* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

FEB 12 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

STEVE A. SMITH,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RON WARD, Warden; ATTORNEY

GENERAL OF THE STATE OF

OKLAHOMA,

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 98-7021

(D.C. No. 96-CV-8-S)

(E.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
1 The district court denied Smith a certificate of appealability, and Smith has

renewed his request to this court. Because Smith filed his habeas petition prior to

the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA),

the certificate of appealability provisions of AEDPA do not apply. Petitioner

remains subject, however, to the pre-AEDPA requirement that he obtain a

certificate of probable cause before bringing his appeal. In order to be granted a

certificate of probable cause, Smith must make a substantial showing of the denial

of a federal right, see Barefoot v. Estelle , 463 U.S. 880, 893 (1983), the same

showing required to receive a certificate of appealability, see Lennox v. Evans , 87

F.3d 431, 434 (10th Cir. 1996), overruled on other grounds by United States v.

Kunzman , 125 F.3d 1363, 1364 n.1 (10th Cir. 1997). Therefore, we construe his

request as an application for a certificate of probable cause.

-2-

Petitioner Steve A. Smith seeks a certificate of probable cause to appeal the

district court’s adoption of the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation

dismissing his petition for writ of habeas corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254. 1 In his habeas petition, Smith raised six issues attacking the

constitutionality of his state-court conviction for shooting with intent to kill. He

appeals the district court’s decision as to only two of the issues raised below. 

First, Smith asserts that the trial court committed reversible error when it

denied the defense request to cross-examine a witness regarding his prior criminal

history. The witness had previously been charged with kidnaping. He pleaded

guilty to a reduced charge of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon and

received a deferred sentence. At the time of Smith’s trial, the witness had

discharged the sentence, and was no longer under the influence of the state.
-3-

The trial court refused to allow the questioning because the witness’s prior

offense had resulted in a deferred sentence which, under Oklahoma law, is not a

conviction for purposes of impeachment, even if it was the result of a guilty plea. 

See White v. State , 702 P.2d 1058, 1062 (Okla. Crim. App. 1985). Relying on

Davis v. Alaska , 415 U.S. 308 (1974), Smith asserted that the district court’s

decision regarding the questioning deprived him of his constitutional right to

confront the witness against him. In Davis, the Supreme Court held that the

defendant’s constitutional right to cross-examine the witness outweighed the

state’s interest in protecting the confidentiality of the witness’s juvenile offender

records. See id. at 319-20. Here, the magistrate judge distinguished Davis on

numerous points, including the fact that in Smith’s case the witness not only

lacked a confidential conviction, but under Oklahoma law, lacked any conviction

at all. We conclude that the magistrate judge correctly found this issue was

without merit.

Second, Smith contends that, during closing arguments, the prosecutor

made unconstitutional references to Smith’s failure to testify. Smith contends

that the prosecution’s comment on the lack of evidence in support of Smith’s

defense of mistaken identity could have been inferred by the jury as a comment on

Smith’s failure to testify. The magistrate judge found this argument to be without

merit, and we agree.
-4-

“While direct or indirect references to a defendant’s failure to testify are

clearly prohibited, the prosecution is not per se prevented from commenting on

the evidence presented on a defendant’s theory of the case.” United States v.

Simpson , 7 F.3d 186, 189 (10th Cir. 1993). Consequently, the magistrate judge

correctly concluded that there was no constitutional violation because the

prosecutor made no reference to Smith’s failure to testify, but commented only on

Smith’s failure to prove his defense theory. See United States v. Prichard , 645

F.2d 854, 858 (10th Cir. 1981) (noting that defense counsel’s representation of

defense invited prosecutor’s remark that defense had not proved what it said it

would).

“[W]e may grant habeas relief to a state prisoner only if state court error

‘deprived him of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United

States.’” Jackson v. Shanks , 143 F.3d 1313, 1317 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 119

S. Ct. 378 (1998) (quoting Brinlee v. Crisp , 608 F.2d 839, 843 (10th Cir. 1979)). 

Because Smith filed his habeas petition prior to the enactment of AEDPA, “we

apply pre-amendment standards of review.” Id. We review the dismissal of a

§ 2254 petition de novo, giving deference to the state court’s construction of state

law. See id. We review the state court’s factual findings for clear error,

presuming the factual findings to be correct. See id.
-5-

Here, we have reviewed the record on appeal, the report and

recommendation of the magistrate judge, the district court’s order, Smith’s brief

and supporting documents, and his application for a certificate of probable cause. 

We conclude that Smith has failed to make a “substantial showing of the denial of

[a] federal right” by demonstrating the issue is “debatable among jurists of

reason,” or that another court could resolve the issue differently, or that the

question deserves further proceedings. Barefoot , 463 U.S. at 893 n.4 (quotations

omitted).

Therefore, for substantially the reasons stated in the magistrate judges’s

well-reasoned findings and recommendation dated August 11, 1997, and the

district court’s December 10, 1997 order adopting the magistrate judge’s 
-6-

recommendation, we DENY Smith’s application for a certificate of probable

cause and DISMISS his appeal.

The mandate shall issue forthwith.

Entered for the Court

Stephen H. Anderson 

Circuit Judge