### IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 17

- 30793 Summary Calendar

EIAD ODEH,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

v. CITY OF BATON ROUGE/PARISH OF EAST BATON ROUGE,

Defendant

- Appellee

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana USDC No. 3:14

- CV

- 793

Before DAVIS, CLEMENT, and COSTA, Circuit Judges

. PER CURIAM: * After Baton Rouge officials decided to reorganize the City

- Parish’s Department of Public Works, Eiad Odeh was transferred to a new position with Emergency Management Services (EMS)

. Unhappy with the transfer, Odeh resigned his po sition with the City

- Parish. Soon thereafter he filed this law suit asserting a variety of claims . The district court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. We AFFIRM.

* Pursuant to 5 TH C IR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5 TH C IR . R. 47.5.4. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED April 24, 2018 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

2 I. Odeh had worked for the City

- Parish for a few years when he was promoted to Special Assistant to the Director of Public Works in 2005

. But the City

- Parish later decided to split Public Works into six departments, which eliminated both the Director a nd Special A ssistant positions

. So in 2013 the City

- Parish transferred Odeh to a technical position with EMS , in which he would oversee dat abases and perform IT tasks

. In that new position, Odeh
received the s ame pay and benefits. At the start of the 2014 budget cycle, the City

- Parish requested that Odeh “official l y apply” for this position, so it could pay him out of EMS ’s budget. Odeh refused. He instead requested a transition back to his position in Public Works

— a position that no longer existed. By the middle of that year, Odeh took leave under t he Family and Medical Leave Act

. He never returned to work. Odeh resigned in Oc tober 2014. In the lawsuit he then filed, Odeh allege d numerous instances of discrimination throughout his tenure

. For example, he said the City

- Parish passed him over for a promotion to information systems director and failed to consult him about the Public Works reorganization. He also cited several occasions when coworkers made derogatory comments about Odeh be ing of
Middle Eastern descent. And the City

- Parish reprimanded Odeh for adding a layer of security to another employee’s computer without au t horization from his superiors. But there is no indication that the reprimand was accompanied by any change in Odeh’s employment status; in fact, the City

- Parish issued the reprimand around the same time it requested that Odeh formally apply to his new position with EMS. Apart from that alleged discrimination, Odeh also contends that the City

- Parish has, since 2015, used a traffic signs and signals database that he created during his employment

. It does so , he emphasize s , without his consent and without compensating him

. Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

3 O deh filed suit in December 2014, asserting discrimination , harassment, defamation, and whistleblower clai ms under state law. After the City

- Parish removed th e case to federal court , Odeh a mended his complaint to include federal section 1983 claim s

. 1 T he district court granted the City

- Parish’s motions for summary judgment and dismissed Odeh’s claims. 2
II. We first address whether the district court erred in granting the motion for summary judgment on Odeh’s misappropriation of intellectual property, copyright infringement , and conversion claims asserted under section 1983. 3 These claims involve Odeh’s allegations that the defendant copied the source

1 Although Odeh did not seek remand , the district court lacked jurisdiction at the time of removal because he had alleged only state law violations. Even though jurisdiction is ordinarily evaluated at the time of removal, such a defect may be cured when federal jurisdiction is establ ished by the time final judgement is entered

. Caterpillar, Inc. v. Lewis , 519 U.S. 61, 73 (1996); see Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Grp., L.P. , 541 U.S. 567, 584 (2004 ) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting); see also Camsoft Data Sys., Inc. v. S. Electronic Supply, Inc. , 756 F.3d 327
, 336

– 38 (applying Caterpillar when jurisdiction is cured by the addition of a federal claim). We therefore have jurisdiction.
2 Odeh does not appeal the dismissa l of his defamation or invasion

- of

- privacy claims. He also does not sufficiently challenge the dismissal of his whistleblower claims on appeal. Even though he asserted that “he was ultimately retaliated against after discovering and reporting violation s of law which were being committed by the City/Paris h,” Odeh did not f urther develop that challenge in the argument section of his opening brief. An appellant’s argument must contain “contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which appellant relies.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A); see United States v. Ogle , 415 F.3d 382, 383 (5th Cir. 2005) (“Our cases make it clear that an argument not raised in appellant ’ s original brief as required b y [Rule 28] is waived.”). E ven if Odeh did not forfeit th at challenge, his whistlebl ower claims would be unavailing. As the district court noted, Odeh failed to present evidence that the City

- Parish committed actual legal violations, that he reported those violations, or that he suffered reprisals for doing so.
3 Odeh argues that his a mended complaint contained misappropriation, copyright , and conversion claims independent of section 1983. The complai nt is not clear on this score. But in his opposition to summary judgment, Odeh repeatedly categorized these claims as section 1983 violations even when the defendant tried to treat them as freestanding claims

. So he is estopped from now treating them as independent claims. See Leverette v. Louisville Ladder Co. , 183 F.3d 339, 342 (5th Cir. 1999) (noting that absent “extraordin ary circumstances” this court will not permit parties “to raise an issue for the first time on appeal merely because a party believes that he might prevail if given the opportunity to try a case again on a different theory”). Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 3 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

4 code for his company’s “Commerc ial Building Inspector” software and continued to use the traffic database after he tried to withdraw permission

. To show the City

- Parish is liable under section 1983 , Odeh must prove that (1) an official policy (2) promulgated by Baton Rouge (3) was the moving force behind the violation of a federal right. Pe ñ a v. City of Rio Grande City , 879 F.3d 613, 621 (5th Cir. 2018) . The section 1983 claims alleging misappropriation and

conver sion fail for a reason even more fundamental than the one the district court cited: they are rights created under state law , but section 1983 is only a vehicle for enforcing rights “secured by the Constitution and laws” of the United States . 42 U.S.C. § 1 983 ; Baker v. McCollan , 443 U.S. 137, 146 (1979); Aujla v. Hinds Cty. , 61 F. App’x. 917 (5th Cir. 2003). As to the one federal right Odeh does invoke , the one protecting against copyright infringement, the district court correctly recognized that Odeh fai led to identify the official policy or custom that is necessary to establish section 1983 liability against a public entity

. Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs. , 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Odeh’s section 1983 claims therefore fail.
III. Odeh also argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment as to his national origin discrimination claims

. Though he brought these claims under state law, Louisiana courts look to federal Title VII caselaw when interpret ing Louisiana antidiscrimination statutes

. Rayborn v. Bossier Par. Sch. Bd. , 881 F.3d 409, 415 (5th Cir. 2018) (recognizing that fact and applying Title VII standards to plaintiff’s state law retaliation claim). To establish a discrimination claim under Tit le VII, the plaintiff must have suffered an adverse employment action. Thompson v. City of Waco , 764 F.3d 500, 503 (5th Cir. 2014). A ctions that do not “ affect job duties, compensatio n, or benefits ” are not adverse

. Pegram v. Honeywell, Inc. , 361 F.3d 2 72, 282 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Banks v. E. Baton Rouge Par. Sch. Bd. , 320 F.3d 570, 575 Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 4 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

5 (5t h Cir. 2003) ) . That is because they are not “ ultimate employment decisions such as hiring, granting leave, discharging, [and] promoting

. ” I d. (quoting Felton v. Polles , 315 F.3d 470, 486 (5th Cir. 2002)).
The reprimand and transfer were not adverse employment action s

. 4 T he written reprimand amounted to little more than a notation in Odeh’s employment record, accompanied by a warning that “[a]ny further incidents of this nature in the future will result in a mor e severe disciplinary action.” This is not a n ultimate employment decision

. See Thibodeaux

- Woody v. Hous. Cmty. Coll. , 593 F. App’x 280, 286 (5th Cir. 2014) (“[A] written reprimand, without evidence of co nsequences , does not constitute an adverse employment action.”). As for the transfer to another position, that amounts to an adverse action only if th e change makes the employee ’s job worse. Pegram , 361 F.3d at 283; see Tyler v. Union Oil Co. of Ca. , 304 F.3d 379, 394

– 95 (5th Cir. 2002) (finding that plaintiff was not constructively discharged, and therefore suffered no adverse action, because the position he was transferred to afforded the same salary, was not a demotion, did not involve menial or degrad ing work, and entailed comparable responsibilities). Odeh received the same pay and benefits at EMS

as he did at Public Works , and he served in a similar role

. His view that the reassignment resulted in a less desirable position does “not lift him over t he hurdle of summary judgment for the purpo se of adverse employment action ” when a reasonable person would not view the transfer as a demotion. Pegram , 361 F.3d at 283.

4 The district court correctl y found that the other alleg ed incidents of discrimination occurred before the prescription date and were not subject to Odeh’s continuing violation argument. See La. R.S. § 23:303(D) (outlining a maximum prescription period of 18 months ); Nat’l R.R. Pass enger Corp. v. Morgan , 536 U.S. 101, 110, 114

– 15 (2002) (holding that discrete instances of discrimination , as opposed to continuing violations, are only actionable if they occur within the appropriate time perio d); Heath v. Bd. of Supervisors for S. Univ. & Agric. & Mech. Coll. , 850 F.3d 731, 737 (5th Cir. 2017) (same). Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 5 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

6 A c onstructive discharge is an adverse employment action

— the point of
that label bei ng that it is akin to the paradigmatic adverse action of termination

— but Odeh has not shown that is what happened to him. A constructive discharge o ccurs when a n employer intentionally makes working conditions so intolerab le that a reasonable employee would be forced to resign. Stover v. Hattiesburg Pub. Sch. Dist. , 549 F.3d 985, 991 (5th Cir. 2008). In assessing those working conditions, o ur court c onsiders whether the plaintiff was demoted, paid less, reassigned to menial or degrading work, subject to employer harassment or humiliation that was calculated to encourage the resignation , or asked to resign

. Aryain v. Wal

- Mart Stores Tex. LP , 534 F.3d 473, 481 (5th Cir 2008). Odeh cannot point to any of these situations that can lead to working conditi ons being so intolerable that a resignation w ill be treated as a termination

. See Stover , 549 F.3d at 992 (finding no constructive discharge because the evidence showed only that plaintiff encountered difficulties in dealing with her supervisor and was di sgruntled about a high

level administrator receiving greater benefits); see also Perret v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. , 770 F.3d 336, 339 (5th Cir. 2014) (expressing skepticism that a plaintiff on medical leave for two months prior to his resignation could be subject to working conditions so intolerable that a reasonable person would feel compelled to resign)

. Because Odeh was not subject to an adverse employment action, w e affirm the dismissal of his discrimination claims

. IV. Lastly, we address whether Odeh’s hostile work environment claims can survive summary judgment. 5 To prevail on a hostile work environment claim,

5 Odeh arguably fails to raise this claim on appeal . But giving him the benefit of the doubt as a pro se litigant , we address it here. Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 6 Date Filed: 04/24/2018No. 17

- 30793

7 Odeh must show, among other things, that he was subject to harassment based on his national origin that affected a term, condition, or privilege of his employment. Harvill v. Westward Commc’ns, L.L.C. , 433 F.3d 428, 434 (5th Cir. 2005)

. T he conduct alleged must be objectively hostile and abusive. Id. Odeh’s evidence do es not create disputed issues as to whether the repri mand or transfer was based on his national origi n; affected a term, condition, or privilege of his employment ; or would have been offensive to a reasonable

person. Additionally, offhand comments and isolated incidents, unless “extremely serious,” do not s uffice to alter the terms and conditions of employment. Patton v. Jacobs Eng’g Grp., Inc. , 874 F.3d 437, 445 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Faragher v. City of Boca Raton , 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998)). This claim fail s

.

*** The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Case: 17-30793 Document: 00514443408 Page: 7 Date Filed: 04/24/2018