Llnited States 

Department of 

P~griculture 

I Forest Service 

Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station 

Flesearch Paper NE-659 

New Estimates 

of Hardwood-Log Exports 

to Europe and Asia 

William G. Luppold 

R. Edward Thomas 
Abstract 

Current and historic estimates of hardwood log exports to Europe and Asia 

are in error because of a combination of reporting errors and computer 

programming problems at the US. Department of Commerce. This paper 

discusses past problems with log export data, explains how a new set of 

hardwood-log export statistics were developed, and provides a detailed set of 

new hardwood-log export estimates for European and Asian markets. 

The Authors 

WILLIAM G. LUPPOLD attended the University of Florida where he received 

his B.S.A. and M.S.A. in food and resource economics in 1974 and 1977, 

respectively. After receiving a Ph.D. in agricultural economics from Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1981, he joined the Northeastern 

Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Princeton, West Virginia. 

He is currently project leader of the economics research unit. 

R. EDWARD THOMAS attended Concord College, Athens, West Virginia, where 

he received his B.S. degree in computer information systems. He is currently 

pursuing an M.S. degree in computer science through West Virginia University. 

He joined the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences 

Laboratory, Princeton, West Virginia, in 1988 as a computer programmer for 

the Technical Resource Center. 

Manuscript received for publication 20 June 1991 

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 

5 Corporate Center 

100 Matsonford Road, Suite 200 

P.O. Box 6775 

Radnor, Pennsylvania 19087-4585 

December 1991 
Introduction 

Hardwood logs are an important and controversial part of 

the overall hardwood-product export market (Barrett 1989). 

Log export statistics historically have been affected by 

b'oth minor and major errors resulting from shippers, 

niisreporting of volumes. For instance, an apparent reporting 

error for a walnut-log shipment to Germany in 1981 was 

found that amounted to 29 percent of total U.S. hardwoodlog exports reported for that year. In 1986, two errors in 

white oak log shipments to Germany amounted to 24 

percent of the total U.S. exports for that year. More recently, 

additional errors resulting from computer programming 

problems at the U.S. Department of Commerce (USDC) 

were found and corrected (Luppold and Thomas 1991). 

In addition to historical data problems, there is a new set 

of misreporting problems resulting from the implementation 

of the harmonized system of international trade accounting. 

The harmonized system allows trade statistics developed 

by major U.S. trading partners to be comparable to each 

other on both product definition and volume of 

measurement. Under this system, logs are termed "wood 

in the rough" and are measured in cubic meters. 

llnfortunately, many of the freight forwarders who document 

1J.S. hardwood exports have confused rough lumber for 

vvood in the rough, and did not know how to transform 

Doyle and Scribner log-scale measurements into cubic 

meters. As a result, a considerable number of errors 

have been found in recent hardwood-log export statistics. 

A USDC 'study of red oak log exports for May, June, and 

July 1989 found large errors in each month (Table 1). 

The numerous problems in current and historic estimates 

of hardwood-log exports have made any interpretation 

highly suspect at a time when these statistics are needed 

to evaluate export policy. This paper presents a detailed 

set of alternative hardwood log export statistics for European 

and Asian markets. All volumes presented are in terms 

of cubic meters and will be comparable to future volume 

estimates-developed by the USDC once reporting-error 

problems are corrected. A comparison and evaluation of 

the volumes presented in this paper versus volumes 

published by the USDC and by major importing countries 

is presented in Luppold and Thomas (1991). 

The remainder of this paper is presented in three parts. 

The first discusses the development from ship manifest 

data of alternative estimates of export volumes; the second 

provides an introduction to the appendix Tables 2 through 

21; and the last section provides a detailed set of new 

estimates of hardwood log exports, by species, for all 

major European and Asian markets (appendix Tables 2 

through 21). 
Data ~evelopment 

All revised-estimate data were based on analyses of data 

purchased from the Journal of Commerce PIERS (1 981-90) 

service. This service provides detailed information on 

product shipments from individual ship manifests. In order 

to avoid possible undercounting due to misclassification, 

-export information on all forest products and furniture was 

acquired. 

The first step in developing new estimates of hardwood-log 

exports was to classify all observations into the specific 

10-digit codes used by USDC. Although most of the 

observations fell into one of these classification codes, a 

number of observations failed to be classified. The failed 

observations for 1986 and 1988 were analyzed to determine 

if any systematic patterns could be used for classification. 

It was felt that a review of these years would provide 

information needed to develop a procedure to automatically 

classify observations that failed the initial screening. Many 

of the classification problems were remedied by including 

common misspellings and abbreviations into the initial 

classification program. However, the largest number of 

observations failed to be classified because they were 

termed logs without reference to species. 

The unclassified observations labeled as "logs" were 

handled in a number of ways. If a shipper was associated 

with only hardwood logs in the unfailed data, or if the 

shipper was listed as a hardwood producer in a state 

that produced hardwood primarily, the term "logs" would 

be interpreted as hardwood logs. However, if the shipper 

was a known softwood producer, or if the shipper exported 

from the West Coast and could not be identified as a 

hardwood-log producer or shipper, the term "logs" would 

be interpreted as softwood logs. This process classified 

most of the observations; the remainder were classified 

on an individual basis. 

The next step in developing the export volumes was to 

transform all data into cubic meters. Shipping manifests 

usually had two pieces of information: weight of the 

shipment and number of logs. Since weight is roughly 

linear in measurement to cubic volume, a set of coefficients 

representing weight per cubic meter was developed for 

all major hardwood species. Estimates of export volumes 

were then developed by dividing shipping weight by these 

coefficients. The last step in the process was to summarize 

export volumes by species on a year-by-year, country-bycountry basis. 

New estimates of hardwood log exports for 1981 through 

1990 are shown for European (appendix Tables 2-11) 

and Asian (appendix Tables 12-21) markets. Some exports 

leaving the United States do not go through US. ocean 

ports; therefore, an inland exit multiplier was developed 

from export value data reported by the USDC. Specifically, 

this multiplier was developed by dividing total value of 

shipments in a specific year for a specific country by the 

value of shipments leaving ocean ports. These multipliers 

are reported in the "inland multiplier" line of each appendix 

table. The estimate of total exports including the nonocean 

exit points for each country and year is provided in the 

last line of each appendix table. Estimates of export 

volumes by species are for ocean exit points only. 

Literature Cited ~uppo~d, William G.; Thomas, R. Edward. 1991. Revised 

estimates of hardwood log exports to major EC 

and Pacific Rim markets. Forest Products Journal. 

Barrett, George. 1989. Inter-industry log export action 41 (718). 

committee: an update on what is happening in the 

fight to curb US. hardwood log exports (editorial). US. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 

Weekly Hardwood Review. 4(52): 1, 19. 1989. Schedule B: statistical classification of 

domestic and foreign commodities exported and 

imported from the United States database. 

Journal of Commerce, 1981-90. Port import export Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau 

reporting service database. New York, NY. of the Census. 
Table 1.-True composition of exported wood products classified as red oak logs for May, June, and July 

1989 

Species June July 

Reported volume 

Red oak logs 

A.ctual volume 

Red oak logs 

White oak logs 

Birch logs 

Pine lumber 

Cypress lumber 

Red oak lumber 

White oak lumber 

Red alder lumber 

Hard maple lumber 

Yellow-poplar lumber 

Ash lumber 

Hickory lumber 

Other lumber 

Wood moldings 

- Edge-glued lumber ! 

Table 2.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1981, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

I aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 

01 
Q, 

Table 3.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1982, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Nolthern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Noway Iceland Europe Europe 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

cubic meters ---------------------------------------------------------------

0 0 29 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 160 360 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 1,097 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 1,030 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 11 1 873 181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 1,071 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 4,249 2 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

34 682 222 424 0 0 0 59 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 177 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 445 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

0 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 54 18,653 5,203 10,430 0 4,856 1,302 1,181 0 0 0 78 0 0 0 41,756 

Total ocean 

portsb 881 58,136 14,152 28,976 34 14,182 2,828 1,981 0 0 0 137 0 0 0 121,306 

Inland 

multiplier 2.58 1.01 1.00 1.15 1.13 1.32 1.15 1.00 .OO .OO .OO 1.00 .OO .OO .OO 1.09 

Total all 

portsb 2,273 58,717 14,152 33,322 38 18,721 3,252 1,981 0 0 0 137 0 0 0 132,592 

aNonspecific 

bTotals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 4.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1983, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Noway Iceland Europe Europe 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 

Red oak 9 8,645 3,964 4,605 0 0 38 

White oak 243 53,616 5,989 10,762 70 150 527 

Beech 0 0 0 0 0 147 0 

Maple, hard 0 313 0 0 0 19 0' 

Maple, soft 0 11 23 0 0 1,281 0 

Maple, nspfa 0 542 23 22 0 696 0 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cherry 12 4,853 346 573 0 536 673 

Yellow-poplar 0 211 229 0 0 2,427 0 

Birch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ash 12 4,759 1,184 2,838 0 5,863 0 

Walnut 0 6,068 1,280 5,614 0 957 55 

Basswood 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Elm 0 29 68 55 0 0 0 

Cottonwood 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 

Sassafras 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 31 0 0 0 101 0 

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 121 0 

-- --- -- -- cubic meters -. 

44 0 

28 1 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

124 0 

0 0 

0 0 

103 0 

829 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 19 9,042 1,174 5,039 0 796 270 375 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 16,745 

Total ocean 

poltsb 294 88,150 14,281 29,507 70 13,093 1,564 1,757 0 0 0 81 28 0 92 148,917 

Inland 

multiplier 3.32 1.12 1.03 1.38 1.23 1.53 1.29 1.03 .OO .OO .oo 1 .oo 1 .oo .OO 1.00 1.20 

Total all 

portsb 977 98,728 14,709 40,719 86 20,032 2,018 1,809 0 0 0 8 1 28 0 92 179,281 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 

-l 
m 

Table 5.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1984, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

........................................ meters ................................................................................... 

Red oak 4 11,546 3,928 2,252 0 2 1 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,761 

White oak 504 40,203 5,987 11,293 0 1,041 289 23 0 0 83 0 56 0 18 59,496 

Beech 0 0 0 0 0 181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 181 

Maple, hard 0 114 0 0 0 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 

Maple, sot7 0 10 92 0 0 936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,037 

Maple, nspfa 0 324 25 50 25 1,885 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,318 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cherry 29 3,843 103 1,058 0 109 160 , 101 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 5,430 

Yellow-poplar 0 287 0 0 0 4,951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,237 

Birch 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ash 0 4,226 157 1,663 0 7,093 0 392 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13,532 

Walnut 0 4,013 2,391 4,243 17 1,405 72 432 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,573 

Basswood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Elm 0 0 0 74 0 142 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 5 

Cottonwood 0 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 

Sassafras 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 28 6,384 1,586 6,927 49 1,316 601 23 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,937 

Total ocean 

portsb 565 71,007 14,270 27,562 91 19,280 1,130 979 22 0 83 0 84 0 18 135,091 

Inland 

multiplier 3.06 1.05 1.13 1.23 1.34 1.06 1.13 1.03 1.00 .OO 1.00 .OO 1.00 .OO 1.00 1.11 

Total all 

~orts~ 1,729 74,558 16,125 33,901 122 20,437 1,277 1,009 22 0 83 0 84 0 18 149,363 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 6.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1985, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

........................................ meters ................................................................................... 

Red oak 0 11,369 2,831 2,450 0 270 0 442 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 17,384 

White oak 89 30,576 4,662 11,535 0 1,097 601 69 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 48,669 

Beech 0 0 0 0 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 

Maple, hard 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 

Maple, soft 0 59 249 0 0 701 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 1,010 

Maple, nspfa 0 295 53 172 0 1,200 0 93 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1,815 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cherry 0 1,755 45 157 28 585 97 168 0'0 0 0 0 0 0 2,836 

Yellow-poplar 0 279 35 0 0 2,533 0 0 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,921 

Birch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ash 0 4,156 597 2,068 32 7,673 110 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,693 

Walnut 0 3,728 834 3,285 0 1,315 155 955 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,273 

Basswood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Elm 0 60 0 2 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 

Cottonwood 0 124 102 0 0 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 293 

Sassafras 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 0 0 0 0 143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 143 

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 0 3,496 989 4,544 73 1,982 587 433 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 12,190 

Total ocean 

portsb 89 55,937 10,397 24,213 133 17,695 1,551 2,229 96 0 57 0 0 41 0 112,468 

Inland 

multiplier 1.17 1.14 1.16 1.11 3.75 1.11 1.26 1.02 1.00 .OO 1 .OO 1 .OO .OO 1.00 .OO 1.13 

Total all 

portsb 104 63,768 12,060 26,876 497 19,642 1,954 2,274 96 0 87 0 0 41 0 127,400 

aNonspecific 

%tals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter 

(D 
A 

Table 7.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1986, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

......................................................................................................... cubic meters ................................................................................... 

Red oak 0 3,203 2,322 155 82 97 0 219 99 0 0 302 0 0 0 6,480 

White oak 50 34,189 5,595 9,471 85 594 1,707 648 67 19 0 0 0 0 0 52,426 

Beech 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Maple, hard 0 50 0 0 0 0 12 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 

Maple, soft 0 181 262 9 0 795 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,247 

Maple, nspfa 0 383 65 47 0 847 118 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,570 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cherry 0 3,019 9 252 0 1,494 317 256 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,347 

Yellow-poplar 0 352 132 0 0 2,534 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,051 

Birch 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 

Ash 26 6,312 1,126 1,498 0 6,319 0 201 627 22 0 0 0 0 0 16,131 

Walnut 0 6,566 424 2,144 0 1,865 47 1,308 472 19 ' 0 0 0 0 0 12,845 

Basswood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Elm 0 31 0 0 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0 123 

Cottonwood 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 70 

Sassafras 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 0 0 0 0 168 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 

Sycamore 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 0 4,591 73 3,242 126 968 216 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,236 

Total ocean 

portsb 76 58,962 10,017 16,820 293 15,772 2,418 2,820 1,265 60 0 302 0 0 0 108,805 

Inland 

multiplier 1.08 1.21 1.12 1.15 2.13 1.10 1.54 1.06 1.00 1.00 .OO 1.00 .OO .OO .OO 1.18 

Total all 

portsb 82 71,344 11,220 19,343 623 17,349 3,723 2,989 1,265 60 0 302 0 0 0 128,300 

aNonspecific 

bTotals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 8.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1987, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

......................................................................................................... cubic meters ................................................................................... 

Red oak 13 7,599 3,544 555 0 0 40 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 12,157 

White oak 6 44,805 5,925 8,539 36 378 1,882 355 4,091 0 0 0 0 0 23 66,040 

Beech 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Maple, hard 0 0 0 0 0 218 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 239 

Maple, soft 0 20 233 0 0 1,099 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,352 

Maple, nspfa 0 232 52 6 0 476 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 766 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 18 0 0 0 0 40 

Cherty 0 3,529 953 88 0 3,495 699 299 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,115 

Yellow-poplar 0 367 0 31 0 6,678 0 311 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,514 

Birch 0 0 0 0 0" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ash 17 10,361 950 1,377 0 7,078 70 784 227 0 0 0 0 0 30 20,895 

Walnut 9 4,773 510 1,166 39 3,266 198 1,242 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,255 

Basswood 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 

Elm 0 0 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 33 

Cottonwood 0 167 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 167 

Sassafras 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aspen 0 0 0 118 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 143 

Sap gum 0 59 0 27 0 182 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296 

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 215 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 5 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 22 1,360 130 910 0 1,661 70 26 363 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,542 

Total ocean 

portsb 74 73,291 12,298 12,815 75 24,905 2,959 3,415 4,927 0 18 0 0 0 109 134,887 

Inland 

multiplier 1.09 1.21 1.11 1.07 11.77 1.05 1.43 1.03 1.00 .OO 1.00 .OO .OO .00 1.00 i.16 

Total all 

portsb 81 88,682 13,651 13,713 886 26,151 4,231 3,518 4,927 0 18 0 0 0 109 155,965 

aNonspecific 

-A b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. -L 
A 

IU 

Table 9.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1988, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Noway Iceland Europe Europe 

......................................................................................................... cubic meters ----------------------------------.-------

Red oak 0 7,720 3,478 6 0 0 107 188 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 11,517 

White oak 50 41,102 7,160 2,387 0 156 3,669 1,760 5,720 137 0 0 0 0 1,163 63,304 

Beech 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 

Maple, hard 0 117 0 0 0 196 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 

Maple, soft 0 40 438 0 0 1,319 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,809 

Maple, nspfa 0 813 205 27 0 1,258 26 79 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0 2,408 

Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 

Cherry 0 6,649 1,253 578 0 5,148 6,816 626 227 40 0 0 0 0 160 21,497 

Yellow-poplar 0 443 0 0 0 9,4$5 0 385 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,316 

Birch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ash 0 10,977 912 341 0 7,398 114 1,343 505 0 0 0 0 0 0 21,588 

Walnut 20 4,042 971 694 0 8,718 142 1,341 396 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,322 

Basswood 0 106 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 

Elm 0 47 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 119 

Cottonwood 0 111 0 0 0 25 0 0 5,621 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,757 

Sassafras 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 4 0 0 0 714 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 8 

Sycamore 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 1 1,568 313 158 41 2,070 228 22 118 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,519 

Total ocean 

portsb 71 73,746 14,740 4,222 41 36,501 11,172 5,766 12,631 196 0 0 0 0 1,323 160,408 

Inland 

multiplier 1.11 1.12 1.00 1.05 4.10 1.07 1.36 1.00 1.00 1.00 .OO .OO . 00 .oo 1.00 1.10 

Total all 

portsb 79 82,596 14,740 4,433 169 39,056 15,194 5,766 12,631 196 0 0 0 0 1,323 176,181 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Tabie i0.-i-iardwood log export estimates for 1989, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, a 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

........................................ meters ................................................................................... 

Red oak 0 9,770 4,601 43 0 46 0 370 360 7 0 0 0 0 0 15,196 

White oak 40 47,150 7,336 8,397 42 132 1,920 1,756 6,040 0 39 0 0 0 25,561 98,412 

Beech 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 

Maple, hard 0 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 118 

Maple, soft 0 247 571 0 0 2,009 57 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 2,907 

Maple, nspfa 0 1,291 283 49 0 1,012 102 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,796 

Alder 23 0 0 0 0 0 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 112 

Cherry 52 9,255 1,441 400 65 6,376 12,739 299 715 0 0 0 0 0 0 31,342 

Yellow-poplar 0 771 6 0 0 15,595 0 460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,832 

Birch 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 34 

Ash 0 10,907 1,230 366 0 5,877 178 1,209 183 9 0 0 0 0 65 20,025 

Walnut 71 4,365 879 363 12 13,308 328 1,623 539 0 0 0 0 0 1,578 23,066 

Basswood 0 115 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 53 

Elm 0 504 0 0 0 285 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 833 

Cottonwood 0 181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 181 

Sassafras 0 107 112 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 220 

Aspen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sap gum 0 0 0 0 0 404 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 431 

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Paulownia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Persimmon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hackberry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Tupelo 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 67 2,067 266 175 93 1,782 373 110 31 0 0 8 0 0 1,741 6,712 

Total ocean 

portsb 252 86,850 16,737 9,831 212 46,915 15,831 5,913 7,867 25 86 8 0 0 28,945 219,473 

Inland 

multiplier 1.11 1.06 1.04 1.03 5.30 1.11 1.07 1.06 1.00 1.15 1.00 1.00 .OO .OO 1.01 1.06 

Total all 

portsb 280 92,061 17,406 10,126 1,126 52,076 16,939 6,268 7,867 28 86 8 0 0 29,119 233,391 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter 
P 

Table 11 .-Hardwood log export estimates for 1990, Europe 

Belgium Other Other 

and Countries, Countries, 

United West Luxem- Nether- Northern Southern Central Total 

Species Kingdom Germany bourg lands Europe Italy France Spain Europe Denmark Finland Sweden Norway Iceland Europe Europe 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
\ Table 12.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1981, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- ,Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. I 
Table 13.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1982, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

bTotals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 14.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1983, Asia 

Species 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

'Total all 

portsb - 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 15.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1984, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

........................................................... cubic meters ......................................................... 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

sycamore" 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

%tals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 16.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1985, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Ri m Rim 

Red oak 

'White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

'Yellow-poplar 

IBirch 

,Ash 

Walnut 

IBasswood 

lElm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

13aulownia 

IJersimmon 

Iiackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 17.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1986, Asia 

Species 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

cubic meters 

1,193 279 

4,448 20 

0 0 

5,718 23 

1,232 0 

2,295 0 

$71 7 0 

1 32 0 

71 5 0 

482 0 

144 0 

6,413 50 

297 63 

220 0 

91 4 0 

'45 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

Tropical 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Not defined by 

species 4,071 2,546 488 53 0 19 24 7,202 

Total ocean 

portsb .54,676 77,596 28,454 488 0 4,380 322 165,917 

Inland 

multiplier 1 .OO 1 .OO 1.07 1 .OO .OO 1 .OO 1 .OO 1 .O1 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

%tals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 18.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1987, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hlackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Nlot defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Table 19.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1988, Asia 

Species 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder * 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

-- 

aNonspecific 

qotals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter 
Table 20.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1989, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

E3eech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

"Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm a 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

S'ycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

Total all 

portsb 

bTotals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter 
Table 21.-Hardwood log export estimates for 1990, Asia 

Other Total 

Hong Aus- Singa- Pacific Pacific 

Species Japan Taiwan Korea Kong tralia pore Rim Rim 

Red oak 

White oak 

Beech 

Maple, hard 

Maple, soft 

Maple, nspfa 

Alder 

Cherry 

Yellow-poplar 

Birch 

Ash 

Walnut 

Basswood 

Elm 

Cottonwood 

Sassafras 

Aspen 

Sap gum 

Sycamore 

Paulownia 

Persimmon 

Hackberry 

Tupelo 

Tropical 

Not defined by 

species 

Total ocean 

portsb 

Inland 

multiplier 

, Total all 

i portsb 

aNonspecific 

b~otals reflect rounding to nearest cubic meter. 
Luppold, William G.; Thomas, R. Edward. 1991. New estimates of hardwood-log exports to Europe and Asia. Res. Pap. NE-659. Radnor, 

PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest 

Experiment Station. 24 p. 

Discusses the procedures used to develop a new set of hardwood-log 

export estimates and presents a detailed set of new hardwood-log export 

estimates for European and Asian markets. 

ODC: 722.1 

Keywords: Exports, hardwoods, logs 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1991648-139140,008 
Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest ~xperiment Station is in Radnor, Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at: 

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts 

Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont 

Delaware, Ohio 

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire 

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University 

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University 

Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the ~nivershy of Maine 

Parsons, West Virginia 

Princeton, West Virginia 

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York, 

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University 

University Park, Pennsyivania, in cooperation with The Pennsyivania State University 

Warren, Pennsyivania 

Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or with any handicapping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs, and services of 

the USDA. Discrimination in any form is strictly against agency policy, and should be 

reported to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. 

'Caring for the land and Serving People Through Research'