CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Household Economic Studies

P70-44

The Effect of Health

Insurance Coverage

on Doctor and

Hospital Visits:

1990 to 1992

by John M. McNeil

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
HIGHLIGHTS

(The figures in parentheses denote 90-percent confidence intervals.)

x Over a 2-year period, persons 16 to 64 years old (the focus of this study) made 1.099 (+/-0.031)

billion doctor visits, and spent 154 (+/-13) million nights in a hospital.

x Among those 16 to 64, the proportion with one or more doctor visits was 83.6 (+/-0.5) percent

and the proportion spending one or more nights in a hospital was 13.5 (+/-0.4) percent. On a

per capita basis, the mean number of doctor visits during the two-year period was 7.01

((+/-0.20) and the mean number of nights spent in a hospital was 0.98 (+/-0.08).

x Among persons with 24 months of private coverage, 86.8 (+/-0.5) percent visited a doctor and

12.1 (+/-0.5) percent spent one or more nights in a hospital. The comparable figures for persons

with no coverage were 60.5 (+/-2.7)percent and 8.2 (+/-1.5) percent, respectively. Persons with

24 months of Medicaid coverage had relatively high utilization rates; 90.3 (+/-2.5) percent

visited a doctor during the period, and 29.6 (+/-3.8) percent spent one or more nights in a

hospital.

x Compared with those in the highest income category, persons in the lowest income category

were somewhat less likely to have visited a doctor and were much more likely to have spent

one or more nights in a hospital. Among those with incomes below the poverty cutoff, 79.2

(+/-1.9) percent had one or more doctor visits and 22.9 (+/-2.0) percent spent one or more

nights in a hospital. The comparable rates for those with incomes at least four times the poverty

cutoff were 88.5 (+/-0.7) percent and 11.4 (+/-0.7) percent.

x Health status had a strong relationship with utilization rates. Among those with the highest

health rating (excellent or very good in both wave 3 and wave 6), the mean number of doctor

visits was 4.78 (+/-0.16) and the mean number of nights spent in a hospital was 0.43 (+/-0.05).

Among those with the lowest health rating (poor or fair in both wave 3 and wave 6) the

comparable figures were 21.46 (+/-1.86) and 5.74 (+/-1.17).

x The study also provides information on the relationship between certain statuses and the

likelihood of falling into specified health insurance categories. For example, among the 86

million persons with the highest health status rating, 76.7 (+/-0.7) percent were covered all 24

months by private coverage, 2.3 (+/-0.3) percent had some other type of 24-month coverage,

17.2(+/-0.7) percent had partial coverage, and 3.8 (+/-0.3) percent had no coverage. The

comparable rates for the 8.5 million persons in the lowest health status rating were 35.8 (+/-2.7)

percent, 34.9 (+/-2.7) percent, 20.4 (+/-2.3) percent, and 8.8 (+/-1.6) percent respectively.

x Statistical models were utilized to examine the effect of hypothetical changes in the distribution

of certain independent variables. Under one hypothesis, for example, persons with no coverage

or with partial private coverage were assumed to have 24 months of private coverage. The

simulation showed that this change in coverage would increase aggregate doctor and hospital

visits by only about 5 percent (aggregate doctor visits would increase by about 60 million, and

aggregate nights in a hospital would increase by about 7 million).

Acknowledgments

The author owes a special debt to Susan Marquis of RAND who generously, and with patience, provided advice about

the use of statistical models. This report was prepared under the general direction of Charles Nelson, Assistant

Division Chief for Economic Characteristics. Judy Eargle provided guidance on technical issues, and word processing

assistance was provided by Elaine Anderson.

Tracy James and Stephen Mack of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division conducted the sampling review.

Data collection activities were carried out by Bureau of the Census field representatives under the overall direction of

Richard F. Blass, Acting Chief, Field Division.

The staff of the Administrative and Publications Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, performed publication

planning, design, composition, editorial review, and printing planning and procurement. Nelsa Brown provided

publication coordination and editing.
CURRENT POPULATION REPORTS

Household Economic Studies

P70-44

Issued June 1995

The Effect of Health

Insurance Coverage

on Doctor and

Hospital Visits:

1990 to 1992

U.S. Department of Commerce

Ronald H. Brown, Secretary

David J. Barram, Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Everett M. Ehrlich, Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Martha Farnsworth Riche, Director
HOUSING AND HOUSEHOLD

ECONOMIC STATISTICS DIVISION

Daniel H. Weinberg, Chief

SUGGESTED CITATION

McNeil, John M., The Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Doctor and Hospital Visits: 1990

to 1992, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, P70-44,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1995.

For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Martha Farnsworth Riche, Director

Bryant Benton, Deputy Director

Paula J. Schneider, Principal Associate

Director for Programs

Nancy M. Gordon, Associate Director

for Demographic Programs

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Everett M. Ehrlich, Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs
Page

Introduction......................................................................................... 1

Highlights ........................................................................................... 1

Description of Selected Variables................................................................. 2

Models Relating Doctor Visits and Nights in a Hospital to Independent Variables ............ 3

Utilization: Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital ........................................ 3

Health Insurance Coverage Status and Utilization .............................................. 3

Age, Sex, Coverage and Utilization............................................................... 9

Race, Hispanic Origin, Coverage and Utilization ................................................ 9

Income, Coverage and Utilization................................................................. 11

Region, Residence, Coverage and Utilization.................................................... 13

Education, Coverage and Utilization.............................................................. 14

Health Status, Disability Status, Coverage and Utilization ...................................... 14

Characteristics Associated with Health and Disability Status ................................... 14

Employment Status, Coverage and Utilization ................................................... 15

Simulation Results ................................................................................. 15

Data Issues ........................................................................................ 16

Data for Women With a Childbirth ................................................................ 17

Related Studies .................................................................................... 17

Technical Note: Predictions from the Statistical Models ......................................... 17

User Comments.................................................................................... 17

TEXT TABLES

A. Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period by Age and

Sex: Persons 16 Years Old and Over ................................................... 4

B. Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period: Persons 16

to 64 Years Old by Selected Characteristics ............................................ 5

C. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status During a 24-Month Period, by Selected Characteristics........................ 10

D. Statistical Models Relating Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a

24-Month Period to Sets of Independent Variables..................................... 12

E. Simulations Based on a Statistical Model: Predicted Total Doctor Visits and Total

Nights Spent in a Hospital Under Various Assumptions Concerning the Distribution

of Selected Independent Variables ...................................................... 16

FIGURES

1. Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old With One or More Doctor Visits During a

24-Month Period by Health Insurance Coverage Status ............................... 7

2. Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old Spending One or More Nights in a Hospital

During a 24-Month Period by Health Insurance Coverage Status ..................... 7

3. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period by Persons 16 to 64 Years

Old by Health Insurance Status.......................................................... 8

4. Mean Number of Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period by Persons

16 to 64 Years Old by Health Insurance Coverage Status............................. 8

iii

Contents
DETAILED TABLES

1. Distribution of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Age and Sex: Persons 16

Years Old and Over....................................................................... 19

2. Distribution of Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Age and

Sex: Persons 16 Years Old and Over ................................................... 21

3. Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Detailed Age

Categories: Persons 16 Years Old and Over ........................................... 23

4. Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Detailed Age

Categories: Persons 16 Years Old and Over ........................................... 24

5. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex

and Age: Persons Under 65 Years of Age .............................................. 25

6. Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old .................................... 26

7. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ......................... 27

8. Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ......................... 28

9. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old.............. 29

10. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex, Race, and

Hispanic Origin: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ........................................... 30

11. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old..... 31

12. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Persons 16 to 64

Years Old.................................................................................. 32

13. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex

and Ratio of Income to Low-Income Threshold: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ........ 33

14. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Ratio of Income to Low-Income Threshold: Persons 16

to 64 Years Old ........................................................................... 34

15. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Ratio of Income to Low-Income Threshold:

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old.............................................................. 35

16. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex

and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ............................................... 36

17. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ..................... 37

18. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ......... 38

19. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex

and Residence: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ........................................... 39

20. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Residence: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ................. 40

21. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Residence: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ..... 41

22. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Years of

School Completed: Persons 22 to 64 Year Old ......................................... 42

23. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Years of School Completed: Persons 22 to 64 Years

Old ......................................................................................... 43

24. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Years of School Completed: Persons 22 to

64 Years Old .............................................................................. 44

25. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and

Perceived Health Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ................................. 45

iv
26. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Perceived Health Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old .. 46

27. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Perceived by Health Status: Persons 16 to

64 Years Old .............................................................................. 47

28. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Disability

Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ..................................................... 48

29. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Disability Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old ........... 49

30. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Disability Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years

Old ......................................................................................... 50

31. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old by Health Status and Disability

Status ..................................................................................... 51

32. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and

Employment Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old ...................................... 53

33. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance

Coverage Status, Sex, and Employment Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old ....... 54

34. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health

Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and Employment Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years

Old ......................................................................................... 55

APPENDIXES

A. Definitions and Explanations............................................................... A-1

B. Source and Accuracy of Estimates........................................................ B-1

v
The Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Doctor and

Hospital Visits: 1990 to 1992

INTRODUCTION

This report presents data from the Survey of Income

and Program Participation (SIPP) on two primary measures of the utilization of health care services: doctor

visits and nights spent in a hospital.

The purpose of the report is to examine the relationship between the utilization of health care services and

selected other characteristics including health insurance

coverage status. Relationships are examined using a

series of cross tabulations as well as statistical models.

An analysis of the relationship between two variables

(e.g., age and doctor visits) may reach different conclusions depending on whether the analysis is based on

cross tabulations or on statistical model results. The

former provides information on the gross relationship

between the variables while the latter describes the

relationship net of the effect of the other variables in the

model.

Data for this study were obtained from the first six

waves of the 1990 SIPP panel and cover a 24-month

period. Interviews for the 1990 panel were conducted

during the months of February, March, April, and May

1990, and every four months thereafter. The panel had a

total of eight waves. A health care utilization topical

module was included in wave 3 and wave 6 and

contained questions for persons 15 years old and over

on doctor visits and nights spent in a hospital during the

previous 12 months. (See the section on ‘‘DATA ISSUES’’

for a discussion of how the measure of doctor visits used

in this study differs from the measure obtained in the

National Health Interview Survey.) Waves 3 and 6 also

included a topical module which obtained information on

health status and disability status. Information on health

insurance coverage status and on certain other variables used in this report was collected in each wave.

All demographic surveys, including the Current Population Survey (CPS) and SIPP, are affected by undercoverage of the population. This undercoverage results

from missed housing units and missed persons within

sample households. Compared to the level of the 1980

decennial census, overall undercoverage in SIPP is

about 7 percent. Undercoverage varies with age, sex,

and race. For some groups, such as 20 to 24 year old

Black males, the undercoverage is as high as 27 percent

compared to the census. It is important to note that the

survey undercoverage is in addition to the decennial

census undercoverage, which in 1980 was estimated to

be about 1 percent overall and about 8.5 percent for

Black males. The weighting procedures used by the

Census Bureau partially correct for the bias due to

undercoverage. However, its final impact on estimates is

unknown.

HIGHLIGHTS

(The figures in parentheses denote 90-percent confidence intervals.)

x During the two-year period covered by the study,

persons 16 years old and over had 1.451 (±.037)

billion doctor visits, an average of 7.75 (±0.20) doctor

visits per person over the two-year period.

x Persons 16 and over spent 261 (±22) million nights in

a hospital, or 1.39 (±0.12) hospital nights per person

over the period.

x Persons 16 to 64 years old (the focus of this study)

had 1.099 (±0.031) billion doctor visits, and spent 154

(±13) million nights in a hospital.

x Among those 16 to 64, the proportion with one or

more doctor visits was 83.6 (±0.5) percent and the

proportion spending one or more nights in a hospital

was 13.5 (±0.4) percent. On a per capita basis, the

mean number of doctor visits during the two-year

period was 7.01 ((±0.20) and the mean number of

nights spent in a hospital was 0.98 (±0.08).

x Of the 156.7 million persons in the 16 to 64 age group,

106.9 (±1.3) million had private coverage during each

of the 24 months, 3.9 (±0.3) million had Medicaid

coverage during each of the months, and 5.4 (±0.4)

million had 24 months of coverage that was neither all

private nor all Medicaid. The number with partial (1 to

23 months) coverage was 31.5 (±0.9) million and 9.0

(±0.5) million had no coverage during the period. In

percentage terms, 68.2 (±0.6) percent had 24 months

of private coverage, 2.5 (± 0.2) percent were covered

by Medicaid for the entire period, 3.5 (±0.2) percent

had some other type of full period coverage, 20.1 (±

0.5) percent had partial coverage, and 5.7 (±0.3)

percent had no coverage during the period.

1
x Among persons with 24 months of private coverage,

86.8 (±0.5) percent visited a doctor and 12.1 (±0.5)

percent spent one or more nights in a hospital. The

comparable figures for persons with no coverage

were 60.5 (±2.7) percent and 8.2 (±1.5) percent,

respectively. Persons with 24 months of Medicaid

coverage had relatively high utilization rates; 90.3

(±2.5) percent visited a doctor during the period and

29.6 (±3.8) percent spent one or more nights in a

hospital.

x Compared to those in the highest income category,

persons in the lowest income category were somewhat less likely to have visited a doctor and were

much more likely to have spent one or more nights in

a hospital. Among those with incomes below the

poverty cutoff, 79.2 (±1.9) percent had one or more

doctor visits and 22.9 (±2.0) percent spent one or

more nights in a hospital. The comparable rates for

those with incomes at least four times the poverty

cutoff were 88.5 (±0.7) percent and 11.4 (±0.7) percent.

x Even though persons in the lowest income category

were somewhat less likely to have visited a doctor,

those who did visit had a greater frequency. The mean

number of doctor visits was 8.86 (±0.92) among those

in the lowest income category and 7.06 (±0.81) among

those in the highest.

x Health status had a strong relationship with utilization

rates. Among those with the highest health rating

(excellent or very good in both wave 3 and wave 6),

the mean number of doctor visits was 4.78 (±0.16)

and the mean number of nights spent in a hospital

was 0.43 (±0.05). Among those with the lowest health

rating (poor or fair in both wave 3 and wave 6) the

comparable figures were 21.46 (±1.86) and 5.74

(±1.17).

x Disability status was also related to utilization. Among

those with no disabilities, the mean number of doctor

visits was 5.14 (±0.13) and the mean number of

nights spent in a hospital was 0.49 (±0.05). The

comparable figures were 21.09 (±2.01) and 6.14

(±1.33) among those in the most severe disability

category.

x The study also provides information on the relationship between certain statuses and the likelihood of

falling into specified health insurance categories. For

example, among the 86 million persons with the

highest health status rating, 76.7 (±0.7) percent were

covered all 24 months by private coverage, 2.3 (±0.3)

percent had some other type of 24-month coverage,

17.2(±0.7) percent had partial coverage, and 3.8

(±0.3) percent had no coverage. The comparable

rates for the 8.5 million persons in the lowest health

status rating were 35.8 (±2.7) percent, 34.9 (± 2.7)

percent, 20.4 (±2.3) percent, and 8.8 (±1.6) percent

respectively.

x Statistical models, which attempt to measure the net

effect of the variables included in the model, confirm

the importance of health insurance coverage status,

perceived health status, and disability status as factors that help to explain differences in the utilization of

health care services

x The statistical models were utilized to examine the

effect of hypothetical changes in the distribution of

certain independent variables. Under one hypothesis,

for example, persons with no coverage or with partial

private coverage were assumed to have 24 months of

private coverage. The simulation showed that this

change in coverage would increase aggregate doctor

and hospital visits by only about 5 percent (aggregate

doctor visits would increase by about 60 million, and

aggregate nights in a hospital would increase by

about 7 million).

x Simulations based on other hypotheses show the

effect of moving persons from the three lowest health

status categories to the top health status category

and the effect of combining this health status change

with the effect of moving all persons into the ‘‘no

disability’’ category. If all persons in the lower health

categories moved into the highest health status category, aggregate doctor visits would be reduced by

about 27 percent and aggregate nights spent in a

hospital would be reduced by about 38 percent. If, in

addition, all persons with some degree of disability

moved into the ‘‘no disability’’ category, the total

reduction in aggregate doctor visits would be approximately 36 percent, and the total reduction in aggregate nights spent in a hospital would be about 52

percent.

DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED VARIABLES

Most of the tables in this study show the status of

persons during a 24-month period. Information on doctor

visits and nights spent in a hospital during the 24-month

period was obtained by adding together the data reported

in the third and sixth waves. Information on health

insurance coverage status, employment status, and

income was obtained by combining data from each of

the six waves. The income variable used in this study is

the ratio of family income (or the income of the person if

he or she was not a family member) to a low-income

threshold. The ratio was calculated for each of the 24

months and an average was taken.

The results of this study show that perceived health

status and disability status are strongly associated with

doctor and hospital visits. The measures of healt h and

disability used in this study make use of the fact that

identical questions on these topics were asked in the

third and sixth waves. The health status variable is

defined as follows:

2
1 = Lowest rating of health status in either visit was

‘‘excellent’’ or ‘‘very good.’’

2 = Lowest rating of health status in either visit was

‘‘good.’’

3 = Health status was rated ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’ in one visit

but not in both.

4 = Health status was rated ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’ in both

visits.

The disability status variable is defined as follows

(see Appendix A for a more complete definition):

1 = No disability reported in either visit.

2 = A nonsevere disability was reported in one or both

visits but no severe disability was reported.

3 = A severe disability was reported in one visit but

not in both.

4 = A severe disability was reported in both visits.

For the purpose of presenting data on health insurance coverage status during a 24-month period, it was

necessary to define a summary variable. For the statistical models in this study, the following summary variable

was used:

1 = Covered all 24 months by private coverage, no

government coverage.

2 = Covered 16 to 23 months by private coverage,

no government coverage.

3 = Covered 8 to 15 months by private coverage, no

government coverage.

4 = Covered 1 to 7 months by private coverage, no

government coverage.

5 = Covered 24 months by Medicaid, no other

coverage.

6 = Covered 24 months, but not all private coverage

and not all Medicaid.

7 = Covered 16 to 23 months, all or part government

coverage.

8 = Covered 8 to 15 months, all or part government

coverage.

9 = Covered 1 to 7 months, all or part government

coverage.

10 = No coverage.

Coverage under CHAMPUS or CHAMPVA was treated

as private coverage.

MODELS RELATING DOCTOR VISITS AND

NIGHTS IN A HOSPITAL TO INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

This study presents models that relate the number of

doctor visits and the number of nights spent in a hospital

to sets of independent variables. The models serve two

purposes. First, they make it possible to make judgments about the effect of a given variable net of the

effect of other variables. Second, they provide a method

of estimating the change that would occur in total doctor

visits or total nights spent in a hospital if persons shifted

from one category of an independent variable to another.

The models presented in this study are based on one

used by M. Susan Marquis and Stephen H. Long in their

article, ‘‘The Uninsured Access Gap: Narrowing the

Estimates,’’ published in the Winter 1994 volume of

Inquiry. The models are in two stages. The first stage is

a logistic regression for the probability of having one or

more doctor visits (or one or more nights in a hospital).

The second stage is a regression model in which the

dependent variable is the logarithm of the number of

doctor visits for those with one or more visits (or the

logarithm of the number of nights in a hospital for those

with one or more nights.) The values of the coefficients

and their standard errors are presented in table D.

UTILIZATION: DOCTOR VISITS AND NIGHTS

SPENT IN A HOSPITAL

During the 24-month period, persons 16 years old

and over had 1.5 billion doctor visits and spent 261

million nights in a hospital. (See table A.) The proportion

with one or more doctor visits was 85.4 percent, and

15.7 percent spent one or more nights in a hospital.

Among persons 16 years old and over, the mean

number of doctor visits was 7.75 and the mean number

of nights spent in a hospital was 1.39.

The primary purpose of this report is to examine the

relationship between health insurance coverage status

and the utilization of health care services as measured

by doctor visits and by nights spent in a hospital.

Because Medicare provides nearly universal coverage

for persons 65 years old and over, the report focuses on

the situation of persons 16 to 64 (the survey did not

collect information on the doctor and hospital visits of

children.)

Persons 16 to 64 years old had 1.1 billion doctor visits

and spent 154 million nights in a hospital. Of total doctor

visits, 409 million were by men and 690 million were by

women; of total nights spent in a hospital, 60 million

were by men, and 94 million were by women.

HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE STATUS

AND UTILIZATION

(The discussion in this and following sections concerns persons 16 to 64 years old unless otherwise

specified.)

Table B and Figures 1-4 provide information on the

gross relationship between health insurance coverage

status and the utilization of health care services (table B

also shows the relationship between utilization and a

number of other population characteristics; some of

these relationships will be discussed below).

3
In general, persons who were fully or partially covered by Medicare or Medicaid during the 24-month

period had high rates of utilization. Among the 116

million persons with 24 months of health insurance

coverage, the 107 million with private-only coverage had

a mean number of doctor visits of 6.91, and a mean

number of nights in a hospital of 0.73. For the 9 million

persons with 24 months of coverage that included at

least some Medicare or Medicaid coverage, the mean

number of doctor visits was 14.14, and the mean

number of nights in a hospital was 3.61.

Among those with partial (1 to 23 months) coverage,

26 million were covered by private plans only and 5.5

million were covered at least in part by Medicare or

Medicaid. The former group had a mean number of

doctor visits value of 5.24 and a mean number of nights

in a hospital value of 0.72. The comparable figures for

the latter group were 10.02 and 3.37.

The group with the lowest mean number of doctor

visits (4.14) was made up of the 9 million persons who

had no coverage during the 24-month period. Among

those without insurance coverage, the mean number of

nights spent in a hospital was 0.52, a figure that was not

statistically different than the figure of 0.73 for persons

with 24 months of private coverage.

The high utilization rates among those with Medicare

or Medicaid coverage reflects the characteristics of

those programs. Persons in the 16 to 64 age group are

eligible for Medicare only if (1) they have been receiving

Social Security (or railroad retirement) benefits as a

result of their own disability status for 2 years or more, or

(2) they require a kidney transplant or renal dialysis

because of chronic kidney disease. Persons in the age

group are eligible for Medicaid if (1) they participate in

the AFDC program, or (2) they receive SSI benefits

(which, because of their age must have been awarded

based on their disability status), or (3) they meet certain

criteria the state in which they reside has developed to

identify the ‘‘medically needy,’’ or (4) they meet certain

other criteria related to medical needs and income.

Persons who spent the 24-month period without

health insurance were less likely to have a doctor or

hospital visit than were persons with full or partial

coverage (see figures 1 and 2). Among the 9 million

persons with no coverage, 60.5 percent had one or more

doctor visits and 8.2 percent spent one or more nights in

a hospital. In contrast, 86.8 percent of the 107 million

persons with 24 months of private coverage visited a

doctor and 12.1 percent had a hospital stay.

The cross-tabulation results cited above leave open

the possibility that some of the differences in utilization

rates may reflect differences in characteristics other

than coverage status. The statistical models presented

in table D are intended to show the relative importance

of a range of variables in explaining differences in

utilization.

The first stage coefficients show that coverage status

is an important determinant of whether persons have a

contact with a doctor or spend one or more nights in a

hospital. With respect to a doctor contact, the coefficients of each of the nine coverage groups have a high

level of significance. With respect to a hospital stay,

Table A. Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period by Age and Sex: Persons

16 Years Old and Over

Characteristics All

persons

(thousands)

Doctor visits Nights in a hospital

Percent

with one

or more

Total

visits

(thousands)

Mean number

of visits

Percent

with one

or more

Total

nights

(thousands)

Mean number

of nights

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

16 YEARS OLD AND OVER

Both sexes ................... 187,188 85.4 1,450,582 7.75 0.12 15.7 260,994 1.39 0.07

Males ........................ 88,865 79.6 545,898 6.14 0.15 11.9 110,959 1.25 0.08

Females ...................... 98,323 90.6 904,684 9.20 0.17 19.2 150,035 1.53 0.08

With a childbirth ............. 6,403 99.3 103,131 16.11 0.59 100.0 22,938 3.58 0.17

No childbirth ................ 91,920 90.0 801,553 8.72 0.17 13.6 127,096 1.38 0.07

16 to 64 YEARS OLD

Both sexes ................... 156,693 83.6 1,099,024 7.01 0.12 13.5 153,848 0.98 0.05

Males ........................ 76,237 77.2 408,716 5.36 0.17 8.9 60,097 0.79 0.07

Females ...................... 80,456 89.7 690,308 8.58 0.19 17.9 93,751 1.17 0.08

With a childbirth ............. 6,403 99.3 103,131 16.11 0.59 100.0 22,938 3.58 0.17

No childbirth ................ 74,052 88.8 587,177 7.93 0.19 10.8 70,813 0.96 0.08

65 YEARS OLD AND OVER

Both sexes ................... 30,495 94.3 351,558 11.53 0.32 27.1 107,147 3.51 0.24

Males ........................ 12,628 93.7 137,182 10.86 0.47 29.9 50,863 4.03 0.39

Females ...................... 17,867 94.7 214,376 12.00 0.42 25.2 56,284 3.15 0.29

4
Table B. Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period: Persons 16 to 64 Years

Old by Selected Characteristics

Characteristics

Total

persons

(thous.)

Percent with

one or more Aggregate number of– Mean number of–

Doctor

visits

Nights in

a hospital

Doctor

visits

(thous.)

Nights

in a

hospital

(thous.)

Doctor visits Hospital nights

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

PERSONS 16 to 64 YEARS

Total ......................... 156,693 83.6 13.5 1,099,024 153,848 7.01 0.12 0.98 0.05

SEX

Male ............................. 76,237 77.2 8.9 408,716 60,097 5.36 0.17 0.79 0.07

Female ........................... 80,456 89.7 17.9 690,308 93,751 8.58 0.19 1.17 0.08

With a childbirth ................. 6,403 99.3 100.0 103,131 22,938 16.11 0.59 3.58 0.17

No childbirth .................... 74,052 88.8 10.8 587,177 70,813 7.93 0.19 0.96 0.08

AGE

16 to 21 Years..................... 19,877 81.6 10.1 99,802 13,821 5.02 0.25 0.70 0.15

22 to 34 Years..................... 50,860 82.5 16.1 347,939 44,691 6.84 0.20 0.88 0.08

35 to 44 years..................... 38,623 83.0 10.6 262,342 27,964 6.79 0.27 0.72 0.08

45 to 54 Years..................... 26,526 84.1 12.7 196,711 30,427 7.42 0.30 1.15 0.15

55 to 64 Years..................... 20,806 88.6 16.7 192,230 36,944 9.24 0.41 1.78 0.20

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

White............................. 132,406 84.3 13.3 947,249 127,346 7.15 0.14 0.96 0.07

Black ............................. 18,640 80.1 15.1 117,865 20,430 6.32 0.32 1.10 0.15

Asian or Pacific Islander ............ 4,762 78.3 11.0 25,868 4,717 5.43 0.54 0.99 0.34

Hispanic origin .................... 11,962 75.4 14.6 74,755 13,284 6.25 0.39 1.11 0.20

RATIO OF INCOME TO

LOW-INCOME THRESHOLD

Less than 1.00 .................... 12,089 79.2 22.9 107,065 27,075 8.86 0.56 2.24 0.35

1.00 to 1.49 ....................... 11,769 74.6 18.2 83,177 20,804 7.07 0.49 1.77 0.32

1.50 to 1.99 ....................... 14,325 78.2 14.3 88,107 12,215 6.15 0.37 0.85 0.12

2.00 to 2.99 ....................... 32,403 81.8 13.4 220,535 30,493 6.81 0.27 0.94 0.10

3.00 to 3.99 ....................... 28,111 84.1 11.5 190,947 26,164 6.79 0.29 0.93 0.15

4.00 and over ..................... 57,996 88.5 11.4 409,194 37,096 7.06 0.19 0.64 0.05

REGION

Northeast ......................... 31,517 86.0 13.6 229,390 37,834 7.28 0.27 1.20 0.14

Midwest .......................... 40,997 84.4 13.4 278,277 35,047 6.79 0.24 0.85 0.10

South ............................ 52,917 81.1 14.0 347,300 57,366 6.56 0.22 1.08 0.10

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,262 84.3 12.6 244,058 23,601 7.81 0.29 0.75 0.08

RESIDENCE

Central city........................ 48,602 83.0 13.5 346,589 54,035 7.13 0.22 1.11 0.12

Suburbs .......................... 71,572 85.3 12.8 513,487 63,871 7.17 0.19 0.89 0.07

Nonmetro ......................... 36,519 81.1 14.8 238,948 35,941 6.54 0.25 0.98 0.12

MARITAL STATUS

Married, spouse present ............ 90,603 85.0 14.9 662,419 88,571 7.31 0.17 0.99 0.07

Other............................. 66,090 81.7 11.6 436,605 65,277 6.61 0.19 0.98 0.10

YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED

22 to 64 years old:

Less than 12 years ................ 22,165 78.3 17.9 183,660 42,262 8.29 0.42 1.91 0.24

12 years .......................... 52,112 82.7 14.4 359,230 49,817 6.89 0.20 0.96 0.08

13 to 15 years..................... 30,608 85.7 13.1 232,261 25,257 7.59 0.29 0.83 0.08

16 years and over ................. 31,930 88.0 11.4 224,070 22,691 7.02 0.25 0.71 0.10

5
Table B. Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period: Persons 16 to 64 Years

Old by Selected Characteristics—Continued

Characteristics

Total

persons

(thous.)

Percent with

one or more Aggregate number of– Mean number of–

Doctor

visits

Nights in

a hospital

Doctor

visits

(thous.)

Nights

in a

hospital

(thous.)

Doctor visits Hospital nights

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

PERCEIVED HEALTH STATUS

Very good or excellent.............. 86,028 82.2 9.6 411,171 37,235 4.78 0.10 0.43 0.03

Good ............................. 49,675 82.8 13.7 350,691 40,218 7.06 0.22 0.81 0.07

Fair or poor once .................. 12,461 87.8 24.0 154,130 27,404 12.37 0.59 2.20 0.30

Fair or poor twice .................. 8,529 95.7 35.7 183,032 48,991 21.46 1.13 5.74 0.71

DISABILITY STATUS

No disability ....................... 121,248 81.6 10.7 623,528 59,785 5.14 0.08 0.49 0.03

Disability, not severe ............... 19,925 88.7 15.9 192,073 22,415 9.64 0.41 1.12 0.12

Disability, severe once.............. 7,038 91.4 27.9 104,518 19,604 14.85 0.93 2.79 0.35

Disability, severe twice ............. 8,482 94.6 35.4 178,905 52,044 21.09 1.22 6.14 0.81

WORK EXPERIENCE

22 to 64 years old:

Fully employed .................... 63,398 83.2 9.5 372,339 33,052 5.87 0.15 0.52 0.05

Employed, not fully................. 54,392 83.4 15.7 402,155 56,703 7.39 0.20 1.04 0.08

Not employed ..................... 19,025 87.9 24.0 224,728 50,272 11.81 0.56 2.64 0.30

MONTHS WITH HEALTH

INSURANCE

Covered 24 months ................ 116,253 87.2 13.6 870,668 111,772 7.49 0.15 0.96 0.07

All private ....................... 106,887 86.8 12.1 738,182 77,913 6.91 0.15 0.73 0.05

All or part government............ 9,367 92.0 30.8 132,486 33,859 14.14 0.79 3.61 0.51

All Medicaid ................... 3,932 90.3 29.6 46,228 11,591 11.76 1.10 2.95 0.59

Not all Medicaid ............... 5,435 93.2 31.7 86,258 22,268 15.87 1.12 4.10 0.76

Covered 1 to 23 months ............ 31,470 76.8 14.7 191,218 37,432 6.08 0.25 1.19 0.15

All private ..................... 25,938 75.2 10.3 135,788 18,778 5.24 0.25 0.72 0.10

All or part government.......... 5,533 84.4 35.5 55,430 18,654 10.02 0.71 3.37 0.66

Covered 16 to 23 months ........... 17,123 79.9 14.9 110,446 21,425 6.45 0.35 1.25 0.22

All private ..................... 14,511 78.7 11.0 82,893 11,230 5.71 0.35 0.77 0.14

All or part government.......... 2,612 86.5 36.7 27,553 10,195 10.55 1.10 3.90 1.08

Covered 8 to 15 months ............ 8,638 75.8 16.4 52,460 9,210 6.07 0.46 1.07 0.17

All private ..................... 6,646 73.0 10.1 32,422 4,416 4.88 0.49 0.66 0.17

All or part government.......... 1,992 85.1 37.3 20,038 4,794 10.06 1.06 2.41 0.49

Covered 1 to 7 months ............. 5,709 69.1 11.8 28,311 6,798 4.96 0.59 1.19 0.42

All private ..................... 4,780 67.5 8.6 20,473 3,133 4.28 0.59 0.66 0.24

All or part government. . . . . . . . . . 929 77.0 28.2 7,838 3,665 8.43 1.81 3.94 2.21

No coverage ...................... 8,969 60.5 8.2 37,139 4,644 4.14 0.41 0.52 0.14

6
Figure 1.

Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old With One or More Doctor Visits

During a 24-Month Period by Health Insurance Coverage Status

Covered

24 months,

all private

86.8

93.2 90.3

75.2

84.4

60.5

Covered 

24 months, some

government, but

not exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 

24 months,

exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 1-23

months,

all private

Covered 1-23

months, all or 

part government

No coverage

Figure 2.

Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old Spending One or More 

Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period by Health

Insurance Coverage Status

Covered

24 months,

all private

12.1

31.7

29.6

10.3

35.5

8.2

Covered 

24 months, some

government, but

not exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 

24 months,

exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 1-23

months,

all private

Covered 1-23

months, all or 

part government

No coverage

7
Figure 3.

Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period: 

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old by Health Insurance Coverage Status

Covered

24 months,

all private

6.91

15.87

11.76

5.24

10.02

4.14

Covered 

24 months, some

government, but

not exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 

24 months,

exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 1-23

months,

all private

Covered 1-23

months, all or 

part government

No coverage

Figure 4.

Mean Number of Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period:

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old by Health Insurance Coverage Status

Covered

24 months,

all private

0.73

4.10

2.95

0.72

3.37

0.52

Covered 

24 months, some

government, but

not exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 

24 months,

exclusively

Medicaid

Covered 1-23

months,

all private

Covered 1-23

months, all or 

part government

No coverage

8
eight of the coefficients are significant. The second

stage attempts to explain total doctor visits for persons

with one or more doctor visits, and total nights for

persons with one or more nights in a hospital. There is

evidence (six of the nine coefficients are statistically

significant) that coverage status helps to explain this

specification of doctor visits; there is little evidence (two

of the nine are statistically significant) that coverage

status helps to explain this specification of nights spent

in a hospital.

The cross-tabulation data showed major differences

in utilization rates between those with 24 months of

private-only coverage and those with 24 months of

coverage that included some Medicare or Medicaid

coverage. The model offers an opportunity to examine

the effect of type of coverage on utilization when other

factors, such as health and disability status, are accounted

for. When the coefficients for persons with 24 months of

private coverage are compared to those for persons with

24 months of Medicaid coverage, the two groups do not

differ in the likelihood of having one or more doctor visits,

but those with Medicaid coverage are more likely than

those with private coverage to spend one or more nights

in a hospital. Stage 2 results show that, given one or

more doctor visits or one or more nights in a hospital,

there were no statistically significant differences in the

total number of visits or the total number of nights.

AGE, SEX, COVERAGE AND UTILIZATION

Information on the relationships between age and

utilization and between gender and utilization can be

found in both tables B and D.

The cross-classification data in table B shows that,

within the 16 to 64 age group, persons at the upper end

were more likely to have visited a doctor and were more

likely to have spent one or more nights in a hospital than

were the youngest persons. Among persons 55 to 64

years old, the proportion with one or more doctor visits

was 88.6 percent, and the proportion spending one or

more nights in a hospital was 16.7 percent. The comparable figures for persons 16 to 21 years old were 81.6

percent and 10.1 percent. The difference between the

two groups can also be observed in the values for mean

doctor visits and mean nights spent in a hospital. The

former measure was 5.02 for persons 16 to 21 and 9.24

for persons 55 to 64; the latter measure was 0.70 for the

youngest group and 1.78 for the oldest.

The data in table B shows that the likelihood of having

one or more doctor visits and the mean number of doctor

visits varied by sex as well as age. Among persons 16 to

64 years old, the percent with one or more doctor visits

was 77.2 for males, 88.8 for females with no childbirth,

and 99.3 percent for females with a childbirth. The mean

number of visits during the 24-month period was 5.36 for

males, 7.93 for females with no childbirth, and 16.11 for

females with a childbirth.

Within the same age group, 8.9 percent of males

spent one or more nights in a hospital compared to 13.6

of females with no childbirth (100 percent of females

with a childbirth spent one or more nights in a hospital).

The mean number of nights spent in a hospital was 0.79

for males, 0.96 for females with no childbirth (not

statistically different that the figure for males), and 3.58

for females with a childbirth.

Data in table C show that, within the 16 to 64 age

group, there were some differences by age in the

likelihood of being fully covered by health insurance.

The proportion of persons covered all 24 months was

68.9 percent for persons 16 to 21, 65.2 percent for

persons 22 to 34, 78.7 percent for persons 35 to 44, 81.5

percent for persons 45 to 54, and 83.7 percent for

persons 55 to 64. There were also coverage differences

between the sexes. Males were somewhat less likely

than females to have been covered all 24 months (73.0

percent versus 75.3 percent). Males were also less likely

to have coverage through Medicare or Medicaid. The

proportion of persons with one or more months of

government coverage was 6.6 percent among males,

10.8 percent among females with no childbirth, and 30.3

percent among females with a childbirth.

The net effect of age and sex (and childbirth) on the

utilization of health care services can be examined using

the coefficients of the statistical models (and their standard errors) presented in table D. The results show that

women are more likely than men to have contact with a

doctor (the coefficient for women is greater than the

coefficient for men within each of the age groups). For

the hospital equation, a similar pattern holds within the

first four age categories, but the relationship is reversed

for the top age category. Among persons 55 to 64, men

are more likely than women to spend one or more nights

in a hospital.

Stage 1 results also show that men in the highest age

category are more likely than men in the lowest age

category to have one or more doctor visits or spend one

or more nights in a hospital, but the relationship between

age and utilization does not appear to be linear. For

example, males in the 16 to 21 years of age group and

those in the 22 to 34 years of age group are more likely

to have a doctor visit than those in the 45 to 54 years of

age group.

The Stage 2 (in which the universe is restricted to

those with some utilization, and the dependent variable

is the log of the utilization measure) coefficients confirm

that women have more frequent doctor visits than men

even when the effect of childbirth is a part of the model.

The coefficients for females within a specific age group

are consistently larger than the coefficients for men in

the same category.

RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, COVERAGE AND

UTILIZATION

Data from table B shown that the mean number of

doctor visits was somewhat higher among Whites (7.15)

than among Blacks (6.32), Asians and Pacific Islanders

9
Table C. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Health Insurance Coverage Status During a

24-Month Period, by Selected Characteristics

Characteristics

Covered 24 months Covered 1 to 23 months

No

Total coverage

All

private

All or part government

Total

All

private

All

or part

Total government

All

Medicaid

PERSONS 16 to 64 YEARS

Total .......................... 74.2 68.2 6.0 2.5 20.1 16.6 3.5 5.7

SEX

Male.............................. 73.0 68.9 4.2 1.1 20.6 18.2 2.4 6.4

Female ........................... 75.3 67.6 7.7 3.8 19.6 15.0 4.6 5.1

With a childbirth.................. 71.0 57.2 13.8 7.6 27.2 10.7 16.5 1.8

No childbirth ..................... 75.7 68.5 7.2 3.5 18.9 15.4 3.6 5.4

AGE

16 to 21 years ..................... 68.9 61.8 7.2 3.1 25.0 18.1 6.8 6.1

22 to 34 years ..................... 65.2 58.8 6.3 3.5 28.5 23.7 4.7 6.4

35 to 44 years ..................... 78.7 74.9 3.8 1.8 16.2 14.0 2.2 5.1

45 to 54 years ..................... 81.5 77.0 4.5 1.4 13.0 11.0 2.0 5.5

55 to 64 years ..................... 83.7 73.7 10.0 2.3 11.2 9.3 1.8 5.2

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

White ............................. 76.0 71.5 4.6 1.6 18.7 15.8 2.9 5.3

Black ............................. 62.7 47.4 15.3 8.2 29.3 21.3 8.0 7.9

Asian or Pacific Islander ............ 71.2 64.1 7.1 4.9 22.0 18.3 3.8 6.8

Hispanic origin ..................... 50.9 42.0 8.9 4.9 33.3 24.8 8.5 15.9

RATIO OF INCOME TO LOWINCOME THRESHOLD

Less than 1.00..................... 42.6 8.3 34.3 24.8 36.8 16.4 20.4 20.6

1.00 to 1.49 ....................... 40.2 26.5 13.7 4.4 41.8 29.6 12.2 18.1

1.50 to 1.99 ....................... 53.8 46.7 7.1 1.5 35.8 30.9 4.8 10.5

2.00 to 2.99 ....................... 70.7 66.8 4.0 0.5 24.3 22.3 1.9 5.0

3.00 to 3.99 ....................... 81.2 79.1 2.1 0.1 16.1 15.4 0.7 2.7

4.00 and over...................... 91.3 90.0 1.2 7.9 7.7 0.2 0.8

REGION

Northeast ......................... 81.1 74.7 6.4 3.2 15.7 12.9 2.9 3.2

Midwest........................... 78.6 73.1 5.4 2.6 17.0 13.3 3.7 4.5

South ............................. 68.3 61.9 6.3 2.2 23.8 20.1 3.7 8.0

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 65.9 5.7 2.3 22.3 18.5 3.8 6.2

RESIDENCE

Central city ........................ 69.5 60.9 8.6 4.3 24.0 19.1 4.9 6.5

Suburbs........................... 79.0 75.2 3.9 1.2 16.8 14.7 2.1 4.2

Nonmetropolitan ................... 70.9 64.3 6.6 2.7 21.4 16.8 4.6 7.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married, spouse present ............ 80.8 78.0 2.8 0.6 15.2 12.9 2.3 4.0

Other ............................. 65.1 54.8 10.3 5.2 26.8 21.6 5.2 8.1

10
Table C. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Health Insurance Coverage Status During a

24-Month Period, by Selected Characteristics—Continued

Characteristics

Covered 24 months Covered 1 to 23 months

No

Total coverage

All

private

All or part government

Total

All

private

All

or part

Total government

All

Medicaid

YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED

22 to 64 years old:

Less than 12 years ................. 59.5 42.7 16.8 7.9 27.1 19.7 7.4 13.4

12 years .......................... 73.7 68.1 5.6 2.3 20.4 17.0 3.5 5.9

13 to 15 years ..................... 76.5 73.5 3.0 1.1 19.8 17.8 2.0 3.8

16 years and over.................. 86.4 85.0 1.3 0.1 11.9 11.6 0.3 1.7

PERCEIVED HEALTH STATUS

Very good or excellent .............. 79.0 76.7 2.3 1.1 17.2 15.5 1.8 3.8

Good ............................. 69.5 64.0 5.5 2.7 23.4 18.9 4.5 7.1

Fair or poor once................... 62.1 48.6 13.4 5.2 26.4 18.8 7.6 11.6

Fair or poor twice .................. 70.8 35.8 34.9 12.1 20.4 10.9 9.5 8.8

DISABILITY STATUS

No disability ....................... 75.1 72.5 2.6 1.5 20.0 16.9 2.7 5.3

Disability, not severe................ 70.4 66.6 3.8 2.3 23.0 18.6 4.3 6.7

Disability, severe once .............. 68.4 55.1 13.3 5.6 22.7 15.1 7.6 8.9

Disability, severe twice .............. 74.4 21.4 53.0 15.2 18.8 8.6 10.2 6.8

WORK EXPERIENCE

22 to 64 years old:

Fully employed..................... 87.9 87.3 0.6 – 9.5 9.3 0.2 2.6

Employed, not fully ................. 59.0 55.5 3.6 1.3 32.8 27.5 5.3 8.2

Not employed...................... 77.4 47.7 29.7 13.9 14.0 7.9 6.1 8.7

(5.43), and persons of Hispanic origin (6.25) (differences

among the latter three groups were not statistically

significant). There were no statistically significant differences among the four groups in the mean number of

nights spent in a hospital.

Patterns of health insurance coverage differed greatly

among race and ethnicity groups. As shown in table C,

White persons (71.5 percent) were far more likely to

have 24 months of private health insurance coverage

than Black persons (47.4 percent) or persons of Hispanic origin (42.0 percent). The rate among Whites was

also higher than the rate among Asians and Pacific

Islanders (64.1 percent).

The likelihood of having one or more months of

Medicare or Medicaid coverage was highest among

Blacks (23.3 percent). The rate was 7.5 percent among

Whites, 10.9 percent among Asians and Pacific Islanders, and 17.4 percent among persons of Hispanic origin.

Of the four groups, persons of Hispanic origin were

most likely to have spent the entire period without health

insurance. The proportion with no coverage was 15.9

percent among persons of Hispanic origin, 5.3 percent

among Whites, 7.9 percent among Blacks, and 6.8

percent among Asians and Pacific Islanders. (The latter

figure is not statistically different from the figures for

Whites or Blacks).

The results from the statistical models presented in

table D show that the likelihood of visiting a doctor was

higher for Whites than other groups. In Stage 1, in which

the dependent variable is whether any doctor visit

occurred, the coefficients for Blacks, Asians and Pacific

Islanders, and persons of Hispanic origin are all significantly negative (Whites are the control group). In Stage

2, the coefficients for Blacks and for Asians and Pacific

Islanders are significantly negative.

The results are somewhat different when the dependent variable concerns hospital visits. The results show

that the coefficients for Blacks and for Asians and Pacific

Islanders are negative in Stage 1. The coefficients for

Blacks, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and persons of

Hispanic origin are not significant in Stage 2.

INCOME, COVERAGE, AND UTILIZATION

Persons in the lowest income category (ratio of

income to the poverty threshold less than 1.00) had the

highest mean number of doctors visits and a high mean

number of nights spent in a hospital. Data in table B

show that the distribution of mean doctor visits by

income category was not linear. Persons in the category

‘‘less that 1.00’’ had a value of 8.86, persons in the

‘‘1.50 to 1.99’’ had a value of 6.15, and persons in the

highest category (4.00 and over) had a value of 7.06.

The data in table B also show a relationship between

income and the likelihood of spending time in the

11
Table D. Statistical Models Relating Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period

to Sets of Independent Variables

Independent variables

Stage 1 Stage 2

Dependent variable=

1 if 1 or more

doctor visits,

0 otherwise

Dependent variable=

1 if 1 or more nights

in a hospital,

0 otherwise

Universe= persons with

1 or more doctor

visits

Dependent variable=

log of doctor

visits

Universe= persons with

1 or more nights

in a hospital

Dependent variable=

log of nights

in a hospital

Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error

1. CONSTANT..................... 0.516 0.076 -3.517 0.101 0.963 0.076 1.260 0.201

2a. MALE, 16-21 .................. 0.608 0.063 -0.004 0.095

2b. MALE, 22-34 .................. 0.157 0.047 -0.247 0.069

2c. MALE, 35-44 .................. 0.074 0.049 -0.162 0.068

2d. MALE, 45-54 .................. ****

2e. MALE, 55-64 .................. 0.396 0.064 0.291 0.069

2f. FEMALE, 16-21 ............... 1.265 0.069 0.884 0.076

2g. FEMALE, 22-34 ............... 1.475 0.056 1.312 0.057

2h. FEMALE, 35-44 ............... 1.050 0.056 0.377 0.063

2i. FEMALE, 45-54 ............... 0.900 0.063 0.297 0.066

2j. FEMALE, 55-64 ............... 0.991 0.069 0.128 0.069

3a. MALE, 16-21 .................. -0.007 0.063 -0.093 0.191

3b. MALE, 22-34 .................. -0.016 0.047 -0.137 0.139

3c. MALE, 35-44 .................. -0.020 0.049 -0.105 0.137

3d. MALE, 45-54 .................. * * * *

3e. MALE, 55-64 .................. 0.068 0.056 0.025 0.132

3f. FEMALE, 16-21, no birth ....... 0.200 0.061 -0.120 0.188

3g. FEMALE, 16-21, birth .......... 1.381 0.137 -0.379 0.171

3h FEMALE, 22-34, no birth ....... 0.362 0.047 -0.066 0.132

3i. FEMALE, 22-34, birth .......... 1.375 0.068 -0.288 0.118

3j. FEMALE, 35-44, no birth ....... 0.264 0.047 -0.042 0.132

3k. FEMALE, 35-44, birth .......... 1.421 0.140 -0.235 0.169

3l. FEMALE, 45-54 ............... 0.265 0.051 -0.130 0.128

3m. FEMALE, 55-64 ............... 0.244 0.054 0.035 0.134

4a. WHITE ...................... .******* *

4b. BLACK ....................... -0.129 0.039 -0.112 0.044 -0.158 0.035 -0.128 0.081

4c. ASIAN, P.I..................... -0.489 0.066 -0.236 0.085 -0.235 0.064 0.227 0.167

4d. HISPANIC ORIGIN............. -0.219 0.044 -0.007 0.052 -0.068 0.042 0.006 0.098

5a. POV. 1 (LT 1.00) .............. -0.669 0.061 0.033 0.066 -0.178 0.056 0.014 0.122

5b. POV. 2 (1.00-1.49) ............ -0.719 0.052 0.075 0.059 -0.174 0.049 0.109 0.110

5c. POV. 3 (1.50-1.99) ............ -0.505 0.047 -0.014 0.054 -0.168 0.042 -0.026 0.103

5d. POV. 4 (2.00-2.99) ............ -0.383 0.037 0.003 0.041 -0.079 0.030 0.080 0.078

5e. POV. 5 (3.00-3.99) ............ -0.287 0.037 -0.091 0.041 -0.041 0.030 0.094 0.081

5F. POV. 6 (4.00+)................ ******* *

6a. NORTHEAST................. ******* *

6b. MIDWEST.................... -0.091 0.039 -0.076 0.039 -0.034 0.030 -0.190 0.076

6c. SOUTH ...................... -0.208 0.035 -0.060 0.039 -0.068 0.030 -0.110 0.073

6d. WEST ....................... -0.021 0.041 -0.108 0.044 0.076 0.034 -0.300 0.083

7a. CITY ........................ -0.048 0.030 -0.023 0.044 0.016 0.025 0.027 0.063

7b. SUBURBS ................... ******* *

7c. NONMETRO ................. -0.182 0.032 0.005 0.034 0.075 0.027 -0.127 0.066

8a. ED 1 (LT 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.620 0.027 -0.128 0.030 -0.192 0.023 -0.031 0.056

8b. ED 2 (12) .................... -0.411 0.039 -0.013 0.041 -0.122 0.030 -0.078 0.079

8c. ED 3 (13-15) ................. -0.182 0.042 -0.049 0.044 -0.057 0.032 -0.046 0.085

8d. ED 4 (16+) ................... ******* *

9a. MARRIED .................... 0.149 0.029 0.525 0.032 0.020 0.025 -0.014 0.063

9b. NOT MARRIED ............... ******* *

10a. HEALTH 1 ................... ******* *

10b. HEALTH 2 ................... 0.262 0.029 0.329 0.032 0.302 0.025 0.110 0.064

10c. HEALTH 3 ................... 0.693 0.057 0.828 0.049 0.673 0.044 0.225 0.091

10d. HEALTH 4 ................... 1.558 0.106 1.124 0.063 1.040 0.059 0.482 0.113

12
Table D. Statistical Models Relating Doctor Visits and Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period

to Sets of Independent Variables—Continued

Independent variables

Stage 1 Stage 2

Dependent variable=

1 if 1 or more

doctor visits,

0 otherwise

Dependent variable=

1 if 1 or more nights

in a hospital,

0 otherwise

Universe= persons with

1 or more doctor

visits

Dependent variable=

log of doctor

visits

Universe= persons with

1 or more nights

in a hospital

Dependent variable=

log of nights

in a hospital

Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error Coefficient

Standard

error

11a. DISAB 1 ..................... ******* *

11b. DISAB 2 ..................... 0.597 0.042 0.317 0.041 0.326 0.032 0.135 0.078

11c. DISAB 3 ..................... 0.769 0.079 0.774 0.054 0.523 0.052 0.379 0.098

11d. DISAB 4 ..................... 0.972 0.101 0.825 0.064 0.666 0.061 0.505 0.112

12a. PRIVATE, 24 MO. ............ 1.152 0.049 0.583 0.076 0.255 0.057 0.151 0.149

12b. PRIVATE, 16-23 MO. ......... 0.744 0.056 0.456 0.085 0.144 0.064 0.204 0.167

12c. PRIVATE, 8-15 MO............ 0.531 0.064 0.353 0.100 0.045 0.074 0.064 0.198

12d. PRIVATE, 1-7 MO............. 0.331 0.068 0.151 0.113 0.070 0.083 0.172 0.226

12e. MEDICAID, 24 MO. ........... 1.316 0.108 1.059 0.098 0.217 0.086 0.341 0.186

12f. OTHER, 24 MO. .............. 1.309 0.108 0.971 0.090 0.251 0.078 0.251 0.167

12g. SOME G, 16-23 MO. .......... 1.156 0.110 1.603 0.101 0.256 0.095 0.316 0.184

12h. SOME G, 8-15 MO. ........... 0.999 0.118 1.512 0.108 0.231 0.105 0.170 0.194

12i. SOME G, 1-7 MO. ............ 0.541 0.145 1.205 0.147 0.049 0.149 0.287 0.269

12j. NO COVERAGE .............. ******* *

* = Reference group.

hospital. The two groups with the lowest incomes had

the highest mean number of nights in a hospital. The

relative number was 2.24 for those in the lowest category and 1.77 for those in the next-to-lowest category

(these two figures were not statistically different). In

contrast, the relative number of nights in a hospital was

only 0.64 for persons in the highest category.

Data in table C show a very strong relationship

between income and health insurance coverage status.

The likelihood of being covered for the full 24-month

period was less than 50 percent for those in the lowest

two income categories but was 91.3 percent for those in

the top category. Among those in the lowest category,

the proportion with 24 months of private coverage was

only 8.3 percent and the proportion with no coverage

was 20.6 percent. For those in the next to lowest

category (1.00 to 1.49), the comparable figures were

26.5 percent and 18.1 percent. (The latter figure was not

statistically different from the figure of 20.6 percent for

those in the lowest income category.) In comparison,

90.0 percent of those in the top category were covered

24 months by private health insurance, and only 0.8

percent had no coverage during the period.

In contrast to the cross-tabulation results observed in

table B, the coefficients of the statistical models in table

D show that, when other variables are taken into account,

persons with low incomes are less likely to have doctor

visits than persons with high incomes. In Model 1, when

the dependent variable is whether any doctor visit

occurred, the coefficients of each of the income categories are negative and statistically significant (the control

variable is the highest income category). The coefficients for the four lowest income categories are significantly negative in Stage 2 where the universe is persons

with one or more doctor visits and the dependent

variable is the log of doctor visits. When the dependent

variable is a measure of nights in a hospital, the results

show no clear evidence of a relationship between income

and the dependent variable.

REGION, RESIDENCE, COVERAGE, AND

UTILIZATION

Based on the data in table B, persons in the West had

a relatively high frequency of doctor visits but a relatively

low frequency of nights in the hospital. The mean

number of doctor visits for persons in the West was 7.81,

higher than the figures for persons in the Midwest or

South. The mean number of nights in a hospital for

persons in the West was 0.75, lower than the figures for

persons in the Northeast (1.20), and persons in the

South (1.08), but not statistically different from the figure

of 0.85 for persons in the Midwest (the Northeast and

South figures and the South and Midwest figures are not

statistically different).

Persons in the South and West were much less likely

to have had 24 months of health insurance coverage

than persons in the Northeast or Midwest. According to

table C, the percent with full-period coverage was 68.3

for persons in the South, 71.6 for persons in the West,

78.6 for persons in the Midwest, and 81.1 for persons in

the Northeast.

Persons in the suburbs had the highest probability of

being covered during the full 24 months and the lowest

13
probability of having any Medicare or Medicaid coverage. The proportion with 24 months of coverage was

79.0 percent for those in the suburbs, 69.5 percent for

those in central cities, and 70.9 percent for those in

nonmetro areas (the latter two numbers are not statistically different). The proportion with some Medicare or

Medicaid coverage during the 24-month period was 6.0

percent for suburban residents, 13.5 percent for central

city residents, and 11.2 percent for nonmetro residents.

An examination of the coefficients and standard errors

in table D shows that, relative to persons in the Northeast (the control group) persons in the Midwest and

South were somewhat less likely to have had a doctor

visit. The model results also show that persons in

nonmetro areas were less likely to have had a doctor

visit than persons in central cities or the suburbs.

EDUCATION, COVERAGE, AND UTILIZATION

Data in table B show that the mean number of nights

in a hospital was 1.91 for persons with less than 12

years of schooling, higher than the values observed for

those with higher levels of schooling.

There were strong relationships between educational

attainment and health insurance coverage status. Data

in table C show that the proportion with 24 months of

coverage was 59.5 percent among those with less than

12 years of schooling, 73.7 percent among those with 12

years of schooling, 76.5 percent among those with 13 to

15 years of schooling, and 86.4 percent among those

with 16 or more years of schooling. The proportion with

some coverage from Medicare or Medicaid also varied

by education category. The percentages by education

category were 24.2, 9.1, 5.0, and 1.6, respectively.

Results from the statistical models shown in table D

show that, when the effect of other variables are taken

into consideration, there is a relationship between education and doctor visits. That is, a high level of education

is associated with an increased likelihood of visiting a

doctor and with a greater total number of doctor visits. In

contrast, the model results show little net association

between education and nights spent in a hospital.

HEALTH STATUS, DISABILITY STATUS,

COVERAGE, AND UTILIZATION

There are very strong relationships between health

status and the utilization of health care services and

between disability status and the utilization of services.

These relationships are apparent both in the crosstabulation and statistical model data.

The cross-tabulation data in table B show that the

mean number of doctor visits varied from 4.78 for

persons whose health status was recorded as ‘‘very

good’’ or ‘‘excellent’’ in both wave 3 and wave 6, to 7.06

for persons whose health status was ‘‘good’’ (the lowest

rating in either visit), to 12.37 for persons whose health

status was ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’ once (rating was recorded in

one visit but not both), and 21.46 for persons whose

health status was ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’ twice (rating was

recorded in both visits). The mean number of nights in a

hospital for persons in the four categories were 0.43,

0.81, 2.20, and 5.74, respectively.

The data show a similar pattern when persons are

categorized by disability status. The mean number of

doctor visits ranged from 5.14 for those with no disability

(none reported in either visit), to 9.64 for those with a

disability that was not severe (a disability was reported

in one or both visits, but no severe disability was

reported), to 14.85 for those with ‘‘disability, severe

once’’ (a severe disability was reported in one visit but

not both), to 21.09 for those with ‘‘disability, severe

twice’’ (a severe disability was reported in both visits).

The mean number of nights in a hospital for persons in

the four disability categories were 0.49, 1.12, 2.79, and

6.14, respectively.

Health status and disability status are also associated

with differing patterns of health insurance coverage (see

table C). When persons were classified by health status,

the proportion with 24 months of private coverage

ranged from 76.7 percent for those in the ‘‘very good’’ or

‘‘excellent’’ category, to 64.0 percent for those in the

‘‘good’’ category, to 48.6 percent for those in the ‘‘fair’’ or

‘‘poor’’ once category, to 35.8 percent for those in the

‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’ twice category. On the other hand, the

proportions within the four categories who were covered

24 months in part or full by a government plan were 2.3

percent, 5.5 percent, 13.4 percent, and 34.9 percent

respectively. In the case of disability status, the proportions with 24 months of private coverage were 72.5

percent for those with no disability, 66.6 percent for

those with a disability that was not severe, 55.1 percent

for those in the ‘‘disability, severe once’’ category, and

21.4 percent for those in the ‘‘disability, severe twice’’

category. The rates at which persons in these four

groups were covered 24 months in part or full by a

government plan were 2.6 percent, 3.8 percent, 13.3

percent, and 53.0 percent, respectively.

The model results in table D confirm that health status

and disability status are powerful predictors of utilization.

In both Stage 1 and Stage 2, being in a ‘‘poorer’’ health

category or being in a more severe disability category

was usually associated with increased utilization of

services (this result was found regardless of whether the

dependent variable was specified in terms of doctor

visits or nights in a hospital).

CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH

HEALTH AND DISABILITY STATUS

Because health status and disability status have such

a strong association with the utilization of health care

14
services, the relationships between health and disability

status and other characteristics are of interest.

Within the 16 to 64 years of age group, the likelihood

of having poor health or a disability increases with age.

The proportion of persons in the lowest health status

category was 3.9 percent for persons 35 to 44 years old,

8.3 percent for persons 45 to 54 years old, and 17.2

percent for persons 55 to 64 years old. A similar pattern

can be observed for the percent of persons in the most

severe disability category.

Black persons were more likely to fall in the lowest

health status category than were White persons (10.7

percent versus 4.7 percent) and they were more likely to

be in the most severe disability category. Other groups

likely to fall into the lowest health status category and

into the most severe disability category included those

with low incomes, those with low levels of schooling, and

those who did not work at a job or business.

Persons with 24 months of private coverage were

much more likely to have a high health rating and a low

prevalence of disability than were persons with 24

months of coverage that was furnished in part or all by

Medicare or Medicaid. Among persons with 24 months

of private coverage, 61.8 percent were in the highest

health status category and 2.9 percent were in the

lowest. The comparable figures for persons with 24

months of coverage that was furnished in part or all by

Medicare or Medicaid were 21.1 percent and 31.8

percent. The proportion of persons falling into the most

severe disability category was 1.7 percent for the private

coverage group and 48.0 percent for the government

coverage group.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS, COVERAGE, AND

UTILIZATION

As is evident from the table B, there is a relationship

between employment status and the utilization of health

care services. The mean number of doctor visits was

5.87 for persons who were fully employed during the

period (had a full-time job each week of the period), 7.39

for persons who worked during the period but were not

fully employed, and 11.81 for persons who did not work

during the period. The mean number of nights spent in a

hospital for persons in the three categories were 0.52,

1.04, and 2.64, respectively.

Employment interruptions have an important effect on

the chances of having health insurance coverage for the

full period. The proportion with 24 months of health

insurance was 87.9 percent for those who were fully

employed, 59.0 percent for those who were employed,

but not fully, and 77.4 percent for those who did not work

during the period. Among the three groups, the proportions with 24 months of private coverage were 87.3

percent, 55.5 percent, and 47.7 percent; and the proportions who were covered 24 months in part or full

by a government plan were 0.6 percent, 3.6 percent, and

29.7 percent. (Among fully-employed persons, the proportion with 24 months of coverage was not statistically

different from the proportion with 24 months of private

coverage.)

Employment status was not included as an independent variable in the statistical models because of its

theoretical associations with the independent variables

that were included. On one level, the effect of employment status enters the model through the health insurance variable. This is, to a large extent, health insurance

coverage status is determined by employment status.

On another level, the factors that determine employment

status (such as age, sex, education, martial status,

health status, and disability status) are already included

in the model.

SIMULATION RESULTS

It is possible to use the statistical models presented in

table D to predict what would happen to aggregate

doctor visits and aggregate nights spent in a hospital if

the distribution of persons by one or more independent

variables were to change.

Table E shows the predicted outcome of three simulations. In the first, it is assumed that persons with no

health insurance or with partial coverage that did not

include Medicare or Medicaid are shifted to the category

‘‘covered 24 months, all private.’’ In the second, it is

assumed that persons not in the highest health status

category are shifted into that category. In the third, it is

assumed that persons not in the highest health status

category are shifted into that category and it is assumed

that persons with any degree of disability are shifted into

the category of ‘‘no disability.’’

Data from the first simulation suggest that a shift to

nearly universal coverage for persons 16 to 64 years old

would have only a modest effect on the demand for

medical care services. The projected effect would be to

increase both aggregate doctor visits and aggregate

nights spent in a hospital by about 5 percent each.

Aggregate doctor visits over a 2-year period would

increase by approximately 60 million, and aggregate

nights in a hospital would increase by approximately 7

million.

Data from the second and third simulations suggest

that efforts to improve general health status and to

reduce the prevalence of disability could have a significant impact on the demand for health care services.

Results from the second simulation show that moving all

persons 16 to 64 into the highest health status category

would reduce aggregate doctor visits by about 293

million over a 2-year period (a decline of 27 percent),

and would reduce the number of nights spent in a

hospital by about 57 million, a decline of 38 percent.

The third simulation adds in the effect of eliminating

15
disability. The result is that aggregate doctor visits over

a 2-year period would drop by 395 million (or 36

percent), and aggregate nights in a hospital would

decline by 78 million (52 percent).

Preliminary variance estimates support the above

statements. We will provide an addendum with more

precise standard errors of Table E estimates when they

become available.

DATA ISSUES

There are two issues that users may wish to consider

when interpreting the data presented in this study. The

first issue concerns the representativeness of the sample

used for estimating utilization data. The sample consists

of all persons for whom completed interviews were

obtained for the first 6 waves of the 1990 panel. That is,

persons who died during the 24-month period or who

entered nursing homes are not represented in the

sample. Other studies have shown that the utilization of

health care services is especially high during the last

year of life, so the exclusion of these persons from the

SIPP sample tends to produce an underestimate of

doctor visits and time spent in a hospital.

A second data issue has to do with the comparability

of the SIPP data on doctor visits and nights in a hospital

with data from the National Health Interview Survey

(NHIS), a survey sponsored by the National Center for

Health Statistics. The NHIS employs a very different

methodology for measuring the number of doctor visits.

Respondents are asked only about doctor visits during

the previous two weeks, and three separate questions

are asked in order to minimize the underreporting of

doctor visits or contacts. Because the NHIS is a continuous survey, it is possible to add data together to get an

annual estimate. The NHIS 1991 estimate for the mean

number of physician contacts for persons 15 to 64 years

old is 5.2. The SIPP results presented here show that

the mean number of doctor visits over a 24-month period

for persons 16 to 64 years old was 7.0, an annual rate of

3.5. The difference in the estimates presumably reflects

the survey design features described in the paragraph

above and the shorter recall period and the much more

detailed and probing questions used in the NHIS. The

SIPP and NHIS questions are reproduced below:

SIPP

1. During the past 12 months, how many times did...

see or talk to a medical doctor or assistant? (Do not

count occurrences while an overnight patient in a

hospital.)

NHIS

1. During those 2 weeks, how many times did . . . see or

talk to a medical doctor? (Include all types of doctors,

such as dermatologists, psychiatrists, and ophthalmologists, as well as general practitioners and osteopaths.) (Do not count times while an overnight patient

in a hospital.)

2. (Besides the time(s) you just told me about) During

those 2 weeks, did anyone in the family receive health

care at home or go to a doctor‘‘s office, clinic, hospital

Table E. Simulations Based on a Statistical Model: Predicted Total Doctor Visits and Total Nights

Spent in a Hospital Under Various Assumptions Concerning the Distribution of Selected

Independent Variables

Assumption

Predicted Number of

Doctor Visits

(in thousands)

Predicted Number of

Nights Spent in a hospital

(in thousands)

A. Actual distribution of independent variables .................................. 1,086,308 149,961

B. Persons with no health insurance coverage or with 1 to 23 months of private

coverage assumed to have 24 months of private coverage .................... 1,145,648 156,789

Difference between A and B:

Number ................................................................. 59,340 6,828

Percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 4.6

C. Persons in three lowest health status categories assumed to have very good

or excellent health in both visits ............................................ 793,508 93,165

Difference between A and C:

Number ................................................................. -292,800 -56,795

Percent.................................................................. -27.0 -37.9

D. Persons in three lowest health status categories assumed to have very good or

excellent health in both visits and persons with any degree of disability assumed

to have no disability in both visits ........................................... 690,877 72,355

Difference between A and D:

Number ................................................................. -395,431 -77,606

Percent.................................................................. -36.4 -51.8

16
or some other place? Include care from a nurse or

anyone working with or for a medical doctor. Do not

count times while an overnight patient in a hospital.

3. (Besides the time(s) you already told me about)

During those 2 weeks, did anyone in the family get

any medical advice, prescriptions or test results over

the PHONE from a doctor, nurse or anyone working

with or for a medical doctor?

In contrast to the questions on doctor visits, the NHIS

and SIPP questions on number of nights spent in a

hospital are similar. The 1991 NHIS estimate for the

mean number of nights in a hospital for persons 15 to 64

is 0.49. The SIPP estimate for the mean number of

nights in a hospital for persons 16 to 64 during a

24-month period is 0.98, an annual rate of 0.49. The

SIPP and NHIS questions are reproduced below:

SIPP

1. During the past 12 months, was...a patient in a

hospital overnight or longer?

2. How many nights in all did . . . spend in a hospital of

any type during the past 12 months?

NHIS (asked for up to 4 hospital stays)

1. You said earlier that . . . was a patient in the hospital

since (13-month hospital date) a year ago. On what

date did... enter the hospital ([the last time/the time

before that])

2. How many nights was . . . in the hospital?

DATA FOR WOMEN WITH A CHILDBIRTH

In both the third and sixth waves, a question about the

reason for the most recent visit was asked for all

persons with one or more hospital visits. The responses

to these questions were used to identify women with a

childbirth during the 24-month period. This methodology

may not identify all women who gave birth during the

period since it would miss a women who gave birth at

one point in one of the 12-month periods and then had

another hospital visit for some other reason within the

same 12-month period.

RELATED STUDIES

Readers of this report should see the previously cited

study by Marquis and Long. That study provides estimates of the annual number of ambulatory contacts and

inpatient hospital days for the uninsured and provides

estimates of the quantity of care that these persons

would demand if they became fully insured. The study

also provides a useful list of other related studies.

For a recent detailed Census Bureau report on health

insurance coverage status, see Dynamics of Economic

Well-Being: Health Insurance, 1991 to 1993, Series

P70-43, by Robert L. Bennefield.

TECHNICAL NOTE: PREDICTIONS FROM THE

STATISTICAL MODELS

The method used to estimate the number of doctor

visits or the number of nights in a hospital during a

2-year period is as follows:

Visits = (exp(BX)/(1+exp(BX))*exp(AX)*S where:

B = coefficients from the logit regression (stage 1)

A = coefficients from the conditional linear regression

of log visits (stage 2)

X = characteristics of the individual

S = factor to retransform from the logarithmic scale to

the raw quantity scale

The S factor used in this study is the nonparametric

retransformation factor described in Duan, N., W. G.

Manning, C. N. Morris, and J. D. Newhouse, 1982, ’’A

Comparison of Alternative Models for the Demand for

Medical Care,‘‘ RAND, R 7754-HHS.

USER COMMENTS

The Census Bureau welcomes the comments and

advise of data users. If you have any suggestions or

comments, please write to:

Daniel H. Weinberg

Chief, Housing and Household Economic Statistics

Division

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Washington, DC 20233-8500

17
Table 1. Distribution of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Age and Sex:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over

Characteristics

16 years and over 16 to 64 years 65 years and over

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

BOTH SEXES

Total persons .......................... 187,188 100.0 156,693 100.0 30,495 100.0

Number of visits:

0 visits .................................... 27,432 14.7 25,688 16.4 1,744 5.7

1 visit ..................................... 21,839 11.7 20,436 13.0 1,403 4.6

2 visits .................................... 22,723 12.1 20,450 13.1 2,273 7.5

3 visits .................................... 18,075 9.7 15,842 10.1 2,234 7.3

4 or 5 visits ................................ 25,465 13.6 21,361 13.6 4,104 13.5

6 to 9 visits ................................ 28,245 15.1 21,303 13.6 6,942 22.8

10 to 14 visits.............................. 17,323 9.3 12,970 8.3 4,352 14.3

15 to 19 visits.............................. 8,955 4.8 6,319 4.0 2,636 8.6

20 to 49 visits.............................. 13,690 7.3 9,650 6.2 4,040 13.2

50 and over visits .......................... 3,441 1.8 2,674 1.7 767 2.5

Total visits ................................. 1,450,582 (X) 1,099,024 (X) 351,558 (X)

Mean visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 (X) 7.0 (X) 11.5 (X)

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 (X) 0.1 (X) 0.3 (X)

MALES

Total persons .......................... 88,865 100.0 76,237 100.0 12,628 100.0

Number of visits:

0 visits .................................... 18,165 20.4 17,363 22.8 802 6.4

1 visit ..................................... 12,778 14.4 12,104 15.9 674 5.3

2 visits .................................... 11,987 13.5 10,976 14.4 1,012 8.0

3 visits .................................... 8,414 9.5 7,423 9.7 991 7.9

4 or 5 visits ................................ 11,441 12.9 9,811 12.9 1,630 12.9

6 to 9 visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,113 12.5 8,275 10.9 2,838 22.5

10 to 14 visits.............................. 6,159 6.9 4,411 5.8 1,748 13.8

15 to 19 visits.............................. 3,168 3.6 1,939 2.5 1,229 9.7

20 to 49 visits.............................. 4,365 4.9 2,930 3.8 1,435 11.4

50 and over visits .......................... 1,275 1.4 1,005 1.3 269 2.1

Total visits ................................. 545,898 (X) 408,716 (X) 137,182 (X)

Mean visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 (X) 5.4 (X) 10.9 (X)

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 (X) 0.2 (X) 0.5 (X)

FEMALES

Total persons .......................... 98,323 100.0 80,456 100.0 17,867 100.0

Number of visits:

0 visits .................................... 9,267 9.4 8,324 10.4 942 5.3

1 visit ..................................... 9,061 9.2 8,332 10.4 729 4.1

2 visits .................................... 10,735 10.9 9,474 11.8 1,261 7.1

3 visits .................................... 9,662 9.8 8,419 10.5 1,243 7.0

4 or 5 visits ................................ 14,024 14.3 11,550 14.4 2,474 13.9

6 to 9 visits ................................ 17,133 17.4 13,028 16.2 4,105 23.0

10 to 14 visits.............................. 11,164 11.4 8,560 10.6 2,604 14.6

15 to 19 visits.............................. 5,787 5.9 4,380 5.4 1,407 7.9

20 to 49 visits.............................. 9,325 9.5 6,720 8.4 2,605 14.6

50 and over visits .......................... 2,166 2.2 1,669 2.1 497 2.8

Total visits ................................. 904,684 (X) 690,308 (X) 214,376 (X)

Mean visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 (X) 8.6 (X) 12.0 (X)

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 (X) 0.2 (X) 0.4 (X)

19
Table 1. Distribution of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Age and Sex:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over—Continued

Characteristics

16 years and over 16 to 64 years 65 years and over

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thous.)

Percent

distribution

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total persons .......................... 91,920 100.0 74,052 100.0 17,867 100.0

Number of visits:

0 visits .................................... 9,220 10.0 8,277 11.2 942 5.3

1 visit ..................................... 8,959 9.8 8,230 11.1 729 4.1

2 visits .................................... 10,571 11.5 9,309 12.6 1,261 7.1

3 visits .................................... 9,470 10.3 8,228 11.1 1,243 7.0

4 or 5 visits ................................ 13,712 14.9 11,238 15.2 2,474 13.9

6 to 9 visits ................................ 16,307 17.7 12,202 16.5 4,105 23.0

10 to 14 visits.............................. 9,330 10.2 6,725 9.1 2,604 14.6

15 to 19 visits.............................. 4,571 5.0 3,164 4.3 1,407 7.9

20 to 49 visits.............................. 7,745 8.4 5,140 6.9 2,605 14.6

50 and over visits .......................... 2,036 2.2 1,538 2.1 497 2.8

Total visits ................................. 801,553 (X) 587,177 (X) 214,376 (X)

Mean visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 (X) 7.9 (X) 12.0 (X)

Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 (X) 0.2 (X) 0.4 (X)

20
Table 2. Distribution of Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Age and Sex:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over

Characteristics

16 years and over 16 to 64 years 65 years and over

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

BOTH SEXES

Total persons ........................ 187,188 100.0 156,693 100.0 30,495 100.0

Number of nights:

0 nights ................................... 157,769 84.3 135,551 86.5 22,218 72.9

1 night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,115 2.2 3,471 2.2 645 2.1

2 nights ................................... 4,529 2.4 3,831 2.4 698 2.3

3 nights ................................... 3,540 1.9 2,868 1.8 672 2.2

4 or 5 nights ............................... 5,263 2.8 4,112 2.6 1,151 3.8

6 to 9 nights ............................... 4,659 2.5 3,135 2.0 1,524 5.0

10 to 14 nights............................. 2,966 1.6 1,512 1.0 1,454 4.8

15 to 19 nights............................. 1,035 0.6 551 0.4 485 1.6

20 to 49 nights............................. 2,717 1.5 1,334 0.9 1,383 4.5

50 nights and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 0.3 329 0.2 265 0.9

Total nights ................................ 260,994 (X) 153,848 (X) 107,147 (X)

Mean nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 (X) 1.0 (X) 3.5 (X)

Standard error ......................... 0.07 (X) 0.05 (X) 0.24 (X)

MALES

Total persons .......................... 88,865 100.0 76,237 100.0 12,628 100.0

Number of nights:

0 nights ................................... 78,324 88.1 69,473 91.1 8,851 70.1

1 night .................................... 1,646 1.9 1,374 1.8 272 2.2

2 nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,115 1.3 802 1.1 313 2.5

3 nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 1.1 599 0.8 341 2.7

4 or 5 nights ............................... 1,729 2.0 1,205 1.6 524 4.2

6 to 9 nights ............................... 1,782 2.0 1,105 1.5 677 5.4

10 to 14 nights............................. 1,224 1.4 624 0.8 599 4.8

15 to 19 nights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 0.5 212 0.3 266 2.1

20 to 49 nights............................. 1,330 1.5 708 0.9 623 4.9

50 nights and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 0.3 137 0.2 161 1.3

Total nights ................................ 110,959 (X) 60,097 (X) 50,863 (X)

Mean nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 (X) 0.8 (X) 4.0 (X)

Standard error ......................... 0.08 (X) 0.07 (X) 0.39 (X)

FEMALES

Total persons .......................... 98,323 100.0 80,456 100.0 17,867 100.0

Number of nights:

0 nights ................................... 79,445 80.8 66,078 82.1 13,367 74.8

1 night .................................... 2,469 2.5 2,097 2.6 373 2.1

2 nights ................................... 3,414 3.5 3,029 3.8 385 2.2

3 nights ................................... 2,601 2.7 2,269 2.8 332 1.9

4 or 5 nights ............................... 3,534 3.6 2,907 3.6 627 3.5

6 to 9 nights ............................... 2,877 2.9 2,030 2.5 847 4.7

10 to 14 nights............................. 1,742 1.8 888 1.1 854 4.8

15 to 19 nights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 0.6 339 0.4 218 1.2

20 to 49 nights............................. 1,387 1.4 627 0.8 760 4.3

50 nights and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 0.3 192 0.2 104 0.6

Total nights ................................ 150,035 (X) 93,751 (X) 56,284 (X)

Mean nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 (X) 1.2 (X) 3.2 (X)

Standard error ......................... 0.08 (X) 0.08 (X) 0.29 (X)

21
Table 2. Distribution of Nights Spent in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Age and Sex:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over—Continued

Characteristics

16 years and over 16 to 64 years 65 years and over

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

Number

(thousands)

Percent

distribution

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total persons .......................... 91,920 100.0 74,052 100.0 17,867 100.0

Number of nights:

0 nights ................................... 79,445 86.4 66,078 89.2 13,367 74.8

1 night .................................... 1,666 1.8 1,294 1.8 373 2.1

2 nights ................................... 1,256 1.4 871 1.2 385 2.2

3 nights ................................... 1,261 1.4 929 1.3 332 1.9

4 or 5 nights ............................... 2,343 2.6 1,716 2.3 627 3.5

6 to 9 nights ............................... 2,205 2.4 1,358 1.8 847 4.7

10 to 14 nights............................. 1,587 1.7 732 1.0 854 4.8

15 to 19 nights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 0.6 303 0.4 218 1.2

20 to 49 nights............................. 1,346 1.5 586 0.8 760 4.3

50 nights and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 0.3 186 0.3 104 0.6

Total nights ................................ 127,096 (X) 70,813 (X) 56,284 (X)

Mean nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 (X) 1.0 (X) 3.2 (X)

Standard error ......................... 0.08 (X) 0.08 (X) 0.29 (X)

22
Table 3. Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Detailed Age Categories:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over

Characteristics

All persons

(thousands)

Percent

with one

or more

visits

Total visits

(thousands) Mean number of visits

24 months Per year Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .................................. 187,188 85.4 1,450,582 725,291 7.75 0.12

16 to 64 years ............................. 156,693 83.6 1,099,024 549,512 7.01 0.12

16 to 21 years ........................... 19,877 81.6 99,802 49,901 5.02 0.25

22 to 34 years ........................... 50,860 82.5 347,939 173,970 6.84 0.20

35 to 44 years ........................... 38,623 83.0 262,342 131,171 6.79 0.27

45 to 54 years ........................... 26,526 84.1 196,711 98,356 7.42 0.30

55 to 64 years ........................... 20,806 88.6 192,230 96,115 9.24 0.41

65 years and over .......................... 30,495 94.3 351,558 175,779 11.53 0.32

65 to 74 years ........................... 18,134 93.2 205,363 102,682 11.32 0.42

75 years and over ........................ 12,361 95.8 146,195 73,098 11.83 0.47

MALES

Total .................................. 88,865 79.6 545,898 272,949 6.14 0.15

16 to 64 years ............................. 76,237 77.2 408,716 204,358 5.36 0.17

16 to 21 years ........................... 9,847 76.5 36,223 18,112 3.68 0.30

22 to 34 years ........................... 24,476 73.3 106,648 53,324 4.36 0.24

35 to 44 years ........................... 19,120 76.7 101,345 50,673 5.30 0.35

45 to 54 years ........................... 12,946 79.0 80,194 40,097 6.19 0.41

55 to 64 years ........................... 9,849 86.5 84,307 42,154 8.56 0.61

65 years and over .......................... 12,628 93.7 137,182 68,591 10.86 0.47

65 to 74 years ........................... 7,886 92.5 82,203 41,102 10.42 0.59

75 years and over ........................ 4,742 95.6 54,979 27,490 11.59 0.81

FEMALES

Total .................................. 98,323 90.6 904,684 452,342 9.20 0.17

16 to 64 years ............................. 80,456 90.0 690,308 345,154 8.58 0.19

16 to 21 years ........................... 10,030 86.5 63,579 31,790 6.34 0.41

22 to 34 years ........................... 26,385 91.1 241,291 120,646 9.15 0.32

35 to 44 years ........................... 19,504 89.2 160,997 80,499 8.25 0.39

45 to 54 years ........................... 13,580 89.1 116,517 58,259 8.58 0.42

55 to 64 years ........................... 10,957 90.6 107,924 53,962 9.85 0.54

65 years and over .......................... 17,867 94.7 214,376 107,188 12.00 0.42

65 to 74 years ........................... 10,248 93.8 123,160 61,580 12.02 0.59

75 years and over ........................ 7,619 96.0 91,216 45,608 11.97 0.56

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 6,403 99.3 103,131 51,566 16.11 0.59

16 to 21 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 99.5 12,832 6,416 15.03 1.30

22 to 34 years ............................. 4,779 99.1 76,497 38,249 16.01 0.69

35 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 100.0 13,801 6,901 17.92 1.93

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 91,920 90.0 801,553 400,777 8.72 0.17

16 to 64 years ............................. 74,053 88.8 587,177 293,589 7.93 0.19

16 to 21 years ........................... 9,176 85.3 50,747 25,374 5.53 0.42

22 to 34 years ........................... 21,606 89.3 164,794 82,397 7.63 0.34

35 to 44 years ........................... 18,738 88.8 147,242 73,621 7.86 0.41

45 to 54 years ........................... 13,576 89.1 116,471 58,236 8.58 0.42

55 to 64 years ........................... 10,957 90.6 107,924 53,962 9.85 0.54

23
Table 4. Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Detailed Age Categories:

Persons 16 Years Old and Over

Characteristics All persons

(thousands)

Percent with

one or more

nights in a

hospital

Total nights in a hospital

(thousands)

Mean number of nights

in a hospital

24 months Per year Value Standard error

BOTH SEXES

Total .................................. 187,188 15.7 260,994 130,497 1.39 0.07

16 to 64 years ............................. 156,693 13.5 153,848 76,924 0.98 0.05

16 to 21 years ........................... 19,877 10.1 13,821 6,911 0.70 0.15

22 to 34 years ........................... 50,860 16.1 44,691 22,346 0.88 0.08

35 to 44 years ........................... 38,623 10.6 27,964 13,982 0.72 0.08

45 to 54 years ........................... 26,526 12.7 30,427 15,214 1.15 0.15

55 to 64 years ........................... 20,806 16.7 36,944 18,472 1.78 0.20

65 years and over .......................... 30,495 27.1 107,147 53,574 3.51 0.24

65 to 74 years ........................... 18,134 24.0 52,301 26,151 2.88 0.25

75 years and over ........................ 12,361 31.8 54,846 27,423 4.44 0.44

MALES

Total .................................. 88,865 11.9 110,959 55,480 1.25 0.08

16 to 64 years ............................. 76,237 8.9 60,097 30,049 0.79 0.07

16 to 21 years ........................... 9,847 5.8 6,637 3,319 0.67 0.29

22 to 34 years ........................... 24,476 6.2 11,682 5,841 0.48 0.08

35 to 44 years ........................... 19,120 7.9 10,464 5,232 0.55 0.08

45 to 54 years ........................... 12,946 10.9 12,851 6,426 0.99 0.17

55 to 64 years ........................... 9,849 18.0 18,462 9,231 1.87 0.30

65 years and over .......................... 12,628 29.9 50,863 25,432 4.03 0.39

65 to 74 years ........................... 7,886 27.5 28,898 14,449 3.66 0.49

75 years and over ........................ 4,742 33.9 21,965 10,983 4.63 0.64

FEMALES

Total .................................. 98,323 19.2 150,035 75,018 1.53 0.08

16 to 64 years ............................. 80,456 17.9 93,751 46,876 1.17 0.08

16 to 21 years ........................... 10,030 14.3 7,184 3,592 0.72 0.12

22 to 34 years ........................... 26,385 25.4 33,010 16,505 1.25 0.14

35 to 44 years ........................... 19,504 13.2 17,500 8,750 0.90 0.15

45 to 54 years ........................... 13,580 14.5 17,576 8,788 1.29 0.24

55 to 64 years ........................... 10,957 15.5 18,481 9,241 1.69 0.29

65 years and over .......................... 17,867 25.2 56,284 28,142 3.15 0.29

65 to 74 years ........................... 10,248 21.3 23,403 11,702 2.28 0.27

75 years and over ........................ 7,619 30.5 32,881 16,441 4.32 0.57

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 6,403 100.0 22,938 11,469 3.58 0.17

16 to 21 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 100.0 2,976 1,488 3.48 0.34

22 to 34 years ............................. 4,779 100.0 17,212 8,606 3.60 0.22

35 to 54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 100.0 2,750 1,375 3.57 0.37

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 91,920 13.6 127,097 63,549 1.38 0.08

16 to 64 years ............................. 74,053 10.8 70,813 35,407 0.96 0.08

16 to 21 years ........................... 9,176 6.4 4,208 2,104 0.46 0.12

22 to 34 years ........................... 21,606 8.9 15,798 7,899 0.73 0.15

35 to 44 years ........................... 18,738 9.7 14,761 7,381 0.79 0.17

45 to 54 years ........................... 13,576 14.5 17,565 8,783 1.29 0.24

55 to 64 years ........................... 10,957 15.5 18,481 9,241 1.69 0.29

24
Table 5. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Age:

Persons Under 65 Years of Age

Characteristics Under 65

years

Under 6

years

6 to 15

years

16 to 64 years

Total

16 to 21

years

22 to 34

years

35 to 54

years

55 to 64

years

NUMBER OF PERSONS (thous.)

Both sexes .................... 208,197 15,734 35,770 156,693 19,877 50,860 65,150 20,806

Covered 24 months................. 154,503 11,437 26,812 116,253 13,701 33,137 52,008 17,408

All private ....................... 138,309 8,880 22,542 106,887 12,279 29,925 49,359 15,323

All or part government ............ 16,194 2,557 4,270 9,367 1,421 3,212 2,648 2,085

All Medicaid ................... 8,025 1,557 2,537 3,932 610 1,792 1,057 472

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 42,300 3,695 7,134 31,470 4,960 14,471 9,718 2,322

All private ....................... 32,472 1,865 4,669 25,938 3,602 12,068 8,327 1,941

All or part government ............ 9,828 1,830 2,465 5,533 1,358 2,403 1,391 381

No coverage ....................... 11,395 602 1,824 8,969 1,217 3,253 3,424 1,076

Males ......................... 102,576 8,077 18,262 76,237 9,847 24,476 32,066 9,849

Covered 24 months................. 75,276 5,753 13,866 55,658 6,946 14,950 25,388 8,374

All private ....................... 68,795 4,485 11,823 52,486 6,399 14,195 24,492 7,400

All or part government ............ 6,481 1,267 2,043 3,172 547 755 895 974

All Medicaid ................... 2,791 761 1,164 866 238 289 217 123

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 21,163 2,019 3,438 15,706 2,195 7,513 4,931 1,067

All private ....................... 17,087 987 2,218 13,883 1,720 6,885 4,356 922

All or part government ............ 4,076 1,032 1,220 1,824 475 628 575 145

No coverage ....................... 6,137 305 958 4,874 706 2,012 1,748 408

Females....................... 105,621 7,657 17,508 80,456 10,030 26,385 33,084 10,957

Covered 24 months................. 79,227 5,684 12,946 60,596 6,755 18,187 26,620 9,034

All private ....................... 69,514 4,394 10,719 54,401 5,881 15,730 24,867 7,923

All or part government ............ 9,713 1,290 2,227 6,195 874 2,457 1,753 1,111

All Medicaid ................... 5,234 796 1,373 3,066 372 1,504 840 350

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 21,137 1,676 3,696 15,764 2,765 6,957 4,787 1,255

All private ....................... 15,384 878 2,451 12,055 1,882 5,183 3,971 1,019

All or part government ............ 5,752 798 1,245 3,709 883 1,775 816 236

No coverage ....................... 5,258 297 865 4,096 510 1,241 1,676 668

PERCENT OF PERSONS

Both sexes .................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 74.2 72.7 75.0 74.2 68.9 65.2 79.8 83.7

All private ....................... 66.4 56.4 63.0 68.2 61.8 58.8 75.8 73.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 16.3 11.9 6.0 7.2 6.3 4.1 10.0

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 9.9 7.1 2.5 3.1 3.5 1.6 2.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 20.3 23.5 19.9 20.1 25.0 28.5 14.9 11.2

All private ....................... 15.6 11.9 13.1 16.6 18.1 23.7 12.8 9.3

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 11.6 6.9 3.5 6.8 4.7 2.1 1.8

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.8 5.1 5.7 6.1 6.4 5.3 5.2

Males ......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 73.4 71.2 75.9 73.0 70.5 61.1 79.2 85.0

All private ....................... 67.1 55.5 64.7 68.9 65.0 58.0 76.4 75.1

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 15.7 11.2 4.2 5.6 3.1 2.8 9.9

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 9.4 6.4 1.1 2.4 1.2 0.7 1.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 20.6 25.0 18.8 20.6 22.3 30.7 15.4 10.8

All private ....................... 16.7 12.2 12.2 18.2 17.5 28.1 13.6 9.4

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 12.8 6.7 2.4 4.8 2.6 1.8 1.5

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 3.8 5.3 6.4 7.2 8.2 5.5 4.1

Females......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 75.0 74.2 74.0 75.3 67.4 68.9 80.5 82.5

All private ....................... 65.8 57.4 61.2 67.6 58.6 59.6 75.2 72.3

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 16.9 12.7 7.7 8.7 9.3 5.3 10.1

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 10.4 7.8 3.8 3.7 5.7 2.5 3.2

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 20.0 21.9 21.1 19.6 27.6 26.4 14.5 11.5

All private ....................... 14.6 11.5 14.0 15.0 18.8 19.6 12.0 9.3

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 10.4 7.1 4.6 8.8 6.7 2.5 2.2

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 3.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 4.7 5.1 6.1

25
Table 6. Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status, Sex, and

Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristics

Total

visits

Covered 24 months Covered 1-23 months

No

All private coverage

All or part government

All

private

All or part

Total government

All

Medicaid

BOTH SEXES

Total................................ 1,099,024 738,182 132,486 46,228 135,788 55,430 37,139

16 to 21 years ......................... 99,802 62,005 9,981 3,999 14,080 10,789 2,947

22 to 34 years ......................... 347,939 215,126 33,694 17,677 63,459 24,470 11,191

35 to 54 years ......................... 459,052 341,119 40,950 14,382 45,478 14,251 17,254

55 to 64 years ......................... 192,230 119,933 47,861 10,169 12,771 5,919 5,747

MALES

Total.............................. 408,716 273,060 46,847 7,903 54,590 16,299 17,920

16 to 21 years ......................... 36,223 25,391 2,751 1,309 4,928 1,668 1,486

22 to 34 years ......................... 106,648 64,636 7,173 1,980 24,805 4,813 5,221

35 to 54 years ......................... 181,538 131,650 14,550 2,224 19,225 7,176 8,937

55 to 64 years ......................... 84,307 51,383 22,373 2,390 5,632 2,642 2,276

FEMALES

Total.............................. 690,308 465,121 85,639 38,325 81,198 39,131 19,219

16 to 21 years ......................... 63,579 36,614 7,230 2,690 9,152 9,122 1,461

22 to 34 years ......................... 241,291 150,490 26,521 15,697 38,654 19,657 5,969

35 to 54 years ......................... 277,514 209,468 26,400 12,159 26,253 7,075 8,317

55 to 64 years ......................... 107,924 68,550 25,487 7,780 7,138 3,277 3,471

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total.............................. 103,131 62,583 14,102 7,257 10,124 14,899 1,423

16 to 21 years ......................... 12,832 2,499 3,890 1,249 1,430 4,938 75

22 to 34 years ......................... 76,497 48,381 9,803 5,739 7,619 9,613 1,081

35 to 54 years ......................... 13,801 11,703 409 269 1,075 348 266

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total.............................. 587,177 402,538 71,537 31,068 71,074 24,232 17,796

16 to 21 years ......................... 50,747 34,114 3,340 1,441 7,722 4,184 1,386

22 to 34 years ......................... 164,794 102,109 16,718 9,957 31,035 10,044 4,888

35 to 54 years ......................... 263,713 197,766 25,991 11,890 25,178 6,727 8,051

55 to 64 years ......................... 107,924 68,550 25,487 7,780 7,138 3,277 3,471

26
Table 7. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Total 16 to 21 years 22 to 34 years 35 to 54 years 55 to 64 years

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

eror Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total 7.01 0.12 5.02 0.25 6.84 0.20 7.05 0.20 9.24 0.41

Covered 24 months............... 7.49 0.15 5.25 0.34 7.51 0.27 7.35 0.22 9.64 0.46

All private ..................... 6.91 0.15 5.05 0.35 7.19 0.27 6.91 0.22 7.83 0.39

All or part government .......... 14.14 0.79 7.02 0.86 10.49 1.08 15.46 1.50 22.95 2.30

All Medicaid ................. 11.76 1.10 6.55 1.59 9.86 1.54 13.61 2.10 21.53 4.46

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 6.08 0.25 5.01 0.49 6.08 0.37 6.15 0.51 8.05 0.90

All private ..................... 5.24 0.25 3.91 0.49 5.26 0.37 5.46 0.54 6.58 0.86

All or part government .......... 10.02 0.71 7.95 1.17 10.18 1.18 10.24 1.40 15.55 2.82

No coverage..................... 4.14 0.41 2.42 0.41 3.44 0.57 5.04 0.79 5.34 1.08

MALES

Total ........................ 5.36 0.17 3.68 0.30 4.36 0.24 5.66 0.27 8.56 0.61

Covered 24 months............... 5.75 0.20 4.05 0.41 4.80 0.30 5.76 0.29 8.81 0.68

All private ..................... 5.20 0.19 3.97 0.42 4.55 0.30 5.38 0.27 6.94 0.56

All or part government .......... 14.77 1.62 5.03 1.52 9.50 2.23 16.25 3.26 22.96 3.60

All Medicaid ................. 9.13 2.47 5.50 3.43 6.86 2.26 10.27 4.29 19.48 12.39

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 4.51 0.34 3.00 0.49 3.94 0.44 5.35 0.78 7.76 1.44

All private ..................... 3.93 0.32 2.86 0.52 3.60 0.35 4.41 0.76 6.11 1.27

All or part government .......... 8.94 1.59 3.51 1.27 7.66 3.16 12.48 3.01 18.23 5.70

No coverage..................... 3.68 0.59 2.10 0.51 2.59 0.79 5.11 1.28 5.58 1.66

FEMALES

Total ........................ 8.58 0.19 6.34 0.41 9.15 0.32 8.39 0.29 9.85 0.54

Covered 24 months............... 9.09 0.22 6.49 0.52 9.73 0.39 8.86 0.34 10.41 0.63

All private ..................... 8.55 0.22 6.23 0.59 9.57 0.41 8.42 0.34 8.65 0.52

All or part government .......... 13.82 0.90 8.27 1.00 10.79 1.25 15.06 1.59 22.95 2.96

All Medicaid ................. 12.50 1.23 7.22 1.45 10.44 1.76 14.47 2.37 22.25 4.31

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 7.63 0.37 6.61 0.76 8.38 0.59 6.96 0.64 8.30 1.13

All private ..................... 6.74 0.42 4.86 0.79 7.46 0.71 6.61 0.74 7.00 1.15

All or part government .......... 10.55 0.71 10.34 1.57 11.08 1.10 8.67 1.17 13.91 2.96

No coverage..................... 4.69 0.52 2.86 0.66 4.81 0.78 4.96 0.95 5.19 1.42

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total ........................ 16.11 0.59 15.03 1.30 16.01 0.69 17.92 1.93 (X) (X)

Covered 24 months............... 16.86 0.74 15.06 1.91 16.62 0.85 19.46 2.32 (X) (X)

All private .................... 17.08 0.78 17.12 4.23 16.45 0.81 20.29 2.45 (X) (X)

All or part government ......... 15.94 2.08 13.98 1.83 17.47 3.14 8.99 3.33 (X) (X)

All Medicaid ................. 14.83 3.31 11.72 2.21 16.43 4.66 8.07 4.28 (X) (X)

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 14.37 0.90 15.21 1.83 14.34 1.13 11.74 2.01 (X) (X)

All private .................... 14.82 1.52 14.92 4.63 15.10 1.81 12.99 2.54 (X) (X)

All or part government ......... 14.08 1.12 15.30 1.94 13.79 1.42 9.05 2.74 (X) (X)

No coverage..................... 12.53 2.67 6.69 4.48 14.29 3.84 10.01 2.26 (X) (X)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total ........................ 7.93 0.19 5.53 0.42 7.63 0.34 8.16 0.29 9.85 0.55

Covered 24 months............... 8.46 0.22 5.92 0.54 8.09 0.42 8.61 0.34 10.41 0.63

All private .................... 7.93 0.22 5.95 0.59 7.98 0.44 8.14 0.34 8.65 0.52

All or part government ......... 13.47 0.98 5.60 0.96 8.82 1.27 15.22 1.62 22.95 2.96

All Medicaid ................. 12.06 1.32 5.42 1.66 8.63 1.76 14.73 2.47 22.25 4.31

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 6.80 0.39 5.07 0.79 7.14 0.66 6.84 0.66 8.30 1.13

All private .................... 6.25 0.42 4.32 0.78 6.63 0.74 6.48 0.76 7.00 1.15

All or part government ......... 9.14 0.88 7.47 2.06 9.32 1.50 8.65 1.22 13.91 2.96

No coverage..................... 4.47 0.52 2.78 0.66 4.20 0.74 4.88 0.96 5.19 1.42

27
Table 8. Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

Total

nights

Covered 24 months Covered 1-23 months

No

coverage

All

private

All or part government

All

private

All or part

Total government

All

Medicaid

BOTH SEXES

Total.............................. 153,848 77,913 33,859 11,591 18,778 18,654 4,644

16 to 21 years ......................... 13,821 4,986 2,971 813 1,967 3,637 260

22 to 34 years ......................... 44,691 20,368 7,729 4,452 7,788 7,225 1,582

35 to 54 years ......................... 58,392 33,788 11,475 3,901 5,994 5,470 1,665

55 to 64 years ......................... 36,944 18,771 11,684 2,426 3,030 2,321 1,138

MALES

Total.................................. 60,097 29,222 11,985 1,799 8,610 7,768 2,511

16 to 21 years ......................... 6,637 2,329 1,378 25 571 2,159 201

22 to 34 years ......................... 11,682 3,710 2,194 1,022 3,307 1,551 920

35 to 54 years ......................... 23,315 14,014 2,914 246 2,752 2,692 944

55 to 64 years ......................... 18,462 9,170 5,499 506 1,980 1,367 447

FEMALES

Total.............................. 93,751 48,691 21,874 9,792 10,168 10,885 2,133

16 to 21 years ......................... 7,184 2,658 1,593 787 1,396 1,478 60

22 to 34 years ......................... 33,010 16,657 5,535 3,430 4,481 5,674 662

35 to 54 years ......................... 35,076 19,774 8,562 3,655 3,242 2,778 720

55 to 64 years ......................... 18,481 9,601 6,185 1,919 1,049 955 691

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total.............................. 22,938 13,371 3,441 2,002 2,106 3,692 329

16 to 21 years ......................... 2,976 510 1,045 440 266 1,121 33

22 to 34 years ......................... 17,212 10,787 2,219 1,446 1,552 2,430 224

35 to 54 years ......................... 2,750 2,074 177 117 288 141 71

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total.............................. 70,813 35,320 18,434 7,790 8,062 7,194 1,804

16 to 21 years ......................... 4,208 2,147 548 347 1,130 357 26

22 to 34 years ......................... 15,798 5,871 3,316 1,985 2,929 3,244 437

35 to 54 years ......................... 32,326 17,701 8,385 3,538 2,954 2,637 649

55 to 64 years ......................... 18,481 9,601 6,185 1,919 1,049 955 691

28
Table 9. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex and Age: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Total 16 to 21 years 22 to 34 years 35 to 54 years 55 to 64 years

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total ........................ 0.98 0.05 0.70 0.15 0.88 0.08 0.90 0.08 1.78 0.20

Covered 24 months............... 0.96 0.07 0.58 0.17 0.85 0.08 0.87 0.08 1.75 0.24

All private ..................... 0.73 0.05 0.41 0.10 0.68 0.07 0.68 0.07 1.23 0.20

All or part government .......... 3.61 0.51 2.09 1.32 2.41 0.52 4.33 1.13 5.60 1.20

All Medicaid ................. 2.95 0.59 1.33 0.49 2.48 0.69 3.69 1.54 5.14 2.03

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 1.19 0.15 1.13 0.37 1.04 0.22 1.18 0.25 2.30 0.56

All private ..................... 0.72 0.10 0.55 0.24 0.65 0.15 0.72 0.15 1.56 0.49

All or part government .......... 3.37 0.66 2.68 1.13 3.01 1.06 3.93 1.40 6.10 2.11

No coverage..................... 0.52 0.14 0.21 0.14 0.49 0.24 0.49 0.14 1.06 0.64

MALES

Total ........................ 0.79 0.07 0.67 0.29 0.48 0.08 0.73 0.08 1.87 0.30

Covered 24 months............... 0.74 0.08 0.53 0.32 0.39 0.10 0.67 0.10 1.75 0.32

All private ..................... 0.56 0.07 0.36 0.15 0.26 0.07 0.57 0.08 1.24 0.25

All or part government .......... 3.78 1.01 2.52 3.38 2.91 1.49 3.25 1.22 5.64 1.99

All Medicaid ................. 2.08 1.08 0.11 0.20 3.54 3.09 1.13 0.73 4.13 3.11

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 1.04 0.19 1.24 0.74 0.65 0.20 1.10 0.27 3.14 1.00

All private ..................... 0.62 0.12 0.33 0.30 0.48 0.17 0.63 0.17 2.15 0.85

All or part government .......... 4.26 1.17 4.54 3.21 2.47 1.30 4.68 1.74 9.43 4.29

No coverage..................... 0.52 0.19 0.28 0.22 0.46 0.34 0.54 0.24 1.10 0.90

FEMALES

Total ........................ 1.17 0.08 0.72 0.12 1.25 0.14 1.06 0.14 1.69 0.29

Covered 24 months............... 1.16 0.08 0.63 0.12 1.22 0.12 1.06 0.15 1.75 0.32

All private ..................... 0.90 0.07 0.45 0.12 1.06 0.10 0.80 0.10 1.21 0.30

All or part government .......... 3.53 0.57 1.82 0.39 2.25 0.54 4.88 1.55 5.57 1.45

All Medicaid ................. 3.19 0.69 2.11 0.76 2.28 0.61 4.35 1.89 5.49 2.48

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 1.34 0.24 1.04 0.27 1.46 0.41 1.26 0.42 1.60 0.61

All private ..................... 0.84 0.15 0.74 0.35 0.86 0.25 0.82 0.27 1.03 0.52

All or part government .......... 2.93 0.79 1.68 0.41 3.20 1.37 3.40 2.01 4.05 2.13

No coverage................. 0.52 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.53 0.32 0.43 0.14 1.03 0.86

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total ........................ 3.58 0.17 3.48 0.34 3.60 0.22 3.57 0.37 (X) (X)

Covered 24 months............... 3.70 0.22 3.67 0.49 3.71 0.27 3.62 0.42 (X) (X)

All private ..................... 3.65 0.25 3.50 0.74 3.67 0.30 3.60 0.44 (X) (X)

All or part government .......... 3.89 0.39 3.76 0.63 3.95 0.51 3.88 1.03 (X) (X)

All Medicaid ................. 4.09 0.56 4.13 1.01 4.14 0.73 3.50 0.93 (X) (X)

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 3.33 0.29 3.31 0.51 3.31 0.37 3.53 0.93 (X) (X)

All private ..................... 3.08 0.37 2.78 0.85 3.08 0.42 3.48 1.30 (X) (X)

All or part government .......... 3.49 0.42 3.47 0.59 3.49 0.59 3.66 0.91 (X) (X)

No coverage..................... 2.90 0.46 2.97 0.56 2.97 0.61 2.68 1.00 (X) (X)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total ........................ 0.96 0.08 0.46 0.12 0.73 0.15 1.00 0.14 1.69 0.29

Covered 24 months............... 0.96 0.10 0.43 0.12 0.63 0.14 1.00 0.15 1.75 0.32

All private ..................... 0.70 0.07 0.37 0.12 0.46 0.10 0.73 0.10 1.21 0.30

All or part government .......... 3.47 0.66 0.92 0.44 1.75 0.68 4.91 1.61 5.57 1.45

All Medicaid ................. 3.02 0.81 1.31 0.91 1.72 0.76 4.38 1.98 5.49 2.48

Covered 1 to 23 months .......... 1.09 0.25 0.63 0.30 1.07 0.49 1.20 0.44 1.60 0.61

All private ..................... 0.71 0.17 0.63 0.37 0.63 0.27 0.76 0.27 1.03 0.52

All or part government .......... 2.71 1.08 0.64 0.47 3.01 2.16 3.39 2.11 4.05 2.13

No coverage..................... 0.45 0.19 0.05 0.07 0.38 0.34 0.39 0.14 1.03 0.86

29
Table 10. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin:

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

White Black

Asian or

Pacific

Islander

Hispanic

origin

NUMBER OF PERSONS

Both sexes ........................................ 132,406 18,640 4,762 11,962

Covered 24 months ..................................... 100,667 11,693 3,392 6,083

All private............................................ 94,610 8,837 3,054 5,021

All or part government ................................ 6,057 2,856 338 1,063

All Medicaid........................................ 2,123 1,535 232 588

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 24,692 5,466 1,048 3,980

All private............................................ 20,876 3,975 869 2,964

All or part government ................................ 3,815 1,491 179 1,016

No coverage ........................................... 7,048 1,481 322 1,898

Males ............................................. 65,110 8,355 2,347 5,787

Covered 24 months ..................................... 48,905 4,863 1,628 2,813

All private............................................ 46,695 4,055 1,520 2,541

All or part government ................................ 2,210 808 109 272

All Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 260 72 124

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 12,343 2,675 560 1,942

All private............................................ 11,148 2,132 484 1,563

All or part government ................................ 1,195 542 76 379

No coverage ........................................... 3,863 817 158 1,032

Females ........................................... 67,296 10,285 2,415 6,174

Covered 24 months ..................................... 51,762 6,830 1,763 3,270

All private............................................ 47,915 4,782 1,534 2,480

All or part government ................................ 3,847 2,048 229 790

All Medicaid........................................ 1,600 1,275 159 465

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 12,349 2,791 488 2,038

All private............................................ 9,729 1,842 385 1,401

All or part government ................................ 2,620 949 103 637

No coverage ........................................... 3,186 664 164 866

PERCENT OF PERSONS

Both sexes ........................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months ..................................... 76.0 62.7 71.2 50.9

All private............................................ 71.5 47.4 64.1 42.0

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 15.3 7.1 8.9

All Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 8.2 5.0 4.9

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 18.7 29.3 22.0 33.3

All private............................................ 15.8 21.3 18.3 24.8

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 8.0 3.8 8.5

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 7.9 6.8 15.9

Males ............................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months ..................................... 75.1 58.2 69.4 48.6

All private............................................ 71.7 48.5 64.8 43.9

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 9.7 4.6 4.7

All Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 3.1 3.1 2.1

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 19.0 32.0 23.9 33.6

All private............................................ 17.1 25.5 20.6 27.0

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 6.5 3.2 6.6

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 9.8 6.7 17.8

Females ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months ..................................... 76.9 66.4 73.0 53.0

All private............................................ 71.2 46.5 63.5 40.2

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 19.9 9.5 12.8

All Medicaid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 12.4 6.6 7.5

Covered 1 to 23 months................................. 18.4 27.1 20.2 33.0

All private............................................ 14.5 17.9 15.9 22.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 9.2 4.3 10.3

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 6.5 6.8 14.0

30
Table 11. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics White Black

Asian or

Pacific

Islander

Hispanic

origin

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 7.15 0.14 6.32 0.32 5.43 0.54 6.25 0.39

Covered 24 months................. 7.54 0.17 7.23 0.46 6.31 0.71 7.75 0.63

All private ....................... 7.04 0.15 5.90 0.46 5.13 0.56 6.09 0.47

All or part government ............ 15.29 1.06 11.34 1.15 16.96 4.41 15.62 2.52

All Medicaid ................... 13.17 1.69 8.58 1.01 17.43 6.10 11.00 1.69

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 6.37 0.30 5.19 0.44 3.56 0.83 5.20 0.59

All private ....................... 5.56 0.30 3.88 0.46 3.34 0.93 4.09 0.51

All or part government ............ 10.78 0.95 8.67 0.96 4.63 1.83 8.44 1.76

No coverage ....................... 4.38 0.47 3.35 0.78 2.33 0.78 3.64 0.68

MALES

Total .......................... 5.48 0.19 4.66 0.46 3.62 0.59 4.83 0.61

Covered 24 months................. 5.79 0.20 5.51 0.71 4.05 0.74 6.42 1.01

All private ....................... 5.31 0.19 4.13 0.52 3.86 0.74 4.57 0.56

All or part government ........... 15.81 1.94 12.44 3.16 6.64 3.63 23.70 7.62

All Medicaid ................... 10.52 3.40 4.36 1.22 5.96 4.92 14.77 5.53

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 4.75 0.42 3.75 0.56 2.86 1.15 3.82 1.00

All private ....................... 4.19 0.37 2.74 0.46 2.86 1.30 2.62 0.56

All or part government ............ 9.95 2.28 7.69 1.77 2.83 1.71 8.78 4.83

No coverage ....................... 4.00 0.71 2.60 1.08 1.91 1.13 2.38 0.74

FEMALES

Total .......................... 8.77 0.20 7.67 0.44 7.20 0.88 7.58 0.49

Covered 24 months................. 9.20 0.24 8.45 0.59 8.39 1.13 8.90 0.78

All private ....................... 8.73 0.24 7.40 0.69 6.38 0.79 7.64 0.73

All or part government ............ 14.99 1.25 10.91 1.06 21.85 5.81 12.84 2.13

All Medicaid ................... 14.04 1.94 9.44 1.15 22.63 8.08 9.99 1.59

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7.99 0.44 6.57 0.66 4.37 1.18 6.51 0.66

All private ....................... 7.13 0.49 5.20 0.79 3.94 1.28 5.72 0.83

All or part government ............ 11.16 0.91 9.23 1.13 5.96 2.84 8.25 1.06

No coverage ....................... 4.84 0.63 4.28 1.13 2.75 1.06 5.14 1.15

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 16.97 0.68 12.13 1.17 14.69 2.97 14.85 1.10

Covered 24 months................. 17.86 0.85 12.34 1.57 13.59 3.04 14.33 1.71

All private ....................... 17.82 0.85 12.48 1.96 12.66 3.13 15.73 2.42

All or part government ............ 18.09 3.04 12.19 2.43 17.68 8.40 12.11 2.13

All Medicaid ................... 19.33 5.61 9.54 2.48 11.71 7.98 8.36 1.76

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 14.91 1.05 11.76 1.59 21.05 8.96 11.72 1.52

All private ....................... 15.50 1.66 9.11 2.75 22.40 14.23 14.30 2.94

All or part government ............ 14.48 1.37 12.64 1.88 19.31 4.51 10.64 1.71

No coverage ....................... 12.53 2.77 - 10.12 2.43

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 8.09 0.22 7.19 0.46 6.44 0.90 6.83 0.54

Covered 24 months................. 5.92 0.25 8.09 0.63 10.41 1.22 8.21 0.85

All private ....................... 8.09 0.24 7.03 0.73 5.68 0.78 6.83 0.74

All or part government ............ 14.49 1.37 10.68 1.18 22.60 6.74 13.00 2.54

All Medicaid ................... 13.00 2.04 9.43 1.28 23.95 9.06 10.31 1.84

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7.14 0.46 5.80 0.71 3.17 0.74 5.43 0.71

All private ....................... 6.61 0.51 5.00 0.83 3.01 0.79 5.04 0.83

All or part government ............ 9.77 1.13 7.88 1.32 3.80 2.04 6.73 1.32

No coverage ....................... 4.55 0.63 4.28 1.13 2.75 1.06 4.79 1.20

31
Table 12. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

White Black

Asian or

Pacific Islander

Hispanic

origin

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 0.96 0.07 1.10 0.15 0.99 0.34 1.11 0.20

Covered 24 months................. 0.93 0.07 1.11 0.15 1.15 0.46 1.24 0.32

All private ....................... 0.71 0.05 0.79 0.15 0.92 0.49 0.67 0.19

All or part government ............ 4.39 0.74 2.09 0.44 3.16 1.32 3.95 1.47

All Medicaid ................... 3.63 0.96 1.99 0.63 3.02 1.72 2.92 1.30

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.21 0.17 1.21 0.39 0.79 0.35 1.18 0.37

All private ....................... 0.81 0.12 0.40 0.12 0.20 0.15 0.62 0.20

All or part government ............ 3.39 0.81 3.37 1.30 (B) (B) 2.81 1.28

No coverage ....................... 0.52 0.14 0.61 0.39 - - 0.55 0.29

MALES

Total .......................... 0.79 0.08 0.85 0.20 0.45 0.20 0.89 0.35

Covered 24 months................. 0.75 0.08 0.70 0.19 0.35 0.20 0.92 0.54

All private ....................... 0.56 0.07 0.56 0.19 0.22 0.14 0.39 0.15

All or part government ............ 4.75 1.39 1.40 0.63 (B) (B) 5.89 4.97

All Medicaid ................... 2.84 1.59 0.62 0.98 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.02 0.20 1.24 0.49 0.90 0.54 1.02 0.66

All private ....................... 0.71 0.15 0.34 0.17 - - 0.43 0.25

All or part government ............ 3.92 1.49 4.77 2.10 (B) (B) 3.45 3.46

No coverage ....................... 0.55 0.20 0.45 0.47 (B) (B) 0.56 0.52

FEMALES

Total .......................... 1.13 0.08 1.30 0.22 1.51 0.61 1.32 0.24

Covered 24 months................. 1.10 0.10 1.39 0.22 1.89 0.83 1.51 0.37

All private ....................... 0.85 0.07 0.98 0.22 1.62 0.93 0.95 0.34

All or part government ............ 4.19 0.86 2.37 0.54 3.63 1.66 3.29 1.08

All Medicaid ................... 3.88 1.15 2.27 0.71 (B) (B) 3.00 1.55

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.40 0.25 1.18 0.59 0.67 0.46 0.67 0.35

All private ....................... 0.93 0.19 0.47 0.19 0.45 0.34 0.83 0.30

All or part government ............ 3.15 0.95 2.57 1.64 (B) (B) 2.43 0.86

No coverage ....................... 0.49 0.19 0.79 0.61 (B) (B) 0.54 0.19

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 3.56 0.20 3.57 0.39 4.38 0.83 4.04 0.71

Covered 24 months................. 3.62 0.25 3.97 0.51 (B) (B) 4.50 1.32

All private ....................... 3.55 0.27 4.42 0.86 (B) (B) 4.45 2.13

All or part government ............ 4.07 0.54 3.51 0.54 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid ................... 4.64 0.88 3.35 0.68 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.43 0.34 2.85 0.54 (B) (B) 4.47 0.73

All private ....................... 2.87 0.34 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 3.85 0.54 2.49 0.42 (B) (B) 3.44 0.95

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 0.93 0.10 1.06 0.24 1.22 0.68 0.93 0.24

Covered 24 months................. 0.91 0.10 1.13 0.24 1.59 0.93 1.14 0.39

All private ....................... 0.66 0.07 0.73 0.22 1.33 1.03 0.60 0.29

All or part government ............ 4.21 1.00 2.16 0.63 (B) (B) 3.00 1.28

All Medicaid ................... 3.74 1.35 2.06 0.85 (B) (B) 2.61 1.81

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.16 0.29 0.94 0.68 0.39 0.42 0.85 0.39

All private ....................... 0.81 0.20 0.30 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.57 0.30

All or part government ............ 2.86 1.32 2.60 2.15 (B) (B) 1.78 1.20

No coverage ....................... 0.40 0.19 0.79 0.61 (B) (B) 0.33 0.15

32
Table 13. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Ratio of

Income to Low-Income Threshold: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics Less than

1.00

1.00 to

1.49

1.50 to

1.99

2.00 to

2.99

3.00 to

3.99

4.00 and

over

NUMBER OF PERSONS (thous.)

Both Sexes ............................ 12,089 11,769 14,325 32,403 28,111 57,996

Covered 24 months......................... 5,155 4,725 7,703 22,923 22,822 52,926

All private ............................... 1,006 3,117 6,684 21,632 22,228 52,219

All or part government .................... 4,149 1,608 1,019 1,290 593 707

All Medicaid ........................... 3,001 523 208 152 37 11

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 4,445 4,919 5,122 7,863 4,537 4,585

All private ............................... 1,985 3,484 4,432 7,240 4,328 4,469

All or part government .................... 2,460 1,436 690 623 208 116

No coverage............................... 2,490 2,124 1,500 1,617 753 485

Males ................................. 4,163 5,306 6,699 15,763 14,083 30,225

Covered 24 months......................... 1,241 2,165 3,372 10,654 11,164 27,061

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 1,469 2,944 10,070 10,868 26,719

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 696 428 585 296 342

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 268 71 65 18 -

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 1,717 2,095 2,490 4,095 2,459 2,850

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 1,635 2,280 3,865 2,379 2,797

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 460 210 230 80 53

No coverage............................... 1,204 1,045 837 1,014 461 313

Females............................... 7,927 6,463 7,626 16,640 14,028 27,771

Covered 24 months......................... 3,914 2,560 4,331 12,268 11,658 25,865

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 1,648 3,740 11,562 11,360 25,500

All or part government .................... 3,323 912 591 706 298 365

All Medicaid ........................... 2,557 254 137 87 19 11

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 2,727 2,824 2,632 3,768 2,078 1,735

All private ............................... 1,057 1,848 2,153 3,375 1,950 1,672

All or part government .................... 1,670 976 479 393 128 63

No coverage............................... 1,286 1,079 663 604 292 171

PERCENT OF PERSONS

Both Sexes ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 42.6 40.2 53.8 70.7 81.2 91.3

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 26.5 46.7 66.8 79.1 90.0

All or part government .................... 34.3 13.7 7.1 4.0 2.1 1.2

All Medicaid ........................... 24.8 4.4 1.5 0.5 0.1 -

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 36.8 41.8 35.8 24.3 16.1 7.9

All private ............................... 16.4 29.6 30.9 22.3 15.4 7.7

All or part government .................... 20.4 12.2 4.8 1.9 0.7 0.2

No coverage............................... 20.6 18.1 10.5 5.0 2.7 0.8

Males ................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 29.8 40.8 50.3 67.6 79.3 89.5

All private ............................... 10.0 27.7 44.0 63.9 77.2 88.4

All or part government .................... 19.8 13.1 6.4 3.7 2.1 1.1

All Medicaid ........................... 10.7 5.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 -

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 41.3 39.5 37.2 26.0 17.5 9.4

All private ............................... 22.3 30.8 34.0 24.5 16.9 9.3

All or part government .................... 19.0 8.7 3.1 1.5 0.6 0.2

No coverage............................... 28.9 19.7 12.5 6.4 3.3 1.0

Females............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 49.4 39.6 56.8 73.7 83.1 93.1

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 25.5 49.0 69.5 81.0 91.8

All or part government .................... 41.9 14.1 7.8 4.2 2.1 1.3

All Medicaid ........................... 32.3 3.9 1.8 0.5 0.1 -

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 34.4 43.7 34.5 22.6 14.8 6.3

All private ............................... 13.3 28.6 28.2 20.3 13.9 6.0

All or part government .................... 21.1 15.1 6.3 2.4 0.9 0.2

No coverage............................... 16.2 16.7 8.7 3.6 2.1 0.6

33
Table 14. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status

Sex, and Ratio of Income to Low-Income Threshold: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Less than

1.00

1.00 to

1.49

1.50 to

1.99

2.00 to

2.99

3.00 to

3.99

4.00 and

over

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total................. 8.86 0.56 7.07 0.49 6.15 0.37 6.81 0.27 6.79 0.29 7.06 0.19

Covered 24 months ....... 11.23 0.95 9.80 1.00 7.31 0.57 7.29 0.34 7.03 0.34 7.23 0.20

All private .............. 5.07 0.91 6.47 0.83 6.37 0.54 6.82 0.32 6.82 0.34 7.11 0.20

All or part government . . . 12.72 1.13 16.26 2.30 13.47 2.40 15.13 2.16 15.08 2.75 16.04 2.89

All Medicaid .......... 11.86 1.27 9.47 2.43 13.09 6.64 8.85 3.14 10.21 13.22 17.75 12.54

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 8.77 0.91 5.69 0.57 5.08 0.51 5.73 0.49 6.17 0.66 5.50 0.63

All private .............. 6.55 1.49 4.57 0.64 4.23 0.46 5.43 0.52 5.70 0.56 5.40 0.64

All or part government . . . 10.56 1.10 8.40 1.17 10.55 2.13 9.24 1.37 15.83 7.01 9.14 3.01

No coverage.............. 4.10 0.68 4.17 0.90 3.85 0.93 5.15 1.15 3.34 0.71 2.98 1.00

MALES ..................

Total................. 6.81 1.08 5.84 0.74 4.57 0.52 5.29 0.35 5.09 0.35 5.42 0.24

Covered 24 months ....... 9.39 2.48 7.83 1.37 5.76 0.90 5.72 0.44 5.29 0.41 5.62 0.25

All private .............. 2.85 1.12 4.53 0.91 4.75 0.81 4.97 0.39 5.01 0.39 5.49 0.25

All or part government . . . 12.68 3.55 14.78 3.58 12.68 4.28 18.59 3.89 15.33 3.67 15.38 4.11

All Medicaid .......... 9.98 3.90 7.13 3.87 9.75 4.75 11.22 5.19 7.94 8.43 15.83 6.22

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 7.14 1.72 4.82 1.01 3.45 0.57 4.27 0.59 4.59 0.90 3.91 0.61

All private .............. 5.27 2.43 4.08 1.03 2.86 0.49 4.18 0.63 4.02 0.54 3.86 0.63

All or part government . . . 9.35 2.40 7.43 2.72 9.93 3.70 5.78 1.99 21.54 16.53 6.70 2.86

No coverage.............. 3.66 0.95 3.76 1.44 3.11 1.18 4.89 1.77 3.02 0.91 2.01 0.64

FEMALES

Total................. 9.93 0.63 8.08 0.66 7.54 0.51 8.24 0.41 8.50 0.46 8.84 0.30

Covered 24 months ....... 11.81 1.00 11.48 1.39 8.52 0.73 8.66 0.49 8.70 0.52 8.91 0.32

All private .............. 6.63 1.27 8.20 1.28 7.64 0.71 8.44 0.49 8.54 0.52 8.80 0.32

All or part government . . . 12.73 1.13 17.39 2.97 14.05 2.81 12.27 2.32 14.84 4.06 16.65 4.06

All Medicaid .......... 12.19 1.34 11.94 2.96 22.39 9.26 7.08 3.70 12.41 22.75 17.75 12.54

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 9.79 1.00 6.34 0.66 6.62 0.79 7.31 0.78 8.04 0.98 8.10 1.27

All private .............. 7.66 1.81 5.00 0.78 5.69 0.74 6.85 0.85 7.76 1.03 7.99 1.30

All or part government . . . 11.13 1.15 8.86 1.15 10.82 2.59 11.26 1.74 12.27 2.67 11.22 4.68

No coverage.............. 4.52 0.96 4.57 1.10 4.78 1.47 5.58 0.98 3.83 1.10 4.76 2.40

FEMALES WITH A

CHILDBIRTH

Total................. 14.85 1.61 14.60 1.64 14.43 1.55 15.51 1.13 17.23 1.79 18.22 1.10

Covered 24 months ....... 16.08 1.05 17.72 1.50 14.95 0.76 14.67 0.51 17.93 0.52 18.53 0.32

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 15.47 2.33 14.72 1.25 17.93 2.15 18.57 1.18

All or part government . . . 16.18 2.94 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid .......... 15.20 3.50 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 13.52 1.32 12.95 1.98 14.09 2.70 18.05 2.57 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government . . . 13.68 1.44 13.15 2.42 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO

CHILDBIRTH

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.11 0.68 7.35 0.69 6.80 0.54 7.61 0.42 7.89 0.47 8.26 0.30

Covered 24 months ....... 11.04 1.05 10.81 1.50 7.81 0.76 8.12 0.51 8.06 0.52 8.33 0.32

All private .............. 6.35 1.28 7.29 1.32 6.81 0.73 7.90 0.52 7.89 0.52 8.21 0.32

All or part government . . . 12.01 1.22 17.28 3.30 14.29 3.18 11.99 2.54 14.60 4.33 16.68 4.33

All Medicaid .......... 11.52 1.44 11.94 2.96 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 8.91 1.18 5.34 0.66 5.71 0.79 6.37 0.78 7.59 1.01 7.67 1.34

All private .............. 7.41 1.89 4.64 0.78 4.98 0.71 6.17 0.85 7.50 1.06 7.63 1.37

All or part government . . . 10.15 1.49 7.11 1.22 10.02 3.28 8.64 1.76 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage.............. 4.41 0.96 4.45 1.12 4.63 1.52 5.19 0.90 3.51 1.08 (B) (B)

34
Table 15. Mean Number of Nights In a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Ratio of Income to Low-Income Threshold: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Less than

1.00

1.00 to

1.49

1.50 to

1.99

2.00 to

2.99

3.00 to

3.99

4.00 and

over

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total................. 2.24 0.35 1.77 0.32 0.85 0.12 0.94 0.10 0.93 0.15 0.64 0.05

Covered 24 months ....... 2.70 0.47 2.11 0.64 1.07 0.20 1.01 0.14 0.96 0.17 0.65 0.05

All private .............. 0.97 0.56 1.06 0.63 0.78 0.19 0.87 0.12 0.76 0.10 0.63 0.05

All or part government . . . 3.13 0.57 4.14 1.40 2.94 0.95 3.34 0.98 8.63 4.63 2.55 0.98

All Medicaid .......... 3.08 0.69 1.83 1.37 5.34 3.04 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 2.66 0.76 1.91 0.47 0.71 0.15 0.84 0.19 0.81 0.25 0.49 0.14

All private .............. 0.76 0.27 1.40 0.49 0.58 0.15 0.69 0.17 0.65 0.22 0.45 0.14

All or part government . . . 4.19 1.34 3.16 1.05 1.53 0.54 2.68 1.01 4.11 2.42 (B) (B)

No coverage.............. 0.53 0.30 0.67 0.30 0.23 0.12 0.49 0.24 0.68 0.46 0.49 0.52

MALES

Total................. 1.90 0.51 1.72 0.52 0.77 0.22 0.80 0.14 0.67 0.19 0.52 0.07

Covered 24 months ....... 2.39 0.91 1.87 0.91 0.87 0.37 0.90 0.19 0.65 0.22 0.53 0.07

All private .............. 0.97 1.08 0.74 0.29 0.73 0.35 0.68 0.17 0.47 0.12 0.51 0.07

All or part government . . . 3.11 1.23 4.25 2.74 1.84 1.62 4.64 1.57 7.03 6.52 2.57 1.13

All Medicaid .......... 2.95 1.84 0.91 0.47 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 2.54 0.96 2.07 0.86 0.81 0.29 0.60 0.15 0.74 0.37 0.47 0.17

All private .............. 0.49 0.42 1.33 0.71 0.69 0.29 0.49 0.14 0.58 0.30 0.41 0.15

All or part government . . . 4.95 1.98 4.72 2.94 2.13 1.45 2.56 1.52 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage.............. 0.46 0.32 0.72 0.57 0.25 0.19 0.56 0.37 0.88 0.74 0.06 0.12

FEMALES

Total................. 2.42 0.47 1.80 0.42 0.92 0.14 1.07 0.15 1.19 0.22 0.77 0.08

Covered 24 months ....... 2.80 0.56 2.31 0.88 1.22 0.22 1.10 0.19 1.26 0.25 0.78 0.08

All private .............. 0.96 0.57 1.35 1.13 0.82 0.17 1.03 0.17 1.03 0.17 0.76 0.08

All or part government . . . 3.13 0.64 4.05 1.37 3.74 1.15 2.26 1.20 10.21 6.57 2.53 1.57

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 0.74 2.80 2.55 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 2.73 1.08 1.80 0.51 0.61 0.12 1.11 0.34 0.89 0.32 0.52 0.24

All private .............. 0.99 0.35 1.47 0.68 0.47 0.12 0.92 0.34 0.73 0.32 0.53 0.25

All or part government . . . 3.83 1.71 2.42 0.71 1.27 0.41 2.75 1.34 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage.............. 0.60 0.49 0.62 0.24 0.21 0.12 0.37 0.22 0.38 0.25 (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH A

CHILDBIRTH

Total................. 3.69 0.35 3.70 0.52 3.07 0.37 3.28 0.39 4.12 0.52 3.64 0.39

Covered 24 months ....... 4.18 0.51 3.42 0.59 3.21 0.54 3.31 0.49 4.25 0.59 3.67 0.41

All private .............. 2.44 0.79 3.12 0.49 3.29 0.64 3.38 0.54 4.26 0.61 3.67 0.41

All or part government . . . 4.25 0.52 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid .......... 4.18 0.59 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 3.17 0.52 3.93 0.79 2.91 0.47 3.20 0.47 3.46 1.25 3.35 1.22

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government . . . 3.25 0.57 3.81 0.96 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO

CHILDBIRTH

Total................. 2.21 0.54 1.59 0.46 0.69 0.14 0.88 0.15 0.99 0.24 0.59 0.08

Covered 24 months ....... 2.55 0.64 2.19 0.98 1.00 0.24 0.90 0.19 1.06 0.27 0.60 0.08

All private .............. 0.90 0.61 1.17 1.23 0.56 0.15 0.82 0.19 0.81 0.17 0.58 0.08

All or part government . . . 2.89 0.76 4.07 1.54 3.87 1.30 2.21 1.39 10.66 7.01 2.48 1.69

All Medicaid .......... 2.87 0.90 2.80 2.55 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . 2.62 1.32 1.48 0.56 0.33 0.10 0.92 0.35 0.71 0.34 0.31 0.22

All private .............. 0.90 0.35 1.33 0.71 0.32 0.12 0.79 0.35 0.64 0.34 0.32 0.24

All or part government . . . 4.05 2.33 1.85 0.90 0.42 0.35 2.49 1.77 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage.............. 0.58 0.51 0.55 0.24 0.13 0.10 0.29 0.22 0.19 0.15 (B) (B)

35
Table 16. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

Northeast Midwest South West Northeast Midwest South West

BOTH SEXES ..................... 31,517 40,997 52,917 31,262 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 25,559 32,203 36,115 22,376 81.1 78.6 68.3 71.6

All private ....................... 23,555 29,978 32,762 20,592 74.7 73.1 61.9 65.9

All or part government ............ 2,005 2,224 3,353 1,784 6.4 5.4 6.3 5.7

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 1,045 1,174 722 3.2 2.6 2.2 2.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 4,953 6,971 12,588 6,958 15.7 17.0 23.8 22.3

All private ....................... 4,048 5,449 10,655 5,785 12.9 13.3 20.1 18.5

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 1,522 1,933 1,173 2.9 3.7 3.7 3.8

No coverage ....................... 1,004 1,823 4,214 1,928 3.2 4.5 8.0 6.2

MALES............................ 15,345 20,096 25,213 15,583 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 12,063 15,643 16,990 10,962 78.6 77.8 67.4 70.4

All private ....................... 11,457 14,959 15,717 10,352 74.7 74.4 62.3 66.4

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 683 1,272 610 4.0 3.4 5.1 3.9

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 191 291 204 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2,686 3,440 6,023 3,557 17.5 17.1 23.9 22.8

All private ....................... 2,284 2,978 5,446 3,175 14.9 14.8 21.6 20.4

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 462 577 382 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.5

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 1,013 2,200 1,064 3.9 5.0 8.7 6.8

FEMALES ......................... 16,172 20,901 27,704 15,679 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 13,496 16,560 19,126 11,414 83.5 79.2 69.0 72.8

All private ....................... 12,098 15,019 17,045 10,240 74.8 71.9 61.5 65.3

All or part government ............ 1,399 1,541 2,081 1,175 8.7 7.4 7.5 7.5

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 854 883 518 5.0 4.1 3.2 3.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2,268 3,531 6,565 3,401 14.0 16.9 23.7 21.7

All private ....................... 1,764 2,471 5,209 2,610 10.9 11.8 18.8 16.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 1,060 1,355 3.1 5.1 4.9 5.1

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 810 2,014 864 2.5 3.9 7.3 5.5

36
Table 17. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Northeast Midwest South West

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 7.28 0.27 6.79 0.24 6.56 0.22 7.81 0.29

Covered 24 months................. 7.64 0.32 6.95 0.25 7.19 0.27 8.58 0.37

All private ....................... 7.07 0.30 6.59 0.25 6.53 0.25 7.77 0.34

All or part government ............ 14.31 1.45 11.78 1.35 13.63 1.45 17.87 2.16

All Medicaid ................... 12.37 1.86 9.42 1.66 11.68 2.30 14.43 3.16

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 5.98 0.63 6.44 0.52 5.70 0.42 6.45 0.52

All private ....................... 5.37 0.66 4.97 0.46 4.87 0.42 6.05 0.61

All or part government ............ 8.70 1.59 11.69 1.59 10.28 1.32 8.44 0.96

No coverage ....................... 4.46 1.23 5.29 1.25 3.74 0.47 3.77 0.81

MALES

Total .......................... 5.42 0.34 5.29 0.32 4.92 0.27 6.11 0.41

Covered 24 months................. 5.88 0.41 5.44 0.35 5.30 0.32 6.73 0.51

All private ....................... 5.34 0.39 5.03 0.34 4.65 0.27 6.13 0.47

All or part government ............ 15.94 2.99 14.53 3.09 13.30 2.91 16.94 3.97

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 8.75 6.12 8.39 4.87

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.81 0.61 4.57 0.68 4.60 0.66 4.84 0.69

All private ....................... 2.99 0.41 3.61 0.54 4.08 0.61 4.66 0.74

All or part government ............ 8.48 3.11 10.74 3.24 9.57 3.46 6.29 1.79

No coverage ....................... 3.50 1.76 5.44 1.88 2.79 0.63 3.93 1.37

FEMALES

Total .......................... 9.04 0.42 8.23 0.32 8.06 0.32 9.49 0.42

Covered 24 months................. 9.22 0.46 8.37 0.37 8.87 0.42 10.34 0.52

All private ....................... 8.71 0.47 8.15 0.37 8.27 0.42 9.42 0.49

All or part government ............ 13.60 1.64 10.55 1.37 13.84 1.61 18.36 2.55

All Medicaid ................... 12.59 2.15 9.65 1.84 12.64 2.38 16.81 3.85

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 8.55 1.10 8.26 0.78 6.71 0.52 8.14 0.78

All private ....................... 8.46 1.37 6.61 0.76 5.71 0.57 7.74 0.95

All or part government ............ 8.88 1.52 12.11 1.76 10.58 1.17 9.47 1.12

No coverage ....................... 5.86 1.66 5.10 1.55 4.77 0.73 3.57 0.73

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 15.93 1.45 17.00 1.22 14.95 0.85 16.74 1.30

Covered 24 months................. 16.15 1.61 17.52 1.49 16.46 1.17 17.26 1.76

All private ....................... 15.79 1.25 18.19 1.76 16.19 1.10 18.25 2.04

All or part government ............ 17.67 6.59 14.84 2.42 17.70 4.09 13.59 3.33

All Medicaid ................... 20.52 9.38 10.98 2.01 19.11 8.28 8.80 2.21

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 13.96 3.28 15.73 2.15 12.50 1.13 15.96 1.74

All private ....................... 14.05 5.21 16.81 3.45 10.82 1.23 18.01 3.31

All or part government ............ 13.86 3.57 15.06 2.72 13.34 1.62 14.36 1.86

No coverage ....................... 21.59 10.55 13.35 6.57 9.96 2.91 10.96 2.20

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 8.48 0.42 7.38 0.32 7.53 0.34 8.80 0.44

Covered 24 months................. 8.64 0.47 7.56 0.37 8.34 0.44 9.75 0.54

All private ....................... 8.18 0.49 7.37 0.37 7.75 0.44 8.77 0.49

All or part government ............ 12.93 1.59 9.64 1.57 13.37 1.72 19.28 2.99

All Medicaid ................... 11.09 1.84 9.35 2.25 11.76 2.45 18.61 4.55

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 8.16 1.15 7.14 0.79 6.04 0.57 6.97 0.83

All private ....................... 8.17 1.40 5.83 0.74 5.48 0.61 6.91 0.96

All or part government ............ 8.10 1.62 11.02 2.16 9.18 1.50 7.22 1.23

No coverage ....................... 5.29 1.57 4.78 1.57 4.65 0.74 3.38 0.73

37
Table 18. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Region: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Northeast Midwest South West

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 1.20 0.14 0.85 0.10 1.08 0.10 0.75 0.08

Covered 24 months................. 1.18 0.15 0.82 0.10 1.04 0.12 0.79 0.12

All private ....................... 0.84 0.10 0.66 0.08 0.78 0.10 0.63 0.10

All or part government ............ 5.21 1.34 3.05 1.10 3.50 0.79 2.74 0.68

All Medicaid ................... 4.09 1.64 2.02 0.78 3.13 0.95 2.43 0.95

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.38 0.34 1.15 0.25 1.39 0.30 0.73 0.14

All private ....................... 1.01 0.34 0.72 0.20 0.76 0.17 0.46 0.10

All or part government ............ 3.04 1.00 2.69 0.83 4.84 1.64 2.10 0.63

No coverage ....................... 0.87 0.63 0.33 0.14 0.58 0.20 0.37 0.19

MALES

Total .......................... 1.01 0.19 0.72 0.15 0.86 0.12 0.53 0.10

Covered 24 months................. 0.99 0.22 0.69 0.19 0.77 0.10 0.51 0.14

All private ....................... 0.71 0.15 0.52 0.12 0.58 0.08 0.40 0.12

All or part government ............ 6.17 2.91 4.29 2.99 3.09 0.95 2.27 1.28

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 1.95 1.08 0.30 0.39

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.16 0.37 1.01 0.41 1.26 0.35 0.63 0.17

All private ....................... 0.71 0.29 0.51 0.25 0.81 0.24 0.34 0.12

All or part government ............ 3.69 1.89 4.25 2.37 5.48 2.70 3.03 1.18

No coverage ....................... 0.76 0.98 0.34 0.20 0.55 0.24 0.47 0.32

FEMALES

Total .......................... 1.38 0.19 0.98 0.10 1.28 0.17 0.98 0.14

Covered 24 months................. 1.35 0.20 0.95 0.12 1.28 0.19 1.07 0.19

All private ....................... 0.95 0.14 0.79 0.10 0.98 0.15 0.85 0.17

All or part government ............ 4.79 1.45 2.49 0.83 3.76 1.12 2.99 0.81

All Medicaid ................... 3.81 1.81 2.23 0.88 3.52 1.17 3.27 1.23

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.65 0.56 1.28 0.27 1.51 0.49 0.84 0.22

All private ....................... 1.40 0.66 0.97 0.32 0.72 0.22 0.60 0.17

All or part government ............ 2.52 1.05 2.01 0.51 4.56 2.03 1.65 0.73

No coverage ....................... 1.03 0.66 0.32 0.19 0.61 0.32 0.25 0.14

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 3.62 0.24 3.69 0.32 3.75 0.35 3.16 0.41

Covered 24 months................. 3.58 0.25 3.76 0.39 3.96 0.52 3.36 0.52

All private ....................... 3.54 0.27 3.62 0.42 3.99 0.61 3.33 0.66

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 4.31 0.93 3.85 0.63 (B) (B)

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.60 0.63 3.36 0.44 2.82 0.63

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 2.70 0.39 (B) (B)

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.93 0.91 3.69 0.66 2.50 0.79

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 1.20 0.20 0.72 0.10 1.09 0.19 0.77 0.15

Covered 24 months................. 1.16 0.22 0.70 0.12 1.09 0.20 0.87 0.19

All private ....................... 0.76 0.15 0.57 0.10 0.78 0.17 0.67 0.19

All or part government ............ 4.96 1.67 2.11 1.00 3.75 1.25 2.89 0.96

All Medicaid ................... 3.77 2.11 1.70 1.03 3.52 1.30 3.08 1.47

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.49 0.59 0.94 0.29 1.30 0.54 0.55 0.22

All private ....................... 1.28 0.69 0.81 0.34 0.63 0.24 0.39 0.15

All or part government ............ 2.31 1.20 1.30 0.56 5.00 2.87 1.26 1.00

No coverage ....................... 0.92 0.66 0.25 0.19 0.55 0.32 0.21 0.14

38
Table 19. Health Insurance Coverage Status of Persons During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Residence:

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

Central

city

Metro area,

not central

city Nonmetro

Central

city

Metro area,

not central

city Nonmetro

BOTH SEXES ............................. 48,602 71,572 36,519 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 33,795 56,558 25,901 69.5 79.0 70.9

All private ............................... 29,594 53,800 23,493 60.9 75.2 64.3

All or part government .................... 4,201 2,758 2,408 8.6 3.9 6.6

All Medicaid ........................... 2,097 852 983 4.3 1.2 2.7

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 11,651 12,015 7,805 24.0 16.8 21.4

All private ............................... 9,296 10,515 6,127 19.1 14.7 16.8

All or part government .................... 2,355 1,500 1,678 4.9 2.1 4.6

No coverage............................... 3,156 3,000 2,813 6.5 4.2 7.7

MALES ................................... 22,840 35,535 17,862 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 15,366 27,722 12,569 67.3 78.0 70.4

All private ............................... 14,200 26,586 11,700 62.2 74.8 65.5

All or part government .................... 1,166 1,136 869 5.1 3.2 4.9

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 221 251 1.7 0.6 1.4

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 5,803 6,109 3,795 25.4 17.2 21.3

All private ............................... 4,955 5,581 3,348 21.7 15.7 18.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 528 448 3.7 1.5 2.5

No coverage............................... 1,671 1,705 1,498 7.3 4.8 8.4

FEMALES ................................. 25,762 36,037 18,657 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 18,428 28,836 13,332 71.5 80.0 71.5

All private ............................... 15,394 27,213 11,793 9.8 75.5 63.2

All or part government .................... 3,034 1,622 1,539 11.8 4.5 8.3

All Medicaid ........................... 1,703 631 732 6.6 1.8 3.9

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 5,849 5,906 4,009 22.7 16.4 21.5

All private ............................... 4,342 4,934 2,779 16.9 13.7 14.9

All or part government .................... 1,507 972 1,230 5.9 2.7 6.6

No coverage............................... 1,485 1,295 1,316 5.8 3.6 7.1

39
Table 20. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Residence: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Central city

Metro area, not

central city Nonmetro

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .................................. 7.13 0.22 7.17 0.19 6.54 0.25

Covered 24 months......................... 7.73 0.27 7.61 0.22 6.90 0.32

All private ............................... 6.91 0.25 7.23 0.22 6.16 0.29

All or part government .................... 13.54 1.15 15.05 1.39 14.16 1.79

All Medicaid ........................... 11.36 1.27 13.59 2.87 11.01 2.52

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 6.30 0.46 5.86 0.37 6.08 0.49

All private ............................... 5.08 0.46 5.45 0.41 5.10 0.54

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.11 1.27 8.73 1.08 9.64 1.13

No coverage............................... 3.75 0.69 4.19 0.66 4.53 0.73

MALES

Total .................................. 5.35 0.30 5.57 0.24 4.95 0.34

Covered 24 months......................... 5.68 0.35 5.98 0.27 5.33 0.42

All private ............................... 4.91 0.30 5.63 0.27 4.58 0.34

All or part government .................... 15.02 2.82 14.03 2.06 15.40 3.72

All Medicaid ........................... 8.39 2.52 9.29 4.73 10.14 6.41

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 5.10 0.68 4.35 0.47 3.89 0.56

All private ............................... 4.03 0.61 3.94 0.46 3.78 0.61

All or part government .................... 11.36 2.81 8.65 2.57 4.69 1.61

No coverage............................... 3.29 1.13 3.39 0.79 4.44 1.17

FEMALES

Total .................................. 8.71 0.30 8.75 0.29 8.07 0.37

Covered 24 months......................... 9.45 0.39 9.18 0.34 8.39 0.46

All private ............................... 8.75 0.39 8.79 0.32 7.73 0.44

All or part government .................... 12.97 1.20 15.76 1.86 13.46 1.88

All Medicaid ........................... 12.05 1.44 15.09 3.43 11.32 2.57

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 7.49 0.59 7.42 0.57 8.15 0.78

All private ............................... 6.28 0.66 7.16 0.68 6.70 0.91

All or part government .................... 10.97 1.22 8.78 1.00 11.43 1.40

No coverage............................... 4.28 0.78 5.24 1.06 4.62 0.83

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 15.40 0.91 16.46 0.93 16.43 1.30

Covered 24 months......................... 15.83 1.13 17.34 1.13 17.38 1.86

All private ............................... 16.55 1.39 17.59 1.05 16.62 1.94

All or part government .................... 14.26 1.88 15.39 5.59 (B) (B)

All Medicaid ........................... 12.38 2.23 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 14.37 1.61 13.83 1.42 14.88 1.66

All private ............................... 12.49 2.03 15.17 2.28 (B) (B)

All or part government .................... 15.40 2.25 12.32 1.61 13.96 1.62

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 8.12 0.32 8.13 0.29 7.27 0.37

Covered 24 months......................... 8.89 0.41 8.55 0.34 7.65 0.46

All private ............................... 8.21 0.41 8.16 0.34 7.06 0.44

All or part government .................... 12.74 1.37 15.82 1.96 12.45 1.98

All Medicaid ........................... 11.98 1.67 15.16 3.38 9.61 2.57

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 6.71 0.63 6.76 0.61 6.99 0.85

All private ............................... 5.96 0.69 6.65 0.69 6.00 0.91

All or part government .................... 9.47 1.40 7.47 1.18 10.15 1.89

No coverage............................... 4.14 0.76 4.99 1.10 4.34 0.81

40
Table 21. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Residence: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Central city

Metro area, not

central city Nonmetro

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 0.12 0.89 0.07 0.98 0.12

Covered 24 months......................... 1.04 0.12 0.89 0.08 1.02 0.15

All private ............................... 0.77 0.10 0.72 0.07 0.70 0.12

All or part government .................... 2.94 0.59 4.24 1.15 4.08 1.03

All Medicaid ........................... 2.40 0.56 2.65 0.88 4.38 1.99

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 1.54 0.32 0.93 0.15 1.07 0.24

All private ............................... 0.72 0.14 0.70 0.15 0.78 0.25

All or part government .................... 4.78 1.40 2.57 0.57 2.10 0.54

No coverage............................... 0.34 0.15 0.75 0.30 0.47 0.17

MALES

Total .................................. 0.88 0.15 0.78 0.10 0.70 0.12

Covered 24 months......................... 0.75 0.17 0.75 0.12 0.70 0.15

All private ............................... 0.51 0.12 0.59 0.08 0.53 0.14

All or part government .................... 3.60 1.61 4.52 2.04 3.05 1.22

All Medicaid ........................... 1.14 0.78 1.41 0.91 4.14 3.38

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 1.40 0.37 0.90 0.24 0.72 0.24

All private ............................... 0.61 0.19 0.70 0.22 0.50 0.17

All or part government .................... 6.03 2.18 2.98 1.28 2.42 1.40

No coverage............................... 0.22 0.14 0.73 0.42 0.60 0.30

FEMALES

Total .................................. 1.32 0.17 1.01 0.10 1.26 0.20

Covered 24 months......................... 1.28 0.15 1.02 0.12 1.31 0.15

All private ............................... 1.00 0.15 0.84 0.08 0.87 0.14

All or part government .................... 2.68 0.56 4.05 1.39 4.66 1.22

All Medicaid ........................... 2.69 0.64 3.08 1.12 4.46 3.38

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 1.67 0.51 0.96 0.20 1.39 0.39

All private ............................... 0.84 0.20 0.69 0.22 1.13 0.17

All or part government .................... 4.08 1.81 2.36 0.59 1.99 1.40

No coverage............................... 0.47 0.27 0.78 0.41 0.33 0.30

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 3.64 0.22 3.77 0.34 3.21 0.29

Covered 24 months......................... 3.78 0.27 3.81 0.41 3.34 0.34

All private ............................... 3.58 0.30 3.87 0.46 3.25 0.32

All or part government .................... 4.23 0.52 3.32 0.42 (B) (B)

All Medicaid ........................... 4.59 0.71 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 3.27 0.41 3.78 0.59 2.97 0.52

All private ............................... 3.26 0.64 3.26 0.57 (B) (B)

All or part government .................... 3.28 0.52 4.35 1.05 3.14 0.68

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .................................. 1.12 0.17 0.78 0.10 1.07 0.22

Covered 24 months......................... 1.06 0.17 0.81 0.12 1.14 0.27

All private ............................... 0.82 0.15 0.63 0.08 0.69 0.20

All or part government .................... 2.40 0.64 4.17 1.59 4.78 1.61

All Medicaid ........................... 2.32 0.76 3.09 1.32 4.57 2.77

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 1.49 0.56 0.67 0.22 1.12 0.44

All private ............................... 0.71 0.20 0.53 0.22 1.03 0.54

All or part government .................... 4.36 2.35 1.62 0.69 1.40 0.68

No coverage............................... 0.42 0.29 0.71 0.42 0.24 0.12

41
Table 22. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Years of School

Completed: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

Less than

12 years 12 years

13 to

15 years

16

years

and over

Less

than

12 years

12

years

13 to

15 years

16

years

and over

BOTH SEXES ..................... 22,166 52,112 30,608 31,930 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 13,177 38,395 23,399 27,582 59.5 73.7 76.5 86.4

All private ....................... 9,464 35,501 22,489 27,154 42.7 68.1 73.5 85.0

All or part government ............ 3,713 2,895 910 428 16.8 5.6 3.0 1.3

All Medicaid ................... 1,753 1,178 346 45 7.9 2.3 1.1 0.1

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 6,010 10,645 6,052 3,803 27.1 20.4 19.8 11.9

All private ....................... 4,369 8,839 5,434 3,694 19.7 17.0 17.8 11.6

All or part government ............ 1,642 1,806 619 109 7.4 3.5 2.0 0.3

No coverage ....................... 2,979 3,072 1,157 545 13.4 5.9 3.8 1.7

MALES............................ 10,743 24,068 14,295 17,284 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 6,046 17,145 10,795 14,726 56.3 71.2 75.5 85.2

All private ....................... 4,818 16,208 10,546 14,515 44.9 67.3 73.8 84.0

All or part government ............ 1,228 937 249 212 11.4 3.9 1.7 1.2

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 232 47 18 3.1 1.0 0.3 0.1

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3,085 5,230 2,949 2,247 28.7 21.7 20.6 13.0

All private ....................... 2,472 4,699 2,798 2,194 23.0 19.5 19.6 12.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 531 152 53 5.7 2.2 1.1 0.3

No coverage ....................... 1,612 1,694 550 311 15.0 7.0 3.9 1.8

FEMALES ........................ 11,423 28,044 16,314 14,646 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 7,131 21,251 12,604 12,856 62.4 75.8 77.3 87.8

All private ....................... 4,645 19,292 11,943 12,640 40.7 68.8 73.2 86.3

All or part government ............ 2,485 1,958 661 216 21.8 7.0 4.1 1.5

All Medicaid ................... 1,422 946 299 27 12.5 3.4 1.8 0.2

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2,925 5,416 3,103 1,556 25.6 19.3 19.0 10.6

All private ....................... 1,896 4,140 2,636 1,500 16.6 14.8 16.2 10.2

All or part government ............ 1,029 1,275 467 55 9.0 4.6 2.9 0.4

No coverage ....................... 1,367 1,378 607 234 12.0 4.9 3.7 1.6

42
Table 23. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Years of School Completed: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Less than

12 years 12 years 13 to 15 years

16 years

and over

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 8.29 0.42 6.89 0.20 7.59 0.29 7.02 0.25

Covered 24 months................. 9.76 0.61 7.41 0.25 7.95 0.34 7.24 0.27

All private ....................... 7.27 0.61 6.93 0.25 7.53 0.32 7.07 0.27

All or part government ............ 16.09 1.39 13.30 1.45 18.29 3.03 17.82 3.40

All Medicaid ................... 13.55 1.67 11.05 2.16 13.99 4.53 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 6.88 0.68 5.83 0.37 6.80 0.69 5.73 0.69

All private ....................... 5.46 0.78 5.10 0.41 5.90 0.63 5.62 0.71

All or part government ............ 10.66 1.35 9.43 0.90 14.70 3.60 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 4.61 0.73 4.13 0.76 4.36 0.74 4.99 2.28

MALES

Total .......................... 7.03 0.61 5.37 0.29 5.73 0.41 4.97 0.27

Covered 24 months................. 8.23 0.91 5.92 0.37 6.05 0.44 5.11 0.30

All private ....................... 5.68 0.73 5.45 0.35 5.73 0.42 4.93 0.29

All or part government ............ 18.23 3.19 14.02 2.87 19.58 5.51 17.57 5.09

All Medicaid ................... 12.70 4.66 4.50 1.08 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 1.01 4.10 0.47 5.11 1.05 3.97 0.69

All private ....................... 4.71 1.06 3.84 0.47 4.09 0.74 3.88 0.71

All or part government ............ 11.78 2.60 6.36 1.66 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 4.27 1.12 3.63 1.08 2.83 0.83 5.93 3.92

FEMALES

Total .......................... 9.47 0.56 8.20 0.30 9.22 0.42 9.43 0.42

Covered 24 months................. 11.06 0.79 8.61 0.35 9.58 0.49 9.67 0.46

All private ....................... 8.93 0.95 8.17 0.35 9.13 0.47 9.53 0.46

All or part government ............ 15.04 1.40 12.95 1.69 17.80 3.62 18.06 4.50

All Medicaid ................... 13.74 1.76 12.65 2.54 12.90 4.29 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7.68 0.91 7.50 0.56 8.40 0.91 8.27 1.32

All private ....................... 6.44 1.13 6.52 0.64 7.82 1.01 8.17 1.37

All or part government ............ 9.99 1.52 10.70 1.03 11.70 1.99 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 5.02 0.90 4.74 1.10 5.76 1.17 37.40 1.30

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 12.62 1.17 16.59 1.27 16.70 1.32 17.25 9.00

Covered 24 months................. 13.02 1.72 18.21 1.74 16.75 1.52 17.42 10.00

All private ....................... 11.92 1.98 17.37 1.52 17.10 1.64 17.43 10.00

All or part government ............ 13.64 2.50 22.11 6.64 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid ................... 11.39 2.86 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 11.75 1.50 13.67 1.52 16.67 2.75 (B) (B)

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 14.36 2.77 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 11.28 1.94 13.20 1.64 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 9.26 0.59 7.55 0.30 8.52 0.44 8.59 4.00

Covered 24 months................. 10.93 0.85 7.98 0.35 8.91 0.51 8.79 4.00

All private ....................... 8.83 0.98 7.63 0.35 8.41 0.49 8.62 4.00

All or part government ............ 15.20 1.54 11.72 1.66 18.60 4.16 18.21 40.00

All Medicaid ................... 14.13 1.98 10.70 2.35 13.54 4.93 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7.28 0.98 6.63 0.57 7.56 0.95 7.75 12.00

All private ....................... 6.14 1.17 5.97 0.64 7.36 1.05 7.64 12.00

All or part government ............ 9.71 1.81 9.57 1.25 9.10 2.03 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 4.77 0.91 4.49 1.12 5.50 1.18 3.65 11.00

43
Table 24. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Years of School Completed: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Less than

12 years 12 years 13 to 15 years

16 years

and over

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 1.91 0.24 0.96 0.08 0.83 0.08 0.71 0.10

Covered 24 months................. 2.10 0.30 0.94 0.08 0.86 0.10 0.73 0.12

All private ....................... 1.18 0.27 0.79 0.08 0.74 0.08 0.63 0.08

All or part government ............ 4.43 0.78 2.73 0.68 3.84 1.47 7.15 5.07

All Medicaid ................... 3.96 0.96 2.53 1.27 2.22 1.13 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2.18 0.56 1.13 0.20 0.75 0.17 0.57 0.19

All private ....................... 1.06 0.29 0.87 0.20 0.51 0.14 0.47 0.17

All or part government ............ 5.18 1.83 2.39 0.59 2.84 1.12 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 0.52 0.17 0.62 0.30 0.47 0.25 0.71 0.63

MALES

Total .......................... 1.54 0.29 0.83 0.12 0.59 0.12 0.49 0.08

Covered 24 months................. 1.76 0.44 0.78 0.12 0.59 0.14 0.48 0.10

All private ....................... 0.97 0.30 0.64 0.12 0.52 0.12 0.44 0.10

All or part government ............ 4.84 1.83 3.20 1.05 3.85 1.98 3.35 1.83

All Medicaid ................... 2.56 2.37 3.05 1.66 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 1.61 0.42 1.08 0.30 0.68 0.29 0.45 0.19

All private ....................... 0.99 0.32 0.76 0.25 0.49 0.20 0.30 0.12

All or part government ............ 4.12 1.61 3.96 1.69 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 0.61 0.30 0.51 0.39 0.15 0.12 1.19 1.10

FEMALES

Total .......................... 2.25 0.37 1.06 0.12 1.03 0.14 0.97 0.19

Covered 24 months................. 2.38 0.42 1.06 0.14 1.09 0.17 1.02 0.22

All private ....................... 1.40 0.47 0.91 0.12 0.94 0.14 0.85 0.14

All or part government ............ 4.22 0.79 2.51 0.86 3.84 1.88 10.88 9.95

All Medicaid ................... 4.29 1.05 2.40 1.49 2.15 0.98 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2.79 1.03 1.17 0.27 0.81 0.20 0.75 0.35

All private ....................... 1.14 0.47 1.00 0.32 0.53 0.17 0.72 0.37

All or part government ............ 5.82 2.72 1.74 0.39 2.41 0.83 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 0.40 0.14 0.76 0.47 0.76 0.49 0.07 0.08

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 3.57 0.44 3.44 0.25 3.99 0.49 3.46 0.42

Covered 24 months................. 3.44 0.39 3.63 0.30 4.26 0.61 3.39 0.44

All private ....................... 2.88 0.68 3.58 0.32 4.20 0.64 3.40 0.44

All or part government ............ 3.76 0.47 3.88 0.85 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid ................... 3.85 0.54 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.90 1.01 3.08 0.44 3.01 0.56 (B) (B)

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) 0.00 2.90 0.54 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 4.25 1.39 3.21 0.66 (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 2.16 0.41 0.88 0.12 0.75 0.14 0.71 0.20

Covered 24 months................. 2.32 0.44 0.89 0.14 0.79 0.17 0.75 0.24

All private ....................... 1.35 0.49 0.75 0.12 0.65 0.14 0.55 0.14

All or part government ............ 4.28 0.88 2.32 0.96 3.66 2.16 11.36 10.48

All Medicaid ................... 4.36 1.22 2.20 1.72 1.36 0.90 (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2.67 1.13 0.90 0.29 0.59 0.20 0.49 0.35

All private ....................... 1.05 0.49 0.86 0.34 0.41 0.17 0.47 0.37

All or part government ............ 6.15 3.30 1.07 0.46 1.97 1.06 (B) (B)

No coverage ....................... 0.34 0.14 0.69 0.49 0.69 0.49 0.02 0.03

44
Table 25. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Perceived Health

Status: Persons16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

Lowest

rating was

‘‘very

good’’ or

‘‘excellent’’

Lowest

rating

was

‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was

‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’

Lowest

rating was

‘‘very

good’’ or’’

‘‘excellent’’

Lowest

rating

was

‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was

‘‘fair or ‘‘poor’’

In

one

visit

only

In both visits

In

one

visit

only

In both

visits

BOTH SEXES ..................... 86,028 49,675 12,461 8,529 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 67,983 34,503 7,733 6,035 79.0 69.5 62.1 70.8

All private ....................... 66,004 31,768 6,060 3,055 76.7 64.0 48.6 35.8

All or part government ............ 1,979 2,735 1,673 2,980 2.3 5.5 13.4 34.9

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 1,336 650 1,034 1.1 2.7 5.2 12.1

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 14,820 11,626 3,283 1,742 17.2 23.4 26.4 20.4

All private ....................... 13,287 9,380 2,342 929 15.5 18.9 18.8 10.9

All or part government ............ 1,533 2,246 941 813 1.8 4.5 7.6 9.5

No coverage ....................... 3,224 3,547 1,446 752 3.8 7.1 11.6 8.8

MALES............................ 43,694 23,315 5,546 3,682 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 34,071 15,778 3,268 2,541 78.0 67.7 58.9 69.0

All private ....................... 33,530 15,056 2,648 1,253 76.7 64.6 47.7 34.0

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 722 621 1,288 1.2 3.1 11.2 35.0

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 268 145 275 0.4 1.2 2.6 7.5

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7,755 5,618 1,556 777 17.8 24.1 28.1 21.1

All private ....................... 7,265 4,950 1,233 435 16.6 21.2 22.2 11.8

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 668 323 343 1.1 2.9 5.8 9.3

No coverage ....................... 1,868 1,919 722 365 4.3 8.2 13.0 9.9

FEMALES ......................... 42,334 26,360 6,915 4,846 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 33,913 18,725 4,465 3,494 80.1 71.0 64.6 72.1

All private ....................... 32,474 16,712 3,412 1,802 76.7 63.4 49.3 37.2

All or part government ............ 1,438 2,012 1,052 1,692 3.4 7.6 15.2 34.9

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 1,068 505 759 1.7 4.1 7.3 15.7

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 7,065 6,007 1,727 965 16.7 22.8 25.0 19.9

All private ....................... 6,022 4,429 1,109 495 14.2 16.8 16.0 10.2

All or part government ............ 1,043 1,578 619 470 2.5 6.0 9.0 9.7

No coverage ....................... 1,356 1,629 723 388 3.2 6.2 10.5 4.9

45
Table 26. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Perceived Health Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Lowest rating

was ‘‘very good’’

or ‘‘excellent’’

Lowest rating

was ‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’

In one

visit only In both visits

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 4.78 0.10 7.06 0.22 12.37 0.59 21.46 1.13

Covered 24 months................. 5.09 0.12 7.94 0.27 14.33 0.81 23.22 1.45

All private ....................... 5.05 0.12 7.89 0.29 13.77 0.86 23.12 2.18

All or part government ............ 6.27 0.68 8.51 0.88 16.33 1.99 23.32 1.93

All Medicaid ................... 4.97 0.64 8.16 1.39 12.48 2.74 21.93 2.99

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.91 0.20 5.58 0.41 10.75 1.05 19.04 2.08

All private ....................... 3.61 0.22 5.10 0.46 9.92 1.28 18.03 2.79

All or part government ............ 6.51 0.76 7.57 0.83 12.80 1.77 20.19 3.11

No coverage ....................... 2.32 0.37 3.33 0.52 5.58 1.10 12.99 2.65

MALES

Total .......................... 3.44 0.12 5.39 0.29 10.08 0.81 20.81 1.83

Covered 24 months................. 3.74 0.15 6.24 0.37 11.44 1.06 22.24 2.33

All private ....................... 3.71 0.14 6.28 0.39 10.30 1.03 21.53 3.33

All or part government ............ 5.98 1.93 5.47 1.28 16.31 3.53 22.93 3.28

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 4.53 1.86 8.32 2.89 18.17 6.64

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2.55 0.20 3.78 0.54 9.63 1.62 19.15 3.52

All private ....................... 2.50 0.20 3.86 0.61 8.30 1.76 16.32 3.73

All or part government ............ 3.35 1.35 3.19 0.74 14.70 3.85 22.73 6.32

No coverage ....................... 1.72 0.51 3.07 0.86 4.94 1.39 14.39 4.56

FEMALES

Total .......................... 6.16 0.17 8.54 0.30 14.20 0.68 21.95 1.45

Covered 24 months................. 6.44 0.19 9.37 0.39 16.44 1.13 23.92 1.86

All private ....................... 6.44 0.19 9.35 0.41 16.47 1.28 24.22 2.87

All or part government ............ 6.37 0.59 9.60 1.08 16.34 2.40 23.61 2.35

All Medicaid ................... 5.51 0.76 9.07 1.64 13.68 3.30 23.29 3.30

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 5.40 0.44 7.97 0.81 12.15 1.98 19.91 3.31

All private ....................... 4.95 0.41 6.49 0.68 11.73 1.89 19.53 4.07

All or part government ............ 7.99 0.88 9.42 1.06 11.81 1.71 18.34 2.84

No coverage ....................... 3.16 0.52 3.63 0.54 6.22 1.67 11.67 3.01

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 14.83 0.56 17.15 1.23 20.37 3.21 (B) (B)

Covered 24 months................. 15.46 0.66 17.98 1.71 24.12 5.00 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 15.86 0.71 19.08 1.76 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 12.26 1.34 15.54 3.84 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 14.51 5.92 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 12.87 0.98 15.73 1.66 16.12 3.46 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 13.10 1.47 17.21 2.97 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 12.63 1.30 14.93 1.98 15.17 3.01 (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 5.27 0.17 7.85 0.30 13.77 0.86 21.86 1.45

Covered 24 months................. 5.56 0.19 8.77 0.39 15.99 1.15 23.75 1.86

All private ....................... 5.59 0.19 8.82 0.42 16.35 1.30 23.60 2.84

All or part government ............ 4.64 0.52 8.20 0.98 14.71 2.52 23.90 2.40

All Medicaid ................... 4.14 0.71 7.57 1.34 11.38 3.24 23.78 3.38

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 4.38 0.37 6.21 0.59 11.21 1.45 19.11 2.57

All private ....................... 4.32 0.39 5.90 0.68 11.49 1.89 19.53 4.07

All or part government ............ 4.88 0.96 7.35 1.20 10.55 2.01 18.63 3.06

No coverage ....................... 2.80 0.47 3.33 0.51 6.12 1.69 11.67 3.04

46
Table 27. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Perceived Health Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Lowest rating

was ‘‘very good’’

or ‘‘excellent’’

Lowest rating

was ‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was ‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’

In one

visit only In both visits

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 0.43 0.03 0.81 0.07 2.20 0.30 5.74 0.71

Covered 24 months................. 0.42 0.03 0.82 0.07 2.63 0.46 5.68 0.81

All private ....................... 0.41 0.03 0.76 0.07 2.26 0.39 4.34 0.96

All or part government ............ 1.00 0.24 1.52 0.29 3.99 1.57 7.06 1.30

All Medicaid ................... 0.95 0.34 1.48 0.39 3.27 2.26 6.41 1.64

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.53 0.12 0.92 0.17 1.86 0.35 7.35 1.98

All private ....................... 0.36 0.08 0.66 0.14 1.35 0.32 4.97 1.72

All or part government ............ 2.02 0.73 1.98 0.63 3.12 0.90 10.07 3.67

No coverage ....................... 0.16 0.07 0.36 0.14 0.66 0.44 2.51 1.03

MALES

Total .......................... 0.30 0.05 0.66 0.10 1.98 0.34 5.57 1.05

Covered 24 months................. 0.30 0.05 0.63 0.10 2.08 0.44 5.60 1.42

All private ....................... 0.29 0.05 0.62 0.10 2.01 0.52 3.85 1.32

All or part government ............ 0.89 0.64 0.87 0.54 2.39 0.74 7.29 2.43

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 1.03 1.06 2.30 1.52 4.33 2.97

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.36 0.17 0.84 0.29 2.35 0.63 6.63 1.83

All private ....................... 0.26 0.14 0.64 0.20 1.56 0.57 3.75 1.30

All or part government ............ 1.87 1.81 2.40 1.91 5.37 1.91 10.27 3.63

No coverage ....................... 0.12 0.08 0.30 0.19 0.75 0.85 3.18 1.37

FEMALES

Total .......................... 0.57 0.05 0.94 0.08 2.37 0.47 5.87 0.98

Covered 24 months................. 0.55 0.05 0.98 0.10 3.03 0.73 5.75 0.98

All private ....................... 0.53 0.05 0.88 0.10 2.45 0.57 4.68 1.35

All or part government ............ 1.04 0.24 1.75 0.34 4.93 2.40 6.89 1.42

All Medicaid ................... 1.18 0.41 1.59 0.42 3.54 2.79 7.16 1.94

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.71 0.14 0.99 0.17 1.42 0.35 7.93 3.24

All private ....................... 0.47 0.12 0.70 0.17 1.12 0.29 6.04 3.04

All or part government ............ 2.09 0.63 1.80 0.39 1.94 0.85 9.92 5.70

No coverage ....................... 0.22 0.10 0.42 0.19 0.58 0.27 1.88 1.49

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 3.29 0.19 3.79 0.27 4.69 1.32 (B) (B)

Covered 24 months................. 3.38 0.24 3.95 0.34 5.85 2.26 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 3.37 0.25 4.07 0.44 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 3.46 0.64 3.69 0.42 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.70 0.49 (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.02 0.32 3.55 0.51 3.25 0.90 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 2.92 0.46 3.16 0.61 5.34 2.33 (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 3.12 0.47 3.75 0.69 2.96 0.95 (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 0.29 0.05 0.72 0.05 2.21 0.49 5.87 1.00

Covered 24 months................. 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.06 2.87 0.76 5.75 1.00

All private ....................... 0.27 0.05 0.71 0.06 2.29 0.57 4.69 1.37

All or part government ............ 0.33 0.17 1.30 0.39 4.96 2.74 6.89 1.45

All Medicaid ................... 0.44 0.30 1.01 0.49 3.31 3.23 7.17 1.99

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.40 0.15 0.67 0.17 1.19 0.39 7.99 3.38

All private ....................... 0.29 0.12 0.56 0.17 1.03 0.29 6.04 3.04

All or part government ............ 1.40 0.93 1.06 0.46 1.56 1.08 10.23 6.22

No coverage ....................... 0.10 0.08 0.36 0.19 0.52 0.27 1.88 1.49

47
Table 28. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period, by Sex and Disability Status:

Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

No

disability

Disability,

not severe

Severe disability in

one or both visits

No

disability

Disability,

not severe

Severe disability in

one or both visits

In one

visit only

In both

visits

In one

visit

only

In both

visits

BOTH SEXES ..................... 121,248 19,925 7,037 8,482 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 91,102 14,025 4,815 6,311 75.1 70.4 68.4 74.4

All private ....................... 87,927 13,269 3,876 1,814 72.5 66.6 55.1 21.4

All or part government ............ 3,175 756 939 4,497 2.6 3.8 13.3 53.0

All Medicaid ................... 1,797 449 394 1,292 1.5 2.3 5.6 15.2

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 23,703 4,573 1,597 1,598 20.0 23.0 22.7 18.8

All private ....................... 20,433 3,713 1,063 729 16.9 18.6 15.1 8.6

All or part government ............ 3,269 860 535 869 2.7 4.3 7.6 10.2

No coverage ....................... 6,444 1,327 625 573 5.3 6.7 8.9 6.8

MALES............................ 59,094 10,426 2,884 3,833 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 43,670 7,411 1,773 2,803 73.9 71.1 61.5 73.1

All private ....................... 43,121 7,251 1,515 600 73.0 69.5 52.5 15.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 161 259 2,203 0.9 1.5 9.0 57.5

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 78 85 471 0.4 0.8 3.0 12.3

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 11,825 2,337 784 60 20.0 22.4 27.2 19.8

All private ....................... 10,890 2,057 581 355 18.4 19.7 20.1 9.3

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 281 203 405 1.6 2.7 7.1 10.6

No coverage ....................... 3,599 678 327 270 6.1 6.5 11.3 7.1

FEMALES ......................... 62,154 9,499 4,153 4,649 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months................. 47,432 6,614 3,042 3,509 76.3 69.6 73.2 75.5

All private ....................... 44,806 6,018 2,362 1,215 72.1 63.4 56.9 26.1

All or part government ............ 2,626 596 680 2,294 4.2 6.3 16.4 49.3

All Medicaid ................... 1,565 371 309 821 2.5 3.9 7.4 17.7

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 11,878 2,235 814 838 19.1 23.5 19.6 18.0

All private ....................... 9,543 1,656 482 374 15.4 17.4 11.6 8.1

All or part government ............ 2,335 579 332 464 3.8 6.1 8.0 10.0

No coverage ....................... 2,845 650 298 303 4.6 6.8 7.2 6.5

48
Table 29. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Disability Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

No

disability

Disability,

not severe

Severe disability in one or both visits

In one

visit only In both visits

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 5.14 0.08 9.64 0.41 14.85 0.93 21.09 1.22

Covered 24 months................. 5.59 0.12 10.42 0.49 16.00 1.18 21.92 1.47

All private ....................... 5.54 0.12 10.30 0.49 16.59 1.40 27.41 3.38

All or part government ............ 6.81 0.49 12.60 2.65 13.57 2.03 19.70 1.50

All Medicaid ................... 6.06 0.61 13.47 4.21 13.69 2.72 18.50 2.69

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 4.16 0.17 8.32 0.85 14.84 1.79 19.30 2.50

All private ....................... 3.73 0.17 7.74 0.91 15.24 2.43 20.05 4.23

All or part government ............ 6.84 0.52 10.83 2.08 14.05 2.40 18.67 2.96

No coverage ....................... 2.46 0.22 5.89 1.35 6.00 1.35 16.98 3.89

MALES

Total .......................... 3.63 0.12 7.64 0.49 12.81 1.35 20.23 1.94

Covered 24 months................. 4.04 0.14 8.34 0.57 13.19 1.79 20.79 2.30

All private ....................... 4.04 0.14 8.43 0.57 13.09 1.94 29.67 6.46

All or part government ............ 3.84 0.95 4.27 1.83 13.81 4.75 18.37 2.26

All Medicaid ................... 3.64 1.79 (B) (B) 11.60 9.01 12.42 4.07

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 2.69 0.20 5.71 0.91 14.78 2.62 18.61 4.29

All private ....................... 2.68 0.20 5.00 0.74 15.01 3.30 17.97 6.79

All or part government ............ 2.77 0.76 10.96 4.93 14.12 4.04 19.16 5.44

No coverage ....................... 1.76 0.24 6.61 2.48 6.02 2.28 19.02 6.39

FEMALES

Total .......................... 6.58 0.14 11.83 0.66 16.27 1.23 21.80 1.54

Covered 24 months................. 7.01 0.17 12.75 0.79 17.64 1.55 22.82 1.89

All private ....................... 6.99 0.19 12.55 0.81 18.84 1.93 26.29 3.92

All or part government ............ 7.43 0.54 14.85 3.18 13.47 2.11 20.98 2.01

All Medicaid ................... 6.42 0.64 15.70 4.85 14.27 2.57 21.98 3.41

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 5.62 0.27 11.05 1.40 14.91 2.43 19.93 2.82

All private ....................... 4.93 0.29 11.15 1.79 15.53 3.60 22.02 5.10

All or part government ............ 8.48 0.64 10.77 1.88 14.01 2.96 18.25 3.11

No coverage ....................... 3.34 0.39 5.15 0.98 5.97 1.40 15.17 4.75

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 15.06 0.51 23.43 3.68 19.74 3.35 (B) (B)

Covered 24 months................. 15.73 0.63 26.26 5.70 20.53 4.17 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 16.22 0.69 24.95 5.32 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 13.33 1.34 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid ................... 10.99 1.67 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 13.34 0.83 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All private ....................... 13.63 1.37 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 13.12 1.03 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 5.75 0.14 11.09 0.64 16.08 1.30 21.73 1.55

Covered 24 months................. 6.21 0.17 12.05 0.78 17.48 1.62 22.66 1.89

All private ....................... 6.25 0.19 12.07 0.81 18.73 1.99 25.80 3.90

All or part government ............ 5.41 0.49 11.83 2.42 12.79 2.20 21.00 2.04

All Medicaid ................... 5.09 0.59 11.34 3.46 14.18 2.91 22.14 3.48

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 4.59 0.25 9.97 1.49 14.70 2.59 20.23 2.91

All private ....................... 4.35 0.27 10.60 1.81 15.41 3.72 22.02 5.10

All or part government ............ 6.01 0.71 7.47 1.74 13.58 3.24 18.69 3.26

No coverage ....................... 2.97 0.37 5.10 0.98 5.97 1.40 15.17 4.75

49
Table 30. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Disability Status: Persons 16 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

No

disability

Disability,

not severe

Severe disability in one or both visits

In one

visit only In both visits

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total .......................... 0.49 0.03 1.12 0.12 2.79 0.35 6.14 0.81

Covered 24 months................. 0.51 0.03 1.16 0.15 3.05 0.49 5.50 0.86

All private ....................... 0.48 0.03 1.10 0.15 3.26 0.59 4.74 1.49

All or part government ............ 1.27 0.20 2.17 0.73 2.21 0.78 5.81 1.06

All Medicaid ................... 1.28 0.29 2.56 1.13 2.09 0.81 5.66 1.72

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.50 0.07 1.26 0.27 2.65 0.56 9.69 2.47

All private ....................... 0.34 0.05 1.08 0.30 2.55 0.64 7.08 2.55

All or part government ............ 1.55 0.30 2.03 0.59 2.86 1.03 11.87 3.94

No coverage ....................... 0.26 0.10 0.32 0.14 1.06 0.71 3.25 1.32

MALES

Total .......................... 0.30 0.03 1.00 0.19 3.18 0.64 5.94 1.10

Covered 24 months................. 0.31 0.03 1.01 0.22 3.55 0.95 4.92 1.22

All private ....................... 0.31 0.03 1.02 0.22 3.69 1.05 4.63 1.81

All or part government ............ 0.31 0.30 0.47 0.54 2.77 2.26 5.00 1.47

All Medicaid ................... 0.40 0.68 (B) (B) 0.84 1.12 3.47 1.94

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.28 0.07 1.16 0.41 3.38 0.93 10.16 3.01

All private ....................... 0.22 0.05 1.10 0.44 2.84 0.90 6.34 3.08

All or part government ............ 0.92 0.52 1.55 1.00 4.91 2.40 13.50 4.88

No coverage ....................... 0.24 0.17 0.30 0.15 0.68 0.46 4.58 2.06

FEMALES

Total .......................... 0.68 0.03 1.26 0.17 2.51 0.42 6.30 1.17

Covered 24 months................. 0.69 0.05 1.32 0.22 2.76 0.56 5.96 1.22

All private ....................... 0.64 0.05 1.19 0.22 2.98 0.69 4.79 2.03

All or part government ............ 1.47 0.24 2.63 0.88 2.00 0.59 6.58 1.52

All Medicaid ................... 1.41 0.30 3.10 1.32 2.43 0.96 6.92 2.40

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.73 0.10 1.36 0.35 1.96 0.59 9.26 3.80

All private ....................... 0.47 0.08 1.04 0.39 2.19 0.90 7.77 4.04

All or part government ............ 1.80 0.35 2.27 0.73 1.61 0.64 10.45 5.92

No coverage ....................... 0.30 0.08 0.34 0.20 1.48 1.35 2.06 1.67

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 3.48 0.19 3.96 0.61 4.90 0.85 (B) (B)

Covered 24 months................. 3.61 0.24 3.94 0.64 5.15 1.05 (B) (B)

All private ....................... 3.64 0.27 3.81 0.56 (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 3.50 0.34 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All Medicaid ................... 3.40 0.44 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 3.15 0.29 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All private ....................... 3.04 0.39 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

All or part government ............ 3.24 0.42 (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

No coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total .......................... 0.40 0.03 1.09 0.19 2.38 0.44 6.34 1.18

Covered 24 months................. 0.42 0.05 1.19 0.24 2.63 0.57 5.99 1.23

All private ....................... 0.40 0.05 1.09 0.24 2.95 0.73 4.81 2.06

All or part government ............ 0.78 0.27 2.29 0.98 1.42 0.57 6.61 1.54

All Medicaid ................... 0.84 0.35 2.66 1.52 1.54 0.93 6.94 2.47

Covered 1 to 23 months............. 0.40 0.10 1.04 0.35 1.78 0.63 9.42 3.95

All private ....................... 0.30 0.07 0.97 0.41 2.07 0.93 7.77 4.04

All or part government ............ 1.03 0.47 1.34 0.74 1.31 0.69 10.84 6.32

No coverage ....................... 0.20 0.08 0.31 0.20 1.48 1.35 2.06 1.67

50
Table 31. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old by Health Status and Disability Status

Characteristics

Health status Disability status

Lowest

rating was

‘‘very

good’’ or

‘‘excellent’’

Lowest

rating was

‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was

‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’

No

disability

Disability,

not

severe

Severe disability in

one or both visits

In one

visit

only

In both visits

In one

visit

only

In both

visits

PERSONS 16 TO 64 YEARS

Total .......................... 54.9 31.7 8.0 5.4 77.4 12.7 4.5 5.4

SEX

Male .............................. 57.3 30.6 7.3 4.8 77.5 13.7 3.8 5.0

Female............................ 52.6 32.8 8.6 6.0 77.3 11.8 5.2 5.8

With a childbirth .................. 61.1 30.3 7.0 1.5 86.3 9.0 3.4 1.3

No childbirth ..................... 51.9 33.0 8.7 6.4 76.5 12.1 5.3 6.2

AGE

16 to 21 years ..................... 69.2 25.3 4.6 0.8 83.4 11.3 3.7 1.6

22 to 34 years ..................... 61.5 30.1 6.2 2.2 84.3 9.6 3.0 3.1

35 to 44 years ..................... 57.5 31.2 7.5 3.9 80.1 12.5 4.1 3.3

45 to 54 years ..................... 45.0 36.8 9.9 8.3 70.3 16.5 6.1 7.1

55 to 64 years ..................... 32.8 36.2 13.9 17.2 58.7 17.3 7.6 16.4

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

White ............................. 57.5 30.4 7.4 4.7 77.6 13.3 4.3 4.8

Black ............................. 37.6 40.0 11.7 10.7 74.0 10.1 6.1 9.8

Asian or Pacific Islander............. 53.0 35.1 7.6 4.4 86.4 6.6 3.1 3.9

Hispanic origin ..................... 42.7 37.6 12.5 7.3 78.9 9.8 5.3 5.9

RATIO OF INCOME TO

LOW-INCOME THRESHOLD

Less than 1.00 ..................... 28.4 36.2 16.9 8.6 57.8 15.1 9.1 18.0

1.00 to 1.49........................ 32.3 40.8 14.8 12.1 66.1 12.1 8.3 13.5

1.50 to 1.99........................ 45.1 37.8 10.3 6.9 72.9 13.4 5.9 7.9

2.00 to 2.99........................ 51.2 34.7 9.1 5.0 76.8 13.7 4.5 5.0

3.00 to 3.99........................ 58.8 31.2 6.2 3.8 79.7 13.3 3.7 3.4

4.00 and over ...................... 67.6 26.0 4.3 2.1 84.1 11.4 2.8 1.7

REGION

Northeast.......................... 59.5 29.1 6.7 4.7 81.0 10.5 3.8 4.8

Midwest ........................... 57.3 31.0 7.2 4.6 77.9 13.1 4.0 5.1

South ............................. 49.1 34.5 9.2 7.2 75.4 12.7 5.4 6.5

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 30.5 8.1 4.4 76.5 14.4 4.4 4.8

RESIDENCE

Central city ........................ 53.3 31.8 9.1 5.8 77.2 11.8 4.8 6.2

Suburbs ........................... 59.0 30.3 6.7 4.1 79.3 12.3 4.2 4.2

Nonmetro.......................... 49.1 34.4 8.9 7.7 73.8 14.8 4.7 6.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married............................ 55.2 32.2 7.6 5.0 78.7 12.9 4.4 4.0

Other ............................. 54.5 31.0 8.4 6.1 75.6 12.5 4.6 7.3

HEALTH STATUS

Lowest rating was:

Very good or excellent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) 90.6 7.8 1.3 0.4

Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) 75.3 16.6 4.9 3.2

Fair or poor:

One visit only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) 39.3 29.5 16.8 14.3

Both visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (X) (X) (X) (X) 11.9 15.2 16.6 56.2

DISABILITY STATUS

No disability ....................... 64.3 30.8 4.0 0.8 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Disability, not severe ................ 33.6 41.4 18.5 6.5 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Severe disability:

One visit only .................... 15.5 34.6 29.8 20.2 (X) (X) (X) (X)

Both visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 18.8 21.1 56.5 (X) (X) (X) (X)

51
Table 31. Percent Distribution of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old by Health Status and Disability

Status—Continued

Characteristics

Health status Disability status

Lowest

rating was

‘‘very

good’’ or

‘‘excellent’’

Lowest

rating was

‘‘good’’

Lowest rating was

‘‘fair’’ or ‘‘poor’’

No

disability

Disability,

not

severe

Severe disability in

one or both visits

In one

visit

only

In both visits

In one

visit

only

In both

visits

YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED

Persons 22 to 64:

Less than 12....................... 23.3 40.5 18.4 17.7 58.7 15.1 9.5 16.8

12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 37.8 8.7 5.3 76.6 13.6 4.4 5.5

13 to 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 30.5 5.6 3.9 78.7 13.7 4.3 3.3

16 and over........................ 73.9 20.8 3.8 1.5 86.6 9.5 2.0 1.9

WORK EXPERIENCE

Persons 22 to 64:

Fully employed ..................... 61.4 31.2 5.5 1.9 84.2 12.6 2.7 0.5

Employed, not fully ................. 50.8 35.3 9.3 4.6 76.5 14.5 5.8 3.2

Not employed ...................... 29.8 29.9 15.8 24.4 51.1 9.4 7.4 32.2

HEALTH INSURANCE

COVERAGE STATUS

Covered 24 months................. 58.5 29.7 6.7 5.2 78.4 12.1 4.1 5.4

All private ....................... 61.8 29.7 5.7 2.9 82.3 12.4 3.6 1.7

Some or all government ........... 21.1 29.2 17.9 31.8 33.9 8.1 10.0 48.0

All Medicaid ................... 23.2 34.0 16.5 26.3 45.7 11.4 10.0 32.9

Covered 1-23 months ............... 47.1 36.9 10.4 5.5 75.3 14.5 5.1 5.1

All private ....................... 51.2 36.2 9.0 3.6 78.8 14.3 4.1 2.8

Some or all government ........... 27.7 40.6 17.0 14.7 59.1 15.5 9.7 15.7

No coverage ....................... 36.0 39.6 16.1 8.4 71.8 14.8 7.0 6.4

52
Table 32. Health Insurance Coverage Status During a 24-Month Period by, Sex and Employment

Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Number of persons Percent of persons

Fully

employed

Employed,

not fully

Not

employed

Fully

employed

Employed,

not fully

Not

employed

BOTH SEXES ............................. 63,398 54,392 19,025 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 55,722 32,110 14,720 87.9 59.0 77.4

All private ............................... 55,362 30,178 9,068 87.3 55.5 47.7

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 1,933 5,653 0.6 3.6 29.7

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 681 2,634 - 1.3 13.9

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 6,032 17,824 2,654 9.5 32.8 14.0

All private ............................... 5,893 14,940 1,502 9.3 27.5 7.9

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 2,884 1,152 0.2 5.3 6.1

No coverage............................... 1,644 4,458 1,651 2.6 8.2 8.7

MALES ................................... 39,197 22,495 4,699 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 34,272 11,017 3,422 87.4 49.0 72.8

All private ............................... 34,070 10,589 1,428 86.9 47.1 30.4

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 428 1,994 0.5 1.9 42.4

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 144 484 - 0.6 10.3

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 3,787 9,048 676 9.7 40.2 14.4

All private ............................... 3,725 8,102 336 9.5 36.0 7.2

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 947 340 0.2 4.2 7.2

No coverage............................... 1,138 2,429 600 2.9 10.8 12.8

FEMALES ................................. 24,201 31,898 14,327 100.0 100.0 100.0

Covered 24 months......................... 21,450 21,093 11,298 88.6 66.1 78.9

All private ............................... 21,292 19,589 7,640 88.0 61.4 53.3

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 1,504 3,659 0.7 4.7 25.5

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 538 2,150 – 1.7 15.0

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 2,245 8,776 1,978 9.3 27.5 13.8

All private ............................... 2,168 6,838 1,167 9.0 21.4 8.1

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1,938 812 0.3 6.1 5.7

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 2,029 1,051 2.1 6.4 7.3

53
Table 33. Mean Number of Doctor Visits During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage Status,

Sex, and Emloyment Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Fully employed Employed, not fully Not employed

Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error Value

Standard

error

BOTH SEXES

Total ...................................... 5.87 0.15 7.39 0.20 11.81 0.56

Covered 24 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 0.17 8.46 0.29 12.67 0.68

All private ............................... 6.09 0.17 8.21 0.29 10.08 0.76

All or part government .................... 10.18 3.40 12.31 1.34 16.81 1.22

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 11.10 2.59 13.15 1.45

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 4.36 0.44 6.31 0.34 10.38 1.27

All private ............................... 4.35 0.46 5.53 0.35 8.97 1.93

All or part government .................... 4.53 1.23 10.38 1.10 12.22 1.49

No coverage............................... 3.25 0.64 4.06 0.56 6.50 1.34

MALES

Total ...................................... 4.57 0.17 5.65 0.32 14.15 1.52

Covered 24 months......................... 4.79 0.19 6.77 0.49 15.49 1.84

All private ............................... 4.75 0.17 6.54 0.49 11.55 2.79

All or part government .................... 11.24 5.73 12.40 2.92 18.31 2.43

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 11.55 3.95

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 3.18 0.44 4.72 0.46 14.04 3.89

All private ............................... 3.21 0.44 4.07 0.39 14.19 7.01

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 10.34 2.64 13.88 3.46

No coverage............................... 2.39 0.68 4.00 0.83 6.64 3.16

FEMALES

Total ...................................... 7.99 0.30 8.62 0.27 11.05 0.56

Covered 24 months......................... 8.23 0.32 9.34 0.35 11.81 0.68

All private ............................... 8.23 0.32 9.11 0.35 9.80 0.76

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 12.29 1.50 16.00 1.35

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 12.20 3.09 13.51 1.54

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 6.33 0.91 7.95 0.51 9.13 1.08

All private ............................... 6.32 0.95 7.26 0.59 7.47 1.45

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 10.40 0.98 11.52 1.55

No coverage............................... 5.19 1.35 4.13 0.73 6.43 1.23

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total ...................................... 15.44 0.98 16.48 0.79 16.49 1.84

Covered 24 months......................... 15.61 1.03 17.26 1.01 18.15 2.38

All private ............................... 15.65 1.05 17.33 1.06 18.93 2.70

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 16.59 3.09 17.11 4.26

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 10.77 3.40 16.44 4.82

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 14.73 1.28 11.98 1.76

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 15.45 1.99 (B) (B)

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 14.18 1.66 11.83 2.18

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total ...................................... 7.63 0.30 7.74 0.29 10.54 0.59

Covered 24 months......................... 7.86 0.34 8.42 0.37 11.26 0.71

All private ............................... 7.85 0.34 8.18 0.37 9.14 0.78

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 11.61 1.66 15.87 1.44

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 12.35 3.38 12.97 1.61

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 6.13 0.93 7.08 0.54 8.69 1.22

All private ............................... 6.12 0.96 6.70 0.59 7.01 1.55

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 8.85 1.15 11.44 1.86

No coverage............................... 4.90 1.37 3.87 0.71 6.28 1.27

54
Table 34. Mean Number of Nights in a Hospital During a 24-Month Period, by Health Insurance Coverage

Status, Sex, and Employment Status: Persons 22 to 64 Years Old

Characteristics

Fully employed Employed, not fully Not employed

Value

Standard

error Value Standard Value Standard

BOTH SEXES

Total ...................................... 0.52 0.05 1.04 0.08 2.64 0.30

Covered 24 months......................... 0.54 0.05 1.07 0.10 2.66 0.34

All private ............................... 0.54 0.05 1.00 0.10 1.43 0.29

All or part government .................... 1.26 0.78 2.15 0.51 4.65 0.76

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 1.69 0.79 3.65 0.85

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 0.42 0.12 1.11 0.17 3.59 1.06

All private ............................... 0.39 0.12 0.78 0.14 1.95 0.78

All or part government .................... 1.86 1.74 2.82 0.73 5.74 2.20

No coverage............................... 0.17 0.08 0.58 0.19 0.93 0.46

MALES

Total ...................................... 0.45 0.05 0.91 0.12 3.26 0.61

Covered 24 months......................... 0.46 0.07 0.91 0.19 3.39 0.76

All private ............................... 0.46 0.07 0.86 0.17 1.57 0.56

All or part government .................... 1.22 1.13 2.36 1.50 4.69 1.23

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 3.49 1.89

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 0.47 0.17 0.97 0.20 4.65 1.59

All private ............................... 0.46 0.17 0.69 0.17 2.24 1.44

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.36 1.20 7.02 2.70

No coverage............................... 0.08 0.07 0.68 0.32 0.94 0.68

FEMALES

Total ...................................... 0.63 0.07 1.14 0.12 2.44 0.35

Covered 24 months......................... 0.67 0.07 1.15 0.14 2.44 0.39

All private ............................... 0.67 0.07 1.08 0.14 1.40 0.32

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 2.10 0.51 4.62 0.96

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 1.99 0.93 3.69 0.95

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 0.34 0.15 1.25 0.27 3.23 1.32

All private ............................... 0.25 0.08 0.89 0.20 1.86 0.90

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 2.56 0.93 5.21 2.87

No coverage............................... 0.37 0.20 0.45 0.17 0.92 0.59

FEMALES WITH A CHILDBIRTH

Total ...................................... 3.47 0.32 3.64 0.30 3.61 0.30

Covered 24 months......................... 3.55 0.34 3.84 0.41 3.53 0.30

All private ............................... 3.57 0.34 3.81 0.42 3.22 0.32

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 4.11 0.93 3.95 0.54

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) 4.02 0.61

Covered 1 to 23 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.23 0.41 3.97 0.88

All private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.22 0.51 (B) (B)

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 3.24 0.61 (B) (B)

No coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B)

FEMALES WITH NO CHILDBIRTH

Total ...................................... 0.50 0.07 0.85 0.12 2.33 0.39

Covered 24 months......................... 0.53 0.07 0.84 0.14 2.35 0.42

All private ............................... 0.52 0.07 0.77 0.14 1.27 0.34

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 1.78 0.56 4.70 1.06

All Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 1.73 0.96 3.63 1.12

Covered 1 to 23 months .................... 0.28 0.15 1.00 0.29 3.12 1.52

All private ............................... 0.20 0.08 0.73 0.22 1.73 0.98

All or part government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B) (B) 2.28 1.22 5.39 3.58

No coverage............................... 0.29 0.17 0.41 0.17 0.82 0.61

55
Appendix A. Definitions and Explanations

Population coverage. The estimates in this report are

restricted to the civilian noninstitutional resident population of the United States and members of the Armed

Forces living off post or with their families on post.

Age. Age is measured as of the sixth-wave interview.

The universe for this study includes those persons for

whom an interview was completed for each of the first

six waves of the 1990 panel. Interviews were conducted

at four-month intervals beginning in early 1990. Sixthwave interviews were conducted in late 1991 and early

1992.

Race and Hispanic origin. Data are shown for three

race groups: White; Black; and Asian or Pacific Islander.

Persons were asked to identify their ‘‘ethnicity’’ from a

‘‘flashcard’’ listing ethnic origins. Those who indicated

that their origin was Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban,

Central or South American, or some other Hispanic

origin are considered to be of Hispanic origin. It should

be noted that persons of Hispanic origin may be of any

race.

Years of school completed. Data on years of school

completed were derived from the combination of answers

to questions concerning the highest grade of school

attended by the person and whether or not that grade

was finished. The questions of educational attainment

apply only to progress in ‘‘regular’’ schools. Such schools

included public, private, and parochial elementary and

high schools (both junior and senior), colleges, universities, and professional schools (whether day schools or

night schools). Thus, regular schooling is that which may

advance a person toward an elementary school certificate, a high school diploma, or a college, university, or

professional school degree.

Work experience. Persons were considered to be

‘‘fully employed’’ if they were employed each week of the

24-month period and usually worked 35 or more hours a

week. Persons were ‘‘employed, not fully’’ if they spent

one or more weeks without a job or business or if there

were one or more periods when they usually worked

less than 35 hours a week.

Ratio of income to low-income threshold. The ratio

is an average of 24 monthly ratios. Each monthly ratio is

calculated by comparing a person’s family income (the

income of the person is used if the person is not a family

member) to an appropriate monthly poverty threshold.

Disability status. A person 15 years old and over was

considered to have a disability if the person met any of

the following criteria: (a) used a wheelchair; (b) had used

a cane or similar aid for 6 months or longer; (c) had

difficulty with a functional activity; (d) had difficulty with

an ADL; (e) had difficulty with an IADL; or (f) was

identified as having a developmental disability or a

mental or emotional disability. In addition, a person 16

years old and over was considered to have a disability if

the person had a condition that made it difficult to do

housework, and a person 16 to 67 years old was

considered to have a disability if the person had a

condition that limited the kind or amount of work the

person could do at a job. Persons 0 to 21 years old could

be classified as having a disability based on the responses

of parents or guardians to questions about limitations in

usual activities, the receipt of developmental services,

the ability to do regular schoolwork, and the ability to

walk, run or use stairs. Persons were classified as

having a severe disability if they: (a) used a wheelchair

or had used another special aid for 6 months or longer;

(b) were unable to perform one or more functional

activities or needed assistance with an ADL or IADL; (c)

were prevented from working at a job or doing housework; or (d) had a selected condition including autism,

cerebral palsy, alzheimer’s disease, senility or dementia,

or mental retardation. Finally, persons who were under

65 years of age and who were covered by Medicare or

who received SSI were considered to have a disability

(and a severe disability).

A-1
Appendix B. Source and Accuracy of the Estimates

SOURCE OF DATA

The SIPP universe is the noninstitutionalized resident

population living in the United States. This population

includes persons living in group quarters, such as

dormitories, rooming houses, and religious group dwellings. Not eligible to be in the survey are crew members

of merchant vessels, Armed Forces personnel living in

military barracks, and institutionalized persons, such as

correctional facility inmates and nursing home residents.

Also not eligible are United States citizens residing

abroad. Foreign visitors who work or attend school in

this country and their families are eligible; all others are

not eligible. With the exceptions noted above, field

representatives interview eligible persons who are at

least 15 years of age at the time of the interview.

The 1990 panel SIPP sample is located in 230

Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) each consisting of a

county or a group of contiguous counties. Within these

PSUs, we systematically selected expected clusters of

two living quarters (LQs) from lists of addresses prepared for the 1980 decennial census to form the bulk of

the sample. To account for LQs built within each of the

sample areas after the 1980 census, we selected a

sample containing clusters of four LQs from permits

issued for construction of residential LQs up until shortly

before the beginning of the panel.

In jurisdictions that have incomplete addresses or

don’t issue building permits, we sampled small land

areas, listed expected clusters of four LQs, and then

subsampled. In addition, we selected a sample of LQs

from a supplemental frame that included LQs identified

as missed in the 1980 census.

The 1990 panel differs from other panels as a result of

oversampling for low income households. The panel

contains an oversample of Black headed households,

Hispanic headed households and female headed family

households with no spouse present and living with

relatives.

The first interview occurred during February, March,

April, or May of 1990. Interviews for approximately

one-fourth of the sample took place in each of these

months creating four subsamples. The four subsamples

distribute interviewing workloads and are called rotation

groups. One round of interviewing for the sample covering all four rotations is called a wave. For the remainder of the panel, interviews for each person occurred

every four months. At each interview the reference

period was the four months preceding the interview

month.

Occupants of about 93 percent of all eligible living

quarters participated in the first interview of the panel.

For later interviews, field representatives interviewed

only original sample persons (those in Wave 1 sample

households and interviewed in Wave 1) and persons

living with them. The Bureau automatically designated

all first wave noninterviewed households as noninterviews for all subsequent interviews.

We followed original sample persons if they moved to

a new address, unless the new address was more than

100 miles from a SIPP sample area. If the original

sample persons moved farther than 100 miles from a

SIPP sample area, we attempted telephone interviews.

When original sample persons moved to remote parts of

the country and were unreachable by telephone, moved

without leaving a forwarding address, or refused the

interview, additional noninterviews resulted.

We classified a person as interviewed or noninterviewed for the entire panel and both calendar years

based on the following definitions. Interviewed sample

persons are

x those for whom self or proxy responses were obtained

for each reference month of all 8 interviews for the

panel, and all 3 interviews for each calendar year; or

x those for whom self or proxy responses were obtained

for the first reference month of the interview period

and for each later reference month until they were

known to have died or moved to an ineligible address

(foreign living quarters, institutions, or military barracks).

Noninterviewed persons result when neither a self

nor proxy response is obtainable for one or more

reference months of either the 8 interviews for the panel

or the 3 interviews for each calendar year (but not

because they died or moved to an ineligible address).

Details on interview-status classification are in ‘‘Weighting of Persons for SIPP Longitudinal Tabulations’’ (paper

by Judkins, Hubble, Dorsch, McMillen and Ernst in the

1984 Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods

Section, American Statistical Association). Details on

patterns of nonresponse are in ‘‘Weighting Adjustment

for Partial Nonresponse in the 1984 SIPP Panel’’ (paper

B-1
by Lepkowski, Kalton and Kasprzyk in the 1989 Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section,

American Statistical Association).

Some respondents did not respond to some of the

questions. Therefore, the overall nonresponse rate for

some items, especially sensitive income and money

related items, is higher than the person nonresponse

rate. For more discussion of nonresponse see the

Quality Profile for the Survey of Income and Program

Participation, May 1990, by T. Jabine, K. King, and R.

Petroni, available from Customer Services, Data Users

Services Division (301-763-6100).

ESTIMATION

We used several stages of weight adjustments in the

estimation procedure to derive the SIPP longitudinal

person weights. We gave each person a base weight

equal to the inverse of his/her probability of selection.

We applied two noninterview adjustment factors. One

adjusted the weights of interviewed persons in interviewed households to account for households which

were eligible for the sample but which field representatives could not interview at the first interview. The

second compensated for person noninterviews occurring in subsequent interviews. The Bureau used complex techniques to adjust the weights for nonresponse,

but the success of these techniques in avoiding bias is

unknown. For more detail on noninterview adjustment

for longitudinal estimates, see Nonresponse Adjustment

Methods for Demographic Surveys at the U.S. Bureau of

the Census, November 1988, Working paper 8823, by

R. Singh and R. Petroni.

We applied another factor to each interviewed person’s

weight to account for the SIPP sample areas not having

the same population distribution as the strata they are

from.

We performed an additional stage of adjustment to

longitudinal person weights to reduce the mean square

error of the survey estimates. We accomplished this by

ratio adjusting the sample estimates to agree with

monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) type estimates of the civilian (and some military) noninstitutional

population of the United States at the national level by

demographic characteristics including age, sex, and

race, as of the specified control date. For the Panel, the

control date is March 1, 1990 . The 1990 calendar year

and 1991 calendar year control dates are January 1,

1990 and January 1, 1991, respectively. The Bureau

brought CPS estimates by age, sex, and race into

agreement with adjusted estimates from the 1980 decennial census. Adjustments to the 1980 decennial census

estimates reflect births, deaths, immigration, emigration,

and changes in the Armed Forces since 1980. Also, we

controlled SIPP estimates to independent Hispanic controls.

As a part of most waves, we cover subjects that are

important to meet SIPP goals and don’t require repeated

measurement during the panel. The data on these

subjects are of particular interest to data users and

policy makers. We cover these subjects once during the

panel or annually. By collecting data once for the panel

or annually, we reduce respondent burden. We call a

specific set of questions on a subject a topical module.

For this report, the topical modules analyzed include

questions on health and disability. We implemented

them in wave 3 and wave 6 of the 1990 panel.

ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES

We base SIPP estimates on a sample. The sample

estimates may differ somewhat from the values obtained

from administering a complete census using the same

questionnaire, instructions, and enumerators. The difference occurs because a sample survey estimate is

subject to two types of errors: nonsampling and sampling. We can provide estimates of the magnitude of the

SIPP sampling error, but this is not true of nonsampling

error. The next few sections describe SIPP nonsampling

error sources, followed by a discussion of sampling

error, its estimation, and its use in data analysis.

Nonsampling Variability. We attribute nonsampling

errors to many sources, they include:

x inability to obtain information about all cases in the

sample,

x definitional difficulties,

x differences in the interpretation of questions,

x inability or unwillingness on the part of the respondents to provide correct information,

x inability to recall information,

x errors made in collection (e.g. recording or coding the

data),

x errors made in processing the data,

x errors made in estimating values for missing data,

x biases resulting from the differing recall periods caused

by the interviewing pattern used,

x undercoverage.

Table 1. Person Statistics for Longitudinal Panel

and Calendar Years

Panel Initially

Eligible

Classified

As

Interviewed

Person

Nonresponse

Rate

90P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,700 43,700 29%

90CY .................. 61,700 49,600 20%

91CY .................. 67,400 47,500 30%

B-2
We used quality control and edit procedures to reduce

errors made by respondents, coders and interviewers.

More detailed discussions of the existence and control

of nonsampling errors in the SIPP are in the SIPP

Quality Profile.

Undercoverage in SIPP resulted from missed living

quarters and missed persons within sample households.

It is known that undercoverage varies with age, race,

and sex. Generally, undercoverage is larger for males

than for females and larger for Blacks than for Nonblacks. Ratio estimation to independent age-race-sex

population controls partially corrects for the bias due to

survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the

estimates when persons in missed households or missed

persons in interviewed households have characteristics

different from those of interviewed persons in the same

age-race-sex group. Further, we didn’t adjust the independent population controls for undercoverage in the

Census.

A common measure of survey coverage is the coverage ratio, the estimated population before ratio adjustment divided by the independent population control.

Table 2 shows CPS coverage ratios for age-sex-race

groups for 1992. The CPS coverage ratios can exhibit

some variability from month to month, but these are a

typical set of coverage ratios. Other Census Bureau

household surveys like the SIPP experience similar

coverage.

Comparability with Other Estimates. Exercise caution when comparing data from this report with data from

other SIPP publications or with data from other surveys.

Comparability problems are from varying seasonal patterns for many characteristics, different nonsampling

errors, and different concepts and procedures. Refer to

the SIPP Quality Profile for known differences with data

from other sources and further discussion.

Sampling Variability. Standard errors indicate the magnitude of the sampling error. They also partially measure

the effect of some nonsampling errors in response and

enumeration, but do not measure any systematic biases

in the data. The standard errors mostly measure the

variations that occurred by chance because we surveyed a sample rather than the entire population.

USES AND COMPUTATION OF STANDARD

ERRORS

Confidence Intervals. The sample estimate and its

standard error enable one to construct confidence intervals, ranges that would include the average result of all

possible samples with a known probability. For example,

if we selected all possible samples and surveyed each of

these under essentially the same conditions and with the

same sample design, and if we calculated an estimate

and its standard error from each sample, then:

1. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from

1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645

standard errors above the estimate would include

the average result of all possible samples.

2. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from

1.960 standard errors below the estimate to 1.960

standard errors above the estimate would include

the average result of all possible samples.

The average estimate derived from all possible samples

is or is not contained in any particular computed interval.

However, for a particular sample, one can say with a

specified confidence that the confidence interval includes

the average estimate derived from all possible samples.

Hypothesis Testing. One may also use standard errors

for hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing is a procedure

for distinguishing between population characteristics

using sample estimates. The most common type of

hypothesis tested is 1) the population characteristics are

identical versus 2) they are different. One can perform

tests at various levels of significance, where a level of

significance is the probability of concluding that the

characteristics are different when, in fact, they are

identical.

Unless noted otherwise, all statements of comparison

in the report passed a hypothesis test at the 0.10 level of

significance or better. This means that, for differences

cited in the report, the estimated absolute difference

between parameters is greater than 1.645 times the

standard error of the difference.

Table 2. 1992 CPS Coverage Ratios

Age

Non-Black Black All Persons

Males Females Males Females Males Females Total

0-14 ...... 0.963 0.965 0.927 0.926 0.957 0.959 0.958

15 . . . . . . . 0.962 0.949 0.899 0.919 0.952 0.944 0.948

16 . . . . . . . 0.969 0.936 0.923 0.907 0.962 0.932 0.947

17 . . . . . . . 0.981 0.975 0.945 0.862 0.975 0.957 0.966

18 . . . . . . . 0.939 0.926 0.883 0.846 0.930 0.913 0.922

19 . . . . . . . 0.860 0.872 0.754 0.801 0.844 0.861 0.853

20-24 ..... 0.913 0.927 0.734 0.832 0.889 0.913 0.901

25-26 ..... 0.927 0.940 0.688 0.877 0.897 0.931 0.914

27-29 ..... 0.910 0.954 0.707 0.864 0.885 0.941 0.914

30-34 ..... 0.893 0.948 0.691 0.883 0.870 0.939 0.905

35-39 ..... 0.910 0.949 0.763 0.899 0.895 0.942 0.919

40-44 ..... 0.929 0.951 0.824 0.906 0.919 0.946 0.933

45-49 ..... 0.956 0.966 0.903 0.956 0.951 0.965 0.958

50-54 ..... 0.940 0.961 0.807 0.877 0.927 0.951 0.940

55-59 ..... 0.944 0.941 0.826 0.825 0.932 0.928 0.930

60-62 ..... 0.965 0.956 0.792 0.850 0.948 0.944 0.946

63-64 ..... 0.905 0.907 0.669 0.872 0.884 0.903 0.894

65-67 ..... 0.935 0.979 0.783 0.875 0.921 0.969 0.947

68-69 ..... 0.925 0.942 0.789 0.831 0.913 0.931 0.923

70-74 ..... 0.926 0.993 0.856 1.014 0.920 0.995 0.962

75-99 ..... 0.977 0.989 0.764 0.912 0.961 0.983 0.975

15+ . . . . . . 0.928 0.953 0.782 0.883 0.912 0.944 0.929

0+ . . . . . . . 0.936 0.955 0.827 0.895 0.923 0.947 0.935

B-3
To perform the most common test, compute the

difference XA - XB, where XA and XB are sample

estimates of the characteristics of interest. A later section explains how to derive an estimate of the standard

error of the difference XA - XB. Let that standard error be

sDIFF. If XA - XB is between -1.645 times sDIFF and

+1.645 times sDIFF, no conclusion about the characteristics is justified at the 10 percent significance level. If,

on the other hand, XA - XB is smaller than -1.645 times

sDIFF or larger than +1.645 times sDIFF, the observed

difference is significant at the 10 percent level. In this

event, it is commonly accepted practice to say that the

characteristics are different. Of course, sometimes this

conclusion will be wrong. When the characteristics are,

in fact, the same, there is a 10 percent chance of

concluding that they are different.

Note that as we perform more tests, more erroneous

significant differences will occur. For example, at the 10

percent significance level, if we perform 100 independent hypothesis tests in which there are no real differences, it is likely that about 10 erroneous differences will

occur. Therefore, interpret the significance of any single

test cautiously.

Note Concerning Small Estimates and Small Differences. We show summary measures in the report only

when the base is 200,000 or greater. Because of the

large standard errors involved, there is little chance that

estimates will reveal useful information when computed

on a base smaller than 200,000. Also, nonsampling error

in one or more of the small number of cases providing

the estimate can cause large relative error in that

particular estimate. We show estimated numbers, however, even though the relative standard errors of these

numbers are larger than those for the corresponding

percentages. We provide smaller estimates primarily to

permit such combinations of the categories as serve

each user’s needs. Therefore, be careful in the interpretation of small differences since even a small amount of

nonsampling error can cause a borderline difference to

appear significant or not, thus distorting a seemingly

valid hypothesis test.

Standard Error Parameters and Tables and Their

Use. Most SIPP estimates have greater standard errors

than those obtained through a simple random sample

because we sampled clusters of living quarters for the

SIPP. To derive standard errors at a moderate cost and

applicable to a wide variety of estimates, we made a

number of approximations. We grouped estimates with

similar standard error behavior and developed two parameters (denoted ‘‘a’’ and ‘‘b’’) to approximate the standard

error behavior of each group of estimates. Because the

actual standard error behavior was not identical for all

estimates within a group, the standard errors we computed from these parameters provide an indication of the

order of magnitude of the standard error for any specific

estimate. These ‘‘a’’ and ‘‘b’’ parameters vary by characteristic and by demographic subgroup to which the

estimate applies. Use base ‘‘a’’ and ‘‘b’’ parameters

found in table 3 for 1990 longitudinal panel estimates.

For users who wish further simplification, we also

provide general standard errors in tables 4 and 5. Note

that you need to adjust these standard errors by a factor

from table 3. The standard errors resulting from this

simplified approach are less accurate. Methods for using

these parameters and tables for computation of standard errors are given in the following sections.

Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. There are

two ways to compute the approximate standard error, sx,

of an estimated number shown in this report. The first

uses the formula

sx 5 fs (1)

where f is a factor from table 3, and s is the standard

error of the estimate obtained by interpolation from table

4. Alternatively, approximate sx using the formula,

sx 5 =ax2 1 bx (2)

from which we calculated the standard errors in table 4.

Here x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the

parameters in table 3 associated with the particular type

of characteristic. Use of formula 2 will provide more

accurate results than the use of formula 1. When

calculating standard errors for numbers from crosstabulations involving different characteristics, use the

factor or set of parameters for the characteristic which

will give the largest standard error.

Illustration. Table B of the report shows that persons 16

to 64 years of age had 1,099,024 doctor visits in a 24

month period. The appropriate ‘‘a’’ and ‘‘b’’ parameters

from table 3 are a = -0.0000406 and b = 9990. Using

formula (2) the approximate standard error is

=~20.0000406!~1,099,024!

2 1 ~9990!~1,099,024! 5 105,000

The 90-percent confidence interval as shown by the

data is from 927,000 to 1,271,000. Therefore, a conclusion that the average derived from all possible samples

lies within a range computed in this way would be

correct for roughly 90-percent of all samples.

Using formula (1), the appropriate ‘‘f’’ factor (f=0.66)

from table 3 and the standard error of the estimate by

interpolation using table 4, the approximate standard

error is

sx 5 ~0.66!~156,000! 5 103,000

The 90-percent confidence interval as shown by the

data is from 930,000 to 1,268,000.

B-4
Standard Error of an Aggregate. We define an aggregate as the total quantity of an item summed over all the

units in a group. Approximate the standard error of an

aggregate using formula (3).

Because of the approximations used in developing

formula (3), it will generally underestimate the true

standard error. Let y be the size of the base and s2 be

the estimated population variance of the item. The

standard error of an aggregate is:

sx 5 =~b!~y!s2 (3)

Use the standard errors of the means, given in Tables

A and B of this report, to approximate the population

variance, s2

. The standard error of a mean, x is

sx 5 Î

b

y

s2 (4)

so

s2 5 y

b s

2

x

Now, the standard error of the aggregate, sx, is:

sx 5 Îby

y

b

s

2

x 5 ysx (5)

Illustration. FromTableA,SIPPestimatesthatthe 187,188,000

persons 16 years old and over spent 260,994,000 nights

in the hospital in the 24 month period (1990-1992). The

mean number of nights in the hospital was 1.39 with a

standard error of 0.07. So, the standard error of the

number of nights spent in the hospital is:

sx 5 ~187,188,000!~.07! 5 13,103,000

The 90-percent confidence interval as shown by the

data is from 239,440,000 to 282,549,000.

Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using

sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends

on the size of the percentage and its base. When the

numerator and denominator of the percentage have

different parameters, use the parameter (or appropriate

factor) from table 3 indicated by the numerator.

Calculate the approximate standard error, s(x,p), of an

estimated percentage p using the formula

s~x,p! 5 fs (6)

where p is the percentage of persons with a particular

characteristic such as the percent of persons with health

insurance coverage.

In this formula, f is the appropriate ‘‘f’’ factor from

table 3, and s is the standard error of the estimate

obtained by interpolation from table 5.

Alternatively, approximate it by the formula:

s~x,p! 5 Î

b

x

~p!~100 2 p! (7)

from which we calculated the standard errors in table 5.

Here x is the total number of persons in the base of the

percentage, p is the percentage (0 ≤ p ≤ 100), and b is

the ‘‘b’’ parameter in table 3 associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage. Use of this

formula will give more accurate results than use of

formula (6) above.

Illustration. Table B of the report shows 83.6% of persons 16 to 64 years of age had one or more doctor visits

in a 24-month period. The base of the percentage is

156,693,000. The appropriate ‘‘b’’ parameter and ‘‘f’’

factor from table 3 and the appropriate general standard

error found by interpolation from table 5 are

b = 9990 f = 0.66 s = 0.40

Using formula (6) the approximate standard error is

s~x,p! 5 ~0.66!~0.40! 5 0.3%

Using formula (7), the approximate standard error is

s~x,p! 5 Î

9990

156,693,000 83.6% ~100% 2 83.6%! 5 0.3%

The 90-percent confidence interval shown by these

data is 83.1 to 84.1 percent.

Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of a

difference between two sample estimates, x and y, is

approximately equal to

s~x2y! 5 =sx

2 1 sy2 2 2rsxsy (8)

where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates

x and y and r is the correlation coefficient between the

characteristics estimated by x and y. The estimates can

be numbers, averages, percents, ratios, etc. Underestimates or overestimates of standard error of differences

result if the estimated correlation coefficient is overestimated or underestimated, respectively. In this report, we

assume r is 0.

Illustration. Table B of the report shows that 89.7% of

females and 77.2% of males age 16 to 64 had one or

more doctor visits in a 24-month period. The bases of

these percentages for females and males are 80,456,000

and 76,238,000, respectively. The standard errors for

these percentages are computed using formula (7), to

be 0.3% and 0.5%. Assuming that these two estimates

are not correlated, the standard error of the estimated

difference of 12.5 percentage points is

s~x2y 5 =~0.3!

2 1 ~0.4!2 5 0.5%

B-5
Suppose it is desired to test at the 10-percent significance level whether the percentage of females and

males with one or more doctor visits was different. To

perform the test, compare the difference of 12.5% to the

product 1.645 x 0.5 = 0.8%. Since the difference is

greater than 1.645 times the standard error of the

difference, the data show that the two sex groups are

significantly different at the 10-percent significance level.

Table 3. SIPP Generalized Variance Parameters for

Estimates from the 1990 Longitudinal File

(using Panel Weights)

Characteristics

Parameters

a bf

Total Persons

16+ Income and Labor Force (1)

Both Sexes ................. -0.0000367 6248 0.52

Male ...................... -0.0000773 6248

Female .................... -0.0000699 6248

Health and Disability (2)......... -0.0000406 9990 0.66

All Others (3)

Both Sexes ................. -0.0000985 22724 1.00

Male ...................... -0.0002038 22724

Female .................... -0.0001908 22724

White Persons

16+ Income and Labor Force (1)

Both Sexes ................. -0.0000406 6926 0.55

Male ...................... -0.0000856 6926

Female .................... -0.0000774 6926

Health and Disability (2)......... -0.0000535 11073 0.70

All Others (3)

Both Sexes ................. -0.0001093 25185 1.05

Male ...................... -0.0002259 25185

Female .................... -0.0002115 25185

Black Persons

Health and Disability (1)......... -0.0002378 7221 0.56

All Others (2)

Both Sexes ................. -0.0002202 6076 0.52

Male ...................... -0.0004733 6076

Female .................... -0.0004118 6076

Hispanic Persons

Health and Disability (1)......... -0.0003485 7221 0.56

All Others

Both Sexes ................. -0.0002931 6076 0.52

Male ...................... -0.0005864 6076

Female .................... -0.0008596 6076

For cross tabulations, use the parameters of the

characteristic with the smaller number within the parentheses.

Use the ‘‘All Others’’ parameters for tabulations of

persons of all ages.

Table 4. Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers of

Persons

(Numbers in Thousands)

Size of Estimate Standard Error

200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

1,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

2,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

8,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

11,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

13,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

17,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

22,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

26,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

30,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770

50,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943

80,000 ....................................... 1090

100,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

130,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136

140,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118

150,000 ...................................... 1092

200,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

220,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

230,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

B-6
Table 5. Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages of Persons

Base of Estimated Percentage

(Thousands)

Estimated Percentages

≤ 1 or ≤ 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 25 or 75 50

200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.7 7.3 10.1 14.6 16.9

300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.9 6.0 8.3 11.9 13.8

600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.7 4.2 5.8 8.4 9.7

1,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 2.1 3.3 4.5 6.5 7.5

2,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.5 2.3 3.2 4.6 5.3

3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.8 4.4

5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.9 1.5 2.0 2.9 3.4

8,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 2.7

11,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.3

13,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.1

15,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.9

17,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.8

22,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.6

26,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.5

30,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4

50,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.1

80,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8

100,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8

130,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7

140,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6

150,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

200,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5

220,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

230,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

235,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

240,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

B-7