COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Powell and Senior Judge Annunziata 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

PAUL DAVID HUGHES 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2602-09-4 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER 

 SEPTEMBER 7, 2010 

RUTH HANKINSON HUGHES 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAUQUIER COUNTY 

Jeffrey W. Parker, Judge 

 August McCarthy for appellant. 

 Julia Savage (Walker Jones, PC, on brief), for appellee. 

 Paul David Hughes (husband) appeals the ruling of the Circuit Court of Fauquier County 

regarding child support arrearages owed to Ruth Hankinson Hughes (wife). Husband further 

appeals the circuit court’s decision finding him in contempt. Wife cross-appeals, arguing that the 

circuit court erred by not awarding her attorney’s fees. For the following reasons, we affirm in 

part and reverse in part. 

I. BACKGROUND 

This case stems from a dispute over the amount of child support owed following the 

parties’ divorce. The parties had two minor children at the time of the divorce, L.C.H. and a 

younger child. 

The parties signed a “Property Settlement and Separation Agreement and Stipulation” 

(PSA), which was ultimately affirmed, ratified, and incorporated into the divorce decree. The 

PSA specifically provided, in pertinent part: 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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 The Husband shall pay to the Wife for the support and 

maintenance of the parties’ minor children, the sum of $1,175.00 

per month. Payment in this amount shall commence on the first 

day of January, 2005 and continue thereafter on the first day of 

each succeeding month until the death of either child, the death of 

the Husband, or either of the children reaching the age of 18 or 

becoming otherwise emancipated. However, support will continue 

to be paid for any child over the age of 18 who is (i) a full time 

high school student, (ii) not self-supporting and (iii) living in the 

home of the party seeking or receiving child support, until such 

child reaches the age of 19 or graduates high school, whichever 

first occurs. 

* * * * * * * 

 The parties agree that any reasonable expenses, including 

but not limited to, interest on any unpaid obligations, counsel fees, 

court costs, and travel, incurred by a party in the successful 

enforcement of any of the provisions of this Agreement, whether 

through litigation, attorney letters and other informal actions, or 

other action necessary to compel compliance herewith, shall be 

borne by the defaulting party. Any such costs incurred by a party 

in the successful defense to any action for enforcement of any such 

provision shall be borne by the party seeking to enforce 

compliance. 

 The child L.C.H. turned eighteen years old in October of 2008, leaving one minor child 

in wife’s household. In response, husband unilaterally reduced his monthly child support 

payments by half. 

Wife petitioned for a rule to show cause. At the resulting hearing, the circuit court heard 

testimony and argument from the parties. Husband explained that he believed that L.C.H.’s 

birthday automatically reduced his child support payments by half. He did not seek the court’s 

permission because he did not think doing so was necessary. 1

 

The circuit court determined the PSA was incomplete, explaining: 

This agreement is silent as to what happens when [L.C.H.’s] 

emancipation . . . occurs. It’s missing a sentence. It didn’t say 

[husband’s child support obligation is] divided in half. It didn’t 

1

 Although the parties disputed whether L.C.H. was a full-time student after turning 

eighteen, the record is inconclusive on this point, and the court did not rule on this issue. 
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say it’s divided by a third. It didn’t say we were going to follow 

the child support guidelines. It says nothing. So the problem is 

you’ve got an agreement that is incomplete and the Court can’t 

write the contract for the parties. 

The circuit court thus found that husband improperly reduced the child support payment. 

Accordingly, the court calculated the sum of the arrearage based on the $1,175 amount provided 

in the PSA. 

The circuit court further found husband in civil contempt, noting that it was “kind of a 

close case . . . because the agreement is not as clear as it should be.” The court noted, “[I]f he 

had tried to follow the guidelines and reduced it to the guidelines, I might have felt differently.” 

The circuit court permitted husband to purge his contempt by paying the full amount of his child 

support arrearage within a year. 

 Additionally, in rejecting wife’s request for attorney’s fees, the circuit court simply stated 

that it was “not going to award any attorney’s fees.” Husband appeals the circuit court’s 

determination of the child support arrearage and contempt findings, and wife cross-appeals the 

denial of attorney’s fees. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. 

CHILD SUPPORT 

 Husband argues that Code § 20-109.1 allowed him to modify the child support amount 

without court intervention when L.C.H. reached the age of eighteen. He takes the position that 

the PSA clearly demonstrated the intent of the parties to modify the child support obligation 

when L.C.H. reached the age of eighteen, despite its silence as to how the child support 

obligations would be modified. Wife responds that the circuit court correctly determined a child 

support arrearage existed because the PSA lacked an identifiable methodology for recalculating 

child support and, thus, was not self-effectuating. 
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 Under Code § 20-109.1, a court may affirm, ratify, and incorporate into a divorce decree 

any valid agreement between the parties concerning the care, custody, and maintenance of their 

minor children. “Unless otherwise provided for in such agreement or decree incorporating such 

agreement, such future modifications shall not require a subsequent court decree.” Code 

§ 20-109.1. This code section applies when the parties contract for a monetary support award 

and that contract specifically provides a method by which support is recalculated. See Shoup v. 

Shoup, 37 Va. App. 240, 253-54, 556 S.E.2d 783, 789-90 (2001) (en banc) (holding that the trial 

court erred by not enforcing the prospective modification of child support in the spousal 

agreement where that agreement provided the adjusted support would be based on “the child 

support guidelines and other relevant law”). 

 Here, the agreement does not provide that the amount of support attributable to each child 

is equal or that support shall be reduced proportionately when a child reaches the age of 

majority. The child support award is unitary because it does not indicate what portion of the 

award is for each child, and the agreement provides no mechanism for the parties to determine 

how much support is due upon the terminating contingency of a child’s reaching majority. The 

agreement’s provision for the future reduction of child support was not self-executing because it 

did not provide how the parties should modify child support once the oldest child became 

emancipated. 

 Because the language in the agreement regarding the adjustment of child support was not 

self-executing, husband was obligated to obtain court approval before modifying support. See

Goodpasture v. Goodpasture, 7 Va. App. 55, 58, 371 S.E.2d 845, 847 (1988) (“Should 

circumstances change requiring alteration in the amount of support, a party’s remedy is to apply 

to the court for relief.”); Johnson v. Johnson, 1 Va. App. 330, 333, 338 S.E.2d 353, 355 (1986) 

(“[S]ince this was a unitary award for alimony and child support, the husband’s only remedy was 
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to apply to the court for a modification of the decree upon a change of condition.”). Therefore, 

the circuit court properly found that husband violated the divorce decree by unilaterally reducing 

support and, consequently, owed wife child support arrearages. 

 Husband also argues that the circuit court erred in its calculation of the arrearage amount. 

According to husband, the court could only accept husband’s method of reducing the support by 

half or recalculate the support according to Virginia’s child support guidelines for the relevant 

period. Husband, however, cites no authority in support of his assertion. Rule 5A:20(e) required 

that an appellant’s brief contain “[t]he principles of law, the argument, and the authorities relating to 

each question presented.” “Statements unsupported by argument, authority, or citations to the 

record do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 

S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Accordingly, we decline to address husband’s argument on this matter. 

B. 

CONTEMPT

 Husband next argues that the trial court erred in finding him in civil contempt, because the 

evidence did not support a finding of willfulness. Wife does not address this issue. 

“It ‘is within the discretion of the trial court’ to conduct civil contempt proceedings[;] 

thus we review the exercise of a court’s contempt power under an abuse of discretion standard.” 

Petrosinelli v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc., 273 Va. 700, 706, 643 S.E.2d 

151, 154 (2007) (quoting Arvin, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of Am., 215 Va. 704, 706, 213 S.E.2d 753, 

755 (1975)). A trial court may hold an offending party in contempt for “‘acting in bad faith or 

for willful disobedience of its order.’” Commonwealth Dep’t of Soc. Servs. ex rel Graham v. 

Bazemore, 32 Va. App. 451, 455, 528 S.E.2d 193, 195 (2008) (quoting Alexander v. Alexander, 

12 Va. App. 691, 696, 406 S.E.2d 666, 669 (1991)). “‘[B]efore a person may be held in 

contempt for violating a court order, the order must be in definite terms as to the duties thereby 
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imposed upon him and the command must be expressed rather than implied.’” Winn v. Winn, 

218 Va. 8, 10, 235 S.E.2d 307, 309 (1977) (quoting Wood v. Goodson, 485 S.W.2d 213, 217 

(Ark. 1972)); cf. Fisher v. Salute, 51 Va. App. 293, 305-06, 657 S.E.2d 169, 174-75 (2008) 

(upholding contempt finding where appellant used his property as a dock in violation of 

agreement expressly prohibiting him from having a dock). In other words, a person is in 

contempt of a court order only if it is shown that he or she has violated its express terms. 

The circuit court found that husband’s violation of the divorce decree was willful, but did 

not indicate that the violated duty was expressly stated in the PSA. Indeed, the court implicitly 

concluded the duty was not express by stating that, had husband unilaterally reduced the amount 

in accordance with the child support guidelines, such violation may not have been intentional. 

Because husband “did not violate a clearly defined duty imposed upon him by the agreement and 

the decree, his actions did not constitute contempt.” Winn, 218 Va. at 10-11, 235 S.E.2d at 309. 

Therefore, we hold the circuit court abused its discretion by finding husband in contempt. 

C. 

ATTORNEY’S FEES

 In her cross-appeal, wife argues that the circuit court erred in failing to award her 

attorney’s fees as required by the PSA. Husband has not responded to this argument. 

When parties contract concerning their property, spousal support, 

and related aspects of their affairs and file the contract with the 

court before entry of the divorce decree, “no decree or order 

directing the payment of support and maintenance for the spouse, 

suit money, or counsel fee or establishing or imposing any other 

condition or consideration, monetary or nonmonetary, shall be 

entered except in accordance with that . . . contract.” 

Kaplan v. Kaplan, 21 Va. App. 542, 548, 466 S.E.2d 111, 114 (1996) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Code § 20-109). 
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 Thus, when the parties have entered into a valid and enforceable PSA, “the statutory 

language of Code § 20-109(C) restricts the judge to decreeing according ‘to the terms’ of the 

agreement.” Rutledge v. Rutledge, 45 Va. App. 56, 62, 608 S.E.2d 504, 507 (2005). 

Furthermore, “the statutory proviso, that no order ‘shall be entered except in accordance with the 

. . . contract,’ requires the trial judge to examine the parties’ agreement to ascertain whether the 

relief sought by the moving party is encompassed within the terms of the agreement.” Id. at 63, 

608 S.E.2d at 508 (quoting White v. White, 257 Va. 139, 144-45, 509 S.E.2d 323, 326 (1999)). 

 In the present case, the PSA provided that wife was entitled to “any reasonable expenses, 

including but not limited to, interest on any unpaid obligations, counsel fees, court costs, and 

travel, incurred . . . in the successful enforcement” of the child support provisions of the PSA. 

As the relief sought by wife was clearly “encompassed within the terms of the agreement,” the 

circuit court erred in failing to award wife attorney’s fees. 

 Wife also seeks an award of attorney’s fees and costs incurred in this appeal. 

 The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum 

to determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts 

expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the 

opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine 

whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for 

requiring additional payment. 

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). As husband’s 

appeal of the child support determination lacks merit, we grant wife’s request. We reverse the 

denial of attorney’s fees and remand the case to the circuit court to determine an appropriate 

award of attorney’s fees and costs arising from wife’s enforcement of the PSA in circuit court as 

well as on appeal. 

III. CONCLUSION 

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court determination of husband’s child 

support arrearage. We reverse the contempt finding and the denial of attorney’s fees and costs 
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incurred by wife in her successful enforcement of the PSA. We further grant wife’s request for 

attorney’s fees and costs incurred in responding to this appeal. We remand to the circuit court 

for the entry of an order consistent with this opinion. 

Affirmed in part, 

 reversed in part, 

 and remanded.

 
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Powell, J., dissenting. 

 I respectfully dissent from the portion of this opinion holding that the circuit court abused 

its discretion by finding husband in contempt. “As a general rule, ‘before a person may be held in 

contempt for violating a court order, the order must be in definite terms as to the duties thereby 

imposed upon him and the command must be expressed rather than implied.’” Winn v. Winn, 218 

Va. 8, 10, 235 S.E.2d 307, 309 (1977) (quoting Wood v. Goodson, 485 S.W.2d 213, 217 (Ark. 

1972)). Further, 

A trial court “has the authority to hold [an] offending party in 

contempt for acting in bad faith or for willful disobedience of its 

order.” Carswell v. Matterson, 224 Va. 329, 332, 295 S.E.2d 899, 

901 (1982). In a show cause hearing, the moving party need only 

prove that the offending party failed to comply with an order of the 

trial court. Frazier v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 84, 87, 348 

S.E.2d 405, 407 (1986). The offending party then has the burden 

of proving justification for his or her failure to comply. Id.

Alexander v. Alexander, 12 Va. App. 691, 696, 406 S.E.2d 666, 669 (1991). 

Furthermore, it is well settled that, when an award of child support is unitary, the parties 

must return to court to have it changed. See Johnson v. Johnson, 1 Va. App. 330, 333, 338 S.E.2d 

353, 355 (1986) (“since this was a unitary award . . ., the husband’s only remedy was to apply to the 

court for a modification of the decree upon a change of condition”). Thus, the law is clear that, if 

husband’s duty to pay child support was expressly stated in the PSA, then, until he petitioned the 

circuit court for modification, he was required to pay the full amount of child support. 

In the present case, it is apparent that the trial court found that husband’s duty to pay was 

expressly stated in the PSA; what was not expressly addressed in the PSA was the formula that 

should be used to reduce the support amount upon L.C.H.’s emancipation. Indeed, the trial court 

made the finding that husband “did violate the terms of the court order because it wasn’t specific 

enough to allow him to do what he did. He just cut it in half.” 
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The trial court went on to find that husband’s violation was willful, stating that the 

decision to divide the amount in half was an “arbitrary decision” done with the attitude of “‘well, 

I’m just going to do it anyway . . . . That’s what I’m going to do and I don’t care, really, what 

anybody thinks . . . .’” 

 Once wife met her burden of showing that husband failed to pay the full amount required 

by the PSA, the burden then shifted to husband to prove justification for his failure to comply, 

which husband failed to provide. As it is clear that the basis of the contempt finding was 

husband’s decision not to pay the full amount of child support each month and not, as husband 

contends, his failure to follow the child support guidelines, I would not find that the trial court 

abused its discretion in finding husband in contempt.