development; 


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1 ‘‘(E) quantum communications and net2 working, including hardware and software for 

3 quantum communications and networking; 

4 ‘‘(F) quantum sensing and detection; 

5 ‘‘(G) materials science and engineering; 

6 ‘‘(H) quantum modeling and simulation, 

7 including molecular modeling; 

8 ‘‘(I) near- and long-term application devel9 opment, as determined by the Secretary of En10 ergy; 

11 ‘‘(J) quantum chemistry; 

12 ‘‘(K) quantum biology; 

13 ‘‘(L) superconductive and high-perform14 ance microelectronics; and 

15 ‘‘(M) quantum security technologies;’’; 

16 (F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesig17 nated)— 

18 (i) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

19 ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

20 (ii) by redesignating subparagraph 

21 (F) as subparagraph (J); and 

22 (iii) by inserting after subparagraph 

23 (E) the following: 

24 ‘‘(F) the Office of Electricity; 


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1 ‘‘(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy 

2 Security, and Emergency Response; 

3 ‘‘(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Car4 bon Management; 

5 ‘‘(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; 

6 and’’; and 

7 (G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesig8 nated)— 

9 (i) by striking ‘‘and’’ before ‘‘poten10 tial’’; and 

11 (ii) by inserting ‘‘, and other relevant 

12 stakeholders, as determined by the Sec13 retary of Energy’’ before the period at the 

14 end; and 

15 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

16 ‘‘(c) INDUSTRY OUTREACH.—In carrying out the pro17 gram under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall 

18 support the quantum technology industry and promote 

19 commercialization of applications of quantum technology 

20 relevant to the activities of the Department of Energy 

21 by— 

22 ‘‘(1) educating— 

23 ‘‘(A) the energy industry on near-term and 

24 commercially available quantum technologies; 

25 and 


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1 ‘‘(B) the quantum industry on potential 

2 energy applications; 

3 ‘‘(2) accelerating the advancements of United 

4 States quantum computing, communications, net5 working, sensing, and security capabilities to protect 

6 and optimize the energy sector; 

7 ‘‘(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 

8 manufacturing capabilities, and associated simula9 tions or modeling capabilities; 

10 ‘‘(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 

11 technologies from National Laboratories and engag12 ing with the Quantum Economic Development Con13 sortium and other organizations, as applicable, to 

14 transition component technologies that advance the 

15 development of a quantum supply chain; and 

16 ‘‘(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry 

17 partner access, especially for small- and medium18 sized businesses, to specialized quantum instrumen19 tation, equipment, testbeds, and other infrastructure 

20 to design, prototype, and test novel quantum hard21 ware and streamline user access to reduce costs and 

22 other administrative burdens. 

23 ‘‘(d) HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING STRATEGIC

24 PLAN.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

2 the date of enactment of this subsection, the Sec3 retary of Energy shall submit to Congress a 10-year 

4 strategic plan to guide Federal programs in design5 ing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, energy-effi6 cient high-performance computing systems capable 

7 of integrating with a diverse set of accelerators, in8 cluding quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine 

9 learning accelerators, to enable the computing facili10 ties of the Department of Energy to advance na11 tional computing resources. 

12 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The strategic plan under 

13 paragraph (1) shall include the following: 

14 ‘‘(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capa15 bilities and infrastructure from the exascale 

16 computing program, as the Secretary of Energy 

17 determines necessary. 

18 ‘‘(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the 

19 advanced scientific computing workforce. 

20 ‘‘(C) A consideration of a diversity of 

21 quantum computing modalities. 

22 ‘‘(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 

23 commercially available quantum hardware and 

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1 sistent with the QUEST program established 

2 under section 404. 

3 ‘‘(e) EARLY-STAGE QUANTUM HIGH-PERFORMANCE

4 COMPUTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

6 shall establish an early-stage research and develop7 ment program in quantum high-performance com8 puting— 

9 ‘‘(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 

10 described in subsection (d)(1); and 

11 ‘‘(B) to build the necessary scientific com12 puting workforce to fulfill the objectives of that 

13 plan. 

14 ‘‘(2) ACTIVITIES.—The program established 

15 under paragraph (1) shall— 

16 ‘‘(A) support early-stage quantum super17 computing testbeds and prototypes; and 

18 ‘‘(B) connect early-stage quantum high19 performance computing projects to the Centers 

20 funded under this Act. 

21 ‘‘(3) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

22 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 

23 not more than $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

24 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

25 this subsection. 


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1 ‘‘(f) SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY.—Not later than 180 

2 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the 

3 Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study on quantum 

4 science, engineering, and technology supply chain needs, 

5 including— 

6 ‘‘(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quan7 tum industry by leveraging the expertise of the 

8 Quantum Economic Development Consortium; and 

9 ‘‘(2) making recommendations on how to 

10 strengthen the domestic supply of materials and 

11 technologies necessary for the development of a ro12 bust manufacturing base and workforce. 

13 ‘‘(g) TRAINEESHIP PROGRAM.— 

14 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

15 shall establish a university-led traineeship pro16 gram— 

17 ‘‘(A) to address workforce development 

18 needs in quantum information science, engi19 neering, and technology; and 

20 ‘‘(B) that will focus on supporting in21 creased participation, workforce development, 

22 and research experiences for underrepresented 

23 undergraduate and graduate students. 

24 ‘‘(2) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

25 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 


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1 not more than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

2 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

3 this subsection. 

4 ‘‘(h) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—In carrying 

5 out this section, the Secretary of Energy shall, to the max6 imum extent practicable, coordinate with the Director of 

7 the National Science Foundation, the Director of the Na8 tional Institute of Standards and Technology, the Admin9 istrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis10 tration, the Director of the Defense Advanced Research 

11 Projects Agency, and the heads of other relevant Federal 

12 departments and agencies to ensure that programs and 

13 activities carried out under this section complement and 

14 do not duplicate existing efforts across the Federal govern15 ment. 

16 ‘‘(i) FUNDING.— 

17 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Of the funds authorized to 

18 be appropriated to the Office of Science under sec19 tion 303(j) of the Department of Energy Research 

20 and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18641(j)), there is 

21 authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of 

22 Energy not more than $175,000,000 for each of fis23 cal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out activities 

24 under this section. 

25 ‘‘(2) RESTRICTIONS.— 


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1 ‘‘(A) CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 

2 funds made available under this subsection may 

3 be obligated to or expended by an institution of 

4 higher education that maintains a contract or 

5 other agreement with a Confucius Institute or 

6 any successor of a Confucius Institute. 

7 ‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ENTITIES

8 OF CONCERN.— 

9 ‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this subpara10 graph: 

11 ‘‘(I) FOREIGN COUNTRY OF CON12 CERN.—The term ‘foreign country of 

13 concern’ means— 

14 ‘‘(aa) a covered nation (as 

15 defined in section 4872(d) of title 

16 10, United States Code); and 

17 ‘‘(bb) any other country that 

18 the Secretary of Energy, in con19 sultation with the Secretary of 

20 Defense, the Secretary of State, 

21 and the Director of National In22 telligence, determines to be en23 gaged in conduct that is detri24 mental to the national security or 


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1 foreign policy of the United 

2 States. 

3 ‘‘(II) FOREIGN ENTITY OF CON4 CERN.—The term ‘foreign entity of 

5 concern’ means a foreign entity 

6 that— 

7 ‘‘(aa) is designated as a for8 eign terrorist organization by the 

9 Secretary of State under section 

10 219(a) of the Immigration and 

11 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

12 1189(a)); 

13 ‘‘(bb) is included on the list 

14 of specially designated nationals 

15 and blocked persons maintained 

16 by the Office of Foreign Assets 

17 Control of the Department of the 

18 Treasury; 

19 ‘‘(cc) is owned by, controlled 

20 by, or subject to the jurisdiction 

21 or direction of a government of a 

22 foreign country that is a covered 

23 nation (as defined in section 

24 4872(d) of title 10, United 

25 States Code); 


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1 ‘‘(dd) is alleged by the At2 torney General to have been in3 volved in activities for which a 

4 conviction was obtained under— 

5 ‘‘(AA) chapter 37 of 

6 title 18, United States Code 

7 (commonly known as the 

8 ‘Espionage Act’); 

9 ‘‘(BB) section 951 or 

10 1030 of title 18, United 

11 States Code; 

12 ‘‘(CC) chapter 90 of 

13 title 18, United States Code 

14 (commonly known as the 

15 ‘Economic Espionage Act of 

16 1996’); 

17 ‘‘(DD) the Arms Ex18 port Control Act (22 U.S.C. 

19 2751 et seq.); 

20 ‘‘(EE) section 224, 

21 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the 

22 Atomic Energy Act of 1954 

23 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 

24 2276, 2277, 2284); 


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1 ‘‘(FF) the Export Con2 trol Reform Act of 2018 (50 

3 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or 

4 ‘‘(GG) the International 

5 Emergency Economic Pow6 ers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et 

7 seq.); or 

8 ‘‘(ee) is determined by the 

9 Secretary of Energy, in consulta10 tion with the Secretary of De11 fense and the Director of Na12 tional Intelligence, to be engaged 

13 in unauthorized conduct that is 

14 detrimental to the national secu15 rity or foreign policy of the 

16 United States. 

17 ‘‘(ii) RESTRICTION.—None of the 

18 funds made available under this subsection 

19 may be obligated or expended to promote, 

20 establish, or finance quantum research ac21 tivities between a United States entity and 

22 a foreign country of concern or a foreign 

23 entity of concern.’’. 


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1 SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 

2 PROGRAM. 

3 The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 

4 inserting after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following: 

5 ‘‘SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRU6 MENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM. 

7 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

8 establish an instrumentation and infrastructure program 

9 to carry out the following: 

10 ‘‘(1) Maintain United States leadership in 

11 quantum information science, engineering, and tech12 nology. 

13 ‘‘(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains. 

14 ‘‘(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 

15 community. 

16 ‘‘(4) Support activities carried out under sec17 tions 401, 403, and 404. 

18 ‘‘(b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 

19 program under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy 

20 shall— 

21 ‘‘(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and com22 mercialize specialized equipment, laboratory infra23 structure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to 

24 advance quantum engineering research and the de25 velopment of quantum component technologies at a 

26 scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific 


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1 community and enable commercialization of quan2 tum technology; 

3 ‘‘(2) leverage the capabilities of National Lab4 oratories and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, 

5 including facilities and experts that research and de6 velop novel quantum materials and devices; and 

7 ‘‘(3) consider the technologies and end-use ap8 plications identified by the Quantum Economic De9 velopment Consortium as having significant eco10 nomic potential. 

11 ‘‘(c) QUANTUM FOUNDRIES.—In carrying out the 

12 program under subsection (a), and in coordination with 

13 institutions of higher education and industry, the Sec14 retary of Energy shall support the development of quan15 tum foundries focused on meeting the device, hardware, 

16 software, and materials needs of the scientific community 

17 and the quantum supply chain. 

18 ‘‘(d) FUNDING.—Of amounts appropriated or other19 wise made available to the Office of Science, the Secretary 

20 of Energy shall use not more than $50,000,000 for each 

21 of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out this sec22 tion.’’. 


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1 SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RE2 SEARCH CENTERS. 

3 Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

4 (15 U.S.C. 8852) is amended— 

5 (1) in subsection (a)— 

6 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

7 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

8 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech9 nology and to support research conducted 

10 under section 401’’ and inserting ‘‘science, 

11 engineering, and technology, expand capac12 ity for the domestic quantum workforce, 

13 and support research conducted under sec14 tions 401, 403, and 404’’; and 

15 (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting 

16 ‘‘that may include 1 or more commercial enti17 ties’’ after ‘‘collaborations’’; 

18 (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘and should 

19 be inclusive of the variety of viable quantum tech20 nologies, as appropriate’’ before the period at the 

21 end; 

22 (3) in subsection (c)— 

23 (A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

24 (B) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and tech25 nology, accelerating quantum workforce devel26 opment,’’ after ‘‘science’’; 


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1 (4) in subsection (d)(1)— 

2 (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

3 ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

4 (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 

5 subparagraph (E); and 

6 (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) 

7 the following: 

8 ‘‘(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; 

9 and’’; 

10 (5) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 

11 and inserting the following: 

12 ‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Each Center established 

13 under this section may be renewed for an additional 

14 period of 5 years following a successful, merit-based 

15 review and approval by the Director.’’; and 

16 (6) in subsection (f), in the first sentence— 

17 (A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and insert18 ing ‘‘$35,000,000’’; and 

19 (B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2023’’ and 

20 inserting ‘‘2025 through 2029’’. 

21 SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK IN22 FRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP23 MENT PROGRAM. 

24 Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

25 (15 U.S.C. 8853) is amended— 


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1 (1) in subsection (a)— 

2 (A) in paragraph (4)— 

3 (i) by inserting ‘‘, including’’ after 

4 ‘‘networking’’; and 

5 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

6 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe7 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

8 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

9 ‘‘(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of mo10 dalities and commercially available quantum hard11 ware and software; and 

12 ‘‘(7) develop education and training pathways 

13 related to quantum network infrastructure invest14 ments, aligned with existing programmatic invest15 ments by the Department of Energy.’’; and 

16 (2) in subsection (b)— 

17 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

18 (i) by redesignating subparagraphs 

19 (C) and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and 

20 (E), respectively; and 

21 (ii) by inserting after subparagraph 

22 (B) the following: 

23 ‘‘(C) the Administrator of the National 

24 Aeronautics and Space Administration;’’; 

25 (B) in paragraph (2)— 


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1 (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 

2 ‘‘ground-to-space and’’ before ‘‘space-to3 ground’’; 

4 (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

5 ‘‘photon-based’’ and inserting ‘‘all applica6 ble modalities of’’; 

7 (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting 

8 ‘‘, quantum sensors,’’ after ‘‘quantum re9 peaters’’; 

10 (iv) in subparagraph (G)— 

11 (I) by inserting ‘‘data centers,’’ 

12 after ‘‘repeaters,’’; and 

13 (II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

14 (v) in subparagraph (H)— 

15 (I) by striking ‘‘the quantum 

16 technology stack’’ and inserting 

17 ‘‘quantum technology modality 

18 stacks’’; and 

19 (II) by striking ‘‘National Lab20 oratories in’’ and inserting ‘‘National 

21 Laboratories such as’’; and 

22 (vi) by adding at the end the fol23 lowing: 

24 ‘‘(I) development of quantum network and 

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1 tions, including development of network stack 

2 protocols and protocols enabling integration 

3 with existing technologies or infrastructure; and 

4 ‘‘(J) development of high-efficiency room5 temperature photon detectors for quantum 

6 photonic applications, including quantum net7 working and communications;’’; 

8 (C) in paragraph (4)— 

9 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking ‘‘material’’ and insert11 ing ‘‘materials’’; and 

12 (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘funda13 mental’’; and 

14 (3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘basic re15 search’’ and inserting ‘‘research, development, and 

16 demonstration’’. 

17 SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPAN18 SION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRO19 GRAM. 

20 Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

21 (15 U.S.C. 8854) is amended— 

22 (1) in subsection (a)— 

23 (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 

24 by striking ‘‘and quantum computing clouds’’ 


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1 and inserting ‘‘, software, and cloud-based 

2 quantum computing’’; 

3 (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

4 the end; 

5 (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the pe6 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

7 (D) by adding at the end the following: 

8 ‘‘(5) to enable development of software and ap9 plications, including estimation of resources needed 

10 to scale applications; and 

11 ‘‘(6) to develop near-term quantum applications 

12 to solve public and private sector problems.’’; 

13 (2) in subsection (b)— 

14 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

15 the end; 

16 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe17 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

18 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

19 ‘‘(6) enable users to develop algorithms, soft20 ware tools, simulators, and applications for quantum 

21 systems using cloud-based quantum computers; and 

22 ‘‘(7) partner with appropriate public- and pri23 vate-sector entities to develop training and education 

24 opportunities on prototype and early-stage devices.’’; 

25 (3) in subsection (c)— 


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1 (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) 

2 through (8) as paragraphs (5) through (9), re3 spectively; and 

4 (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the 

5 following: 

6 ‘‘(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad7 ministration;’’; and 

8 (4) in subsection (e)— 

9 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

10 the end; 

11 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe12 riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

13 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

14 ‘‘(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.’’. 

15 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

16 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 

17 Quantum Leadership Act of 2024’’. 

18 SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION 

19 SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM. 

20 Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

21 (15 U.S.C. 8851) is amended— 

22 (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the 

23 following: 

24 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

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1 gram on quantum information science, engineering, and 

2 technology.’’; 

3 (2) in subsection (b)— 

4 (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘, engi5 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

6 (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, engi7 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

8 (C) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting 

9 the following: 

10 ‘‘(3) provide research experiences and training 

11 for additional undergraduate and graduate students 

12 in quantum information science, engineering, and 

13 technology, including in the fields specified in para14 graph (4);’’; 

15 (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) 

16 through (5) as paragraphs (5) through (7), re17 spectively; 

18 (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the fol19 lowing: 

20 ‘‘(3) operate National Quantum Information 

21 Science Research Centers under section 402 to accel22 erate and scale scientific and technical breakthroughs 

23 in quantum information science, engineering, and 

24 technology, and maintain state-of-the-art infrastruc25 ture for quantum researchers and industry partners; 


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1 ‘‘(4) conduct cooperative basic and applied re2 search with industry, National Laboratories, institu3 tions of higher education, and other research institu4 tions to facilitate the development, demonstration, 

5 and commercial application of quantum information 

6 science, engineering, and technology priorities, as de7 termined by the Secretary of Energy, including in the 

8 fields of— 

9 ‘‘(A) quantum information theory; 

10 ‘‘(B) quantum physics; 

11 ‘‘(C) quantum computational science, in12 cluding hardware and software, machine learn13 ing, and data science; 

14 ‘‘(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 

15 development; 

16 ‘‘(E) quantum communications and net17 working, including hardware and software for 

18 quantum communications and networking; 

19 ‘‘(F) quantum sensing, imaging, and detec20 tion; 

21 ‘‘(G) materials science and engineering; 

22 ‘‘(H) quantum modeling and simulation, 

23 including molecular modeling; 


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1 ‘‘(I) near- and long-term application devel2 opment, as determined by the Secretary of En3 ergy; 

4 ‘‘(J) quantum chemistry; 

5 ‘‘(K) quantum biology; 

6 ‘‘(L) superconductive and high-performance 

7 microelectronics; and 

8 ‘‘(M) quantum security technologies;’’; 

9 (F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesignated), 

10 in subparagraph (F), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the 

11 end; 

12 (G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesignated)— 

13 (i) by striking ‘‘and’’ before ‘‘poten14 tial’’; and 

15 (ii) by striking the period at the end 

16 and inserting ‘‘, and other relevant stake17 holders, as determined by the Secretary of 

18 Energy; and’’; and 

19 (H) by adding at the end the following: 

20 ‘‘(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and 

21 data, including experience and resources from exist22 ing Federal research activities and commercially 

23 available quantum computing hardware and software, 

24 to the extent practicable.’’; and 

25 (3) by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘(c) INDUSTRY OUTREACH.—In carrying out the pro2 gram under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall 

3 engage with the quantum technology industry and promote 

4 commercialization of applications of quantum technology 

5 relevant to the activities of the Department of Energy by— 

6 ‘‘(1) educating— 

7 ‘‘(A) the energy industry on near-term and 

8 commercially available quantum technologies; 

9 and 

10 ‘‘(B) the quantum industry on potential en11 ergy applications; 

12 ‘‘(2) accelerating the advancements of United 

13 States quantum computing, communications, net14 working, sensing, and security capabilities to protect 

15 and optimize the energy sector; 

16 ‘‘(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 

17 manufacturing capabilities, and associated simula18 tions or modeling capabilities; 

19 ‘‘(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 

20 technologies from National Laboratories and engaging 

21 with the Quantum Economic Development Consor22 tium and other organizations, as applicable, to tran23 sition component technologies that advance the devel24 opment of a quantum supply chain; and 


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1 ‘‘(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry 

2 partner access, especially for small- and medium3 sized businesses, to specialized quantum instrumenta4 tion, equipment, testbeds, and other infrastructure to 

5 design, prototype, and test novel quantum hardware 

6 and streamline user access to reduce costs and other 

7 administrative burdens. 

8 ‘‘(d) HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING STRATEGIC

9 PLAN.— 

10 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

11 the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary 

12 of Energy shall submit to Congress a 10-year strategic 

13 plan to guide Federal programs in designing, expand14 ing, and procuring hybrid, energy-efficient high-per15 formance computing systems capable of integrating 

16 with a diverse set of accelerators, including quantum, 

17 artificial intelligence, and machine learning accelera18 tors, to enable the computing facilities of the Depart19 ment of Energy to advance national computing re20 sources. 

21 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The strategic plan under para22 graph (1) shall include the following: 

23 ‘‘(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capabili24 ties and infrastructure from the exascale comVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:04 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S4932.RS S4932

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1 puting program, as the Secretary of Energy de2 termines necessary. 

3 ‘‘(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the 

4 advanced scientific computing workforce. 

5 ‘‘(C) A consideration of a diversity of quan6 tum computing modalities. 

7 ‘‘(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 

8 commercially available quantum hardware and 

9 software to complement on-premises high-per10 formance computing systems and resources con11 sistent with the QUEST program established 

12 under section 404. 

13 ‘‘(e) EARLY-STAGE QUANTUM HIGH-PERFORMANCE

14 COMPUTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.— 

15 ‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF QUANTUM HIGH-PERFORM16 ANCE COMPUTING.—In this subsection, the term 

17 ‘quantum high-performance computing’ means the use 

18 of classical high-performance computing systems with 

19 quantum processing units and hybrid quantum-clas20 sical algorithms to leverage the strength of computa21 tional architectures and solve complex problems. 

22 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

23 establish an early-stage research and development 

24 program in quantum high-performance computing— 


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1 ‘‘(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 

2 described in subsection (d)(1); and 

3 ‘‘(B) to build the necessary scientific com4 puting workforce to fulfill the objectives of that 

5 plan. 

6 ‘‘(3) ACTIVITIES.—The program established 

7 under paragraph (2) shall— 

8 ‘‘(A) support early-stage quantum super9 computing testbeds and prototypes; and 

10 ‘‘(B) connect early-stage quantum high-per11 formance computing projects to the Centers fund12 ed under this Act. 

13 ‘‘(4) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

14 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 

15 not more than $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

16 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

17 this subsection. 

18 ‘‘(f) SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY.—Not later than 1 year 

19 after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary 

20 of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, 

21 shall conduct a study on quantum science, engineering, and 

22 technology supply chain needs, including— 

23 ‘‘(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quan24 tum industry by leveraging the expertise of relevant 


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1 stakeholders in academia and industry, including the 

2 Quantum Economic Development Consortium; and 

3 ‘‘(2) making recommendations on how to 

4 strengthen the domestic supply of materials and tech5 nologies necessary for the development of a robust 

6 manufacturing base and workforce. 

7 ‘‘(g) TRAINEESHIP PROGRAM.— 

8 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

9 shall establish a university-led traineeship program— 

10 ‘‘(A) to address workforce development needs 

11 in quantum information science, engineering, 

12 and technology; and 

13 ‘‘(B) that will focus on supporting increased 

14 participation, workforce development, and re15 search experiences for underrepresented under16 graduate and graduate students. 

17 ‘‘(2) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

18 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 

19 not more than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

20 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

21 this subsection. 

22 ‘‘(h) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—In carrying out 

23 this section, the Secretary of Energy shall, to the maximum 

24 extent practicable, coordinate with the Director of the Na25 tional Science Foundation, the Director of the National InVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:04 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S4932.RS S4932

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1 stitute of Standards and Technology, the Administrator of 

2 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 

3 Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 

4 and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and 

5 agencies to ensure that programs and activities carried out 

6 under this section complement and do not duplicate existing 

7 efforts across the Federal government. 

8 ‘‘(i) FUNDING.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Of amounts authorized to be 

10 appropriated for the Department of Energy, the Sec11 retary of Energy shall use not more than 

12 $175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 

13 2029 to carry out activities under this section. 

14 ‘‘(2) RESTRICTIONS.— 

15 ‘‘(A) CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 

16 funds made available under this subsection may 

17 be obligated to or expended by an institution of 

18 higher education that maintains a contract or 

19 other agreement with a Confucius Institute or 

20 any successor of a Confucius Institute. 

21 ‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ENTITIES OF

22 CONCERN.— 

23 ‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this subpara24 graph: 


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1 ‘‘(I) FOREIGN COUNTRY OF CON2 CERN.—The term ‘foreign country of 

3 concern’ means— 

4 ‘‘(aa) a covered nation (as 

5 defined in section 4872(d) of title 

6 10, United States Code); and 

7 ‘‘(bb) any other country that 

8 the Secretary of Energy, in con9 sultation with the Secretary of 

10 Defense, the Secretary of State, 

11 and the Director of National In12 telligence, determines to be en13 gaged in conduct that is detri14 mental to the national security or 

15 foreign policy of the United 

16 States. 

17 ‘‘(II) FOREIGN ENTITY OF CON18 CERN.—The term ‘foreign entity of 

19 concern’ means a foreign entity that— 

20 ‘‘(aa) is designated as a for21 eign terrorist organization by the 

22 Secretary of State under section 

23 219(a) of the Immigration and 

24 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

25 1189(a)); 


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1 ‘‘(bb) is included on the list 

2 of specially designated nationals 

3 and blocked persons maintained 

4 by the Office of Foreign Assets 

5 Control of the Department of the 

6 Treasury; 

7 ‘‘(cc) is owned by, controlled 

8 by, or subject to the jurisdiction 

9 or direction of a government of a 

10 foreign country that is a covered 

11 nation (as defined in section 

12 4872(d) of title 10, United States 

13 Code); 

14 ‘‘(dd) is alleged by the Attor15 ney General to have been involved 

16 in activities for which a convic17 tion was obtained under— 

18 ‘‘(AA) chapter 37 of title 

19 18, United States Code (com20 monly known as the ‘Espio21 nage Act’); 

22 ‘‘(BB) section 951 or 

23 1030 of title 18, United 

24 States Code; 


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1 ‘‘(CC) chapter 90 of title 

2 18, United States Code (com3 monly known as the ‘Eco4 nomic Espionage Act of 

5 1996’); 

6 ‘‘(DD) the Arms Export 

7 Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 

8 et seq.); 

9 ‘‘(EE) section 224, 225, 

10 226, 227, or 236 of the Atom11 ic Energy Act of 1954 (42 

12 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 

13 2277, 2284); 

14 ‘‘(FF) the Export Con15 trol Reform Act of 2018 (50 

16 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or 

17 ‘‘(GG) the International 

18 Emergency Economic Powers 

19 Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); 

20 or 

21 ‘‘(ee) is determined by the 

22 Secretary of Energy, in consulta23 tion with the Secretary of Defense 

24 and the Director of National In25 telligence, to be engaged in unauVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:04 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S4932.RS S4932

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1 thorized conduct that is detri2 mental to the national security or 

3 foreign policy of the United 

4 States. 

5 ‘‘(ii) RESTRICTION.—None of the funds 

6 made available under this subsection may 

7 be obligated or expended to promote, estab8 lish, or finance quantum research activities 

9 between a United States entity and a for10 eign country of concern or a foreign entity 

11 of concern.’’. 

12 SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 

13 PROGRAM. 

14 The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 

15 inserting after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following: 

16 ‘‘SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRU17 MENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM. 

18 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall es19 tablish an instrumentation and infrastructure program to 

20 carry out the following: 

21 ‘‘(1) Maintain United States leadership in quan22 tum information science, engineering, and technology. 

23 ‘‘(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains. 

24 ‘‘(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 

25 community. 


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1 ‘‘(4) Support activities carried out under sec2 tions 401, 402, 403, and 404. 

3 ‘‘(b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 

4 program under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy 

5 shall— 

6 ‘‘(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and com7 mercialize specialized equipment, laboratory infra8 structure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to ad9 vance quantum engineering research and the develop10 ment of quantum component technologies at a scale 

11 sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific commu12 nity and enable commercialization of quantum tech13 nology; 

14 ‘‘(2) leverage the capabilities of National Labora15 tories and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, in16 cluding facilities and experts that research and de17 velop novel quantum materials and devices; and 

18 ‘‘(3) consider the technologies and end-use appli19 cations that have significant economic potential, as 

20 determined by the Secretary, based on consultation 

21 with relevant stakeholders in academia and industry, 

22 including the Quantum Economic Development Con23 sortium. 

24 ‘‘(c) QUANTUM FOUNDRIES.—In carrying out the pro25 gram under subsection (a), and in coordination with instiVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:04 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S4932.RS S4932

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1 tutions of higher education and industry, the Secretary of 

2 Energy shall support the development of quantum foundries 

3 focused on meeting the device, hardware, software, and ma4 terials needs of the scientific community and the quantum 

5 supply chain. 

6 ‘‘(d) CONSULTATION.—In carrying out the program 

7 under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall consult 

8 with the following entities to identify the instrumentation, 

9 equipment, infrastructure, and materials needed to support 

10 the objectives of that program: 

11 ‘‘(1) The National Institute of Standards and 

12 Technology. 

13 ‘‘(2) The National Science Foundation. 

14 ‘‘(3) The National Aeronautics and Space Ad15 ministration. 

16 ‘‘(4) Any other relevant Federal agency. 

17 ‘‘(5) The National Laboratories. 

18 ‘‘(6) National Quantum Information Science Re19 search Centers. 

20 ‘‘(7) Industry stakeholders. 

21 ‘‘(8) Institutions of higher education. 

22 ‘‘(9) Any other research institution. 

23 ‘‘(e) FUNDING.—Of amounts authorized to be appro24 priated for the Department of Energy, the Secretary of EnVerDate Sep 11 2014 19:04 Nov 22, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00038 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S4932.RS S4932

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1 ergy shall use not more than $50,000,000 for each of fiscal 

2 years 2025 through 2029 to carry out this section.’’. 

3 SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RE4 SEARCH CENTERS. 

5 Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

6 (15 U.S.C. 8852) is amended— 

7 (1) in subsection (a)— 

8 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

9 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and technology 

11 and to support research conducted under 

12 section 401’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engi13 neering, and technology, expand capacity 

14 for the domestic quantum workforce, and 

15 support research conducted under sections 

16 401, 403, and 404’’; and 

17 (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ‘‘that 

18 may include 1 or more commercial entities’’ 

19 after ‘‘collaborations’’; 

20 (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘and should be 

21 inclusive of the variety of viable quantum tech22 nologies, as appropriate’’ before the period at the end; 

23 (3) in subsection (c)— 

24 (A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 


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1 (B) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and tech2 nology, accelerating quantum workforce develop3 ment,’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

4 (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 

5 and inserting the following: 

6 ‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Each Center established under 

7 this section may be renewed for an additional period 

8 of 5 years following a successful, merit-based review 

9 and approval by the Director.’’; and 

10 (5) in subsection (f), in the first sentence— 

11 (A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and inserting 

12 ‘‘$35,000,000’’; and 

13 (B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2023’’ and 

14 inserting ‘‘2025 through 2029’’. 

15 SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK IN16 FRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP17 MENT PROGRAM. 

18 Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

19 (15 U.S.C. 8853) is amended— 

20 (1) in subsection (a)— 

21 (A) in paragraph (4)— 

22 (i) by inserting ‘‘, including’’ after 

23 ‘‘networking’’; and 

24 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 


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1 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period 

2 at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

3 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of modal5 ities and commercially available quantum hardware 

6 and software; and 

7 ‘‘(7) develop education and training pathways 

8 related to quantum network infrastructure invest9 ments, aligned with existing programmatic invest10 ments by the Department of Energy.’’; and 

11 (2) in subsection (b)— 

12 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

13 (i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) 

14 and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), re15 spectively; and 

16 (ii) by inserting after subparagraph 

17 (B) the following: 

18 ‘‘(C) the Administrator of the National Aer19 onautics and Space Administration and the head 

20 of any other relevant Federal agency, as deter21 mined by the Secretary;’’; 

22 (B) in paragraph (2)— 

23 (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 

24 ‘‘ground-to-space and’’ before ‘‘space-to25 ground’’; 


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1 (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

2 ‘‘photon-based’’ and inserting ‘‘all applica3 ble modalities of’’; 

4 (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting 

5 ‘‘, quantum sensors,’’ after ‘‘quantum re6 peaters’’; 

7 (iv) in subparagraph (G)— 

8 (I) by inserting ‘‘data centers,’’ 

9 after ‘‘repeaters,’’; and 

10 (II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

11 (v) in subparagraph (H)— 

12 (I) by striking ‘‘the quantum tech13 nology stack’’ and inserting ‘‘quantum 

14 technology modality stacks’’; and 

15 (II) by striking ‘‘National Lab16 oratories in’’ and inserting ‘‘National 

17 Laboratories such as’’; and 

18 (vi) by adding at the end the following: 

19 ‘‘(I) development of quantum network and 

20 entanglement distribution protocols or applica21 tions, including development of network stack 

22 protocols and protocols enabling integration with 

23 existing technologies or infrastructure; and 

24 ‘‘(J) development of high-efficiency room25 temperature photon detectors for quantum 


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1 photonic applications, including quantum net2 working and communications;’’; 

3 (C) in paragraph (4)— 

4 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

5 (ii) by striking ‘‘material’’ and insert6 ing ‘‘materials’’; and 

7 (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘funda8 mental’’; and 

9 (3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘basic re10 search’’ and inserting ‘‘research, development, and 

11 demonstration’’. 

12 SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPAN13 SION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRO14 GRAM. 

15 Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

16 (15 U.S.C. 8854) is amended— 

17 (1) in subsection (a)— 

18 (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 

19 by striking ‘‘and quantum computing clouds’’ 

20 and inserting ‘‘, software, and cloud-based quan21 tum computing’’; 

22 (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

23 the end; 

24 (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period 

25 at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 


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1 (D) by adding at the end the following: 

2 ‘‘(5) to enable development of software and ap3 plications, including estimation of resources needed to 

4 scale applications; and 

5 ‘‘(6) to develop near-term quantum applications 

6 to solve public and private sector problems.’’; 

7 (2) in subsection (b)— 

8 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

9 the end; 

10 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period 

11 at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

12 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

13 ‘‘(6) enable users to develop algorithms, software 

14 tools, simulators, and applications for quantum sys15 tems using cloud-based quantum computers; and 

16 ‘‘(7) partner with appropriate public- and pri17 vate-sector entities to develop training and education 

18 opportunities on prototype and early-stage devices to 

19 support commercial applications.’’; 

20 (3) in subsection (c)— 

21 (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) 

22 through (8) as paragraphs (5) through (9), re23 spectively; and 

24 (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the fol25 lowing: 


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1 ‘‘(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad2 ministration;’’; and 

3 (4) in subsection (e)— 

4 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

5 the end; 

6 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period 

7 at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

8 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

9 ‘‘(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.’’. 


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Calendar No. 633 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4932 

A BILL 

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to 

onstration program, and for other purposes. provide for a research, development, and demNOVEMBER 21, 2024 

Reported with an amendment 


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