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JPRS 68123

27 October 19 76

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No. 364

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JPRS 68123

2 7 October 1976

1 TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No. 364

CONTENTS PAGE

POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

Brazilian CP Sends Condolence Letter to CCP

(NCNA, 3 Oct 76) 1

Haitian Workers Party Mourns Mao Death

(NCNA, 3 Oct 76) 3

Japanese People Mourn Death of Chairman Mao

(NCNA, 4, 5 Oct 76) 4

Tributes to Mao

Memorial Meetings

U.S., W. European Memorial Meetings Mourn Mao

(NCNA, 7 Oct 76) 7

African People Will Remember Mao Forever

(NCNA, 7 Oct 76) 10

Latin American People Mourn Death of Mao

(NCNA, 7 Oct 76) 14

Malayan Communists, Armymen, People Mourn Mao

(NCNA., 7 Oct 76) 16

Latin American M-L Papers Pay Homage to Mao

(NCNA, 8 Oct 76) 18

African Press Praises Contributions of Mao

(NCNA, 8 Oct 76) 21

Sudanese President Condoles Mao Death

(NCNA, 8 Oct 76) 23

-a - [III - CC - 80 S & T]
CONTENTS (Continued)

UN Representatives Mourn Mao Death in Speeches

(NCNA, 10 Oct 76) 24

Marxist-Leninist Organs of the World Mourn Mao's Death

(NCNA, 10 Oct 76) 26

Upper Volta Shows Film, Photos in Memory of Mao

(NCNA, 11 Oct 76) 30

Mexican Groups Hold Meetings in Memory of Mao

(NCNA, 11 Oct 76) 31

Condolence Messages Received Mourning Mao Death

(NCNA, 11 Oct 76) 32

ECONOMICS

Mass Increase Recorded in Kwangsi Industry

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 19 Jul 76) 35

Pai Se, Kwangsi, Transformed Into Industrial Township

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 24 Jul 76) 37

Kiangsu's Oil Refining Chemical Industry Progressing With

Giant Steps

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 26 Jul 76) 38

Enterprises Proliferating in Kwangtung's Rural Communes

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 27 Jul 76) 39

Coal Industry Developing in Tan-tung Municipality, Liaoning

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 28 Jul 76) 40

Nitrogenous Fertilizer Production Sets Record

(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 28 Jul 76) 41

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

Yang Chen-ning Discusses Science in China

(WEN-HUI PAO, 27 Mar 76) 42

Mineral Resources of the Ocean Floor

(Fan Shih-ch'ing; K'0-HSUEH SHIH-YEN, No 3, 1976).... 46

- b
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

BRAZILIAN CP SENDS CONDOLENCE LETTER TO CCP

Peking NCNA in English 1810 3 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 3 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Brazil on 11 September sent a letter to the Central Committee

of the Communist Party of China offering deep condolences on the passing of

Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

The letter says: "With deep grief we learned the sad news about the departure

of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the founder and leader of the glorious Communist

Party of China and the most distinguished figure of the world communist movement today. His decease greatly grieves the Brazilian revolutionaries who

regard him as a great friend of the Brazilian people, a prominent MarxistLeninist and an indefatigable fighter for the noble cause of communism."

The letter says: "The life of Comrade Mao Tse-tung was closely linked with

the tremendous changes of historic world significance that have taken place in

China. ;During the long years of fighting against the powerful enemies, Comrade Mao Tse-tung led the Chinese revolution, united the Chinese people under

the leadership of the Communist Party, strove for the growth and consolidation

of the Communist Party and created the invincible People's Liberation Army in

the flames of struggle. He surmounted all the obstacles placed by the reactionary forces and imperialism and turned the agelong aspiration of the broad

masses into reality. Eventually, on 1 October 1949 the state power passed

into the hands of the people and the country achieved full sovereignty and

independence. A new period thus began inthe development of the valiant

Chinese nation."

The letter says: Comrade Mao Tse-tung elaborated and provided a proletarian

orientation of revolution for the building of the new society. He pointed out

that victory could emerge only out of a struggle against the line of the

capitalist roaders. The great proletarian cultural revolution which mobilized

hundreds of millions of people reflected the acute contradictions between the

two lines and administered defeat to the opportunist current.

The letter says: "Comrade Mao Tse-tung perceived with great acuteness the

danger of modern revisionism which manifested itself in the 20th Congress
of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He called on revolutionaries of

all lands to defend the purity of Marxism-Leninism and to fight determinedly

to smash the treachery of Khrushchev. He exposed the counter-revolutionary

essence of revisionism and pointed out that its principal representatives are

members of the Soviet clique which is today headed by the renegade Leonid

Brezhnev. He stressed that under this new tendency, the Soviet Union has

turned from a socialist country into a social-imperialist state. In so doing,

Comrade Mao Tse-tung made an outstanding contribution not only to the revolutionary forces but also to those nations which are fighting for national

independence."

The letter says: Comrade Mao Tse-tung developed Marxism-Leninism in all its

aspects. "He knew how to apply the universal truth of the doctrine of the

proletariat to the practice of the Chinese revolution, discover laws through

practice and seek for victory in their light. His unique contributions

enriched Marxism-Leninism and assisted those fighting for liberation. The

victories of the Chinese people were victories of the Marxist-Leninist revolutionary thought of Mao Tse-tung. He was one of the great teachers of the

proletariat throughout the world."

The letter says: "A staunch internationalist, Comrade Mao Tse-tung gave

faithful and firm support to the struggle of the people in all countries. He

frequently raised his prestigious voice to condemn aggression and reactionary

violence, oppose the hegemonism of the two superpowers, and unveil the danger

of a new world war. Whenever necessary, he rendered generous support to those

who fought for freedom and independence."

The letter says: "The Communist Party of Brazil takes pride in the fact that

it has recevied attention, firm support and valuable teachings from Comrade

Mao Tse-tung. The moment the Communist Party of Brazil had been reorganized,

it gained the support of this world leader of the proletariat. We shall never

forget his encouragement to and his confidence in our party."

The letter says: "Although Comrade Mao Tse-tung is no longet with us, his

work and his feats are immortal. His thinking will remain resplendent, vivid

and vigorous, illuminating the road to national and social emancipation, guiding the building of socialism, reinforcing the dictatorship of the proletariat

which has to continue until the attainment of a society without classes and

the exploiters and oppressors—the brilliant peak of communism."

In conclusion the letter says: "The Communist Party of Brazil joins the others

in sorrowfully paying posthumous homage to the leader of the Communist Party

of China and world revolution."

CSO: 4020
HAITIAN WORKERS PARTY MOURNS MAO DEATH

Peking NCNA in English 1310 GMT 3 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, October 3, 1976 (HSINHUA)--The Haitain workers party has sent

a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress:ccE the People's Republic of

China, the Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist

Party of China and the Chinese people extending profound condolences on the

passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

The letter dated September 12 days: "The passing of Comrade Mao Tse-tung is

that of the greatest Marxist-Leninist of our time. Consequently, his death

aroused grief not only in the hearts of the Chinese people, but also in the

hearts of the proletariat and the peoples throughout the world who are fighting

for national independence, the establishment of socialism and the realization

of communism."

The letter says: "Comrade Mao Tse-tung has passed away, but his accomplishments and thought will serve as a guide to the Haitian Workers Party and

revolutionaries of various countries. He made inestimable contributions to

Marxism-Leninism. Comrade Mao Tse-tung waged fierce and acute struggles against

the right and 'left' opportunist lines within the Communist Party of China.

Comrade Mao Tse-tung taught the Haitian Workers Party and the revolutionaries

the world over that a genuine Marxist-Leninist party, a united front and a

people's army must be founded in order to defeat national and international

enemies. He also taught us that there are still classes and class struggle

after the socialist transformation of the ownership of the means of production has, in the main, been completed and it is necesary to continue the

revolution under the all-round dictatorship of the proletariat."

'The letter concludes by saying: "The Haitian Workers Party reiterates, as a

homage to the memory of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, its unswerving determination

to creatively apply the scientific principles of Marxism-Leninism and Mao

Tse-tung thought. The Haitian Workers Party solemnly pledges that it will

carry through to final victory the struggle of the Haitian people and the entire oppressed people against imperialism, social-imperialism, revisionism,

hegemonism, racism, colonialism and neocolonialism.

CSO: 4020
JAPANESE PEOPLE MOURN DEATH OF CHAIRMAN MAO

Tributes to Mao

Peking NCNA in English 1630 GMT 4 Oct 76 OW

[By NCNA correspondent]

[Excerpts] Tokyo, 4 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—The passing of Chairman Mao Tsetung evoked immense grief in the hearts of the working people and progressive

personnages of Japan, China's eastern neighbor. Tears in eyes, many people

paid silent tribute to the late chairman. They expressed their respect and

admiration for him in various forms.

The Japanese workers are in boundless grief at the death of Chairman Mao.

Many of them hung the portraits of Chairman Mao in their rooms, while some

young workers placed above the portraits streamers inscribing "eternal glory

to the great leader Comrade Mao Tse-tung." Many young workers put up wall

papers to express their determination to study assiduously Marxism-LeninismMao Tse-tung thought, to integrate the universal truth of Marxism with the

concrete practice of the Japanese revolution and wage a resolute struggle

against imperialism, hegemonism and revisionism.

The executive committee of the southern Osaka branch of "Sohyo" adopted a

resolution on 11 September in mourning of the passing of Chairman Mao Tsetung. The resolution expressed thanks for his support to the Japanese people

in their struggle to recover their northern territories.

Several bookstores in Tokyo which sell exclusively books and publications

from China arranged special counters for Chairman Mao's works and Exhibited

pictures showing Chairman Mao's revolutionary life. Since September 10 large

numbers of readers have streamed to Uchiyama, Toho and Ato bookstores to buy

copies of the Chinese paper "Renmin Ribao" ('The People's Daily") which carries

reports and articles paying tribute to the memory of Chairman Mao. A lot of

customers bought volumes of "Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung," "Quotations from

Chairman Mao Tse-tung," military and philosophical writings of Chairman Mao

Tse-tung, his poems, pictures and Chairman Mao badges.
During the days of grief, the Chinese embassy in Japan and the Tokyo branch

of the HSINHUA News Agency received a cascade of letters from Japanese friends

in all parts of the country mourning the passing of Chairman Mao.

Memorial meetings and other activities were held by many young people and students of Japan in memory of Chairman Mao. A young Japanese recited a poem to

mourn Chairman Mao at a memorial meeting. The poem reads:

Chairman Mao Tse-tung, you show meticulous care for the Japanese people.

You bring hope to us, unity and friendship to the Asian people, encouragement to the African people in their struggle for liberation.

The truth you taught us we will study in our lifetime.

Words fail to express our sentiments.

The great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung lives forever in people's hearts.

Memorial Meetings

Peking NCNA in English 1916 GMT 5 Oct 76 OW .

[Excerpts] Tokyo, 5 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—More memorial meetings were held

by Japanese people of various circles in the last few days to deeply mourn

the passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

In Osaka, the second biggest city in Japan, more than 1500 people attended a

memorial meeting held on 29 September. Present at the meeting were workers,

students, youth, women, friendly personages, representatives of various political parties and organizations as well as personages from economic, cultural

and press circles.

Ryoichi Kuroda, governor of Osaka prefecture and Yasishi Oshima, mayor of

Osaka and leading members of various political parties and organizations spoke

at the meeting and expressed their deepest sorrow at the passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

Ryoichi Kuroda said: "Chairman Mao Tse-tung was the founder of the People's

Republic of China and a great revolutionary." He went on: "With his theory

and practice Chairman Mao led the Chinese people in their socialist national

reconstruction and at the same time showed the prospect of liberation and

independence to the oppressed nations and people the world over. As a representative leader of the present century, he made an immortal contribution,"

Kuroda said.
Kazuo Kamieda, president of the Kansai Chapter of the Association for the promotion of international trade of Japan, said: "The spirit of Chairman Mao

will be satisfactorily inherited by the 800-million Chinese people and Chairman Mao's deeds will shine brightly in human history."

Heijiro Nakae, chairman of the Osaka chapter of the General Council of Trade

Unions of Japan (SOHYO) said: "Chairman Mao taught us that 'the Japanese

and Chinese peoples are good friends.' We should further strengthen the

friendship between the two countries in accordance with this teaching."

Jiro Kaneko, chairman of the Osaka prefectural headquarters of the JapanChina Friendship Association (orthodox), said: "In deeply mourning Chairman Mao, we should further strive to develop the friendship between Japan and

China, for the conclusion of the Japan-China peace and friendship treaty and

enhance the friendly cooperation between our two peoples."

A memorial meeting attended by over 400 people from all walks of life was

held on 29 September in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi prefecture, to deeply mourn

the passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

A memorial meeting was held in Sapporo on the afternoon of 25 September by

more than 200 representatives from five organizations including the Hokkaido

headquarters of the Japan-China Friendship Association (orthodox) and prominent figures in Hokkaido. Memorial speeches were made by Nishida, adviser

of the Hokkaido general bureau of the Association for the Promotion of International Trade of Japan, Tetsuo Ara, president of the Hokkaido headquarters

of the Japan-China Friendship Association (orthodox) and others.

Memorial meetings were also held recently by local headquarters of the JapanChina Friendship Association (orthodox) to express mourning for and recall

the magnificent contributions of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. The meetings were

held in Miyazaki, Oita, Fukuoka, Ibaraki, Yamanashi, Ishikawa, Hyogo,

Wakayama, Ehime and Iwakuni.

CSO: 4020
U.S., W. EUROPEAN MEMORIAL MEETINGS MOURN MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1440 GMT 7 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 7 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—Memorial meetings for Chairman Mao

Tse-tung have been held by masses in the United States, Britain, Spain and

Greece in the past weeks.

At a memorial meeting in Chicago, on 19 September Bob Avakian, chairman of the

Central Committee of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, said that Chairman Mao Tse-tung pointed the direction for the working class and oppressed people not only of China but of the whole world, including those of the United

States. Avakian praised Chairman Mao for integrating the universal truths

of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution,

leading the Chinese people from victory to victory, summing up the experiences

of the revolutionary struggles of China and the world, particularly the lessons of capitalist restoration in the Soviet Union, putting forward the theory

of continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat, and

inheriting and developing Marxism-Leninism. He said in conclusion that hundreds of millions of people will continue the cause for which Chairman Mao

fought and to which he devoted his entire life, until the great goal of eliminating exploitation and oppression and of communism is finally achieved.

"This is the best way for us to honor the memory of Mao Tse-tung, and it's the

cause for which the working class today and our future generations will work."

A mass rally was held in London on 25 September to pay tribute to Chairman Mao

Tse-tung. It was jointly sponsored by the Communist Federation of Britain

(Marxist-Leninist), the Communist Unity Association (Marxist-Leninist) and

the East London Marxist-Leninist Association.

i

The rally opened to the strains of the "Internationale." The portrait of

Chairman Mao Tse-tung was flanked with streamers proclaiming "Long Live Invincible Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung thought!" and "Eternal Glory to the

Great Leader and Teacher Comrade Mao Tse-tung!"

The rally heard first the message issued to the whole party, whole army and

people of all nationalities throughout China by the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China, the standing committee of the National People s

Congress of the People's Republic of China, the state council of the People s

Republic of China and the military commission of the Central Committee of

the Communist Party of China, in connection with the passing of Chairman Mao

Tse-tung. Also read at the rally was the memorial speech delivered by Comrade

Hua Kuo-Feng, first vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist

Party of China and premier of the State Council, at the mass memorial meeting

held in Peking for the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

Chairman Mao's famous article "Serve the People" was also read at the rally.

Speakers expressed deep grief over the passing of Chairman Mao T^-^SThey extolled the magnificent contribution made by Chairman Mao to the Chinese revolutionary cause and to the international communist movement._ They

pledged to turn their grief into strength, conscientiously study MarxismLeninism-Mao Tse-tung thought, and act accordingly in memory of Chairman Mao.

The Soain-China Friendship Association held a mass memorial meeting for

Chairman M^o?L:tung in Madrid on 26 September with over 2,000 workpeople

and personages of various circles taking part. A huge portrait of Chairman

Mao was hung at the meeting site. When the meeting began at about 9 am all

the participants observed 1 minute silent tribute to the memory of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung. Parts of a recorded speech of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and the

music "The East is Red" were played.

Dr Jose Toran Pelaez, honorary president of the International commission on

Large Dams and president of the Spanish National Committee of Large Dams

Jost Maria Gomez-Salome, president of Spain-China Friendship ^-^lon^nd

other friendly personages spoke, eulogizing the great life of Chairman Mao

Tse-tung and expressing deep condolences on his demise.

Color slides made by a friendly personage during his China tour were projected

at the meeting.

In Salonika, the second largest city in Greece a memorial meeting was held

on 15 September by several hundred people at which Chairman Mao Tse-tung s

^mortal contributions to the Chinese revolution and world r-

olutlo^we^rtl_

emphasized and slides on his glorious life of struggle were shown The parti (

cioants shouted frequently: "Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought,

»Mao Tse-tung Thought Will Last Forever," "Down With the Two Superpowers!' and

"Long Live Friendship Among the People of Various Countries!

Another memorial meeting attended by over 500 people was held in the city on

18 September. Speakers pointed out that the passing of Chairman Mao was a

great loss to the people of China and throughout the world.

A memorial meeting took place in Patras, a city in the Peloponnesus region.
The people of Iceland expressed profound grief on the passing of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung. From September 9 to 18, over 1,000 people made condolence

calls at the Chinese Embassy. Some coming from remote mountains and small

islands, some with whole families, workers in overalls and many arriving late

at night after work shifts. A young mother helped her kid to write its name

in a condolence book in front of a portrait of Chairman Mao. An old man who

twice called at the Chinese Embassy with his grandson said: I extend deep

condolences to the entire Chinese people and wish them continued advance along

the road charted by him (Chairman Mao)."

CSO: 4020
AFRICAN PEOPLE WILL REMEMBER MAO FOREVER

Peking NCNA in English 1244 GMT 7 Oct 76 OW

[By NCNA correspondent]

[Text] Peking, 7 October 1976 (HSINHUA)--When the sad news of the passing of

Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the great leader and teacher, spread to Africa, the

masses of the people and officials of many African countries deeply mourned

him with feelings of grief and esteem. They pointed out that Chairman Mao

was the great teacher of the people of the Third World who had shown the road

of advance for the oppressed nations and oppressed people in their cause of

liberation.

In Niger, a landlocked country in West Africa, workers, peasants, government

officials and persons of other circles streamed to the Chinese Embassy or

called on their Chinese friends to express their profound sorrow at the passing of Chairman Mao. In the reclamation area where the Chinese agro-technical

team works, many people wore black armbands to express their deep mourning for

Chairman Mao. The Niger friends extolled the brilliant achievements of Chairman Mao Tse-tung in their inscriptions in the book of condolence or in conversations with their Chinese friends. They pointed out that Chairman Mao

was "the greatest man of the contemporary era," "the standard-bearer in the

fight against imperialism, colonialism and hegemoniam," "the great leader of

the oppressed people and oppressed nations" and "the great teacher of the people of the Third World." The director of the National Museum of Niger wrote

in the book of condolence: "Chairman Mao Tse-tung is the symbol of dignity,

freedom and progress for the people of various countries who are opposing

superpower hegemonism."

In those sorrowful days, officials and people in Tananarive, capital of Madagascar, an island country in the West Indian Ocean, called at the Chinese

Embassy to express their mourning. A student wrote in the book of condolence,

"The road opened up by Chairman Mao Tse-tung is one of resolute struggle against

imperialism and social-imperialism and a bright road for the cause of emancipation and revolution of the oppressed people."

10
In the Mahitsy Hospital where a Chinese medical team is working, Malagasy

doctors, nurses and patients as well as inhabitants living in the neighborhood expressed to the Chinese medical personnel sincere condolences on the

passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. On 29 September, the television of Madagascar gave a special program on the memorial meeting for the great leader

and teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung at Tienanmen Square in Peking. It also

featured the revolutionary life of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and China s achievements in national construction.

In the days of mourning for Chairman Mao Tse-tung, Ethiopian workers, peasants teachers, students, housewives and government officials in a steady

flow'called at the Chinese Embassy in Addis Ababa to express their respect

for Chairman Mao.

Fifteen working personnel of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of

Ethiopia said in a letter of condolence, "Chairman Mao's scientific thinking

and teachings shall live with us paving our way to victory. This holds true

for all oppressed masses, especially the oppressed masses of the Third World,

most stricken under the yoke of feudalism, Imperialism and Zionism.

In Somalia, more than 1,000 workers, youth, women, students, teachers,

doctors and local residents called at the Chinese Embassy to express condolences. The mourners, including grey-haired old men and teenagers stood with

extreme sorrow in silent tribute before the portrait of Chairman Mao. A

young man wrote in the condolence book, "The late Chairman Mao Tse-tung

made immortal contributions to the world today. We must tell the reactionaries

and the enemies of Mao Tse-tung that China will act as before. Mao Tse-tung ^

is still alive because the «people everywhere are studying quotations from him,

he said.

In Kenya on the equator, people of various circles deeply mourned the demise

of Chairman Mao Tse-tung in various ways. A Kenyan friend wrote, Chairman

Mao's teachings and practice are everlasting living symbol for all.

A number of refugees from Namibia illegally occupied by the South African

authorities said in a letter of condolence to the Chinese Embassy m Kenya,

"Comrade Mao, although in his restingplace, will remain a vivid memory in our

hearts. He was a beloved leader not only of the great Chinese nation but

of all suffering masses of Asia, Africa, Latin America and indeed of the world

at large " "Comrade Mao Tse-tung has always enlightened our minds against

our number one enemies imperialism, neocolonialism and new and Imminent socialimperialism," the letter said.

In Uganda, many friends called at the Chinese Embassy to mourn the death of

Chairman Mao. One of them said, "The passing away of Chairman Mao is a great

loss not for the Chinese people alone, but for the whole world community and

particularly for that of the oppressed and struggling nations. Another friend

said, "Mao Tse-tung thought is still guiding struggling mankind m Africa,

11
Asia, Latin America and elsewhere in their resolute fight against the shameful shackles of imperialism and colonialism."

In Zaire in Central Africa, many friends working together with the Chinese

agro-technical group and the Chinese medical team or at the construction site

of the people's palace went to the residences of the Chinese colleagues to

extend their condolences. Many of them, with tears in their eyes, stood in

silent tribute before the portrait of Chairman Mao. Two weeping nurses of

the Kintambo Hospital placed flowers, collected from the countryside, in

front of the portrait of Chairman Mao.

In the book of condolence in the Chinese Embassy in Zaire, Mokolo Wa Mpombo,

chief advisor to the presidency of the Republic, wrote: "Chairman Mao left us,

but his thought remains eternal." Adame Diagne, secretary-general of the

Union of African Railways, pointed out, "Chairman Mao Tse-tung is a great

helmsman of China's revolution whose exceptional dimension has pushed forward the history of the^peoples of the whole world and [particularly the African

people's struggle for development."

In Chad, the working people and people of other circles expressed their heartfelt love and respect for Chairman Mao. One college student wrote: "The

Chinese people have lost their leader, mankind has lost a great man and the

freedom-loving people have lost a teacher." A staff member of the stateowned trade company wrote: "For the Third World and oppressed peoples, Chairman Mao is still alive because his thought is eternal."

In Mauritania on the Atlantic coast, workers and students, teachers and armymen were stricken with deep grief. Writing long tributes in the condolence

book, some of them warmly praised the magnificent contributions of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung and his invincible thought. A middle school student wrote:

"The great leader Chairman Mao has passed away, but his illustrious thought

will forever remain imprinted in the hearts of the oppressed of all continents." Some Mauritanians took a solemn oath before the portrait of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung that they would forever be loyal to his cause. Overwhelmed with

bitter grief, still others sobbed before the^portrait of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

In Burundi, many friends wrote tributes or poems in the condolence book of

the Chinese Embassy to express their mourning. A friend wrote: "Chairman

Mao Tse-tung will forever live in our hearts and be our teacher and example."

In spite of fatigue after work, some teachers outside of Bujumbura made a

special trip to the capital to pay condolence calls at the Chinese Embassy.

The news of Chairman Mao Tse-tung*s death plunged many friends in Upper Volta

into profound sorrow. A responsible member of the Upper Volta Association for

Friendship with the peoples said: "The passing of illustrious Chairman Mao

is a shock to the people of various countries and, in particular, to the people of the Third World. They have lost a best teacher." An official of the

Ministry of Rural Development said: "The works of Chairman Mao will forever

be engraved in golden letters in the annuals of the revolutionaries throughout the world."

12
In Lome, capital of the Republic of Togo, the news of the passing of Chairman

Mao evoked deep sorrow among workers, employees, students and other people.

They expressed mourning in their interviews with the press granted m the

streets or shops or on the buses. The Togo television in a special program

broadcast their statements. One of them said, "The death of Chairman Mao

brought me grief. I love Chairman Mao very much, because he did a lot for

Africa." Another said, "The passing of Chairman Mao is a loss to Africa and

the whole world."

Friends of all circles in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau gave a high appraisal of the tremendous contributions made by Chairman Mao to the cause of liberation of the oppressed people the world over. Upon learning of the passing

of Chairman Mao, many of them could not hold back their tears. Marao Mane,

mayor of Bafata, said to a member of the Chinese Water Conservancy Study

Team, "Like the Chinese people, I am in extreme sorrow these days. Please

convey my condolences on the death of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Mayor of

Chacheu City Braima Baugura said to Chinese medical workers: Chairman Mao

Tse-tung is not only the great leader and teacher of the Chinese people, but

also the liberator of the oppressed people of the world." "The works and great

thought of Chairman Mao will live forever in the hearts of tlw people m China

and Guinea-Bissau and the revolutionary people the world over.

CSO: 4020

13
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLE MOURN DEATH OF MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1822 GMT 7 Oct 76 OW

[Excerpts] Peking, 7 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—The masses of people in a number

of Latin American countries have held memorial meetings andlother functions to

mourn the passing of the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung and

eulogize his magnificent exploits. Campaigns for studying Mao Tse-tung thought

have been launched.

The Dominican National Union of Revolutionary Students soon broadcast through

loudspeakers "The message to the whole party, the whole army and the people

of all nationalities throughout the country" issued by the Central Committee

of the Communist Party of China, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, the State Council of the

People's Republic of China and the military commission of the Central Committee

of the Communist Party of China. Many people listened with grief and as soon

as the broadcast ended they sang in unison the "internationale."

Then, memorial meetings were held by the various groups affiliated to the

Union and the Flavio Suero Student Front on 9 September and the following

day. The students held aloft placards which read: "Eternal Glory to Chairman Mao!", "Mao Tse-tung, Leader of the Proletariat!" and "Long Live Mao Tsetung Thought!"

The Federation of Dominican Students in an article published in LA NOTICIA

on 10 September says: "A great heart stopped beating, but Mao Tse-tung

thought will last eternally."

At a meeting held in Bogota, capital of Colombia, Marcelo Torres, national

leader of the Independent and Revolutionary Workers Movement, read out a statement signed by representatives of five organizations paying homage to Chairman

Mao for his contributions to the cause of the world revolution. The participants held aloft a big streamer inscribed with words: "Eternal Glory to

the Teacher of the Proletariat Comrade Mao Tse-tung!" The movement called

upon its members to launch a campaign for the diffusion, research and study of

Mao Tse-tung thought in the light of the specific conditions in Colombia "as

the best homage to his memory."

14
In Peru, the Federation of Students of the National Agricultural University

sponsored a series of functions from September 27 to October 1 to pay homage

to Chairman Mao. At the University of La Molina, over 600 students took part

in a memorial meeting at which their shouts acclaiming Chairman Mao's immortal

exploits lasted for one minute.

At a memorial meeting arranged by the Federation of University Students of

Peru, the participants shouted solemnly: "Eternal Glory to Chairman Mao

Tse-tung!", "Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thoughtt" A communique

distributed at the meeting says that "Chairman Mao's contributions are not

limited to the Chinese revolution, Mao Tse-tung was the greatest MarxistLeninist of our time." Chairman Mao's theoretical contribution to the solution of theproblems of the world revolution in our epoch "is inestimable."

"His contribution to the struggle against Soviet and world revisionism and

his contributions to the theory of socialist construction, the contribution

to the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat and, above all,

in the 10 years of the proletarian cultural revolution are also of unique

importance." In Comas District, Primary School No 2059 at the "New Year"

Village named its 1971-1976 grade "Mao Tse-tung classes'! to the memory of the

great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung. In Cusco, an ancient town of Incan

civilization, 2,000 workers, students, teachers and other citizens, holding

portraits of Chairman Mao and red banners, marched 2 kilometers ih.silence to

pay homage to the memory of Chairman Mao. This was followed by a memorial

meeting of over 5,000 people the following day.

In Venezuela, the Socialist League of Venezuela held a meeting of more than

500 people in Caracas on 1 October to mourn the passing of Chairman Mao Tsetung. Speaking at the meeting, president of the league Carmelo Laborit pointed

out: Chairman Mao wrote the most glorious pages in the Chinese annals. He led

the Chinese people to victory by his deeds and thought and under his guidance,

oppression and enslavement in China were eliminated. Carmelo Laborit also

praised Chairman Mao for persisting in the struggle against Soviet revisionism

and for his glorious achievements in personally initiating and leading China's

great proletarian cultural revolution.

In the days of deep sorrow for the passing of Chairman Mao, friends in Mexico

held memorial meetings, lectures and photo exhibitions eulogizing the monumental contributions of Chairman Mao. In a country where agriculture is of

great importance, the Mexican people feel Chairman Mao's teachings on peasants' movement and agricultural development particularly dear to their hearts.

CS0: 4020

15
MALAYAN COMMUNISTS, ARMYMEN, PEOPLE MOURN MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1432 GMT 7 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 7 October 1976 (HSINHUA)—The passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung

was deeply mourned in various ways by members of the Malayan Communist Party,

commanders and combatants of the Malayan National Liberation Army and the

revolutionary Malayan people, according to a report broadcast by the "Voice

of Malayan Revolution" on 30 September.

The report said that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Malaya

issued an announcement to the whole party, the whole army and all the revolutionary mass organizations on 9 September to the effect that it had decided to

declare 9 to 18 September days of mourning for the great teacher Chairman Mao

Tse-tung.

"During these days," the report said, "the central organs of the party and

our army detachments in border regions opened memorial halls where portraits

of Chairman Mao were put up and wreaths ceremoniously presented. All combatants of the army detachments and shock force units assembled themselves

in the early morning or in the evening and paid a silent tribute before the

portrait of Chairman Mao Tse-tung," the report said.

"Solemn memorial meetings for the great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung were held

on the evening of 18 September by the various units of our party, army detachments and shock force units, and revolutionary mass organizations," the

report said. "In the base areas and guerrilla regions, the various party and

army units held meetings or other memorial activities for Chairman Mao Tse-tung

attended by the masses in a way befitting the local conditions. A great number

of local inhabitants attended these memorial activities, some of them together

with their children. They expressed deepest mourning for the passing away of

Chairman Mao."

"While deeply mourning for the great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung, all comrades recalled with boundless respect and admiration the meritorious exploits

Chairman Mao performed for the Chinese revolution and the world revolution

and his great internationalist support for the Malayan revolution," the report

16
said. "The very thought that the great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung has left

us forever plunged all of us into immense grief. Many comrades could not hold

back their tears and many sobbed."

"The great teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung passed away," the broadcast said,

"but his name and feats are eternal. The most respected and beloved Chairman

Mao will live forever in the hearts of the revolutionary people of our country

and the world. Invincible Mao Tse-tung thought will always be the beacon

guiding the victorious advance of the revolutionary people of our country

and of the whole world."

CSO: 4020

17
IATIN AMERICAN M-L PAPERS PAY HOMAGE TO MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1852 GMT 8 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 8 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—Organs of Marxist-Leninist parties

and groups in a number of Latin American countries have issued special editions to pay homage to the great leader and teacher Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

They eulogize Chairman Mao's magnificent contributions to the cause of the

revolution in China and the world. They also express determination to

carry the peoples' revolutionary cause through to the end.

"PATRIA ROJA," organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of

Peru, frontpaged a portrait of Chairman Mao Tse-tung in its special edition.

It also carried a poem by Chairman Mao entitled "Reascending Chingkangshan

to the Tune of Shui Tiao Keh Tou," "The message to the whole party, the

whole army and the people of all nationalities throughout the country" from

the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the standing committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China,

the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and the military commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the

message of condolence on the passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung by the Central

Committee of the Communist Party of Peru to the Central Committee of the

Communist Party of China.

An article entitled "Guide and Leader of Chinese Revolution" paying tribute

to Chairman Mao Tse-tung was carried in the edition.

The article says that Comrade Mao Tse-tung was a military strategist,

eminent statesman, sagacious revolutionary guide, extraordinary poet and

organizer and great Marxist-Leninist theorist. In his address before the

grave of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels said: "Fighting was his element, and

he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival."

With every reason these words of Engels can be applied to Chairman Mao Tsetung.

After recalling the brilliant achievements made by Chairman Mao in his

militant life, the article points out that to persevere in the revolutionary

path charted by Marx, Lenin and Chairman Mao "is the best homage we can pay

18
to the memory of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the great Marxist-Leninist, leader

and teacher of the peoples of the world, the great communist of China and

the world."

"SERVE THE PEOPLE," organ of the red line of the Dominican "14 June" revolutionary movement, devoted an 8-page special edition to the memory of

Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Included were an editorial, a memorial poem, photos

of Chairman Mao Tse-tung in various periods of his revolutionary activities,

and news reports on the mourning and memorial services held by the masses

and revolutionary organizations in different parts of the Dominican Republic. Also published was the full text of "the message to the whole party,

the whole army and the people of all nationalities throughout the country"

from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the standing

committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of

China, the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the military

commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

The editorial says: "As Comrade Mao Tse-tung extraordinarily developed and

enriched the thinking inherited from Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin and his

political thought has given orientation to the struggle of the oppressed

people and oppressed nations against the two superpowers, there is a much

more powerful reason for the Marxist-Leninists and other anti-imperialist

fighters of all countries to feel extremely grieved at the irreparable

loss which the international communist movement has suffered in the departure of this prominent revolutionary of the proletariat."

The editorial stresses: It is the firm belief of the Marxist-Leninists

all over the world that "the Chinese people, under the leadership of their

party armed with Mao Tse-tung thought, will consolidate their achievements

in socialist revolution made under the conditions of the dictatorship of

the proletariat, and will continue to advance shoulder-to-shoulder with

the oppressed people and oppressed nations until imperialism, socialimperialism, revisionism and all reaction in the world are totally defeated."

The special edition also carried in full the "statement supporting the

Dominican People's resistance to U.S. armed aggression" issued by Chairman

Mao on 12 May 1965. An editor's note on the republication of this statement says: "We reprint here Chairman Mao's statement which serves, as

always, as a tremendous stimulus to the Dominican people in the struggle

of resistance against the U.S. imperialists' armed aggression."

A special edition of "NEW DEMOCRACY," organ of the Marxist-Leninist League

of Colombia, carried an article in memory of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. It

says that Chairman Mao "left for the international proletariat and peoples

of the world the most precious revolutionary legacy: his thought, the

Marxism-Leninism of our era."

After citing Chairman Mao's teachings on party building, criticizing revisionism, armed struggle and the role of the masses in history, the article

points out, "Chairman Mao Tse-tung loved and trusted people profoundly. We

19
Colombian revolutionaries should follow this Marxist-Leninist principle.

So long as we have faith in the masses, and mobilize them correctly, we

can achieve great victories."

The article points out that Colombia is similar to old China. The strategic

planning of the Chinese revolution is useful to Colombia. "We must firmly

grasp the strategic line of Mao Tse-tung so as to go deep in the integration of Marxism-Leninism with our concrete reality."

The article says, "We Colombian revolutionaries and people will continue

to unite with the Chinese people and peoples of other countries in the

struggle against the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United

States." The Colombian people's deepening of the struggle against U.S.

imperialism, social-imperialism and other reactionary forces "will be the

greatest homage to Mao Tse-tung, the great teacher of the international

proletariat."

CSO: 4020

20
AFRICAN PRESS PRAISES CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAO

Peking NCNA in English 2015 GMT 8 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 8 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—The African press when cherishing the

memory of the late Chairman Mao Tse-tung, highly praises his magnificent

contributions and Mao Tse-tung thought.

The Benin paper "ZHUZU" says in an editorial, "The venerable Chairman Mao

Tse-tung has made an inestimable contribution in both theory and practice

to the international revolutionary movement of the proletariat. The

magnificent and inexhaustible revolutionary treasury of Mao Tse-tung

thought will forever shine over the entire world, particularly the proletarians of all countries and oppressed nations and peoples."

In another editorial entitled "Go to the Inexhaustible Source of Mao Tsetung Thought," the paper says, "After the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin,

the works of Chairman Mao Tse-tung constitute an inexhaustible treasury

for the revolutionaries of all countries and an infinite force of progress."

It says, "We must time and again study the great works of Mao Tse-tung which

mark an epoch in the history of mankind, with the aim to learn more and more

from this live source of scientific teaching, the knowledge of the laws that

govern the world we are in."

The Tanzanian paper "UHURU" carried a series of articles under the title

"Mao Tse-tung Thought and World Revolution." One of them says that under

the leadership of Chairman Mao China has made tremendous achievements in

revolution and construction. It emphatically points out, "The Chinese

revolution and Chairman Mao's theory on people's war is of particular significance to us today."

The Senegal television station acquainted the Senegalese people with the

great achievements made by the Chinese people under the guidance of Mao

Tse-tung thought. It said, "Mao Tse-tung thought cannot be and would not

be without influence on the Third World where three-quarters of the population are peasants."

The Mozambican paper "NOTICIAS" in an editorial under the title "The Great

Revolutionary" says, "The words used on the passing of Mao Tse-tung by

21
heads of state, heads of government, revolutionary political parties and

revolutionary movements as well as mass organizations throughout the world

showed that they are thoroughly convinced of the influence of his life and

thought on the world and history." An article carried in the same paper

says: "The life of Chairman Mao Tse-tung is integrated with the history

of China over the last 50 years. In the 70's, the voice that of Chairman

Mao is 'the Lenin of the contemporary world' has been ringing whether in

the east or in the west." [sentence as received]

The "Voice of Revolution" of Burundi broadcast an article saying that Chairman Mao Tse-tung "Rid China of Misery, saved it from hunger and diseases

and made it radiate in the world." It says, "Not only China is grieved at

the passing of Chairman Mao, but also the entire Africa, though far away

from Chairman Mao's country, is grieved at the passing of the great teacher.

For the Africans, Chairman Mao is a symbol of freedom for the oppressed

peoples. By his thought, he offered Africa a new road in the field of economic development or mental transformation," it adds.

The Zairian paper "ELIMA" says in an article that Chairman Mao Tse-tung,

"while shaping the destiny of the Chinese, had ceaselessly struggled for

the creation in the entire world of an era of independence, liberty, justice

and equality among all nations, his criticism of hegemonism of the superpowers explained this point. His contribution to the liberation of the

colonial and oppressed peoples is immense."

The "Voice of Uganda" carried a reader's letter saying that China "enjoys

immense love and respect of the peoples and revolutionaries the world over.

Here in Africa, we have really appreciated the Chinese people's extremely

effective support and assistance in our war of liberation. We the entire

people of the African continent, therefore, join their Chinese comrades

in mourning the death of Chairman Mao," the letter notes.

The Guinean paper "HOROYA" says in an article that Chairman Mao Tse-tung

"was one of the most prominent figures of the people's revolution of the

world to which he had made a positive enrichment. Mao Tse-tung formulated

a series of scientific theses enriching the heritage of the theory of

Marxism. It is with the forceful character proper for a proletarian revolutionary that he victoriously initiated and led the proletarian cultural

revolution," the editorial points out. It says that Chairman Mao "gave

all his energy to the cause of liberation of the Chinese people and the

cause of communism."

CSO: 4020

22
SUDANESE PRESIDENT CONDOLES MAO DEATH

Peking NCNA in English 1206 GMT 8 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Khartoum, 7 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—Sudanese President Ja"far Muhammad

Numayri expressed to Chang Yueh, Chinese ambassador to the Sudan, his deep

condolences on the passing of Chairman Mao, the great leader and teacher

of the Chinese people when he received the ambassador at the Friendship

Hall here this morning.

"I feel sad and painful at the passing away of Chairman Mao. It will

forever be a great loss of ours," the president said, adding, "What soothes

and encourages us is that he has brought up a generation which is strong

and firm enough to go ahead continuously in line with his teachings and

along his path of struggle."

"The Sudanese people and government highly respect Chairman Mao Tse-tung,"

he stated.

In his cordial and friendly talk with the ambassador, the president stressed

that the friendship between the peoples and governments of the Sudan and

China will be further strengthened and develop continuously.

CSO: 4020

23
UN REPRESENTATIVES MOURN MAO DEATH IN SPEECHES

Peking NCNA in English 0750 GMT 10 Oct 76 OW

[Text] United Nations, 9 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—Many representatives, particularly those of Third World countries, to the current session of the UN General Assembly expressed their deep mourning for the passing away of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung in their general debate speeches during the past 2 weeks. They

eulogized his immortal contribution to the revolutionary cause of China and

the cause of liberation of the oppressed nations and people all over the

world.

In his speech, Siteke G. Mwale, minister of foreign affairs of Zambia, said:

"The death of Chairman Mao Tse-tung has left the people of Zambia with a

deep sense of grief. Chairman Mao Tse-tung was a great revolutionary leader

whose life was a shining example of dedication and self-sacrifice in the

cause of the Chinese people and that of mankind as a whole," he pointed out.

He went on, "We, in Zambia, mourn Chairman Mao Tse-tung because he and his

great revolutionary country have been reliable supporters, not only of

Zambia, but of our oppressed brothers and sisters in southern Africa."

Praising Chairman Mao as "one of the most dynamic and distinguished leaders,"

Foreign Minister of Sierra Leone Francis M. Minah said: "By his death, the

People's Republic of China has been deprived of its founder and revered

leader, and the rest of the world has lost the supreme proletarian of our

time, whose primary concern was always for the freedom and dignity of

oppressed peoples everywhere."

"We feel sure that his life and works will continue to motivate the vast

majority of humanity and serve as a continuing inspiration and hope to the

underprivileged and oppressed masses," he said.

Sri Lanka Prime Minister Mrs Sirimavo R. D. Bandaranaike said in her address

to the General Assembly that Chairman Mao Tse-tung was one of the giants of

our time. "I would like to take this opportunity to pay a tribute to his

great contribution to the creation of modern China and to the world of ideas

in the service of mankind," she said.

24
On behalf of the president of the Republic of Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko,

Nguza Karl-I-Bond, political and state commissioner for foreign affairs

and international cooperation, paid tribute to the memory of Chairman Mao

Tse-tung. He said that Chairman Mao was a great statesman of our century.

"Chairman Mao Tse-tung is dead, but...his work will remain in the memory

of mankind," he added.

Jamaican Minister of External Affairs Dudley Thompson said the passing of

Chairman Mao Tse-tung "is a loss not only for China but for the entire

world which mourns a great leader and statesman of immense standing, whose

place in history has long been assured as one of the giants of the 20th

century."

Guinean Minister for Foreign Affairs Fily Cissoko said that Chairman Mao

was "one of the great figures of the international proletariat, an outstanding leader."

Congolese Minister for Foreign Affairs Theophile Obenga said that Chairman

Mao was "a man of thought and action who left such a profound imprint on

the history of our time."

Hamdi Ould Mouknass, minister of state for external affairs of Mauritania,

said that Chairman Mao was "one of the most eminent men in politics, and

one of the greatest thinkers of our times."

"History will record the name of that extraordinary guide of the Chinese

people and great friend of our people as that of the architect of modern

China, an indefatigable defender of all just causes, and in particular

that of oppressed peoples," he emphasized.

Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of Ghana Colonel R. J. A. Felli said that

Chairman Mao was "a leading figure of our times. Chairman Mao has rightly

been acclaimed as a giant among men and his death has robbed the world of

a leader who by precept and example showed us all that selfless devotion

and total commitment to the welfare of the people are the primary essentials of true leadership."

Minister of Foreign Relations of Ecuador Armando Pesantes Garcia said that

Chairman Mao was "an extraordinary leader of the peoples who was of great

historical significance in our century."

Other representatives who at the general debate expressed mourning for

Chairman Mao were from Bangladesh, Togo, Cameroon, Liberia, Somalia, Rwanda,

Swaziland, Peru, Chad, Uganda, Canada and France.

CSO: 4020

25
MARXIST-LENINIST ORGANS OF THE WORLD MOURN MAO'S DEATH

Peking NCNA in English 0700 GMT 10 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 9 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—Organs of Marxist-Leninist parties

and organizations in West Europe, North America and Oceania have continued

to carry articles to deeply mourn the passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and

eulogize him for enriching the theoretical treasure-house of Marxism and

making immense contributions to the international communist movement and

the proletarian revolutionary cause of the world.

The "PEOPLE'S VOICE," weekly organ of the Communist Party of New Zealand,

carried an article on 20 September entitled "How New Zealand Workers Are

Helped by the Teaching of Mao Tse-tung." The article says: "One of the

major contributions of Mao Tse-tung, directly affecting New Zealand workers, was his major struggle against all kinds of opportunism. This lifetime struggle against opportunism in defense of working class MarxistLeninist principles, equipped Mao Tse-tung to recognize and expose the

Soviet opportunism and its revision of Marxist-Leninist principles. But

for this exposure, the world working class movement—including New Zealand—

would have been more seriously misled and diverted by the revisionists

than has already happened," the article says. It stresses that Chairman

Mao's analysis of how class struggle continues under socialism is very

important. It says that Chairman Mao's analysis "enabled the Chinese party

to strengthen itself by combatting the bourgeois line wherever it springs

up. This struggle between the bourgeois line and the proletarian line of

Marxism-Leninism has enabled the Chinese working class to maintain leadership in everything. But it has also been a shining example to the communist party here."

"VANGUARD," organ of the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist),

carried an article on 7 October entitled "Study Chairman Mao's Magnificent

Legacy of Marxist Theory," praising Chairman Mao for "making a really immense contribution to Marxism-Leninism. His writings certainly inherited,

defended and developed Marxism-Leninism," the article says. "Chairman Mao's

analysis of revisionism and, in particular, of the development of Soviet

revisionism and Soviet social-imperialism is in keeping with the great

struggles fought by Marx and Lenin against the opportunism of their day,"

26
it adds. Chairman Mao "subjected the revisionist trash to Marxist-Leninist

analysis and exposed it on a world-wide scale. It is simply impossible to

measure adequately the immensity of such a contribution."

The article says in conclusion that Chairman Mao's "call to study (MarxismLeninism) was for the purpose of promoting more effective revolutionary work

to serve the people. We, too, can serve the Australian people by striving

harder to integrate into Australian conditions the universal truths of

Marxism-Leninism inherited, defended and developed as they were by Chairman

Mao Tse-tung."

"THE FORGE," biweekly organ of the Communist League (M-L) of Canada, published a special supplement on 23 September to pay homage to Chairman Mao.

The supplement says, "all his life, Chairman Mao waged bitter struggle

against all opportunists, of the 'left1and of the right. Always faithful

to the principles of Marxism-Leninism, Chairman Mao played a key role in

the struggle against revisionism. Mao Tse-tung's work and action remain a

precious guide, a shining beacon in the struggle against revisionism," the

supplement adds. "To take up the example of his life and learn from it, to

deepen our study of his work is an essential task for the young communist

movement and for the workers in Canada."

"THE CALL," weekly organ of the U.S. October League (M-L), in an article

published on 20 September says that Chairman Mao "was the greatest Marxist

of the contemporary era. Millions came to love and cherish Chairman Mao

and to follow the brilliant path he charted on the road to communism," the

article says. It extols Chairman Mao who "personally guided the Chinese

people through each stage of their revolution and provided the leadership

to the communist movement throughout the world in its life or death struggle against revisionism and opportunism of all types." The article points

out that Chairman Mao's very important contribution to Marxism-Leninism

was his teachings that there is still class struggle throughout the period

of socialism. "In the course of many struggles against the capitalistroaders in China as well as against international revisionism headed by the

USSR, Chairman Mao pointed the way forward, calling class struggle 'the key

link' in building socialism." It continues that applying the theory of

Marxism-Leninism to socialist society, Chairman Mao "developed and deepened

communist theory and practice and answered previously unanswered questions

dealing with the nature of the revolution under socialism."

"REVOLUTION," organ of the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Communist

Party of the United States, recently devoted a special issue to an account

of the glorious and militant life of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the great

leader and teacher of the Chinese people. It is pointed out in the special

issue that "at every crucial crossroads for the Chinese revolution, and the

crucial crossroads for the whole international working class in the contemporary world, it was Mao Tse-tung who was able to analyze the situation

and show the way forward. And in the course of this he further developed

Marxism and trained millions in its use so that the working class could

27
make mighty strides in transforming China and the world. Mao Tse-tung was

the greatest Marxist-Leninist of the contemporary era. For the working

class and the oppressed of the world he was our great teacher and guide.

His gigantic contributions live on," the journal adds.

E. Vilar, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

of Portugal (Marxist-Leninist), wrote an article to mourn the passing of

Chairman Mao. Carried in the 88th issue of the party organ "UNIDADE

POPULAR," the article says, "Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the great teacher of

the international communist movement, has departed from us forever." It

adds, "While firmly adhering to the principles of Marxism-Leninism, Mao

Tse-tung completely rebuffed the 'theories' of modern revisionism and

defended Marxism-Leninism. Mao Tse-tung prevented the scientific theory

of the proletariat from being trampled under foot. In the struggle against

modern revisionism, he not only threw its rotten 'theories' to the ground,

but also developed Marxism-Leninism."

The article says, "The struggle between Marxism-Leninism and revisionism

is far from coming to an end. But the battle Mao Tse-tung fought against

modern revisionism has resulted in a new radiance for Marxism-Leninism and

the most complete ridicule for its detractors. Thanks to the great Mao

Tse-tung and inspired by his example of courage and determination in the

defense of Marxism-Leninism against modern revisionism, new Marxist-Leninist

parties have been created and developed in the whole world," the article

points out.

The article says in conclusion, "His teachings will continue to guide the

world proletariat and his work will eternally remain in the hearts of the

peoples."

"CLARTE ET L'EXPLOITE," organ of the Central Committee of the MarxistLeninist Communist Party of Belgium, carried an article on 16 September,

saying that the great proletarian cultural revolution, "the extensive

movement to criticize the persons in power taking the capitalist road, was

the most pungent reply to revisionism and signified the greatest change

taking place in a socialist country for the consolidation of the dictatorship of the proletariat."

The article adds, "It is Chairman Mao who personally gave his orientation

to the foreign policy of China, exposing before all mankind the Soviet

social-imperialists' role of warmongers and of their being the principal

danger to the peoples of the world. He characterized social-imperialism

of the USSR as a dictatorship of fascist type and Hitlerite type. Mao

Tse-tung, the great leader of the Chinese revolution, has taken his place

side by side with the great theorists of communism—Marx, Engels, Lenin

and Stalin. For the revolutionaries of the whole world, he is not dead.

His teachings are immortal.

An article carried in the supplement of the latest issue of "OCTOBER,"

organ of the Communist Party of Switzerland (Marxist-Leninist), says,

28
"Comrade Mao Tse-tung teaches us that we must always take class struggle

as the key link. He teaches us that classes and class struggle also exist

in socialist society and that the revolution must be continued. He teaches

us that class struggle must be carried out within the communist party in the

form of the struggle between the two lines—the proletarian line against

the bourgeois line in order to prevent revisionism. Comrade Mao Tse-tung

led the great proletarian cultural revolution and led the struggle against

the revisionist deviations of Liu Shao-chi, Lin Piao and Teng Hsiao-ping,

thus making an indelible theoretical and practical contribution which guides

us in the struggle against revisionism—counter-revolutionary bourgeois

degeneration within the communist party and in the socialist society. The

most important problem of the international communist movement today is the

struggle of Marxism-Leninism against revisionism; the consolidation of

proletarian ideology and the dictatorship of the proletariat; and the fight

for preventing the revisionist-bourgeois degeneration of the communist party

and the restoration of capitalism."

The article praises Chairman Mao's great strategic concept of the "three

worlds." It says, "Comrade Mao Tse-tung studied the growth of the factor

of revolution and the factor of war in the world. Chairman Mao Tse-tung

stressed in the past few years the inevitability of a third world war, which

is the consequence of the rivalry between the two superpowers, and above

all, of the aggressiveness of the Soviet Union. Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed

out to the proletariat and people of the world the biggest enemies—the

Soviet Union and the United States. His political and ideological works

are a compass for us in our struggle against these enemies."

An article carried in the 14 September issue of "CLASS STRUGGLE," organ of

the Norwegian Workers' Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), says "under Mao

Tse-tung's wise leadership, China emerged as a red bulwark, an immense

inspiration to the revolutionaries of the world. She will always remain

a socialist beacon-light, for the present-day world and the future."

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29
UPPER VOLTA SHOWS FILM, PHOTOS IN MEMORY OF MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1820 GMT 11 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 11 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—The Patriotic League for the Development of Upper Volta (LPDUV) and the Volta Association of Friendship Among

the Peoples (VAFP) co-sponsored a photo exhibition and a film show to honor

the memory Mr Chairman Mao Tse-tung from 5 to 7 October, according to a report from Ouagadougou.

On display at the exhibition were three sets of photos: "The Life of

Chairman Mao," "Tachai Continues to March Forward" and "Photographic Art

of China." "The Red Flag Canal" and other documentary films were shown.

Among about 800 people attending the activities in Ouagadougou were Amidou

Coulibaly, president, and Soumane Toure, vice-president, of the LPDUV,

Sibiri Salembere, president of the Ouagadougou branch of the VAFP and

Alassane Kogoda Ouedraogo, president of National Association of Journalists

of Upper Volta.

Before the opening ceremony vice-president Soumane Toure asked those attending to observe 1-minute's silence for Chairman Mao. He said, "the spectacular construction of China, realized by a vigorous movement of the masses

without precedent in the history of mankind under the leadership of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and the Chinese Communist Party, is the most important

event in the third quarter of this century."

He stressed, "The Chinese Communist Party led by Chairman Mao Tse-tung has

transformed a backward, semi-feudal and semi-colonial country of a very

low level into an independent country respected by the whole world." Chairman Mao Tse-tung "has incarnated the people's aspirations and inspired the

Chinese people," he said.

The organization of these activities after the death of Chairman Mao was

to show militant and sincere solidarity with the Chinese people and government, he pointed out.

CSO: 4020

30
MEXICAN GROUPS HOLD MEETINGS IN MEMORY OF MAO

Peking NCNA in English 1854 GMT 11 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Mexico City, 10 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—The Mexican Society of Friends

of People's China held a meeting of over 400 people in memory of Chairman

Mao Tse-tung at the "Palace of Fine Arts" here yesterday evening, 1 month

after the passing of Chairman Mao.

Speaking at the meeting, Mexico's former Ambassador to China Anguiano and

Professor Gustavo Vargas warmly eulogized the monumental contributions

that Chairman Mao had made to the Chinese revolution and the revolutionary

people the world over. Marta Tarazzua, a Mexican friend, gave an emotional

recital of Chairman Mao's poems at the meeting.

To honor the memory of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the Mexico-China Friendship

Association began from 10 September to receive at the site of the association aged and young people as well as children who came to pay their condolences. With tears in their eyes, they stood in silent tribute before

the portrait of Chairman Mao. A Mexican friend by the name of Elizabeth

Delameolla wrote in the condolence book: "Mao Tse-tung thought and his

doctrines will forever be engraved in my heart."

The Mexico-China Friendship Association held here a memorial meeting for

Chairman Mao Tse-tung, a photo exhibition on Chairman Mao's life and report

meetings.

In Guanajuato state, a memorial meeting was held with over 5,000 peasants

present. Five commemoration meetings were organized by the University of

Puebpa. Students of several departments of the national autonomous University of Mexico also held rallies in memory of Chairman Mao. A "China

Week" was sponsored recently at the university's center of social and

cultural activities to mourn Chairman Mao. Some mass organizations distributed leaflets and statements praising Chairman Mao's great contributions in leading China's revolution and opposing modern revisionism. The

leaflet of an organization read, Chairman Mao "founded the great People's

Republic of China and to defend the purity of Marxism-Leninism waged unremitting struggles against the deviationist, liquidationist and revisionist

attempts within the Chinese Communist Party and against the KhrushchevBrezhnev renegade clique in the international arena."

CSO: 4020 31
CONDOLENCE MESSAGES RECEIVED MOURNING MAO DEATH

Peking NCNA in English 1828 GMT 11 Oct 76 OW

[Text] Peking, 11 Oct 76, (HSINHUA)—Government ministers and departments,

public figures, officials of local governments, friendship associations

and China's friends in many countries as well as a number of ChineseAmericans have sent messages to leaders of China and responsible members

of the departments concerned and the Chinese people's association for

friendship with foreign countries, expressing deep condolences on the

passing of Chairman Mao Tse-tung.

They include: Rwanda Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Nsekalije,

Vietnamese Minister of Home Trade Hoang Quoc Thinh, Bangladesh Chief of

Navy Staff and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Rear Admiral Musharraf

Hussain Khan, Korean Ministry of Railways, Vietnamese General Statistical

Bureau, Chairman of the Syrian General Sports Federation Ridha Muhammad

Asfahani, Honorary Secretary-General and Treasurer of Asian Games Federation Zafar Ali, and the executive committee of the Central Committee of the

Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman.

Former Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic Mohsin Ahmed Al-eini,

former Japanese Prime Minister Tetsu Katayama, Chairman of the Japan Socialist Party Tomomi Narita, President of the Sokagakkai of Japan Daisaku

Ikeda, President of the France-China Friendship Group of the National Assembly Andre Bettencourt, members of the Christian Democratic Union of West

Germany Alfred Dregger and Werner Marx, the Italy-China Commerce Chamber

and President of the Italy-China Economic and Cultural Exchange Association

Vittorino Colombo.

President of the National Association of Governors of Japan Ryozo Okuda,

Chairman of the Association of Speakers of Prefectural Assemblies of Japan

Hisashi Yamamura, leading members of Japanese prefectural governments, and

Robert Bourassa, governor of Quebec, Canada.

Chairman of the Albanian-Chinese Friendship Society Spiro Koleka, the

Korea-China Friendship Association, Chairman of the Romanian-Chinese Friendship Association Popescuputzuri, Chairman of the Vietnam-China Friendship

32
Association Hoang Quoc Viet, Chairman of the Laos-China Friendship Association Ma Khaykhamphithoun, Chairman of the Afghanistan-China Friendship

Association Sultan Mahmoud Ghazi, the Bangladesh-China Friendship Association, the national headquarters of the Japan-China Friendship Association

(Orthodox), the Japan-China Cultural Exchange Association, the Nepal-China

Cultural Association, the ad hoc committee of the Nepal-China Friendship

Society, the Karachi Pakistan-China Friendship Society, the Association for

Philippine-Chinese Understanding, the Sri Lanka-China Friendship Association,

the Thailand-China Friendship Association, the president of the Congolese

Association for Friendship among the Peoples Vital Balla, the chairman of

the Togo-China Friendship Association Esso Doguemsa Birregan, the Association of Friendship Among the Peoples of Upper Volta, Chairman of the

Austrian Research Institute on China Bruno Pittermann, the Belgium-China

Association, President of the Denmark-China Friendship Association Per

Fynbos, Chairman of the Finland-China Society Urho Kanonen, executive

chairman of the National Bureau of the Presidium of the France-China Friendship Society Charles Bettepheim, Chairman of the Germany-China Friendship

Society Elo Baumberger, leading members of West Berlin-China Society for

Understanding and Friendship Heiz Spreitz and Monika Behrendt, the Italian

Association for Friendly Relations with the People's Republic of China, the

Center of Study and Information on Chinese Policies from Italy, president

of the Luxembourg-China Friendship Association Adolphe Franck, the Netherlands-China Friendship Association, Chairman of the Norway-China Friendship

Association Torbjorn Farovik, Chairman of the Swedish-Chinese Friendship

Association Christer Leopold, the Switzerland-China Association, president

of the Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding Joseph Needham and Chairman

Felix Greene, the China Policy Study Group of Britain, the Scotland-China

Association, the Canada-China Friendship Association of Halifax, the CanadaChina Society of Montreal, the Canada-China Friendship Society and the

Chinese Cultural Society of Saskatchewan Province, the Amities QuebecChina, the Mexican Society of Friends of People's China, the Venezuela

Consejo Nacional de la Cultura, president of the National Committee of the

New Zealand-China Society Charles Ronald Howell and Secretary Jack F. Ewen,

national secretary of the Australia-China Society Miss Lindy Decker and

National President of the Society Geoffrey Stillwelp, Chairman of the National U.S. China People's Friendship Association Frank Pestana and local

chapters of the association and friendship associations of other countries.

Japanese friends Kozo Sasaki, Kinkazu Saionji, Saburo Endo, Shigeru Fujita,

Yusho Otsuka, Yoko Matsuoka, Yasushi Inoue, Kaheita Okazaki, Tokumatsu

Sakamoto, Shizuma Kai, Miho Mayama, Takeo Ito, Kazuo Kamieda, and

Miucdhclsclyoshimura, noted cinema directors of the Netherlands Joris

Ivens and Loradan, Swedish friends Wiberg and his wife, Greek authoress

H. Kazantsaki, Iceland friend Arnthor Helgason, American friends William

H. Hinton and Mrs Dubois, Chairman of the General Association of Korean

Residents in Japan Han Tok-su, the Liberation League of "Outcast" Communities of Japan and the Shinseisaku Troupe of Japan.

Figures of the Japanese economic and trade circles Yoshihiro Inayama,

Shigeo Nagano, Kazutaka Kikawada, Yoshishige Ashihara, Isamu Saeki and

Teiichiro Morinaga.

33
Chinese-Americans Yang Chen-ning, Chien-shiung Wu, Chia-liu Yuan, Chen

Pien Li, Chih-kung Jen, and Chia-chiao Lin, Taiwan compatriots residing in

foreign countries, patriot overseas Chinese, compatriots in Hong Kong and

Macao.

Messages of condolences have also been sent by diplomatic envoys from many

countries to China, foreign experts and students in China and other friends

of China.

CSO: 4020

34
ECONOMIC

MASS INCREASE RECORDED IN KWANGSI INDUSTRY

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 19 Jul 76 p 4

[Text] Under the impetus provided by the glorious struggle to criticize

Teng and counterattack the evil wind of decision-reversal fanned up by the

right opportunists, an excellent situation prevails in revolution and production on the industrial front of Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region, and

marked increases have been recorded in the production of chemical fertilizers,

agricultural machinery, coal, and cement. From January to May of this year,

production of chemical fertilizers for the entire region increased by 11.6

percent over the corresponding period of last year, with nitrogenous fertilizer marking up an increase of 38.8 percent; agricultural machinery increased by 38 percent, with the Feng Shöu 37 model tractor showing an increase of over 100 percent, motorized harrows by 200 percent, agricultural

tractors by 96 percent; Coal ore production increased by 8 percent, with the

small coal mines run by districts, counties, and communes showing an increase of 26 percent, attaining the highest record ever; and cement production gained by 5 percent, with small cement plants run by counties and communes marking up an increase of 24.6 percent.

Revolution has propelled the development of production. The broad masses

of workers and officials of the chemical fertilizer, agricultural machinery,

coal, and cement industrial departments of Kwangsi are continuously stepping up the tempo of industrial production by developing a step further the

mass movement of "Learn from Taching in Industry," and criticizing in depth

the counterrevolutionary revisionist line of Teng Hsiao-ping, using class

struggle as a guidelines. In the first 5 months of this year, 7 small nitrogenous fertilizer plants have been built and put into production in

Kwangsi, thereby creating a new phenomenon of the most rapid advance in

history and the highest number built and put into production. The agricultural machinery factories in the Kweiling area completed production

plans for the first half of this year 30 days ahead of schedule, and provided strong support to agricultural production.

The agricultural machineries department of Kwangsi, and the agricultural

machineries repair and manufacturing plants of counties and communes have

35
manufactured, in accordance with the characteristics of the Kwangsi terrain

and the needs of the farmers, a group of easy-to-operate, easy-to-manipulate

agricultural machineries of various types. Seventeen kinds of new agricultural implements such as motorized cultivator, manual planting machine, medium plower for sugar cane, rolling rake for rice paddies, corn seed planter,

which have been prototyped and achieved initial successes, thus contributing

toward the mechanization of agriculture in Kwangsi.

The large deposits of limestones in Kwangsi area contribute favorable conditions for the development of the cement industry. Currently, there are

over 100 small cement plants besides the 12 factories included in the plans

in the entire region. This is an increase of 1,700 percent over the preproletarian cultural revolution year of 1965. Since this year production

of these cement factories has continuously increased, and it is providing

powerful support to the capital construction of agriculture.

8493

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36
PAI SE, KWANGSI, TRANSFORMED INTO INDUSTRIAL TOWNSHIP

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 24 Jul 76 p 3

[Excerpt] Propelled by the great proletarian cultural revolution, Pai Se

[4102 5331] of Kwangsi has been built into an industrial township, and there

are metallurgy, thermochemical, electric power, machineries, electronic,

communications and transportations, forestry, construction materials, food,

and light industry plants here. Of the 110 large, medium, and small mining

enterprises, 75 percent were built during the great cultural revolution,

and they can produce more than 500 varieties of products. In 1975, gross

value of industrial output rose 75 percent over 1965. Under the impetus of

the struggle to counterattack right opportunist wind of decision reversals,

the broad masses of workers and cadres in Pai Se township whipped up an

enthusiastic campaign of grasping revolution and stimulating production to

boost the gross value of the industrial output of the entire township by

4.7 percent at the end of May over the corresponding period last year.

Chemical fertilizers, cement, sugar, alcohol, and electric motor powered

grain threshers showed an increase of over 100 percent in their gross value

over the corresponding period of last year.

8493

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37
KIANGSU'S OIL REFINING CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PROGRESSING WITH GIANT STEPS

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 26 Jul 76 p 2

[Excerpts] Since the great proletarian cultural revolution, the oil refining chemical industry of Kiangsu Province has been rapidly propelled in its

development, and, in comparison with the pre-great cultural revolution year

of 1965, the production value of the oil refining chemical industrial enterprises in the entire province has increased 600 percent, and the capability

to install chemical industrial products in the province and to supply its

own needs have been greatly enhanced. A 75 percent increase has been made

in the ability to supply products for its own consumption.

Since the great cultural revolution, the oil refining chemical industry

front of Kiangsu Province adhered to the implementation of Chairman Mao's

general guideline to develop the national economy, "with agriculture as the

foundation, and industry as the leader," focused on the development of such

agricultural support commodities as chemical fertilizers and agricultural

pesticides to lead the production of other chemical industrial products.

Presently over two thirds of the chemical industrial enterprises of the

province are serving directly or indirectly to support agriculture. Especially because of its adherence to the orientation of giving support to agriculture, the speed of development in the oil refining chemical enterprises

have been greatly increased, and in 1972, every county has its own small

nitrogenous fertilizer plant.

In 1975 alone, relatively more matured new industrial skills and techniques

that have been propagated and put into use total more than 50 items, some

of these not only filled in the blank spaces in our country but have a definite advanced standard.

8493

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38
ENTERPRISES PROLIFERATING IN KWANGTUNG'S RURAL COMMUNES

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 27 Jul 76 p 2

[Excerpts] There has been great development in enterprises run by rural

communes and production brigades in Kwangtung Province since the great proletarian cultural revolution. Currently, there are more than 57,000 such

enterprises in the entire province, an increase of more than 300 percent

over the pre-great cultural revolutionary year of 1965, and last year the

gross revenue was over 400 percent over 1965. With the development of commune and production brigade enterprises, the ratio of economic income of

the 3 grades in the commune (commune, production brigade, and production

team) underwent a change. Prior to 1965, the ratio of economic income of

the commune and production brigade stood at 7 percent, in 1975 it has increased to 22.1 percent, while the production team ratio fell from the 93

percent in 1965 to 77.9 percent in 1975. Adapting to local conditions,

many communes and production brigades fully utilized local resources to

actively set up and operate farms, logging and cultivating farms of the

forestry industry, tea farms, fruit orchards, stock animal farms, and fish

nurseries, and vigorously established agricultural support enterprises such

as maintenance, repair and manufacture of agricultural implements and processing of agricultural side products, as well as small enterprises in cement, chemical fertilizers, coal mines, hydroelectric power, and limestone

quarries. And in those areas where the conditions are favorable, enterprises in support of the well-being of rural and urban people, of state run

big industries, and export in foreign trade.

8493

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39
COAL INDUSTRY DEVELOPING IN TAN TUNG MUNICIPALITY, LIAONING

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 28 Jul 76 p 3

[Excerpts] Liaoning Province's Tan-tung city is a well known light industry

municipality in northeast China, and it has also rapidly developed the coal

industry since the great proletarian cultural revolution. Now, relatively

big coal mines have been developed from 1 to 3. The coal production in

1975 was equivalent to 3.4 times that of 1965, the year prior to the Great

Proletarian Cultural Revolution. A new coal washing plant has also been

constructed, while a complete coal industry system of mining, transporting,

washing, and refining is beginning to emerge.

Formerly, Tan-tung municipality did not develop slag coal urgently needed

by the steel and iron industry. After 3 years of brave struggle in the midst

of triumphant song a slag coal mine was constructed and put into production.

Mines that were forced to close down before the Great Proletarian Cultural

Revolution resumed production very quickly. Coal production of commune and

production brigade coal mines alone last year increased by nearly 100 percent over that of the total output of the entire city before the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

8493

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40
NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER PRODUCTION SETS RECORD

Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 28 Jul 76 p 3

[Text] The Chan Chiang area of Kwangtung Province which did not have a

single nitrogenous fertilizer plant prior to the great proletarian cultural

revolution has 10 small such plants now. From January to June of this year,

the gross production of nitrogenous fertilizer in the entire area increased

by 60 percent over the corresponding period of last year, creating the highest level in history for the corresponding period. It has made new contributions to the early creation of conditions for bumper harvests in agriculture this year.

Impelled by the struggle to criticize Teng Hsiao-ping and counter-attack the

wind of decision reversals fanned by right opportunism, the workers of nitrogenous fertilizer plants in Chan Chiang area developed production with even

greater revolutionary zeal. In the first half of this year, the various

nitrogenous fertilizer plants made all-round increases in production. The

plants in Hua-chou Lien-chiang, and Sui-chi counties and Mao-ming municipality as well as such key plants as the Chan-chiang chemical plant, completed

their production pains for the first half of the year anywhere from 10 to

66 days ahead of schedule. Since entering the latter half of the year, the

workers and officials of Chan-chiang nitrogenous fertilizer plant dug up

latent production forces to further increase the production of nitrogenous

fertilizer. They are also speeding up the installation of equipment at the

new nitrogenous fertilizer plant in order to have it put into production at

an early date.

8493

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41
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

YANG CHEN-NING DISCUSSES SCIENCE IN CHINA

Hong Kong WEN-HUI PAO in Chinese 27 Mar j6 p 1

[Text] Yesterday, after making a speech on "Gauge Fields" and other topics

at the Chinese University, Professor Yang Chen-ning [2799 2182 1380] took

time to have a discussion with part of the students of the university and

middle school.

During the discussion, Professor Yang pointed out that, although some success

has been achieved in recent years by the world's scientists in the study of

the interaction of electrified particles with magnetic fields and other

theories related to "gauge fields," it is not equal to "a major accomplishment." Research related to basic particles has become an important direction for the world's physicists, and Chinese physicists are carrying on

active research in problems of "gauge field" theory, basic particles, and

other aspects.

Speaking of the perception of China's current great revolutionary debate

in scientific and technological circles, Professor Yang also pointed out:

"The great debate opened in Chinese scientific and technological circles

has a very important political meaning; one must know that the viewpoint

of science and art for science and art's sake is erroneous, and scientific

research cannot be carried on separately from society."

Professor Yang's discussion with the university and middle school students

lasted for about a half-hour. Although the time was short, the students,

deeply appreciative of Professor Yang, brought up many questions, including

those regarding the objectives of this trip of Professor Yang's to China,

current directions in physics, the current and future outlook for research

in "gauge field" theory, current developments in basic particle research,

the perception of problems involved in matters ranging from China's current

educational revolution through the great revolutionary debate in scientific

and technologic al circles and the perception of China's promotion of the

"Three-in-One" spirit in scientific research. Professor Yang answered each

question brought up by the students. The related detailed questions and

answers follow.

42
Question: Mr Yang, will you tell us what the current directions are in

physics?

Answer: Physics is a very big science. Within it, there are many meaningful things in development. My specialty is basic physics, and there have

been some relatively important developments in recent years in research

in this field. What we wish to understand is related to the structure of

basic particles within atomic nuclei, and we have done much work in these

years. I personally consider that, during the past 30 years, basic

particle (research) scientists have made many important discoveries, but

still have not achieved complete understanding of the entire atomic nucleus.

There have been extremely important discoveries during the past 2 years. ,

Since November 1974, particularly during the past 10-odd months, many new

protons have been discovered. Now I dare not say approximately how many,

but we can be sure that there are 8 or 9, or 9 or 10. The existence of

these new protons had never been anticipated. In the past, new discoveries

might have opened up some new territory in research into the structure of

atomic nuclei. In the past year and a half, the knowledge furnished by

experimental physics has far surpassed the capabilities of the theoretical

physicists, and has permitted a relatively complete understanding of the

related research. Many significant things are also developing in other

aspects of physics research.„

With regard to the theory of physics, what has occupied everyone's attention in research for the past 5 years has been the "gauge field" problem.

There are many problems awaiting solutions in this area, but it is believed

that they can be solved in the next few years. Finally, it is even more

possible that all interactions may be clarified through research to yield

a complete "gauge field" theory.

Question: What is the relationship between'dialectical materialism and

the "gauge field" theory of which you just spoke?

Answer: I don't know too much about dialectical materialism [laughter],

but I think that there would not be too many contradictions between the

theories I discussed and dialectical materialism. I also just brought up

a question, which is what can be considered to be true. Yet I feel that

the related discussion and dialectical materialism are not contradictory.

Question': With such developments in research related to "gauge field"

theory, will the scientists be able to stop progressing after that?

Answer: No, it still cannot be said that research related to "gauge field"

theory has achieved a major accomplishment. In the past when research was

being conducted in relation to certain problems, there were people who said

that there had been "a major accomplishment," but who were later proved to

be wrong. From the standpoint of man's knowledge, current developments

in research in this direction are a great step forward, but I believe that

very few will say, "All research work has now been finished."

43
Question: What difficulties are there in the study of such theories?

Answer: High energy physics is currently facing numerous difficulties. Two among

them are the principal ones. The first is that machines are not increasing in

size. Although this is not desired by physicists, they have no recourse and

must use them because what we study is smaller and smaller.' To study even smaller objectives requires even more protons of even higher energy, and to produce

protons of even higher energy requires even larger machines. Thus each

experiment takes not 1 or 2 days nor 1 or 2 months, but frequently takes

several months' time, and action or inaction costs several million dollars,

to say nothing of the entire experiment. So, generally speaking, work in

this field is much slower than it was. This is one aspect. Further, some

things are truly difficult for man to research rapidly because the manpower

and material requirements are too great. In addition, the problem of basic

particles which must now be studied is an extremely complex one, far more

complex than anticipated 30 years ago. This is because at that time very

few types of protons had been discovered whereas now there are many

hundreds, and interactions take place among them. Therefore, existing

calculating methods are no longer suitable, which also gives rise to many

difficulties. This is not to say, however, that those studying basic

particles are very discouraged or feel that the future holds no hope.

Looking back on the history of the development of physics, we have similar

experiences. For example, in the beginning, scientists found the electronic

computer somewhat puzzling and felt that it was very strange. I believe

that we will finally have a comparatively deep understanding of "gauge

field" theory. Of course, this may not be seen by our generation of

physicists.

Question: What is your preliminary view of the great revolutionary debate

which has arisen in Chinese scientific and technological circles?

Answer: I don't understand much more about this problem than you students

in Hong Kong. I personally consider this an extremely complex question.

The development of science and technology is but one of the innumerable

factors in the entire society, and the debate which has risen in China's

scientific and technological circles was not a case of their developing

their own debate. I believe that no movement of a country does not have

deep political meaning, and acquainting ourselves with this movement in

the abstract is meaningless--we must first clarify what question it is

that they are discussing. We know that a tendency can exist in a society

to feel that art and science is art and science, and has no connection

with politics. In these past years, I have felt that this concept is

totally erroneous and we cannot separate ourselves completely from society.

The development of science and technology in every country has a direct

and close relationship with the political development of that country as

a whole. Scientific research cannot be completely divorced from political

problems.

44
Question: How do you feel about China's system for training scientific and

technological personnel?

.Answer: I consider that, in societies in general, people view individual

achievement as extremely important. According to my understanding, China's

scientists are now vastly different from this in ideology and consciousness.

Specifically, in the past, in certain research departments the scientists

always thought about preserving their own set [field of knowledge or

"bag' of tricks"], and were unwilling to let others know it. Thus, in group

research, they were also not too willing to express their own judgments.

Speaking of today's China, this phenomenon seldom exists, and if it does,

it exists to a much lesser degree than in Western societies or in the

society of Hong Kong. This is because of the difference in the systems.

Question: What are your views on China's development of the "Three-in-One"

spirit of "Workers, technicians and scientists" to carry on scientific

research?

Answer: This is a very important matter. When carrying out scientific

research in the West, scientists, technicians and others are still needed

to assist in the work, but the problem is that the general run of such

staff and workers are not valued highly. In my experience, I have found

in actual work that workers and technicians were sometimes brighter than

us scientists. For example, I was conducting experiments for a period of

time at the University of Chicago, and, when I was about to graduate and

receive my degree, I had to design an instrument to measure the reaction

obtained from a proton beam passing through a foil. To carry on this

research, however, the thickness of the foil had to be changed from time

to time. This was an extremely complex problem, because the whole

interior of the instrument had to be a vacuum, and to change the foil

required precautions against "air leakage." I studied this problem afterwards with an old worker, and he gave me a simple answer on the basis of

his practical experience, telling me that it would be all right merely to

turn the foil slightly to form an angle with the original direction

[laughter]. How valuable was this worker's practical experience: Speaking

of the West, however, the practical experience of workers and technicians

in such matters is not taken seriously, whereas in China such experience

is considered to be very important.

8174

CSO: 4008

45
MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

Peking K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN in Chinese No 3, 1976 pp 34-35

[Article by Fan Shih-ch'ing: "The Ocean Floor—'Treasure Platter' of

Mineral Resources"]

[Text] Three-fourths of the earth's surface is occupied by oceans. Human

knowledge and understanding of those parts of the ocean which lie from

several hundred to several thousand meters deep is very slight. With the

development of new scientific techniques the "veil" of the ocean's water

has gradually been lifted and the true surface of the ocean bottom revealed.

Originally, the ocean bottom was truly a large "treasure platter." The

The variety and amount stored of the rich mineral resources are astounding.

Thus it is not surprising that all of the world's nations consider the

development and utilization of the ocean to be work of prime importance.

So what treasures are there on the ocean floor? We attempt here to provide

a simple introduction to this.

Various Types of Nodular Minerals

As early as the late 19th century people discovered, scattered on the

floors of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, a type of potato shaped,

light brown, unevenly sized nodule. These nodules contain many types of

metals, but as the percentage of manganese is especially high, 25 to 35

percent, they are called "manganese nodules." Some of these are rich

in minerals, with a manganese content reaching 36 to 57 percent. Besides

manganese, they contain copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc and other metals

which already have attained industrial classifications and have a

significant extractive value. In addition to the above they contain 35

chemical elements including titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, radium,

thorium, thallium, einsteinium, lead and lanthanum. Nickel is an important

raw material in the production of stainless steel, and also can be used to

produce supernickel alloys. Copper is an important raw material Ln

electrical equipment, alloys and electroplating. Copper-nickel alloy is

especially used in exploring the ocean due to its resistance to ocean

corrosion. Cobalt can be used to make guided missiles and special alloys,

and has important applications in the national defense industry. . . .

46
The manganese nodules are in general scattered on the ocean floor or in

a layer 10 meters thick. In the richest places their density can reach

50,000 tons per square kilometer. According to statistics, these light

and brittle manganese nodules cover 20 to 50 percent of the red colored

deep water clay distribution area of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, or

10 percent of the ocean floor of the Eastern Pacific Ocean and 10 to 30

percent of the ocean floor of the Western Pacific. In abundant regions

the manganese nodules occupy. 20 to 50 percent of the ocean floor, and in

individual hilly parts of the ocean floor mineral nodules are distributed

over 80 to 90 percent of the surface area. The area where soft silicate

mud is distributed in the Northern Pacific between 6° and 20° north

latitude and 110° and 180° west latitude has already been judged to be the

most abundant region of high grade manganese nodules. One-third of this

area is covered with high grade mineral nodules. This mineral field has an

area as large as 4 million square kilometers. In addition, several locations

that look promising as abundant in manganese nodules have been discovered

in the western corner of the North Atlantic and in the South Atlantic.

It is generally believed that the amount of manganese nodules stored on

the earth's ocean floors is 300 billion tons and moreover that this is

still increasing. There is reason to believe that it will become a

tremendous potential source of supply of manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt,

zinc and other metals for world industry.

Next in order are nodules of phosphorus. They mainly contain P^Oc» asw

611

as fluorine. Phosphorous is an important agricultural fertilizer. Most of

the nodules which contain 20 to 30 percent P„05 are buried away off the

edge of the continental margin or the continental shelf in the lower

latitudes where the deep water currents are rising. They are distributed

in water which is generally between 36 and 370 meters deep. It is possible

that they come from the ocean bed containing deep water which is comparatively high in dense phosphate. When this water comes into contact with

the heated surface water with its higher pH value, the phosphates sink and

are formed. Extensive-type ocean floor beds of phosphate nodules have been

discovered along the southern African coast, the west coast of North and

South America, the coast of Argentina, the east coast of New Zealand. . .

and even the continental shelf of the Sea of Japan. The estimated worldwide

quantity of these may reach 3 billion tons!

Besides the spontaneously formed phosphorus nodules described above as

pertaining to the belt where deep ocean currents are rising, there are

also organically produced calcium phosphates (the accumulation of shark

teeth and whale bones) on the slowly accumulating Pacific Ocean floor.

These contain up to 36 percent P„0_ as well as useful minerals such as

certain heavy metallic elements, uranium and rare earth elements.

[Figure not reproducible]

Fig. 1. Manganese nodules from ocean floor

Consolidated Minerals of the Sea Floor

Buried on the sea floor are enormous mineral beds of sea bottom coal,

iron, alum clay and nonferrous metals. For example, the continental shelves

47
of England, Japan, Canada, Chile, Turkey and China's Taiwan Province have

all been found to contain sea floor coal fields. The amount of coal

tunnelled out of the sea floor presently amounts to 30 percent of Japan's

coal production and 10 percent of England's. In Chile, 83.9 percent of

coal production is extracted from the sea floor.

At present the extraction of iron from the sea floor is being carried out

along the coast of Newfoundland (which has an iron ore bed containing several

billion tons) and in Finland. The annual ore production in 1965 was 1.7

million tons. In extracting, a deep shaft is generally constructed along

the coast, at the bottom of which a level extraction tunnel is dug towards

the sea bed mineral structure.

On the ocean floor and in the sea bed mountain ranges, chromite ore and

nickel ore are also very abundant. For example, chromite ore has been

discovered in the rift valley of the Indian Ocean. Copper ore has been

found in the volcanic, rock beneath a sedimentary layer 437 meters thick

on the ocean ridge 2240 meters below the surface of the Indian Ocean

at the equator near 90° east latitude.

Various Metallic Sands of the Ocean Floor

The gold, silver and platinum sands of the ocean floor are precious metal

ores which have attracted attention. At present ocean floor gold sand deposits

have been discovered in certain coastal regions, including Alaska, the

American east coast, Canada, Chile, the Baltic Sea and the Sea of Japan.

Among these, the gold sand layer formed during the Pleistocene glacial

epochs on the ocean bottom in some regions along the Alaskan coast are up

to 100 meters thickI

Tremendous quantities of silver sand and platinum sand have been uncovered

in the region of the Alaskan Sea. The platinum sand ore of the Sa-erh-meng

[5646 3643 5536] River in Alaska has been extracted for many years. The

ore layer extends several hundred nautical miles from near the shore to

the bottom of the Ku-ssu-k'o-ch'a-mu [1655 2448 4430 2686 1191] Bay. This

ocean bottom platinum sand ore is world famous.

The world's main shallow water tin sand producing areas are the coastal

seas of the countries in Southeast Asia and England. Among these, in

Malaysia the sphere of extraction directly reaches to coastal areas with

water 30 to 35 meters deep. The partial thickness of some ocean

sedimentary tin sand beds in Indonesia reaches 20 meters and can be

estracted with a dredger or a flat bottom boat.

Ocean bottom iron ore is distributed in some coastal regions of Japan,

America's west coast and Chile's west coast. In general large pumps are

used to extract it.

48
The various ocean floor mineral sands are necessary objects for the various

industrial departments. They have a quite broad distribution. Among

these, the amount of cajuilite (a type of high grade iron ore) and

zirconium rock (zirconium ore) that Australia extracts daily from the ocean

floor exceeds 70,000 tons. The Oceanian coastline has 6,600 kilometers

of offshore water regions where cajuilite, zirconium, edwardite (containing

a large amount of thorium), tin and other tipes of heavy sand minerals

are accumulated. The cajuilite and edwardite sands along the shore of the

Indian Sea and the edwardite sands of Brazil are also renowned. . . .

Quite a-few of the world's nations are also engaged in the large-scale

extraction of limestone, accumulated shale or calcareous shale from the

ocean floor which are used in the production of cement. For example,

in Iceland shale is a basic raw material for heavy industry. Many

nations have greatly developed their shallow water sands and gravel for use

in the construction industry.

Ocean Floor Brimstone and Salt Ores

There are also tremendous quantities of brimstone and salt ores stored on

the ocean floor. Most of the brimstone presently extracted in the world

comes from layered ore beds where it is jointly formed with anhedrite, or

it is located on the summit of salt mounds on the ocean floor and may be

extracted with bore holes and pipes. There are at least a dozen billion

tons of salt ores and anhedrite on the ocean floor. For example, along

the shoreline of Ontario, Canada, the beds of fossil salt ore reach a

thickness of 200 meters. Besides this, people are just now studying the

possibility of producing hoevillite from the floor of the North Sea.

Ocean Floor Petroleum and Natural Gas

Ocean floor petroleum and natural gas are the most valuable raw materials

that mankind obtains from the ocean floor. Because of this they are

a focal point in the development of the oceans. At present over 70 of

the world's nations are already extracting petroleum and natural gas from

the ocean floor. This petroleum and natural gas is mainly produced from

enormous sedimentary plates which are still metamorphizing. According to

statistics the total reserves of petroleum in the shallow waters of the

continental shelf in the world are estimated at 111 billion tons, and

the estimate for the entire sea is 14 times that. According to estimates,

the amount of petroleum stored on the world's continents is only sufficient

for mankind's use for the next 30 years; but if the petroleum stored on

the ocean floor were developed, not counting the increase in the rate of

consumption, it could supply mankind's uses for 270 years. At present,

ocean floor petroleum in the world comes principally from the continental

shelf, mostly from shallow water areas no more than 105 meters deep and

no more than 120 kilometers from shore. It is estimated that by 1980

world technology for the production of petroleum will have developed so

that people will be able to obtain petroleum from depths of 1200-1830 meters

49
and moreover to be able to begin to explore depths of 6000 meters, with

production at that depth possible by the year 2000. In 1971 the amount

of petroleum extracted from shallow waters was 580 million tons [or 508

million tons; text ambiguous], equivalent to 18 percent of crude oil output

for that year. The estimate of ocean floor crude oil output for 1980 is

expected to exceed 1 billion tons and by the year 2000 the production of

ocean floor crude oil is estimated to amount to 50 percent of the world s

production!

There are still a number of other useful mineral products such as polymetallic sludge and diamonds, but due to the limitations of space we will

not take them up individually here. Nonetheless from the above introduction

to some conditions it is possible to see that the ocean floor is indeed a

huge "treasure platter," and that the development and utilization of the

oceans' resources is only just beginning.

Our great socialist homeland has an extensive surface area with an endless

coastline, a broad sea region and an extensive continental shelf. One

can anticiapte that the hidden rich ocean resources will definitely, in^the

near future, be able to make the contributions which it should to China's

socialist construction!

120 140 160 180 160 140 120 100

180 160 1« 120 100 80 60

Ore Zone

K'?-»i->r-:-l Abundant

I. I Scarce

Fig. 2. Map showing distribution of manganese nodules

in the Pacific Ocean

11723

CSO: 8311/4544

END

50