sheetings. After a rain, accumulated water on the sheetings should be
removed forthwith. The temperature underneath the sheetings should be
maintained at 30° to 35°C and if it exceeds 38°C, the sheetings should be
lifted off at one or both ends to let air in so as to lower the temperature.

(b) Timely Ventilation to Harden Rice Seedlings. From the bifoliate to the
trifoliate stage, ventilation should be integrated to harden the rice
seedlings gradually. By day the plastic sheetings should be lifted off at
one or both ends and, little by little, also on both sides. At night,

when the air temperature drops to below 15°C, the entire seedbed should be
covered well. In particular, attention should be paid to guarding

against high temperatures by day and cold chill at night.

(c) Removal of Plastic Sheetings During Trifoliate Stage. When rice
seedlings reach the trifoliate stage, the plastic sheetings should be
removed, proper water level for seedling growth should be maintained,
and leaf-rolling disease and bacterial wilt shoudd be guarded against.

(d) Timely Top Dressing and Spraying to Destroy Weeds. During the
trifoliate stage, make a second application of fertilizer to the rice
seedlings thoroughly prior to transplanting so as to strengthen their cold
resistance and prevent seedling rot. Five to seven days before pulling
up the seedlings for transplanting, make a third or last application of
fertilizer so as to help the transplanted seedlings to turn green again
and resume growth. After transplanting, spread mulch and then spray the
bed surface with a herbicide in liquid form or when one or two leaf blades
of a weed shoot have emerged from the ground, spray with a herbicide to
kill the weeds in conjunction with ventilation of the seedbed. (For full
directions in the use of herbicide see the section on plant protection.)

Cultivation of Rice Seedlings by Transplanting Seedlings With Soil Attached
to the Roots. Transplanting paddy rice seedlings with soil attached to the
roots is also known as transplanting seedlings in the lump. Its distinc-
tive features are: dense sowing, seedling age is shortened, economical

use of seedbed, transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots
means also a certain amount of fertilizer is attached, shallow planting will
not cause seedlings to float, slowing down seedling growth is quick, and
early tillering. All this should create favorable conditions to strive for
abundant spikes, large spikes, and a high yield.

(a) Seedling Bed as Nursery Bed: The seedling bed should be as close to the
field as possible. For the seedling bed, land that is elevated, level, and
convenient to irrigate and drain should be selected. One method is to turn
a flooded and prepared field into a nursery bed. Another method is to make
use of a level paddy field as nursery bed. Do not plow it under, but just
dig out the rice stubbles. Spread on the bed surface a layer of thin river
mud to a thickness of 4 to 5 centimeters or a layer of rich, fertile soil
and rotted organic fertilizer mixed with water to form a wet, soft mass.
Smooth it down. Into the river mud nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizers should
be blended. Proceed with seeding as soon as the mud has settled. After
seeding, cover the seedbed well with plastic sheetings.

16



AGRICULTURE

THREE NEW SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES INTRODUCED

Peking K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN [Scientific Experiment] in Chinese No 1, Jan 77
pp 28-29

[Article by Wheat Section, Institute of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of
Agriculture and Forestry: "A Brief Introduction of Three New Spring Wheat
Varieties"]

[Text] Ching Hung No 7

Ching Hung No 7 was crossbred between 1969 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy
of Agriculture and Forestry, using Ching Hung No 1 as the female parent
plant and Narino 59 as the male parent plant through continuous selections
from two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings
in Hainan Island. The variety identification number is "K 13."

Its principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, white
grain of comparatively small size, grain weight about 30 g/1,000 kernels,
dwarf stems, plant height about 85 cm., resistant to lodging, early
maturing, from germination to maturity about 82 days, resistant to stripe
rust, stem rust and powdery mildew, resistant to leaf rust, grain filling
fast, grain plump and rather stable, protein content 14.26 percent.

Between 1973 and 1975, experiments and demonstrations carried out in 10
provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and over 30 scientific
research units, superior seed farms, state farms, and people's communes
showed its yield was rather good.

In 1973 experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties were carried
out in Peking, Hainan Island, Pai-ko-chuang Farm of Tang-shan, Yuan-mou
county of Yunnan. The yield was rather outstanding.

In 1974 this variety ranked second in variety comparing experiments at the

Academy's Experimental Station. The yield was 600.4 chin per mou,
31 percent more than Ching Hung No 5's yield of 457.41 chin per mou.

10



4, Jointing and Earing Stage

Requisite External Conditions. During the early stage of jointing, young
spikes will begin to differentiate. The temperature suitable for
differentiation is above 20°C. If the weather is clear, nutrient is adequate,
temperature variation is not great, and there is no storm of wind and rain,
it will be favorable to the jointing and earing of paddy rice.

Unfavorable External Conditions. Insufficient light is harmful to jointing
and earing. If the temperature drops to below 15°C, such phenomena as

leaves turning yellowish and slowing down of the rate of spike differentiation
will arise. During the earing stage, if the mean day temperature is lower
than 18°C, small, light grains with no germination potential are likely to

be produced.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. After jointing, paddy rice enters
a reproductive development stage which will decide the formation and growth
of the grain bearing spike of the rice plant. Generally, the number of
spikes in a rice field which has a per mu yield of about 1,000 catties is
between 30,000 and 40,000 to a mu.

(a) Irrigation: After baking the field and stopping or reducing the
irrigation of the seedlings during final tillering, it is necessary to raise
the layer of water to 6 or 7 centimeters right up to three or five days
prior to earing. If the vegetative growth of the seedlings is excessive, the
field should be baked anew, this time lightly. The length of time of

baking depends on the condition of the seedlings.

(b) Additional Manuring: During the period from jointing through spike
differentiation to earing and flowering, the nitrogen requirement of paddy
rice constitutes 50 to 60 percent of its total absorbing capacity and the
phosphorus and potassium requirement 60 to 70 percent of its total absorbing
capacity. In the final stage of tillering, prior to jointing, grasp in
good time the application of fertilizer during the earing stage in order to
promote the growth of healthy stems and big ears. See to it that fertiliza-
tion during the earing stage is not overdone, otherwise the seedling is
liable to excessive vegetative growth. Overly late fertilization may cause
the seedling to develop a predilection for greening and be late in coming
to maturity, produce numerous half-filled grains, and be infected easily
with rice blast.

(c) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Attention should be
paid to the occurrence of rice blast, sheath and culm blight, rice leaf-
hoppers, rice plant skippers, horizontal leaf rollers, etc.

5. Earing and Flowering Period

Requisite External Conditions. The suitable temperature for the earing and
flowering period is between 28° and 32°C. Clear weather, a relative humidity

. 20



SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

STUDY OF CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR REACTION OUTLINED
Peking WU-LI [Physics] in Chinese Vol 5 No 4, Aug 76 pp 197-198

[Article by Theoretical Study Group of First Laboratory, Insti-
tute of Physics, Cninese Academy of Sciences: "Bravely Climb
the Pinnacle of Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion For the Revolu-

tion"]

[Text] It has been 10 years since the stirring and seething
Great Cultural Revolution. In these 10 years, deep world-
shaking changes have occurred on China's various fronts. Scien-
tific research work has also broken through the various obstacles
of the revisionist line of Liu Shao-ch'i and Lin Piao, and has
advanced swiftly and vigorously along the path pointed to by
Chairman Mao. Our laboratory is engaged in studying the con-
trolled thermonuclear reaction. Looking back over the history
of the struggle and the accomplishments we have attained over
these ten years and contrasting them with the "last-gasp" state
of affairs prevailing in controlled [fusion] research prior to
the Great Cultural Revolution, the ironclad facts eloquently
prove that Chairman Mao's "Correctness or incorrectness in ide-
ological and political lines determines all" is an unshakeable
universal truth.

Before the Great Cultural Revolution: Fitful Non-accomplishment

The study of the controlled thermonuclear reaction is the search
for a new source of energy for man. This is an internationally
important area of scientific research. In our institute, how-
ever, [progress toward] this goal was rather fitful before the
Great Cultural Revolution. There was a burst of enthusiasm in
the planning stages, but not long after things got underway the
banners were struck and the drums silenced, and everything folded
up. This fitful starting and stopping was repeated through
cycle after cycle, and for eight whole years, from 1958 to 1966,
time wasted away, spent emptily; equipment lay idle, and funds
were wasted. Except for some preliminary notion of controlled



(b) Seeding and Seedling Age: Buds forced from rice seeds should crop

up orderly. So, the seeding rate should be 600 to 800 catties per mu,

seeding should be uniform, selection of grain should not be done with grain,
and seeds should lie half exposed and half buried in the mud. After

seeding, cover the seeds completely with a mulch and fine soil, and maintain

a constant level of moisture in the bed soil. At the time of transplanting,
see to it that each young sprout has 2.5 to 3 leaves and is 8 to 10 centimeters
high and 15 to 20 days old. If the seedling is overaged, it turns yellowish
and is slender and weak, and therefore dies easily.

(c) Rice Seedbed Management: Basically, rice seedbed management is the
same as in the plastic sheet-covered cultivation of rice seedlings. From
seeding to the full seedling stage, maintain a constant level of moisture
in the seedbed. From the full seedling stage to the development of the
second leaf, supply the seedbed ditches with a little water or no water at
all in order to make it easy for the seedling to take roots and become
healthy. Attention should be paid to lifting off the plastic sheetings to
provide ventilation and harden the seedlings. Several days prior to trans—
planting or after the development of the second leaf, remove the sheetings
gradually and make a third or last application of fertilizer to the seedlings.
After the sheetings are completely removed, if the surface of the seedbed
is dry and the air temperature is high, water it down so as to guard against
yellowing and bacterial wilt.

(d) In removing the seedlings from the nursery bed for transplanting, the
soil attached to the roots should be 1 to 2 centimeters thick. One or two
days prior to the removal, treat the seedlings with a spray solution for
the prevention of pests and plant diseases. Loading, transporting, and
transplanting the seedlings must be done all at the same time. In order to
avoid affecting their quality, the seedlings cannot be stacked up for a long
time.

(e) At the time of transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots,
quality requirements in the preparation of the field should be stricter than
at other times. The field must be leveled smooth and harrowed lightly,
base manure must be applied adequately, and water levels must be uniform.

If the surface of the field is not level, a ridge must be built along its
edges. After transplanting is completed in one plot, supply water to it
immediately to protect the seedlings. Do not let them stand there drying
in the sun.

2. Transplanting and Green Up Stage

Requisite External Conditions. At the time of transplanting, the mean day
temperature should be above 15°C for upland nonglutinous rice and above

13°C for lowland nonglutinous rice. In early spring, the daytime temperature
differs greatly from the nighttime temperature. With early cropping rice,

if the weather is fine, the field should be drained in the daytime so as

to raise the soil temeprature and in the nighttime it should be irrigated

se as to protect the seedlings from cold damage.

7



is high and the seeding is deep, the time of drainage will have to be a
little longer. This is to avoid having too much moisture in the soil
during seed germination, in which case the sprouts will only continue
growing without taking roots.

Moreover, if direct seeding on a dry field is adopted owing to inadequate
water sources during the early stage of plant growth, after sowing, firm
soil immediately, maintain or increase soil moisture, and strive for perfect
seedlings. In case that rain comes prior to seedling emergence and the
ground is one hard slab, the work of breaking the crust soil should be
carried out.

(c) Conservation of Water for Healthy Seedlings: When the young seedlings
enter the trifoliate period, it is necessary to maintain a constant layer of
water in the field so as to attain the conservation of water for healthy
seedlings and the inhibition of weeds. This is the main link in the culture
technique of direct seeding on a dry field. If the conservation of water

is carried out too late or a constant layer of water cannot be maintained

in the field over a long period of time, it will easily give rise to damping-
off disease, bacterial wilt, or weak seedlings.

(d) Weed Control: Key measures include: (i). Practice rotation between
dryland crop and paddy rice; (ii) Carry out land preparation and soil
moisture conservation to induce weeds to grow and prior to seeding, harrow
the field to remove them; (iii) Practice timely conservation of water to
inhibit weed growth; (iv) Practice weed control with chemicals; and (v)
Practice timely eradication of weeds by hand or with weeding rakes.

(e) During final tillering, it is necessary to bake the field in order to
prevent lodging.

7682
cso: 4006

23.



3. Tillering Period

Requisite External Conditions. An air temperature of about 30°C is suitable.
Adequate nutrient and sunshine can promote tillering in abundance and at a
rapid rate.

Unfavorable External Conditions. Tillering will be restricted if the mean
day temperature drops to below 15°C. Dry weather and an air temperature
above 37°C will be detrimental to tillering. Rainy weather and inadequate
sunshine will not only delay tillering, but also produce slender and weak
stems, rendering them prone to infection with rice blast. If the temperature
difference between daytime and nighttime is too great, it will be harmful

to tillering.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. During the tillering stage, take
advantage of regulating the amount of water and fertilizer in the field to
promote early tillering, control the number of ineffective tillers, and
make seedlings grow healthily but not excessively. Generally, only tillers
possessing four or more leaf blades have a chance of becoming effective
tillers. The earlier a tiller appears, the lower its tillering position,
and the greater its chance of becoming an effective tiller.

(a) Irrigation: During the tillering period, it is necessary to irrigate
plot by plot in accordance with the local weather, nature of the soil,
condition of the seedlings, and weed situation. During early tillering,
maintain a shallow layer of water and raise the water temperature and soil
temperature in order to promote early tillering and strive for more tillers
which can form ears. During final tillering, bake the field properly to
keep down ineffective tillering and stop or reduce irrigation to guard
against lodging. However, baking a field of saline-alkali soil is likely
to give rise to secondary salination and dead seedlings. This must be
distinguished from other soils.

(b) Additional Manuring: The intake of a seedling of nitrogen during the
period from greening up to jointing is relatively high, constituting 30 to
40 percent of its total amount of nitrogen absorption during the entire
growth period. On the other hand, its intake of phosphorus and potassium is
slightly less, constituting 20 to 30 percent of its total amount of absorption.
Additional manuring during the tillering period is the key to strengthening
effective tillering and striving for a high heading rate per tiller. Six or
seven days after greening up, make yet another application of fertilizer.

In the North, as far as single-crop rice is concerned, and in the South, as
far as double-crop early rice is concerned, it is especially important that
early application of fertilizer during the tillering period be grasped so

as to promote early tillering. With intermediate rice and single-crop late
rice, make an additional application of fertilizer. Simultaneously with
additional manuring, weeding in the field should be carried out.

(d) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Attention should be
paid to the occurrence of white withering, rice blast, sheath and culm blight,
rice leafhoppers, rice stem borers, etc.

19



OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR CULTIVATING LOWLAND RICE

Shanghai KUO-YING NUNG-CH'ANG NUNG-YEH CHI-SHU [Handbook on Agricultural
Techniques for State Farms] in Chinese, compiled by the Agricultural
Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, People's
Publishing House, May 1975, pp 243-249

[Article: "Lowland Rice"]
[Text] 1. Seeding Time and Seedling Time

Requisite External Conditions: Upland nonglutinous rice begins to sprout
and grow when the mean temperature reaches 12°C and lowland nonglutinous
rice begins to sprout and grow when the mean temperature reaches 10°C. The
optimum temperature for both types of nonglutinous rice to germinate

and develop is between 28° and 32°C. Sowing can begin when the mean tempera-
ture exceeds 11° or 12°C and the water temperature stabilizes at above 12°C.
During seedling time it is suitable to maintain a shallow layer of water in
the paddy field and conduct drainage from time to time to keep up a constant
level of moisture and a sufficient level of oxygen in the sprouting bed so
as to help the rice seedlings to grow roots.

Unfavorable External Conditions: Seedlings are prone to rot when the mean
day temperature is below 11° or 12°C and it rains continuously. When the
temperature changes abruptly, say, dropping from 15° to 5°C, it is harmful
to the growth of the seedlings and likely to cause them to rot. When the
maximum temperature reaches about 40°C, it is also harmful to the growth of
the seedlings.

Essential Points of Culture Technique: The main purpose of cultivating
rice seedlings is to make a bid for raising the seedling rate and improving
the quality of the seedlings under the prerequisite of timely sowing in
order to meet the requirements for enough sprouts and healthy seedlings.

The standard of a healthy seedling is: leaves erect, seedling green, stem
flat and coarse; grows in orderly fashion and is free of insect pest; root
system well-developed and white roots in abundance; transplantable at a
suitable age, not easily damaged, and greening up and tillering rapidly
after transplanting.

14



A few recalcitrant capitalist-roaders in scientific and techno-
logical circles endlessly prattled such nonsense as "Your achieve-
ments never amounted to much, yet you insist on puffing them way
up." Teng Hsiao-p'ing's sinister intention was a preposterous
scheme to pull scientific undertakings back onto the old road of
revisionism. We had had our fill of the hardships of insuffi-
ciency, slowness, inferiority, and wastefulness of the revision-
ist scientific research line before the Great Cultural Revolu-
tion. And it was precisely the Great Cultural Revolution which
rescued controlled [fusion research] from its moribund state,
gave it new life, and drove it rushing forward. We are history's
witnesses, and we must use our personal experiences to exalt the
magnificient accomplishments of the Great Cultural Revolution
and indignantly criticize the criminality of Teng Hsiao-p'ing's
rehabilitation and restoration. The rehabilitation did not win
the people's hearts, and there was nothing to be gained by going
backwards; the wheel of history must never be permitted to turn
in reverse.

Seizing Even Greater Victory With Class Struggle as Key Policy

The great leader Chairman Mao has taught us that "within the
scope of the production struggle and scientific experimentation,
man is constantly developing, and Nature is also ceaselessly un-
folding; never will there be a halt at some level, and so man
must always constantly summarize his experience to make discov—-
eries, inventions, creations, and progress."*

We shall certainly firmly remember Chairman Mao's teaching. We
have clearly seen that credit for whatever accomplishments ‘we
achieved should be given to the great, glorious, and correct
Chinese Communist Party, to the great leader Chairman Mao, to
Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, and to the Great Cultural
Revolution. And the battle is not over yet. The achievements
which we have attained are merely the starting point for seizing
new victory; they should serve as the stepladder for scaling new
heights. The new battle is calling us. With class struggle as
the key policy, we are determined to firmly adhere to the funda-
mental party line, to erect heroic aspirations and establish
stalwart determination, to not fear difficulties and dangerous
obstacles, to follow the road indicated by Chairman Mao, and to
scale the pinnacles of science for the revolution.

(Refer to article "On Controlled Nuclear Fusion" in this issue.)

* Excerpted from "Government Work Report of Premier Chou En-lai
at First Session of Third People's Congress," Jen-min Jih~pao,
31 December 1964.

11,310
Cs0: 8111/1225 -p



Could we really afford to carry on such research? Would we be
able to chew what we had bitten off?

Chairman Mao's teaching concerning “destroying and casting out
superstitions and liberating thinking" supplied us with inex-
haustible energy. Why was it that the foreign countries could
engage in such research and China could not? The Chinese people,
who have arisen, will never be content with backwardness, and
will never allow the super-powers to monopolize this realm. The
Chinese people possess the will and the strength, and in the not
too distant future they will certainly catch up to and surpass
the world's advanced levels.

At the end of 1966, as the war drums of the Great Cultural Rev-
olution resounded throughout the heavens, our institute's con-
trolled [fusion] research was begun once more. A deep criticism
of the revisionist scientific research line cleared the way for
swift progress in scientific endeavors. In 1967 an angular con-
striction device and laser targeting were begun. In 1969 a fo-
cusing device was begun. In 1972 a ring current device (i.e.,

a "Tokamak" device) research effort was begun (refer to "Brief
Explanation of Terminology" at the end of this paper [not in-
cluded]). Now, with broad strides and heads held high, we are
continuing to advance along a new course. Several years’ work
has opened before us a new arena of considerable scope. Such
vigor and spirit were unimaginable before the Great Cultural
Revolution.

Controlled [fusion] is a highly comprehensive and technically
demanding research undertaking. In order to establish experi-
mental facilities, it was necessary to come in contact with a
series of problems concerning high-voltage engineering, automa-
tic electronic control, super-high vacuums, high-temperature
plasma diagnostics, and mechanical engineering, and it was also
necessary to solve several new technological and engineer ing
[problems]. We were all young scientists, mostly tyros who had
just begun to take part in this work. Faced with a mission of
such formidable complexity, what path should we follow? How
could we establish our experimental facilities with greater,
faster, better, and more economical results? Should we follow
the principle of diligence and frugality in all endeavors in
pioneer scientific research? How could we manage to catch up to
and surpass [world levels] as rapidly as possible? This string
of questions stood before us in sharp relief.

Which road to follow? Should we draw up a long list and with
hands outstretched beg the leadership for instruments and equip-
ment? Did everything have to be ready-made? No! If we wanted
to catch up to and surpass [world levels], we could not sit



{fusion] and a bit of work in the area of plasma spectra, vir-
tually nothing was accomplished.

Why is it that controlled [fusion] research was delayed until it
was half-dead? In the final analysis, it was because of the
poison of Liu Shao-ch'i's revisionist line with regard to scien-
tific research. That which those capitalist-roaders who imple-
mented the revisionist scientific research line were peddling
was merely "pedestrianism" and foreign-slave philosophy. They
could only follow closely in the footsteps of the foreigners.
Not only were they without any larger strategic vision; what
was in even greater lack were stalwarts who would dare to forge
ahead. Their enthusiasm was for projects in which some tangible
results could be seen in the short-run, projects which merely
copied the foreigners and braved no risks. And as for those
areas in which even the foreigners were still far from success,
even though these were politically and economically significant
and academically worthy areas, to these they gave no thought;
they did.not dare to think of them. Mention of controlled [fu-
sion] was included during project planning, but that was just

so much window dressing; they had never dared to really get in-
volved in it. Even if they wanted to dabble a bit in this area,
they could not but rely on one or two bourgeois experts. Once
they had accepted the course laid out by these bourgeois experts,
endeavors without exception seemed to fall into a state of dreary
lethargy.

Since the Great Cultural Revolution: High Enthusiasm Prospers

The revolution is the locomotive of history. The Great Cultural
Revolution thoroughly eliminated the various crimes of the re-
visionist scientific research line, and Chairman Mao's revolu-
tionary line was successfully implemented. And from that time
onward, our institute's controlled [fusion] research work en-
tered a renaissance, a new atmosphere of high and flourishing
enthusiasm.

In the eyes of some, controlled [fusion] was an uncrackably
tough nut. Some foreign experts had proclaimed that "the con-
trolled thermonuclear reaction is the most difficult scientific
research topic in all history." "Never before has there been an
area of scientific research like controlled [fusion]: so much
manpower has been invested in it, and our efforts have gone on
for so long, yet today we are still groping." Our memories are
still fresh. It was in 1959 when a Soviet revisionist expert
paid a visit to our institute. With an incredulous stare and a
contemptuous tone of voice, he asked us, "Why do you want to
study this?" What he was implying was that we were such an im-
poverished nation and our standard [of living] was so low. . .



The links in the technique of nursing healthy seedlings are as follows:

(a) Raise seed quality: Select seeds with a high degree of varietal
purity. Before sowing, sun the seeds and use the muddy water or salt water
floatation method of seed selection. Also, it is necessary to do well the
work of seed disinfection (for details see Seed Treatment on page 285).

(b) Raise the quality of bud forcing: Prior to sowing, soak the seeds to
make them absorb enough moisture and change the water daily so as to prevent

the seeds from getting sticky. In soaking the seeds, do not fill the container

to excess. When whiteness first shows, wash the seeds with clear water.

Bud forcing should be done uniformly so as to prevent burning any sprouts.
At the most, the length of a sprout should not exceed half the length of a
grain of seed. (c) Raise the quality of the rice seedbed. Sufficient base
manure should be applied to the rice seedbed. More decomposed organic
fertilizer should be used. The fertilizer should be spread evenly and the
seedbed should be level. (d) Grasp timely seeding, a proper rate of
seeding, and a suitable age for seedlings and strengthen management of the
manuring and watering of the seedbed in order to guarantee the cultivation
of an adequate number of healthy seedlings.

For early cropping rice, seize the end of winter and the beginning of

spring as the right time for sowing the seedling beds; for late rice, sow in
time according to different varieties and different dates of transplanting
seedlings. The age of a seedling in number of days should be ascertained

in accordance with variety characteristics so as to forestall overaging

or underaging. Then fix a seeding rate for the seedling bed according to the
length of life of the seedlings to prevent seeding from being too dense or
too sparse and determine a suitable seeding time according to aging time

and transplanting time of the seedlings to prevent seeding from being too
early or too late.

Below we introduce the essential points of the techniques of cultivating
rice seedlings by using plastic sheetings to cover the nursery beds and
transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots.

Plastic Sheet-Covered Cultivation of Rice Seedlings. On the basis of wet
cultivation of rice seedlings, generally it is possible to advance the
planting date by 10 days when the seedbed is covered with plastic sheetings.
In the plastic sheet-covered cultivation of rice seedlings, attention should
be paid to grasping the following problems in seedbed management:

(a) Strict Control of Seedbed Temperature. From the time of seeding to the
full seedling and green-up stage (prior to the emergence of two leaves),

it is necessary to seal tightly the seedbed so as to maintain a proper
temperature and a constant level of moisture in the soil. Watering the
seedbed is unsuitable. In a plot where water permeates quickly, the seedbed
ditches may be watered every three or four days or the water in the ditches
may be maintained at a constant level, with water not rising’ to the surface
of the seedbed. Strictly check that there are no holes in the plastic

b



The spirit of self-reliance, diligence and thrift was further
manifested during the course of the construction of the ring
current device. There was no laboratory, so everyone fought
courageously for two months to clean up a scrap shed piled full
of junk and asbestos ash and carry in several hundred large con-
densers. In order to struggle for time against the imperialists,
revisionists, and reactionaries, we studied charged power sources,
micron plasma soldering guns, and plasma choppers ourselves. Un-
der the direction of the worker teachers, we excavated founda-
tions, build roofs, welded steel plate, and pounded copper bars.
Of the ten major components of the ring current device, eight
assemblies and two sub-assemblies were build by the institute's
shop and our lab in conjunction with the Peking Institute of
Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and
only two sub-assemblies were industrial products.

By doing these things ourselves, our proletarian determination
was greatly heightened; by taking action ourselves, progress was
greatly accelerated and large amounts of funds were saved; by
doing the work ourselves and struggling alongside our worker
comrades in the triple alliance, we learned the good ideology
and work-style of the working class, which greatly hastened the
reform of the world view of the scientific research personnel.

Revolution is the power which motivates scientific research un-
dertakings. In 1972, impelled by the criticizing of Lin Piao
and Confucius, neutrons were produced from the focusing device,
and a comparatively systematic study was made of the use of laser
interferometry in the angular constriction device. In 1975,
during the high tide of studying the theory of proletarian dic-
tatorship, the ring current device attained the international
level for devices of similar scope (refer to article "How Number
Six Controlled Thermonuclear Experimental Device Was Born" in
Vol 4 No 1 of this publication). Every accomplishment shone
with the glory of Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, and all
were the result of the victory of proletarian ideology over bour-
geois ideology. Our work experiences prove that under the lead-
ership of the party, if the masses can be widely mobilized, all
positive factors brought into play, superstitions destroyed and
cast off, thinking liberated, revisionism constantly criticized,
and Chairman Mao's great policy concerning "independence, au-
tonomy and self-reliance" firmly adhered to, then there will be
no height which camot be climbed, and no undertaking without
victory.

Teng Hsiao-p'ing, the most recalcitrant capitalist-roader within
the party, in his frantic touting of rightist rehabilitation ac-
cused scientific research work since the Great Cultural Revolu-
tion of backwardness and of hindering the four modernizations.



of between 70 and 80 percent, and a.slight-breeze..are all advantageous to
florification and pollination. net

Unfavorable External Conditions. Rainy weather and a mean day temperature
Jower than 20°C not only are unfavorable to florification and pollination,
but also are prone to cause infection with rice blast or produce half-filled
grains and small grains with no germination potential. If the temperature
ig lower than 17°C for upland nonglutinous rice or 15°C for lowland nonglu-
tinous rice, the rate of fructification will lower markedly. Windstorm

and insufficient sunshine also are detrimental to florification and
fructification of paddy rice.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. During the earing and flowering
stage, if the water requirement is met and nutrient is adequate, the seeds
will be filled and become plump and ripen in good time.

(a) Irrigation: Maintain a constant layer of water in the field and guard
against suspension of water supply or drainage of the field. But if the
vegetative growth of the seedlings is excessive, the field may be alternated
between dry and wet.

(b) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Pay heed to the
treatment and control of rice neck blast disease, rice leafhoppers, horizontal
leaf rollers, and paddy rice borers.

6. Ripening Stage

Requisite External Conditions. Adequate moisture, nutrient, and light are
required during the filling stage. A great temperature difference between
daytime and nighttime will be beneficial to the accumulation of nutrient.
Clear weather is required during the wax ripe stage.

Unfavorable External Conditions. With late rice in the South and single-
crop rice in the North, when the-mean day temperature is below 15°C, the
ripening stage will be delayed manifestly. A storm of wind and rain will
give rise to lodging and shattering of grains, lower the quality of the crop,
and affect its harvest. During the filling stage, if soil moisture is
insufficient, half-filled grains will increase in number and the yield will
decline.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. Between 63 and 75 percent of the
nutrient accumulated in a paddy rice grain stems from photosynthesis after
the earing stage. Therefore, during the filling stage of paddy rice, good
nutrition conditions are still necessary. The root system must be prevented
from decaying early and the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf blades must
be preserved in order that a great deal of nutrient be transmitted to the
grains.

During the filling stage, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field.
However, in the latter part of the filling stage, the field may be alternated

21



JPRS 69559

5 August 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No, 389

Release

Distribution Unlimited

DISTRIBUTION STATEME!
Approved for Public be

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

U.S.

ane

oe

i

a
a

RVICE

FEAST EEO ES

TECHNICAL

en

TMENT OF COMMERCE
SERINGFIELD, VA. 22181

NATIONAL
U.S.

INFORMATION SEI

=
sien
cra
a

20000412 19



A Case of Horse and Mule Born at Single Birth
(Hopeh Province, Kao-yang County, State-Operated Livestock
Breeding Station) ...ccsceecececececdecccccccscecscececscesescscecese L7

Experimental Fattening of Hybrid Broilers
(Peking Municipality, Hai-tien District, Shang-chuang Commune,
Ch'i-yeh Brigade, Chicken Raising Team, et al.) .sseceseeceeeeeeeceee 18

Utilization of Animals and Their Control

Breeding and Utilization of Musculus Senhousei
(Ts'ai Ying-ya [5591 5391 0068]) ...cccecsecesecececccecreeescceeeees 20

Breeding of Green Frogs to Eliminate Insect Pests
(Ts'ai Ju-hsing [5591 1172 2502] et al.) cesececsccceeececreereeeeeee 22

Experimental Control of Wheel Worms With Pteroarya Stenoptera Leaves
(Kiangsi Province, Yu-kan County, P'i-p'a Aquatic Products
Experimental Station) ....scsecccecceccccceccecceccnrssscecescsecsess 22

Comprehensive Utilization of Rats
(T'ien K'ai-ming [3944 7030 2494]) ..ccccceccccccccceenscceensseesses 24

Extermination of Rats on the Grassland
(Inner Mongolia, I-k'o-chao Meng, Grassland Construction Work
Station) ...... seseeeeee 25

Use of Tea-Seed Cakes to Cleanse Fish Ponds and Quick Lime to Prevent
Fish Diseases
(Kiangsi Province, Jui-chin County, Institute of Marine Biology) .... 28

A Brief Report on Experimental Fish Breeding in a Herbaceous Seed Field
(Hunan Province, Ch'i-yang County, Wen-fu~shih Commune,
P'ing-yang-tien Brigade, Young Fish and Species Farm) ...s.seeeeseees 28

Short News Item on Survey of Resources in Rare Animals
(Szechwan Province, Nan-ch'ung Normal College, Department of

Biology, Teaching Research Group on Basic Biology) .. weeeceeee 36

Basic Scientific Research

Second Intermediate Host of Lung Flukes in Feng-hua County--A Preliminary
Investigation of Fresh-Water Crabs and Other Edible Crabs
(Tai Ai-yun [2071 1947 7189] et al.) ..:

Two Types of Clubiona Found in Cultivated Fields of Chekiang Province
(Sung Ta-hsiang [1345 1129 4382] et al.) ...ccseccccceeecceeeee

A Preliminary Investigation of Scolopendrids for Medicinal Use
(Hupeh Provincial Medicinal Scolopendrids Investigating Team) ....... 34

8



TABLE OF CONTENTS OF 'TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH'
Peking TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH [Zoology] in Chinese No 1, Feb 77
[Text] Animal. Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Chairman Hua and We Veterinary Workers Are Linked Together Heart to Heart
(Kiangsi Provincial Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine
Research Institute et al.) ..cseccecceeccscccenceescsecceccsecesecces 2

Keep Firmly in Mind Chairman Hua's Concern for Us and Sing Loudly of
Rapid Advance
(Chin Tso-min [6855 0155 3046] et al.) ccsceccececcececcesccscerevees 3

Criticize Preposterous Views of "Gang of Four" on Negation of
Basic Theories
(P'an Yin [3382 0936]) ...ccecccceccccceceves

eee eeecccerecceneneee 4

Treatment of Common Swine Diseases With Electrified Needle
(Kiangsi Provincial Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine
Research Institute) ...ccesceecesecccsececcesccccsececceescccesceecee 7

A Study of Black Hog Raising and Breeding in I-shui and Meng-yin
(Shantung Province, Lin-i District, Institute of Agricultural

SCUCNCES) cesecesccccscsccccccccceescecccccecrscceesecerssscssessoses LO

Experimental Use on Preliminary Basis of Progestin in Breeding Domestic
Animals
(Northwest College of Agriculture, Department of Animal
Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine) ..eesseeceeececeeccceccecvecesees 13

Treatment of White Scours in Sucking Pigs With Agrimony (Agrimonia pilosa)
(Kirin Province, Nung-an County, K'ao-shan People's Commune Middle
School Revolutionary Committee) ....cecccecccceeceeeecceecccceeescees 16

A Report for First Time in Our Country of Gastrodiscoides Hominis Living
‘as Parasites Within Body of a Hog
(Kiangsu College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry
and Veterinary Medicine, Section of Courses on Parasites) ........... 16

7



around like beggars with our hands held out; we would have to
become doers! We would have to follow the road of independence,
autonomy, and self-reliance pointed out by Chairman Mao. If we
were to gain a footing domestically, we would have to rely upon
our own strength and on the diligent and brave hands and bound-
less wisdom of the Chinese people, and deeply mobilize the masses
so that everyone could work and contribute together. If some-
thing was lacking, we filled the gap ourselves. If needed equip-
ment was lacking, we built it ourselves. If we were lacking in
experience, we left our laboratories and learned from worker
teachers and sought guidance from fraternal units, continuing
all the while to courageously partake of actual experience and
to work and learn at the same time.

Having been baptized in the struggle of the Great Cultural Rev-
olution, the broad masses of scientific research personnel fol-
lowed the road of Chairman Mao's "May 7" Instruction and accepted
re-education from the laboring class and the poor and lower-mid-
dle peasants. Everyone criticized the bourgeois ideologies of
achieving prestige and authority and disdaining physical labor
inculcated by the revisionists, roused their revolutionary spir-
it, disregarded the relevance of professional specializations,
and threw themselves enthusiastically into the struggle to build
a laboratory. Those who had originally studied theoretical phys-
ics changed jobs and got involved in high voltage; those who had
formerly studied optics now got involved in vacuums. If a labo-
ratory was too small, they would go ahead and expand it them-
selves. We all did bricklaying and carpentry together with our
worker teachers, our hearts all yearned toward the same goal,
and we all sweated together. The cable trenches we dug our-
selves. The iron grounding poles which were more than three
meters long we pounded in one by one, and we lifted heavy con-
densers weighing several hundred kilograms all by ourselves.

We had no screen cages, 80 we found some copper mesh and made
them ourselves. There was no way to polish the large collector
plates, so we picked up grindstones and ground them a little at
a time, and after several days we had indeed ground them to a
polish. Under the leadership of the worker propaganda teams

and the revolutionary committees at all levels of the party or-
ganization, we united with the worker teachers and waged a tense
struggle, and finally, late in the night of 26 December 1969
neutrons were sent out from the angular constriction device (re-
fer to article "Experimental 100,000-joule ©-Constriction Device"
in Vol 3 No 1 of this publication). This was the first time that
neutrons had been observed in a Chinese controlled [fusion] ex-
perimental device, and everyone was wild with joy, running hither
and thither to tell one another the news, and it was quite a
while before the ebullience died down.



Unfavorable External Conditions. After transplanting, strong winds or

a heavy downpour will easily give rise to lodging and floating of the seedlings
and in the event of a drought the seedlings will be liable to withering. The
temperature is relatively low when seedlings of early cropping rice are
transplanted and in case of a cold wave, it may delay the seedlings in
becoming green again. In summer, the air temperature is high and sunshine

is strong, and it will easily cause the seedlings to wither.

Essential Points of Culture Technique

(a) Seeding Transplanting: Transplanting should be done early and at the
right time. It should be shallow, but not so shallow as to cause the seedlings
to float. Maintain a shallow layer of water in the paddy field so as to
promote early tillering, strive for tillering in low nodal positions, and
increase the number of effective tillers. When transplanting is done
mechanically, attention should be paid after transplanting to preventing
omitted transplanting, folded seedlings, and seedling hurting, controlling
the depth and uniformity of seedlings in each hole, and carrying out supple-
mental planting of seedlings in good time. When transplanting is done
manually, see to it that the rows are straight, guarantee dense planting,
and carry out transplanting as shallow as possible. The density of planting
should vary with seed variety and fertility of the field. Generally, there
are 25,000 to 35,000 holes to a mu and 7 to 10 seedlings to a hole. That
means between 200,000 and 350,000 basic seedlings should be transplanted in
a mu.

(b) Fertilizers: Rotted organic fertilizer, green manure, and phosphatic
fertilizer should be regarded as the main base fertilizers for the paddy

rice field. They should be applied either at the time of plowing or before
harrowing. Prior to transplanting, chemical nitrogenous fertilizer should

be applied as surface fertilizer to promote the rapid greening up of seedlings.

(c) Chemical Weed Control. Three or four days after transplanting, let in
a shallow layer of water. Add 1 to 1.5 catties of a 25 percent wettable
herbicide or 1 to 1.5 catties of 80 percent PCP (pentachlorophenol) for

each mu to between 30 and 40 catties of fine wet soil to form a poison soil
or mix them evenly with a chemical fertilizer and scatter it. After applying
the substance, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field.

(d) Irrigation: Transplanted small seedlings require shallow irrigation and
frequent watering. For large seedlings, low water is also required during
transplanting and the green up stage. In the case of saline-alkali soil,
after transplanting, let in water to a depth equivalent to two-thirds of

the height of a seedling so as to protect the young plant. After the

green up stage, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field in conjunction
with proper drainage so as to promote the development of its root system.

18



RICH TIMBER RESOURCES IN TIBET
Peking NCNA in English 1549 GMT 1 Jul 77 OW

[Text] Lhasa, July 1, 1977 (HSINHUA)--Southeastern Tibet has China's
third biggest concentration of virgin forests, next only to the greater
and lesser Khingan Mountains in northeast China and Szechwan and Yunnan
provinces in Southwest China, according to a survey made by a scientific
expedition to the Tsinghai-Tibet Plateau organized by the Chinese Academy
of Sciences.

A rough estimate shows that Tibet has at least 1,000 species of trees
belonging to more than 100 families. Almost every major species of tree
in the northern hemisphere can be found in the region.

Members of the scientific expedition discovered in Tibet species of plants
left over from the tertiary period. These plants provide evidence sup-
porting the proposition that Tibet was not attacked by glaciers during the
quaternary period and could therefore give shelter to tertiary plants.
They also furnish valuable information for the study of the origin and
dissemination of plants in the northern hemisphere.

An outstanding feature of Tibet's virgin forests is that the usual geo-
graphical distribution of varied species of trees, namely, from the tropics
to the frigid zone, is visible at different altitudes of mountain sides and
valleys in a given area.

In addition to the tree species native to the Himalayan region, there are
also those belonging to the floristic composition of other parts of East
Asia and of North America, Northern Eurasia, the Mediterranean and Indo-
Malaya.

Among the over 40 varieties of common coniferous trees are the Himalayan
pine, the Himalayan fir, Pinus Densata, Picea Likiangensis Var, Balfouriana,
and Sabina Wallichiana. There are also such rare species as Taxus,
Podocarpus and Amentotaxus. Spruce and fir growing in Linchi, Meto and
Tsayul are the species found only in Tibet.

24



JPRS 69559

5 August 1977
TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
No. 389

CoNTENTS PAGE

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

Study of Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Outlined

(WU-LI, Aug 76) .ccccceccccsccccevcccecereersceseceves 1
Table of Contents of 'TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH"

(TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH, Feb 77). .cccccccccccccescees 7

AGRICULTURE

Three New Spring Wheat Varieties Introduced

(K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN, Jun 77). .ececcececceccececcecees 10
Optimum Conditions for Cultivating Lowland Rice

(KUO-YING NUNG-CH'ANG NUNG-YEH CHI-SHU, May 75....... 14
Rich Timber Resources in Tibet

CNCNA, 1 Jul 77) .cccccccececcececcccncescncsecteenees 24

-a- {III - cc - 80 S & T]



In the Ta-hua-shan commune of P'ing=ku-county, Peking Municipality,

variety comparing experiments carried out by the Hou-pei-kung brigade
achieved a yield of 582.5 chin per mou, 21.4 percent more than Tanori and

8.5 percent more than Potam. Again in the same year in the variety

comparing experiments at Pai-ko-chuang Farm of Tang-shan, the yield was

27.6 percent more than K'o Ch'un No 14, 28.7 percent more than Ching Hung

No 5 and 8.9 percent more than Liao Ch'un No 8. In 1975 the Hsi-kuan brigade
of Chang-pei county, Hopeh harvested 685.2 chin per mou and the Wang-t'ai-pao
experiment station, Ningsia produced 925.0 chin per mou. At present many
regions are carrying out further demonstration, multiplication and extension.
Judging from the experimental results from various regions, Ching Hung No 7
is a new early ripening variety, producing generally 400-500 chin per mou,
while the highest yield could reach about 900 chin. The said variety bears
many heads and kernals, has slender and flexible stems, and is rather
resistant to lodging and suitable for soil with medium or high fertility.

Ching Hung No 8

Chin Hung No 8 was crossbred between 1969 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy

of Agriculture and Forestry using Ching Hung No 4 as the female parent plant
and MPO 66 as the male parent plant, and through continuous selections of
two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings in
Hainan Island. The variety identification number is "K 52."

Principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, red grain,
good quality, protein content 15.4 percent, grain weight about 37 g/1,000
kernels, plant height about 90 cm., stems rigid, tolerant to fertilization,
highly resistant to lodging, rather early maturing, from germination to
maturity about 83 days, plant shape dense, leaf blade stiff, growth habit
good, tillering medium, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust.
From 1973 to 1975, experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties
were carried out in Peking, Hainan Island, Tang-shan city and An'tz'u
county of Hopeh, Yuan-mou county of Yunnan, Hsi-yang of Shansi, Huhehot of
Inner Mongolia, Yen-t'ai and Hui-min of Shantung, and Yin-ch'uan of Ningsia
by the provincial, municipal or autonomous regional units of scientific
research, seed farms, state farms and people's communes. The yield was
outstanding. In the variety comparing experiments carried out by the Yang-
chuang brigade of Hu-ke-chuang commune in Tung county, Peking Municipality,
this variety won first place with a yield of 560.0 chin per mou. The yield
at the Hsi~kuan brigade of Chang~-Pei county, Hopeh Province was 835.4 chin
per mou and that at the An-tz'u seed farm of Hopeh province was 635.0 chin
per mou, 19.2 percent more than the Tanori and 10.8 percent more than the
Potam varieties. The Agricultural Institute in Ningsia produced 1,004.0
chin per mou, 17 percent more than the Cajeme variety. From the experimental
results of the units--including the Ch'en-chuang brigade of the Ta~hua-~shan
commune of P'ing-ku county of Peking Municipality, the He-pi Municipal
Agricultural Institute of Honan Province, the Yen-t'ai Prefecture Agricul-
tural Institute of Shantung, the Hui-min county Agricultural Institute of
Shantung, and seed farms in the suburbs of Huhehot--the yield generally

11



extension programs. Experimental results from various regions indicate that
this variety is an excellent one because of its wide adaptability, short
stems, resistance to lodging, and high yield capacity of 500-600 chin per
mou in general and as high as 1,000 chin or more in some cases. The said
variety is suitable for cultivation in soil,with high fertility. In
conclusion these three spring wheat varieties are suitable for cultivation
under fair to excellent irrigation and fertilization conditions. It
requires careful land preparation, adequate base fertilizer, and efficient
nitrogen fertilizer as seed fertilizer. To assure good sowing quality,
sowing should not be too deep and the seedling density should be about
35-40,000 seedlings per mou. Because the growing period of spring wheat

is short and its growth process completes in a rather short time, top
dressing should be applied early rather than late. Generally the first top
dressing and irrigation should be carried out at the 3-leaf stage. Moreover,
there must be adequate irrigation and fertilization during the critical
periods of jointing, heading and filling. There should not be any shortage
of irrigation in the whole growth period. In so doing it can be assured
that there will be more spikes and grains, and larger and plumper grains to
achieve high yield and stable production.

9041
cso: 4006

13



BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Report No. JPRS 69559

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. Title and Subtitle

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, No. 389 5 August 1977

5. Report Date

6.

7. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Rep.
0.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road

Arlington, Virginia 22201

10, Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

As above

13. Type of Report & Period
Covered

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

and technological information on China.

The report contains political, sociological, economic, government, scientific

17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 170. Descriptors

China

Propaganda

Economics

Sociology

Political Science

Technolagical Intelligence
Agriculture

17b. Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

17e. COSATI Field/Group 5C, 5D, 5K, 5B

18. Availability. Statement
Unlimited availability. Sold by NTIS
Springfield, Va. 22151

.D.
Eaecrncmecreaey Security Class (This by mo
*ASNCLASSIFIED are

19.. Security Class (This [21 2 Pages
Report)

FORM NTIS-S8 10-70)

USCOMM-Dc 40329-P71



between dry and wet, but primarily wet. During the early part of the wax
ripe stage, drain the field and let it dry in the sun to create the
conditions for harvesting so that the crop may be gathered at the right time.

Appendix: Cultivation of Paddy Rice by Direct Seeding

Under the conditions that water sources are adequate, the field is level,
and irrigation and drainage are convenient, mechanized direct seeding of
paddy rice may be carried out. No matter whether it is direct seeding on
a paddy field or on a dry field, one factor that must be grasped is the
protection and maintenance of proper seedling growth. At the same time,
this must be kept up with such cultivation measures as the removal of weeks
and strengthening of watering and manuring management in order that a high
yield be achieved.

(a) Leveling of Surface of Field: Direct seeding corresponds to cultiva-
tion of seedlings in a field. Whether the quality of soil preparation is
good or bad will have a direct effect on the protection and maintenance of
proper seedling growth and on watering and manuring management. Soil
preparation must be precise, the surface of the field must be level, and the
layer of water in the field must be of a uniform height. In saline-alkali
soil particularly, if the field is uneven, rice seedlings planted in low
places will drown and those planted in high places will suffer from exces-
sive alkali. The requirements of soil preparation for direct seeding on a
paddy field are the same as on a rice transplant field.

(b) Guaranteeing Perfect Seedlings:

Timely Seeding--In the North region, if direct seeding of early cropping
rice is carried out too early, temperature variation is great, or management
cannot keep pace with development, it is apt to give rise to damping-off, a
fungous disease which attacks and causes rotting of seedlings. Generally,
it is necessary to seed when the temperature has steadily risen to about
15°C.

Shallow Planting--In fields, which are to be sown dry and irrigated later,
seeding had "better be shallow than deep." The depth of seeding should not
exceed 1 centimeter. For this reason, seeds should be treated for attaching
to soil so as to prevent floating of that portion of seeds.sown on the surface
soil. If it is direct seeding on a dry field, the seeds may be planted

2 to 4 centimeters deep in moist soil. If they are planted too deep,

seedling emergence through the top soil will be difficult. Seeds sown directly
on a paddy field may lie half exposed and half buried in the mud. It is

not suitable for them to be planted too deep.

Timely Drying of Field in the Sun--In a directly sown field where irrigation
follows seeding, grasp firmly timely drainage of the field after the seeds
have germinated so as to stimulate the young plants to take roots and
strive for perfect, healthy seedlings. If the moisture content of the soil

22



ily from foreign
ilso from news agency
from foreign-language
2 uage sources
ginal phrasing and

{] are supplied 4

such as [Text]

or fExcerpt} in ellen ag ar following the
last line of 2 o> al information was
proce i 2 given, the infor-

tion was

ly or transliterated are
names preceded by a ques-

es 4

net clear in the

ate in context.
thin the body of an

within items are as

represent the poli-
cnment.

In order-
title, date and
ted.

Government Reports
nal Technical

Monthly Catalog of
Superintendent of
Washington, D.C.

personal names,
Howell, Old

han procurement
earch Service,
22201.



In the humid valleys of the Yalu Tsangpo River, no more than 1,000 metres
above sea level, there are tropical trees belonging to Dipterocarpceae.
There are also evergreen sub-tropical broad-leaved trees, shrubs and
sparsely growing cypress.

The scientists noted that most of the coniferous and broad-leaved trees
grow faster in Tibet than their counterparts in Eastern and Northern
China. Some have a longer life span and are more disease-resistant.
This provides better conditions for natural regeneration.

The spruce growing in Pome Region, up to 80 metres high, is the tallest
tree found in Tibet. The Tungmai oak is up to 6 to 8 metres in girth.
In some places a single tree provides no less than 30 to 40. cubic metres
of timber. The highest rate of timber reserves reaches 2,000 to 3,000
cubic metres per hectare.

Many varieties of hard wood trees with straight trunks offer good con-
struction material. Some broad-leaved camphor, phoebe, cinnamomun,
castanopsis and oak are close-grained and beautiful in texture, and worm-
resistant. There are over 20 varieties of oil-bearing trees, of which
walnut trees are the most widespread. One walnut tree yields a yearly
average of 150 kilogrammes of walnuts, the maximum being 500 kilogrammes.
The walnut kernel contains 60 to 70 percent oil.

cso: 4020 END

25



An Examination of Question of Habit of Growth of Elopichtys Bambusa Fish
and Its Limited Use
(Wang Ming-te [3769 ‘2494 1795]) ..cecceeccceccevcccceeeccssceeeseeeee 37

The Marmota Himalayana: Its Age and Breeding
(Kansu Province, Wu-wei District, Hygiene and Quarantine Station,
Endemic Disease Section, I) .esscsecccccccsccvcccccceceecessesseseses 38

Introduction to Knowledge

Several Varieties of Jellyfish Along Seacoast of Shantung Province

(Yin Tso-fen [1438 1563 5358] et al.) ....ceeesccccccecececeenes -- 40

Methods of Processing Jellyfish

(Compiled by Our Own Staff) ... doce eeecceccereeeecceees Back Cover

Brief Descriptions of Conferences

Conference to Appraise and Exchange Experiences in Dealing With Progestin
E2 Convened in Kaifeng Municipality

(Our Own Staff) ...cccceccecencoes eeeeeecceee 43

General Discussions

A Comprehensive Discussion of Research Work Being Done in Diagnosing
Hatching of Japanese Bloodsuckers in Excrement of Diseased Draft Cattle
(Kiangsu Provincial Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory
of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine) .....eseeeseseeeeeseeees 44

Concerning Physiological Saline of Fish
(Lou Yun-tung [2869 0336 2639]) ..ccccccecececceeccccesesccescevresese 46

7682
cso: 4008



was 10-12 percent more than Tanori. At present there are some regions and
units which will adopt the methods of thin sowing and propagation in the
South for further expansion of seed multiplication, demonstration and
extension.

Judging from the experimental results from various regions, Ching Hung

No 8 is a new, early maturing, high yielding variety, generally producing
400-600 chin per mou, while the highest yield could exceed 1,000 chin. The
said variety has large heads, many kernels, high test weight, stiff stems,
and good resistance to lodging, and is suitable for cultivation in soil with
high fertility.

Ching Hung No 9

Ching Hung No 9 was crossbred between 1967 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy
of Agriculture and Forestry using Ching Hung No 4 as the female parent
plant and MPO 66 as the male parent plant, and through continuous selections
of two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings in
Hainan Island. The variety identification number if "K 55."

Principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, white grain,
protein content 12.12 percent, grain plump, test weight about 32 g/1,000
kernels, short stems, plant height 85 cm, resistant to lodging, medium
maturing, from germination to maturity about 84 days, grain filling fast,
grain weight stable, resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust and stem rust.

From 1973 to 1975, tests were conducted in 10 provinces (municipalities,
autonomous regions) and over 30 scientific research units, state farms, seed
farms and people's communes. The results showed that the yield was outstanding.
In 1973 experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties were carried
out in Peking, Hainan Island and Yuan-mou county of Yunnan. The yield

was outstanding. In 1974 the results of variety comparing experiments
carried out by the P'u-teng production team in Yuan-mou, Yunnan, showed the
yield was 9.3 percent more than the Tanori and 5.9 percent more than the
Inia varieties. In 1975 the Pai-t'a No 2 team of Ta-chung-chih brigade of
the Tung-sheng people's commune in Hai-ting region Peking Municipality
planted 5 mou of this variety, and the average yield was 750 chin per mou.
Last year, 18 varieties of wheat were used in variety comparing experiments
in seed forms in the suburbs of Huhehot Municipality. Among them there
were 12 Mexican wheat varieties. Ching Hung No 9 ranked first place with

a yield of 762.5 chin per mou, 11.3 percent more than Cajeme and 22 percent
more than Tanori. According to the results of similar experiments in the
An-tz'u Gounty Seed Farm of Hopeh, the yield was 675 chin per mou, 26.7
percent more than Tanori and 17.8 percent more than Potam. In Shantung,
similar experiments at. the Yen-t'ai Prefecture Agricultural Institute and
the Hui-min County Agricultural Institute, also ranked the yield of this
variety above all others, 14.3 percent more than Tanori, and 23.6 percent
and 15.4 percent more than Cajeme and Saric respectively. In the Wang-tai-pao
Experimental Farm of Ningsia, the yield was 1,054.7 chin. At present there
are many regions preparing vigorous demonstration, multiplication and

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