COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC. 

3650 MANSELL ROAD·SUITE 140·ALPHARETTA, GA 30022

CRC Report: ACES Phase 1 

PHASE 1 OF THE ADVANCED 

COLLABORATIVE EMISSIONS 

STUDY 

June 2009 
The Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) is a non-profit 

corporation supported by the petroleum and automotive equipment 

industries. CRC operates through the committees made up of 

technical experts from industry and government who voluntarily 

participate. The four main areas of research within CRC are : air 

pollution (atmospheric and engineering studies); aviation fuels, 

lubricants, and equipment performance, heavy-duty vehicle fuels, 

lubricants, and equipment performance (e.g., diesel trucks); and 

light-duty vehicle fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance 

(e.g., passenger cars). CRC’s function is to provide the mechanism 

for joint research conducted by the two industries that will help in 

determining the optimum combination of petroleum products and 

automotive equipment. CRC’s work is limited to research that is 

mutually beneficial to the two industries involved, and all 

information is available to the public. 

CRC makes no warranty expressed or implied on the application of 

information contained in this report. In formulating and approving 

reports, the appropriate committee of the Coordinating Research 

Council, Inc. has not investigated or considered patents which may 

apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the report are 

responsible for protecting themselves against liability for 

infringement of patents. 
Research described in this report was conducted 

under contract to the Heath Effects Institute (HEI), 

and was made possible, in part, through support 

provided by the United States Department of Energy 

(DOE), under the terms of Contract/Award Number 

DE-AC26-05NT42429, and certain motor vehicle and 

engine manufacturers. The opinions expressed herein 

are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily 

reflect the views of HEI, or its sponsors, nor do they 

necessarily reflect the views of DOE or motor vehicle 

and engine manufacturers. 

PHASE 1 OF THE ADVANCED 

COLLABORATIVE EMISSIONS STUDY

FINAL REPORT

SwRI® Project No. 03.13062 

Prepared for and Sponsored by: 

Coordinating Research Council, Inc. 

3650 Mansell Road, Suite 140 

Alpharetta, GA 30022 

Health Effects Institute 

101 Federal Street, Suite 500 

Boston, MA 02110 

Funded by: 

Department of Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies 

Environmental Protection Agency 

Engine Manufacturers Association 

California Air Resources Board 

American Petroleum Institute 

Corning Inc. 

ArvinMeritor 

Prepared by: 

Imad A. Khalek, Program Manager 

Thomas L. Bougher, Research Engineer 

Patrick M. Merritt, Senior Research Scientist

June 2009 

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ®

SAN ANTONIO, TX ● HOUSTON, TX ● WASHINGTON, DC 
PHASE 1 OF THE ADVANCED 

COLLABORATIVE EMISSIONS STUDY

FINAL REPORT

SwRI® Project No. 03.13062 

Prepared for and Sponsored by: 

Coordinating Research Council, Inc. 

3650 Mansell Road, Suite 140 

Alpharetta, GA 30022 

Health Effects Institute 

101 Federal Street, Suite 500 

Boston, MA 02110 

June 2009 

Prepared by: Reviewed by: 

 

___________________________________ ___________________________________ 

Imad A. Khalek, Program Manager Jeff J. White, Director 

EMISSIONS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 

ENGINE, EMISSIONS AND VEHICLE RESEARCH DIVISION 

This report shall not be reproduced, except in full, without the written approval of Southwest Research Institute®. 

Results and discussion given in this report relate only to the test items described in this report. 
REPORT 03.13062 ii

FOREWORD

Phase 1 of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES Phase 1) was performed 

by SwRI’s Emissions Research and Development Department (ER&DD), in the Engine, 

Emissions and Vehicle Research Division. 

SwRI's Principal Investigator and Project Manager was Dr. Imad Khalek, Program 

Manager. SwRI's Project Leader was Mr. Thomas Bougher, Research Engineer. The chemistry 

effort was coordinated by Mr. Patrick Merritt, Senior Research Scientist. Chemistry assistance 

was provided by Mr. Ken Jones, Senior Research Technologist, Mr. Tom Gabehart, Research 

Technologist, Ms. Yolanda Rodriguez, Staff Technician, Ms. Kelly Strate, Senior Technician, 

Mr. Chuan-Yi Tsai, Research Assistant, and Mr. Luis Sanchez, Principal Technician. Additional 

assistance was provided by Ms. Jacqueline Ranger, Group Leader, and Ms. Shraddha Quarderer, 

Senior Research Scientist. Laboratory assistance was provided by Mr. Ernie Krueger, 

Laboratory Manager, Mr. Keith Echtle, Assistant Manager, Mr. Danny Terrazas, Supervisor, Mr. 

Daniel Preece, Senior Technician, Mr. William Valuk, Staff Technician, Mr. Don Parker, Senior 

Technician, Mr. Joe Sosa, Principal Technician, Mr. Rudy Guerra, Senior Technician, Mr. 

Denny Zaske, Senior Technician, and Mr. Tim Milligan, Principal Technician. 

Chemical analyses were performed by SwRI’s ER&DD and SwRI’s Chemistry and 

Chemical Engineering Division. Additional chemical analyses such as PAHs, polar compounds, 

elements, and OC/EC were performed by Desert Research Institute (DRI), with Dr. Barbara 

Zielinska as the Principal Investigator. 

ACES Phase 1 was sponsored by CRC and HEI, with funding from the DOE Office of 

Vehicle Technologies, EPA, EMA, CARB, API, Corning Inc., and ArvinMeritor. The engines 

and engine support were provided by Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, and Volvo 

Powertrain. Key contacts were Mr. Reynaldo Agama, Caterpillar, Dr. Shirish Shimpi, Cummins, 

Mr. Don Keski-Hynnila, Detroit Diesel, and Mr. Steve Berry, Volvo Powertrain. The lube oil 

was provided by Lubrizol, and the key contact was Dr. Ewa Bardasz. 

The sponsors’ project coordinators were Dr. Chris Tennant from CRC and Dr. Maria 

Costantini from HEI. The CRC ACES Panel members included: 

Mr. Reynaldo Agama, Caterpillar 

Dr. James Ball, Ford Motor Company (now retired) 

Dr. Nicholas Barsic, John Deere 

Mr. Steve Berry, Volvo Powertrain 

Dr. Steven Cadle, General Motors R&D Center (now retired) 

Dr. Maria Costantini, Health Effects Institute 

Dr. Annemoon van Erp, Health Effects Institute 

Mr. Timothy French, Engine Manufacturers Association 

Dr. Thomas Hesterberg, Navistar 

Mr. Donald Keski-Hynnila, Detroit Diesel 

Mr. Chris Laroo, US Environmental Protection Agency 

Dr. Douglas Lawson, National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Mr. Hector Maldonado, California Air Resources Board 
REPORT 03.13062 iii

Dr. Matti Maricq, Ford Motor Company 

Dr. Mani Natarajan, Marathon Petroleum Company LLC 

Mr. Ralph Nine, US Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory 

Dr. Robert Okamoto, California Air Resources Board 

Mr. Charles Schleyer, ExxonMobil 

Dr. Shirish Shimpi, Cummins 

Dr. Joseph Somers, US Environmental Protection Agency 

Dr. Chris Tennant, Coordinating Research Council 

Mr. Steve Trevitz, Volvo Powertrain 

Dr. Urban Wass, Volvo AB 

Dr. Jane Warren, Health Effects Institute (now retired) 
REPORT 03.13062 iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

 Phase 1 of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) included detailed 

chemical characterization of exhaust species emitted from four 2007 model-year heavy heavyduty diesel engines (HHDDE) manufactured by Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, and 

Volvo. The work started in March, 2007, and was completed in August, 2008. ACES Phase 1 

objectives were: 

• To quantify the reduction in both regulated and unregulated emissions from advanced 

diesel engines, 

• To provide regulated and unregulated emissions data for this new engine technology, 

• Make data available to support the selection of one engine for the ACES Phase 3 health 

study, 

• To provide initial guidance for the ACES Phase 3 health study using the regulated and 

unregulated emissions information from ACES Phase 1. 

 Based on the results of the exhaust emissions characterization, one of the four ACES 

engines, Engine B, was selected for the ACES Phase 3 health study to be conducted at Lovelace 

Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI). The engine selection process is described in a Health 

Effects Institute (HEI) Report, included in Appendix A. An additional backup engine to the one 

selected for the health study, Engine B', was provided by the engine manufacturer and was tested 

for regulated emissions at a barometric pressure of 99.3 kPa, representing SwRI's elevation in 

San Antonio, Texas, and at a simulated barometric pressure of 82.6 kPa, representing LRRI’s 

higher elevation in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The high elevation simulation was performed on 

the backup engine only. 

To comply with 2007 EPA regulations, each engine tested was equipped with watercooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or clean gas induction (CGI) to reduce NOx emissions, 

along with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (C-DPF), or a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 

followed by a C-DPF to reduce PM emissions. DOCs were mainly used to increase nitrogen 

dioxide production to promote the oxidation of soot deposited in the C-DPF. Furthermore, a 

diesel fuel burner located upstream of the C-DPF, or a diesel fuel injector located upstream of 

the DOC, was used to elevate exhaust temperature at the inlet of the C-DPF to actively 

regenerate and clean the C-DPF, as needed. Numerous additional improvements were also made 

by each engine manufacturer to engine boost pressure and its response, fuel injection and 

combustion management, and system integration. Manufacturers also equipped engines with 

crankcase ventilation systems with filters to reduce PM emissions from the crankcase blow-by, 

which was vented to the atmosphere. 

 ACES engines emissions were characterized on the following test cycles: 

• FTP, the basis for US EPA engine certification and audit. 

• CARBx-ICT, idle, creep and a transient portion of the CARB HHDDE-5 Modes (CARB 

5-Modes). 

• CARBz-CH, cruise and high speed cruise of the CARB 5-Modes. 
REPORT 03.13062 v

• 16-Hour Cycle, four 4-hour segments consisting of FTPs and CARB 5-Modes. (The 16-

Hour cycle was developed mainly to be used in ACES Phase 1 and in the Phase 3 health 

study.) 

 For reference, the CARB 5-Modes were developed earlier by CARB and include curb 

idle, creep, transient, cruise, and high speed cruise modes. 

Table ES-1 provides a summary of cycle time, average exhaust temperature, and percent 

power relative to the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) transient cycle. 

TABLE ES-1. SUMMARY OF CYCLES TESTED 

Test Cycles Time, min 

Average Exhaust 

Temperature, °C 

% of FTP 

Average Power 

FTP 20 243 100 

CARBx-ICT 39 131 20 

CARBz-CH 49 297 137 

16-Hour a 960 277 110 a

 Four 4-hour segments that consist of repeats of the FTP and CARB-5 

Modes 

For each cycle used, regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane 

hydrocarbons (NMHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM), were measured. 

Unregulated emissions measured included total hydrocarbon (THC), methane (CH4), carbon 

dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), particle size and 

number, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), metals and elements, polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAH), nitroPAH, oxyPAH, polar compounds, alkanes, hopanes, steranes, cyanide 

ion, organic acids, gas phase acids, nitrosamines, detailed speciation of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons, 

aldehydes and ketones, and dioxins/furans (only for the 16-Hour cycle). 

Samples of the different exhaust species were taken either directly from the sample zone 

of the full-flow constant volume sampler (CVS) dilution tunnel, or from locations that were 

linked to the sample zone by a dilution step with a dilution ratio of about 2. A unique sample 

location employed was an animal exposure chamber (unoccupied), provided by LRRI, to 

determine concentration levels that might be expected in ACES Phase 3. Real time particle size 

and number, total PM, soot and OC/EC measurements were taken from the exposure chamber. 

All measurements were performed with engine blow-by routed to the exhaust 

downstream of the C-DPF. Selected FTP tests without blow-by were also performed. 

Table ES-2 summarizes the average FTP regulated emissions with blow-by relative to 

EPA 2007 standards. Based on the average emissions from all four ACES engines, PM, CO, and 

NMHC emissions were all at least 90 percent below the EPA standard. Average NOx emissions 

were 10 percent below the standard. 

FTP transient cycle average PM emissions without blow-by were 38 percent lower than 

that with blow-by. For the high elevation testing performed with the backup engine, NOx

emissions were about 34 percent higher than at normal elevation. 
REPORT 03.13062 vi

TABLE ES-2. SUMMARY OF AVERAGE REGULATED EMISSIONS BASED ON THE 

FTP CYCLE WITH BLOW-BY 

2007 EPA Standard 

(g/hp-hr) 

Average ACES Engine 

Emissions (g/hp-hr) 

ACES Emissions % 

Reduction Relative to 

the 2007 Certification 

Standard 

CO 15.5 0.33 98 

NMHC 0.14 0.0064 95 

PM 0.01 0.0011 89 

NOX 1.2 a 1.075 10 a

 Average value between 2007 and 2009, with full enforcement in 2010 at 0.20 g/hp-hr 

Average FTP NO2 emissions for the four ACES engines, were 0.73 g/hp-hr, with an NO2

to NOx ratio of 68 percent. The NO2 to NOX ratio for 2004 technology engines is typically 

lower, at 4 to 15 percent of the 2004 NOX limit of 2.4 g/hp-hr. Thus, the direct NO2 emissions 

from these ACES engines can be a factor of two to eight times higher than from 2004 technology 

engines, although the total NOx emissions from the ACES engines are lower. This increase in 

NO2 emissions from 2007 and later heavy-duty diesel engines is temporary, and is expected to be 

reduced below the EPA 2010 NOx limit of 0.2 g/hp-hr when 2010 engines are introduced. 

 During active regeneration, real time particle number emissions from 5.6 nm to 30 nm in 

diameter can be several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration without active 

regeneration. However, as shown in Figure ES-1, even when active regeneration occurred, the 

average particle number emissions were low -- on the order of 90 percent below the level emitted 

by a 2004 technology engine. They were a factor of 10 higher than the average emissions 

without regeneration, in spite of the low frequency of occurrence of active regeneration during 

the 16-Hour cycle (1 to 3 times per 16-Hour cycle). 

FIGURE ES-1. AVERAGE PARTICLE NUMBER EMISSIONS (W AND WO 

REPRESENT “WITH” AND “WITHOUT” ENGINE BLOW-BY, RESPECTIVELY) 
REPORT 03.13062 vii

Unregulated compounds in Table ES-3 show reductions relative to a 2004 technology 

engine used in the CRC E55/59 [1] study, and also relative to a 1998 technology engine [2] for 

dioxins/furans. Reductions ranged from 38 percent for inorganic ions to 99 percent for 

hopanes/steranes, elemental carbon, and dioxins/furans. No vanadium emissions were detected 

in the ACES engines, but copper emissions were detected during the 16-Hour cycle. 

TABLE ES-3. SUMMARY OF UNREGULATED EMISSIONS REDUCTION FOR 16-

HOUR CYCLE 

Compounds 

% Reduction Relative to 

2004 Technology Engine 

Single Ring Aromatics 82 

PAH 79 

NitroPAH 81 

Alkanes 85 

Polar 81 

Hopanes/Steranes 99 

Carbonyls 98 

Inorganic Ions 38 

Metals and Elements 98 

Organic Carbon 96 

Elemental Carbon 99 

Dioxins/Furans a 99 a

 Relative to 1998 technology engine 

 2007 technology engine PM was composed mainly of sulfate and organic carbon, with a 

small fraction of elemental carbon and metals and elements, as shown in Figure ES-2. 

PM Composition, %

52.9

30.3

13.0

3.8

Sulfate Organic Carbon Elemental Carbon Metals & Elements

FIGURE ES 2. MEASURED PM COMPOSITION FOR 16-HOUR CYCLE 
REPORT 03.13062 viii

 In summary, the ACES engines achieved more than 89 percent reductions in NMHC, CO, 

and PM emissions compared to the 2007 standards. Unregulated emissions were also 

substantially reduced relative to a 2004 technology engine. ACES engines NO2 emissions were 

higher than those from 2004 technology engines due to the use of DOC and C-DPF technology. 

NO2 emissions will likely be considerably reduced when 2010 engines are introduced. 
REPORT 03.13062 ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. ii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... iv 

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xi 

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xiv 

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................... xvii 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 

2.0 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP..................................................................................................2 

2.1 Engines.................................................................................................................................2 

2.2 Fuel and Oil Properties ........................................................................................................4 

2.2.1 Fuel ASTM Properties and Elements...................................................................................4

2.2.2 Lube Oil ASTM Analyses and Elemental Composition .......................................................7

2.3 Sampling System .................................................................................................................7 

3.0 TEST MATRIX .................................................................................................................11 

4.0 PROCEDURES..................................................................................................................16 

4.1 Full Flow Constant Volume Sampler Tunnel Cleanup and Conditioning.........................16 

4.2 Regulated Emissions Measurements..................................................................................17 

4.3 Sampling and Analysis of Unregulated Emissions............................................................18 

4.3.1 Filter and XAD Collection for Chemical Analysis ............................................................18 

4.3.2 Ions and Inorganic Acids...................................................................................................20 

4.3.3 Metals and Elements..........................................................................................................20 

4.3.4 Selected Volatile Organic Compounds..............................................................................21 

4.3.5 Hydrocarbon Speciation of C2 through C12 Compounds...................................................21

4.3.6 Dioxins and Furans............................................................................................................23

4.3.7 Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon ..................................................................................23

4.3.8 Particulate- and Gas-Phase Organic Compounds............................................................23

4.3.9 Nitrosamines......................................................................................................................25 

4.3.10 Real Time PM Size, Number, Total and Soot Mass...........................................................26

4.4 Step-by-Step Engine Testing Procedures...........................................................................27 

5.0 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................29 

5.1 Fuel and Oil PAHs, Hopanes and Steranes........................................................................32

5.2 Cycle Work ........................................................................................................................37 

5.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, & Nitrous Oxide) Emissions ........37 

5.4 Carbon Monoxide Emissions.............................................................................................39 

5.5 Total Hydrocarbon, Methane, and Non-Methane Hydrocarbon........................................39 

5.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and BSFC...............................................................................48 
REPORT 03.13062 x

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) 

Page

5.7 Particulate Matter Emissions .............................................................................................48 

5.7.1 Filter-Based PM Mass-CVS Tunnel and Exposure Chamber............................................48

5.7.2 Quartz Filter-Based OC/EC - Exposure Chamber............................................................54

5.7.3 DMM-Based Total PM Mass - Exposure Chamber...........................................................56

5.7.4 MSS-Based Soot Mass - Exposure Chamber.....................................................................56

5.7.5 EEPS-Based Particle Mass - Exposure Chamber .............................................................59

5.7.6 EEPS-Based Particle Number - Exposure Chamber.........................................................60

5.7.7 Metals and Other Elements................................................................................................62 

5.8 Inorganic Ions Emissions...................................................................................................63 

5.9 Carbonyl Emissions ...........................................................................................................66 

5.10 Selected Hydrocarbon Speciation - C1-C12 ........................................................................66 

5.11 PAH Emissions ..................................................................................................................66 

5.12 OxyPAH Emissions ...........................................................................................................66 

5.13 NitroPAH Emissions..........................................................................................................72 

5.14 Alcohol and Organic Acid Compounds Emissions ...........................................................72 

5.15 Hopanes/Steranes Emissions .............................................................................................72 

5.16 Dioxins/Furans Emissions .................................................................................................77 

5.17 Cyanide, Sulfide, and Hexavalent Chromium Emissions..................................................77 

5.18 Nitrosamine Emissions ......................................................................................................77 

5.19 Selected VOC Emissions ...................................................................................................82 

6.0 SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................83 

7.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................84 

APPENDIX No. of Pages

A HEI REPORT ON ENGINE SELECTION ............................................................................8 

B ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS LIST...........................................................................14 

C PAH, HOPANES, AND STERANES MASS CONCENTRATION IN FUEL AND LUBE 

OIL .......................................................................................................7 

D METALS AND ELEMENTS EMISSIONS, μG/HP-HR.......................................................8 

E CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND ALCOHOLS ................................................................4 

F NITROSAMINES...................................................................................................................4 
REPORT 03.13062 xi

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Page

 1 2007 Caterpillar C13 Engine................................................................................................2

 2 2007 Cummins ISX Engine .................................................................................................3 

 3 2007 Detroit Diesel DDC Series 60 Engine.........................................................................3 

 4 2007 Volvo Powertrain Mack MP7 .....................................................................................4 

 5 Overall Sampling System.....................................................................................................9 

 6 Exposure Chamber.............................................................................................................10 

 7 Zefluor Filter (8x10-inch) and XAD Assembly.................................................................10 

 8 FTP Transient Cycle Normalized Torque and Speed Profiles...........................................14 

 9 CARBx-ICT Cycle Normalized Torque and Speed Profiles .............................................14 

 10 CARBz-CH Cycle Normalized Torque and Speed Profiles ..............................................15 

 11 Four-Hour Repeated Segment of the Normalized Torque and Speed Profiles for 

 the 16-Hour Cycle..............................................................................................................15 

 12 CVS Sample Zone before Cleaning...................................................................................16 

 13 CVS Sample Zone after Cleaning......................................................................................17 

 14 TSI Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS)........................................................................26 

 15 Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM-230) ....................................................................................27 

 16 AVL Micro-Soot Sensor (MSS) ........................................................................................27 

 17 PAH Concentration in Lube Oil and Fuel Showing a Partial List of Fuel PAH 

 Compounds at Much Higher Concentration than in Lube Oil...........................................33 

 18 PAH Concentration in Lube Oil and Fuel Showing a Partial List of Fuel PAH 

 Compounds at Higher Concentration than in Lube Oil .....................................................34 

 19 PAH Concentration in Lube Oil and Fuel Showing a Partial List of Fuel PAH 

 Compounds at Lower Concentration than in Lube Oil......................................................35 

 20 Hopanes Concentration in Lube Oil...................................................................................36 
REPORT 03.13062 xii

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D) 

Figure Page

 21 Steranes Concentration in Lube Oil...................................................................................36 

 22 Average Brake-Specific NOX Emissions...........................................................................38 

 23 Average Brake-Specific NO Emissions.............................................................................40 

 24 Average Brake-Specific NO2 Emissions............................................................................41 

 25 Average Brake-Specific N2O Emissions............................................................................43 

 26 Average Brake-Specific CO Emissions .............................................................................44 

 27 Average Brake-Specific THC Emissions...........................................................................47 

 28 Average Brake-Specific CH4 Emissions............................................................................47 

 29 Average Brake-Specific NMHC Emissions.......................................................................48 

 30 Average Brake-Specific CO2 Emissions............................................................................49 

 31 Average Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption ......................................................................50 

 32 Average Brake-Specific PM Emissions (CVS Tunnel, CFR Part 1065) ...........................51 

 33 Average Brake-Specific PM Emissions (Exposure Chamber) ..........................................52 

 34 Ratio of PM with Blow-By over PM without Blow-By ....................................................53 

 35 Ratio of PM Based on Exposure Chamber over PM Based on CVS using 

 CFR Part 1065....................................................................................................................54 

 36 Average Organic Carbon Emissions Based on Filter Collection from 

 Exposure Chamber.............................................................................................................55 

 37 Average Elemental Carbon Emissions Based on Filter Collection from 

 Exposure Chamber.............................................................................................................56 

 38 Average DMM-Based Brake-Specific PM Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber ...........57 

 39 Average MSS-Based Brake-Specific Soot Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber............58 

 40 Average EEPS-Based PM Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber.....................................60 
REPORT 03.13062 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D) 

Figure Page

 41 Average EEPS-Based Brake-Specific PM Number Emissions - Exposure Chamber .......61 

 42 Average Brake-Specific Elements Emissions for 16-Hour Cycle 

 (Elements shown are above Limit of Detection) ...............................................................63 

 43 Gas and Particle Phase Inorganic Ions Brake-Specific Emissions for the 

 16-Hour Cycle....................................................................................................................64 

 44 Average Dionized Water pH after Dilute Exhaust Collection during the 

 16-Hour Cycle....................................................................................................................64 

 45 Measured and Calculated Sulfate PM for the 16-Hour Cycle ...........................................65 

 46 Correlation between Measured Filter-Based Sulfate and Sulfur .......................................65 

 47 Carbonyl Compound Emission Rates for 16-Hour Cycle..................................................67 

 48 Carbonyl Compound Emission Rates for CARBx-ICT.....................................................67 

 49 Total Carbonyl Compound Brake-Specific Emissions for all Engines and Cycles...........69 

 50 Average Total BTEX Compound Brake-Specific Emissions for Different 

 Engines and Cycles ............................................................................................................70 

 51 PAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions ......................................................................71 

 52 OxyPAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions................................................................71 

 53 NitroPAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions..............................................................72 

 54 Alcohols and Organic Acid Compounds Brake-Specific Emissions.................................74 

 55 Average Hopanes Brake-Specific Emissions.....................................................................75 

 56 Average Steranes Brake-Specific Emissions .....................................................................76 

 57 Average Total Nitrosamines Emissions.............................................................................81 

 58 Average Selected VOC Compound Brake-Specific Emissions.........................................82 
REPORT 03.13062 xiv

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page

 1 ASTM Fuel Properties .........................................................................................................5 

 2 Fuel Elements.......................................................................................................................6 

 3 Lube Oil Properties for Fresh Oil and After 125 Hours of Engine and DPF 

 Degreening by the Engine Manufacturer.............................................................................8 

 4 Number of Regulated and Unregulated Emissions Tests for Each Engine........................11 

 5 Detailed Test Matrix for Each ACES Engine ....................................................................12 

 6 Sampling/Analysis Matrix for Regulated and Unregulated Emissions on Each 

 ACES Engine .....................................................................................................................13 

 7 Summary of Analysis Methodology and Responsibility ...................................................19 

 8 Step-by-Step Procedures....................................................................................................28 

 9 Number of Active Regenerations per Test.........................................................................30 

 10 Conversion Multiplier from Brake-Specific Emissions to Other Units.............................30 

 11 Engine Cycle Work............................................................................................................37 

 12 Brake-Specific NOX Emissions .........................................................................................38 

 13 NO Emissions ....................................................................................................................40 

 14 Brake-Specific NO2 Emissions ..........................................................................................41 

 15 NO2/NOX Ratio..................................................................................................................42 

 16 Brake-Specific N2O Emissions ..........................................................................................42 

 17 Brake-Specific CO Emissions............................................................................................43 

 18 Brake-Specific THC Emissions .........................................................................................44 

 19 Brake-Specific CH4 Emissions ..........................................................................................45 

 20 Brake-Specific NMHC Emissions .....................................................................................46 

 21 Brake-Specific CO2 Emissions ..........................................................................................49 
REPORT 03.13062 xv

LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) 

Table Page

 22 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption.....................................................................................50 

 23 Brake-Specific PM Emissions (CVS Tunnel, CFR Part 1065)..........................................51 

 24 Brake-Specific PM Emissions (Exposure Chamber).........................................................52 

 25 Average Brake-Specific Elemental/Organic Carbon Emissions Based on Filter 

 Collection from Exposure Chamber ..................................................................................55 

 26 DMM-Based Brake-Specific PM Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber..........................57 

 27 MSS-Based Brake-Specific Soot Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber ..........................58 

 28 EEPS-Based Brake-Specific PM Mass Emissions - Exposure Chamber ..........................59 

 29 EEPS-Based Brake-Specific PM Number Emissions - Exposure Chamber......................61 

 30 Total Elemental Brake-Specific Emissions........................................................................62 

 31 Carbonyl Compound Brake-Specific Emissions for 16-Hour Cycle.................................68 

 32 Carbonyl Compound Brake-Specific Emissions for CARBx-ICT ....................................68 

 33 Total BTEX Compound Brake-Specific Emissions...........................................................69 

 34 Summary of PAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions..................................................70 

 35 Summary of OxyPAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions...........................................71 

 36 Summary of NitroPAH Compound Brake-Specific Emissions .........................................73 

 37 Summary of Alcohol and Organic Acid Compound Brake-Specific Emissions ...............74 

 38 Hopanes Brake-Specific Emissions ...................................................................................75 

 39 Steranes Brake-Specific Emissions....................................................................................76 

 40 TEQ Mass of Dioxins/Furans Collected During 16-Hour Cycle for Engine A and 

 Background Sample ...........................................................................................................78 

 41 TEQ Mass of Dioxins/Furans Collected During 16-Hour Cycle for Engine C and 

 Background Sample ...........................................................................................................78 
REPORT 03.13062 xvi

LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) 

Table Page

 42 TEQ Mass of Dioxins/Furans Collected During 16-Hour Cycle for Engine D and 

 Background Sample ...........................................................................................................79 

 43 TEQ Dioxins/Furans Brake-Specific Emissions and Concentration .................................79 

 44 Total Dioxins/Furans Brake-Specific Emissions and Concentration.................................80 

 45 Total Chlorine in Engine Lubricant ...................................................................................80 

 46 Total Chlorine in Air..........................................................................................................80 

 47 Nitrosamine Brake-Specific Emissions .............................................................................81 

 48 Selected VOC Compound Brake-Specific Emissions .......................................................82 
REPORT 03.13062 xvii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 

ACES Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study 

API American Petroleum Institute 

BG Background (clean dilution air downstream of the HEPA filter of the full 

flow constant volume sampler tunnel) 

BSE Brake-Specific Emissions 

BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 

CARB California Air Resources Board 

CARB 5-Modes CARB Heavy Heavy-Duty Idle, Creep, Transient, Cruise, and High Speed 

Cruise modes 

CARBx-ICT Idle, Creep, and Transient of CARB 5-Modes 

CARBz-CH Cruise and High Speed Cruise of CARB 5-Modes 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CGI Clean Gas Induction 

CI Chemical Ionization 

CO Carbon Monoxide 

CRC Coordinating Research Council 

CVAAS Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 

CVS Constant Volume Sampler 

DCM Dichloromethane 

DMM Dekati Mass Monitor 

DNPH Dinitrophenylhydrazine 

DOE Department of Energy 

DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst 

DPF Diesel Particulate Filter 

DR Dilution Ratio 

DRI Desert Research Institute 

DFI/GC Direct Filter Injection Gas Chromatography 

EC Elemental Carbon 

ECM Engine Control Module 

EDXRF Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence 

EEPS Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer 

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation 

EI Electron Impact 

EMA Engine Manufacturers Association 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

ER&DD Emissions Research and Development Department 

FD Fuel Density 

FID Flame Ionization Detector 

FM Fuel Mileage 

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 

FTP Federal Test Procedure 

FTP-TC Federal Test Procedure Transient Cycle 

FTP-w Federal Test Procedure Transient Cycle with Blow-By 

FTP-woo Federal Test Procedure Transient Cycle without Blow-By 

GC-ECD Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection 

GC/MS Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectroscopy 
REPORT 03.13062 xviii

HDDE Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine 

HEI Health Effects Institute 

HEPA High Efficiency Particulate Air 

HHDDE Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine 

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography 

HRGC High Resolution Gas Chromatography 

HRMS High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy 

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds 

IC Ion Chromatography 

ICP/MS Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectroscopy 

LRRI Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute 

MID Multiple Ion Detection 

N/A Not Available 

MSS Micro-Soot Sensor 

NDIR Non-Dispersed Infrared 

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NitroPAH Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 

NMHC Non-Methane Hydrocarbon 

NO Nitric oxide 

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide 

N2O Nitrous Oxide 

NOX Oxides of Nitrogen 

OC Organic Carbon 

ODS Octadecasilane 

POC Principle Organic Constituents 

OxyPAH Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 

PCDD Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins 

PCDF Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans 

PM Particulate Matter 

PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene 

PUF Polyurethane Foam 

SIS Selective Ion Storage 

S/N Signal to Noise 

SRM Standard Reference Material 

SVOC Semivolatile Organic Compound 

SwRI Southwest Research Institute 

TB Tunnel Blank 

TEF Toxic Equivalency Factor 

TEQ Toxic Equivalent 

THC Total Hydrocarbon 

TOR Thermal Optical Reflectance 

TOT Thermal Optical Transmittance 

ULSD Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel 

UV Ultraviolet 

VOST Volatile Organic Sample Train 

XADTM “Polymeric Adsorbing Resins” 

XRF X-Ray Fluorescence 
REPORT 03.13062 1 of 84

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

 Four heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturers, Caterpillar (CAT), Inc., Cummins, Inc., 

Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC), and Volvo Powertrain, provided engines for Phase 1 of the 

ACES program. The engines were all 2007 model-year and included a CAT C13, Cummins 

ISX, DDC Series 60, and a Mack MP7. All four engines are considered to be heavy heavy-duty 

diesel engines that are currently being marketed in the US. The exhaust composition of these 

engines was characterized to verify that the concentration of regulated emissions were at or 

below the requirements of EPA’s 2007 regulation and to provide data on emission concentrations 

of a large number of unregulated compounds. One of the four engines was selected for ACES 

Phase 3 exposure study based on ACES Phase 1 emission results, and according to the process 

described in Appendix A. 

A backup engine to the one selected for ACES Phase 3 exposure study was provided by 

one of the manufacturers for regulated emissions testing at SwRI's elevation in San Antonio, 

Texas, (99.3 kpa), and at a simulated high elevation (82.6 kpa), similar to that of LRRI in 

Albuquerque, New Mexico, where the ACES Phase 3 exposure study will be conducted. 

Throughout the ACES project, all engines have remained anonymous, and were 

designated as Engine A, Engine B, Engine C, Engine D, and Engine B’ for the backup engine. It 

is understood that the identity of these engines will be revealed by CRC, after the ACES 

exposure study is completed. 

The four primary engines (Engines A, B, C, and D) were tested for regulated and 

unregulated emissions, at SwRI's elevation, using the hot-start Federal Test Procedure transient 

cycle (FTP-TC), two composites of the CARB Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines (HHDDE) 5-

Modes (CARB 5-Modes), and a 16-Hour transient cycle that was developed by West Virginia 

University for this program. This cycle was composed of the FTP-TC and the CARB 5-Modes 

[3]. The backup engine, Engine B’, was tested for regulated emissions using the FTP-TC at 

SwRI's elevation and at LRRI's simulated elevation. 

 Regulated emissions measurement included carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane 

hydrocarbon (NMHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Unregulated 

emissions included total hydrocarbon (THC), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide 

(NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particle size and number, organic carbon, elemental carbon, 

metals and elements, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), nitroPAH, oxyPAH, polar 

compounds, alkanes, hopanes, steranes, cyanide ion, organic acids, gas phase acids, 

nitrosamines, detailed speciation of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones, and dioxins 

and furans. 

All volumetric flows, volumes or concentrations shown in this report are based on a 

reference temperature of 20o

C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa, used in 40 CFR Part 86. All 

averages, standard deviations, and error bars are based on three repeats of the FTPs, two repeats 

of CARBx-ICT, two repeats of the CARBz-CH, and three repeats of the 16-Hour cycle. 
REPORT 03.13062 2 of 84

2.0 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 

2.1 Engines 

 Five 2007 model-year (MY 2007) HHDDEs were used in Phase 1 of the ACES program. 

One of the five engines was a duplicate backup engine. The engines included a CAT C13, 

Cummins ISX, DDC Series 60, and Mack MP7, as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. 

All engines were equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) followed by a wall-flow 

catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF), or simply with a catalyzed DPF with a means of active 

regeneration via exhaust fuel injection or a burner. All engines were turbocharged with watercooled intake air systems. Three of the engines were equipped with water-cooled high-pressure 

loop exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), where the exhaust gas is routed from before the DPF to the 

high pressure side of the intake air compressor. One engine was equipped with low-pressure 

loop water-cooled EGR or clean gas induction (CGI), where the exhaust gas is routed from 

downstream of the DPF to the inlet side of the intake air compressor. 

The active regeneration strategy for each engine was different and may take into 

consideration such things as engine operating time, fuel used, DPF loading condition, DOC inlet 

temperature, DPF inlet temperature, and sophisticated accountability, soot loading, and other 

factors such as occurrence of passive regeneration during normal operation. All active 

regeneration events were triggered by the engine control module (ECM), without any 

interference by the engine operator, except during exhaust system conditioning, where the DPF 

went into a “forced” active regeneration event that was triggered by the engine operator. 

FIGURE 1. 2007 CATERPILLAR C13 ENGINE 
REPORT 03.13062 3 of 84

FIGURE 2. 2007 CUMMINS ISX ENGINE 

FIGURE 3. 2007 DETROIT DIESEL DDC SERIES 60 ENGINE 
REPORT 03.13062 4 of 84

FIGURE 4. 2007 VOLVO POWERTRAIN MACK MP7 

2.2 Fuel and Oil Properties 

2.2.1 Fuel ASTM Properties and Elements 

The ACES program fuel was provided by CRC through a commercial fuel supplier. It 

was an ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel that conformed to US EPA CFR Part 1065 ULSD 

fuel specifications. ASTM fuel properties are shown in Table 1. A sample was taken from the 

SwRI fuel tank where the ACES fuel was stored. The total aromatics content was 26.7 percent; 

the cetane number was 47.5; and the sulfur content was 4.50 ppm. Another sulfur analysis was 

performed on a fuel sample taken upstream of an engine fuel pump. The sulfur level was 5.20 

ppm, which was comparable to that in the fuel tank, suggesting there was no sulfur 

contamination in the lines between the fuel tank and the engine fuel pump. 

Table 2 shows the elements detected in the fuel. The most notable is the presence of 

residual lube oil elements such as calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. The presence of these 

elements was confirmed in two separate measurements. The sum of all measured elements' 

concentration in the fuel was about 9.5 ppm, with sulfur being the highest at 5.55 ppm, followed 

by phosphorus at 1.36 ppm, calcium at 1.38 ppm, zinc at 1.19 ppm, and lead at 6.28 ppb. 

Mercury was not detected in the fuel. 
REPORT 03.13062 5 of 84

TABLE 1. ASTM FUEL PROPERTIES 

ASTM Test Test Property / Description Units 

EM-6330-F 

Tank 37E 

D86 Distillation 

 IBP deg F 332 

 10% Evaporated deg F 420 

 50% Evaporated deg F 499 

 90% Evaporated deg F 585 

 FBP deg F 632 

 Recovered mL 97.6 

 Residue mL 1.5 

 Loss mL 0.9 

D130 Copper Corrosion Strip Rating 1A 

D1319 Hydrocarbons by FIA 

 Aromatics Vol % 26.7 

 Olefins Vol % 1.6 

 Saturates Vol % 71.7 

D1796 Water & Sediment mL <0.02 

D2500 Cloud Point deg C -24 

D2622 Sulfur Content wt % <0.001 

 ppm <10 

D5453 Sulfur Content ppm 4.5 

D4052 API Gravity at 60°F 33.8 

 Specific Gravity at 60°F 0.8561 

 Density at 15°C grams/L 855.6 

D445 Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 2.613 

D482 Ash Content mass % <0.001 

D5291 Carbon Content wt % 86.32 

 Hydrogen Content wt % 12.92 

 Oxygen by Difference wt % 0.76 

D6079 Lubricity by HFRR 

 Major Axis mm 0.38 

 Minor Axis mm 0.31 

 Wear Scar Diameter mm 0.345 

 Wear Scar Description evenly abraded oval 

 Fuel Temperature deg C 60 

D613 Cetane Number 47.5 

D93 Flash Point deg F 149 

 Flash Point deg C 65 

D976 Cetane Index (calculated) 44 
REPORT 03.13062 6 of 84

TABLE 2. FUEL ELEMENTS 

Element 

Sample 

Result (mg/kg) 

Reporting 

Limita

 (mg/kg) Method 

Aluminum <0.497 0.497 ICP 

Antimony <0.00198 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Arsenic <0.0494 0.0494 ICP/MS 

Barium <0.0794 0.0794 ICP 

Beryllium <0.00993 0.00993 ICP 

Boron <0.199 0.199 ICP 

Cadmium <0.00198 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Calcium 1.38 0.497 ICP 

Cerium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Chromium <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Cobalt <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Copper <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Gallium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Gold <0.00148 0.00148 ICP/MS 

Indium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Iron <0.497 0.497 ICP 

Lanthanum <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Lead 0.00628 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Magnesium <0.497 0.497 ICP 

Manganese <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Molybdenum <0.00494 0.00494 ICP/MS 

Nickel <0.00988 0.00988 ICP/MS 

Palladium 0.00304 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Phosphorus 1.36 0.199 ICP 

Platinum <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Potassium <0.993 0.993 ICP 

Rhodium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Rubidium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Selenium 0.00693 0.00494 ICP/MS 

Silicon <0.993 0.993 ICP 

Silver <0.00247 0.00247 ICP/MS 

Sodium <14.9 14.9 ICP 

Strontium 0.00338 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Sulfur 5.55 0.497 ICP 

Thallium <0.00198 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Tin 0.00435 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Titanium <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Tungsten <0.00198 0.00198 ICP/MS 

Uranium <0.000988 0.000988 ICP/MS 

Vanadium <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Yttrium <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

Zinc 1.19 0.0497 ICP 

Zirconium <0.0497 0.0497 ICP 

a

 Reporting limit is defined as 3 x the standard deviation of seven repeats of a NIST traceable 

concentration at the instrument minimum detection limit. 
REPORT 03.13062 7 of 84

2.2.2 Lube Oil ASTM Analyses and Elemental Composition 

Table 3 shows the ASTM analyses for the fresh lube oil, and for the used lube oil after 

125 hours of degreening that was performed by the respective engine manufacturer. The 

dominant elements observed in the fresh lube oil were calcium (2268 ppm), phosphorus (1043 

ppm), and zinc (1157 ppm). The used lube oil had higher levels of aluminum, barium, boron, 

copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, iron, and silicon, compared to the fresh oil, implying that 

these elements were accumulated in the oil during normal lubrication. 

Mercury was not detected in the lube oil. 

2.3 Sampling System 

Figure 5 shows the overall sampling system of the experimental setup. Figure 6 shows a 

photograph of the exposure chamber along with the sample probes for the engine exhaust particle 

sizer (EEPS), Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM-230), micro-soot sensor (MSS), semi-continuous 

OC/EC, Teflo® filter sample train, and quartz filter sample train. The exposure chamber, 

provided by LRRI, was setup on the CVS tunnel. The nominal flow rate through the chamber 

was about 500 lpm. The 90 percent recovery residence time was on the order of four minutes, 

and the actual time to completely purge the chamber from any residuals was on the order of 20 

minutes. Figure 7 shows the 8 x 10-inch Zefluor filter assembly followed by the four 4-inch 

XAD holders. 

Referring to Figure 5, the dilution ratio between the constant volume sampler (CVS) 

tunnel and the exposure chamber was slightly less than 2:1, and the dilution ratio between the 

CVS tunnel and the 8 x 10 inch filter assembly was also about 2:1. The average dilution ratio 

between engine exhaust and CVS was about 20:1. Dilution ratio (DR) is defined as: 

DR = (dilution air flow + sample flow)/(sample flow) 
REPORT 03.13062 8 of 84

TABLE 3. LUBE OIL PROPERTIES FOR FRESH OIL AND AFTER 125 HOURS OF 

ENGINE AND DPF DEGREENING BY THE ENGINE MANUFACTURER 

ASTM Test 

Test Property / 

Description Units 

EM-3275-EO

Fresh Lube 

Oil 

EM-3276-EO

Used Oil 

Engine A 

EM-3278-EO 

Used Oil 

Engine B 

EM-3277-EO

Used Oil 

Engine C 

EM-3282-EO

Used Oil 

Engine D 

D3524M Fuel Dilution, Diesel wt % <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 1.2 <0.3 

D4291 Glycol ppm <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 

D445 Viscosity @ 100 °C cSt 15.19 13.83 14.47 13.23 20.64 

D445 Viscosity @ 40 °C cSt 113.86 102.2 112.09 96.28 78.94 

D4739 Total Base Number 

 Inflection mg KOH/g 7.63 5.61 6.16 6.11 7.5 

 Buffer mg KOH/g 7.47 4.13 4.78 4.48 6.17 

D5185 Element Analysis 

 Aluminum ppm 2 3 2 2 2 

 Antimony ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

 Barium ppm <1 3 3 <1 <1 

 Boron ppm <1 6 8 2 3 

 Calcium ppm 2268 2459 1879 2291 2350 

 Chromium ppm <1 6 3 <1 2 

 Copper ppm <1 12 13 8 96 

 Iron ppm 1 61 72 16 26 

 Lead ppm <1 4 5 1 6 

 Magnesium ppm 5 8 261 32 125 

 Manganese ppm <1 5 4 1 1 

 Molybdenum ppm <1 9 <1 2 <1 

 Nickel ppm <1 <1 <1 4 25 

 Phosphorus ppm 1043 978 1010 984 1125 

 Silicon ppm 3 36 36 23 68 

 Silver ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 2 

 Sodium ppm <5 10 8 6 7 

 Tin ppm <1 4 4 1 4 

 Zinc ppm 1157 1209 1186 1133 1269 

 Potassium ppm <5 <5 6 <5 <5 

 Strontium ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

 Vanadium ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

 Titanium ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

 Cadmium ppm <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 

D664 Total Acid Number 

 Inflection mg KOH/g N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 

 Buffer mg KOH/g 1.75 2.39 1.95 1.81 1.76 

E168 

FTIR (Oxidation & 

Nitration) 

 Diff. @ 5.8um ABS/cm 0 2.86 0.18 2.14 0.37 

 Diff. @ 6.1um ABS/cm 0 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.09 

TGA Soot Residue wt % 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.8 

 Volatiles wt % 99 98 97.1 98.8 98.9 

 Soot wt % 0.142 1.039 2.274 0.358 0.33 
REPORT 03.13062 9 of 84

A 2007 Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with DPF 

B Background bag sample of dilution air for CO, CO2, NOX, NO, THC, CH4, 

 and C2-C12 speciation 

C Regulated PM following CFR Part 1065 using 47 mm Teflo filter 

D Impingers for carbonyls, alcohols, ions, and cyanide ion 

E Sorbent traps for nitrosamines and Summa canister for SVOC 

F Auxiliary PM samples on 47mm filters for inorganic ions (Fluoropore Filter), XRF (Teflo Filter), 

 and ICP-MS (Fluoropore Filter), DCI/GC (TX-40 filter) 

G XAD traps for gas phase semi-volatile compounds: PAH, oxyPAH, nitroPAH, hopanes, steranes, 

 carpanes, polar organics, high molecular weight alkanes and cycloalkanes, dioxins, furans 

H Filter (8x10 inch Zefluor) for particulate-phase semi-volatile compounds: PAH, oxyPAH, nitroPAH, dioxins, 

 furans, hopanes, steranes, carpanes, polar organics, high molecular weight alkanes and cycloalkanes, 

 dioxins, furans 

I Animal Exposure chamber (no animals present) PM mass using Teflo filter, size and number using EEPS, 

 real time total PM using DMM-230, real-time soot using MSS, OC/EC collection using a pair of quartz filters, 

 and semi-continuous OC/EC (very limited use) 

J Proportional bag sample for hydrocarbon speciation of C2 through C12 compounds 

K Horiba MEXA 7200 for THC, CO, CO2, NOX , NO analyzer, and CH4 analyzer 

L FTIR for nitrogen compounds 

FIGURE 5. OVERALL SAMPLING SYSTEM 
REPORT 03.13062 10 of 84

FIGURE 6. EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

FIGURE 7. ZEFLUOR FILTER (8 X 10-INCH) AND XAD ASSEMBLY 
REPORT 03.13062 11 of 84

3.0 TEST MATRIX 

 Table 4 shows the series of tests performed for each of the four candidate ACES engines. 

For the backup engine, the test included only regulated emissions using Modes 1, 3, and 5, and 

the hot-start FTP with and without blow-by at SwRI's San Antonio elevation, and at LRRI's, 

Albuquerque simulated elevation. Table 5 shows the detailed test matrix for each engine in the 

order it was tested, along with the length of each test cycle. 

 Table 6 shows the measurements done for each test performed on each engine. Figures 8 

through 11 show the percent normalized torque and speed profiles for the different cycles used in 

ACES Phase 1. Normalized engine torque is defined as the actual torque over the maximum 

torque produced by the engine. Normalized engine speed is defined as (actual speed –warm-idle 

speed)/(rated power speed – warm-idle). Thus it is possible for the normalized speed to be over 

100 percent, if the actual engine speed is higher than the rated speed. 

TABLE 4. NUMBER OF REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS TESTS 

FOR EACH ENGINE 

Cycle Regulated Pollutants Unregulated 

Hot-Start FTP 3 a,h 

Mode 1, rated speed, 100% load 3 a,h 

Mode 3, rated speed, 50% load 3 a,h 

Mode 5, peak torque speed, 100% load 3 a,h 

Cold-Start FTP 1 a,h 

Hot-Start FTP 6 b 6 b

Composite CARB HHDDE Cycle Mode 1, 2, and 5 

(creep, transient, and idle), CARBX-ICT 2 2 

Composite CARB HHDDE Cycle Mode 3 and 4 

(cruise and high-speed cruise), CARBZ-CH 2 2 

16-Hour Transient Cycle 3 3 

Tunnel Blanks c,d

4 for Engine A and 3 for 

others 

4 for Engine A and 3 

for others 

Tunnel Background e,f 1 

Dioxins and Furans g 1 a

 Only real time particle size, number, total mass, and solid mass were performed for these tests. 

b

 Three hot-start FTP runs with blow-by and three without blow-by. 

c

 Tunnel blank is a 20-minute test run exactly like an engine test, except the engine is off. 

d

 One tunnel blank after cleaning CVS tunnel but before running the Engine. A second tunnel blank after 

 finishing the six hot-start FTP runs, which is also before starting the CARB composite modes. A third tunnel 

 blank after finishing the CARB composite modes but before the 16-Hour transient cycle. A fourth tunnel blank 

 after finishing the 16-Hour transient cycle. e

 Tunnel background is a 16-Hour test where samples are taken from the dilution air immediately 

 downstream of the CVS HEPA filter. 

f

 Tunnel background dilution air was collected for 16 hours using 8 x 10 Zefluor filter followed by four XAD 

 traps. 

g

 Dioxins and furans were collected separately for 16 hours on Engines A, C, and D using 8 x 10 Zefluor filters 

 followed by four XAD traps. 

h Data were shared with each engine manufacturer to make sure that the engine emissions performance 

 complied with the manufacturer's expectation and to get approval to proceed with the program. 
REPORT 03.13062 12 of 84

TABLE 5. DETAILED TEST MATRIX FOR EACH ACES ENGINE 

Test 

Regulated 

Pollutants 

(No. of Runs) 

Unregulated 

(No. of Runs) Cycle Length 

Tunnel Blank No. 1 1 1 20 minutes 

Hot-Start FTP 3 a 20 minutes 

Mode 1 3 a 20 minutes 

Mode 3 3 a 20 minutes 

Mode 5 3 a 20 minutes 

Cold-Start FTP 1 a 20 minutes 

Hot-Start FTP 6 b 6 b 20 minutes 

Tunnel Blank No. 2 1 1 20 minutes 

Composite CARB HHDDE Cycle Modes 1, 2, and 5 

(idle, creep, transient), CARBx-ICT 

2 2 39 minutes 

Composite CARB HHDDE Cycle Modes 3 and 4 (cruise 

and high-speed cruise), CARBz-CH 

2 2 48 minutes 

Tunnel Blank No. 3 1 1 20 minutes 

16-Hour Transient Cycle c 

 (Three Repeats) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

16 hours 

16 hours 

16 hours 

Tunnel Blank No. 4 1 1 20 minutes 

Tunnel Background No. 1 N/A 1 16 hours 

Dioxins/Furans d 16 hours a

 Only real time particle size, number, total mass, solid mass, and semi-continuous OC was performed for 

 these modes. 

b

 Three hot-start FTP runs with blow-by and three without blow-by. 

c

 Each 16-Hour cycle (four runs of 4-hour segments), ran over a two-day period, at 8 hours per day. 

d

 Dioxins/furans collection was performed on Engines A, C, and D only, along with a separate tunnel background 

 for each run. 
REPORT 03.13062 13 of 84

TABLE 6. SAMPLING/ANALYSIS MATRIX FOR REGULATED AND 

UNREGULATED EMISSIONS ON EACH ACES ENGINE 

Parameter; 

Analytical Method(s) Media 

FTP 

Hot StartW/O 

Blowby 

FTP 

Hot 

StartW 

Blowby

CARBxICT CARBzCH 

16-Hr 

Transient 

Cycle 

Tunnel 

Blank 

16-Hr 

Tunnel 

Background

Background 

Correcteda

? 

Total Hydrocarbon (THC) FID 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Chemiluminescent 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) NDIR 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Particulate Matter (PM) 47 mm Teflon®

membrane filter 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

NO2

Chemiluminescent 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

N2O FTIR 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

OC/EC Quartz filter 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Particle Size and Number EEPS 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Real Time PM DMM-230 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Metals, elements; ICP/MS 

Fluoropore® 

filter + DI Water 

Impinger 

3 3 2 2 3 3 0 

No 

Ca, P, S, K, Fe, Si, 

Na; EDXRF 

Fluoropore® 

filter 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Inorganic ions and acids; 

IC 

Fluoropore® 

filter + DI Water 

Impinger 

3 3 2 2 3 3 0 

No 

pH, H+; pH, Titration DI Water 

Impinger 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Cyanide, Cr(VI) ; GC-ECD, 

ICP/MS KOH Impinger 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

SO2; IC H2O2 Impinger 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Gas phase hydrocarbons 

(C2–C12a;GC-FID Tedlar® Bag 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Carbonyl compounds; 

HPLC-UV DNPH Impinger 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Alcohols; GC-FID DI Water 

Impinger 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 Yes 

Dioxins and Furans; 

HRGC/HRMS 

Zefluor® Filter 

+ XAD® 

Cartridge 

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Yes 

Selected VOCs; GC/MS SUMMA® 

Canister 3 3 2 2 1 3 0 No 

PAH; GC/MS 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 No 

nitroPAH; GC/MS 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 No 

Hopane/Steranes/Carpanes; 

GC/MS 3 3 2 2 3 3 0 No 

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, 

Cyclo- and branched 

(C14-C40); GC/MS 

3 3 2 2 1 3 0 

No 

Polar compounds, 

Oxygenated PAH, 

Organic Acids; GC/MS 

Zefluor® Filter 

+ XAD® 

Cartridge 

3 3 2 2 1 3 1 

No 

Nitrosamines; GC/MS Thermosorb® 3 3 2 2 1 3 0 No 

a

 Background corrected means that a sample of the background dilution air taken from downstream of the HEPA filter in the CVS tunnel is 

analyzed for the same species concentration measured in the dilute exhaust, and then subtracted from the dilute exhaust species concentration 

using the following equation: Xbgc=Xm –(1-1/DR)*Xbg, where Xbgc is the corrected concentration, Xm is the measured concentration, and 

Xbg is the background concentration of the species of interest. 
REPORT 03.13062 14 of 84

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time (sec)

Speed, Torque (%)

Speed Torque

FIGURE 8. FTP TRANSIENT CYCLE NORMALIZED TORQUE AND SPEED 

PROFILES 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Time (sec)

Speed, Torque (%)

Speed Torque

FIGURE 9. CARBX-ICT CYCLE NORMALIZED TORQUE AND SPEED PROFILES 
REPORT 03.13062 15 of 84

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Time (sec)

Speed, Torque (%)

Speed Torque

FIGURE 10. CARBZ-CH CYCLE NORMALIZED TORQUE AND SPEED PROFILES 

FIGURE 11. FOUR-HOUR REPEATED SEGMENT OF THE NORMALIZED TORQUE 

AND SPEED PROFILES FOR THE 16-HOUR CYCLE 
REPORT 03.13062 16 of 84

4.0 PROCEDURES 

 Tasks performed prior to and during engine testing are described in this section. 

4.1 Full Flow Constant Volume Sampler Tunnel Cleanup and Conditioning 

In Project E-66, it was learned that the PM emissions reported using tunnel blank filter 

collection without engine operation is similar to that reported using a diesel engine equipped 

with a DPF. It is also known from previous work and from Project E-66 [4] that the history of 

operation of the full flow CVS using different technology engines affects the time required for 

unregulated and PM emission measurement stabilization. For example, during Project E-66, it 

took a total of 10 hours of continuous engine operation at rated power to stabilize PM emissions. 

Therefore, prior to test cell engine installation for the ACES project, a thorough full flow CVS 

tunnel cleaning was performed. Due to the very low PM and unregulated emission levels 

expected from the 2007 engines, it was important to clean the internal surface of the tunnel to 

remove any adsorbed material that could interfere with PM and unregulated emissions 

measurements. Volatile and semi-volatile materials that may have adsorbed onto the internal 

surface of the tunnel or the surface soot layer could desorb during an engine run or when 

sampling a tunnel blank. The tunnel was completely removed from the test cell and cleaned 

using a small amount of Simple Green detergent and power washed and rinsed using water. 

Figures 12 and 13 shows the CVS sample zone before and after cleaning. 

FIGURE 12. CVS SAMPLE ZONE BEFORE CLEANING 
REPORT 03.13062 17 of 84

FIGURE 13. CVS SAMPLE ZONE AFTER CLEANING 

After the tunnel was cleaned, reassembled, and verified via propane recovery checks, the 

first 2007 engine, Engine A, was installed in the test cell with new stainless steel exhaust piping 

to the CVS. The length of the exhaust pipe between the DPF exit and the CVS inlet was on the 

order of 12 feet. This section was heated or insulated. Next, the engine was power validated to 

make sure it performed as expected by the manufacturer. Engine and sampling system 

conditioning was then performed by running the engine at rated power while operating the 

sampling systems for a period of 10 hours. The test sequence for subsequent engines did not 

include tunnel cleaning, but did include tunnel conditioning, similar to the first engine. 

4.2 Regulated Emissions Measurements 

Regulated emissions including NOx, CO, and NMHC were measured in accordance with 

CFR Part 1065 using a Horiba MEXA-7000 series emission bench. NOx was measured using the 

chemiluminescent detection method. CO was measured using the non-dispersive infrared 

detection method, and NMHC was determined by taking the difference between THC and 

methane measurements using the flame ionization detection method. 

 Regulated PM was measured using a single Teflon® membrane (Pall Teflo®) filter, 47 

mm in diameter that was maintained at 47o

C ± 5°C in accordance with CFR Part 1065. The filter 

face velocity was maintained close to 100 cm/sec. The filter room used for filter conditioning 

and weighing was maintained in accordance with CFR Part 1065 requirements. The filter 

weighing procedure included three filter pre and three filter post weights. The averages of the 

pre and post weights were used to determine the filter weight gain. In Project E-66, SwRI 
REPORT 03.13062 18 of 84

demonstrated a filter weighing variability of less than ±2.5 μg (one standard deviation) using 

Teflon® membrane filters. 

4.3 Sampling and Analysis of Unregulated Emissions 

 Analysis of unregulated emissions was performed at SwRI and at DRI. A summary of 

analytical responsibilities and notes on methodology are presented in Table 7. 

SwRI determined ions by ion chromatography, metals and other elements by inductively 

coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy 

(CVAAS); and selected air pollutants by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). 

Speciation of C1 through C12 hydrocarbons including alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones was 

performed using GC and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fourier transform 

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used primarily for continuous monitoring of N2O. SwRI 

utilized dual chemiluminescent NOx detectors, one operating in NO mode and one in NOx mode, 

so an accurate determination of NO2 could be made as the difference between NOx and NO. 

Cyanide samples were collected in impingers and analyzed by GC-ECD. Dioxins and furans 

samples were collected on an 8 by 10-inch filter followed by four XAD traps, and were analyzed 

in accordance with EPA Method 8290 using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and 

high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS). 

For the animal exposure chamber, real-time particle size distribution was measured using 

the TSI engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS); real time PM mass was measured with the Dekati 

DMM-230; real time soot mass was measured by the AVL micro-soot sensor (MSS); and organic 

carbon was measured using the Sunset Laboratories OC/EC instrument with Zefluor® filters. 

During engine and CVS conditioning and stabilization, OC/EC quartz filters were also used with 

the animal exposure chamber using a primary and a backup 47 mm quartz filter. The quartz 

filters were then analyzed for OC/EC by DRI. 

DRI provided analyses for hopanes, steranes, polar compounds, heavy alkanes (>C12), 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitroPAH, oxyPAH, and organic acids. DRI also 

provided analyses for OC/EC and nitrosamines, as well as a subset of metals and elements that 

were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. 

4.3.1 Filter and XAD Sample Collection for Chemical Analysis 

For the collection of filter and XAD® samples for chemical analysis, SwRI used a large 

supplemental secondary dilution tunnel that permitted the use of an 8 by 10-inch (203 by 254 

mm) Zefluor® filter followed by four 4-inch diameter XAD® cartridges that were sampling in 

parallel, downstream of the filter. The nominal flow rate through the filter and four XAD®

cartridges was about 1700 slpm. 
REPORT 03.13062 19 of 84

TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND RESPONSIBILITY 

Analyte Class Notes Method Laboratory 

Metals and Elements 47 mm Teflo® filter, 28 slpm ICP/MS, ICP SwRI 

Ions Water Impinger (4 slpm), 47 mm TX-40 filter 

(28 slpm) IC SwRI 

Fuel/Oil PM Contribution 47 mm TX-40 filter, selected samples only, 28 

slpm DFI/GC SwRI 

Hydrogen Ion H+

, water impinger, 4 slpm Titration SwRI 

Cyanide Ion Impinger, 4 slpm GC/ECD SwRI 

VOC (C1 – C12) Tedlar ® bag GC/FID SwRI 

Carbonyl compounds DNPH impingers, 4 slpm HPLC SwRI 

Alcohols DI water impinger, 4 slpm GC/FID SwRI 

Selected VOCs 

Solid sorbent, 1 slpm (nitromethane, 

nitropropane, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl 

sulfide) 

GC/MS SwRI 

Dioxins/Furans 

One sample per engine, on 16-hr integrated 

sample, gas- and particle-phase extracts 

analyzed together, 1700 slpm 

GC/MS SwRI 

Real Time Total PM 1Hz, 10 slpm DMM-230 SwRI 

Real Time Soot 1Hz, 2 slpm MSS SwRI 

Real Time PM Size and 

Number 1Hz, 10 slpm EEPS SwRI 

Metals and Elements 47 mm Teflo® filter, 28 slpm EDXRF DRI 

PAH 

Gas- and particle-phase extracts analyzed 

together, except 16-Hour integrated sample, 

1700 slpm 

GC/MS DRI 

NitroPAH 

Gas- and particle-phase extracts analyzed 

together, except 16-Hour integrated sample, 

1700 slpm 

GC/MS DRI 

Hopanes, Steranes 

Gas- and particle-phase extracts analyzed 

together, except 16-Hour integrated sample, 

1700 slpm 

GC/MS DRI 

Polar compounds 

Gas- and particle-phase extracts analyzed 

together, except 16-Hour integrated sample, 

1700 slpm 

GC/MS DRI 

Other SVOC (C14-C40) 

Gas- and particle-phase extracts analyzed 

together, except 16-Hour integrated sample, 

1700 slpm 

GC/MS DRI 

Nitrosamines Thermosorb N®, 1 slpm GC/MS DRI 

OC/EC Quartz filters, 58 slpm TOR and 

TOT DRI 
REPORT 03.13062 20 of 84

The breakthrough volume of semi-volatile and volatile components for XAD® adsorbent 

is not known. However, XAD® resins are known to have much higher collection efficiency for 

naphthalene and other volatile PAH than polyurethane foam (PUF) alone.[5, 6] Experiments 

performed at the University of California, Los Angeles with three layers of XAD®, 10 g each, 

showed that the first layer collected 93-97 percent of naphthalene and other semi-volatile PAH, 

such as fluoranthene and pyrene (24-hrs sampling, 113 LPM). Thus, 20 g of XAD® should be 

sufficient to collect most of the compounds of interest. However, to check the validity of this 

approach, primary and backup XAD® cartridges were used and extracted separately, and all 

primary and backup XAD® cartridges were analyzed for breakthrough for the 16-Hour cycle. 

For the rest of the cycles, backup XAD® cartridges were analyzed for three FTP runs performed 

on the first engine tested, Engine A. The remainder of the extracts for the rest of cycles and 

engines were saved by DRI, but not analyzed. 

4.3.2 Ions and Inorganic Acids 

Samples were collected in impingers containing a potassium hydroxide solution and 

analyzed for cyanide ion via GC-ECD (Electron Capture Detector). The GC-ECD procedure for 

cyanide analysis was developed at SwRI and published in EPA document 600-2-80-068, 

“Analytical Procedures for Characterizing Unregulated Emissions from Vehicles Using MiddleDistillate Fuels,” 1980. 

Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) was collected using a modified EPA Method 061 and 

analyzed by EPA 7199. Similar to cyanide, an impinger filled with a potassium hydroxide 

solution was used to collect the Cr(VI), and the impinger solution was subsequently analyzed by 

ion chromatography. 

Anions and cations (NH4

+

, NO2

-

, NO3

-

, SO4

2-), and inorganic acids (HNO2, HNO3, 

H2SO4) samples were collected on Teflon membrane filters, and by water impingers. Filters 

were extracted to remove the analytes of interest, and the extract was analyzed using ion 

chromatography (IC). Impinger solutions were analyzed by IC as well; however, it was not 

possible to differentiate between anions and cations from ionic species versus inorganic acids. In 

addition, it should be noted that NO2 passing through water may form HNO2 and HNO3. A 

titration to determine the H+

 concentration was performed, and the pH was measured. 

4.3.3 Metals and Elements 

Filter samples were analyzed with ICP/MS and EDXRF to ensure that analyses for all 

required elements were covered with adequate detection limits. Total Br, Cl, S, K, Na, P, Ca, Fe, 

and Si were determined by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). 

The particulate filters for ICP/MS metals analysis were digested with high purity acids. 

The majority of the metals were analyzed via ICP/MS using EPA SW-846 Method 6020 to get 

the lowest possible detection limits. The ICP/MS method has been used for analysis of motor 

vehicle samples by several investigators [7]. Blank filters were analyzed to assess any 

contribution from the media and the extraction/digestion solutions. 
REPORT 03.13062 21 of 84

The ICP/MS instrument is standardized using NIST traceable standard reference 

materials. Prior to analyzing any samples, the standardization is verified with a second NIST 

traceable reference material. This second standard is from a different lot or manufacturer than 

the first standardization material. Immediately after the second standard is run, a blank is run to 

verify the zero setting. The second standard is required to be within 90-110 percent recovery of 

the certified value. The absolute value of the check blank is required to be below the reporting 

limit for the analyte. If either condition has not been met, the analysis would be terminated and 

the instrument re-standardized and re-checked. The standard and check blank are re-run after 

every 10 samples, and at the end of the run to ensure that the instrument remains in control 

throughout the entire run. If a standard falls out of the control limits, the analysis is terminated, 

the instrument re-standardized, and all samples since the last compliant standard are re-run. As 

an internal check, duplicate analyses are performed on approximately ten percent of samples, 

selected at random. 

Tunnel blank samples were collected for each analyte as designated in Table 6. 

4.3.4 Selected Volatile Organic Compounds 

Samples for the selected volatile organic compounds (nitromethane, nitropropane, 

hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide), were collected in sample bags and sorbent traps specific to 

the analytes. They were analyzed by GC/MS. SwRI Test and Analysis Procedures TAP 

0404014 and 0404015 were utilized. TAP 0404014 is based upon EPA method TO-15, which 

uses a combination of multi-sorbent tubes and cryogenic focusing for sample concentration with 

subsequent analysis by GC/MS. TAP 0404015 is based upon SW-846 Method 5040 and covers 

the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), collected on Tenax® and 

Tenax®/charcoal sorbent cartridges using a volatile organic sampling train (VOST). This method 

was utilized in conjunction with an appropriate analytical method, SW-846 8240, Volatile 

Analysis by GC/MS. Because a majority of gas streams sampled using VOST will contain a 

high concentration of water, the analytical method is based on the quantitative thermal 

desorption of volatile compounds from the Tenax® and Tenax®/charcoal traps with analysis by 

purge and trap GC/MS. The contents of the sorbent cartridges are spiked with an internal 

standard/surrogate solution and thermally desorbed with organic free nitrogen or helium, bubbled 

through organic-free water and trapped on an analytical absorbent trap. After the purge, the 

analytical trap is dry purged for two additional minutes, then heated rapidly to 240°C, with the 

carrier flow reversed so the effluent flow from the analytical trap is directed to the GC/MS. The 

VOCs are separated by temperature-programmed gas chromatography and detected by lowresolution mass spectrometry. The concentrations of VOCs are calculated using the internal 

standard technique. Tunnel blank samples were collected for each analyte as specified in 

Table 6. 

4.3.5 Hydrocarbon Speciation of C2 Through C12 Compounds 

Vapor phase C2 to C12 hydrocarbon species were sampled with Tedlar® bags from the 

primary dilution tunnel. Analysis of these samples was conducted within five to 10 minutes after 

collection to avoid degradation of the more reactive species, such as 1,3-butadiene. Carbonyls 

and alcohols were sampled from the primary dilution tunnel via impingers. Alcohols were 

collected in impingers filled with deionized water, and carbonyls with a solution of 
REPORT 03.13062 22 of 84

dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) in acetonitrile. To minimize degradation, aldehyde samples 

were analyzed as soon as the sampling was completed. 

The analytical procedures used for conducting hydrocarbon speciation (C2 to C12

hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones, and alcohols) are similar to the CRC Auto/Oil Phase II 

protocols. With these methods, exhaust emissions samples are analyzed for the presence of more 

than 200 different exhaust species. Four GC procedures and one HPLC procedure are used to 

identify and quantify compounds. A brief description of these procedures is given below. 

 The first GC procedure uses a 15 m x 0.53 mm I.D. DB-WAX (1μm film) pre-column 

and a 50 m x 0.53 mm I.D. (10 femtometer film) Alumina PLOT/KCI (Carbopack®) column to 

permit the separation and determination of exhaust concentrations of C1-C4 individual 

hydrocarbon species, including ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propadiene, 

butane, trans-2-butene, 1-butyne, and cis-2-butene. Bag samples were analyzed using a gas 

chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The gas chromatograph system 

utilizes two analytical columns. The carrier gas is helium. An external multiple component 

standard in zero air is used to quantify the results. Detection limits for the procedure are on the 

order of 5 ppbC in dilute exhaust for all compounds. 

The second GC procedure uses a 60 m x 0.32 mm I.D. (10 μm film) DB-1 column to 

provide separation and exhaust concentrations for more than 100 C5-C12 individual HC 

compounds. Bag samples are analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame 

ionization detector (FID). The GC system utilizes a FID, a pneumatically operated and 

electrically controlled valve, and an analytical column. The carrier gas is helium. An external 

multiple component standard in zero air is used to quantify the results. Detection limits for the 

procedure are on the order of 10 ppbC in dilute exhaust for all compounds. 

 The third GC procedure uses a separate system configured similarly to the second GC 

method to determine individual concentrations of benzene and toluene according to CRC 

Auto/Oil Phase II Protocols. The third GC utilizes a 30 m x 0.25 mm I.D. (0.25 μm film) DB-5 

column instead of a DB-1 column. 

 An HPLC with a Zorbax® octadecasilane (ODS) column was utilized for the analysis of 

aldehydes and ketones. Samples were collected in impingers with a solution of DNPH in 

acetonitrile. For analysis, a portion of the acetonitrile solution was injected into a liquid 

chromatograph equipped with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. External standards of the aldehyde 

and ketone DNPH derivatives were used to quantify the results. 

 For alcohols, sample collection was performed by bubbling diluted exhaust through 

deionized water in a series of impingers. An aliquot of the solution was subsequently analyzed 

for alcohols using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. External 

standards were used to quantify the results. 

 For each sample set, a background (dilution air) sample was collected. Tunnel blank 

samples were collected for each analyte as specified in Table 6. 
REPORT 03.13062 23 of 84

4.3.6 Dioxins and Furans 

As discussed above, sampling for dioxins and furans utilized an 8 by 10-inch Zefluor®

filter followed by four 4 inch XAD cartridges. This approach was required to achieve the 

extremely low detection limits required for these analytes. The analytical protocol followed for 

analysis of dioxins and furans (PCDD or PCDF) is EPA Method 8290. The instruments used 

included a VG AutoSpec high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer 

(HRGC/HRMS), a Fisons AutoSpec Ultima HRGC/HRMS, and a Micromass AutoSpec Ultima 

HRGC/HRMS. The sample was spiked with a solution containing specified amounts of each of 

the nine isotopically (13C12) labeled PCDDs/PCDFs listed in the method. The sample was then 

extracted according to a matrix-specific extraction procedure and analyzed. 

A tunnel background sample was collected as specified in Table 4. 

4.3.7 Elemental Carbon/Organic Carbon 

SwRI used the Sunset Laboratories semi-continuous instrument with a Zefluor® filter for 

OC analysis during tunnel conditioning and stabilization. SwRI used this method extensively 

during Project E-66. The use of this instrument was intended to support the sampling system 

conditioning efforts by providing information on the stability of OC emissions. These efforts 

were not successful because the engines went into active DPF regeneration at least two times 

during the 10 hours of conditioning. Due to the high temperatures experienced during active 

regeneration, the 10 hours of conditioning was deemed to be sufficient prior to starting the 

official testing. 

For OC/EC collection and analysis during official testing, SwRI did not use the semicontinuous OC/EC analyzer. Instead, SwRI collected PM from the animal exposure chamber on 

a primary and a backup quartz filter. These filters were analyzed for OC/EC by DRI using 

thermal optical reflectance (TOR) and thermal optical transmittance (TOT). 

4.3.8 Particulate- and Gas-Phase Organic Compounds 

Among the many particulate and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) are the 

following groups of compounds: PAH, oxyPAH, nitroPAH, hopanes/steranes, higher molecular 

weight alkanes, cycloalkanes, higher molecular weight aromatics, and certain polar organic 

compounds. Sampling was performed with an 8 by 10 inch Zefluor PM filter followed by four, 

4-inch traps containing XAD-4 resin. For analysis, a Varian 4000 Ion Trap in electron impact 

(EI) mode, and a Varian 1200 triple quadrupole GC/MS operating in negative chemical 

ionization (CI) mode was used for nitroPAH compounds. Negative CI offers a superior 

sensitivity for the analysis of nitroPAH (approximately 100 times higher than EI or positive CI) 

and other compounds with electron-withdrawing substituents, but not for regular PAH and 

hydrocarbons. Because nitroPAH are expected to be present at a very low level, this superior 

sensitivity and selectivity was necessary. 

Sampling materials were prepared by DRI and shipped to SwRI. Prior to sampling, 

XAD-4 resins were extracted with methanol followed by dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), using an 

Accelerated Solvent Extractor (Dionex 3000). The cleaned resin was dried in a vacuum oven 

heated to 40 oC and stored in sealed glass containers in a clean freezer. The filters were cleaned 
REPORT 03.13062 24 of 84

by sonification in CH2Cl2 for 30 minutes, followed by another 30-minute sonification in 

methanol. The filters were then dried, placed in aluminum foil, and labeled. Each batch of precleaned XAD-4 resin and approximately 10 percent of pre-cleaned filters was checked for purity 

by solvent extraction and GC/MS analysis of the extracts. The XAD-4 resins were assembled 

into glass cartridges (20 g of XAD) and stored in a clean freezer prior to shipment to SwRI. 

All samples returned from SwRI were stored in a freezer prior to extraction. All samples 

were extracted within two weeks of being received at DRI. 

Prior to extraction, the following deuterated internal standards were added to each filter 

and XAD sorbent: naphthalene-d8, biphenyl-d10, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, 

anthracene-d10, pyrene-d12, benz(a)anthracene-d12, chrysene-d12, benzo[e]pyrene-d12, 

benzo[a]pyrene-d12, benzo[g,h,i]perylene-d12, coronene-d12, cholestane-d6, hexadecane-d34, 

eicosane-d42, hexatriacontane-d74, 2-nitrodiphenyl-d9, 1-nitropyrne-d9, benzoic-d6 acid, 

phthalic 3,4,5,6-d4 acid, hexanoic-d11 acid, heptadecanoic-d33 acid, and myristic-d27 acid. 

Filters and XAD-4 resins were extracted with dichloromethane using the Dionex ASE 

followed by acetone extraction under the same conditions. The dichloromethane extraction 

method has been reported to yield high recovery of PAH [8] and nitroPAH [9,10]. 

Dichloromethane extraction followed by acetone also gave good recovery for PAH, aliphatic 

hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, hopanes, steranes, and polar organic compounds. 

All extracts were then concentrated by rotary evaporation at 35°C under gentle vacuum to 

approximately 1 mL and filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE disposal filter device (Whatman Pura 

discTM 25TF), rinsing the flask 3 times with 1 mL dichloromethane and acetone (50/50 by 

volume) each time. The extract was split into two fractions (polar and non-polar analyses) and 

was solvent exchanged to acetonitrile under ultra-high purity nitrogen. 

The extracts were analyzed first by GC/MS for higher molecular weight (C>15) aliphatic 

hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. Subsequently, the extracts were pre-cleaned by the solid-phase 

extraction technique. Superclean LC-SI SPE cartridges (Supelco) were sequentially eluted with 

hexane, and hexane/benzene (1:1). The hexane fraction contains the non-polar aliphatic 

hydrocarbons (alkanes), and hopanes and steranes, and the hexane/benzene fraction contains 

PAH and nitroPAH. These two fractions were concentrated to approximately 100 μL and 

analyzed by GC/MS for hopanes, steranes, PAH and oxyPAH. For nitroPAH, the extracts were 

further pre-cleaned by the solid-phase extraction technique, using aminopropyl (NH2) SPE 

cartridges (Waters), with sequential elution with hexane/DCM, 98/2 v/v and hexane/DCM 80/20 

v/v as described by Bamford et al. [11]. For nitro- and dinitroPAH analysis, these fractions were 

further cleaned by semi-preparative normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography 

(HPLC) technique (Waters). The Chromegabond Amino Cyano 25 cm x 9.6 mm column (ES 

Industries, West Berlin, NJ) and isocratic elution with 20 percent DCM in hexane were used 

[11]. The fraction corresponding to nitro- and dinitroPAH was collected and analyzed by 

negative ion chemical ionization GC/MS. The fraction for the polar analysis was derivatized 

using a mixture of bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and pyridine to convert the polar 

compounds into their trimethylsilyl derivatives for analysis of organic acids, phenol and cresol. 
REPORT 03.13062 25 of 84

The filters and XAD® extracts were analyzed by GC/MS, using a Varian CP-3800 GC 

equipped with a CP8400 auto sampler and interfaced to a Varian 4000 Ion Trap. Due to the high 

sensitivity of Ion Trap MS, it was used for analysis of all gas-phase and particulate phase organic 

compounds, with the exception of the nitroPAH compounds, which utilized the electron impact 

(EI) ionization method. Injections (1 μL) were made in the splitless mode onto a 30m 5 percent 

phenylmethylsilicone fused-silica capillary column (DB-5ms, J&W Scientific or equivalent). 

Quantification of the individual compounds was obtained by the selective ion storage (SIS) 

technique, monitoring the molecular (or the most characteristic) ion of each compound of interest 

and the corresponding deuterated internal standard. Calibration curves for the GC/MS 

quantification were made for the most abundant and characteristic ion peaks of the compounds of 

interest using the deuterated species most closely matched in volatility and retention 

characteristics as internal standards. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1647 (certified PAH) with the addition of deuterated 

internal standards and of those compounds not present in the SRM (i.e., oxyPAH, nitroPAH, 

hopane, steranes, carpanes, hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes) were used to make calibration solutions. 

A six- to eight-level calibration was performed for each compound of interest and the calibration 

check (using median calibration standards) was run every 10 samples to check for accuracy of 

analyses. If the relative accuracy of measurement (defined as a percentage difference from the 

standard value) was greater than 20 percent, the instrument was recalibrated. 

NitroPAH was analyzed using the Varian 1200 triple quadrupole gas 

chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS/MS) system with a CP-8400 auto sampler. The 

tandem MS/MS system allows for structural elucidation of unknown compounds with precursor, 

product and neutral loss scan. The GC interface allows for sensitive analyses of complex 

mixtures in electron impact (EI) as well as positive and negative chemical ionization (CI) mode. 

Negative CI offers superior sensitivity for the analysis of nitroPAH (approximately 100 times 

higher than EI or positive CI) that could be emitted from combustion sources, including motor 

vehicle engines. The sensitivity of this instrument in full scan EI/MS mode is approximately 1 

pg/μl with a 20:1 signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). In EI/MS SIM mode it reaches 50 fg/ul with a 10:1 

S/N. For negative CI, 10 fg/ul of octafluoronaphthalene gives a S/N of 20:1. This superior 

sensitivity offers the advantage of analyzing small samples collected during a short sampling 

time. 

4.3.9 Nitrosamines 

Nitrosamines were collected on Thermosorb/N adsorbent cartridges using a Teflon®

sample probe. Samples were quantified using modified EPA Method TO-7, which specifies 

analysis by GC/MS. The cartridge samples were collected from the primary dilution tunnel. The 

cartridges were eluted with a mixture of 25 percent methanol and 75 percent dichloromethane. 

The first 1.8 ml was collected for the GC/MS analysis, using the Varian 1200 GC/MS/MS 

system operating in negative CI mode. Injections (1 ul) were made in the splitless mode onto a 

CP WAX 51 capillary column (25 m long, 0.25 mm id). Quantification of the individual 

compounds was obtained by the multiple ion detection (MID) technique, monitoring the 

molecular ion of each compound of interest and the corresponding deuterated internal standard. 
REPORT 03.13062 26 of 84

4.3.10 Real Time PM Size, Number, Total and Soot Mass 

Particle size distribution and number concentration were measured using a TSI EEPS, as 

shown in Figure 14. The instrument covers a particle size range from 5.6 nm to 560 nm, and 

reports the full size distribution measurement on a 10 Hz basis. The principle of operation is to 

charge particles and mobilize them to deposit on a series of electrometers, each representing a 

narrow particle size range. The current reading from each electrometer is converted to number 

concentration. 

FIGURE 14. TSI ENGINE EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZER (EEPS) 

The Dekati DMM-230, shown in Figure 15, was used for real time total particle mass 

emission measurement on a 1 Hz basis. The principle of operation is to charge particles and 

deposit the sub-30 nm particles on an electrometer by electric mobility and the rest of the 

particles on a series of electrometer stages by inertial impaction, with each electrometer 

representing a narrow aerodynamic size range. The current reading from each electrometer stage 

is converted into mass concentration using an average apparent density. The apparent density is 

determined by overlaying the calculated mobility diameter size distribution on top of the 

aerodynamic diameter size measured distribution. 
REPORT 03.13062 27 of 84

FIGURE 15. DEKATI MASS MONITOR (DMM-230) 

An AVL MSS shown in Figure 16 was used for real time soot mass emission 

measurement on a 1 Hz basis. This instrument is widely used in engine emission activities 

focusing on the measurement of soot. The principle of operation is to slightly heat soot particles 

with a pulsed laser beam so the soot particles can generate a sound wave that can be detected by 

a sensitive microphone. The magnitude of the electric signal generated by the microphone 

indicates the mass concentration of soot. 

FIGURE 16. AVL MICRO-SOOT SENSOR (MSS) 

4.4 Step-by-Step Engine Testing Procedures 

Table 8 shows the general step-by-step procedures that were followed throughout the 

ACES program, including the various QA/QC checks used. Step 3 (tunnel blanks) were 

performed after tunnel clean up prior to testing Engine 1, and prior to testing Engine 5. The 

other steps applied to all engines. Each engine was conditioned for 20 minutes at rated engine 

power prior to performing the hot-start transient cycles. The engine was also conditioned for 20 

minutes at rated engine power prior to performing one series of the CARB HHDDE 5-modes 

cycles. 
REPORT 03.13062 28 of 84

TABLE 8. STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURES 

Steps Action Items 

1 Clean CVS tunnel (done only once before the first engine) 

2 Set CVS flows as required 

3 Generate a tunnel blank with a sampling time of 20 minutes using a Teflo filter in accordance with 

Part 1065 

4 Perform all necessary calibration required under CFR Part 1065 

5 Install engine in test cell 

6 Power validate engine and compare the performance with that declared by the manufacturer 

7 If Step 6 is acceptable, proceed to Step 8, otherwise resolve the performance issues 

8 Condition engine and sampling system at near rated engine power for a period of 10 hours 

9 Generate an engine torque map at wide open throttle in accordance with CFR Part 1065 

10 Run practice FTP transient cycles, and perform the necessary tuning to pass cycle statistics 

11 Perform three hot-start transient cycles and measure regulated emissions, particle size, number and 

mass using EEPS, DMM-230, and MSS if available 

12 Perform three repeats of Mode 1, Mode 3, and Mode 5 taking regulated emissions with selected 

particle measurements as in Step 11 

13 Compare all regulated brake specific emissions with those determined by the manufacturer 

14 Resolve the differences, if any, between SwRI and the manufacturer results and proceed with the 

emission characterization 

15 Condition engine and sampling system by performing an “forced” active DPF regeneration prior to an 

overnight soak 

16 Perform one cold-start FTP while sampling for regulated and selected particle measurement as in Step 

11 

17 Perform three hot-start FTP cycles (without blow-by) with 20 minutes engine-off soak between 

cycles. Sample for all regulated and unregulated emission species on each run. 

18 Condition engine and sampling system by performing an “forced” active DPF regeneration 

19 Repeat Step 17, but route engine blow-by to the exhaust in accordance with CFR Part 1065 

20 Generate a tunnel blank with a sampling time of 20 minutes similar to that in Step 3 

21 Condition engine and sampling system by performing an “forced” active DPF regeneration 

22 Perform two runs of CARBx-ICT for regulated and unregulated emissions with 20 minutes engine-off 

soak period between runs 

23 Condition engine and sampling system by performing an “forced” active DPF regeneration 

24 Perform two runs of CARBz-CH for regulated and unregulated emissions with 20 minutes engine-off 

soak between runs 

25 Generate a tunnel blank with a sampling time of 20 minutes, with similar measurements to that in 

Step 3 

26 Condition engine and sampling system by performing an “forced” active DPF regeneration 

27 

Perform one 16-Hour transient cycle over a period of two days. Sample for all regulated and 

unregulated emissions. On day 1, run a hot-start for the first 4-hour segment, bring the engine to low 

idle for 15 minutes, and run another 4-hour segment, then shut down engine. On day 2, run a coldstart for the first 4-hour segment, bring the engine to low idle for 15 minutes, and then run another 4-

hour segment, and shut down engine. 

28 Repeat Step 27 twice 

29 Repeat Step 27 one more time and collect for dioxins/furans analysis only. (All engines, except 

Engine B) 

30 Generate a tunnel blank with a sampling time of 20 minutes while sampling as in Step 3 

31 Generate a tunnel background for 16 hours while sampling as in Step 27 

32 Generate a tunnel background for 16 hours while sampling as in Step 29 

33 Repeats Steps 4 through 32 with Engine B, but skip Step 29 

34 Repeats Steps 4 through 32 with Engine C

35 Repeats Steps 4 through 32 with Engine D
REPORT 03.13062 29 of 84

5.0 RESULTS 

 This section includes all the regulated and unregulated emission species results. Active 

DPF regeneration took place during some of the runs, as indicated in Table 9. Active DPF 

regeneration is a state that is defined by the engine control module (ECM) attempting to 

regenerate the DPF by exhaust fuel injection (dosing), or by starting an exhaust burner, 

depending on the technology used. An active regeneration state may include times where dosing 

is not active due to a low exhaust temperature or other conditions. Although fuel injection may 

not be occurring, it is likely that the engine is still operating differently in an attempt to facilitate 

the regeneration process by intake air throttling or changing the EGR and VGT positioning. For 

engines using exhaust fuel injection, these measures are necessary to raise the exhaust 

temperature to the point where fuel injection may be enabled and the regeneration can proceed. 

An active regeneration state may include multiple, separate dosing events until the DPF is 

"clean." The length of the regeneration event thus is likely to depend on the duty cycle of the 

engine. More higher load (and therefore higher temperature) operation will allow the 

regeneration to proceed quicker, resulting in a shorter overall regeneration time. It should be 

emphasized that this does not necessarily apply to every regeneration method. 

Engine C had a DPF crack failure during CARBx-ICT and CARBz-CH cycles; these data 

were excluded from the emission comparison results. The engine controller provided by the 

manufacturer was not properly configured for the test cell environment, and consequently would 

clear the DPF soot load status between tests. It is believed that the DPF failed when an 

uncontrolled regeneration event was triggered with an underestimated DPF soot load. Upon 

further investigation, the engine manufacturer identified a problem with the fuel injection 

system, and recommended replacing the engine. The engine was replaced with an identical 

engine, and testing resumed for the 16-Hour tests. The CARBx-ICT and CARBz-CH cycles were 

not re-run due to budgetary and project timing constraints. 

Table 9 indicates when active regeneration occurred and how many times it occurred. 

The time listed for active regeneration is the time between the beginning and end of a 

regeneration state for the 16-Hour cycle. The regeneration state time listed could mean that 

exhaust fuel dosing is on continuously, or switched on and off, depending on engine load, speed, 

exhaust temperature, or other conditions. Thus, when an active regeneration state is triggered 

during the FTP cycle, it does not mean that active regeneration was occurring continuously for 

the entire FTP cycle time. It could be "on" for 1 to 5 minutes or for the entire time, again, 

depending on each engine manufacturer's strategy. 

Because all the data in the results section will be reported on a brake-specific basis, Table 

10 shows the average conversion multiplier for converting from brake-specific emissions to other 

units of interest such as fuel specific emissions, emissions rate, or concentration. The conversion 

multipliers were calculated based on the experimental data. For example, if the average brakespecific emission for Engine A, FTP-w, is 1 g/hp-hr for a particular compound, it will be 5.16 

g/kg of fuel, 98.8 g/hr, and 172 mg/m3 in the exhaust. If one is interested in determining the 

average concentration in the exposure chamber for this particular compound, one can then divide 

the exhaust concentration over the exposure chamber dilution ratio (46.15). It should be noted 

that the conversion from brake-specific emissions (g/hp-hr) to emission rate (g/hr) is based 

simply on the average power (hp) of the cycle. 
REPORT 03.13062 30 of 84

TABLE 9. NUMBER OF ACTIVE REGENERATIONS PER TEST 

Number of Regenerations per Cycle 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Cycles Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

FTP-w 3 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 

FTP-wo 3 1c

, 1c, 1c 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 

CARBx-ICT 2 0, 0 0, 0 DPF Crack 0, 0 

CARBz-CH 2 0, 1c

 0, 0, 0 DPF Crack 0, 0 

16-Hour 3 1, 1, 1 2, 2, 3 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1 

Approximate Time of an Active 

Regeneration State, minutes 

(16-Hour Cycle Only) 

75a

 90a 30a 30b

a During this time, active regeneration via exhaust fuel injection or via an exhaust burner may or may not be 

on all the time. E.g. During the 75 minutes with Engine A, exhaust fuel injection may shut off at low exhaust 

temperature and may come back on at high temperature. 

b For Engine D, this is the actual time of the active regeneration 

c

 Dosing occurred during a portion of each FTP, but under the same active regeneration state. 

TABLE 10. CONVERSION MULTIPLIER FROM BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS TO 

OTHER UNITS 

Test Name 

Average 

Exhaust 

Temp, °C 

Average 

Exhaust 

Flow, m3/hr 

Average 

CVS 

Dilution 

Ratio 

Average 

Exposure 

Chamber 

Dilution 

Ratio 

Average 

8x10 

Dilution 

Ratio 

Conversion 

from Brake 

Specific to 

Fuel Specific 

(g/hp-hr to 

g/kg of fuel) 

Conversion 

from Brake 

Specific to 

Emission 

Rate (g/hp-hr 

to g/hr) 

Conversion 

from Brake 

Specific to 

Concentration 

(g/hp-hr to 

mg/m3) 

Engine A 

FTP-w 242 572 27.9 1.65 1.60 5.16 98.8 172.6 

FTP-wo 246 572 28.7 1.63 1.62 4.89 98.3 171.7 

CARBx-ICT 156 216 47.1 1.67 1.61 3.41 17.0 78.7 

CARBz-CH 296 673 13.4 1.65 1.60 4.81 137.4 204.1 

16 HR 273 550 24.6 1.62 1.89 5.31 108.4 197.0 

Engine B 

FTP-w 239 513 29.9 1.60 1.84 4.94 94.7 184.7 

FTP-wo 245 507 30.1 1.60 1.87 5.24 94.1 185.7 

CARBx-ICT 99 275 34.6 1.70 1.77 4.49 19.6 71.4 

CARBz-CH 299 588 16.0 1.73 1.90 5.64 138.5 235.4 

16 HR 274 525 21.8 1.52 1.95 5.15 110.8 211.0 

Engine C 

FTP-w 230 362 64.1 1.49 1.38 5.23 81.8 226.2 

FTP-wo 230 359 64.1 1.49 1.56 5.27 81.0 225.7 

CARBx-ICT 131 131 88.2 1.52 1.96 3.81 17.6 134.3 

CARBz-CH 277 507 25.6 1.46 1.93 5.69 139.1 274.7 

16 HR 260 402 42.7 1.59 2.10 5.64 105.5 262.3 

Engine D 

FTP-w 262 482 42.4 1.57 1.86 5.52 101.5 210.5 

FTP-wo 264 478 43.5 1.57 1.97 5.54 101.3 211.8 

CARBx-ICT 138 262 39.3 1.61 1.94 4.21 20.5 78.4 

CARBz-CH 314 594 19.5 1.59 1.84 5.82 147.5 248.2 

16 HR 299 527 29.5 1.60 1.95 5.55 118.0 223.9 
REPORT 03.13062 31 of 84

Based on Table 10, if the average brake-specific emissions for CARBx-ICT are a factor 

of 1.4 higher than the average emissions for the FTP, CARBz-CH, and the 16-Hour cycle, then 

the fuel-specific emissions for CARBx-ICT would be at levels similar to the other cycles because 

of the CARBx-ICT cycle's higher fuel consumption rate. CARBx-ICT brake-specific emissions, 

on average, would need to be a factor of 5.5, 8.3, and 6.5 higher than the brake-specific 

emissions for the FTP, CARBz-CH, and 16-Hour cycle, respectively, for the g/hr emissions rate 

to be the same. Thus, it is important to take into consideration these conversion factors when 

comparing emissions among the different engines and cycles. 

If one assumes a typical fuel mileage (FM) for heavy-duty trucks, e.g. 6 miles per gallon, 

one can convert the brake specific emissions (BSE) from g/hp-hr to g/mile by using the 

following equation: 

g/mile = [BSE]/[(BSFC/FD*FM] 

BSFC is the measured brake specific fuel consumption in lb/hp-hr, and FD is the fuel density in 

lb/gallon (7.12 lb/gallon). The g/mile calculation conversion factor is not shown in Table 10. 

This was done to differentiate calculations based on measured values, such as those reported in 

Table 10, from calculations based on assumptions, such as the equation above. 

Table 10 also includes the values of average exhaust temperature, exhaust flow rate, CVS 

dilution ratio, exposure chamber dilution ratio, and 8 x 10-inch filter dilution ratio. The average 

exhaust temperature is an indicator of the engine-out temperature before the aftertreatment 

system. This value indicates how much catalytic activity may occur in an aftertreatment system 

from one cycle to another. The average exhaust flow rate is given in units of standard cubic 

meters per hour, referenced to 20 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere pressure. The CVS dilution 

ratio (DR) is defined as follows: 

CVS DR = Total CVS Flow/Exhaust Flow 

where the total CVS flow includes both the CVS dilution air and the exhaust flow. The exposure 

chamber dilution ratio is the total dilution ratio from exhaust concentration to exposure chamber 

concentration and is defined as follows: 

Exposure Chamber DR = CVS DR*Secondary Exposure Chamber DR 

where the secondary exposure chamber DR is the ratio of the total exposure chamber flow to the 

sample flow extracted from the CVS. The 8 x 10-inch filter dilution ratio refers to the ratio from 

the exhaust concentration to the concentration measured by the 8 by 10-inch Zefluor® filter, 

XAD cartridges, and the four 47 mm filters. It is defined as: 

8x10 DR = CVS DR*Secondary 8 x 10 DR 

where the 8 x 10 secondary DR is the ratio of the total flow of the 8 x 10 system to the sample 

flow extracted from the CVS. 
REPORT 03.13062 32 of 84

5.1 Fuel and Oil PAHs, Hopanes and Steranes 

Figures 17, 18, and 19 show PAH concentration in the fuel and in fresh and used lube oil 

after 125 hours of degreening. PAH in the lube oil was at a much lower concentration than the 

PAH in the fuel. However, for PAH species such as coronene, dibenzopyrene and 

dibenzofluoranthene; little to no presence was detected in the fuel, although some presence was 

observed in the lube oil. PAH concentration in the lube oil was less than 0.5 ppm, except for 

Engine B, where it was 7.5 ppm for coronene and 28 ppm for benzo (ghi) perylene. It is not 

clear why the Engine B lube oil exhibited different concentrations than the other lube oils. 

Figures 20 and 21 show the hopanes and steranes present in fresh and used lube oil. The 

highest hopanes and steranes concentration was found in Engine D's lube oil. Engine B lube 

hopanes were on the same order as Engine D, but the steranes were lower. Hopanes and steranes 

may be a good indicator of the lube oil's contribution to emissions, since they were not measured 

in the fuel. Appendix C includes the data on fuel and lube oil PAHs, and hopanes and steranes. 

 

Figures 17 through 21 give a visual indication of the differences in PAHs, hopanes, and 

steranes concentrations (ratio of mass of species and mass of bulk liquid) between oil and fuel 

and among the different lube oils. For in depth information, interested readers should look at 

Appendix C that includes the actual data on fuel and lube oil PAHs, hopanes and steranes, along 

with the uncertainty or the limit of detection for each compound. It is worth noting that the 

majority of the data reported are above the limit of detection. 

5.2 Cycle Work 

 Table 11 shows the work performed by each engine for each cycle tested. The cycle 

length is 20 minutes for the FTP, 39 minutes for CARBx-ICT, 48 minutes for CARBz-CH, and 

16 hours for the 16-Hour cycle. Relative to the average engine power produced during the FTP 

cycle, the 16-Hour cycle was 10 percent higher, the CARBz-CH cycle was 37.5 percent higher, 

and the CARBx-ICT was 80 percent lower. Essentially, CARBx-ICT was at a much lighter 

engine load than that of the FTP, and it will only produce 20 percent of the work produced by the 

FTP per unit time. 

The cycle work for each engine was very consistent, and the coefficient of variation, 

based on three repeats for the FTP and 16-Hour cycle, and two repeats for CARBx-ICT and 

CARBz-CH, was less than one percent for the majority of the runs, as shown in Table 11. 
REPORT 03.13062 33 of 84

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel

ug/g

mpht_1

m_9phen

m_45phen

m_2anth

pnapone

m_3phen

m_2phen

acquone

xanone

anthra

phenan

dbth

fl9one

m_1fluo

b_mfluo

a_mfluo

jtmnap

tm145n

fluore

ftmnap

tm245n

etmnap

em_21n

ctmnap

atmnap

btmnap

tmi235n

em_12n

bibenz

dbzfur

m_4bph

m_3bph

acnape

dmn18

dmn12

acnapy

d14523

dm1367

dmn267

m_2bph

enap12

biphen

mnaph1

mnaph2

quinoline

naphth

FIGURE 17. PAH CONCENTRATION IN LUBE OIL AND FUEL SHOWING A 

PARTIAL LIST OF FUEL PAH COMPOUNDS AT MUCH HIGHER 

CONCENTRATION THAN IN LUBE OIL 
REPORT 03.13062 34 of 84

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel

ug/g

bzanthr

chr_tr

baanth

cp_cdpyr

phant9

bghifl

bzcphen

bntiop

m_1pyr

dmpyfl

cmpyfl

m_4pyr

m_13fl

c1mflpy

bmpyfl

bbfluo

bafluo

retene

antal9

pyrene

fluora

c_dmph

e_dmph

d_dmph

dm36ph

dm17ph

b_dmph

a_dmph

anrquone

nap2phen

m_9ant

anthron

dbpht

mpht_1

FIGURE 18. PAH CONCENTRATION IN LUBE OIL AND FUEL SHOWING A 

PARTIAL LIST OF FUEL PAH COMPOUNDS AT HIGHER CONCENTRATION 

THAN IN LUBE OIL 
REPORT 03.13062 35 of 84

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel

ug/g

dbbkfl

dbahpyr

dbaipyr

corone

dbaepyr

dbalpyr

anthan

bghipe

dbcgcar

pic

bbchr

dbahacan

dbajan

in123pyr

dbajacr

dbahacr

incdfl

bpy910dih

m_7bpy

mchol3

peryle

bapyrn

bepyrn

bafl

bbjkfl

dmban712

m_7baa

chry56m

m_3chr

baa7_12

b2epht

FIGURE 19. PAH CONCENTRATION IN LUBE OIL AND FUEL SHOWING A 

PARTIAL LIST OF FUEL PAH COMPOUNDS LOWER CONCENTRATION THAN IN 

LUBE OIL 
REPORT 03.13062 36 of 84

Hopanes

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel

ug/g

hop27

hop26

hop25

hop24

hop23

hop22

hop21

hop20

hop19

hop18

hop17

hop16

hop15

hop14

hop13

FIGURE 20. HOPANES CONCENTRATION IN LUBE OIL 

Steranes

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel

ug/g

ster53

ster52

ster51

ster50

ster49

ster48_41

ster47

ster46

ster45_40

ster44

ster43

ster42

ster39

ster38

ster37

ster36

ster35

FIGURE 21. STERANES CONCENTRATION IN LUBE OIL 
REPORT 03.13062 37 of 84

 TABLE 11. ENGINE CYCLE WORK 

Work, hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number 

Engine 

A 

Engine 

B 

Engine 

C 

Engine 

D 

Engine 

B' Engine B' 

1 32.82 31.50 27.52 33.86 32.15 31.59 

2 32.93 31.45 27.13 33.72 32.12 31.57 

3 32.78 31.56 26.98 33.76 32.17 31.58 

Avg 32.85 31.50 27.21 33.78 32.15 31.58 

Stdev 0.07 0.05 0.28 0.07 0.03 0.01 

FTP-w 

COV 0.2% 0.2% 1.0% 0.2% 0.08% 0.03% 

1 32.55 31.38 26.98 33.78 32.15 31.58 

2 32.74 31.26 26.95 33.71 32.14 31.55 

3 32.74 31.26 26.90 33.67 32.10 31.53 

Avg 32.68 31.30 26.94 33.72 32.13 31.55 

Stdev 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 

FTP-wo 

COV 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.07% 0.08% 

1 12.50 14.20 12.78 15.02 

2 12.23 14.33 12.77 14.82 

Avg 12.36 14.26 12.78 14.92 

Stdev 0.19 0.09 0.01 0.15 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 1.6% 0.6% 0.0% 1.0% 

1 108.71 109.60 103.42 116.39 

2 108.10 108.98 107.61 116.38 

Avg 108.41 109.29 105.52 116.38 

Stdev 0.43 0.44 2.97 0.01 

CARBz-CH 

COV 0.4% 0.4% 2.8% 0.0% 

1 1711.28 1765.09 1686.03 1893.61 

2 1728.85 1771.30 1687.33 1876.16 

3 1753.33 1775.01 1687.78 1884.45 

Avg 1731.15 1770.47 1687.05 1884.74 

Stdev 21.12 5.01 0.91 8.73 

16-Hour 

COV 1.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.5% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, 

and the 16-Hour cycle were not run 

with this engine 

5.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide) Emissions 

Table 12 and Figure 22 show the brake-specific NOx emissions. Engine B’, the backup 

engine, was tested at SwRI's elevation and at the Lovelace simulated elevation for regulated 

emissions only. At Lovelace elevation, the NOx emission rate was 31 to 33 percent higher than 

that at SwRI's elevation. 

Engine A through D showed different levels of NOx emissions, depending on the cycle 

used. Average NOx emissions ranged from 0.89 to 1.26 for the FTP-w, 2.97 to 5.22 for the 

CARBx-ICT, 0.93 to 1.72 for CARBz-CH, and from 1.19 to 1.49 for the 16-Hour cycle. The 

minimum increase of NOx emissions between the FTP-w cycle and the 16 hour cycle was 6 

percent for Engine D, while the maximum increase was 56 percent for Engine B. It is interesting 

to note that the brake specific NOx emissions for Engines A and B increased by 37 and 35 

percent, respectively for the CARBx-CH cycle relative to the FTP-w, while the emissions 

decreased by 17 percent for Engine D in the same comparison. 
REPORT 03.13062 38 of 84

TABLE 12. BRAKE-SPECIFIC NOX EMISSIONS 

NOx, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-Alt. 

1 1.26 0.88 0.99 1.13 0.97 1.33 

2 1.25 0.89 1.05 1.11 0.97 1.31 

3 1.28 0.89 1.05 1.13 0.99 1.34 

Avg 1.26 0.89 1.03 1.12 0.98 1.33 

Stdev 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 

FTP-w 

COV 1.1% 0.8% 3.2% 0.9% 1.3% 1.0% 

1 1.26 0.88 1.04 1.13 0.98 1.34 

2 1.25 0.91 1.04 1.10 0.96 1.29 

3 1.24 0.89 1.06 1.12 0.97 1.29 

Avg 1.25 0.90 1.05 1.11 0.97 1.31 

Stdev 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 

FTP-wo 

COV 0.6% 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% 1.3% 2.1% 

1 2.95 4.49 N/A 5.21 

2 2.99 4.46 N/A 5.22 

Avg 2.97 4.48 N/A 5.22 

Stdev 0.03 0.02 N/A 0.01 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 1.0% 0.4% N/A 0.1% 

1 1.53 1.20 N/A 0.91 

2 1.90 1.21 N/A 0.95 

Avg 1.72 1.20 N/A 0.93 

Stdev 0.26 0.01 N/A 0.03 

CARBz-CH 

COV 15.0% 0.7% N/A 3.1% 

1 1.44 1.43 1.46 1.18 

2 1.52 1.35 1.37 1.19 

3 1.52 1.39 1.44 1.21 

Avg 1.49 1.39 1.42 1.19 

Stdev 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.01 

16-Hour 

COV 3.2% 3.0% 3.5% 1.1% 

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

NOx (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 1.26 0.89 1.03 1.12 0.98 1.33

FTP-wo 1.25 0.90 1.05 1.11 0.97 1.31

CARBx-ICT 2.97 4.48 0.00 5.22

CARBz-CH 1.72 1.20 0.00 0.93

16-Hour 1.49 1.39 1.42 1.19

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 

 N/A

 Not Run

FIGURE 22. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC NOX EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 39 of 84

Table 13 and Figure 23 show the NO emission results. Note that NO was not measured 

for Engine B’. The NO emissions profile may be different from the NOx emissions profile, due 

to differences in NO2 emissions, which are shown in Table 14 and Figure 24. NO2 was not 

measured directly, but was calculated by taking the difference between NOx and NO. Table 15 

shows the NO2 to NOx ratio. The ratio ranged from 22 percent to 81 percent, depending on the 

cycle and engine used. Generally, the lowest ratio was observed with CARBx-ICT and the 

highest was observed with the FTP. NO2 is produced in combustion, depending on the 

combustion strategy and temperature and the amount of EGR used. Furthermore, noble metals in 

the DOC and/or the DPF, particularly platinum, can convert NO to NO2. Since the engine-out 

NO2 is not known, it is unknown what the NO2 percent increase is due to the catalyzed 

aftertreatment devices. 

Table 16 and Figure 25 show the N2O emissions. In general, the N2O emissions 

represent less than one percent of total NOx emissions. 

5.4 Carbon Monoxide Emissions 

 The 2007 CO emission standard is 15.5 g/hp-hr. Table 17 and Figure 26 show the brakespecific CO emissions for all engines. Overall, CO emission levels were much lower than the 

standard for all engines and all cycles. The higher CO emissions with the CARBx-ICT cycle 

may suggest lower catalyst activity in oxidizing CO to CO2 at the lower exhaust temperatures 

occurring during this low-power test cycle. 

5.5 Total Hydrocarbon, Methane, and Non-Methane Hydrocarbon 

 The NMHC emission standard for 2007 and beyond is 0.14 g/hp-hr. NMHC was 

determined by taking the difference between THC and CH4. Tables 18, 19, and 20 show the 

brake-specific emissions for THC, CH4, and NMHC, respectively. Similarly, Figures 27, 28, and 

29 show the average brake specific emissions for all engines and cycles tested. Because the 

concentrations in the CVS tunnel were very close to that in the CVS dilution air, the data were 

noisy after performing a background correction per CFR Part 1065. In general, NMHC 

emissions were much lower than the 2007 standard. 

 The same observation made about CO for the CARBx-ICT cycle can also be made about 

hydrocarbons. Due to the low exhaust temperatures of CARBx-ICT, the catalyzed DOC/DPF or 

DPF only may have provided less HC oxidation resulting in higher emissions than from the rest 

of the cycles. So, even on an emission rate basis in g/hr, CARBx-ICT will typically generate 

higher emissions than the rest of the cycles. 
REPORT 03.13062 40 of 84

TABLE 13. NO EMISSIONS 

NO, g/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.35 0.17 0.34 0.54 

2 0.37 0.11 0.34 0.50 

3 0.37 0.22 0.35 0.50 

Avg 0.36 0.16 0.34 0.51 

Stdev 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.02 

FTP-w 

COV 2.9% 33.8% 1.7% 3.9% 

1 0.47 0.21 0.41 0.51 

2 0.44 0.21 0.35 0.53 

3 0.47 0.26 0.35 0.48 

Avg 0.46 0.23 0.37 0.51 

Stdev 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 

FTP-wo 

COV 4.7% 11.8% 8.4% 5.2% 

1 1.62 2.73 N/A 3.82 

2 1.87 2.54 N/A 4.36 

Avg 1.75 2.64 N/A 4.09 

Stdev 0.18 0.13 N/A 0.38 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 10.3% 5.1% N/A 9.3% 

1 0.64 0.29 N/A 0.42 

2 1.31 0.30 N/A 0.45 

Avg 0.98 0.30 N/A 0.44 

Stdev 0.47 0.01 N/A 0.02 

CARBz-CH 

COV 48.5% 3.2% N/A 5.5% 

1 0.53 0.49 0.74 0.62 

2 0.57 0.45 0.87 0.62 

3 0.52 0.50 0.98 0.66 

Avg 0.54 0.48 0.86 0.63 

Stdev 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.02 

16-Hour 

COV 4.1% 5.4% 13.7% 3.5% 

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

NO (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.36 0.16 0.34 0.51

FTP-wo 0.46 0.23 0.37 0.51

CARBx-ICT 1.75 2.64 0.00 4.09

CARBz-CH 0.98 0.30 0.00 0.44

16-Hour 0.54 0.48 0.86 0.63

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 

 N/A

FIGURE 23. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC NO EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 41 of 84

TABLE 14. BRAKE-SPECIFIC NO2 EMISSIONS 

NO2, g/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.90 0.71 0.65 0.59 

2 0.89 0.79 0.71 0.61 

3 0.90 0.68 0.70 0.62 

Avg 0.90 0.72 0.69 0.61 

Stdev 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.02 

FTP-w 

COV 1.0% 7.8% 5.0% 2.8% 

1 0.79 0.67 0.64 0.60 

2 0.82 0.70 0.68 0.57 

3 0.77 0.64 0.71 0.64 

Avg 0.79 0.67 0.68 0.60 

Stdev 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 

FTP-wo 

COV 2.9% 4.8% 5.9% 6.1% 

1 1.33 1.75 N/A 1.38 

2 1.11 1.92 N/A 0.86 

Avg 1.22 1.84 N/A 1.12 

Stdev 0.15 0.12 N/A 0.37 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 12.6% 6.6% N/A 32.8% 

1 0.89 0.90 N/A 0.49 

2 0.59 0.90 N/A 0.50 

Avg 0.74 0.90 N/A 0.50 

Stdev 0.22 0.00 N/A 0.00 

CARBz-CH 

COV 29.4% 0.1% N/A 0.9% 

1 0.90 0.94 0.72 0.56 

2 0.95 0.90 0.49 0.57 

3 1.00 0.89 0.46 0.55 

Avg 0.95 0.91 0.56 0.56 

Stdev 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.01 

16-Hour 

COV 4.9% 3.0% 25.1% 1.7% 

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

NO2 (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.90 0.72 0.69 0.61

FTP-wo 0.79 0.67 0.68 0.60

CARBx-ICT 1.22 1.84 0.00 1.12

CARBz-CH 0.74 0.90 0.00 0.50

16-Hour 0.95 0.91 0.56 0.56

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 

 N/A

FIGURE 24. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC NO2 EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 42 of 84

TABLE 15. NO2/NOX RATIO 

NO2/NOx Ratio, % 

 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

FTP-w 71% 81% 67% 54% 

FTP-wo 63% 75% 65% 54% 

CARBx-ICT 41% 41% N/A 22% 

CARBz-CH 43% 75% N/A 53% 

16-Hour 64% 65% 39% 47% 

TABLE 16. BRAKE-SPECIFIC N2O EMISSIONS 

N2O, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.0192 0.0041 0.0285 0.0070 

2 0.0205 0.0031 0.0210 0.0117 

 3 0.0175 0.0077 0.0206 0.0119 

Avg 0.0190 0.0050 0.0234 0.0102 

Stdev 0.0015 0.0025 0.0044 0.0028 

FTP-w 

COV 1.1% 0.8% 3.2% 0.9% 

1 0.0339 0.0033 0.0390 0.0127 

2 0.0283 0.0030 0.0200 0.0123 

3 0.0296 0.0032 0.0187 0.0124 

Avg 0.0306 0.0032 0.0259 0.0125 

Stdev 0.0030 0.0001 0.0114 0.0002 

FTP-wo 

COV 0.6% 1.5% 1.4% 1.6% 

1 0.0871 0.0296 N/A 0.0295 

2 0.0866 0.0399 N/A 0.0294 

Avg 0.0868 0.0348 N/A 0.0294 

Stdev 0.0003 0.0073 N/A 0.0000 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 1.0% 0.4% N/A 0.1% 

1 0.0117 0.0023 N/A 0.0055 

2 0.0132 0.0023 N/A 0.0057 

Avg 0.0124 0.0023 N/A 0.0056 

Stdev 0.0011 0.0000 N/A 0.0002 

CARBz-CH 

COV 1.0% 0.4% N/A 0.1% 

1 0.0140 0.0059 0.0130 0.0095 

2 0.0150 0.0054 0.0100 0.0078 

3 0.0141 0.0060 0.0099 0.0094 

Avg 0.0143 0.0057 0.0110 0.0089 

Stdev 0.0006 0.0003 0.0017 0.0009 

16-Hour 

COV 3.2% 3.0% 15.8% 1.1% 
REPORT 03.13062 43 of 84

0.0000

0.0200

0.0400

0.0600

0.0800

0.1000

N O (avg), g/hp-hr 2

FTP-w 0.0190 0.0050 0.0234 0.0102

FTP-wo 0.0306 0.0032 0.0259 0.0125

CARBx-ICT 0.0868 0.0348 0.0000 0.0294

CARBz-CH 0.0124 0.0023 0.0000 0.0056

16-Hour 0.0143 0.0057 0.0110 0.0089

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 

 N/A

FIGURE 25. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC N2O EMISSIONS 

TABLE 17. BRAKE-SPECIFIC CO EMISSIONS 

CO, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-Alt. 

1 0.11 0.12 1.14 0.36 0.089 0.334 

2 0.16 0.12 0.51 0.35 0.085 0.148 

3 0.12 0.10 0.51 0.33 0.066 0.189 

Avg 0.13 0.11 0.72 0.35 0.080 0.224 

Stdev 0.02 0.01 0.37 0.01 0.012 0.097 

FTP-w 

COV 17.7% 12.0% 51.0% 4.3% 15.0% 43.5% 

1 0.09 0.02 0.49 0.35 0.020 0.189 

2 0.08 0.02 0.52 0.37 0.001 0.115 

3 0.05 0.03 0.44 0.36 0.005 0.060 

Avg 0.08 0.02 0.48 0.36 0.009 0.121 

Stdev 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.010 0.065 

FTP-wo 

COV 27.6% 30.4% 8.2% 3.0% 119.3% 53.6% 

1 2.32 0.24 N/A 2.04 

2 2.07 0.30 N/A 1.81 

Avg 2.20 0.27 N/A 1.92 

Stdev 0.18 0.04 N/A 0.16 

CARBxICT 

COV 8.0% 16.2% N/A 8.4% 

1 0.04 0.05 N/A 0.10 

2 0.05 0.06 N/A 0.07 

Avg 0.04 0.05 N/A 0.09 

Stdev 0.00 0.00 N/A 0.01 

CARBzCH 

COV 10.8% 9.5% N/A 17.0% 

1 0.09 0.09 0.43 0.15 

2 0.10 0.08 0.48 0.16 

3 0.10 0.07 0.46 0.14 

Avg 0.09 0.08 0.46 0.15 

Stdev 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.01 

16-Hour 

COV 2.9% 12.0% 5.7% 7.9% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, 

and the 16-Hour cycle were not 

run with this engine 
REPORT 03.13062 44 of 84

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

CO (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.13 0.11 0.72 0.34 0.080 0.224

FTP-wo 0.08 0.02 0.48 0.36 0.009 0.121

CARBx-ICT 2.20 0.27 0.00 1.92

CARBz-CH 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.09

16-Hour 0.09 0.08 0.46 0.15

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A

 Not Run

FIGURE 26. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC CO EMISSIONS 

TABLE 18. BRAKE-SPECIFIC THC EMISSIONS 

THC, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B' 

1 0.005 0.020 0.055 0.016 0.035 0.029 

2 0.007 0.027 0.044 0.015 0.026 0.021 

3 0.007 0.002 0.026 0.023 0.025 0.024 

Avg 0.006 0.016 0.042 0.018 0.029 0.025 

Stdev 0.001 0.013 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.004 

FTP-w 

COV 18.4% 78.1% 35.7% 25.5% 18.6% 16.1% 

1 0.006 0.008 -0.007 0.011 0.011 0.024 

2 0.001 -0.011 -0.001 0.004 0.005 0.001 

3 0.002 -0.004 0.002 -0.001 0.008 -0.001 

Avg 0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.005 0.008 0.008 

Stdev 0.002 0.010 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.014 

FTP-wo 

COV 79.2% -426.3% -236.9% 122.0% 35.5% 166.4% 

1 0.455 0.131 N/A 0.407 

2 0.475 0.199 N/A 0.368 

Avg 0.465 0.165 N/A 0.388 

Stdev 0.014 0.048 N/A 0.027 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 3.0% 29.3% N/A 7.1% 

1 0.008 0.005 N/A 0.017 

2 0.008 0.004 N/A 0.018 

Avg 0.008 0.004 N/A 0.018 

Stdev 0.001 0.001 N/A 0.000 

CARBz-CH 

COV 6.3% 23.3% N/A 2.8% 

1 0.007 0.006 -0.002 0.004 

2 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.007 

3 0.005 0.000 0.013 0.008 

Avg 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 

Stdev 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.002 

16-Hour 

COV 80.7% 84.8% 160.6% 30.3% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, 

and the 16-Hour cycle were not 

run with this engine 
REPORT 03.13062 45 of 84

TABLE 19. BRAKE-SPECIFIC CH4 EMISSIONS 

CH4, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B' 

1 0.009 0.019 0.024 0.007 0.026 0.011 

2 0.009 0.022 0.003 0.009 0.017 0.011 

3 0.010 0.036 0.013 0.010 0.017 0.009 

Avg 0.009 0.025 0.014 0.009 0.020 0.010 

Stdev 0.001 0.009 0.011 0.002 0.005 0.001 

FTP-w 

COV 6.6% 35.2% 77.8% 20.5% 27.0% 0.1% 

1 -0.008 0.013 0.012 0.004 0.017 0.009 

2 0.012 0.012 0.003 0.008 0.011 0.006 

3 0.011 0.015 0.013 0.011 0.017 0.005 

Avg 0.005 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.015 0.007 

Stdev 0.011 0.002 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.002 

FTP-wo 

COV 238.9% 11.5% 57.8% 42.6% 22.3% 28.0% 

1 0.062 0.028 N/A 0.033 

2 0.058 0.019 N/A 0.063 

Avg 0.060 0.023 N/A 0.048 

Stdev 0.003 0.006 N/A 0.021 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 5.3% 28.0% N/A 44.9% 

1 0.005 0.006 N/A 0.005 

2 0.008 0.007 N/A 0.006 

Avg 0.007 0.007 N/A 0.006 

Stdev 0.002 0.001 N/A 0.001 

CARBz-CH 

COV 30.1% 13.7% N/A 9.6% 

1 0.007 0.028 0.022 0.007 

2 0.003 0.007 0.000 0.006 

3 0.006 0.017 0.013 0.009 

Avg 0.005 0.017 0.012 0.007 

Stdev 0.002 0.010 0.011 0.001 

16-Hour 

COV 42.8% 59.6% 94.1% 19.7% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, 

and the 16-Hour cycle were not 

run with this engine 
REPORT 03.13062 46 of 84

TABLE 20. BRAKE-SPECIFIC NMHC EMISSIONS 

NMHC, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B' 

1 -0.004 0.001 0.031 0.009 0.011 0.019 

2 -0.002 0.005 0.041 0.006 0.011 0.011 

3 -0.003 -0.034 0.013 0.013 0.010 0.017 

Avg -0.003 -0.009 0.028 0.010 0.011 0.016 

FTP-w 

Stdev 0.001 0.021 0.014 0.004 0.001 0.004 

1 0.014 -0.005 -0.020 0.007 -0.005 0.017 

2 -0.011 -0.024 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 

3 -0.009 -0.020 -0.011 -0.011 -0.008 -0.005 

Avg -0.002 -0.016 -0.012 -0.003 -0.006 0.002 

FTP-wo 

Stdev 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.001 0.012 

1 0.392 0.103 N/A 0.375 

2 0.417 0.181 N/A 0.305 

Avg 0.405 0.142 N/A 0.340 

CARBx-ICT 

Stdev 0.017 0.055 N/A 0.049 

1 0.003 -0.001 N/A 0.012 

2 -0.001 -0.004 N/A 0.012 

Avg 0.001 -0.002 N/A 0.012 

CARBz-CH 

Stdev 0.003 0.002 N/A 0.000 

1 0.000 -0.021 0.003 0.000 

2 -0.002 -0.002 -0.024 0.002 

3 -0.001 -0.017 0.000 -0.005 

Avg -0.001 -0.013 -0.007 -0.001 

16-Hour 

Stdev 0.001 0.010 0.015 0.003 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, and 

the 16-Hour cycle were not run 

with this engine 
REPORT 03.13062 47 of 84

-0.02

0.18

0.38

0.58

THC (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.006 0.016 0.042 0.018 0.029 0.025

FTP-wo 0.003 -0.002 -0.002 0.005 0.008 0.008

CARBx-ICT 0.465 0.165 0.00 0.388

CARBz-CH 0.008 0.004 0.00 0.018

16-Hour 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run 

FIGURE 27. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC THC EMISSIONS 

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

CH4 (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.009 0.025 0.014 0.009 0.020 0.010

FTP-wo 0.005 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.015 0.007

CARBx-ICT 0.060 0.023 0.00 0.048

CARBz-CH 0.007 0.007 0.00 0.006

16-Hour 0.005 0.017 0.012 0.007

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run

FIGURE 28. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC CH4 EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 48 of 84

-0.05

0.05

0.15

0.25

0.35

0.45

NMHC (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w -0.003 -0.009 0.028 0.010 0.011 0.016

FTP-wo -0.002 -0.016 -0.012 -0.003 -0.006 0.002

CARBx-ICT 0.405 0.142 0.00 0.340

CARBz-CH 0.001 -0.002 0.00 0.012

16-Hour -0.001 -0.013 -0.007 -0.001

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run

FIGURE 29. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC NMHC EMISSIONS 

5.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and BSFC 

CO2 is becoming increasingly important because it is a major greenhouse gas. In the case 

of diesel engines, it is also indicative of fuel consumption. Table 21 and Figure 30 show the 

brake-specific CO2 emissions, and Table 22 and Figure 31 show the brake-specific fuel 

consumption (BSFC), which is calculated based on emissions. CO2 ranged from 547 g/hp-hr for 

Engine D, CARBz-CH, to 941 g/hp-hr for Engine A, CARBx-ICT. Generally, the lightest 

loaded cycle, CARBx-ICT, resulted in the highest BSCO2 and BSFC, and the highest loaded 

cycle, CARBz-CH, resulted in the lowest BSCO2 and BSFC. 

5.7 Particulate Matter Emissions 

 Several metrics and methods were used to characterize PM. This section includes 

information on Teflon® membrane filter-based PM measurement, quartz filter-based OC/EC 

analysis, filter-based elemental EDXRF analysis, real time total PM using the DMM-230, real 

time soot using the MSS, and real time number and size using the EEPS. 

5.7.1 Filter-Based PM Mass-CVS Tunnel and Exposure Chamber 

Filter-based PM was collected from two locations. The first was the CVS tunnel sample 

zone, in accordance with CFR Part 1065, where the filter face temperature was maintained at 

47°C ± 5°C, and total residence time (CVS plus secondary tunnel) was on the order of 3 seconds. 

The second location was the exposure chamber, where the dilution ratio from the CVS was about 

2, the filter face temperature was about 28°C, and the residence time was on the order of 4 to 5 

minutes to purge 90 percent of the volume entering the chamber. It takes an additional 15 

minutes for the remaining 10 percent to be fully purged. The temperature of the exposure 

chamber filter was not actively controlled and was dictated by the temperature inside the 

exposure chamber. The total flow through each of the 47 mm filters was approximately 57 slpm, 

resulting in a filter face velocity near 100 cm/s. Table 23 and Figure 32, and Table 24 and Figure 

33 show the brake-specific PM emissions from the CVS and the exposure chamber, respectively. 

Generally, PM emissions were very low, well below the 2007 PM standard of 0.01 g/hp-hr for 

the FTP. 
REPORT 03.13062 49 of 84

TABLE 21. BRAKE-SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIONS 

CO2, g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-Alt. 

1 619 647 605 580 616 589 

2 620 650 613 575 616 590 

3 619 644 609 579 614 591 

Avg 619 647 609 578 615 590 

Stdev 0 3 4 3 1 1 

FTP-w 

COV 0.1% 0.4% 0.6% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 

1 660 648 606 577 613 591 

2 650 649 604 576 613 597 

3 648 649 606 576 613 589 

Avg 653 649 605 576 613 592 

Stdev 6 1 1 1 0 5 

FTP-wo 

COV 1.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.8% 

1 941 819 N/A 754 

2 926 813 N/A 755 

Avg 934 816 N/A 754 

Stdev 10 4 N/A 1 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 1.1% 0.5% N/A 0.1% 

1 662 563 N/A 547 

2 669 568 N/A 550 

Avg 665 565 N/A 549 

Stdev 5 3 N/A 2 

CARBz-CH 

COV 0.8% 0.6% N/A 0.3% 

1 597 615 567 576 

2 604 620 565 574 

3 602 624 564 573 

Avg 601 620 565 574 

Stdev 4 4 2 2 

16-Hour 

COV 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% 0.3% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, and 

the 16-Hour cycle were not run 

with this engine 

0

200

400

600

800

CO2 (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 619 647 609 578 615 590

FTP-wo 653 649 605 576 613 592

CARBx-ICT 934 816 0.00 754

CARBz-CH 665 565 0.00 549

16-Hour 601 620 565 574

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run

FIGURE 30. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC CO2 EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 50 of 84

TABLE 22. BRAKE-SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION 

BSFC, lb/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-Alt. 

1 0.466 0.447 0.419 0.401 0.427 0.409 

2 0.428 0.449 0.423 0.397 0.427 0.409 

3 0.428 0.445 0.421 0.400 0.426 0.409 

Avg 0.441 0.447 0.421 0.399 0.426 0.409 

Stdev 0.022 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 

FTP-w 

COV 5.0% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 

1 0.456 0.447 0.419 0.399 0.425 0.409 

2 0.449 0.448 0.417 0.398 0.425 0.414 

3 0.448 0.448 0.419 0.398 0.425 0.408 

Avg 0.451 0.448 0.418 0.398 0.425 0.410 

Stdev 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.003 

FTP-wo 

COV 1.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.8% 

1 0.654 0.566 N/A 0.524 

2 0.643 0.563 N/A 0.524 

Avg 0.649 0.564 N/A 0.524 

Stdev 0.007 0.002 N/A 0.000 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 1.1% 0.4% N/A 0.1% 

1 0.457 0.389 N/A 0.378 

2 0.462 0.393 N/A 0.380 

Avg 0.460 0.391 N/A 0.379 

Stdev 0.004 0.002 N/A 0.001 

CARBz-CH 

COV 0.8% 0.6% N/A 0.3% 

1 0.413 0.425 0.392 0.398 

2 0.418 0.429 0.391 0.397 

3 0.416 0.431 0.390 0.396 

Avg 0.416 0.428 0.391 0.397 

Stdev 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.001 

16-Hour 

COV 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.3% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, and 

the 16-Hour cycle were not run 

with this engine 

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

BSFC (avg), lb/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.441 0.447 0.421 0.399 0.426 0.409

FTP-wo 0.451 0.448 0.418 0.398 0.425 0.410

CARBx-ICT 0.649 0.564 0.00 0.524

CARBz-CH 0.460 0.391 0.00 0.379

16-Hour 0.416 0.428 0.391 0.397

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run

FIGURE 31. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION 
REPORT 03.13062 51 of 84

TABLE 23. BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM EMISSIONS (CVS TUNNEL, CFR PART 1065) 

PM (Part 1065), g/hp-hr 

SwRI Elevation Lovelace Elevation 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B' 

1 0.0015 0.0013 0.0009 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 

2 0.0013 0.0018 0.0005 0.0011 0.0003 0.0002 

3 0.0019 0.0008 0.0009 0.0007 0.0004 0.0001 

Avg 0.0016 0.0013 0.0008 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002 

Stdev 0.0003 0.0005 0.0002 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 

FTP-w 

COV 17.0% 37.4% 31.7% 39.8% 23.0% 54.0% 

1 0.0004 0.0004 0.0007 0.0008 0.0004 0.0001 

2 0.0010 0.0012 0.0008 0.0002 -0.0001 0.0005 

3 0.0003 0.0011 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0001 

Avg 0.0006 0.0009 0.0007 0.0005 0.0002 0.0003 

Stdev 0.0004 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 

FTP-wo 

COV 63.9% 45.6% 15.2% 54.3% 132.3% 78.1% 

1 0.0074 0.0013 NA 0.0022 

2 0.0092 0.0005 NA 0.0014 

Avg 0.0083 0.0009 NA 0.0018 

Stdev 0.0013 0.0006 NA 0.0005 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 16.2% 66.0% NA 30.3% 

1 0.0046 0.0007 NA 0.0003 

2 0.0117 0.0006 NA 0.0002 

Avg 0.0082 0.0006 NA 0.0003 

Stdev 0.0050 0.0001 NA 0.0001 

CARBz-CH 

COV 61.8% 12.8% NA 24.0% 

1 0.0003 0.0015 0.0017 0.0016 

2 0.0019 0.0009 0.0012 0.0008 

3 0.0016 0.0012 0.0004 0.0014 

Avg 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0013 

Stdev 0.0009 0.0003 0.0006 0.0004 

16-Hour 

COV 67.8% 26.1% 58.4% 31.0% 

CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, and the 

16-Hour cycle were not run with 

this engine 

0.0000

0.0100

0.0200

0.0300

PM1065 (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.0016 0.0013 0.0008 0.0008 0.0004 0.0002

FTP-wo 0.0006 0.0009 0.0007 0.0005 0.0002 0.0003

CARBx-ICT 0.0083 0.0009 0.0000 0.0018

CARBz-CH 0.0082 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003

16-Hour 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0013

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Engine B' Engine B'-

Alt.

 N/A Not Run

FIGURE 32. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM EMISSIONS (CVS TUNNEL, 

CFR PART 1065) 
REPORT 03.13062 52 of 84

TABLE 24. BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM EMISSIONS (EXPOSURE CHAMBER) 

PM (Exp. Chamber), g/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.0018 0.0024 0.0003 0.0009 

2 0.0013 0.0013 0.0001 0.0009 

3 - 0.0007 0.0005 0.0009 

Avg 0.0015 0.0015 0.0003 0.0009 

Stdev 0.0003 0.0009 0.0002 0.0000 

FTP-w 

COV 20.7% 59.9% 57.0% 0.6% 

1 0.0007 0.0006 0.0000 0.0006 

2 0.0008 0.0009 0.0007 0.0007 

3 0.0018 0.0007 0.0006 0.0003 

Avg 0.0011 0.0007 0.0004 0.0005 

Stdev 0.0006 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 

FTP-wo 

COV 58.0% 16.9% 82.5% 39.1% 

1 0.0085 0.0010 N/A -0.0036 

2 0.0073 0.0013 N/A 0.0015 

Avg 0.0079 0.0011 N/A 0.0015 

Stdev 0.0008 0.0002 N/A - 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 10.2% 21.3% N/A - 

1 0.0083 0.0008 N/A 0.0004 

2 0.0203 0.0007 N/A 0.0004 

Avg 0.0143 0.0007 N/A 0.0004 

Stdev 0.0085 0.0001 N/A 0.0000 

CARBz-CH 

COV 59.1% 8.6% N/A 9.8% 

1 0.0005 0.0033 0.0020 0.0026 

2 0.0042 0.0022 0.0017 0.0015 

3 0.0042 0.0028 0.0005 0.0017 

Avg 0.0030 0.0028 0.0014 0.0019 

Stdev 0.0021 0.0005 0.0008 0.0005 

16-Hour 

COV 71.5% 19.2% 56.2% 28.0% 

0.0000

0.0050

0.0100

0.0150

0.0200

PM Chamber (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.0015 0.0015 0.0003 0.0009

FTP-wo 0.0011 0.0007 0.0004 0.0005

CARBx-ICT 0.0079 0.0011 0.0000 0.0015

CARBz-CH 0.0143 0.0007 0.0000 0.0004

16-Hour 0.0030 0.0028 0.0014 0.0019

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 33. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM EMISSIONS (EXPOSURE CHAMBER) 
REPORT 03.13062 53 of 84

Figure 34 shows the ratio of PM with blow-by and PM without blow-by for the FTP. On 

average, across all engines, the PM with blow-by was about 50 percent higher based on both the 

CVS and exposure chamber PM results. 

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D AVG

PM (With Blow-By)/(Without Blow-By)

CVS Exp. Ch.

FTP Transient 

FIGURE 34. RATIO OF PM WITH BLOW-BY AND PM WITHOUT BLOW-BY 

Figure 35 shows the ratio of exposure chamber-based PM and CVS-based PM. For the 

FTP and CARBx-ICT (light load cycles), there were no notable differences in PM between the 

two sampling locations. For the CARBz-CH and the 16-Hour cycle, the exposure chamber result 

was 50 to 100 percent higher, respectively, for these cycles. It is important to note that the 16-

Hour cycle filter-based PM measurement should be considered the most precise due to the high 

level of PM accumulated on the sample filter. While the PM collected on an FTP sample filter 

was on the order of 10 μg, the 16-Hour cycle filter typically had more than 500 μg. 
REPORT 03.13062 54 of 84

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D AVG

PM Ratio, (Exp. Chamber/CVS)

FTP-w FTP-wo CARBx-ICT CARBz-CH 16-Hour

FIGURE 35. RATIO OF PM BASED ON EXPOSURE CHAMBER AND PM BASED ON 

CVS USING CFR PART 1065 

5.7.2 Quartz Filter-Based OC/EC-Exposure Chamber 

PM was collected on quartz filters from the exposure chamber, and the filters were 

analyzed using the OC/EC reflectance method by DRI. Table 25, and Figures 36 and 37 show 

the average brake-specific OC/EC emissions. The 16-Hour cycle data are considered the most 

precise due to the long sampling time, where a larger PM quantity was collected on the filter. 

For the 16-Hour cycle, with the exception of OC for engine A, which was about 7 times higher 

than the mass of EC, the OC emissions were similar to EC with Engine B and C, and over twice 

the EC for Engine D. For the FTP, the EC represented less than 3 percent of the 2007 PM 

standard. The OC was comparable to tunnel blank levels, and it was on the order of 40 percent 

of the 2007 PM standard, perhaps due to positive gas phase artifact collection by the quartz filter 

material. 

Based on all engines tested, the average EC to OC ratio was 4.1 percent for the FTP-w 

(with blow-by), 3.2 percent for the FTP-wo (without blow-by), 1.6 percent for CARBx-ICT, 12.1 

percent for CARBz-CH, 37.3 percent for the 16-Hour cycle, and 3.6 percent for TB (tunnel 

blank). In principle, the longer the cycle the higher the EC to OC ratio, suggesting that with 

longer cycles, the accumulation of OC on the filter is decreasing as function of time due to 

perhaps the positive gas phase artifact reaching equilibrium with the filter media. 
REPORT 03.13062 55 of 84

TABLE 25. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC ELEMENTAL/ORGANIC CARBON 

EMISSIONS BASED ON FILTER COLLECTION FROM EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

Elemental/Organic Carbon, mg/hp-hr 

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of Repeats EC OC EC OC EC OC EC OC 

Avg 0.13 4.70 0.34 2.67 0.00 4.08 0.12 3.10 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.04 0.32 0.33 1.41 0.00 0.52 0.01 0.09 

COV 27% 7% 97% 53% 0% 13% 9% 3% 

Avg 0.08 3.58 0.28 3.24 0.00 3.16 0.05 2.67 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.12 0.50 0.11 0.59 0.00 0.41 0.05 0.17 

COV 144% 14% 37% 18% 0% 13% 91% 6% 

Avg 0.12 16.79 0.66 21.49 N/A N/A 0.00 10.48 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 0.04 0.68 0.93 3.24 N/A N/A 0.00 0.87 

COV 34% 4% 141% 15% N/A N/A 0% 8% 

Avg 0.31 3.11 0.68 3.68 N/A N/A 0.00 1.39 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.00 0.19 0.18 0.01 N/A N/A 0.00 0.07 

COV 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 N/A N/A 0.0 0.1 

Avg 0.20 1.53 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.22 0.52 

16 Hour 3 Stdev 0.03 0.40 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.01 

COV 14% 26% 12% 15% 21% 7% 16% 2% 

Avg 0.00 0.05 0.28 3.24 0.00 3.16 0.05 2.67 

TB 3 Stdev 0.00 0.01 0.11 0.59 0.00 0.41 0.05 0.17 

COV 130% 13% 37% 18% 0% 13% 91% 6% 

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Organic Carbon, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 4.70 2.67 4.08 3.10

FTP-wo 3.58 3.24 3.16 2.67

CARBx-ICT 16.79 21.49 0.00 10.48

CARBz-CH 3.11 3.68 0.00 1.39

16 Hour 1.53 0.24 0.26 0.52

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 36. AVERAGE ORGANIC CARBON EMISSIONS BASED ON FILTER 

COLLECTION FROM EXPOSURE CHAMBER 
REPORT 03.13062 56 of 84

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Elemental Carbon, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.13 0.34 0.00 0.12

FTP-wo 0.08 0.28 0.00 0.05

CARBx-ICT 0.12 0.66 0.00 0.00

CARBz-CH 0.31 0.68 0.00 0.00

16 Hour 0.20 0.27 0.26 0.22

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 37. AVERAGE ELEMENTAL CARBON EMISSIONS BASED ON FILTER 

COLLECTION FROM EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

5.7.3 DMM-Based Total PM Mass-Exposure Chamber 

Table 26 and Figure 38 summarize the DMM-based PM emissions for all engines and 

cycles tested. The DMM was very sensitive to regeneration events, particularly during the 16-

Hour cycle, and also for the regeneration that occurred during CARBz-CH for Engine A. 

Overall, the DMM gave higher PM mass emissions than that reported using the filterbased method, particularly when regeneration events occurred. This may be due to the high 

number of small particles generated during the active regeneration event, some of which may 

have diffused to the upper stages of the DMM, giving an apparent higher PM result. 

5.7.4 MSS-Based Soot Mass-Exposure Chamber 

Table 27 and Figure 39 summarize the soot emission results measured by the MSS. The 

soot concentration in the exposure chamber was very low -- on the order of 8 μg/m3, which is 

close to the detection limit of the MSS (~5 μg/m). Since the elemental carbon concentration was 

so low, the MSS measured directly from the exposure chamber without any addition of dilution 

air from its conditioning unit. For the FTP, the soot emissions were very low -- on the order of 

one percent of the total PM. 
REPORT 03.13062 57 of 84

TABLE 26. DMM-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

DMM-Mass, g/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.0005 0.0070 0.0003 0.0007 

2 0.0005 0.0011 0.0002 0.0007 

3 0.0005 0.0010 0.0002 0.0000 

Avg 0.0005 0.0030 0.0002 0.0005 

Stdev 0.0000 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 

FTP-w 

COV 0.8% 114.0% 29.4% 86.9% 

1 0.0000 0.0009 0.0002 0.0004 

2 0.0001 0.0008 0.0000 0.0004 

3 0.0002 0.0007 0.0000 0.0004 

Avg 0.0001 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004 

Stdev 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 

FTP-wo 

COV 96.1% 7.9% 173.2% 7.7% 

1 0.0016 0.0006 N/A 0.0060 

2 0.0019 0.0006 N/A 0.0008 

Avg 0.0017 0.0006 N/A 0.0034 

Stdev 0.0002 0.0000 N/A 0.0037 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 12.9% 0.3% N/A 108.1% 

1 0.0019 0.0007 N/A 0.0003 

2 0.0357 0.0007 N/A 0.0003 

Avg 0.0188 0.0007 N/A 0.0003 

Stdev 0.0239 0.0000 N/A 0.0000 

CARBz-CH 

COV 127.3% 4.9% N/A 1.9% 

1 0.0062 0.0033 0.0034 0.0044 

2 0.0055 0.0059 0.0034 0.0006 

3 0.0112 0.0066 0.0008 0.0027 

Avg 0.0076 0.0053 0.0049 0.0026 

Stdev 0.0031 0.0017 0.0064 0.0019 

16-Hour 

COV 41.0% 32.4% 130.1% 75.0% 

0.0000

0.0050

0.0100

0.0150

0.0200

DMM (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.0005 0.0030 0.0002 0.0005

FTP-wo 0.0001 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004

CARBx-ICT 0.0017 0.0006 0.0000 0.0034

CARBz-CH 0.0188 0.0007 0.0000 0.0003

16-Hour 0.0076 0.0053 0.0049 0.0026

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 38. AVERAGE DMM-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 
REPORT 03.13062 58 of 84

TABLE 27. MSS-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC SOOT MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

MSS-Soot, g/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.0008 0.0013 0.0004 0.0004 

2 0.0008 0.0011 0.0003 0.0003 

3 - 0.0009 0.0003 0.0000 

Avg 0.0008 0.0011 0.0004 0.0002 

Stdev 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 

FTP-w 

COV 1.6% 17.1% 15.8% 86.9% 

1 0.0008 0.0010 0.0004 0.0003 

2 0.0008 0.0010 0.0003 0.0003 

3 0.0008 0.0011 0.0003 0.0003 

Avg 0.0008 0.0010 0.0003 0.0003 

Stdev 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 

FTP-wo 

COV 3.0% 5.7% 11.7% 9.1% 

1 - 0.0021 N/A 0.0006 

2 0.0019 0.0021 N/A 0.0003 

Avg 0.0019 0.0021 N/A 0.0004 

Stdev - 0.0000 N/A 0.0002 

CARBx-ICT 

COV - 0.1% N/A 56.8% 

1 0.0005 0.0008 N/A 0.0002 

2 0.0006 0.0009 N/A 0.0002 

Avg 0.0006 0.0008 N/A 0.0002 

Stdev 0.0001 0.0001 N/A 0.0000 

CARBz-CH 

COV 12.0% 7.3% N/A 11.7% 

1 0.0008 0.0010 0.0005 0.0005 

2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0005 0.0002 

3 0.0007 0.0009 0.0004 0.0006 

Avg 0.0007 0.0009 0.0004 0.0004 

Stdev 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 

16-Hour 

COV 3.8% 14.6% 8.9% 42.2% 

0.0000

0.0005

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

MSSSoot (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.0008 0.0011 0.0004 0.0002

FTP-wo 0.0008 0.0010 0.0003 0.0003

CARBx-ICT 0.0019 0.0021 0 0.0004

CARBz-CH 0.0006 0.0008 0 0.0002

16-Hour 0.0007 0.0009 0.0004 0.0004

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 39. AVERAGE MSS-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC SOOT MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 
REPORT 03.13062 59 of 84

5.7.5 EEPS-Based Particle Mass-Exposure Chamber 

Table 28 and Figure 40 show the EEPS-based PM mass emissions from the exposure 

chamber. PM mass was calculated assuming spherical particles with a density of 1 g/cm3. The 

EEPS-based mass emissions were generally on the order of 20 to 75 percent of the PM emissions 

reported using the exposure chamber filter method. 

TABLE 28. EEPS-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

EEPS-Mass, g/hp-hr Test Cycle Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 0.00070 0.00084 0.00019 0.00028 

2 0.00069 0.00056 0.00023 0.00030 

3 0.00069 0.00045 0.00015 0.00028 

Avg 0.00069 0.00062 0.00019 0.00028 

Stdev 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 

FTP-w 

COV 0.5% 32.4% 21.5% 4.0% 

1 0.00020 0.00049 0.00019 0.00018 

2 - 0.00045 0.00011 0.00021 

3 0.00096 0.00054 0.00018 0.00020 

Avg 0.00058 0.00049 0.00016 0.00020 

Stdev 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 

FTP-wo 

COV 93.0% 8.8% 26.2% 9.0% 

1 0.00142 0.00046 N/A 0.00054 

2 0.00120 0.00046 N/A 0.00023 

Avg 0.00131 0.00046 N/A 0.00039 

Stdev 0.0002 0.0000 N/A 0.0002 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 11.9% 0.2% N/A 56.8% 

1 0.00371 0.00068 N/A 0.00016 

2 0.00867 0.00041 N/A 0.00018 

Avg 0.00619 0.00055 N/A 0.00017 

Stdev 0.0035 0.0002 N/A 0.0000 

CARBz-CH 

COV 56.7% 34.9% N/A 9.0% 

1 0.00204 0.00096 0.00087 0.00079 

2 0.00184 0.00109 0.00078 0.00024 

3 0.00205 0.00113 0.00033 0.00061 

Avg 0.00198 0.00106 0.00066 0.00054 

Stdev 0.0001 0.0001 0.00030 0.0003 

16-Hour 

COV 6.0% 8.2% 44.3% 51.2% 
REPORT 03.13062 60 of 84

0.00000

0.00200

0.00400

0.00600

EEPS-Mass (avg), g/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.00069 0.00062 0.00019 0.00028

FTP-wo 0.00058 0.00049 0.00016 0.00020

CARBx-ICT 0.00131 0.00046 0 0.00039

CARBz-CH 0.00619 0.00055 0 0.00017

16-Hour 0.00198 0.00106 0.00106 0.00054

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 40. AVERAGE EEPS-BASED PM MASS EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

5.7.6 EEPS-Based Particle Number-Exposure Chamber 

Table 29 and Figure 41 summarize the data on brake-specific PM number emissions in 

the exposure chamber. Particle number emissions were extremely sensitive to regeneration 

events. For Engine A, FTP-wo, where active regeneration events took place during a small 

portion of the cycle, the average particle number emissions was at least one order of magnitude 

higher than the average reported for the FTP-w, where no regeneration events occurred. The 

same thing can be said for Engine A, CARBz-CH, compared to the other ACES engines. For the 

16-Hour cycle, the average particle number emission level was at least one order of magnitude 

higher than the FTP cycle because of the regeneration events that occurred during a fraction of 

the 16-Hour cycle. These ranged from less than 30 minutes to a few hours, depending on each 

engine manufacturer’s regeneration strategy. Since the elemental carbon measured by the OC/EC 

method and the soot measured by the MSS remained low even during active regeneration, one 

can hypothesize that the majority of particle number emissions are volatile PM. 

The effect of blow-by can also be seen with particle number measurement during the FTP 

transient runs, particularly for Engine C and D, where the average particle number emissions 

with blow-by were a factor of 2 to 7 higher than those without blow-by. Engine B showed a 

small increase -- on the order of 37 percent. For Engine A, no active regeneration took place for 

the without blow-by case, so no such comparison was made. 
REPORT 03.13062 61 of 84

TABLE 29. EEPS-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM NUMBER EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 

Particle Number, part./hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Test 

Number Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

1 4.48E+12 5.11E+12 1.83E+12 5.12E+12 

2 4.78E+12 3.26E+12 4.26E+12 5.02E+12 

3 5.16E+12 2.63E+12 6.81E+11 4.86E+12 

Avg 4.81E+12 3.67E+12 2.26E+12 5.00E+12 

Stdev 3.41E+11 1.29E+12 1.83E+12 1.31E+11 

FTP-w 

COV 7.1% 35.1% 81.0% 2.6% 

1 4.52E+13 2.78E+12 6.09E+11 6.51E+11 

2 - 2.58E+12 5.66E+11 7.10E+11 

3 4.75E+13 2.63E+12 1.72E+12 7.16E+11 

Avg 4.64E+13 2.66E+12 9.65E+11 6.92E+11 

Stdev 1.63E+12 1.06E+11 6.53E+11 3.58E+10 

FTP-wo 

COV 3.5% 4.0% 67.7% 5.2% 

1 2.90E+12 2.14E+12 N/A 4.16E+12 

2 3.40E+12 2.15E+12 N/A 1.91E+12 

Avg 3.15E+12 2.15E+12 N/A 3.03E+12 

Stdev 3.53E+11 7.51E+09 N/A 1.59E+12 

CARBx-ICT 

COV 11.2% 0.3% N/A 52.4% 

1 1.36E+14 2.04E+12 N/A 3.21E+12 

2 3.68E+14 2.37E+12 N/A 3.33E+12 

Avg 2.52E+14 2.21E+12 N/A 3.27E+12 

Stdev 1.64E+14 2.35E+11 N/A 9.06E+10 

CARBz-CH 

COV 65.1% 10.6% N/A 2.8% 

1 4.34E+13 4.82E+13 1.82E+13 2.48E+13 

2 3.90E+13 6.54E+13 2.18E+13 4.55E+12 

3 4.14E+13 5.59E+13 9.74E+12 2.47E+13 

Avg 4.13E+13 5.65E+13 2.45E+13 1.80E+13 

Stdev 2.18E+12 8.62E+12 3.93E+13 1.17E+13 

16-Hour 

COV 5.3% 15.3% 160.6% 64.8% 

0.00E+00

5.00E+13

1.00E+14

1.50E+14

2.00E+14

2.50E+14

3.00E+14

EEPS Number (avg), Part./hp-hr

FTP-w 4.81E+12 3.67E+12 2.26E+12 5.00E+12

FTP-wo 4.64E+13 2.66E+12 9.65E+11 6.92E+11

CARBx-ICT 3.15E+12 2.15E+12 0 3.03E+12

CARBz-CH 2.52E+14 2.21E+12 0 3.27E+12

16-Hour 4.13E+13 5.65E+13 2.45E+13 1.80E+13

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 41. AVERAGE EEPS-BASED BRAKE-SPECIFIC PM NUMBER EMISSIONS - 

EXPOSURE CHAMBER 
REPORT 03.13062 62 of 84

5.7.7 Metals and Other Elements 

Table 30 shows a summary of total elements for all engines and cycles. It is important to 

note that the majority of the elements detected for the FTP, CARBx-ICT, and CARBz-CH were 

below the limit of detection for the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis technique. Only the 16-

Hour cycle presents data where the detected level was above the uncertainty level for certain 

elements (Figure 42). A more detailed list is included in Appendix D. Lube oil-derived 

elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and zinc were observed, with the highest 

emissions from sulfur, which is also a fuel component. No vanadium was observed. Copper was 

only detected with the 16-Hour cycle. 

TABLE 30. TOTAL ELEMENTAL BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Total Elements, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 805 1950 811 1449 

FTP-w Stdev 11 49 68 98 a 3 

COV 1% 3% 8% 7% 

Avg 745 2011 804 1343 

FTP-wo Stdev 71 217 14 297 a 3 

COV 9% 11% 2% 22% 

Avg 3004 4293 3082 3592 

CARBx-ICT Stdev 814 67 972 526 a 2 

COV 27% 2% 32% 15% 

Avg 1625 587 551 393 

CARBz-CH Stdev 570 38 281 33 a 2 

COV 35% 6% 51% 8% 

Avg 413 541 185 376 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 62 85 109 77 

COV 15% 16% 59% 21% a

 The great majority of the metallic elements detected were below the limit of the detection method. 
REPORT 03.13062 63 of 84

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Elements Emissions, μg/hp-hr

Engine A 27.99 1.99 2.41 1.67 16.02 32.22 12.61 12.32 0.28 5.29

Engine B 32.53 3.34 2.97 0.81 20.59 44.87 5.15 16.95 0.38 0.92

Engine C 10.87 3.78 1.98 2.12 5.62 13.78 6.09 4.79 0.26 0.70

Engine D 26.26 5.27 2.59 4.06 11.13 25.77 22.00 26.70 0.60 3.71

Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorou

s Sulfur/10 Calcium Iron Copper Zinc 

FIGURE 42. AVERAGE BRAKE-SPECIFIC ELEMENTS EMISSIONS FOR 16-HOUR 

CYCLE (ELEMENTS SHOWN ARE ABOVE LIMIT OF DETECTION) 

5.8 Inorganic Ions Emissions 

 Inorganic ions were detected mainly in the 16-Hour cycle. Sulfate was the only ionic 

species that was detected in the particle phase. Inorganic ions collected in deionized water 

downstream of the sample filter were analyzed for chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, ammonium, 

and hydrogen ions, and pH. Only nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate, besides hydrogen ions, were 

detected in the water. 

 Figure 43 shows the brake-specific emissions of total inorganic ions (gas and particle 

phase), excluding hydrogen ions. Particle phase sulfate was two to three times higher than gas 

phase sulfate, except for Engine C, where the two had a similar level. Nitrate and nitrite were 

detected in the water downstream of the filter but neither of these species was observed on the 

filter. The average pH of the deionized water after collection during the 16-Hour cycle was 

about 4, as shown in Figure 44, suggesting that the solution was acidic. Figure 45 shows a 

comparison between measured filter-based sulfate as measured by IC and calculated sulfate from 

sulfur measured by the XRF method. Trends as well as the absolute emission levels were very 

similar between measured and calculated sulfate. Figure 46 shows a correlation between 

measured filter-based sulfate and sulfur. Good linear regression was observed with a coefficient 

of determination (R2

) of 0.93. The slope of the linear regression was 3, the same as the 

multiplier used to convert elemental sulfur into sulfate. This suggests that all the sulfur on the 

filter is in the form of SO4

2-; providing evidence that there is little non-sulfate sulfur in the 

collected PM. In general, a large portion of PM emitted from 2007 engines is sulfate, which is 

derived from sulfur in the fuel and lube oil. 
REPORT 03.13062 64 of 84

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Inorganic Ions, mg/hp-hr

Total Inorganic Ions 4.77 4.24 2.99 3.17

Gas Phase Nitrate 1.23 1.39 0.72 0.68

Gas Phase Nitrite 1.71 1.18 1.49 1.36

Gas Phase Sulfate 0.64 0.31 0.52 0.31

Particle Phase Sulfate 1.19 1.37 0.43 0.93

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

FIGURE 43. GAS AND PARTICLE PHASE INORGANIC IONS BRAKE-SPECIFIC 

EMISSIONS FOR THE 16-HOUR CYCLE 

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

Average pH for 16-Hour Cycle

N/A

FIGURE 44. AVERAGE DEIONIZED WATER PH AFTER DILUTE EXHAUST 

COLLECTION DURING THE 16-HOUR CYCLE 
REPORT 03.13062 65 of 84

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Sulfate Ions, mg/hp-hr

Measured Particle Phase

Sulfate

1.19 1.37 0.43 0.93

Calculated Sulfate from

Sulfur on Filter

0.97 1.35 0.41 0.77

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

FIGURE 45. MEASURED AND CALCULATED SULFATE PM FOR THE 16-HOUR 

CYCLE 

y = 3.0396x + 0.0909

R2

 = 0.9379

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Measured Sulfur (XRF), mg/hp-hr

Measured Sulfate (IC), mg/hp-hr

FIGURE 46. CORRELATION BETWEEN MEASURED FILTER-BASED SULFATE 

AND SULFUR 
REPORT 03.13062 66 of 84

5.9 Carbonyl Emissions 

 Carbonyl compounds were detected mainly for the 16-Hour cycle and for the CARBxICT cycle. Figures 47 and 48 and Tables 31 and 32 show the carbonyl emissions species for all 

engines for the 16-Hour cycle and CARBx-ICT. Carbonyl emissions were dominated mainly by 

formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Detailed carbonyl data are included in Appendix E. Figure 49 

shows total carbonyl emissions for all engines and cycles. Brake-specific carbonyl emissions 

were the highest for the CARBx-ICT cycle. Generally, carbonyl compounds are either reported 

as negative values due to background subtraction or zero if the detection is below the laboratory 

blank. 

5.10 Selected Hydrocarbon Speciation-C1-C12

 Table 33 and Figure 50 summarize the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

mixed xylenes) emissions for the different engines and cycles. The lowest emission levels were 

from the 16-Hour cycle and ranged from 0.35 mg/hp-hr to 1.2 mg/hp-hr. CARBx-ICT again 

showed the highest emission levels. The highest emissions in the BTEX group were for m-& pxylene. As for the other compounds, 1,3-butadiene was detected only for CARBx-ICT cycle. 

Ethylene was the highest hydrocarbon species emitted for the CARBx-ICT cycle, followed by 

propylene, on the order of 88 and 22 mg/hp-hr, respectively. 

5.11 PAH Emissions 

 Table 34 and Figure 51 show a summary of total PAH, excluding any oxyPAH and 

nitroPAH. The sum of total brake-specific PAH emissions are the lowest for the CARBz-CH, 

which is the highest loaded cycle. The lightest loaded cycle, CARBx-ICT, showed the highest 

PAH emissions. PAH emissions were dominated by gas phase PAHs, and the largest 

contributors were naphthalene and F-trimethylnaphthalene (unspecified trimethyl naphthalene). 

Generally, higher molecular weight PAHs up to 4-ring showed higher emissions in the gas phase, 

compared to the particle phase. PAHs higher than 4-rings were mainly undetected. 

 Note that the tunnel blank (TB) PAH was based on a 20-minute run using the cycle work 

value of the FTP transient cycle. So, it is comparable with the FTP. The background (BG) run is 

based on a 16-Hour collection of CVS dilution air, from downstream of the HEPA filter. Note 

that the total PAH for the tunnel blank is similar to the levels with the FTP cycles. For the 16-

Hour cycle, the BG emissions represents 50 to 100 percent of the 16-Hour cycle emissions. 

5.12 OxyPAH Emissions 

 Table 35 and Figure 52 summarize the total oxyPAH emissions. Note that the sum of 

oxyPAHs is considerably lower than that of the PAHs. 

 The TB was comparable with FTP emission levels, but the 16-Hour cycle level was three 

to six times higher than that reported for BG dilution air, suggesting that oxyPAH formation is 

associated with engine operation or perhaps artifact formation during the long 16-Hour cycle. It 

is important to note that the oxyPAH emissions are reported in units of μg/hp-hr, while the total 

PAH emissions are reported in units of mg/hp-hr. 
REPORT 03.13062 67 of 84

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

Formaldehyde

Acetaldehyde

Acrolein

Acetone

Propionaldehyde

Crotonaldehyde

Isobutyraldehyde

MEK

Benzaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Valeraldehyde

o-Tolualdehyde

m/p-Tolualdehyde

Hexanaldehyde

Dimethylbenzaldehyde

Brake -Specific Carbonyls Emissions (mg/hp-hr)

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

FIGURE 47. CARBONYL COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FOR 16-

HOUR CYCLE 

-10.00

10.00

30.00

50.00

70.00

90.00

110.00

130.00

150.00

Formaldehyde

Acetaldehyde

Acrolein

Acetone

Propionaldehyde

Crotonaldehyde

Isobutyraldehyde

MEK

Benzaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Valeraldehyde

o-Tolualdehyde

m/p-Tolualdehyde

Hexanaldehyde

Dimethylbenzaldehyde

Brake-Specific Carbonyl Emissions (mg/hp-hr)

Engine A Engine B Engine D

FIGURE 48. CARBONYL COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FOR 

CARBX-ICT 
REPORT 03.13062 68 of 84

TABLE 31. CARBONYL COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FOR 

16-HOUR CYCLE 

Brake Specific Carbonyls, mg/hp-hr, 16-Hour cycle 

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev 

Formaldehyde 1.69 1.44 0.96 0.25 3.34 3.40 1.63 1.11

Acetaldehyde 0.85 0.73 0.24 0.14 0.77 0.89 0.57 0.36

Acrolein 0.17 0.18 0.09 0.09 -0.93 2.35 0.09 0.06

Acetone 0.47 1.15 -0.07 0.17 -0.02 0.36 0.03 0.07

Propionaldehyde 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.02 -0.62 1.54 -0.01 0.04

Crotonaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00

Isobutyraldehyde 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.06

MEK 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.06

Benzaldehyde 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.01

Isovaleraldehyde 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

Valeraldehyde 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.03

o-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

m/p-Tolualdehyde 0.22 0.21 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04

Hexanaldehyde 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.01

Dimethylbenzaldehyde 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Negative values are due to background subtraction 

Zero is reported if the measurement is below the analytical laboratory blank value 

TABLE 32. CARBONYL COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FOR 

CARBX-ICT 

Brake Specific Carbonyls, mg/hp-hr, 16-Hour cycle 

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev Avg. Stdev 

Formaldehyde 118.16 8.78 15.33 2.04 N/A N/A 43.74 20.03

Acetaldehyde 54.00 3.91 5.78 0.66 N/A N/A 15.73 6.95

Acrolein 9.76 2.25 0.79 0.04 N/A N/A 3.55 1.21

Acetone 119.55 4.52 -0.18 0.00 N/A N/A 5.66 7.05

Propionaldehyde 11.67 0.33 0.29 0.45 N/A N/A 1.82 0.44

Crotonaldehyde 4.92 1.85 -0.55 0.15 N/A N/A 5.00 1.59

Isobutyraldehyde 3.67 1.28 0.25 0.03 N/A N/A 0.75 0.31

MEK 3.67 1.28 0.25 0.03 N/A N/A 0.76 0.32

Benzaldehyde 3.70 0.51 0.37 0.17 N/A N/A 1.22 0.84

Isovaleraldehyde 2.38 0.39 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A 0.56 0.09

Valeraldehyde 3.73 0.17 0.03 0.04 N/A N/A 0.85 0.09

o-Tolualdehyde 1.07 0.41 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A 0.94 0.36

m/p-Tolualdehyde 3.47 0.17 0.11 0.15 N/A N/A 0.45 0.43

Hexanaldehyde 0.96 0.15 0.12 0.17 N/A N/A 0.18 0.21

Dimethylbenzaldehyde 1.62 2.15 0.06 0.09 N/A N/A 0.55 0.78

Negative values are due to background subtraction 

Zero is reported if the measurement is below the analytical laboratory blank value 
REPORT 03.13062 69 of 84

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Brake-Specific Total Carbonyls (mg/hp-hr)

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

Engine A 0.16 0.74 342.34 10.12 3.98

Engine B 0.71 0.74 22.66 0.50 1.54

Engine C 1.48 0.40 0.00 0.00 2.73

Engine D 1.01 0.49 81.76 0.11 2.47

FTP-w FTP-wo CARBx-ICT CARBz-CH 16-Hour

 N/A

FIGURE 49. TOTAL CARBONYL COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FOR 

ALL ENGINES AND CYCLES

TABLE 33. TOTAL BTEX COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

BTEX, mg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 0.67 0.88 3.06 0.49 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.36 0.23 1.27 0.40 

COV 53.0% 26.1% 41.4% 81.2% 

Avg 0.61 1.20 0.01 0.25 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.26 1.38 0.02 0.05 

COV 42.5% 115.4% 173.2% 20.2% 

Avg 4.08 5.25 N/A 11.15 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 0.11 1.75 N/A 3.50 

COV 2.7% 33.3% N/A 31.4% 

Avg 0.63 1.32 N/A 0.95 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.28 0.05 N/A 0.15 

COV 44.8% 4.1% N/A 15.6% 

Avg 0.35 1.20 0.81 0.69 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 0.11 0.22 0.14 0.17 

COV 32.8% 18.5% 16.8% 24.3% 
REPORT 03.13062 70 of 84

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

BTEX, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.67 0.88 3.06 0.49

FTP-wo 0.61 1.20 0.01 0.25

CARBx-ICT 4.08 5.25 0.00 11.15

CARBz-CH 0.63 1.32 0.00 0.95

16-Hour 0.35 1.20 0.81 0.69

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 50. AVERAGE TOTAL BTEX COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

FOR DIFFERENT ENGINES AND CYCLES 

TABLE 34. SUMMARY OF PAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Total PAH, mg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 1.01 1.00 3.17 1.23 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.03 0.24 0.79 0.16 

COV 3.2% 24.3% 24.9% 12.8% 

Avg 0.97 1.02 1.19 1.35 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.55 0.10 0.13 0.26 

COV 56.2% 9.6% 11.2% 19.5% 

Avg 13.48 4.12 N/A 20.86 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 5.64 0.14 N/A 2.48 

COV 41.8% 3.3% N/A 11.9% 

Avg 0.79 0.68 N/A 0.92 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.02 0.05 N/A 0.18 

COV 3.0% 8.1% N/A 19.4% 

Avg 0.56 0.75 0.86 0.81 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 0.08 0.06 0.43 0.25 

COV 13.7% 8.0% 49.8% 30.8% 

Avg 0.92 0.51 1.00 1.23 

TB 3 Stdev 0.25 0.10 0.34 0.84 

COV 27.6% 20.3% 33.8% 68.6% 

BG 1 Value 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.40 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values 

reported were included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or 

below the limit of detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the 

limit of detection and can contribute to the total sum. 
REPORT 03.13062 71 of 84

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Total PAH, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 1.01 1.00 3.17 1.23

FTP-wo 0.97 1.02 1.19 1.35

CARBx-ICT 13.48 4.12 0.00 20.86

CARBz-CH 0.79 0.68 0.00 0.92

16-Hour 0.56 0.75 0.86 0.81

TB 0.92 0.51 1.00 1.23

BG 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.40

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 51. PAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

 TABLE 35. SUMMARY OF OXYPAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

OxyPAH, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 5.66 4.68 5.09 2.26 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.39 4.00 4.87 1.47 

COV 6.8% 85.5% 95.8% 65.1% 

Avg 11.29 5.37 2.86 2.71 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 8.88 1.26 1.69 0.54 

COV 78.7% 23.5% 59.1% 19.8% 

Avg 29.80 16.63 N/A 47.20 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 16.67 0.70 N/A 11.02 

COV 55.9% 4.2% N/A 23.4% 

Avg 2.62 2.51 N/A 0.78 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 1.18 0.19 N/A 0.30 

COV 45.1% 7.7% N/A 39.0% 

Avg 6.25 5.96 3.76 3.29 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 1.08 0.68 1.84 0.76 

COV 17.2% 11.5% 49.0% 23.0% 

Avg 3.61 1.55 3.45 3.38 

TB 3 Stdev 2.23 0.64 4.11 3.26 

COV 61.8% 41.4% 119.1% 96.6% 

BG 1 Value 1.07 1.05 1.10 0.98 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values reported 

were included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or below the 

limit of detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the limit of 

detection and can contribute to the total sum. 
REPORT 03.13062 72 of 84

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Oxy PAH, μg/hp-hr

FTP-w 5.66 4.68 5.09 2.26

FTP-wo 11.29 5.37 2.86 2.71

CARBx-ICT 29.80 16.63 0.00 47.20

CARBz-CH 2.62 2.51 0.00 0.78

16-Hour 6.25 5.96 3.76 3.29

TB 3.61 1.55 3.45 3.38

BG 1.07 1.05 1.10 0.98

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

FIGURE 52. OXYPAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

5.13 NitroPAH Emissions 

Table 36 and Figure 53 show total brake-specific nitroPAH emissions. NitroPAH 

emissions for the 16-Hour cycle were a factor of 2 to 3 times higher than background levels. 

Also, FTP cycle emissions were more than a factor of 20 higher than the tunnel blank, but due to 

measurement uncertainty at such as low emission level, no conclusions can be drawn. 

5.14 Alcohol and Organic Acid Compound Emissions 

Table 37 and Figure 54 show a summary of alcohol and organic acid compound brakespecific emissions. For the 16-Hour cycle, alcohol and organic compound emissions were a 

factor of 43 to 100 higher than background. For the FTP, the emissions were only a factor of 1.1 

to 4.3 higher than a tunnel blank. This suggests that during a short sampling time of 20 minutes, 

the outgassing of material can have a major contribution to the reported emissions value for 

cycles like the FTP, CARBx-ICT, and CARBz-CH. 

5.15 Hopanes/Steranes Emissions 

Table 38 and Figure 55, and Table 39 and Figure 56 summarize the results for hopanes and 

steranes. Hopanes and steranes were found in the lube oil. Since the FTP ran with and without 

blow-by, one would expect that the runs without blow-by would have had lower hopanes and 

steranes emissions. That was the case for Engines A, B, and D. Only Engine C had lower 

hopanes and steranes emissions when the engine ran with blow-by added to the exhaust. There 

were very little hopanes and steranes measured in the background air. 

N/A
REPORT 03.13062 73 of 84

TABLE 36. SUMMARY OF NITROPAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

NitroPAH, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 2.36 1.51 4.17 0.57 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.08 0.44 0.57 0.34 

COV 3.5% 29.2% 13.6% 59.0% 

Avg 1.65 1.89 1.05 0.06 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 1.22 0.96 0.69 0.06 

COV 73.7% 50.6% 65.9% 93.2% 

Avg 7.71 7.83 N/A 10.86 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 3.95 1.20 N/A 6.06 

COV 51.3% 0.15 N/A 55.8% 

Avg 1.50 1.91 N/A 0.51 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.44 0.17 N/A 0.05 

COV 29.6% 0.09 N/A 10.3% 

Avg 0.40 0.77 0.86 0.58 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 0.20 0.38 0.23 0.04 

COV 50.5% 49.3% 26.6% 7.5% 

Avg 0.10 0.68 0.26 0.09 

TB 3 Stdev 0.12 0.55 0.30 0.15 

COV 117.0% 81.1% 115.5% 164.6% 

BG 1 Value 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.20 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values reported were 

included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or below the limit of 

detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the limit of detection and can 

contribute to the total sum. 

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

Nitro PAH, μg/hp-hr

FTP-w FTP-wo CARBx-ICT CARBz-CH 16-Hour TB BG

FIGURE 53. NITROPAH COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 74 of 84

 

TABLE 37. SUMMARY OF ALCOHOL AND ORGANIC ACID COMPOUND BRAKESPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Alcohol and Organic Acid Compounds, mg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

FTP-w 3 Avg 12.60 8.36 16.14 11.50 

Stdev 4.00 0.91 8.66 1.21 

COV 32% 11% 54% 10% 

Avg 11.88 12.16 9.75 7.92 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 2.50 3.16 5.57 6.04 

COV 21% 26% 57% 76% 

Avg 31.07 18.36 N/A 29.12 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 12.29 6.00 N/A 13.23 

COV 40% 33% N/A 45% 

Avg 7.17 2.84 N/A 2.52 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 1.55 0.19 N/A 0.22 

COV 22% 7% N/A 9% 

Avg 1.43 0.87 1.27 0.99 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 0.28 0.13 0.02 0.14 

COV 19% 15% 2% 15% 

TB 3 Avg 4.55 7.54 3.68 7.79 

Stdev 2.20 2.83 4.71 5.57 

COV 48% 38% 128% 72% 

BG 3 Value 0.084 0.082 0.086 0.077 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values reported were 

included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or below the limit of 

detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the limit of detection and 

can contribute to the total sum.

-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

Polar Compounds, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 12.60 8.36 16.14 11.50

FTP-wo 11.88 12.16 9.75 7.92

CARBx-ICT 31.07 18.36 0.00 29.12

CARBz-CH 7.17 2.84 0.00 2.52

16-Hour 1.43 0.87 1.27 0.99

TB 4.55 7.54 3.68 7.79

BG 0.084 0.082 0.086 0.077

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

N/A

FIGURE 54. ALCOHOL AND ORGANIC ACID COMPOUNDS BRAKE-SPECIFIC 

EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 75 of 84

TABLE 38. HOPANES BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Total Hopanes, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 1.93 0.38 0.11 0.78 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.25 0.10 0.02 0.07 

COV 13.0% 26.0% 18.7% 8.7% 

Avg 0.65 0.22 0.48 0.58 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.23 0.05 0.10 0.04 

COV 35.7% 24.0% 21.6% 6.2% 

Avg 4.18 0.73 N/A 2.34 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 2.05 0.02 N/A 0.29 

COV 49.0% 2.7% N/A 12.5% 

Avg 0.79 0.14 N/A 0.31 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.14 0.00 N/A 0.02 

COV 17.8% 0.4% N/A 7.1% 

Avg 2.15 0.10 0.10 0.22 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 1.39 0.01 0.01 0.07 

COV 64.9% 8.8% 12.0% 29.9% 

Avg 0.97 0.07 0.07 0.49 

TB 3 Stdev 0.58 0.02 0.02 0.22 

COV 60.0% 28.3% 28.3% 45.3% 

BG 1 Value 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values reported were 

included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or below the limit of 

detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the limit of detection and can 

contribute to the total sum.

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Total Hopanes, μg/hp-hr

FTP-w 1.93 0.38 0.11 0.78

FTP-wo 0.65 0.22 0.48 0.58

CARBx-ICT 4.18 0.73 0.00 2.34

CARBz-CH 0.79 0.14 0.00 0.31

16-Hour 2.15 0.10 0.10 0.22

TB 0.97 0.07 0.07 0.49

BG 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 55. AVERAGE HOPANES BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 76 of 84

TABLE 39. STERANES BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Total Steranes, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 0.54 0.14 0.08 0.17 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.04 

COV 17.1% 23.0% 8.2% 22.3% 

Avg 0.17 0.12 0.20 0.09 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.22 0.03 0.12 0.01 

COV 131.2% 21.9% 58.5% 11.6% 

Avg 0.93 0.25 N/A 0.60 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 1.32 0.00 N/A 0.08 

COV 141.4% 0.4% N/A 13.9% 

Avg 0.30 0.06 N/A 0.12 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.03 0.00 N/A 0.00 

COV 11.0% 3.3% N/A 1.1% 

Avg 1.56 0.03 0.05 0.11 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 1.07 0.00 0.01 0.04 

COV 68.7% 12.9% 13.4% 37.6% 

Avg 0.22 0.03 0.03 0.06 

TB 3 Stdev 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.01 

COV 59.8% 83.6% 83.6% 24.3% 

BG 1 Value 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 

Because the analytical lab reported data below the limit of detection, the actual values reported were 

included in the summation, regardless of whether or not the value is above or below the limit of 

detection. Except for the 16-Hour cycle, many compounds were below the limit of detection and can 

contribute to the total sum.

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Total Steranes, μg/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.54 0.14 0.08 0.17

FTP-wo 0.17 0.12 0.20 0.09

CARBx-ICT 0.93 0.25 0.00 0.60

CARBz-CH 0.30 0.06 0.00 0.12

16-Hour 1.56 0.03 0.05 0.11

TB 0.22 0.03 0.03 0.06

BG 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 56. AVERAGE STERANES BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 77 of 84

5.16 Dioxins/Furans Emissions 

 Tables 40, 41, and 42 show the toxic equivalent (TEQ) mass of the 17 dioxin and furan 

compounds, for Engines A, C, and D, respectively. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) is shown 

for each compound, along with the TEQ values in picograms. Essentially, the mass shown in the 

tables is the TEQ mass collected by an 8x10 filter and a PUF XAD during the16-Hour transient 

cycle, and during a 16 hour background air collection. 

Table 43 shows TEQ brake-specific emissions for actual engine operation, background, 

and for net emissions determined by subtracting the background. The net brake-specific 

emissions level was below 0.5 picogram/hp-hr. The total TEQ of dioxins/furans emitted during 

the 16 hour cycle ranged from about 45 to 600 picograms. The average concentration in the 

exposure chamber ranged from about 0.006 to 0.08 picograms per cubic meter. 

In a 1996 and 1998 on-highway diesel truck tunnel study [2], the TEQ was estimated to 

be about 946 picograms per liter of diesel fuel. The calculated TEQ emissions in this work 

ranges from 0.13 to 1.4 picogram per liter of diesel fuel, which represents a greater than 99.9 

percent reduction. 

Table 44 shows the sum of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta- dioxins/furans. Total 

dioxin/furan emissions are a factor of 100 higher than the toxic-equivalent dioxins/furans. 

Table 45 shows the presence of total chlorine in fresh and used lube oil for Engine C and 

D. The concentration by mass is on the order of 120 ppm. Table 46 shows the concentration of 

chlorine and chloride, and total chlorine (sum of chlorine and chloride) in the background air and 

also in engine intake air. Engine intake air is typically humidified with a water spray to meet 

target levels of relative humidity and temperature required by CFR Part 1065. The elevated 

chlorine level in the intake air may be due to the chlorine contained in the water spray. Both 

intake air chlorine and chlorine in the lube oil may contribute to dioxin and furan formation. 

5.17 Cyanide, Sulfide, and Hexavalent Chromium Emissions 

The emissions for cyanide, sulfide, and hexavalent chromium were all below the lowest 

detection limit, which was about 0.6, 11.5, and 0.1 μg/hp-hr, respectively, for the 16-Hour cycle. 

5.18 Nitrosamines Emissions 

Table 47 and Figure 57 show a summary of total nitrosamines. For the 16-Hour cycle, Nnitrosodi-N-methylamine (NDMA) dominated the emissions. For the rest of the cycles and 

engines, the emissions mainly contained N-nitrosodi-N-ethylamine (NDEA) besides NDMA. 

Detailed data are included in Appendix F. 
REPORT 03.13062 78 of 84

TABLE 40. TEQ MASS OF DIOXINS/FURANS COLLECTED DURING 16-HOUR 

CYCLE FOR ENGINE A AND BACKGROUND SAMPLE 

Engine A TEQ Dioxins/Furans, ng/sample 

TEQ Summary 

ANALYTE TEF 

16-Hour Cycle 

XAD 

16-Hour Cycle 

8 x 10 Filter 

16-Hour 

Background 

XAD 

16-Hour Background 

8 x 10 Filter 

2,3,7,8-TCDD 1 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0.5 0 0 0.0314 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.052 0 0 0 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.0908 0 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.1 0.145 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.01 0.0462 0 0.0408 0.0345 

OCDD 0.001 0.02548 0.0177 0.00586 0 

2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 1.56 0.172 0.808 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.05 0.3925 0.04625 0.1155 0 

2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.5 0 0 0.715 1.04 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.248 0.392 0.28 0.351 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.528 0.262 0.1315 0.21 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.1 0 0 0 0 

2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0 0.286 0.0638 0 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.01 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.01 0 0 0 0 

OCDF 0.001 0.00795 0.008 0.00587 0.00257 

Total TEQ, ng/sample 3.10 1.18 2.20 1.64 

TEQ: toxic equivalent mass that is obtained by multiplying the measured mass per sample of a particular compound by the toxic 

equivalent factor (TEF) 

TABLE 41. TEQ MASS OF DIOXINS/FURANS COLLECTED DURING 16-HOUR 

CYCLE FOR ENGINE C AND BACKGROUND SAMPLE 

Engine C TEQ Dioxins/Furans, ng/sample 

TEQ Summary 

ANALYTE TEF 

16-Hour Cycle 

XAD 

16-Hour Cycle 

8 x 10 Filter 

16-Hour 

Background 

XAD 

16-Hour Background 

8 x 10 Filter 

2,3,7,8-TCDD 1 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0.5 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.146 0.21 0 0 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0 0.193 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.1 0.243 0.484 0.164 0 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.01 0.0761 0.0498 0.0505 0.0483 

OCDD 0.001 0.0544 0.0126 0.03328 0.0135 

2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 1.522 0.409 1.041 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.05 0.211 0.149 0.0705 0 

2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.5 4.215 2.48 3.005 1.39 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.825 0.719 0 0 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.296 0 0.1963 0 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.1 0.218 0 0 0 

2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.21 0 0.107 0 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.01 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.01 0.063 0 0 0 

OCDF 0.001 0.00393 0.00715 0.00212 0.00481 

Total TEQ, ng/sample 8.08 4.71 4.67 1.46 

TEQ: toxic equivalent mass that is obtained by multiplying the measured mass per sample of a particular compound by the toxic 

equivalent factor (TEF) 
REPORT 03.13062 79 of 84

TABLE 42. TEQ MASS OF DIOXINS/FURANS COLLECTED DURING 16-HOUR 

CYCLE FOR ENGINE D AND BACKGROUND SAMPLE 

Engine D TEQ Dioxins/Furans, ng/sample 

TEQ Summary 

ANALYTE TEF 

16-Hour Cycle 

XAD 

16-Hour Cycle 

8 x 10 Filter 

16-Hour 

Background 

XAD 

16-Hour Background 

8 x 10 Filter 

2,3,7,8-TCDD 1 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0.5 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.037 0 0 0 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.1 0.088 0 0 0 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.1 0 0.679 0 0 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.01 0.0263 0.0881 0.0369 0.0689 

OCDD 0.001 0.0468 0.0218 0.04597 0.0172 

2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.1 1.282 0.24 0.72 0 

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.05 0.105 0.161 0.182 0 

2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.5 5.69 3.005 0 1.775 

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.3 0 0 0.443 

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0 0.616 0.244 0.304 

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.1 0 0 0 0 

2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.1 0.0912 0 0.149 0.287 

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.01 0 0 0 0 

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0.01 0 0 0 0 

OCDF 0.001 0.00695 0.00426 0.00832 0.00624 

Total TEQ, ng/sample 7.67 4.82 1.39 2.90 

TEQ: toxic equivalent mass that is obtained by multiplying the measured mass per sample of a particular compound by the toxic 

equivalent factor (TEF) 

TABLE 43. TEQ DIOXINS/FURANS BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND 

CONCENTRATION 

Engine 

picogram/hp-hr 

Background 

picogram/hp-hr 

Neta

picogram/hp-hr 

Neta per Cycle 

picograms 

Neta

 Exposure 

Chamber 

picogram/m3 

Engine A 0.36 0.34 0.04 70.72 0.0008 

Engine C 1.51 0.38 1.15 1455.79 0.0161 

Engine D 0.92 0.25 0.68 1282.34 0.0140 

a

 The net value background corrected using Xnet = Xr-(1-1/DR)*Xbg, where Xr is the reported emissions without 

background correction, Xbg is the reported emissions for background, and DR is the average dilution ratio in the CVS 

during the 16-Hour cycle. 
REPORT 03.13062 80 of 84

TABLE 44. TOTAL DIOXINS/FURANS BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND 

CONCENTRATION 

Engine 

picogram/hp-hr 

Background 

picogram/hp-hr 

Neta

picogram/hp-hr 

Neta per Cycle 

picograms 

Neta

 Exposure 

Chamber 

picogram/m3 

Engine A 35.43 11.59 24.42 42732.34 0.4869 

Engine C 30.55 15.58 15.71 19845.59 0.2199 

Engine D 32.01 9.82 22.61 42609.63 0.4654 

a

 The net value background corrected using Xnet = Xr-(1-1/DR)*Xbg, where Xr is the reported emissions without 

background correction, Xbg is the reported emissions for background, and DR is the average dilution ratio in the CVS 

during the 16-Hour cycle.

TABLE 45. TOTAL CHLORINE IN ENGINE LUBRICANT 

SwRI Code Source Result, mg/kg 

EM-3275-EO New Oil 120 

EM-3277-EO Engine C 124 

EM-3282-EO Engine D 130 

Duplicate result Engine D 133 

TABLE 46. TOTAL CHLORINE IN AIR 

Chlorine, 

Cl2, μg/m3 

Chloride, 

Cl-, μg/m3 

Total Chlorine, 

μg/m3 

C16H-62 Engine C Intake Air 85 98 183 

C16H-62-BG 61 75 136 

D16H60 Engine D Intake Air 82 94 176 

D16H60-BG 124 <69 ~158 
REPORT 03.13062 81 of 84

TABLE 47. NITROSAMINES BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

Nitrosamines, μg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number 

of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 168.0 137.6 73.5 429.6 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 199.6 87.5 11.8 203.3 

COV 119% 64% 16% 47% 

Avg N/A 105.0 118.2 179.0 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev N/A 64.8 78.7 310.0 

COV N/A 61.7% 66.6% 173.2% 

Avg 442.8 60.3 N/A 839.5 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 626.2 85.2 N/A 1187.2 

COV 141% 141% N/A 141% 

Avg 114.6 86.0 N/A 29.6 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 89.3 36.8 N/A 0.2 

COV 78% 43% N/A 1% 

Avg 46.5 107.7 100.6 26.6 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 14.2 140.9 74.6 8.5 

COV 30% 131% 74% 32% 

-500.0

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

Nitrosamines, μg/hp-hr

FTP-w 168.0 137.6 73.5 429.6

FTP-wo 0.0 105.0 118.2 179.0

CARBx-ICT 442.8 60.3 0.0 839.5

CARBz-CH 114.6 86.0 0.0 29.6

16-Hour 46.5 107.7 100.6 26.6

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

 N/A

FIGURE 57. AVERAGE TOTAL NITROSAMINES EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 82 of 84

5.19 Selected VOC Emissions 

 Table 48 and Figure 58 show the brake-specific emissions of selected VOCs. These 

included carbonyl sulfide (COS), nitromethane, nitroethane, 2-nitropropane, and 1-nitropropane. 

Generally, COS and nitromethane (CH3NO2) dominated the selected VOC compound emissions. 

TABLE 48. SELECTED VOC COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC EMISSIONS 

HVOCs, mg/hp-hr 

Test Cycle 

Number of 

Repeats Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Avg 0.39 3.50 1.79 0.34 

FTP-w 3 Stdev 0.31 3.61 0.98 0.03 

COV 78.5% 103.1% 54.4% 8.6% 

Avg 0.93 7.45 1.07 0.45 

FTP-wo 3 Stdev 0.29 11.01 0.73 0.19 

COV 30.9% 147.8% 67.6% 41.0% 

Avg 6.97 2.57 N/A 1.86 

CARBx-ICT 2 Stdev 4.98 1.76 N/A 0.44 

COV 71.4% 68.5% N/A 23.9% 

Avg 1.29 3.50 N/A 2.28 

CARBz-CH 2 Stdev 0.44 0.19 N/A 0.50 

COV 34.3% 5.5% N/A 22.0% 

Avg 2.87 1.02 0.17 0.95 

16-Hour 3 Stdev 1.92 0.00 0.29 0.41 

COV 66.8% 0.2% 173.2% 42.8% 

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

Volatile Organic Compound, mg/hp-hr

FTP-w 0.39 3.50 1.79 0.34

FTP-wo 0.93 7.45 1.07 0.45

CARBx-ICT 6.97 2.57 0.00 1.86

CARBz-CH 1.29 3.50 0.00 2.28

16-Hour 2.87 1.02 0.17 0.95

Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D

 N/A

FIGURE 58. AVERAGE SELECTED VOC COMPOUND BRAKE-SPECIFIC 

EMISSIONS 
REPORT 03.13062 83 of 84

6.0 SUMMARY 

 ACES Phase 1 engine testing started in March, 2007, and was completed in August, 

2008. Four model year 2007 heavy-duty diesel engines were characterized for regulated and 

unregulated emissions using different cycles that included the FTP, CARBx-ICT, CARBz-CH, 

and the 16-Hour transient cycle. A backup engine was characterized for regulated emissions at 

SwRI's San Antonio, Texas, elevation (barometric pressure of 99.3 kPa) and at a simulated 

higher elevation (barometric pressure of 82.6 kpa) similar to that at LRRI in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico. 

• Regulated emissions of NMHC, CO, and PM were 95, 98, and 89 percent below 

the EPA 2007 standard, respectively, and NOx emissions were 10 percent below 

the standard. 

• Unregulated emissions that included single ring aromatics, PAH, nitroPAH, 

alkanes, alcohol and organic acids, hopanes/steranes, carbonyls, metals and 

elements, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and dioxins/furans were 79 to 99 

percent lower than the emissions from a similar 2004 technology engine. 

Inorganic ions were 38 percent lower. 

• Average FTP NO2 to NOx ratio was 68 percent for the ACES engines, which is 

higher than the 4 to 15 percent expected in 2004 technology engines. The use of 

catalyzed aftertreatment devices for PM reduction in 2007 technology engines is 

causing the temporary increase in NO2 to NOx ratio, but in 2010, both the absolute 

level of NO2 as well as NOx emissions must be reduced to meet EPA 2010 NOx 

standard of 0.20 g/hp-hr, an 83 percent reduction from an average 2007 NOx 

emission level of 1.2 g/hp-hr. 

• Higher elevation led to 34 percent increase in NOx emissions for the FTP transient 

cycle. 

• Lower exhaust temperature operation led to higher emissions of low and high 

molecular weight hydrocarbons, mainly due to the lower oxidation rates of the 

catalyzed aftertreatment systems. 

• Average PM emissions with blowy-by was 50 percent higher than the PM 

emissions without blow-by. 

• Average particle number emissions were one to two orders of magnitude lower 

than from typical 2004 technology engines. Active DPF regeneration events led 

to a more than one order of magnitude increase in cycle average particle number 

emissions, even though their occurrence was infrequent. 

• Tunnel blank emission levels were similar to the emissions reported for the FTP 

cycle for many unregulated emissions species. CVS tunnel contamination, and 

storage and release of materials may impact the results for emissions 

measurements at extremely low levels. No tunnel blank corrections were 

performed during this work. Only tunnel background correction was performed 

when available. 

 Finally, some selected speciation data that are discussed in the body of the report are 

included in the designated appendices. All raw data will be transferred to a CRC website at 

http://www.crcao.org, which will be accessible to the public. 
REPORT 03.13062 84 of 84

7.0 REFERENCES 

1. Clark, N, M. Gautam, W Wayne, D. Lyons, G. Thompson, B. Zielinska, “HEAVYDUTY Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Testing for Emissions Inventory, Air Quality 

Modeling, Source Apportionment and Air Toxics Emissions Inventory,” CRC Report 

No. E55/E59, August, 2007. 

2. “An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in 

the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000,” National Center for 

Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency Washington, DC, 

http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/2006/dioxin.pdf. 

3. Clark, N.N., F. Zhen, C. Bedick, M. Gautam, W. Wayne, G. Thompson, and D. 

Lyons, “Creation of the 16-Hour Engine Test Schedule from the Heavy Heavy-Duty 

Diesel Engine Test Schedule,” CRC Report No. ACES-1-a, CRC Website at 

crcao.org, 2007. 

4. Khalek, I.A.,”2007 Diesel Particulate Measurement Research,” CRC E-66 Executive 

Summary, CRC Website at crcao.org, 2008. 

5. Chuang, J.C., S.V. Hannan, and N.K. Wilson, "Field Comparison of Polyurethane Foam 

and XAD-2 Resin for Air Sampling for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Environ. 

Sci. Technol., 21, 798, 1987. 

6. Zaranski, M.T., G.W. Patton, L.L. McConnell, and T.F. Bidleman, "Collection of 

Nonpolar Organic Compounds from Ambient Air Using Polyurethane Foam-Granular 

Adsorbent Sandwich Cartridges," Anal. Chem., 63, 1228-1232, 1991. 

7. Schauer, J. J, G.C. Lough, M.M. Schafer, W.F. Christensen, “Characterization of 

Metals Emitted from Motor Vehicles,” Research Report 133, Health Effects Institute, 

Boston, MA, March 2006. 

8. Chuang, J.C., M.R. Kuhlman, and N. Wilson, “Evaluation of methods for 

simultaneous collection and determination of nicotine and polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons in indoor air,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 661-665, 2006. 

9. Atkinson, R., J. Arey, A.M. Winer and B. Zielinska, "A survey of ambient 

concentrations of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at various 

locations in California." Final Report, prepared under Contract No. A5-185-32, for 

the California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, by Statewide Air Pollution 

Research Center, University of California, Riverside, CA, 1988. 

10. Zielinska, B., J. Arey, R. Atkinson, and A.M. Winer, “The nitroarenes of molecular 

weight 247 in ambient particulate samples collected in Southern California,” Atmos. 

Environ., 23, 223-229, 1989. 

11. Bamford H.A., D.Z. Bezabeh, M.M. Schantz, S.A. Wise, and J.E. Baker, 

“Determination and comparison of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials,” Chemosphere, 50, 575-

587, 2003. 
REPORT 03.13062 

APPENDIX A 

HEI REPORT ON ENGINE SELECTION
REPORT 03.13062 A-1

Health Effects Institute 

Report on Engine Selection 

June 20, 2008 

Engine Selection Process Group
REPORT 03.13062 A-2

REPORT ON ENGINE SELECTION 

Prepared by the Engine Selection Process Group 

June 20, 2008 

INTRODUCTION 

The Advanced Collaborative Emission Study (ACES) is a product stewardship initiative undertaken to 

characterize the emissions and assess the potential cancer and noncancer effects of the exhaust of heavy 

heavy-duty diesel engines and control systems designed to meet the 2007 and 2010 standards for 

particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). It is funded by U.S. DOE, U.S. EPA, the Engine 

Manufacturers Association, California ARB, the American Petroleum Institute, Corning, and the 

Coordinating Research Council. For this study, four manufacturers (Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, 

and Volvo) have voluntarily provided 2007-compliant production-ready engines for evaluation of 

emissions. The identity of the engines is being kept confidential, and the engines have been randomly 

assigned a letter from A to D. 

In Phase 1 of ACES, which is completed, extensive characterization of the gaseous and particulate 

emissions of the four engines has been conducted at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). A 16-Hour 

cycle, developed for use in Phase 3, was also used as one of the test cycles in the emissions 

characterization. The results from the triplicate 16-hr cycles have been the basis for selecting one heavy 

heavy-duty diesel engine/aftertreatment system for health testing. In Phase 3, the selected 2007-compliant 

engine system will be installed in a specially-designed emissions generation and animal exposure facility. 

Emissions will be characterized in the chambers prior to the engine’s use in a chronic inhalation study 

with health measurements at several time periods. Phase 2 will involve characterization of emissions from 

2010-compliant engines. 

Phase 1 has been overseen by CRC and its ACES Panel; Phase 3 is overseen by HEI and its ACES 

Oversight Committee. 

In March 2007, HEI set up an Engine Selection Process Group (ESPG) comprising a subset of members 

of the CRC ACES Panel and HEI ACES Oversight Committee to guide HEI in the process of engine 

selection. This report provides an overview of the process to develop and finalize the engine selection 

plan, a brief description of the Final Engine Selection Plan, a summary of the Phase 1 study results and 

the role of the CRC ACES Panel, and the process by which the ESPG made a recommendation for engine 

selection. 

Attached to this document is the Final Plan for Engine Selection of May 29, 2008 (prepared by the 

ESPG). 

A Summary of Exhaust Species Measurements and Calculations for ACES Phase 1 Engine Selection 

Process and the tables with emissions rates for all species used in engine selection (prepared by Dr. Imad 

Khalek of SwRI) are available on a secure web site upon request.

OVERVIEW OF PROCESS TO DEVELOP THE ENGINE SELECTION PLAN 

The process by which the ESPG developed and modified the plan is described in the Final Plan for 

Engine Selection of May 29, 2008. That document represents the second revision of the Initial Draft Plan 

for Engine Selection (dated September 29, 2007), which was approved by the Steering Committee in 

October 2007. The first set of modifications to the plan were made in the winter of 2008 and resulted in 

the Final Initial Plan for Engine Selection of April 11, 2008. These included (1) removing dioxin and 
REPORT 03.13062 A-3

furans (which were not analyzed in the 16-Hour cycle for all engines) from the list of components to be 

used in engine selection, (2) adding chloride (as a potential precursor of dioxin), and (3) adding a new 

section describing the protocol for engine selection. This document was approved by the ESPG and 

discussed at the Joint Meeting of the HEI ACES Oversight and Advisory Committees on April 29, 2008. 

In establishing the Initial Plan, the ESPG kept the ability to refine it once the actual data became available 

for review. As described in more detail in the next section, the CRC Panel recommended some minor 

changes during one of their periodic meetings to review and discuss the results of Phase 1. These were 

approved by the ESPG and incorporated in the Final Plan for Engine Selection of May 29, 2008. They 

include: (1) clarifying how to report negative data resulting from background correction; (2) clarifying 

that total PAHs be referred to as “total PAHs with the exclusion of nitro-and oxygenated PAHs” to avoid 

double counting of those PAHs, which are in the list of compounds for engine selection on their own; and 

(3) adding a new rule for removing compounds for which measurements are at or below the LOD in each 

of the three replicates for three of the four engines. Because the changes made in the two subsequent 

revisions of the Initial Draft Plan for Engine Selection approved by the ESPG did not substantially alter 

the principles and rules laid out in the Initial Draft, those documents were not sent to the Steering 

Committee for approval. 

The Initial Plan deferred the decision on all aspects of analyses of the emissions data to the CRC ACES 

Panel. At the May 7 and 8, 2008 meeting the CRC Panel agreed on the following: 

• Background correction will be made for those measurements for which the EPA CFR prescribes 

such correction and for those exhaust measurements for which background emissions were 

measured simultaneously. 

• Metals measurements will be reported based on the XRF method. Although two methods, XRF 

and ICP-MS, were used to measure metals, the panel members agreed that the XRF was more 

sensitive than the ICP-MS method for most metals. 

• If no quality issues with the data could be identified, the data would not be removed on the basis 

of numerical value. 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENGINE SELECTION PLAN 

The plan set forth the following general principles: 

• The study does not have adequate statistical power to distinguish among engines; 

• All selected emission components should have the same weight in the total ranking because their 

relative toxicity cannot be assessed at low concentrations; and 

• It is important to avoid choosing an engine with the lowest overall emissions, because it may lead 

to questions about effects of emissions from engines with higher overall emissions. 

The plan states that the engine selection will use 4 ways of ranking the compounds, one nonparametric 

and three parametric. Regardless of the method, ranks of individual component or classes of components 

for each engine are added to obtain an overall score. The highest overall score for each method will have 

the highest rank (i.e. 4th). 

• If 3 or 4 of the methods yield the same 4th ranking engine, that engine will be selected; 

• If fewer than 3 methods identify the same 4th ranking engine, the engine would be selected 

randomly, with the following two caveats: 

o If 3 or 4 of the ranking methods yield the same 1st ranking engine, this engine will not be 

included in the random selection; 
REPORT 03.13062 A-4

o If an engine is defined as an outlier, it will not be included in the random selection (because 

it would not be considered representative). 

SUMMARY OF PHASE 1 STUDY AND ROLE OF THE CRC ACES PANEL 

Phase 1 was carried at SwRI by Dr. Imad Khalek and collaborators at Desert Research Institute. The CRC 

Panel met regularly during the course of the testing to review and discuss the results of all test cycles 

(FTP, CARB and combined 16-Hour FTP/CARB cycles) as they became available. The final meeting of 

the Panel to discuss the 16-Hour emission data to be used for engine selection was held on May 7 and 8 at 

SwRI. Two members of the HEI Oversight Committee and a member of the HEI staff participated as 

well. The goal of the meeting was to review all data from the Phase 1 of ACES and clarify any questions 

about the results, in advance of HEI’s ESPG meeting to select the engine. 

A large part of the data were presented and reviewed at the CRC ACES Panel meeting. These included all 

the regulated pollutants, PAHs, carbonyls, and metals for all the cycles. Some of the data were still being 

processed (ionic inorganic species and EC/OC for engine B) and were not presented. Butadiene was not 

detected in any of the samples. Most of the data reported were not considered final. It was agreed that Dr. 

Imad Khalek and his collaborators would continue the data review, focusing on the 16-Hour cycle, and 

would post the data on an FTP site so all Panel members could review them as well. Once the CRC Panel 

and Dr. Khalek felt confident that all data transformation steps were right, errors had been corrected, and 

predetermined rules for eliminating values below the LOD had been applied appropriately, the final 

average emission rates for each compound and class of compounds for each engine data (see Table 1) 

were provided to Dr. Robert Mason (the SwRI statistician) for ranking according to the methods 

described in the Engine Selection Plan. The overall ranking of the four engines is provided in Table 3. 

The four ranking tables are provided in on pages 7 and 8 of this document. 

Table 1. Summary of Emission Rates for Compounds and Classes of Compounds Used for Engine Ranking (6/4/08) 

Emissions Components Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D AVG. St. dev. 

NO (g/hp-hr) 0.54 0.48 0.86 0.63 0.63 0.17 

NO2 (g/hp-hr) 0.95 0.91 0.56 0.56 0.74 0.21 

Carbon Monoxide (g/hp-hr) 0.09 0.08 0.46 0.15 0.20 0.18 

PM Mass (g/hp-hr) 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0013 0.0012 0.0001 

PM Number (Part./hp-hr) 4.13E+13 5.67E+13 1.66E+13 2.38E+13 3.46E+13 1.80E+13 

EC (mg/hp-hr) 0.20 0.27 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.03 

OC (mg/hp-hr) 1.53 0.24 0.26 0.52 0.64 0.61 

Total Metals (by XRF) (μg/hp-hr) 62.37 62.15 28.88 89.91 60.82 24.97 

Inorganic Ionic Species (mg/hphr) 3.84 3.09 2.86 2.47 3.06 0.57 

Carbonyl compounds (mg/hp-hr) 4.99 1.64 4.40 2.44 3.37 1.59 

Single ring aromatic compounds 

(mg/hp-hr) 0.35 1.20 0.81 0.69 0.76 0.35 

Total PAHs (mg/hp-hr) 0.55 0.73 0.84 0.80 0.73 0.13 

Total Nitro PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 0.44 0.77 0.86 0.58 0.66 0.19 

Total oxygenated PAHs (μg/hphr) 6.25 5.96 3.76 3.29 4.82 1.51 

Nitrosamines (μg/hp-hr) 32.54 28.06 52.89 25.82 34.83 12.36 
REPORT 03.13062 A-5

MEETING OF THE ESPG TO SELECT THE ENGINE 

On June 6, 2008, the ESPG met at HEI to review the final set of data and select the engine for Phase 3 

based on the final ranking of the four engines. The list of all ESPG members and those who participated is 

provided in Table 2. Other participants included: Robert Mason (SwRI) and members of the HEI staff 

(Maria Costantini, Daniel Greenbaum, Robert O’Keefe, and Annemoon van Erp). 

 

The meeting started with an overview of the results of Phase 1 by Dr. Tennant. He explained how the 16-

Hour cycle was selected and developed and noted that it was designed to capture a cold start. 

Regeneration occurred at least once during the 16-Hour cycle. For this testing, the CVS was also 

connected to an exposure chamber (without animals). Most of the measurements were made in samples 

taken from the CVS, but some (EC, OC, and PM number) were made in samples taken from the exposure 

chamber. The emission rates of the regulated pollutants were well below the 2007 standards. For a few 

species (CO, EC, toluene, and iron) an unusual variance was noted that could not be explained by issues 

in sample collection or analyses. 

The ESPG members noted that both EC and OC were higher than the PM filter mass. This could have 

been due to the fact that they were measured in the chamber while the PM mass was measured in the CVS 

or to artifacts in collecting PM on a filter. Another observation was that the mass of total inorganic ions 

was higher than that of the PM filter mass. This could not be explained. The ESPG decided to leave this 

class of compounds in the list because, even if there were an error, it appeared to be systematic and thus 

was unlikely to bias the engine selection. The ESPG noted that two engines had higher NO2 emissions (A 

and B) compared to the other two (C and D) and that, if an engine with higher NO2 were selected, its 

exhaust may need to be diluted more. With regard to elements, the ESPG was surprised to find that 

Table 2. List of ESPG members at the June 6 meeting 

 Present On the phone 

Reynaldo Agama, Caterpillar Y 

James Ball, Ford N 

Melvyn Branch, HEI Oversight Committee N 

Steve Cadle (retired), representing General 

Motors Y 

Kenneth Demerjian, HEI Oversight Committee N 

Timothy French, EMA Y 

Helmut Greim, HEI Oversight Committee N 

Thomas Hesterberg, International N 

Donald Keski-Hynnila, Detroit Diesel Y 

David Kittelson, HEI Oversight Committee Y 

Douglas Lawson, NREL Y 

Hector Maldonado, CARB Y 

Mani Natarajan, Marathon Petroleum Co N 

Howard Rockette, HEI Oversight Committee Y 

Shirish Shimpi, Cummins Y 

Joseph Somers, EPA Y 

Chris Tennant, CRC Y 

Mark Utell (Chair), HEI Oversight Committee Y 

Urban Wass, Volvo N Y 

Kenneth Wright, Conoco Phillips Y 
REPORT 03.13062 A-6

sodium was the most abundant one. It was not clear whether sodium was a contaminant or whether it was 

coming from lube oil. In the absence of a valid reason for removing this element, it was left in the list. 

Dr. Mason summarized how the measurements below the LOD had been treated based on the rules set in 

the Final Engine Selection Plan. He noted that chloride was the only species removed because for at least 

3 engines, all three measurements were below the LOD. He also explained that none of the engines met 

the criteria for being defined as an outlier. The results supported the initial hypotheses that no engine had 

higher or lower emissions for all the components than the other engines. Dr. Rockette (the biostatistician 

of the ESPG) applied two tests that are used to determine whether there are differences among groups of 

measurements (Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance and ANOVA). The tests did not show 

statistically significant differences among the four engines, although the small number of samples limited 

the ability to detect a difference even if one did exist. 

The ESPG noted that the results show that, based on the engine selection rules, there is little or no 

difference in the total ranking among the engines, but one of the four engines (D) did happen to rank 

lowest in all four ranking methods (see Table 3). This finding excluded this engine from being included in 

the random selection. The ranking of the other three engines changed depending on the ranking method 

used and no engine was ranked highest with at least three of the four ranking methods. 

Some ESPG members expressed concern about the fact that two of the four ranking methods (2b – which 

corrects by the standard deviation, and 2c – which corrects by the mean and the standard deviation) give 

rise to exactly the same rank order among the four engines and only one should have been used. However, 

all ESPG members agreed that the group should not create new rules post-hoc. Dr. Mason commented 

that, if one used only method 1 (which ranks the data from lowest to highest and ignores the actual 

values) and 2c (which is the most common standardization method and uses both the mean and the 

standard deviation) the results would not change. 

Given the ranking results, the ESPG – including the representatives of all four engine manufacturers – 

agreed that the selection should be random among engines A, B, and C. This was done by random 

drawing by Dr. Mark Utell, Chair of the HEI Research Committee. The engine that was randomly 

selected was Engine B; hence the ESPG recommends that Engine B be used for Phase 3. 

Table 3. Summary of total ranking (6/4/2008) 

 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Method 1 40.5 36.0 39.5 34.0 

Method 2a 15.96 14.83 15.89 13.33 

Method 2b 59.31 60.12 60.12 54.61 

Method 2c 0.77 1.58 1.58 -3.93 

 

Highest 

Lowest 
REPORT 03.13062 A-7

Ranking Method 1 

6/4/08 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Emissions Components Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank 

Total 

Rankings 

NO, g/hp-hr 0.54 2.0 0.48 1.0 0.86 4.0 0.63 3.0 10.0 

NO2, g/hp-hr 0.95 4.0 0.91 3.0 0.56 1.5 0.56 1.5 10.0 

Carbon Monoxide, g/hp-hr 0.09 2.0 0.08 1.0 0.46 4.0 0.15 3.0 10.0 

PM Mass, g/hp-hr 0.0013 3.5 0.0012 2.0 0.0011 1.0 0.0013 3.5 10.0 

PM Number, Part./hp-hr 4.13E+13 3.0 5.67E+13 4.0 1.66E+13 1.0 2.38E+13 2.0 10.0 

EC (mg/hp-hr) 0.20 1.0 0.27 4.0 0.26 3.0 0.22 2.0 10.0 

OC (mg/hp-hr) 1.53 4.0 0.24 1.0 0.26 2.0 0.52 3.0 10.0 

Total Metals, mg/hp-hr 62.37 3.0 62.15 2.0 28.88 1.0 89.91 4.0 10.0 

Inorganic Ionic Species, mg/hp-hr 3.84 4.0 3.09 3.0 2.86 2.0 2.47 1.0 10.0 

Carbonyl compounds (mg/hp-hr) 4.99 4.0 1.64 1.0 4.40 3.0 2.44 2.0 10.0 

Single ring aromatic compounds, mg/hp-hr 0.35 1.0 1.20 4.0 0.81 3.0 0.69 2.0 10.0 

Total PAHs (mg/hp-hr) 0.55 1.0 0.73 2.0 0.84 4.0 0.80 3.0 10.0 

Total Nitro PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 0.44 1.0 0.77 3.0 0.86 4.0 0.58 2.0 10.0 

Total oxygenated PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 6.25 4.0 5.96 3.0 3.76 2.0 3.29 1.0 10.0 

Nitrosamines (μg/hp-hr) 32.54 3.0 28.06 2.0 52.89 4.0 25.82 1.0 10.0 

Total Ranking 40.5 36.0 39.5 34.0 

Ranking Method 2a 

6/4/08 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Emissions Components Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank 

Mean of 

4 

Engines 

NO, g/hp-hr 0.54 0.86 0.48 0.76 0.86 1.37 0.63 1.00 0.63 

NO2, g/hp-hr 0.95 1.28 0.91 1.22 0.56 0.75 0.56 0.75 0.75 

Carbon Monoxide, g/hp-hr 0.09 0.46 0.08 0.41 0.46 2.36 0.15 0.77 0.20 

PM Mass, g/hp-hr 0.0013 1.06 0.0012 0.98 0.0011 0.90 0.0013 1.06 0.0012 

PM Number, Part./hp-hr 4.13E+13 1.19 5.67E+13 1.64 1.66E+13 0.48 2.38E+13 0.69 3.46E+13 

EC (mg/hp-hr) 0.20 0.84 0.27 1.14 0.26 1.09 0.22 0.93 0.24 

OC (mg/hp-hr) 1.53 2.40 0.24 0.38 0.26 0.41 0.52 0.82 0.64 

Total Metals, mg/hp-hr 62.37 1.03 62.15 1.02 28.88 0.47 89.91 1.48 60.83 

Inorganic Ionic Species, mg/hp-hr 3.84 1.25 3.09 1.01 2.86 0.93 2.47 0.81 3.07 

Carbonyl compounds (mg/hp-hr) 4.99 1.48 1.64 0.49 4.40 1.31 2.44 0.72 3.37 

single ring aromatic compounds, mg/hp-hr 0.35 0.46 1.20 1.57 0.81 1.06 0.69 0.90 0.76 

Total PAHs (mg/hp-hr) 0.55 0.75 0.73 1.00 0.84 1.15 0.80 1.10 0.73 

Total Nitro PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 0.44 0.66 0.77 1.16 0.86 1.30 0.58 0.88 0.66 

Total oxygenated PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 6.25 1.30 5.96 1.24 3.76 0.78 3.29 0.68 4.82 

Nitrosamines (μg/hp-hr) 32.54 0.93 28.06 0.81 52.89 1.52 25.82 0.74 34.83 

Total Ranking 15.96 14.83 15.89 13.33 

RANKING TABLES 
REPORT 03.13062 A-8

Ranking Method 2b 

6/4/08 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Emissions Components Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank 

Std. Dev. 

Of 4 Engines 

NO, g/hp-hr 0.54 3.24 0.48 2.88 0.86 5.16 0.63 3.78 0.17 

NO2, g/hp-hr 0.95 4.43 0.91 4.25 0.56 2.61 0.56 2.61 0.21 

Carbon Monoxide, g/hp-hr 0.09 0.50 0.08 0.45 0.46 2.56 0.15 0.84 0.18 

PM Mass, g/hp-hr 0.0013 13.58 0.0012 12.53 0.0011 11.49 0.0013 13.58 0.0001 

PM Number, Part./hp-hr 4.13E+13 2.29 5.67E+13 3.15 1.66E+13 0.92 2.38E+13 1.32 1.80E+13 

EC (mg/hp-hr) 0.20 6.05 0.27 8.17 0.26 7.87 0.22 6.66 0.03 

OC (mg/hp-hr) 1.53 2.51 0.24 0.39 0.26 0.43 0.52 0.85 0.61 

Total Metals, mg/hp-hr 62.37 2.50 62.15 2.49 28.88 1.16 89.91 3.60 24.97 

Inorganic Ionic Species, mg/hp-hr 3.84 6.66 3.09 5.36 2.86 4.96 2.47 4.28 0.58 

Carbonyl compounds (mg/hp-hr) 4.99 3.15 1.64 1.03 4.40 2.77 2.44 1.54 1.59 

single ring aromatic compounds, mg/hp-hr 0.35 1.00 1.20 3.42 0.81 2.31 0.69 1.97 0.35 

Total PAHs (mg/hp-hr) 0.55 4.29 0.73 5.69 0.84 6.55 0.80 6.23 0.13 

Total Nitro PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 0.44 2.33 0.77 4.08 0.86 4.56 0.58 3.07 0.19 

Total oxygenated PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 6.25 4.15 5.96 3.96 3.76 2.50 3.29 2.18 1.51 

Nitrosamines (μg/hp-hr) 32.54 2.63 28.06 2.27 52.89 4.28 25.82 2.09 12.36 

Total Ranking 59.31 60.12 60.12 54.61 

Ranking Method 2c 

6/4/08 Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D 

Emissions Components Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank Emissions Rank 

Mean of 

4 

Engines 

Std. Dev. 

Of 4 

Engines 

NO, g/hp-hr 0.54 -0.52 0.48 -0.88 0.86 1.39 0.63 0.01 0.63 0.17 

NO2, g/hp-hr 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.77 0.56 -0.86 0.56 -0.86 0.75 0.21 

Carbon Monoxide, g/hp-hr 0.09 -0.59 0.08 -0.64 0.46 1.48 0.15 -0.25 0.20 0.18 

PM Mass, g/hp-hr 0.0013 0.78 0.0012 -0.26 0.0011 -1.31 0.0013 0.78 0.0012 0.00 

PM Number, Part./hp-hr 4.13E+13 0.37 5.67E+13 1.23 1.66E+13 -1.00 2.38E+13 -0.60 3.46E+13 1.80E+13 

EC (mg/hp-hr) 0.20 -1.13 0.27 0.98 0.26 0.68 0.22 -0.53 0.24 0.03 

OC (mg/hp-hr) 1.53 1.47 0.24 -0.65 0.26 -0.62 0.52 -0.19 0.64 0.61 

Total Metals, mg/hp-hr 62.37 0.06 62.15 0.05 28.88 -1.28 89.91 1.16 60.83 24.97 

Inorganic Ionic Species, mg/hp-hr 3.84 1.34 3.09 0.04 2.86 -0.36 2.47 -1.03 3.07 0.58 

Carbonyl compounds (mg/hp-hr) 4.99 1.02 1.64 -1.09 4.40 0.65 2.44 -0.58 3.37 1.59 

single ring aromatic compounds, mg/hp-hr 0.35 -1.18 1.20 1.25 0.81 0.14 0.69 -0.21 0.76 0.35 

Total PAHs (mg/hp-hr) 0.55 -1.40 0.73 0.00 0.84 0.86 0.80 0.55 0.73 0.13 

Total Nitro PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 0.44 -1.18 0.77 0.57 0.86 1.05 0.58 -0.44 0.66 0.19 

Total oxygenated PAHs (μg/hp-hr) 6.25 0.95 5.96 0.76 3.76 -0.70 3.29 -1.01 4.82 1.51 

Nitrosamines (μg/hp-hr) 32.54 -0.19 28.06 -0.55 52.89 1.46 25.82 -0.73 34.83 12.36 

Total Ranking 0.77 1.58 1.58 -3.93 
REPORT 03.13062 

APPENDIX B 

ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS LIST
REPORT 03.13062 B-1

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

NAPHTH Naphthalene 

NAPHTHU Naphthalene uncertainty 

QUINOLINE Quinoline 

QUINOLINEU Quinoline uncertainty 

MNAPH2 2-methylnaphthalene 

MNAPH2U 2-Methylnaphthalene uncertainty 

MNAPH1 1-Methylnaphthalene 

MNAPH1U 1-Methylnaphthalene uncertainty 

BIPHEN Biphenyl 

BIPHENU Biphenyl uncertainty 

ENAP12 1+2Ethylnaphthalene 

ENAP12U 1+2Ethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

M_2BPH 2-Methylbiphenyl 

M_2BPHU 2-Methylbiphenyl uncertainty 

DMN267 2,6+2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 

DMN267U 2,6+2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

DM1367 1,3+1,6+1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene 

DM1367U 1,3+1,6+1,7-Dimethylnaphth uncertainty 

D14523 1,4+1,5+2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 

D14523U 1,4+1,5+2,3-Dimethylnaphth uncertainty 

ACNAPY Acenaphthylene 

ACNAPYU Acenaphthylene uncertainty 

DMN12 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 

DMN12U 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

DMN18 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene 

DMN18U 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

ACNAPE Acenaphthene 

ACNAPEU Acenaphthene uncertainty 

M_3BPH 3-Methylbiphenyl 

M_3BPHU 3-Methylbiphenyl uncertainty 

M_4BPH 4-Methylbiphenyl 

M_4BPHU 4-Methylbiphenyl uncertainty 

DBZFUR Dibenzofuran 

DBZFURU Dibenzofuran uncertainty 

EM_12N 1-ethyl-2-methylnaphthalene 

EM_12NU 1-ethyl-2-methylnaphthalene uncertainty 

TMI235N 2,3,5+I-trimethylnaphthalene 

TMI235NU 2,3,5+I-trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

BTMNAP B-Trimethylnaphthalene 

BTMNAPU B-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

ATMNAP A-Trimethylnaphthalene 

ATMNAPU A-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

CTMNAP C-Trimethylnaphthalene 

CTMNAPU C-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

EM_21N 2-Ethyl-1-methylnaphthalene 

EM_21NU 2-Ethyl-1-methylnaphthalene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-2

ETMNAP E-Trimethylnaphthalene 

ETMNAPU E-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

TM245N 2,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 

TM245NU 2,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

FTMNAP F-Trimethylnaphthalene 

FTMNAPU F-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

FLUORE Fluorene 

FLUOREU Fluorene uncertainty 

TM145N 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 

TM145NU 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

JTMNAP J-Trimethylnaphthalene 

JTMNAPU J-Trimethylnaphthalene uncertainty 

A_MFLUO A-Methylfluorene 

A_MFLUOU A-Methylfluorene uncertainty 

B_MFLUO B-Methylfluorene 

B_MFLUOU B-Methylfluorene uncertainty 

M_1FLUO 1-Methylfluorene 

M_1FLUOU 1-Methylfluorene uncertainty 

DBTH Dibenzothiophene 

DBTHU Dibenzothiophene uncertainty 

PHENAN Phenanthrene 

PHENANU Phenanthrene uncertainty 

ANTHRA Anthracene 

ANTHRAU Anthracene uncertainty 

ACQUONE Acenaphthenequinone 

ACQUONEU Acenaphthenequinone uncertainty 

M_2PHEN 3-Methylphenanthrene 

M_2PHENU 3-Methylphenanthrene uncertainty 

M_3PHEN 2-Methylphenanthrene 

M_3PHENU 2-Methylphenanthrene uncertainty 

M_2ANTH 2-Methylanthracene 

M_2ANTHU 2-Methylanthracene uncertainty 

M_45PHEN 4,5-Methylenephenanthrene 

M_45PHENU 4,5-Methylenephenanthrene uncertainty 

M_9PHEN 9-Methylphenanthrene 

M_9PHENU 9-Methylphenanthrene uncertainty 

MPHT_1 1-Methylphenanthrene 

MPHT_1U 1-Methylphenanthrene uncertainty 

DBPHT Dibutyl phthalate 

DBPHTU Dibutyl phthalate uncertainty 

ANTHRON Anthrone 

ANTHRONU Anthrone uncertainty 

M_9ANT 9-Methylanthracene 

M_9ANTU 9-Methylanthracene uncertainty 

NAP2PHEN 2-Phenylnaphthalene 

NAP2PHENU 2-Phenylnaphthalene uncertainty 

A_DMPH A-Dimethylphenanthrene 

A_DMPHU A-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-3

B_DMPH B-Dimethylphenanthrene 

B_DMPHU B-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

DM17PH 1,7-Dimethylphenanthrene 

DM17PHU 1,7-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

DM36PH 3,6-Dimethylphenanthrene 

DM36PHU 3,6-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

D_DMPH D-Dimethylphenanthrene 

D_DMPHU D-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

E_DMPH E-Dimethylphenanthrene 

E_DMPHU E-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

C_DMPH C-Dimethylphenanthrene 

C_DMPHU C-Dimethylphenanthrene uncertainty 

FLUORA Fluoranthene 

FLUORAU Fluoranthene uncertainty 

PYRENE Pyrene 

PYRENEU Pyrene uncertainty 

RETENE Retene 

RETENEU Retene uncertainty 

BAFLUO Benzo(a)fluorene 

BAFLUOU Benzo(a)fluorene uncertainty 

BBFLUO Benzo(b)fluorene 

BBFLUOU Benzo(b)fluorene uncertainty 

BMPYFL B-MePy/MeFl 

BMPYFLU B-MePy/MeFl uncertainty 

C1MFLPY 1-MeFl+C-MeFl/Py 

C1MFLPYU 1-MeFl+C-MeFl/Py uncertainty 

M_13FL 1+3-methylfluoranthene 

M_13FLU 1+3-methylfluoranthene uncertainty 

M_4PYR 4-methylpyrene 

M_4PYRU 4-methylpyrene uncertainty 

CMPYFL C-MePy/MeFl 

CMPYFLU C-MePy/MeFl uncertainty 

DMPYFL D-MePy/MeFl 

DMPYFLU D-MePy/MeFl uncertainty 

M_1PYR 1-Methylpyrene 

M_1PYRU 1-Methylpyrene uncertainty 

BNTIOP Benzonaphthothiophene 

BNTIOPU Benzonaphthothiophene uncertainty 

BZCPHEN Benzo(c)phenanthrene 

BZCPHENU Benzo(c)phenanthrene uncertainty 

BGHIFL Benzo(ghi)fluoranthene 

BGHIFLU Benzo(ghi)fluoranthene uncertainty 

PHANT9 9-Phenylanthracene 

PHANT9U 9-Phenylanthracene uncertainty 

CP_CDPYR Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene 

CP_CDPYRU Cyclopenta(c,d)pyrene uncertainty 

BAANTH Benz(a)anthracene 

BAANTHU Benz(a)anthracene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-4

CHR_TR Chrysene-Triphenylene 

CHR_TRU Chrysene-Triphenylene uncertainty 

B2EPHT Bis[2-ethylhexyl]phthalate 

B2EPHTU Bis[2-ethylhexyl]phthalate uncertainty 

M_3CHR 3-Methylchrysene 

M_3CHRU 3-Methylchrysene uncertainty 

CHRY56M 5+6-Methylchrysene 

CHRY56MU 5+6-Methylchrysene uncertainty 

M_7BAA 7-Methylbenz(a)anthracene 

M_7BAAU 7-Methylbenz(a)anthracene uncertainty 

DMBAN712 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 

DMBAN712U 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene uncertainty 

BBJKFL Benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthene 

BBJKFLU Benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthene uncertainty 

BAFL Benzo(a)fluoranthene 

BAFLU Benzo(a)fluoranthene uncertainty 

BEPYRN Benzo(e)pyrene 

BEPYRNU Benzo(e)pyrene uncertainty 

BAPYRN Benzo(a)pyrene 

BAPYRNU Benzo(a)pyrene uncertainty 

PERYLE Perylene 

PERYLEU Perylene uncertainty 

MCHOL3 3-Methylcholanthrene 

MCHOL3U 3-Methylcholanthrene uncertainty 

M_7BPY 7-Methylbenzo(a)pyrene 

M_7BPYU 7-Methylbenzo(a)pyrene uncertainty 

INCDFL Indeno[123-cd]fluoranthene 

INCDFLU Indeno[123-cd]fluoranthene uncertainty 

DBAHACR Dibenz(a,h)acridine 

DBAHACRU Dibenz(a,h)acridine uncertainty 

DBAJACR Dibenz(a,j)acridine 

DBAJACRU Dibenz(a,j)acridine uncertainty 

IN123PYR Indeno[123-cd]pyrene 

IN123PYRU Indeno[123-cd]pyrene uncertainty 

DBAJAN Dibenzo(a,j)anthracene 

DBAJANU Dibenzo(a,j)anthracene uncertainty 

DBAHACAN Dibenzo(ah+ac)anthracene 

DBAHACANU Dibenzo(ah+ac)anthracene uncertainty 

BBCHR Benzo(b)chrysene 

BBCHRU Benzo(b)chrysene uncertainty 

PIC Picene 

PICU Picene uncertainty 

DBCGCAR 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 

DBCGCARU 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole uncertainty 

BGHIPE Benzo(ghi)perylene 

BGHIPEU Benzo(ghi)perylene uncertainty 

ANTHAN Anthanthrene 

ANTHANU Anthanthrene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-5

DBALPYR Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 

DBALPYRU Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene uncertainty 

DBAEPYR Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene 

DBAEPYRU Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene uncertainty 

CORONE Coronene 

CORONEU Coronene uncertainty 

DBAIPYR Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene 

DBAIPYRU Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene uncertainty 

DBAHPYR Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene 

DBAHPYRU Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene uncertainty 

DBBKFL Dibenzo(b,k)fluoranthene 

DBBKFLU Dibenzo(b,k)fluoranthene uncertainty 

Oxygenated PAHs

FL9ONE 9-Fluorenone 

FL9ONEU 9-Fluorenone uncertainty 

XANONE Xanthone 

XANONEU Xanthone uncertainty 

PNAPONE Perinaphthenone 

PNAPONEU Perinaphthenone uncertainty 

ANTHRON Anthrone 

ANTHRONU Anthrone uncertainty 

ANRQUONE Anthraquinone 

ANRQUONEU Anthraquinone uncertainty 

ANTAL9 9-Anthraaldehyde 

ANTAL9U 9-Anthraaldehyde uncertainty 

BZANTHR Benzanthrone 

BZANTHRU Benzanthrone uncertainty 

BAA7_12 Benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione 

BAA7_12U Benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione uncertainty 

BPY910DIH 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene-7(8H)-one 

BPY910DIHU 9,10-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene-7(8H)-one uncertainty 

Nitrogenated PAHs

NI4PHOL 4-Nitrophenol 

NI4PHOLU 4-Nitrophenol uncertainty 

NI1NAPTH 1-Nitronaphthalene 

NI1NAPTHU 1-Nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI1ME5N 1-Methyl-5-nitronaphthalene 

NI1ME5NU 1-Methyl-5-nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI2NAPTH 2-Nitronaphthalene 

NI2NAPTHU 2-Nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI2BIPH 2-Nitrobiphenyl 

NI2BIPHU 2-Nitrobiphenyl uncertainty 

NI4ME2N 2-Methyl-4-nitronaphthalene 

NI4ME2NU 2-Methyl-4-nitronaphthalene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-6

NI4ME1N 1-Methyl-4-nitronaphthalene 

NI4ME1NU 1-Methyl-4-nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

MXNIYNAP x-Methyl-y-nitronaphthalene 

MXNIYNAPU x-Methyl-y-nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI6ME1N 1-Methyl-6-nitronaphthalene 

NI6ME1NU 1-Methyl-6-nitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI3BIPH 3-Nitrobiphenyl 

NI3BIPHU 3-Nitrobiphenyl uncertainty 

NI4BPH 4-Nitrobiphenyl 

NI4BPHU 4-Nitrobiphenyl uncertainty 

NI13NAP 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene 

NI13NAPU 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI15NAP 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 

NI15NAPU 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI5ACEN 5-Nitroacenaphthene 

NI5ACENU 5-Nitroacenaphthene uncertainty 

NI2FLUO 2-Nitrofluorene 

NI2FLUOU 2-Nitrofluorene uncertainty 

NI4PHEN 4-Nitrophenanthrene 

NI4PHENU 4-Nitrophenanthrene uncertainty 

NI9ANTHR 9-Nitroanthracene 

NI9ANTHRU 9-Nitroanthracene uncertainty 

NI9PHEN 9-Nitrophenanthrene 

NI9PHENU 9-Nitrophenanthrene uncertainty 

NI18NAP 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 

NI18NAPU 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene uncertainty 

NI3PHEN 3-Nitrophenanthrene 

NI3PHENU 3-Nitrophenanthrene uncertainty 

NI2PHEN 2-Nitrophenanthrene 

NI2PHENU 2-Nitrophenanthrene uncertainty 

NI2ANTHR 2-Nitroanthracene 

NI2ANTHRU 2-Nitroanthracene uncertainty 

NI1FLUOR 1-Nitrofluoranthene 

NI1FLUORU 1-Nitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI7FLUOR 7-Nitrofluoranthene 

NI7FLUORU 7-Nitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI2FLUOR 2-Nitrofluoranthene 

NI2FLUORU 2-Nitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI3FLUOR 3-Nitrofluoranthene 

NI3FLUORU 3-Nitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI4PYRE 4-Nitropyrene 

NI4PYREU 4-Nitropyrene uncertainty 

NI8FLUOR 8-Nitrofluoranthene 

NI8FLUORU 8-Nitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI1PYRE 1-Nitropyrene 

NI1PYREU 1-Nitropyrene uncertainty 

NI2PYRE 2-Nitropyrene 

NI2PYREU 2-Nitropyrene uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-7

NI27FLUO 2,7-Dinitrofluorene 

NI27FLUOU 2,7-Dinitrofluorene uncertainty 

NI27FL9ON 2,7-Dinitrofluoren-9-one 

NI27FL9ONU 2,7-Dinitrofluoren-9-one uncertainty 

NI7BZANTH 7-Nitrobenz(a)anthracene 

NI7BZANTHU 7-Nitrobenz(a)anthracene uncertainty 

NI6CHRY 6-Nitrochrysene 

NI6CHRYU 6-Nitrochrysene uncertainty 

NI3BZANTH 3-Nitrobenzanthrone 

NI3BZANTHU 3-Nitrobenzanthrone uncertainty 

NI13PYR 1,3-Dinitropyrene 

NI13PYRU 1,3-Dinitropyrene uncertainty 

DNIFLUORA A-Dinitrofluoranthene 

DNIFLUORAU A-Dinitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI16PYR 1,6-Dinitropyrene 

NI16PYRU 1,6-Dinitropyrene uncertainty 

NI18PYR 1,8-Dinitropyrene 

NI18PYRU 1,8-Dinitropyrene uncertainty 

DNIFLUORB B-Dinitrofluoranthene 

DNIFLUORBU B-Dinitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

DNIFLUORC C-Dinitrofluoranthene 

DNIFLUORCU C-Dinitrofluoranthene uncertainty 

NI6A3EBP 6a+3e-nitrobenzpyrene 

NI6A3EBPU a+3e-nitrobenzpyrene uncertainty 

NI1BEP 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene 

NI1BEPU 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene uncertainty 

Polar Compounds

PHENOL Phenol 

PHENOLU Phenol uncertainty 

HEXAC Hexanoic acid (c6) 

HEXACU Hexanoic acid (c6) uncertainty 

OCRESOL o-Cresol 

OCRESOLU o-Cresol uncertainty 

MCRESOL m-Cresol 

MCRESOLU m-Cresol uncertainty 

PCRESOL p-Cresol 

PCRESOLU p-Cresol uncertainty 

HEPTAC Heptanoic acid (c7) 

HEPTACU Heptanoic acid (c7) uncertainty 

ANILINE Aniline 

ANILINEU Aniline uncertainty 

BENAC Benzoic acid 

BENACU Benzoic acid uncertainty 

OCTANAC Octanoic acid (c8) 

OCTANACU Octanoic acid (c8) uncertainty 

OTOLUIC o-Toluic 
REPORT 03.13062 B-8

OTOLUICU o-Toluic uncertainty 

MTOLUIC m-Toluic 

MTOLUICU m-Toluic uncertainty 

NONAC Nonanoic acid (c9) 

NONACU Nonanoic acid (c9) uncertainty 

PTOLUIC p-Toluic 

PTOLUICU p-Toluic uncertainty 

DECAC Decanoic acid (c10) 

DECACU Decanoic acid (c10) uncertainty 

UNDECAC Undecanoic acid (c11) 

UNDECACU Undecanoic acid (c11) uncertainty 

LAUAC Dodecanoic (lauric) acid (c12) 

LAUACU Dodecanoic (lauric) acid (c12) uncertainty 

TDECAC Tridecanoic acid (c13) 

TDECACU Tridecanoic acid (c13) uncertainty 

MYRAC Myristic acid (c14) 

MYRACU Myristic acid (c14) uncertainty 

PDECAC Pentadecanoic acid (c15) 

PDECACU Pentadecanoic acid (c15) uncertainty 

PALAC Palmitic acid (c16) 

PALACU Palmitic acid (c16) uncertainty 

HEPTADAC Heptadecanoic acid (c17) 

HEPTADACU Heptadecanoic acid (c17) uncertainty 

OLAC Oleic acid 

OLACU Oleic acid uncertainty 

STEAC Stearic acid (c18) 

STEACU Stearic acid (c18) uncertainty 

NDECAC Nonadecanoic acid (c19) 

NDECACU Nonadecanoic acid (c19) uncertainty 

ECOSAC Eicosanoic acid (c20) 

ECOSACU Eicosanoic acid (c20) uncertainty 

OCTDECDI Octadecanedioic acid 

OCTDECDIU Octadecanedioic acid uncertainty 

Alkanes

NORFARN Norfarnesane 

NORFARNU Norfarnesane uncertainty 

DODEC Dodecane 

DODECU Dodecane uncertainty 

TRIDEC Tridecane 

TRIDECU Tridecane uncertainty 

HPYCYHX Heptylcyclohexane 

HPYCYHXU Heptylcyclohexane uncertainty 

FARNES Farnesane 

FARNESU Farnesane uncertainty 

TDEC Tetradecane 

TDECU Tetradecane uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-9

OCYCYHX Octylcyclohexane 

OCYCYHXU Octylcyclohexane uncertainty 

PENTAD Pentadecane 

PENTADU Pentadecane uncertainty 

NOYCYHX Nonylcyclohexane 

NOYCYHXU Nonylcyclohexane uncertainty 

HEXAD Hexadecane 

HEXADU Hexadecane uncertainty 

NORPRST Norpristane 

NORPRSTU Norpristane uncertainty 

DECYHX Decylcyclohexane 

DECYHXU Decylcyclohexane uncertainty 

HEPTAD Heptadecane 

HEPTADU Heptadecane uncertainty 

HEPTDPRIS Heptadecane_Pristane 

HEPTDPRISU Heptadecane_Pristane uncertainty 

DEC1YHX Undecylcyclohexane 

DEC1YHXU Undecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

OCTAD Octadecane 

OCTADU Octadecane uncertainty 

PHYTAN Phytane 

PHYTANU Phytane uncertainty 

DEC2YHX Dodecylcyclohexane 

DEC2YHXU Dodecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

NONAD Nonadecane 

NONADU Nonadecane uncertainty 

DEC3YHX Tridecylcyclohexane 

DEC3YHXU Tridecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

EICOSA Eicosane 

EICOSAU Eicosane uncertainty 

DEC4YHX Tetradecylcyclohexane 

DEC4YHXU Tetradecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

HENEIC Heneicosane 

HENEICU Heneicosane uncertainty 

DEC5YHX Pentadecylcyclohexane 

DEC5YHXU Pentadecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

DOCOSA Docosane 

DOCOSAU Docosane uncertainty 

DEC6YHX Hexadecylcyclohexane 

DEC6YHXU Hexadecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

TRICOSA Tricosane 

TRICOSAU Tricosane uncertainty 

DEC7YHX Heptadecylcyclohexane 

DEC7YHXU Heptadecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

TETCOS Tetracosane 

TETCOSU Tetracosane uncertainty 

DEC8YHX Octadecylcyclohexane 

DEC8YHXU Octadecylcyclohexane uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-10

PENCOS Pentacosane 

PENCOSU Pentacosane uncertainty 

HEXCOS Hexacosane 

HEXCOSU Hexacosane uncertainty 

DEC9YHX Nonadecylcyclohexane 

DEC9YHXU Nonadecylcyclohexane uncertainty 

HEPCOS Heptacosane 

HEPCOSU Heptacosane uncertainty 

CYHXEIC Eicosylcyclohexane 

CYHXEICU Eicosylcyclohexane uncertainty 

OCTCOS Octacosane 

OCTCOSU Octacosane uncertainty 

NONCOS Nonacosane 

NONCOSU Nonacosane uncertainty 

CYHXHEN Heneicosylcyclohexane 

CYHXHENU Heneicosylcyclohexane uncertainty 

TRICONT Triacontane 

TRICONTU Triacontane uncertainty 

HTRICONT Hentriacontane 

HTRICONTU Hentriacontane uncertainty 

DTRICONT Dotriacontane 

DTRICONTU Dotriacontane uncertainty 

TTRICONT Tritriacontane 

TTRICONTU Tritriacontane uncertainty 

TETRICONT Tetratriacontane 

TETRICONTU Tetratriacontane uncertainty 

PTRICONT Pentatriacontane 

PTRICONTU Pentatriacontane uncertainty 

HXTRICONT Hexatriacontane 

HXTRICONTU Hexatriacontane uncertainty 

HPTRICONT Heptatriacontane 

HPTRICONTU Heptatriacontane uncertainty 

OTRICONT Octatriacontane 

OTRICONTU Octatriacontane uncertainty 

NTRICONT Nonatriacontane 

NTRICONTU Nonatriacontane uncertainty 

TECONT Tetracontane 

TECONTU Tetracontane uncertainty 

Hopanes and Steranes

HOP13 18α(H)-22,29,30-Trisnorhopane 

HOP13U 18α(H)-22,29,30-Trisnorhopane uncertainty 

HOP14 17α(H),18α(H),21β(H)-25,28,30-Trisnorhopane 

HOP14U 17α(H),18α(H),21β(H)-25,28,30-Trisnorhopane uncertainty 

HOP15 17α(H)-22,29,30-Trisnorhopane 

HOP15U 17α(H)-22,29,30-Trisnorhopane uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-11

HOP16 17α(H),18α(H),21ß(H)-28,30-Bisnorhopane 

HOP16U 17α(H),18α(H),21ß(H)-28,30-Bisnorhopane uncertainty 

HOP17 17α(H),21β(H)-29-Norhopane 

HOP17U 17α(H),21β(H)-29-Norhopane uncertainty 

HOP18 18α(H)- 29-Norneohopane 

HOP18U 18α(H)- 29-Norneohopane uncertainty 

HOP19 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane 

HOP19U 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane uncertainty 

HOP20 17β(H),21α(H)-Hopane 

HOP20U 17 β(H),21α(H)-Hopane uncertainty 

HOP21 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30-Homohopane 

HOP21U 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30-Homohopane uncertainty 

HOP22 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30-Homohopane 

HOP22U 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30-Homohopane uncertainty 

HOP23 17β(H),21 β(H)-Hopane 

HOP23U 17β(H)),21 β(H)-Hopane uncertainty 

HOP24 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31-Bishomohopane 

HOP24U 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31-Bishomohopane uncertainty 

HOP25 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31-Bishomohopane 

HOP25U 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31-Bishomohopane uncertainty 

HOP26 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31,32-Trisomohopane 

HOP26U 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31,32-Trisomohopane uncertainty 

HOP27 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31,32-Trishomohopane 

HOP27U 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30,31,32-Trishomohopane uncertainty 

STER35 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diacholestane 

STER35U 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diacholestane uncertainty 

STER36 20R-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diacholestane 

STER36U 20R-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diacholestane uncertainty 

STER37 20S-13α(H),17ß(H)-Diacholestane 

STER37U 20S-13α(H),17ß(H)-Diacholestane uncertainty 

STER38 20R-13α(H),17ß(H)-Diacholestane 

STER38U 20R-13α(H),17ß(H)-Diacholestane uncertainty 

STER39 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diaergostane 

STER39U 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)-Diaergostane uncertainty 

STER42 20S5α(H),14α(H)-Cholestane 

STER42U 20S5α(H),14α(H)-Cholestane uncertainty 

STER43 20R5α(H),14β(H)-Cholestane 

STER43U 20R5α(H),14β(H)-Cholestane uncertainty 

STER44 20S5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Cholestane 

STER44U 20S5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Cholestane uncertainty 

STER45_40 20R-5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Cholestane & 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)- 

diastigmastane 

STER45_40U 20R-5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Cholestane & 20S-13ß(H),17α(H)- 

 diastigmastane uncertainty 

STER46 20S5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Ergostane 

STER46U 20S5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Ergostane uncertainty 

STER47 20R5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Ergostane 

STER47U 20R5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Ergostane uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-12

STER48_41 20S-5α(H),14ß(H),17ß(H)-Ergostane&20R-13α(H),17ß(H) diastigmastane 

STER48_41U 20S-5α(H),14ß(H),17ß(H)-Ergostane & 20R-13α(H),17ß(H)- 

 diastigmastane uncertainty 

STER49 20R5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Ergostane 

STER49U 20R5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Ergostane uncertainty 

STER50 20S5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Stigmastane 

STER50U 20S5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Stigmastane uncertainty 

STER51 20R5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Stigmastane 

STER51U 20R5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Stigmastane uncertainty 

STER52 20S5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Stigmastane 

STER52U 20S5α(H),14β(H),17β(H)-Stigmastane uncertainty 

STER53 20R5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Stigmastane 

STER53U 20R5α(H),14α(H),17α(H)-Stigmastane uncertainty 

Nitrosamines

NDMA N-nitrosodi-N-methylamine 

NDMAU N-nitrosodi-N-methylamine uncertainty 

NDEA N-nitrosodi-N-ethylamine 

NDEAU N-nitrosodi-N-ethylamine uncertainty 

NDPA N-nitrosodi-N-propylamine 

NDPAU N-nitrosodi-N-propylamine uncertainty 

NNMUR N-nitroso-N-methylurea 

NNMURU N-nitroso-N-methylurea uncertainty 

NDBA N-nitrosodi-N-butylamine 

NDBAU N-nitrosodi-N-butylamine uncertainty 

NPPD N-nitrosopiperidine 

NPPDU N-nitrosopiperidine uncertainty 

NPYR N-nitrosopyrrolidine 

NPYRU N-nitrosopyrrolidine uncertainty 

NMRP N-nitrosomorpholine 

NMRPU N-nitrosomorpholine uncertainty 

Metals and Elements

NAXC Sodium concentration (μg/filter) (qualitative only) 

NAXU Sodium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

MGXC Magnesium concentration (μg/filter) (qualitative only) 

MGXU Magnesium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

ALXC Aluminum concentration (μg/filter) 

ALXU Aluminum concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SIXC Silicon concentration (μg/filter) 

SIXU Silicon concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

PHXC Phosphorous concentration (μg/filter) 

PHXU Phosphorous concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SUXC Sulfur concentration (μg/filter) 

SUXU Sulfur concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-13

CLXC Chlorine concentration (μg/filter) 

CLXU Chlorine concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

KPXC Potassium concentration (μg/filter) 

KPXU Potassium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CAXC Calcium concentration (μg/filter) 

CAXU Calcium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SCXC Scandium concentration (μg/filter) 

SCXU Scandium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

TIXC Titanium concentration (μg/filter) 

TIXU Titanium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

VAXC Vanadium concentration (μg/filter) 

VAXU Vanadium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CRXC Chromium concentration (μg/filter) 

CRXU Chromium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

MNXC Manganese concentration (μg/filter) 

MNXU Manganese concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

FEXC Iron concentration (μg/filter) 

FEXU Iron concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

COXC Cobalt concentration (μg/filter) 

COXU Cobalt concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

NIXC Nickel concentration (μg/filter) 

NIXU Nickel concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CUXC Copper concentration (μg/filter) 

CUXU Copper concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

ZNXC Zinc concentration (μg/filter) 

ZNXU Zinc concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

GAXC Gallium concentration (μg/filter) 

GAXU Gallium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

ASXC Arsenic concentration (μg/filter) 

ASXU Arsenic concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SEXC Selenium concentration (μg/filter) 

SEXU Selenium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

BRXC Bromine concentration (μg/filter) 

BRXU Bromine concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

RBXC Rubidium concentration (μg/filter) 

RBXU Rubidium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SRXC Strontium concentration (μg/filter) 

SRXU Strontium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

YTXC Yttrium concentration (μg/filter) 

YTXU Yttrium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

ZRXC Zirconium concentration (μg/filter) 

ZRXU Zirconium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

NBXC Niobium concentration (μg/filter) 

NBXU Niobium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

MOXC Molybdenum concentration (μg/filter) 

MOXU Molybdenum concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

PDXC Palladium concentration (μg/filter) 

PDXU Palladium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 B-14

AGXC Silver concentration (μg/filter) 

AGXU Silver concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CDXC Cadmium concentration (μg/filter) 

CDXU Cadmium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

INXC Indium concentration (μg/filter) 

INXU Indium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SNXC Tin concentration (μg/filter) 

SNXU Tin concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SBXC Antimony concentration (μg/filter) 

SBXU Antimony concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CSXC Cesium concentration (μg/filter) 

CSXU Cesium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

BAXC Barium concentration (μg/filter) 

BAXU Barium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

LAXC Lanthanum concentration (μg/filter) 

LAXU Lanthanum concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

CEXC Cerium concentration (μg/filter) 

CEXU Cerium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

SMXC Samarium concentration (μg/filter) 

SMXU Samarium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

EUXC Europium concentration (μg/filter) 

EUXU Europium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

TBXC Terbium concentration (μg/filter) 

TBXU Terbium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

HFXC Hafnium concentration (μg/filter) 

HFXU Hafnium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

TAXC Tantalum concentration (μg/filter) 

TAXU Tantalum concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

WOXC Tungsten concentration (μg/filter) 

WOXU Tungsten concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

IRXC Iridium concentration (μg/filter) 

IRXU Iridium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

AUXC Gold concentration (μg/filter) 

AUXU Gold concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

HGXC Mercury concentration (μg/filter) 

HGXU Mercury concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

TLXC Thallium concentration (μg/filter) 

TLXU Thallium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

PBXC Lead concentration (μg/filter) 

PBXU Lead concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 

URXC Uranium concentration (μg/filter) 

URXU Uranium concentration (μg/filter) uncertainty 
REPORT 03.13062 

APPENDIX C 

PAH, HOPANES, AND STERANES MASS CONCENTRATION IN FUEL 

AND LUBE OIL
REPORT 03.13062 C-1

TABLE C-1. FUEL AND LUBE OIL PAH 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

naphth 0.00 0.13 1.66 0.00 12.14 291.86 

naphthu 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.65 15.84 

quinoline 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.08 

quinolineu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 5.26 

mnaph2 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.16 20.06 1695.80 

mnaph2u 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.96 80.81 

mnaph1 0.00 0.17 0.12 0.04 7.96 1000.20 

mnaph1u 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.42 52.76 

biphen 0.00 0.56 0.12 0.00 0.69 548.93 

biphenu 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 24.76 

enap12 0.00 0.61 0.04 0.08 2.54 473.80 

enap12u 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.34 64.94 

m_2bph 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.36 13.94 

m_2bphu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.56 

dmn267 0.00 5.13 0.04 0.78 7.30 3403.16 

dmn267u 0.04 0.28 0.04 0.05 0.41 184.80 

dm1367 0.00 6.47 0.39 1.60 14.32 6299.48 

dm1367u 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.09 0.75 334.84 

d14523 0.00 0.91 0.04 0.47 3.45 2196.19 

d14523u 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.22 127.01 

acnapy 0.00 0.00 3.55 0.00 0.07 1.37 

acnapyu 0.04 0.04 0.74 0.04 0.04 0.28 

dmn12 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.16 1.05 439.35 

dmn12u 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.11 51.75 

dmn18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 

dmn18u 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.16 

acnape 0.19 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.04 10.31 

acnapeu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.64 

m_3bph 0.00 7.78 0.15 0.35 5.71 1044.48 

m_3bphu 0.04 0.26 0.04 0.04 0.19 35.37 

m_4bph 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.16 462.90 

m_4bphu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 20.95 

dbzfur 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.11 46.08 

dbzfuru 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.64 

bibenz 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.73 131.01 

bibenzu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.11 16.22 

em_12n 0.00 0.48 0.04 0.04 0.69 195.29 

em_12nu 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.15 37.40 

tmi235n 0.00 1.00 0.15 0.39 2.36 657.96 

tmi235nu 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.13 34.89 

btmnap 0.00 5.47 0.08 1.91 10.90 1293.11 

btmnapu 0.04 0.51 0.04 0.17 1.05 122.41 

atmnap 0.00 4.30 0.12 1.01 5.34 1373.16 

atmnapu 0.04 0.23 0.04 0.08 0.28 74.99 
REPORT 03.13062 C-2

TABLE C-1 (CONT'D.) FUEL AND LUBE OIL PAH 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

ctmnap 0.00 5.39 0.08 2.30 10.32 1162.57 

ctmnapu 0.04 0.25 0.04 0.11 0.45 51.13 

em_21n 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.00 0.15 26.01 

em_21nu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 3.77 

etmnap 0.00 2.56 0.12 0.70 7.49 817.75 

etmnapu 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.05 0.33 35.49 

tm245n 0.00 0.17 0.12 0.16 0.22 150.42 

tm245nu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 8.83 

ftmnap 0.00 3.48 0.15 0.86 2.40 678.42 

ftmnapu 0.04 0.17 0.04 0.05 0.14 33.85 

fluore 0.00 0.78 0.46 0.12 0.87 79.43 

fluoreu 0.04 0.18 0.12 0.04 0.18 15.50 

tm145n 0.00 0.87 0.00 0.31 1.45 34.52 

tm145nu 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.08 0.22 5.51 

jtmnap 0.23 1.30 0.19 0.43 2.83 311.04 

jtmnapu 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.27 29.42 

a_mfluo 0.19 0.43 0.00 0.16 0.47 255.62 

a_mfluou 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 22.92 

b_mfluo 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.04 0.25 93.41 

b_mfluou 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 11.26 

m_1fluo 0.15 1.00 0.00 0.58 1.24 146.99 

m_1fluou 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.08 0.19 21.65 

fl9one 0.00 0.22 0.08 0.16 0.51 12.54 

fl9oneu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.03 

dbth 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.07 8.63 

dbthu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 1.36 

phenan 0.00 1.82 14.85 0.43 3.67 144.80 

phenanu 0.04 0.11 0.79 0.04 0.19 7.71 

anthra 0.00 0.17 0.08 0.16 0.76 22.77 

anthrau 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.18 4.90 

xanone 0.00 1.91 0.15 0.19 8.10 558.11 

xanoneu 0.04 0.83 0.08 0.08 3.50 240.76 

acquone 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.62 12.17 968.80 

acquoneu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.74 58.20 

m_2phen 0.00 1.74 0.50 1.01 8.69 222.59 

m_2phenu 0.04 0.31 0.08 0.16 1.45 36.68 

m_3phen 0.27 1.09 0.50 1.36 8.07 216.53 

m_3phenu 0.08 0.22 0.12 0.24 1.48 40.10 

pnapone 0.00 0.39 0.54 0.78 1.05 22.18 

pnaponeu 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.15 2.94 

m_2anth 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.12 0.18 2.15 

m_2anthu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.47 

m_45phen 0.00 0.43 4.63 0.23 1.05 1.17 

m_45phenu 0.04 0.09 1.05 0.08 0.22 0.28 
REPORT 03.13062 C-3

TABLE C-1 (CONT'D.) FUEL AND LUBE OIL PAH 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

m_9phen 0.38 0.52 0.58 1.09 2.98 82.44 

m_9phenu 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.20 0.55 15.63 

mpht_1 0.00 0.39 0.66 0.62 3.71 82.44 

mpht_1u 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.45 9.95 

dbpht 4.66 3.13 2.58 6.38 2.62 1.33 

dbphtu 0.55 0.36 0.32 0.77 0.30 0.16 

anthron 0.57 0.74 0.35 1.13 0.51 12.22 

anthronu 0.15 0.18 0.08 0.27 0.11 2.88 

m_9ant 0.00 0.13 0.12 0.35 0.18 4.02 

m_9antu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.56 

nap2phen 0.30 0.22 1.23 0.12 0.22 0.31 

nap2phenu 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.04 

anrquone 0.27 0.70 0.15 0.47 0.29 4.06 

anrquoneu 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.12 0.07 0.83 

a_dmph 0.42 1.04 0.19 1.13 6.80 169.09 

a_dmphu 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.16 0.90 22.13 

b_dmph 0.00 1.22 0.31 0.82 3.89 86.54 

b_dmphu 0.04 0.22 0.08 0.16 0.67 15.19 

dm17ph 1.29 0.83 0.89 0.47 5.63 114.22 

dm17phu 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.65 12.84 

dm36ph 0.27 0.26 0.12 0.16 2.76 120.55 

dm36phu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.41 17.46 

d_dmph 0.49 1.09 0.12 0.47 4.11 64.86 

d_dmphu 0.15 0.31 0.04 0.16 1.17 18.52 

e_dmph 0.42 0.39 0.15 0.43 3.53 71.97 

e_dmphu 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.63 13.03 

c_dmph 2.65 2.74 2.08 3.23 9.41 230.40 

c_dmphu 0.46 0.44 0.35 0.56 1.59 38.69 

fluora 0.00 0.43 24.65 0.93 0.29 0.74 

fluorau 0.04 0.09 5.39 0.20 0.07 0.16 

pyrene 1.02 1.91 46.17 1.17 4.18 142.89 

pyreneu 0.16 0.31 7.26 0.20 0.67 22.50 

antal9 0.72 0.96 0.89 3.42 2.22 30.34 

antal9u 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.56 0.37 5.02 

retene 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.31 0.15 0.62 

reteneu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

bafluo 1.70 2.78 0.93 0.93 1.89 2.19 

bafluou 0.46 0.74 0.23 0.24 0.51 0.59 

bbfluo 0.19 0.52 0.62 1.63 0.33 0.20 

bbfluou 0.08 0.13 0.16 0.43 0.11 0.08 

bmpyfl 0.83 0.35 0.58 1.25 1.42 0.94 

bmpyflu 0.15 0.09 0.12 0.24 0.26 0.16 

c1mflpy 0.98 0.83 2.24 0.74 1.56 2.93 

c1mflpyu 0.15 0.13 0.39 0.12 0.26 0.52 
REPORT 03.13062 C-4

TABLE C-1 (CONT'D.) FUEL AND LUBE OIL PAH 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

m_13fl 0.57 0.61 0.62 1.28 1.02 1.37 

m_13flu 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.39 0.29 0.39 

m_4pyr 0.68 1.65 1.12 1.36 5.42 88.92 

m_4pyru 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.28 4.57 

cmpyfl 0.34 1.09 1.20 3.23 0.65 0.35 

cmpyflu 0.11 0.31 0.35 0.94 0.18 0.12 

dmpyfl 1.33 1.09 1.35 0.74 7.01 98.68 

dmpyflu 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.12 1.04 14.48 

m_1pyr 0.98 1.17 2.70 1.13 1.85 66.27 

m_1pyru 0.19 0.22 0.51 0.24 0.37 12.84 

bntiop 1.17 0.74 1.74 0.97 1.02 0.16 

bntiopu 0.23 0.18 0.35 0.20 0.22 0.04 

bzcphen 0.61 0.78 1.27 0.54 1.53 0.16 

bzcphenu 0.23 0.31 0.46 0.20 0.55 0.08 

bghifl 1.33 1.39 0.85 0.51 0.25 2.93 

bghiflu 0.16 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.36 

phant9 0.45 0.26 0.12 0.12 0.22 0.00 

phant9u 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.04 

cp_cdpyr 0.45 0.48 0.58 0.16 0.55 0.16 

cp_cdpyru 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.04 0.11 0.04 

baanth 0.00 0.39 3.90 0.27 0.29 0.23 

baanthu 0.04 0.09 0.86 0.08 0.07 0.08 

chr_tr 2.31 0.83 7.56 1.13 1.05 1.41 

chr_tru 0.31 0.13 1.00 0.16 0.15 0.20 

bzanthr 0.91 2.13 2.24 1.79 3.42 0.51 

bzanthru 0.19 0.48 0.51 0.39 0.77 0.12 

b2epht 3.94 5.17 1.23 4.05 7.78 2.42 

b2ephtu 0.40 0.51 0.12 0.41 0.77 0.25 

baa7_12 0.00 1.69 7.29 2.18 4.54 0.35 

baa7_12u 0.04 0.44 1.79 0.55 1.10 0.08 

m_3chr 0.19 0.22 0.31 0.23 0.33 0.27 

m_3chru 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.04 

chry56m 0.27 0.35 0.27 0.51 0.80 0.08 

chry56mu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 

m_7baa 0.68 0.39 0.35 0.90 1.05 0.16 

m_7baau 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.16 0.19 0.04 

dmban712 0.34 1.35 0.35 0.51 0.80 0.39 

dmban712u 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.04 

bbjkfl 0.27 0.43 0.85 0.58 2.07 0.12 

bbjkflu 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.23 0.04 

bafl 0.00 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.15 0.00 

baflu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

bepyrn 0.30 0.35 8.14 0.51 0.33 0.62 

bepyrnu 0.11 0.13 2.71 0.16 0.11 0.20 
REPORT 03.13062 C-5

TABLE C-1 (CONT'D.) FUEL AND LUBE OIL PAH 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

bapyrn 0.57 0.39 8.52 0.08 0.18 0.08 

bapyrnu 0.04 0.05 0.68 0.04 0.04 0.04 

peryle 0.11 0.17 2.43 0.31 0.40 0.08 

peryleu 0.04 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.04 

mchol3 0.00 0.52 0.23 0.54 0.29 0.12 

mchol3u 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.04 

m_7bpy 0.15 0.09 0.19 0.43 0.11 0.08 

m_7bpyu 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.04 

bpy910dih 0.23 0.30 0.54 0.19 0.62 0.00 

bpy910dihu 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.04 0.15 0.04 

incdfl 0.68 0.52 0.58 0.31 0.47 0.00 

incdflu 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbahacr 0.38 1.00 0.27 0.39 0.62 0.00 

dbahacru 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbajacr 0.19 1.04 0.42 0.31 0.36 0.00 

dbajacru 0.08 0.26 0.12 0.08 0.11 0.04 

in123pyr 0.30 1.35 0.69 0.39 0.44 0.00 

in123pyru 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbajan 0.42 1.43 0.46 0.31 0.98 0.00 

dbajanu 0.08 0.31 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.04 

dbahacan 0.00 2.09 0.58 0.78 1.27 0.00 

dbahacanu 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 

bbchr 0.00 0.96 0.08 0.58 0.62 0.00 

bbchru 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

pic 0.87 0.70 0.46 0.54 0.65 0.00 

picu 0.23 0.22 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.04 

dbcgcar 1.82 1.00 1.74 0.90 0.98 1.37 

dbcgcaru 0.46 0.26 0.43 0.24 0.26 0.35 

bghipe 0.64 0.39 28.08 0.93 0.44 0.04 

bghipeu 0.12 0.09 5.44 0.20 0.07 0.04 

anthan 0.00 0.39 0.58 0.35 0.25 0.00 

anthanu 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbalpyr 0.19 0.22 0.69 0.47 0.29 0.00 

dbalpyru 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbaepyr 0.19 0.13 0.19 0.00 0.18 0.04 

dbaepyru 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.04 

corone 0.00 0.13 7.56 0.23 0.15 0.04 

coroneu 0.04 0.04 1.91 0.08 0.04 0.04 

dbaipyr 0.27 0.04 0.19 0.00 0.18 0.00 

dbaipyru 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbahpyr 0.00 0.22 0.31 0.00 0.15 0.00 

dbahpyru 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 

dbbkfl 0.23 0.13 0.81 0.43 0.22 0.00 

dbbkflu 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 

Sum PAH 42.72 115.35 215.07 76.31 279.66 29049.4 

u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 C-6

 TABLE C-2. OIL AND FUEL HOPANES AND STERANES 

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

hop13 20.59 23.71 38.10 51.36 173.45 0.00 

hop13u 2.44 2.81 4.52 6.10 20.59 0.00 

hop14 2.15 2.44 5.00 3.68 87.94 0.00 

hop14u 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.15 3.65 0.00 

hop15 28.81 24.75 33.88 20.02 116.96 0.04 

hop15u 1.72 1.48 2.02 1.20 10.17 0.00 

hop16 5.91 4.21 5.63 5.29 6.96 0.00 

hop16u 0.38 0.27 0.36 0.34 0.45 0.00 

hop17 51.92 48.69 170.39 89.73 404.51 0.06 

hop17u 2.18 2.05 7.16 3.77 17.00 0.00 

hop18 4.80 2.01 1.63 4.84 0.00 0.00 

hop18u 0.24 0.10 0.08 0.24 0.00 0.00 

hop19 17.79 19.38 120.42 40.54 134.20 0.00 

hop19u 1.11 1.21 7.51 2.53 8.37 0.00 

hop20 2.91 1.26 8.13 3.26 20.29 0.00 

hop20u 0.38 0.16 1.06 0.42 2.65 0.00 

hop21 12.19 12.61 131.39 21.26 44.87 0.00 

hop21u 0.77 0.79 8.26 1.34 2.82 0.00 

hop22 8.21 13.05 128.54 21.16 61.06 0.00 

hop22u 0.55 0.87 8.61 1.42 4.09 0.00 

hop23 0.00 0.00 2.78 2.08 1.33 0.00 

hop23u 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.00 

hop24 5.86 10.43 111.78 12.90 33.16 0.00 

hop24u 0.70 1.25 13.42 1.55 3.98 0.00 

hop25 3.98 6.28 84.95 8.58 15.81 0.00 

hop25u 0.47 0.74 9.99 1.01 1.86 0.00 

hop26 2.79 5.23 108.96 10.25 16.86 0.00 

hop26u 0.51 0.96 19.95 1.88 3.09 0.00 

hop27 1.76 3.56 70.32 7.32 7.51 0.00 

hop27u 0.09 0.17 3.40 0.35 0.36 0.00 

sum hopanes 169.66 177.61 1021.89 302.27 1124.91 0.1 

u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection
REPORT 03.13062 C-7

TABLE C-2 (CONT'D.) OIL AND FUEL HOPANES AND STERANES

Fresh Oil Engine A Engine B Engine C Engine D Fuel 

μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g μg/g 

ster35 12.70 7.39 11.22 17.99 3.24 0.00 

ster35u 0.36 0.21 0.32 0.52 0.09 0.00 

ster36 6.91 3.94 9.70 12.13 6.52 0.00 

ster36u 0.69 0.39 0.97 1.21 0.65 0.00 

ster37 1.81 2.46 3.71 2.70 39.11 0.00 

ster37u 0.13 0.17 0.26 0.19 2.75 0.00 

ster38 4.30 2.48 3.51 5.67 32.59 0.00 

ster38u 0.58 0.33 0.47 0.76 4.39 0.00 

ster39 5.27 4.00 5.78 8.46 66.23 0.00 

ster39u 0.51 0.38 0.56 0.81 6.36 0.00 

ster42 10.86 9.53 10.29 10.33 25.28 0.00 

ster42u 1.14 1.00 1.08 1.08 2.65 0.00 

ster43 21.63 12.49 10.47 30.23 51.89 0.00 

ster43u 0.91 0.53 0.44 1.27 2.18 0.00 

ster44 12.63 7.38 21.04 18.11 39.79 0.00 

ster44u 1.44 0.84 2.39 2.06 4.53 0.00 

ster45_40 18.90 8.39 27.24 22.60 27.22 0.00 

ster45_40u 0.55 0.24 0.79 0.66 0.79 0.00 

ster46 5.34 8.65 5.09 7.53 55.87 0.00 

ster46u 0.35 0.57 0.33 0.49 3.66 0.00 

ster47 4.42 6.32 11.41 11.45 42.08 0.00 

ster47u 0.38 0.54 0.98 0.98 3.61 0.00 

ster48_41 10.90 8.62 11.97 29.67 16.90 0.00 

ster48_41u 1.09 0.87 1.20 2.98 1.70 0.00 

ster49 4.51 0.18 9.49 7.07 58.03 0.00 

ster49u 1.23 0.05 2.60 1.93 15.87 0.00 

ster50 4.27 4.32 7.39 5.80 22.13 0.00 

ster50u 0.37 0.37 0.64 0.50 1.92 0.00 

ster51 10.64 8.55 27.93 19.63 64.91 0.00 

ster51u 1.68 1.35 4.40 3.09 10.22 0.00 

ster52 7.93 5.73 22.87 13.40 88.23 0.00 

ster52u 1.04 0.75 3.01 1.76 11.60 0.00 

ster53 3.75 9.02 17.00 12.11 4.99 0.00 

ster53u 0.50 1.21 2.28 1.62 0.67 0.00 

sum steranes 146.77 109.45 216.13 234.89 645.02 0 

u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 

APPENDIX D 

METALS AND ELEMENTS EMISSIONS IN μG/HP-HR
REPORT 03.13062 D-1 

TABLE D-1. ENGINE A METALS AND ELEMENTS 

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-1 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

NAXC 0.00 0.00 128.82 88.89 53.67 42.58 0.00 0.00 75.29 32.57 32.70 22.99 28.29 NAXU 509.87 509.87 528.00 437.25 386.22 386.60 1481.69 1498.13 146.39 123.70 7.71 6.19 6.18 MGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.82 2.39 0.76 MGXU 273.91 272.67 280.23 231.18 204.20 204.98 789.05 796.40 76.93 65.32 3.77 3.07 2.99 ALXC 28.53 0.00 0.00 20.79 0.00 21.40 0.00 176.77 13.23 7.03 2.34 1.64 3.24 ALXU 45.25 44.91 46.24 38.32 33.68 33.94 130.79 133.12 12.84 10.83 0.63 0.51 0.51 SIXC 44.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 58.04 0.00 51.99 0.00 3.83 2.40 0.45 2.16 SIXU 50.73 50.34 51.51 42.68 37.75 38.26 145.68 148.17 14.20 12.14 0.70 0.56 0.56 PHXC 0.00 9.45 8.76 1.31 0.00 0.00 13.40 34.07 37.38 73.08 18.45 15.27 14.34 PHXU 14.43 14.74 15.08 12.22 10.80 10.82 41.70 43.10 4.24 3.75 0.27 0.23 0.22 SUXC 0.00 106.86 0.00 77.99 88.65 71.68 242.08 386.78 846.94 1710.74 383.70 302.24 280.54 SUXU 40.29 40.56 41.17 34.39 30.62 30.46 117.38 119.44 15.35 18.50 2.74 2.17 2.03 CLXC 0.00 1.78 0.00 5.24 3.65 5.27 2.57 130.66 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.23 0.17 CLXU 9.93 9.92 10.15 8.41 7.44 7.45 28.70 29.00 2.80 2.38 0.14 0.11 0.11 KPXC 10.96 2.62 4.45 0.00 4.24 2.95 0.00 158.71 0.12 1.67 0.82 0.36 0.61 KPXU 9.28 9.26 9.48 7.85 6.95 6.96 26.81 27.09 2.61 2.22 0.13 0.10 0.10 CAXC 34.01 12.49 17.28 0.00 0.84 7.10 79.20 188.94 10.94 14.11 13.81 11.29 12.73 CAXU 11.15 11.13 11.39 9.44 8.35 8.36 32.22 32.56 3.14 2.67 0.17 0.14 0.14 SCXC 1.97 0.00 6.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.14 0.06 SCXU 36.59 36.54 37.39 30.98 27.40 27.44 105.74 106.85 10.31 8.75 0.50 0.41 0.40 TIXC 2.62 8.28 0.00 0.00 3.61 0.32 0.00 12.72 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.06 0.33 TIXU 6.84 6.83 6.99 5.79 5.12 5.13 19.77 19.98 1.93 1.64 0.09 0.08 0.07 VAXC 2.20 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 VAXU 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.52 0.46 0.46 1.76 1.78 0.17 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 CRXC 0.66 0.00 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.35 1.29 1.00 0.37 0.24 1.28 CRXU 6.23 6.22 6.37 5.28 4.67 4.67 18.01 18.20 1.76 1.49 0.09 0.07 0.07 MNXC 0.47 5.71 0.00 5.59 0.00 0.00 29.24 0.00 2.48 1.37 0.19 0.11 0.23 MNXU 13.07 13.05 13.36 11.07 9.79 9.80 37.77 38.17 3.68 3.13 0.18 0.15 0.14 FEXC 17.52 37.24 19.29 13.37 12.49 13.14 87.46 240.80 16.92 13.01 12.07 9.46 15.42 FEXU 16.77 16.75 17.14 14.20 12.56 12.58 48.47 49.80 4.80 4.08 0.25 0.20 0.21 COXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 COXU 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.52 0.46 0.46 1.76 1.78 0.17 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 NIXC 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.41 NIXU 3.09 3.09 3.16 2.62 2.32 2.32 8.94 9.03 0.87 0.74 0.04 0.03 0.03 CUXC 0.00 1.96 5.60 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 17.38 1.80 1.42 0.15 0.16 0.53 CUXU 5.57 5.57 5.70 4.72 4.17 4.18 16.11 16.28 1.57 1.33 0.08 0.06 0.06 ZNXC 28.29 16.42 6.94 0.00 2.81 20.91 22.20 72.38 8.34 7.40 4.94 5.14 5.80 ZNXU 5.57 5.57 5.70 4.72 4.17 4.18 16.11 16.28 1.57 1.33 0.09 0.07 0.07 GAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.15 GAXU 19.86 19.84 20.30 16.82 14.87 14.90 57.40 58.01 5.60 4.75 0.27 0.22 0.22 ASXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ASXU 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.52 0.46 0.46 1.76 1.78 0.17 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 SEXC 7.26 0.00 0.24 0.00 3.12 0.00 10.83 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.03 SEXU 13.07 13.05 13.36 11.07 9.79 9.80 37.77 38.17 3.68 3.13 0.18 0.15 0.14 BRXC 10.54 0.00 0.00 2.98 2.63 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.02 0.07 BRXU 9.28 9.26 9.48 7.85 6.95 6.96 26.81 27.09 2.61 2.22 0.13 0.10 0.10 RBXC 1.31 3.46 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.92 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.03 RBXU 6.84 6.83 6.99 5.79 5.12 5.13 19.77 19.98 1.93 1.64 0.09 0.08 0.07 SRXC 0.00 0.89 4.45 2.58 4.91 9.21 3.79 2.60 2.97 0.94 0.43 0.30 0.22 SRXU 12.37 12.35 12.64 10.47 9.26 9.28 35.74 36.12 3.48 2.96 0.17 0.14 0.13 YTXC 1.12 4.16 2.06 6.51 3.47 0.00 0.00 5.88 0.20 1.21 0.05 0.11 0.08 YTXU 9.28 9.26 9.48 7.85 6.95 6.96 26.81 27.09 2.61 2.22 0.13 0.10 0.10 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-2 

TABLE D-1 (CONT'D.) ENGINE A METALS AND ELEMENTS 

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-1 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

ZRXU 21.74 21.71 22.21 18.41 16.28 16.30 62.82 63.48 6.12 5.20 0.30 0.24 0.24 NBXC 0.00 0.00 6.27 3.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.03 NBXU 16.77 16.75 17.14 14.20 12.56 12.58 48.47 48.98 4.73 4.01 0.23 0.19 0.18 MOXC 2.44 0.00 11.01 0.00 4.14 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 MOXU 14.90 14.88 15.22 12.61 11.16 11.17 43.05 43.51 4.20 3.56 0.20 0.17 0.16 PDXC 12.27 0.00 4.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.23 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.03 PDXU 28.58 28.54 29.20 24.20 21.40 21.64 82.59 83.46 8.05 6.84 0.39 0.32 0.31 AGXC 0.00 4.16 5.60 6.86 0.49 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 AGXU 26.05 26.01 26.62 22.06 19.50 19.54 75.28 76.07 7.34 6.23 0.36 0.29 0.28 CDXC 0.00 5.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CDXU 32.56 32.80 33.27 27.57 24.38 24.42 94.10 95.09 9.17 7.86 0.45 0.36 0.35 INXC 0.00 2.62 0.00 4.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 INXU 19.21 19.18 19.63 16.26 14.38 14.41 55.51 56.09 5.41 4.60 0.26 0.21 0.21 SNXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 SNXU 24.78 24.75 25.04 20.98 18.35 18.59 71.62 72.38 6.98 5.86 0.34 0.27 0.27 SBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.60 0.00 0.00 46.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 SBXU 45.91 45.85 46.91 38.87 34.38 34.43 132.68 134.08 12.94 10.98 0.63 0.51 0.50 CSXC 7.21 0.00 0.00 3.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 CSXU 7.40 7.39 7.56 6.27 5.54 5.55 21.39 21.62 2.09 1.77 0.10 0.08 0.08 BAXC 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 BAXU 3.70 3.70 3.78 3.13 2.77 2.78 10.70 10.81 1.04 0.89 0.05 0.04 0.04 LAXC 0.00 0.00 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 13.41 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 LAXU 5.57 5.57 5.70 4.72 4.17 4.18 16.11 16.28 1.57 1.33 0.08 0.06 0.06 CEXC 1.36 0.89 0.00 0.00 4.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CEXU 8.10 8.09 8.28 6.86 6.07 6.08 23.42 23.67 2.28 1.94 0.11 0.09 0.09 SMXC 4.17 0.00 0.00 9.08 8.03 0.00 23.42 27.50 0.67 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 SMXU 11.15 11.13 11.39 9.44 8.35 8.36 32.22 32.56 3.14 2.67 0.15 0.12 0.12 EUXC 0.00 0.00 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 EUXU 40.29 40.24 41.17 34.11 30.17 30.22 116.43 117.66 11.35 9.64 0.55 0.45 0.44 TBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 TBXU 13.63 13.61 13.93 11.54 10.21 10.22 39.40 39.81 3.84 3.26 0.19 0.16 0.15 HFXC 0.00 3.56 23.31 6.35 0.00 30.92 142.02 0.00 8.53 16.06 0.00 0.08 0.32 HFXU 88.35 87.91 89.95 74.53 65.91 66.02 255.34 257.08 24.80 21.14 1.21 0.98 0.96 TAXC 0.00 42.48 0.00 57.56 47.60 39.81 172.35 65.40 18.90 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.21 TAXU 74.11 73.69 75.73 62.75 55.50 55.59 214.19 215.48 20.88 17.73 1.02 0.82 0.80 WOXC 47.17 0.00 0.00 8.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 1.06 0.00 0.00 WOXU 106.53 106.06 108.52 90.20 79.52 79.65 306.93 310.16 29.83 25.49 1.46 1.18 1.15 IRXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 IRXU 22.91 22.88 23.41 19.40 17.15 17.18 66.21 66.90 6.45 5.48 0.31 0.25 0.25 AUXC 4.59 0.00 9.19 0.95 16.59 32.08 0.00 21.21 6.24 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.20 AUXU 48.95 48.89 50.02 41.45 36.90 36.96 141.48 142.97 13.89 11.71 0.67 0.55 0.54 HGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.19 0.00 0.00 HGXU 14.90 14.88 15.22 12.61 11.16 11.17 43.05 43.51 4.29 3.56 0.20 0.17 0.16 TLXC 0.00 0.65 2.01 0.91 0.49 0.00 0.00 30.10 1.91 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 TLXU 15.51 15.49 15.84 13.13 11.61 11.63 44.81 45.29 4.37 3.71 0.21 0.17 0.17 PBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 293.33 9.40 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.02 PBXU 16.11 16.09 16.47 13.65 12.07 12.09 46.57 48.02 4.63 3.86 0.22 0.18 0.18 URXC 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 8.21 10.86 41.84 69.23 0.00 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 URXU 26.05 26.01 26.62 22.06 19.50 19.54 75.28 76.07 7.34 6.23 0.36 0.29 0.29 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-3 

TABLE D-2. ENGINE B METALS AND ELEMENTS

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

NAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.12 0.00 0.00 56.42 0.00 62.09 0.00 33.52 30.82 33.25 NAXU 315.30 296.94 283.96 309.43 305.50 304.34 653.12 637.27 89.06 91.04 6.57 6.51 6.52 MGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.78 1.69 3.55 MGXU 168.01 159.00 151.04 163.63 163.98 162.95 346.84 341.24 46.65 48.59 3.17 3.15 3.14 ALXC 14.59 37.29 0.00 47.69 15.81 0.00 24.47 0.00 0.00 0.94 4.47 2.13 2.31 ALXU 27.85 26.55 24.88 27.23 27.18 27.04 57.37 56.56 7.73 8.05 0.54 0.53 0.52 SIXC 0.00 0.00 15.91 17.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.80 0.67 SIXU 31.02 29.36 28.07 30.31 30.27 30.12 63.49 63.00 8.60 8.96 0.58 0.58 0.57 PHXC 53.30 48.40 50.59 55.41 53.09 42.61 101.50 135.14 11.12 16.57 22.77 16.95 22.03 PHXU 9.08 8.59 8.32 8.98 8.86 8.82 18.71 18.79 2.52 2.67 0.26 0.24 0.26 SUXC 1247.19 1177.98 1137.19 1212.49 1244.08 1096.54 2475.93 2668.93 337.06 350.41 498.22 356.97 490.77 SUXU 30.59 28.95 27.50 29.69 30.11 29.08 62.60 62.65 8.43 8.78 3.35 2.51 3.31 CLXC 0.00 4.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.24 0.00 0.11 0.00 CLXU 6.11 5.78 5.49 5.93 5.96 5.93 12.59 12.41 1.70 1.77 0.11 0.11 0.11 KPXC 4.30 7.91 11.87 13.60 1.83 4.45 9.44 7.08 1.27 2.02 0.65 0.33 0.42 KPXU 5.71 5.40 5.13 5.54 5.57 5.54 11.76 11.59 1.58 1.65 0.11 0.11 0.11 CAXC 107.01 71.64 68.29 107.55 62.04 60.13 143.13 140.58 20.85 19.69 5.64 5.00 4.81 CAXU 7.06 6.68 6.35 6.86 6.89 6.86 14.55 14.34 1.96 2.04 0.13 0.13 0.13 SCXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SCXU 22.52 21.31 20.24 21.86 21.97 21.86 46.38 45.73 6.25 6.50 0.42 0.42 0.41 TIXC 1.87 0.76 0.00 0.00 2.36 0.00 4.39 4.92 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.04 0.10 TIXU 4.21 3.98 3.78 4.09 4.11 4.09 8.67 8.55 1.17 1.22 0.08 0.08 0.08 VAXC 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 VAXU 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.77 0.76 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 CRXC 21.19 21.33 25.11 26.59 23.58 26.59 50.30 57.26 6.48 6.59 0.51 0.67 0.68 CRXU 3.83 3.63 3.45 3.72 3.74 3.72 7.90 7.79 1.06 1.11 0.07 0.07 0.07 MNXC 5.68 5.37 5.11 0.00 3.97 14.95 0.00 12.06 2.62 0.00 0.31 0.54 0.21 MNXU 8.04 7.61 7.23 7.81 7.85 7.81 16.57 16.34 2.23 2.32 0.15 0.15 0.15 FEXC 152.19 128.96 136.32 141.18 136.43 139.13 292.38 295.92 41.02 45.14 13.14 18.31 19.39 FEXU 10.70 9.93 9.61 10.19 10.24 10.19 21.62 21.31 2.91 3.09 0.21 0.22 0.22 COXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 COXU 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.77 0.76 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 NIXC 6.37 8.84 7.65 6.97 12.80 8.54 19.24 15.11 3.04 3.31 0.23 0.25 0.26 NIXU 1.90 1.80 1.71 1.85 1.86 1.85 3.92 3.86 0.53 0.55 0.04 0.04 0.04 CUXC 12.83 8.57 14.44 62.21 16.99 30.79 34.74 22.19 4.38 3.39 0.32 0.48 0.33 CUXU 3.43 3.25 3.08 3.53 3.35 3.33 7.07 6.97 0.95 0.99 0.06 0.06 0.06 ZNXC 15.51 14.43 34.34 53.56 13.56 26.06 25.83 36.48 5.28 4.17 0.86 0.93 0.97 ZNXU 3.43 3.25 3.27 3.53 3.35 3.33 7.07 6.97 0.95 0.99 0.07 0.07 0.07 GAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 GAXU 12.22 11.57 10.99 11.87 11.93 11.87 25.18 24.83 3.39 3.53 0.23 0.23 0.23 ASXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ASXU 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.77 0.76 0.10 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 SEXC 0.00 1.15 5.47 2.24 0.00 8.79 12.53 6.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 SEXU 8.04 7.61 7.23 7.81 7.85 7.81 16.57 16.34 2.23 2.32 0.15 0.15 0.15 BRXC 0.00 0.00 5.34 1.57 0.00 4.45 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.06 BRXU 5.71 5.40 5.13 5.54 5.57 5.54 11.76 11.59 1.58 1.65 0.11 0.11 0.11 RBXC 0.00 1.53 0.00 1.82 0.51 1.82 0.00 14.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 RBXU 4.21 3.98 3.78 4.09 4.11 4.09 8.67 8.55 1.17 1.22 0.08 0.08 0.08 SRXC 5.13 13.01 3.16 0.00 4.73 0.78 1.66 6.03 2.54 0.31 0.20 0.09 0.10 SRXU 7.61 7.20 6.84 7.39 7.43 7.39 15.68 15.46 2.11 2.20 0.14 0.14 0.14 YTXC 0.00 2.43 0.39 0.00 0.00 1.46 0.00 1.41 1.24 0.90 0.00 0.09 0.10 YTXU 5.71 5.40 5.13 5.54 5.57 5.54 11.76 11.59 1.58 1.65 0.11 0.11 0.11 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-4 

TABLE D-2 (CONT'D.) ENGINE B METALS AND ELEMENTS

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

ZRXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 ZRXU 13.38 12.66 12.03 12.98 13.06 12.99 27.56 27.17 3.71 3.86 0.25 0.25 0.25 NBXC 1.10 2.05 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.04 1.64 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 NBXU 10.32 9.77 9.28 10.02 10.07 10.02 21.26 20.96 2.86 2.98 0.19 0.19 0.19 MOXC 0.00 0.00 4.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.19 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MOXU 9.17 8.68 8.24 8.90 8.95 8.90 18.89 18.62 2.54 2.65 0.17 0.17 0.17 PDXC 0.00 3.82 12.13 9.68 7.09 0.00 7.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 PDXU 17.59 16.64 15.81 17.07 17.16 17.08 36.23 35.72 4.88 5.08 0.33 0.33 0.32 AGXC 5.25 0.00 6.43 6.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.39 0.00 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 AGXU 16.03 15.17 14.41 15.56 15.64 15.56 33.02 32.55 4.45 4.63 0.30 0.30 0.30 CDXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CDXU 20.04 18.96 18.17 19.45 19.55 19.46 41.63 40.69 5.56 5.79 0.37 0.37 0.37 INXC 0.00 0.00 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.25 7.25 12.06 0.38 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 INXU 11.82 11.19 10.63 11.47 11.54 11.48 24.35 24.01 3.28 3.41 0.22 0.22 0.22 SNXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 18.95 0.00 3.45 1.49 0.00 0.15 0.00 SNXU 15.25 14.43 13.71 14.80 14.88 14.81 31.42 30.62 4.23 4.41 0.28 0.28 0.28 SBXC 0.00 3.71 13.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.10 1.35 3.48 3.16 0.00 0.20 0.00 SBXU 28.43 26.74 25.40 27.42 27.74 27.43 58.20 57.38 7.84 8.16 0.52 0.52 0.52 CSXC 0.00 0.38 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 3.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.03 CSXU 4.55 4.31 4.09 4.42 4.45 4.42 9.38 9.25 1.26 1.32 0.08 0.08 0.08 BAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 3.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 BAXU 2.28 2.16 2.05 2.21 2.22 2.21 4.69 4.63 0.63 0.66 0.04 0.04 0.04 LAXC 0.40 0.90 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 LAXU 3.43 3.25 3.08 3.33 3.35 3.33 7.07 6.97 0.95 0.99 0.06 0.06 0.06 CEXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 CEXU 4.99 4.72 4.48 4.84 4.87 4.84 10.27 10.13 1.38 1.44 0.09 0.09 0.09 SMXC 6.60 3.71 2.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.82 12.35 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SMXU 6.86 6.49 6.17 6.66 6.70 6.66 14.13 13.94 1.90 1.98 0.13 0.13 0.13 EUXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 0.00 0.00 39.73 26.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 EUXU 24.79 23.46 22.29 24.07 24.20 24.07 51.49 50.76 6.88 7.16 0.46 0.46 0.46 TBXC 0.00 6.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 9.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TBXU 8.39 8.13 7.54 8.14 8.19 8.15 17.28 17.04 2.33 2.42 0.16 0.16 0.16 HFXC 0.00 31.95 0.00 13.12 16.88 7.36 98.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 HFXU 54.17 51.45 48.70 52.58 52.87 52.60 112.01 109.67 15.03 15.65 1.01 1.01 0.99 TAXC 0.00 19.42 11.40 24.88 22.40 0.00 80.59 9.31 12.58 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.28 TAXU 45.61 42.97 40.82 44.08 44.31 44.09 93.96 92.22 12.65 13.12 0.84 0.84 0.84 WOXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.89 46.44 37.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WOXU 65.35 61.85 58.75 63.25 63.78 63.66 135.05 133.14 18.13 18.88 1.21 1.21 1.20 IRXC 0.00 10.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.22 0.00 9.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 IRXU 14.10 13.53 12.85 13.68 13.76 13.88 29.04 28.63 3.91 4.07 0.26 0.26 0.26 AUXC 12.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.02 AUXU 30.33 28.51 27.08 29.44 29.40 29.25 62.06 61.19 8.36 8.70 0.56 0.56 0.55 HGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HGXU 9.17 8.68 8.24 8.90 8.95 8.90 18.89 18.62 2.54 2.65 0.17 0.17 0.17 TLXC 0.00 4.20 2.80 0.00 0.65 0.00 17.52 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.11 TLXU 9.54 9.03 8.58 9.26 9.31 9.27 19.66 19.38 2.65 2.76 0.18 0.18 0.18 PBXC 0.00 0.00 8.50 0.28 11.09 0.00 13.90 6.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 PBXU 9.92 9.39 8.92 9.63 9.68 9.63 20.43 20.14 2.75 2.87 0.18 0.18 0.18 URXC 0.00 11.49 11.40 8.90 8.95 0.00 0.00 10.95 1.58 2.11 0.00 0.23 0.00 URXU 16.20 15.17 14.41 15.56 15.64 15.56 33.38 32.55 4.45 4.63 0.30 0.30 0.30 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-5 

TABLE D-3. ENGINE C METALS AND ELEMENTS 

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

NAXC 147.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 937.75 255.16 0.00 237.48 6.14 12.54 2.55 NAXU 365.58 342.12 355.83 359.55 362.01 361.55 834.78 814.02 87.95 153.03 5.93 5.98 5.61 MGXC 12.69 31.70 0.00 0.00 63.14 0.00 433.37 148.30 10.14 61.17 2.73 1.78 2.85 MGXU 191.79 182.10 191.05 191.65 194.20 191.00 434.09 428.33 47.32 78.79 3.09 3.06 2.98 ALXC 10.06 28.62 0.00 17.79 0.00 0.00 89.38 159.62 2.33 8.79 2.42 2.37 1.40 ALXU 31.91 30.51 31.85 31.95 32.27 31.69 72.31 72.18 7.86 13.14 0.52 0.52 0.50 SIXC 18.86 25.54 0.61 34.37 29.08 16.71 82.08 166.86 14.63 15.04 1.96 2.00 1.44 SIXU 35.28 33.50 35.03 35.33 35.68 35.29 79.40 79.27 8.76 14.43 0.57 0.57 0.56 PHXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 26.03 67.88 11.77 9.79 0.56 7.16 1.37 PHXU 10.73 10.40 10.71 10.75 10.85 10.96 24.66 24.44 2.70 4.48 0.18 0.20 0.17 SUXC 32.77 225.43 161.70 163.14 125.08 199.77 457.74 253.80 66.43 81.15 8.91 161.09 35.42 SUXU 40.97 39.75 41.57 41.70 41.92 41.88 94.22 92.46 10.37 17.12 0.70 1.50 0.79 CLXC 0.00 4.39 6.48 3.09 0.00 0.61 38.98 22.72 18.66 6.82 0.21 0.92 3.00 CLXU 7.00 6.65 6.99 7.01 7.08 7.01 15.76 15.63 1.78 2.86 0.11 0.12 0.12 KPXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.61 13.76 1.68 4.55 0.76 0.53 0.58 KPXU 6.55 6.22 6.54 6.56 6.63 6.56 14.75 14.62 1.62 2.68 0.11 0.10 0.10 CAXC 16.07 2.04 6.16 6.50 3.12 10.22 73.76 62.07 33.29 14.79 4.67 5.73 4.38 CAXU 8.32 7.90 8.31 8.33 8.42 8.33 18.73 18.56 2.05 3.40 0.14 0.14 0.13 SCXC 0.00 0.00 9.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SCXU 25.80 24.50 25.76 25.84 26.09 25.81 58.07 57.56 6.36 10.64 0.42 0.41 0.40 TIXC 7.10 2.04 0.00 3.41 5.00 6.17 24.37 20.71 3.58 4.05 0.32 0.21 0.15 TIXU 4.82 4.58 4.81 4.83 4.87 4.82 10.85 10.75 1.19 1.97 0.08 0.08 0.07 VAXC 0.00 0.00 0.93 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 VAXU 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1.01 1.00 0.11 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.01 CRXC 6.20 5.00 9.59 8.69 8.16 10.86 44.54 37.99 4.66 6.33 0.61 0.37 0.28 CRXU 4.37 4.15 4.36 4.38 4.42 4.37 9.83 9.75 1.08 1.79 0.07 0.07 0.07 MNXC 0.45 0.00 0.00 5.73 0.00 4.47 7.30 27.24 2.02 4.99 0.25 0.00 0.08 MNXU 9.19 8.73 9.17 9.20 9.29 9.19 20.68 20.50 2.26 3.76 0.15 0.15 0.14 FEXC 63.68 64.59 45.68 76.16 57.84 65.25 139.85 67.59 28.11 29.19 6.31 4.56 4.20 FEXU 12.69 12.05 12.67 12.71 12.84 12.70 28.56 28.31 3.13 5.19 0.21 0.21 0.20 COXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 COXU 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1.01 1.00 0.11 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.01 NIXC 4.63 7.05 3.40 6.82 10.01 10.22 18.80 4.16 4.19 5.06 0.19 0.20 0.10 NIXU 2.18 2.07 2.18 2.19 2.21 2.19 4.92 4.87 0.54 0.89 0.04 0.03 0.03 CUXC 6.20 7.08 4.33 9.94 3.77 4.05 28.56 30.39 5.19 23.27 0.41 0.35 0.16 CUXU 3.95 3.75 3.95 3.96 4.00 3.95 8.89 8.82 0.97 1.71 0.06 0.06 0.06 ZNXC 9.74 8.08 6.03 8.21 3.61 6.04 35.14 23.80 15.73 19.16 0.67 0.63 0.55 ZNXU 3.95 3.75 3.95 3.96 4.00 3.95 8.89 8.82 1.03 1.71 0.07 0.07 0.06 GAXC 0.00 8.94 2.63 11.91 12.35 0.00 3.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.00 GAXU 14.01 13.30 13.99 14.03 14.17 14.21 31.53 31.25 3.45 5.73 0.22 0.22 0.22 ASXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ASXU 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 1.01 1.00 0.11 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.01 SEXC 2.02 7.78 14.66 0.00 3.61 6.98 0.36 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.05 0.11 0.00 SEXU 9.19 8.73 9.17 9.20 9.29 9.19 20.68 20.50 2.26 3.76 0.15 0.15 0.14 BRXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 BRXU 6.55 6.22 6.54 6.56 6.63 6.56 14.75 14.62 1.62 2.68 0.11 0.10 0.10 RBXC 0.00 5.86 3.40 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 RBXU 4.82 4.58 4.81 4.83 4.87 4.82 10.85 10.75 1.19 1.97 0.08 0.08 0.07 SRXC 8.06 0.31 4.01 0.00 8.16 3.73 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 SRXU 8.74 8.30 8.73 8.75 8.84 8.74 19.67 19.50 2.15 3.57 0.14 0.14 0.14 YTXC 5.11 1.04 0.00 0.00 3.61 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.05 YTXU 6.55 6.22 6.54 6.56 6.63 6.56 14.75 14.62 1.62 2.68 0.11 0.10 0.10 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-6 

TABLE D-3 (CONT'D.) ENGINE C METALS AND ELEMENTS 

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-Hour-3 

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr 

ZRXC 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.30 10.19 26.47 8.24 9.75 1.77 0.24 0.05 0.06 ZRXU 15.33 14.55 15.30 15.35 15.50 15.33 34.49 34.19 3.82 6.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 NBXC 0.00 5.13 0.00 5.41 1.10 6.65 7.30 0.00 0.00 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.14 NBXU 11.82 11.23 11.80 11.84 11.96 11.83 26.61 26.38 2.91 4.83 0.19 0.19 0.18 MOXC 6.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.47 34.42 3.08 0.00 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 MOXU 10.51 9.98 10.49 10.52 10.63 10.51 23.65 23.44 2.59 4.30 0.17 0.17 0.16 PDXC 4.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.29 42.45 41.36 0.00 5.56 0.32 0.00 0.00 PDXU 20.11 19.10 20.30 20.14 20.34 20.12 45.27 44.87 4.96 8.22 0.32 0.32 0.31 AGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.80 0.00 3.66 0.51 0.00 0.01 0.00 AGXU 18.35 17.42 18.32 18.37 18.56 18.35 41.29 40.93 4.52 7.50 0.29 0.29 0.28 CDXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.31 0.12 0.17 CDXU 22.72 21.57 22.90 22.75 22.98 22.73 51.13 50.67 5.60 9.29 0.37 0.36 0.35 INXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 INXU 13.53 12.84 13.50 13.55 13.68 13.53 30.44 30.18 3.40 5.53 0.22 0.22 0.21 SNXC 2.47 12.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 14.61 0.00 0.00 6.82 0.00 0.01 0.09 SNXU 17.38 16.50 17.13 17.18 17.58 17.39 39.12 38.78 4.23 7.11 0.27 0.28 0.27 SBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 8.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 SBXU 32.36 30.72 32.30 32.40 32.72 32.37 72.82 72.18 7.97 13.23 0.52 0.52 0.50 CSXC 0.00 2.50 0.00 3.57 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 CSXU 5.24 4.97 5.23 5.24 5.30 5.24 11.79 11.68 1.29 2.14 0.08 0.08 0.08 BAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 BAXU 2.63 2.50 2.63 2.64 2.66 2.64 5.93 5.88 0.65 1.08 0.04 0.04 0.04 LAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 LAXU 3.95 3.75 3.95 3.96 4.00 3.95 8.89 8.82 0.97 1.62 0.06 0.06 0.06 CEXC 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.86 11.75 0.46 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 CEXU 5.69 5.40 5.68 5.70 5.75 5.69 12.80 12.69 1.40 2.33 0.09 0.09 0.09 SMXC 4.34 1.46 0.00 2.80 7.51 0.00 7.01 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.11 0.05 0.00 SMXU 7.87 7.47 7.86 7.88 7.96 7.88 17.72 17.56 1.94 3.22 0.13 0.13 0.12 EUXC 0.00 17.94 16.39 2.19 12.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 1.41 0.21 0.00 0.00 EUXU 28.40 26.97 28.36 28.44 28.73 28.41 63.92 63.36 7.00 11.61 0.46 0.45 0.44 TBXC 7.55 0.73 8.79 3.86 0.00 9.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 TBXU 9.64 9.15 9.62 9.65 9.75 9.64 22.13 21.93 2.42 3.94 0.16 0.16 0.15 HFXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 0.86 HFXU 62.08 58.94 62.20 62.17 62.78 62.10 141.15 139.91 15.40 25.55 1.00 1.00 0.97 TAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.34 0.00 6.06 13.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 TAXU 52.44 49.61 52.35 52.51 52.84 52.26 118.01 116.97 12.92 21.44 0.84 0.83 0.81 WOXC 40.81 39.33 33.04 36.23 45.04 17.94 148.89 98.63 0.00 12.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 WOXU 74.64 70.87 74.52 74.75 75.49 74.67 168.49 166.50 18.45 30.52 1.19 1.20 1.17 IRXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 IRXU 16.29 15.47 16.26 16.31 16.48 16.30 37.17 36.34 4.01 6.75 0.26 0.26 0.25 AUXC 17.48 3.69 14.98 0.00 6.73 0.00 72.02 10.75 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.36 AUXU 34.86 32.89 34.80 34.69 35.03 34.65 78.46 77.27 8.59 14.16 0.56 0.55 0.54 HGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 HGXU 10.60 10.07 10.59 10.62 10.72 10.61 24.37 24.15 2.61 4.43 0.17 0.17 0.16 TLXC 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.04 0.00 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TLXU 10.96 10.40 10.94 10.97 11.08 10.96 24.66 24.44 2.70 4.48 0.18 0.18 0.17 PBXC 0.00 6.16 17.90 0.00 12.51 2.15 69.57 33.11 2.82 6.44 0.59 0.50 0.00 PBXU 11.37 10.80 11.36 11.39 11.50 11.38 26.10 25.37 2.80 4.65 0.19 0.19 0.18 URXC 11.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.78 4.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 URXU 18.35 17.42 18.32 18.37 18.56 18.35 41.29 40.93 4.52 7.50 0.29 0.29 0.28 U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-7 

TABLE D-4. ENGINE D METALS AND ELEMENTS 

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-H

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/h

NAXC 416.96 295.45 284.72 152.45 94.98 444.53 1288.91 193.52 39.69 108.28 28.88 35.42 14

NAXU 296.90 293.62 293.13 306.73 301.75 319.56 691.51 719.99 89.77 78.79 6.35 6.44 6.0

MGXC 185.29 156.71 133.26 176.39 192.27 197.85 433.75 402.50 51.92 39.10 4.47 7.22 4.

MGXU 154.60 153.95 153.60 162.68 160.63 166.40 356.64 383.25 47.67 41.01 3.09 3.08 3.0

ALXC 68.28 56.65 80.87 41.49 0.00 71.88 198.24 153.42 15.84 18.26 2.18 3.18 2.4

ALXU 25.78 25.70 25.67 26.93 26.40 27.74 59.88 63.97 7.95 6.84 0.52 0.52 0.5

SIXC 64.81 59.64 8.32 33.65 27.80 48.34 99.60 20.73 12.70 8.75 2.87 4.16 5.

SIXU 28.67 28.58 28.37 29.98 29.60 30.86 66.14 70.71 8.84 7.57 0.58 0.58 0.5

PHXC 16.80 26.42 19.46 2.23 19.02 24.24 73.77 70.71 5.10 8.36 10.34 14.37 8.6

PHXU 8.71 8.69 8.68 8.98 9.05 9.38 20.10 21.62 2.69 2.31 0.21 0.23 0.2

SUXC 304.91 376.90 333.12 361.44 260.47 344.27 779.71 997.50 91.87 87.77 223.96 350.16 199

SUXU 33.89 34.15 33.93 35.86 34.84 36.48 78.60 85.02 10.45 9.00 1.87 2.61 1.7

CLXC 11.45 4.48 14.88 3.16 8.54 6.18 21.23 19.76 2.07 4.17 0.36 2.95 3.

CLXU 5.64 5.62 5.61 5.93 5.86 6.07 13.00 13.99 1.74 1.50 0.11 0.12 0.

KPXC 12.56 8.81 6.33 2.77 1.96 5.51 10.68 23.81 2.19 2.62 0.68 1.14 6.5

KPXU 5.27 5.26 5.25 5.55 5.48 5.68 12.17 13.09 1.63 1.40 0.11 0.11 0.

CAXC 56.57 28.87 26.36 21.33 28.28 26.10 55.94 97.79 12.31 11.79 8.89 14.57 42

CAXU 6.70 6.68 6.67 7.05 6.96 7.21 15.45 16.62 2.06 1.78 0.14 0.15 0.2

SCXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0

SCXU 20.94 20.88 20.67 21.85 21.57 22.34 47.89 51.97 6.40 5.51 0.41 0.41 0.4

TIXC 15.93 0.00 3.99 0.00 3.89 6.71 15.51 15.46 1.62 2.31 0.28 0.94 1.

TIXU 3.88 3.87 3.86 4.08 4.03 4.17 8.95 9.62 1.20 1.03 0.08 0.08 0.0

VAXC 0.00 0.00 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.0

VAXU 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.83 0.90 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.0

CRXC 11.71 8.94 18.85 9.17 6.74 16.61 26.42 29.07 2.61 3.90 0.50 0.38 2.3

CRXU 3.52 3.51 3.50 3.70 3.65 3.78 8.11 8.73 1.08 0.93 0.07 0.07 0.0

MNXC 9.95 0.75 1.98 0.00 2.85 8.04 0.60 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.

MNXU 7.39 7.37 7.36 7.78 7.68 7.96 17.06 18.35 2.28 1.96 0.15 0.15 0.

FEXC 26.63 27.04 42.87 31.94 34.11 19.03 34.47 80.27 5.45 12.62 7.11 8.79 64

FEXU 10.21 10.18 10.17 10.75 10.61 10.99 23.56 25.34 3.15 2.71 0.21 0.22 0.3

COXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0

COXU 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.83 0.90 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.0

NIXC 0.00 1.62 0.62 0.00 7.63 0.00 13.48 7.76 0.81 0.00 0.06 0.04 1.0

NIXU 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.85 1.83 1.89 4.06 4.36 0.54 0.47 0.04 0.03 0.0

CUXC 11.43 11.39 9.91 6.80 11.63 9.38 25.82 22.84 2.07 3.70 0.41 0.46 0.9

CUXU 3.18 3.17 3.17 3.35 3.30 3.42 7.34 7.89 0.98 0.84 0.06 0.06 0.0

ZNXC 6.08 11.78 7.80 6.67 7.87 6.01 26.66 24.96 4.49 3.40 1.71 2.36 7.0

ZNXU 3.18 3.17 3.17 3.35 3.30 3.42 7.34 7.89 0.98 0.84 0.07 0.07 0.0

GAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.0

GAXU 11.27 11.24 11.22 11.86 11.71 12.13 26.00 27.98 3.48 2.99 0.22 0.22 0.2

ASXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0

ASXU 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.83 0.90 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.0

SEXC 3.88 5.10 6.08 7.48 3.49 10.32 0.00 19.44 6.86 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.0

SEXU 7.39 7.37 7.36 7.78 7.68 7.96 17.06 18.35 2.28 1.96 0.15 0.15 0.

BRXC 2.84 8.56 3.84 1.96 0.64 3.87 2.56 15.08 1.04 0.49 0.11 0.01 0.0

BRXU 5.27 5.26 5.25 5.55 5.48 5.68 12.17 13.09 1.63 1.40 0.11 0.10 0.

RBXC 0.00 4.46 0.00 0.00 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.60 0.06 0.00 0.0

RBXU 3.88 3.87 3.86 4.08 4.03 4.17 8.95 9.62 1.20 1.03 0.08 0.08 0.0

SRXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.21 0.3

SRXU 7.03 7.01 7.00 7.40 7.31 7.57 16.22 17.45 2.17 1.87 0.14 0.14 0.

YTXC 0.00 0.00 2.24 1.58 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.0

U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
REPORT 03.13062 D-8 

TABLE D-4 (CONT'D.) ENGINE D METALS AND ELEMENTS

FTP-w-1 FTP-w-2 FTP-w-3 FTP-wo-1 FTP-wo-2 FTP-wo-3 CARBx-1 CARBx-2 CARBz-1 CARBz-2 16-Hour-1 16-Hour-2 16-H

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/

YTXU 5.27 5.26 5.25 5.55 5.48 5.68 12.17 13.09 1.63 1.40 0.11 0.10 0

ZRXC 0.00 4.97 11.92 7.62 0.00 6.98 2.92 16.75 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

ZRXU 12.33 12.29 12.28 12.98 12.81 13.27 28.45 30.61 3.80 3.27 0.25 0.24 0

NBXC 0.00 2.84 0.00 9.55 6.31 6.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.08 0.02 0

NBXU 9.51 9.49 9.47 10.01 9.88 10.24 21.95 23.61 2.93 2.53 0.19 0.19 0

MOXC 0.00 5.44 0.00 3.13 0.00 0.00 13.18 10.46 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

MOXU 8.45 8.43 8.42 8.90 8.78 9.10 19.50 20.98 2.61 2.24 0.17 0.17 0

PDXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.23 0.00 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.18 0

PDXU 16.18 16.13 16.12 17.22 17.00 17.42 37.33 40.17 4.99 4.30 0.32 0.32 0

AGXC 0.00 0.00 4.71 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.00 24.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0

AGXU 14.76 14.72 14.70 15.53 15.34 15.89 34.05 36.64 4.61 3.92 0.29 0.29 0

CDXC 0.00 10.18 11.92 0.00 0.00 6.46 0.00 0.00 5.60 0.00 0.00 0.13 0

CDXU 18.28 18.22 18.38 19.42 18.99 19.67 42.16 45.81 5.69 4.85 0.36 0.36 0

INXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.20 0

INXU 10.88 10.85 10.84 11.45 11.52 11.72 25.11 27.01 3.36 2.89 0.22 0.22 0

SNXC 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

SNXU 13.81 13.94 13.93 14.53 14.53 15.05 31.85 34.26 4.26 3.71 0.28 0.28 0

SBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

SBXU 26.03 25.95 25.93 27.39 27.05 28.02 60.06 64.61 8.03 6.91 0.52 0.52 0

CSXC 0.00 0.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 0.23 0.07 0.00 0.00 0

CSXU 4.21 4.20 4.20 4.43 4.38 4.54 9.72 10.46 1.30 1.12 0.08 0.08 0

BAXC 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

BAXU 2.12 2.11 2.11 2.23 2.20 2.28 4.89 5.26 0.65 0.56 0.04 0.04 0

LAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

LAXU 3.18 3.17 3.17 3.35 3.30 3.42 7.34 7.89 0.98 0.84 0.06 0.06 0

CEXC 0.00 0.00 2.11 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0

CEXU 4.58 4.56 4.56 4.82 4.75 4.93 10.56 11.36 1.41 1.22 0.09 0.09 0

SMXC 2.61 6.31 4.09 4.33 5.80 6.01 5.43 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.04 0.00 0

SMXU 6.33 6.31 6.31 6.67 6.58 6.82 14.61 15.72 1.95 1.68 0.13 0.13 0

EUXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0

EUXU 22.85 22.78 22.76 24.05 23.74 24.60 52.72 56.72 7.05 6.07 0.46 0.46 0

TBXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0

TBXU 7.91 7.89 7.88 8.32 8.06 8.51 18.25 19.63 2.44 2.10 0.16 0.15 0

HFXC 0.00 13.25 0.00 41.49 12.52 0.00 89.76 0.00 0.00 10.33 0.00 0.03 0

HFXU 50.57 50.05 50.18 52.83 52.16 54.23 115.82 125.06 15.59 13.33 1.00 0.99 1TAXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.64 0.00 19.56 27.02 60.51 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0

TAXU 41.93 41.81 41.76 44.32 43.76 45.33 97.15 104.52 13.04 11.23 0.84 0.83 0

WOXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.03 0.00 147.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

WOXU 60.32 60.13 60.42 63.47 62.67 65.14 139.14 150.59 18.60 16.07 1.20 1.19 1

IRXC 1.37 0.00 10.27 0.00 1.93 0.95 9.48 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

IRXU 13.00 12.96 12.95 13.90 13.51 14.00 30.00 32.27 4.01 3.51 0.26 0.26 0

AUXC 14.32 0.00 0.00 1.47 20.55 18.37 3.22 4.04 3.11 5.85 0.34 0.00 0

AUXU 27.87 27.97 27.75 29.33 29.14 30.19 64.29 69.17 8.59 7.45 0.56 0.55 0

HGXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

HGXU 8.45 8.43 8.42 8.90 8.78 9.10 19.50 20.98 2.61 2.29 0.17 0.17 0

TLXC 7.34 2.11 0.00 6.67 7.09 5.20 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.11 0

TLXU 8.82 8.79 8.78 9.28 9.16 9.49 20.34 21.88 2.72 2.34 0.18 0.17 0

PBXC 1.24 3.71 3.96 0.00 1.02 11.52 16.04 8.02 4.45 4.16 0.01 0.00 0

PBXU 9.15 9.12 9.11 9.63 9.51 9.85 21.11 22.71 2.82 2.43 0.18 0.18 0

URXC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.17 0

URXU 14.76 14.72 14.70 15.53 15.34 15.89 34.05 36.64 4.55 3.92 0.29 0.29 0

U is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection 
APPENDIX E 

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND ALCOHOLS
REPORT 03.13062 E-1 TABLE E-1. ENGINE A CARBONYLS AND ALCOHOLS mg/hp-hr FTP- w-1 FTP- w-2 FTP- w-3 FTP- wo-1 FTP- wo-2 FTP- wo-3 CARBX -1 CARBX -2 CARBZ -1 CARBZ -2 16- hour- 1a 16- Hour- 1b 16- hour- 2a 16- hour- 2b 1

ho

Methanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.26 4.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.05 0.01 0Ethanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 02-Propanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 01-Propanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 01-Butanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Formaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 124.37 111.95 0.60 0.87 3.76 2.88 0.77 0.00 1Acetaldehyde 0.25 0.12 0.07 0.14 0.06 0.19 56.77 51.23 0.47 0.38 1.35 2.04 0.66 0.00 0Acrolein 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.35 8.16 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.00 0.31 0Acetone 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.53 0.16 0.00 122.75 116.35 8.48 7.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Propionaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.90 11.43 0.25 0.22 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.00 0Crotonaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 3.61 6.23 0.00 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0Isobutyraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58 2.76 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.05 0MEK 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58 2.76 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.05 0Benzaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 4.07 3.34 0.17 0.06 0.22 0.54 0.34 0.00 0Isovaleraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.66 2.11 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.18 0.00 0.00 0Valeraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 3.61 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.00 0o-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.37 0.78 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0m/p-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.60 3.35 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.40 0.52 0.00 0Hexanaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 0.86 0.07 0.00 0.14 0.15 0.01 0.00 0Dimethylbenzaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.14 0.10 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0Nominal Limit of Detection 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.77 1.77 0.77 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0Footnotes: Negative values are due to background subtraction Zero is reported if measurement is below the blank value 
REPORT 03.13062 E-2 TABLE E-2. ENGINE B CARBONYLS AND ALCOHOLS mg/hp-hr FTP- w-1 FTP- w-2 FTP- w-3 FTP- wo-1 FTP- wo-2 FTP- wo-3 CARBX -1 CARBX -2 CARBZ -1 CARBZ -2 16- hour- 1a 16- hour- 1b 16- hour- 2a 16- hour- 2b 16- hou

3a 

Methanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 -0.15 0.00 -0.1Ethanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.22 -0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.16 -0.11 0.12 2-Propanol -1.74 -0.25 0.00 4.75 -0.45 -0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 -0.20 0.00 0.17 1-Propanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1-Butanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Formaldehyde 0.92 0.54 0.54 0.30 0.16 0.22 13.88 16.77 0.33 0.39 0.47 1.07 1.01 0.94 1.06 Acetaldehyde 0.35 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.01 0.04 5.31 6.25 0.14 0.10 0.16 0.26 0.33 0.28 0.00 Acrolein 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.03 Acetone 0.00 0.00 -0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.18 -0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Propionaldehyde 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.61 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.06 Crotonaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.44 -0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Isobutyraldehyde -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.23 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 MEK -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.23 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 Benzaldehyde 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.17 -0.01 -0.01 0.49 0.24 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.38 0.26 0.09 0.17 Isovaleraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.03 Valeraldehyde -0.03 -0.03 0.00 0.12 0.04 -0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.08 0.00 0.00 -0.0m/p-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.22 0.07 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.05 Hexanaldehyde 0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 -0.01 0.01 -0.0Dimethylbenzaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.13 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.0Nominal Limit of Detection 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.77 1.77 0.77 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0Footnotes: Negative values are due to background subtractionZero is reported if measurement is below the blank value
REPORT 03.13062 E-3 TABLE E-3. ENGINE C CARBONYLS AND ALCOHOLS mg/hp-hr FTP- w-1 FTP- w-2 FTP- w-3 FTP- wo-1 FTP- wo-2 FTP wo-3 CARBX -1 CARBX -2 CARBZ -1 CARBZ -2 16- hour- 1a 16- hour- 1b 16- hour- 2a 16- hour- 2b 16- hour- 3a 1

ho

3

Methanol 1.15 0.18 0.68 0.09 0.43 0.90 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.02 0.12 0.21 0.20 0.85 0Ethanol 1.44 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.31 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.03 0.09 0.24 0.14 0.21 -02-Propanol 1.85 1.35 -0.48 0.04 0.43 0.94 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.15 0.02 -0.12 0.01 0.31 -01-Propanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 01-Butanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Formaldehyde 0.91 0.56 0.18 0.19 0.07 0.09 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.65 3.77 6.26 8.28 0.21 -0Acetaldehyde 0.29 0.25 0.10 0.14 0.02 0.04 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.29 0.50 1.60 2.14 0.07 0Acrolein 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.05 0.02 -5.73 0.11 -0.01 0Acetone 1.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.62 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 0Propionaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.02 -3.76 0.00 0.04 0.00 0Crotonaldehyde -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0Isobutyraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.01 0.00 0.05 0.16 0.00 -0MEK 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.01 0.00 0.05 0.16 0.00 -0Benzaldehyde 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.08 0.05 0.18 0.07 -0.01 0Isovaleraldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0Valeraldehyde 0.08 0.17 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A -0.08 0.08 -0.02 0.05 0.01 0o-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0m/p-Tolualdehyde 0.54 0.33 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.00 0Hexanaldehyde 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.20 -0.01 -0.01 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.03 0.05 -0.03 0.01 0.04 -0Dimethylbenzaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0Nominal Limit of Detection 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.77 1.77 0.77 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0Footnotes: Negative values are due to background subtractionZero is reported if measurement is below the blank value
REPORT 03.13062 E-4 TABLE E-4. ENGINE D CARBONLYS AND ALCOHOLS mg/hp-hr FTP- w-1 FTP- w-2 FTP- w-3 FTP- wo-1 FTP- wo-2 FTP wo-3 CARBX -1 CARBX -2 CARBZ -1 CARBZ -2 16- hour- 1a 16- hour- 1b 16- hour- 2a 16- hour- 2b 1

-ho

3

Methanol 0.46 0.35 0.39 -0.11 -0.10 0.57 4.78 4.01 -0.04 -0.05 0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.01 0Ethanol 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.52 0.34 0.18 0.89 2.97 -0.03 -0.06 0.08 -0.02 0.31 0.21 02-Propanol 0.24 0.00 0.86 -0.76 1.11 0.08 6.82 -7.81 -0.16 0.16 0.09 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 01-Propanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 01-Butanol 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Formaldehyde 0.35 0.40 0.37 0.47 0.33 0.32 57.91 29.58 -0.29 0.44 1.78 1.36 1.31 1.28 3Acetaldehyde 0.16 0.16 0.15 -0.16 0.01 -0.04 20.64 10.81 -0.20 0.21 0.61 0.19 0.47 0.46 1Acrolein 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.40 2.69 -0.01 0.00 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.08 0Acetone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.64 0.68 -0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Propionaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 1.51 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0Crotonaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.08 6.12 3.87 -0.04 -0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Isobutyraldehyde 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.53 -0.02 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.17 0.04 0MEK 0.24 0.29 -0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.53 -0.03 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.17 0.04 0Benzaldehyde 0.06 0.01 -0.03 0.15 0.31 0.24 1.81 0.63 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0Isovaleraldehyde 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.62 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0Valeraldehyde -0.05 0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 0.79 0.92 -0.03 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0o-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.68 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0m/p-Tolualdehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.09 0Hexanaldehyde 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.02 0Dimethylbenzaldehyde 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0Nominal Limit of Detection 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.77 1.77 0.77 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0Footnotes: Negative values are due to background subtraction Zero is reported if measurement is below the blank value
REPORT 03-13062 

APPENDIX F 

NITROSAMINES
REPORT 03.13062 F-1 TABLE F-1. ENGINE A NITROSAMINES NDMA NDMAU NDEA NDEAU NDPA NDPAU NNMUR NNMURU NDBA NDBAU NPPD NPPDU NP

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/h

FTP-w-1 0.0 3.1 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.5 0.0 8.4 0.0 4.4 0FTP-w-2 0.0 3.2 3.9 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.8 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.5 0FTP-w-3 0.0 3.3 3.7 2.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 32.7 0.0 8.7 0.0 4.6 0FTP-wo-2 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 34.5 0.0 9.2 0.0 4.8 0FTP-wo-3 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 30.5 0.0 8.1 0.0 4.3 0FTP-wo-4 4.6 3.1 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 30.7 0.0 8.2 0.0 4.3 0CARBX-1 15.2 20.9 43.7 17.6 22.8 9.7 0.0 209.9 0.0 56.0 0.0 29.4 0CARBX-2 0.0 20.8 0.0 17.1 0.0 8.5 0.0 209.4 0.0 55.9 0.0 29.4 0CARBZ-1 5.6 2.2 3.8 1.8 0.0 0.9 0.0 22.2 0.0 5.9 0.0 3.1 0CARBZ-2 3.0 2.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 23.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.2 016-Hour-1 24.3 2.5 1.8 1.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 21.2 0.0 5.7 0.0 3.0 016-Hour-2 22.9 2.4 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 21.3 0.0 5.7 2.0 3.0 016-Hour-3 21.3 2.4 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 21.1 0.0 5.6 0.0 3.0 0TB-1 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.9 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.5 0TB-2 0.0 3.2 5.6 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.9 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.5 0TB-3 0.0 3.2 2.2 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.9 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.5 0TB-4 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 31.9 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.5 0u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection TB emissions is based on the FTP transient cycle information 
REPORT 03.13062 F-2 TABLE F-2. ENGINE B NITROSAMINES NDMA NDMAU NDEA NDEAU NDPA NDPAU NNMUR NNMURU NDBA NDBAU NPPD NPPDU NP

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/h

FTP-w-1 3.1 2.7 3.3 2.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 27.1 0.0 7.2 0.0 3.8 0FTP-w-2 0.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 25.2 0.0 6.7 2.8 3.5 0FTP-w-3 1.3 2.4 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 24.4 0.0 6.5 0.0 3.4 0FTP-wo-2 0.0 2.6 3.2 2.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 26.0 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0FTP-wo-3 0.0 2.6 3.3 2.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 26.0 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0FTP-wo-4 0.0 2.6 2.6 2.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 26.0 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0CARBX-1 0.0 11.9 8.7 9.8 0.0 4.9 0.0 119.9 0.0 32.0 0.0 16.8 0CARBX-2 0.0 11.8 0.0 9.7 0.0 4.8 0.0 119.0 0.0 31.8 0.0 16.7 0CARBZ-1 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 17.6 3.7 4.7 0.0 2.5 0CARBZ-2 3.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 18.4 0.0 4.9 0.0 2.6 016-Hour-1 15.4 2.4 5.0 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 22.8 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.2 016-Hour-2 13.3 2.4 5.7 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 22.7 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.2 016-Hour-3 11.5 2.3 4.7 1.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 22.7 0.0 6.1 0.0 3.2 0TB-1 0.0 2.6 3.1 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 25.8 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0TB-2 0.0 2.6 2.7 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 25.8 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0TB-3 0.0 2.6 1.2 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 25.8 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0TB-4 0.0 2.6 0.0 2.1 0.0 1.0 22.6 27.1 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 0u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection TB emissions is based on the FTP transient cycle information 
REPORT 03.13062 F-3 TABLE F-3. ENGINE C NITROSAMINES NDMA NDMAU NDEA NDEAU NDPA NDPAU NNMUR NNMURU NDBA NDBAU NPPD NPPDU NPY

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp

FTP-w-1 84.9 139.1 0.0 113.7 0.0 56.9 0.0 1416.0 0.0 372.8 0.0 195.9 0.0 FTP-w-2 61.4 159.2 0.0 130.2 0.0 65.1 0.0 1621.8 0.0 426.9 0.0 224.3 0.0 FTP-w-3 74.3 154.1 0.0 126.1 0.0 63.0 0.0 1569.8 0.0 413.2 0.0 217.1 0.0 FTP-wo-2 88.6 172.4 0.0 141.0 116.3 74.3 0.0 1755.5 0.0 462.1 0.0 242.8 0.0 FTP-wo-3 51.4 160.0 0.0 130.9 0.0 65.5 0.0 1630.1 0.0 429.1 0.0 225.5 0.0 FTP-wo-4 98.2 160.9 0.0 131.6 0.0 65.8 0.0 1638.7 0.0 431.4 0.0 226.7 0.0 CARBX-1 160.2 311.7 0.0 254.9 721.0 196.0 0.0 3173.9 0.0 835.5 0.0 439.0 0.0 CARBX-2 58.6 304.0 0.0 248.7 468.9 157.9 0.0 3096.4 0.0 815.1 0.0 428.3 0.0 CARBZ-1 29.9 31.1 0.0 25.4 0.0 12.7 0.0 315.8 0.0 83.1 0.0 43.7 0.0 CARBZ-2 24.4 29.2 0.0 23.9 38.5 14.4 0.0 297.3 0.0 78.3 0.0 41.1 0.0 16-Hour-1 98.4 278.5 0.0 227.8 0.0 113.9 0.0 2797.2 0.0 746.8 35.8 392.4 0.0 16-Hour-2 30.8 8.1 0.0 6.4 0.0 3.2 0.0 79.0 0.0 21.1 0.0 11.1 0.0 16-Hour-3 170.8 12.5 1.7 4.8 0.0 2.4 0.0 59.4 0.0 15.8 0.0 8.3 0.0 TB-1 39.3 81.4 0.0 66.6 0.0 33.3 0.0 829.4 0.0 218.3 0.0 114.7 0.0 TB-2 40.9 115.7 0.0 94.7 0.0 47.3 0.0 1178.7 0.0 310.3 0.0 163.0 0.0 TB-3 81.9 10.5 2.0 7.4 1.2 3.7 0.0 91.4 27.5 24.6 0.0 12.8 0.0 u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection TB emissions is based on the FTP transient Cycle 
REPORT 03.13062 F-4 TABLE F-4. ENGINE D NITROSAMINES NDMA NDMAU NDEA NDEAU NDPA NDPAU NNMUR NNMURU NDBA NDBAU NPPD NPPDU N

μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μg/hp-hr μ

FTP-w-1 0.0 32.6 0.0 26.7 0.0 13.3 0.0 334.7 0.0 87.5 0.0 46.0 FTP-w-2 0.0 33.2 0.0 27.1 0.0 13.6 308.1 349.3 0.0 89.0 0.0 46.7 FTP-w-3 22.5 36.9 10.7 30.2 8.3 15.2 0.0 380.0 0.0 98.9 0.0 52.0 FTP-wo-2 26.1 38.7 22.4 31.8 0.0 15.8 0.0 398.3 0.0 103.8 0.0 54.5 FTP-wo-3 0.0 90.5 0.0 74.1 0.0 37.0 692.6 949.6 0.0 242.8 0.0 127.6 FTP-wo-4 0.0 91.6 64.8 75.2 0.0 37.5 317.9 951.9 0.0 245.6 0.0 129.1 CARBX-1 0.0 439.1 324.6 360.7 0.0 179.6 1044.4 4554.2 0.0 1177.6 0.0 618.7 CARBX-2 0.0 468.1 496.5 386.0 0.0 191.5 2256.8 4878.4 0.0 1255.4 0.0 659.6 CARBZ-1 0.0 60.2 0.0 49.3 0.0 24.6 0.0 616.3 0.0 161.5 0.0 84.8 CARBZ-2 0.0 56.0 0.0 45.8 0.0 22.9 0.0 570.5 0.0 150.2 0.0 78.9 16-Hour-1 15.7 2.7 2.9 2.0 0.7 1.0 0.0 25.1 0.0 6.6 0.0 3.5 16-Hour-2 32.6 3.5 2.6 2.1 0.7 1.1 0.0 26.1 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.6 16-Hour-3 14.9 2.8 3.3 2.2 1.0 1.1 0.0 26.4 0.0 7.0 0.0 3.7 TB-1 0.0 88.7 0.0 72.6 0.0 36.3 0.0 909.2 0.0 238.0 0.0 125.0 TB-2 0.0 93.5 0.0 76.5 0.0 38.3 0.0 952.8 0.0 250.8 0.0 131.8 TB-3 0.0 648.0 0.0 530.2 0.0 265.1 7010.6 6892.8 0.0 1737.9 0.0 913.1 u is designated for measurement uncertainty or limit of detection TB emissions is based on the FTP transient cycle information