COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Baker, Willis and Bray 

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia 

PATRICIA A. JONES 

v. Record No. 1328-94-1 MEMORANDUM OPINION* 

 BY JUDGE JOSEPH E. BAKER 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA NOVEMBER 14, 1995 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON 

John D. Gray, Judge 

 M. Woodrow Griffin, Jr. (James, Richardson, Griffin & 

 Blanchard, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General 

 (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on brief), 

 for appellee. 

 In a Circuit Court of the City of Hampton (trial court) 

bench trial, Patricia A. Jones (appellant) was convicted of 

carjacking, two counts of robbery, and two counts of abduction. 

In this appeal, appellant contends that the Commonwealth failed 

to prove the venue of the crimes, and that the evidence was 

insufficient to prove she intended to or in fact committed the 

crimes. Upon familiar principles, we state the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all 

reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Higginbotham 

v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975). 

 In the early hours of February 10, 1994, Michael Kazalski 

(Kazalski) and Jennifer Brannon (Brannon) were dancing at a night 

____________________ 

 *Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not 

designated for publication. 
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spot in Newport News. While they were there, they met appellant 

and Kevin Lowe (Lowe). As Kazalski and Brannon were leaving, 

appellant and Lowe asked them for a ride home. They agreed. 

Lowe directed them onto Jefferson Avenue and then right onto 

Harpersville Road. While they were traveling, Lowe pulled a 

knife on Brannon and directed Kazalski to drive to the end of a 

dead-end road. 

 At trial, Kazalski was shown a map of the City of Hampton 

and he testified that he could see only one "dead end" on the map 

and he knew that was "where [he] ended up." The parties 

stipulated that if Hampton Police Officer Hatfield were present 

in court he would testify that he responded to the incident and 

that he "picked them [Kazalski and Brannon] up on the corner of 

Magruder Boulevard and Floyd Thompson Boulevard in the City of 

Hampton and that Floyd Thompson Boulevard is the road that turns 

into the dirt road where this incident happened." 

 At the end of the dirt road, Lowe indicated he wanted money 

and directed Kazalski to get out of the car and remove his 

clothing. Kazalski did so. Lowe then told Brannon to leave the 

vehicle and remove her clothing. She removed everything but her 

underpants and socks. While these acts were occurring, 

appellant, without being told anything, left the back seat and 

entered the driver's seat of the vehicle. Lowe took the victims' 

clothing and then reentered the vehicle, after which appellant 

backed the car up and drove away. 
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 When Lowe and appellant had left the scene, Kazalski and 

Brannon walked to the paved part of the road where they flagged 

down a vehicle whose occupants agreed to call the police. 

Officer Hatfield responded and picked up the victims at the 

intersection of Magruder Boulevard and Floyd Thompson Boulevard 

in the City of Hampton. 

 Appellant's motion to strike on the ground of venue was 

overruled by the trial court. The trial court opined that from 

"the dead-end at Magruder Boulevard, there's no way out except in 

the City of Hampton." 

 On the day following the incident, Lowe was found in 

possession of the victims' car and was arrested. Shortly 

thereafter, appellant was observed walking near the car, and the 

owner's manual to the stolen vehicle was found in a dresser 

drawer in a bedroom of appellant's apartment. 

 The burden is upon the Commonwealth to prove venue. Randall 

v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 182, 31 S.E.2d 571 (1944). That burden 

may be met by direct or circumstantial evidence. Keesee v. 

Commonwealth, 216 Va. 174, 175, 217 S.E.2d 808, 809 (1975); see

also Ware v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 520, 201 S.E.2d 791 (1974). 

In addition to the facts proved, the Commonwealth's burden may be 

assisted by judicial notice of geographical facts of matters of 

common knowledge or shown by maps of common use. McCain v. 

Commonwealth, 189 Va. 847, 853, 55 S.E.2d 49, 52 (1949); Keesee, 

216 Va. at 175, 217 S.E.2d at 809. 
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 In the case before us, Kazalski was shown a map on which 

only one dead-end street was indicated. That street was 

identified as Floyd Thompson Boulevard which branched off 

Magruder Boulevard. Each of these boulevards was identified as 

being in the City of Hampton, and Officer Hatfield identified the 

dirt road extension of Floyd Thompson Boulevard as where the 

incident occurred. In addition, the direct and circumstantial 

evidence introduced to prove venue was assisted by the trial 

court taking judicial note that "there was no other way out [of 

the place where the incident occurred] except in the City of 

Hampton." 

 We hold that the evidence is sufficient to create the 

"strong presumption" required by law to prove that the crimes 

committed by appellant began, continued, and were concluded in 

the City of Hampton. 

 Sufficiency

 Appellant further contends that the evidence was not 

sufficient to support the finding that she committed the crimes. 

 Every principal in the second degree may be indicted, tried, 

convicted, and punished as a principal in the first degree, Grant 

v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 166, 168, 217 S.E.2d 806, 808 (1975), 

and a principal in the second degree is one not the perpetrator, 

but present, aiding and abetting the act done. Snyder v. 

Commonwealth, 202 Va. 1009, 1015, 121 S.E.2d 452, 457 (1961). 

Here, appellant was riding in the back seat of the victims' car 
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when the co-defendant principal displayed a knife, forcing the 

victims to drive to a deserted area. Appellant not only made no 

protest but, when the principal was ordering the victims to leave 

their car, disrobe, and be robbed, without being directed to do 

so she moved from the back seat to the driver's seat and drove 

the principal and the stolen clothes and car away from the 

initial scene of the crimes. The evidence permits the reasonable 

inference that while the principal was physically committing the 

robberies and abductions, appellant sat by behind the driver's 

wheel waiting to aid the principal in his escape, and thereafter 

drove the "getaway" car in their escape. See Grant, 216 Va. at 

169, 217 S.E.2d at 808; see also Whitbeck v. Commonwealth, 219 

Va. 324, 170 S.E.2d 776 (1969). The crimes of robbery, 

carjacking, and abduction were clearly proved by direct evidence. 

 Appellant witnessed the crimes, voluntarily moved to the 

driver's seat while the robberies were being committed, and drove 

the principal from the scene in the stolen car. This evidence is 

clear, direct, and convincing that she intended to aid and abet 

the principal. The fact that appellant and her criminal 

co-defendant told a different story does not require that on 

appeal their account be considered as fact. See Townes v. 

Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 334, 362 S.E.2d 650, 655 (1987), cert.

denied, 485 U.S. 971 (1988) (holding that the exclusion of every 

reasonable hypothesis rule cannot be invoked unless the entire 

evidence is circumstantial). 
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 For the reasons stated, we hold that venue was proved and 

the evidence is sufficient to support appellant's convictions. 

Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed. 

 Affirmed.