JPRS 69559

5 August 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No, 389

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JPRS 69559

5 August 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

No. 389

CONTENTS PAGE

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

Study of Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction Outlined

(WU-LI, Aug 76) 1

Table of Contents of 'TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH'

(TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH, Feb 77).......... 7

AGRICULTURE

Three New Spring Wheat Varieties Introduced

(K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN, Jun 77) 10

Optimum Conditions for Cultivating Lowland Rice

(KUO-YING NUNG-CH»ANG NUNG-YEH CHI-SHU, May 75 14

Rich Timber Resources in Tibet

(NCNA, 1 Jul 77). 24

-a - [III - CC - 80 S & T]
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

STUDY OF CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR REACTION OUTLINED

Peking WU-LI [Physics] in Chinese Vol 5 No 4, Aug 76 pp 197-198

[Article by Theoretical Study Group of First Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Cninese Academy of Sciences: "Bravely Climb

the Pinnacle of Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion For the Revolution"]

[Text] It has been 10 years since the stirring and seething

Great Cultural Revolution. In these 10 years, deep worldshaking changes have occurred on China's various fronts. Scientific research work has also broken through the various obstacles

of the revisionist line of Liu Shao-ch'i and Lin Piao, and has

advanced swiftly and vigorously along the path pointed to by

Chairman Mao. Our laboratory is engaged in studying the controlled thermonuclear reaction. Looking back over the history

of the struggle and the accomplishments we have attained over

these ten years and contrasting them with the "last-gasp" state

of affairs prevailing in controlled [fusion] research prior to

the Great Cultural Revolution, the ironclad facts eloquently

prove that Chairman Mao's "Correctness or incorrectness in ideological and political lines determines all" is an unshakeable

universal truth.

Before the Great Cultural Revolution: Fitful Non-accomplishment

The study of the controlled thermonuclear reaction is the search

for a new source of energy for man. This is an internationally

important area of scientific research. In our institute, however, [progress toward] this goal was rather fitful before the

Great Cultural Revolution. There was a burst of enthusiasm in

the planning stages, but not long after things got underway the

banners were struck and the drums silenced, and everything folded

up. This fitful starting and stopping was repeated through

cycle after cycle, and for eight whole years, from 1958 to 1966,

time wasted away, spent emptily; equipment lay idle, and funds

were wasted. Except for some preliminary notion of controlled
[fusion] and a bit of work in the area of plasma spectra, virtually nothing was accomplished.

Why is it that controlled [fusion] research was delayed until it

was half-dead? In the final analysis, it was because of the

poison of Liu Shao-ch*i's revisionist line with regard to scientific research. That which those capitalist-roaders who implemented the revisionist scientific research line were peddling

was merely "pedestrianism" and foreign-slave philosophy. They

could only follow closely in the footsteps of the foreigners.

Not only were they without any larger strategic vision; what

was in even greater lack were stalwarts who would dare to forge

ahead. Their enthusiasm was for projects in which some tangible

results could be seen in the short-run, projects which merely

copied the foreigners and braved no risks. And as for those

areas in which even the foreigners were still far from success,

even though these were politically and economically significant

and academically worthy areas, to these they gave no thought;

they did .riot dare to think of them. Mention of controlled [fusion] was included during project planning, but that was just

so much window dressing; they had never dared to really get involved in it. Even if they wanted to dabble a bit in this area,

they could not but rely on one or two bourgeois experts. Once

they had accepted the course laid out by these bourgeois experts,

endeavors without exception seemed to fall into a state of dreary

lethargy.

Since the Great Cultural Revolutions High Enthusiasm Prospers

The revolution is the locomotive of history. The Great Cultural

Revolution thoroughly eliminated the various crimes of the revisionist scientific research line, and Chairman Mao's revolutionary line was successfully implemented. And from that time

onward, our institute's controlled [fusion] research work entered a renaissance, a new atmosphere of high and flourishing

enthusiasm.

In the eyes of some, controlled [fusion] was an uncrackably

tough nut. Some foreign experts had proclaimed that "the controlled thermonuclear reaction is the most difficult scientific

research topic in all history." "Never before has there been an

area of scientific research like controlled [fusion]: so much

manpower has been invested in it, and our efforts have gone on

for so long, yet today we are still groping." Our memories are

still fresh. It was in 1959 when a Soviet revisionist expert

paid a visit to our institute. With an incredulous stare and a

contemptuous tone of voice, he asked us, "Why do you want to

study this?" What he was implying was that we were such an impoverished nation and our standard [of living] was so low . . .
Could we really afford to carry on such research? Would me he

ahle to chew what we had hitten off?

Chairman Mao's teaching concerning "destroying and casting out

superstitions and liberating thinking" supplied us with inexhaustible energy. Why was it that the foreign countries could

engage in such research and China could not? The Chinese people,

who have arisen, will never he content with backwardness, and

will never allow the super-powers to monopolize this realm. The

Chinese people possess the will and the strength, and in the not

too distant future they will certainly catch up to and surpass

the world's advanced levels.

At the end of 1966, as the war drums of the Great Cultural Revolution resounded throughout the heavens, our institute's controlled [fusion] research was begun once more. A deep criticism

of the revisionist scientific research line cleared the way for

swift progress in scientific endeavors. In 1967 an angular constriction device and laser targeting were begun. In 1969 a focusing device was begun. In 1972 a ring current device (i.e.,

a "Tokamak" device) research effort was begun (refer to "Brief

Explanation of Terminology" at the end of this paper [not included]) . Now, with broad strides and heads held high, we are

continuing to advance along a new course. Several years' work

has opened before us a new arena of considerable scope. Such

vigor and spirit were unimaginable before the Great Cultural

Revolution.

Controlled [fusion] is a highly comprehensive and technically

demanding research undertaking. In order to establish experimental facilities, it was necessary to come in contact with a

series of problems concerning high-voltage engineering, automatic electronic control, super-high vacuums, high-temperature

plasma diagnostics, and mechanical engineering, and it was also

necessary to solve several new technological and engineering

[problems]. We were all young scientists, mostly tyros who had

just begun to take part in this work. Faced with a mission of

such formidable complexity, what path should we follow? How

could we establish our experimental facilities with greater,

faster, better, and more economical results? Should we follow

the principle of diligence and frugality in all endeavors in

pioneer scientific research? How could we manage to catch up to

and surpass [world levels] as rapidly as possible? This string

of questions stood before us in sharp relief.

Which road to follow? Should we draw up a long list and with

hands outstretched beg the leadership for instruments and equipment? Did everything have to be ready-made? No! If we wanted

to catch up to and surpass [world levels], we could not sit
around like beggars with our hands held out; we would have to

become doers! We would have to follow the road of independence,

autonomy, and self-reliance pointed out by Chairman Mao. If we

were to gain a footing domestically, we would have to rely upon

our own strength and on the diligent and brave hands and boundless wisdom of the Chinese people, and deeply mobilize the masses

so that everyone could work and contribute together. If something was lacking, we filled the gap ourselves. If needed equipment was lacking, we built it ourselves. If we were lacking in

experience, we left our laboratories and learned from worker

teachers and sought guidance from fraternal units, continuing

all the while to courageously partake of actual experience and

to work and learn at the same time.

Having been baptized in the struggle of the Great Cultural Revolution, the broad masses of scientific research personnel followed the road of Chairman Mao's "May 7" Instruction and accepted

re-education from the laboring class and the poor and lower-middle peasants. Everyone criticized the bourgeois ideologies of

achieving prestige and authority and disdaining physical labor

inculcated by the revisionists, roused their revolutionary spirit, disregarded the relevance of professional specializations,

and threw themselves enthusiastically into the struggle to build

a laboratory. Those who had originally studied theoretical physics changed jobs and got involved in high voltage; those who had

formerly studied optics now got involved in vacuums. If a laboratory was too small, they would go ahead and expand it themselves. We all did bricklaying and carpentry together with our

worker teachers, our hearts all yearned toward the same goal,

and we all sweated together. The cable trenches we dug ourselves. The iron grounding poles which were more than three

meters long we pounded in one by one, and we lifted heavy condensers weighing several hundred kilograms all by ourselves.

We had no screen cages, so we found some copper mesh and made

them ourselves. There was no way to polish the large collector

plates, so we picked up grindstones and ground them a little at

a time, and after several days we had indeed ground them to a

polish. Under the leadership of the worker propaganda teams

and the revolutionary committees at all levels of the party organization, we united with the worker teachers and waged a tense

struggle, and finally, late in the night of 26 December 1969,

neutrons were sent out from the angular constriction device (refer to article "Experimental 100,000-joule ©-Constriction Device"

in Vol 3 No 1 of this publication). This was the first time that

neutrons had been observed in a Chinese controlled [fusion] experimental device, and everyone was wild with joy, running hither

and thither to tell one another the news, and it was quite a

while before the ebullience died down.
The spirit of self-reliance, diligence and thrift was further

manifested during the course of the construction of the ring

current device. There was no laboratory, so everyone fought

courageously for two months to clean up a scrap shed piled full

of junk and asbestos ash and carry in several hundred large condensers. In order to struggle for time against the imperialists,

revisionists, and reactionaries, we studied charged power sources,

micron plasma soldering guns, and plasma choppers ourselves. Under the direction of the worker teachers, we excavated foundations, build roofs, welded steel plate, and pounded copper bars.

Of the ten major components of the ring current device, eight

assemblies and two sub-assemblies were build by the institute*s

shop and our lab in conjunction with the Peking Institute of

Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and

only two sub-assemblies were industrial products.

By doing these things ourselves, our proletarian determination

was greatly heightened; by taking action ourselves, progress was

greatly accelerated and large amounts of funds were saved; by

doing the work ourselves and struggling alongside our worker

comrades in the triple alliance, we learned the good ideology

and work-style of the working class, which greatly hastened the

reform of the world view of the scientific research personnel.

Revolution is the power which motivates scientific research undertakings. In 1972, impelled by the criticizing of Lin Piao

and Confucius, neutrons were produced from the focusing device,

and a comparatively systematic study was made of the use of laser

interferometry in the angular constriction device. In 1975,

during the high tide of studying the theory of proletarian dictatorship, the ring current device attained the international

level for devices of similar scope (refer to article "How Number

Six Controlled Thermonuclear Experimental Device Was Born" in

Vol k No 1 of this publication). Every accomplishment shone

with the glory of Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, and all

were the result of the victory of proletarian ideology over bourgeois ideology. Our work experiences prove that under the leadership of the party, if the masses can be widely mobilized, all

positive factors brought into play, superstitions destroyed and

cast off, thinking liberated, revisionism constantly criticized,

and Chairman Mao»s great policy concerning "independence, autonomy and self-reliance" firmly adhered to, then there will be

no height which cannot be climbed, and no undertaking without

victory.

Teng Hsiao-p*ing, the most recalcitrant capital ist-roader within

the party, in his frantic touting of rightist rehabilitation accused scientific research work since the Great Cultural Revolution of backwardness and of hindering the four modernizations.
A few recalcitrant capitalist-roaders in scientific and technological circles endlessly prattled such nonsense as "Your achievements never amounted to much, yet you insist on puffing them way

up." Teng Hsiao-p'ing's sinister intention was a preposterous

scheme to pull scientific undertakings back onto the old road of

revisionism. We had had our fill of the hardships of insufficiency, slowness, inferiority, and wastefulness of the revisionist scientific research line before the Great Cultural Revolution. And it was precisely the Great Cultural Revolution which

rescued controlled [fusion research] from its moribund state,

gave it new life, and drove it rushing forward. We are history's

witnesses, and we must use our personal experiences to exalt the

magnificient accomplishments of the Great Cultural Revolution

and indignantly criticize the criminality of Teng Hsiao-p'ing•s

rehabilitation and restoration. The rehabilitation did not win

the people's hearts, and there was nothing to be gained by going

backwards; the wheel of history must never be permitted to turn

in reverse.

Seizing Even Greater Victory With Class Struggle as Key Policy

The great leader Chairman Mao has taught us that "within the

scope of the production struggle and scientific experimentation,

man is constantly developing, and Nature is also ceaselessly unfolding; never will there be a halt at some level, and so man

' must always constantly summarize his experience to make discoveries, inventions, creations, and progress."*

We shall certainly firmly remember Chairman Mao's teaching. We

have clearly seen that credit for whatever accomplishments we

achieved should be given to the great, glorious, and correct

Chinese Communist Party, to the great leader Chairman Mao, to

Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, and to the Great Cultural

Revolution. And the battle is not over yet. The achievements

which we have attained are merely the starting point for seizing

new victory; they should serve as the stepladder for scaling new

heights. The new battle is calling us. With class struggle as

the key policy, we are determined to firmly adhere to the fundamental party line, to erect heroic aspirations and establish

stalwart determination, to not fear difficulties and dangerous

obstacles, to follow the road indicated by Chairman Mao, and to

scale the pinnacles of science for the revolution.

(Refer to article "On Controlled Nuclear Fusion" in this issue.)

* Excerpted from "Government Work Report of Premier Chou En-lai

at First Session of Third People's Congress," Jen-min Jih-pao.

31 December 196k,

11,310

CSO: 8111/1225-b
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF 'TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH1

Peking TUNG-WU-HSUEH TSA-CHIH [Zoology] in Chinese No 1, Feb 77

[Text] Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine

Chairman Hua and We Veterinary Workers Are Linked Together Heart to Heart

(Kiangsi Provincial Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine

Research Institute et al.) 2

Keep Firmly in Mind Chairman Hua's Concern for Us and Sing Loudly of

Rapid Advance

(Chin Tso-min [6855 0155 3046] et al.) 3

Criticize Preposterous Views of "Gang of Four" on Negation of

Basic Theories

(P'an Yin [3382 0936]) 4

Treatment of Common Swine Diseases With Electrified Needle

(Kiangsi Provincial Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine

Research Institute) 7

A Study of Black Hog Raising and Breeding in I-shui and Meng-yin

(Shantung Province, Lin-i District, Institute of Agricultural

Sciences) 10

Experimental Use on Preliminary Basis of Progestin in Breeding Domestic

Animals

(Northwest College of Agriculture, Department of Animal

Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine) 13

Treatment of White Scours in Sucking Pigs With Agrimony (Agrimonia pilosa)

(Kirin Province, Nung-an County, K'ao-shan People's Commune Middle

School Revolutionary Committee) 16

A Report for First Time in Our Country of Gastrodiscoides Hominis Living

as Parasites Within Body of a Hog

(Kiangsu College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry

and Veterinary Medicine, Section of Courses on Parasites) 16
A Case of Horse and Mule Born at Single Birth

(Hopeh Province, Kao-yang County, State-Operated Livestock

Breeding Station) 17

Experimental Fattening of Hybrid Broilers

(Peking Municipality, Hai-tien District, Shang-chuang Commune,

Ch'i-yeh Brigade, Chicken Raising Team, et al.) 18

Utilization of Animals and Their Control

Breeding and Utilization of Musculus Serihousei

(Ts'ai Ying-ya [5591 5391 0068]) 20

Breeding of Green Frogs to Eliminate Insect Pests

(Ts'ai Ju-hsing [5591 1172 2502] et al.) 22

Experimental Control of Wheel Worms With Pteroarya Stenoptera Leaves

(Kiangsi Province, Yu-kan County, P'i-p'a Aquatic Products

Experimental Station) 22

Comprehensive Utilization of Rats

(T'ien K'ai-ming [3944 7030 2494]) 24

Extermination of Rats on the Grassland

(Inner Mongolia, I-k'o-chao Meng, Grassland Construction Work

Station) 25

Use of Tea-Seed Cakes to Cleanse Fish Ponds and Quick Lime to Prevent

Fish Diseases

(Kiangsi Province, Jui-chin County, Institute of Marine Biology) .... 28

A Brief Report on Experimental Fish Breeding in a Herbaceous Seed Field

(Hunan Province, Ch'i-yang County, Wen-fu-shih Commune,

P'ing-yang-tien Brigade, Young Fish and Species Farm) 28

Short News Item on Survey of Resources in Rare Animals

(Szechwan Province, Nan-ch'ung Normal College, Department of

Biology, Teaching Research Group on Basic Biology) 36

Basic Scientific Research

Second Intermediate Host of Lung Flukes in Feng-hua County—A Preliminary

Investigation of Fresh-Water Crabs and Other Edible Crabs

(Tai Ai-yun [2071 1947 7189] et al.) 29

Two Types of Clubiona Found in Cultivated Fields of Chekiang Province

(Sung Ta-hsiang [1345 1129 4382] et al.) 32

A Preliminary Investigation of Scolopendrids for Medicinal Use

(Hupeh Provincial Medicinal Scolopendrids Investigating Team) 34

8
An Examination of Question of Habit of Growth of Elopichtys Bambusa Fish

and Its Limited Use

(Wang Ming-te [3769 2494 1795]) 37

The Marmota Himalayana: Its Age and Breeding

(Kansu Province, Wu-wei District, Hygiene and Quarantine Station,

Endemic Disease Section, I) 38

Introduction to Knowledge

Several Varieties of Jellyfish Along Seacoast of Shantung Province

(Yin Tso-fen [1438 1563 5358] et al.) 40

Methods of Processing Jellyfish

(Compiled by Our Own Staff) • Back Cover

Brief Descriptions of Conferences

Conference to Appraise and Exchange Experiences in Dealing With Progestin

E2 Convened in Kaifeng Municipality

(Our Own Staff) 43

General Discussions

A Comprehensive Discussion of Research Work Being Done in Diagnosing

Hatching of Japanese Bloodsuckers in Excrement of Diseased Draft Cattle

(Kiangsu Provincial Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory

of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine) 44

Concerning Physiological Saline of Fish

(Lou Yun-tung [2869 0336 2639]) 46

7682

CSO: 4008
AGRICULTURE

THREE NEW SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES INTRODUCED

Peking K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN {Scientific Experiment] in Chinese No 1, Jan 77

pp 28-29

[Article by Wheat Section, Institute of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of

Agriculture and Forestry: "A Brief Introduction of Three New Spring Wheat

Varieties"]

[Text] Ghing Hung No 7

Ching Hung No 7 was crossbred between 1969 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy

of Agriculture and Forestry, using Ching Hung No 1 as the female parent

plant and Narino 59 as the male parent plant through continuous selections

from two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings

in Hainan Island. The variety identification number is "K 13."

Its principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, white

grain of comparatively small size, grain weight about 30 g/1,000 kernels,

dwarf stems, plant height about 85 cm., resistant to lodging, early

maturing, from germination to maturity about 82 days, resistant to stripe

rust, stem rust and powdery mildew, resistant to leaf rust, grain filling

fast, grain plump and rather stable, protein content 14.26 percent.

Between 1973 and 1975, experiments and demonstrations carried out in 10

provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and over 30 scientific

research units, superior seed farms, state farms, and people's communes

showed its yield was rather good.

In 1973 experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties were carried

out in Peking, Hainan Island, Pai-ko-chuang Farm of Tang-shan, Yuan-mou

county of Yunnan. The yield was rather outstanding.

In 1974 this variety ranked second in variety comparing experiments at the

Academy's Experimental Station. The yield was 600.4 chin per mou,

31 percent more than Ching Hung No 5's yield of 457.41 chin per mou.

10
In the Ta-hua-shan commune of P'ing"4aieountyy Peking Municipality,

variety comparing experiments carried out by the Hou-pei-kung brigade

achieved a yield of 582.5 chin per mou, 21.4 percent more than Tanori and

8.5 percent more than Potam. Again in the same year in the variety

comparing experiments at Pai-ko-chuang Farm of Tang-shan, the yield was

27.6 percent more than K'o Ch'un No 14, 28.7 percent more than Ching Hung

No 5 and 8.9 percent more than Liao Ch'un No 8. In 1975 the Hsi-kuan brigade

of Chang-pei county, Hopeh harvested 685.2 chin per mou and the Wang-t'ai-pao

experiment station, Ningsia produced 925.0 chin per mou. At present many

regions are carrying out further demonstration, multiplication and extension.

Judging from the experimental results from various regions, Ching Hung No 7

is a new early ripening variety, producing generally 400-500 chin per mou,

while the highest yield could reach about 900 chin. The said variety bears

many heads and kernals, has slender and flexible stems, and is rather

resistant to lodging and suitable for soil with medium or high fertility.

Ching Hung No 8

Chin Hung No 8 was crossbred between 1969 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy

of Agriculture and Forestry using Ching Hung No 4 as the female parent plant

and MPO 66 as the male parent plant, and through continuous selections of

two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings in

Hainan Island. The variety identification number is "K 52."

Principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, red grain,

good quality, protein content 15.4 percent, grain weight about 37 g/1,000

kernels, plant height about 90 cm., stems rigid, tolerant to fertilization,

highly resistant to lodging, rather early maturing, from germination to

maturity about 83 days, plant shape dense, leaf blade stiff, growth habit

good, tillering medium, resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust.

From 1973 to 1975, experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties

were carried out in Peking, Hainan Island, Tang-shan city and An'tz'u

county of Hopeh, Yuan-mou county of Yunnan, Hsi-yang of Shansi, Huhehot of

Inner Mongolia, Yen-t'ai and Hui-min of Shantung, and Yin-ch'uan of Ningsia

by the provincial, municipal or autonomous regional units of scientific

research, seed farms, state farms and people's communes. The yield was

outstanding. In the variety comparing experiments carried out by the Yangchuang brigade of Hu-ke-chuang commune in Tung county, Peking Municipality,

this variety won first place with a yield of 560.0 chin per mou. The yield

at the Hsi-kuan brigade of Chang-Pel county, Hopeh Province was 835.4 chin

per mou and that at the An-tz'u seed farm of Hopeh province was 635.0 chin

per mou, 19.2 percent more than the Tanori and 10.8 percent more than the

Potam varieties. The Agricultural Institute in Ningsia produced 1,004.0

chin per mou, 17 percent more than the Cajeme variety. From the experimental

results of the units—including the Ch'en-chuang brigade of the Ta-hua-shan

commune of P'ing-ku county of Peking Municipality, the He-pi Municipal

Agricultural Institute of Honan Province, the Yen-t'ai Prefecture Agricultural Institute of Shantung, the Hui-min county Agricultural Institute of

Shantung, and seed farms in the suburbs of Huhehot—the yield generally

11
was 10-12 percent more than Tanori. At present there are some regions and

units which will adopt the methods of thin sowing and propagation in the

South for further expansion of seed multiplication, demonstration and

extension.

Judging from the experimental results from various regions, Ching Hung

No 8 is a new, early maturing, high yielding variety, generally producing

400-600 chin per mou, while the highest yield could exceed 1,000 chin. The

said variety has large heads, many kernels, high test weight, stiff stems,

and good resistance to lodging, and is suitable for cultivation in soil with

high fertility.

Ching Hung No 9

Ching Hung No 9 was crossbred between 1967 and 1973 by the Chinese Academy

of Agriculture and Forestry using Ching Hung No 4 as the female parent

plant and MPO 66 as the male parent plant, and through continuous selections

of two generations a year with spring sowings in Peking and fall sowings in

Hainan Island. The variety identification number if "K 55."

Principal features and characteristics: long beard, red hull, white grain,

protein content 12.12 percent, grain plump, test weight about 32 g/1,000

kernels, short stems, plant height 85 cm, resistant to lodging, medium

maturing, from germination to maturity about 84 days, grain filling fast,

grain weight stable, resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust and stem rust.

From 1973 to 1975, tests were conducted in 10 provinces (municipalities,

autonomous regions) and over 30 scientific research units, state farms, seed

farms and people's communes. The results showed that the yield was outstanding.

In 1973 experiments for ascertaining and comparing varieties were carried

out in Peking, Hainan Island and Yuan-mou county of Yunnan. The yield

was outstanding. In 1974 the results of variety comparing experiments

carried out by the P'u-teng production team in Yuan-mou, Yunnan, showed the

yield was 9.3 percent more than the Tanori and 5.9 percent more than the

Inia varieties. In 1975 the Pai-t'a No 2 team of Ta-chung-chih brigade of

the Tung-sheng people's commune in Hai-ting region Peking Municipality

planted 5 mou of this variety, and the average yield was 750 chin per mou.

Last year, 18 varieties of wheat were used in variety comparing experiments

in seed forms in the suburbs of Huhehot Municipality. Among them there

were 12 Mexican wheat varieties. Ching Hung No 9 ranked first place with

a yield of 762.5 chin per mou, 11.3 percent more than Cajeme and 22 percent

more than Tanori. According to the results of similar experiments in the

An-tz'u County Seed Farm of Hopeh, the yield was 675 chin per mou, 26.7

percent more than Tanori and 17.8 percent more than Potam. In Shantung,

similar experiments at the Yen-t'ai Prefecture Agricultural Institute and

the Hui-min County Agricultural Institute, also ranked the yield of this

variety above all others, 14.3 percent more than Tanori, and 23.6 percent

and 15.4 percent more than Cajeme and Saric respectively. In the Wang-tai-pao

Experimental Farm of Ningsia, the yield was 1,054.7 chin. At present there

are many regions preparing vigorous demonstration, multiplication and

12
extension programs. Experimental results from various regions indicate that

this variety is an excellent one because of its wide adaptability, short

stems, resistance to lodging, and high yield capacity of 500-600 chin per

mou in general and as high as 1,000 chin or more in some cases. The said

variety is suitable for cultivation in soi3,with high fertility. In

conclusion these three spring wheat varieties are suitable for cultivation

under fair to excellent irrigation and fertilization conditions. It

requires careful land preparation, adequate base fertilizer, and efficient

nitrogen fertilizer as seed fertilizer. To assure good sowing quality,

sowing should not be too deep and the seedling density should be about

35-40,000 seedlings per mou. Because the growing period of spring wheat

is short and its growth process completes in a rather short time, top

dressing should be applied early rather than late. Generally the first top

dressing and irrigation should be carried out at the 3-leaf stage. Moreover,

there must be adequate irrigation and fertilization during the critical

periods of jointing, heading and filling. There should not be any shortage

of irrigation in the whole growth period. In so doing it can be assured

that there will be more spikes and grains, and larger and plumper grains to

achieve high yield and stable production.

9041

CSO: 4006

13
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR CULTIVATING LOWLAND RICE

Shanghai KUO-YING NUNG-CH'ANG NUNG-YEH CHI-SHU lHandbook on Agricultural

Techniques for State Farms] in Chinese, compiled by the Agricultural

Reclamation Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, People's

Publishing House, May 1975, pp 243-249

[Article: "Lowland Rice"]

[Text] 1. Seeding Time and Seedling Time

Requisite External Conditions: Upland nonglutinous rice begins to sprout

and grow when the mean temperature reaches 12°C and lowland nonglutinous

rice begins to sprout and grow when the mean temperature reaches 10°C. The

optimum temperature for both types of nonglutinous rice to germinate

and develop is between 28° and 32°C. Sowing can begin when the mean temperature exceeds 11° or 12°C and the water temperature stabilizes at above 12°C.

During seedling time it is suitable to maintain a shallow layer of water in

the paddy field and conduct drainage from time to time to keep up a constant

level of moisture and a sufficient level of oxygen in the sprouting bed so

as to help the rice seedlings to grow roots.

Unfavorable External Conditions: Seedlings are prone to rot when the mean

day temperature is below 11° or 12°C and it rains continuously. When the

temperature changes abruptly, say, dropping from 15° to 5°C, it is harmful

to the growth of the seedlings and likely to cause them to rot. When the

maximum temperature reaches about 40°C, it is also harmful to the growth of

the seedlings.

Essential Points of Culture Technique: The main purpose of cultivating

rice seedlings is to make a bid for raising the seedling rate and improving

the quality of the seedlings under the prerequisite of timely sowing in

order to meet the requirements for enough sprouts and healthy seedlings.

The standard of a healthy seedling is: leaves erect, seedling green, stem

flat and coarse; grows in orderly fashion and is free of insect pest; root

system well-developed and white roots in abundance; transplantable at a

suitable age, not easily damaged, and greening up and tillering rapidly

after transplanting.

14
The links in the technique of nursing healthy seedlings are as follows:

(a) Raise seed quality: Select seeds with a high degree of varietal

purity. Before sowing, sun the seeds and use the muddy water or salt water

floatation method of seed selection. Also, it is necessary to do well the

work of seed disinfection (for details see Seed Treatment on page 285).

(b) Raise the quality of bud forcing: Prior to sowing, soak the seeds to

make them absorb enough moisture and change the water daily so as to prevent

the seeds from getting sticky. In soaking the seeds, do not fill the container

to excess. When whiteness first shows, wash the seeds with clear water.

Bud forcing should be done uniformly so as to prevent burning any sprouts.

At the most, the length of a sprout should not exceed half the length of a

grain of seed. (c) Raise the quality of the rice seedbed. Sufficient base

manure should be applied to the rice seedbed. More decomposed organic

fertilizer should be used. The fertilizer should be spread evenly and the

seedbed should be level. (d) Grasp timely seeding, a proper rate of

seeding, and a suitable age for seedlings and strengthen management of the

manuring and watering of the seedbed in order to guarantee the cultivation

of an adequate number of healthy seedlings.

For early cropping rice, seize the end of winter and the beginning of

spring as the right time for sowing the seedling beds; for late rice, sow in

time according to different varieties and different dates of transplanting

seedlings. The age of a seedling in number of days should be ascertained

in accordance with variety characteristics so as to forestall overaging

or underaging. Then fix a seeding rate for the seedling bed according to the

length of life of the seedlings to prevent seeding from being too dense or

too sparse and determine a suitable seeding time according to aging time

and transplanting time of the seedlings to prevent seeding from being too

early or too late.

Below we introduce the essential points of the techniques of cultivating

rice seedlings by using plastic sheetings to cover the nursery beds and

transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots.

Plastic Sheet-Covered Cultivation of Rice Seedlings. On the basis of wet

cultivation of rice seedlings, generally it is possible to advance the

planting date by 10 days when the seedbed is covered with plastic sheetings.

In the plastic sheet-covered cultivation of rice seedlings, attention should

be paid to grasping the following problems in seedbed management:

(a) Strict Control of Seedbed Temperature. From the time of seeding to the

full seedling and green-up stage (prior to the emergence of two leaves),

it is necessary to seal tightly the seedbed so as to maintain a proper

temperature and a constant level of moisture in the soil. Watering the

seedbed is unsuitable. In a plot where water permeates quickly, the seedbed

ditches may be watered every three or four days or the water in the ditches

may be maintained at a constant level, with water not rising' to the surface

of the seedbed. Strictly check that there are no holes in the plastic

15
sheetings. After a rain, accumulated water on the sheetings should be

removed forthwith. The temperature underneath the sheetings should be

maintained at 30° to 35°C and if it exceeds 38° C, the sheetings should be

lifted off at one or both ends to let air in so as to lower the temperature.

(b) Timely Ventilation to Harden Rice Seedlings. From the bifoliate to the

trifoliate stage, ventilation should be integrated to harden the rice

seedlings gradually. By day the plastic sheetings should be lifted off at

one or both ends and, little by little, also on both sides. At night,

when the air temperature drops to below 15°C, the entire seedbed should be

covered well. In particular, attention should be paid to guarding

against high temperatures by day and cold chill at night.

(c) Removal of Plastic Sheetings During Trifoliate Stage. When rice

seedlings reach the trifoliate stage, the plastic sheetings should be

removed, proper water level for seedling growth should be maintained,

and leaf-rolling disease and bacterial wilt should be guarded against.

(d) Timely Top Dressing and Spraying to Destroy Weeds. During the

trifoliate stage, make a second application of fertilizer to the rice

seedlings thoroughly prior to transplanting so as to strengthen their cold

resistance and prevent seedling rot. Five to seven days before pulling

up the seedlings for transplanting, make a third or last application of

fertilizer so as to help the transplanted seedlings to turn green again

and resume growth. After transplanting, spread mulch and then spray the

bed surface with a herbicide in liquid form or when one or two leaf blades

of a weed shoot have emerged from the ground, spray with a herbicide to

kill the weeds in conjunction with ventilation of the seedbed. (For full

directions in the use of herbicide see the section on plant protection.)

Cultivation of Rice Seedlings by Transplanting Seedlings With Soil Attached

to the Roots. Transplanting paddy rice seedlings with soil attached to the

roots is also known as transplanting seedlings in the lump. Its distinctive features are: dense sowing, seedling age is shortened, economical

use of seedbed, transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots

means also a certain amount of fertilizer is attached, shallow planting will

not cause seedlings to float, slowing down seedling growth is quick, and

early tillering. All this should create favorable conditions to strive for

abundant spikes, large spikes, and a high yield.

(a) Seedling Bed as Nursery Bed: The seedling bed should be as close to the

field as possible. For the seedling bed, land that is elevated, level, and

convenient to irrigate and drain should be selected. One method is to turn

a flooded and prepared field into a nursery bed. Another method is to make

use of a level paddy field as nursery bed. Do not plow it under, but just

dig out the rice stubbles. Spread on the bed surface a layer of thin river

mud to a thickness of 4 to 5 centimeters or a layer of rich, fertile soil

and rotted organic fertilizer mixed with water to form a wet, soft mass.

Smooth it down. Into the river mud nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizers should

be blended. Proceed with seeding as soon as the mud has settled. After

seeding, cover the seedbed well with plastic sheetings.

16
(b) Seeding and Seedling Age: Buds forced from ride- seeds should crop

up orderly. So, the seeding rate should be 600 to 800 catties per mu,

seeding should be uniform, selection of grain should not be done with grain,

and seeds should lie half exposed and half buried in the mud. After

seeding, cover the seeds completely with a mulch and fine soil, and maintain

a constant level of moisture in the bed soil. At the time of transplanting,

see to it that each young sprout has 2.5 to 3 leaves and is 8 to 10 centimeters

high and 15 to 20 days old. If the seedling is overaged, it turns yellowish

and is slender and weak, and therefore dies easily.

(c) Rice Seedbed Management: Basically, rice seedbed management is the

same as in the plastic sheet-covered cultivation of rice seedlings. From

seeding to the full seedling stage, maintain a constant level of moisture

in the seedbed. From the full seedling stage to the development of the

second leaf, supply the seedbed ditches with a little water or no water at

all in order to make it easy for the seedling to take roots and become

healthy. Attention should be paid to lifting off the plastic sheetings to

provide ventilation and harden the seedlings. Several days prior to transplanting or after the development of the second leaf, remove the sheetings

gradually and make a third or last application of fertilizer to the seedlings.

After the sheetings are completely removed, if the surface of the seedbed

is dry and the air temperature is high, water it down so as to guard against

yellowing and bacterial wilt.

(d) In removing the seedlings from the nursery bed for transplanting, the

soil attached to the roots should be 1 to 2 centimeters thick. One or two

days prior to the removal, treat the seedlings with a spray solution for

the prevention of pests and plant diseases. Loading, transporting, and

transplanting the seedlings must be done all at the same time. In order to

avoid affecting their quality, the seedlings cannot be stacked up for a long

time.

(e) At the time of transplanting seedlings with soil attached to the roots,

quality requirements in the preparation of the field should be stricter than

at other times. The field must be leveled smooth and harrowed lightly,

base manure must be applied adequately, and water levels must be uniform.

If the surface of the field is not level, a ridge must be built along its

edges. After transplanting is completed in one plot, supply water to it

immediately to protect the seedlings. Do not let them stand there drying

in the sun.

2. Transplanting and Green Up Stage

Requisite External Conditions. At the time of transplanting, the mean day

temperature should be above 15°C for upland nonglutinous rice and above

13°C for lowland nonglutinous rice. In early spring, the daytime temperature

differs greatly from the nighttime temperature. With early cropping rice,

if the weather is fine, the field should be drained in the daytime so as

to raise the soil temeprature and in the nighttime it should be Irrigated

so as to protect the seedlings from cold damage.

17
Unfavorable External Conditions. After transplanting, strong winds or

a heavy downpour will easily give rise to lodging and floating of the seedlings

and in the event of a drought the seedlings will be liable to withering. The

temperature is relatively low when seedlings of early cropping rice are

transplanted and in case of a cold wave, it may delay the seedlings in

becoming green again. In summer, the air temperature is high and sunshine

is strong, and it will easily cause the seedlings to wither.

Essential Points of Culture Technique

(a) Seeding Transplanting: Transplanting should be done early and at the

right time. It should be shallow, but not so shallow as to cause the seedlings

to float. Maintain a shallow layer of water in the paddy field so as to

promote early tillering, strive for tillering in low nodal positions, and

increase the number of effective tillers. When transplanting is done

mechanically, attention should be paid after transplanting to preventing

omitted transplanting, folded seedlings, and seedling hurting, controlling

the depth and uniformity of seedlings in each hole, and carrying out supplemental planting of seedlings in good time. When transplanting is done

manually, see to it that the rows are straight, guarantee dense planting,

and carry out transplanting as shallow as possible. The density of planting

should vary with seed variety and fertility of the field. Generally, there

are 25,000 to 35,000 holes to a mu and 7 to 10 seedlings to a hole. That

means between 200,000 and 350,000 basic seedlings should be transplanted in

a mu.

(b) Fertilizers: Rotted organic fertilizer, green manure, and phosphatic

fertilizer should be regarded as the main base fertilizers for the paddy

rice field. They should be applied either at the time of plowing or before

harrowing. Prior to transplanting, chemical nitrogenous fertilizer should

be applied as surface fertilizer to promote the rapid greening up of seedlings.

(c) Chemical Weed Control. Three or four days after transplanting, let in

a shallow layer of water. Add 1 to 1.5 catties of a 25 percent wettable

herbicide or 1 to 1.5 catties of 80 percent PCP (pentachlorophenol) for

each mu to between 30 and 40 catties of fine wet soil to form a poison soil

or mix them evenly with a chemical fertilizer and scatter it. After applying

the substance, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field.

(d) Irrigation: Transplanted small seedlings require shallow irrigation and

frequent watering. For large seedlings, low water is also required during

transplanting and the green up stage. In the case of saline-alkali soil,

after transplanting, let in water to a depth equivalent to two-thirds of

the height of a seedling so as to protect the young plant. After the

green up stage, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field in conjunction

with proper drainage so as to promote the development of its root system.

18
3. Tillering Period

Requisite External Conditions. An air temperature of about 30°C is suitable.

Adequate nutrient and sunshine can promote tillering in abundance and at a

rapid rate.

Unfavorable External Conditions. Tillering will be restricted if the mean

day temperature drops to below 15°C. Dry weather and an air temperature

above 37°C will be detrimental to tillering. Rainy weather and inadequate

sunshine will not only delay tillering, but also produce slender and weak

stems, rendering them prone to infection with rice blast. If the temperature

difference between daytime and nighttime is too great, it will be harmful

to tillering.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. During the tillering stage, take

advantage of regulating the amount of water and fertilizer in the field to

promote early tillering, control the number of ineffective tillers, and

make seedlings grow healthily but not excessively. Generally, only tillers

possessing four or more leaf blades have a chance of becoming effective

tillers. The earlier a tiller appears, the lower its tillering position,

and the greater its chance of becoming an effective tiller.

(a) Irrigation: During the tillering period, it is necessary to irrigate

plot by plot in accordance with the local weather, nature of the soil,

condition of the seedlings, and weed situation. During early tillering,

maintain a shallow layer of water and raise the water temperature and soil

temperature in order to promote early tillering and strive for more tillers

which can form ears. During final tillering, bake the field properly to

keep down ineffective tillering and stop or reduce irrigation to guard

against lodging. However, baking a field of saline-alkali soil is likely

to give rise to secondary salination and dead seedlings. This must be

distinguished from other soils.

(b) Additional Manuring: The intake of a seedling of nitrogen during the

period from greening up to jointing is relatively high, constituting 30 to

40 percent of its total amount of nitrogen absorption during the entire

growth period. On the other hand, its intake of phosphorus and potassium is

slightly less, constituting 20 to 30 percent of its total amount of absorption.

Additional manuring during the tillering period is the key to strengthening

effective tillering and striving for a high heading rate per tiller. Six or

seven days after greening up, make yet another application of fertilizer.

In the North, as far as single-crop rice is concerned, and in the South, as

far as double-crop early rice is concerned, it is especially important that

early application of fertilizer during the tillering period be grasped so

as to promote early tillering. With intermediate rice and single-crop late

rice, make an additional application of fertilizer. Simultaneously with

additional manuring, weeding in the field should be carried out.

(d) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Attention should be

paid to the occurrence of white withering, rice blast, sheath and culm blight,

rice leafhoppers, rice stem borers, etc.

19
4. Jointing and Earing Stage

Requisite External Conditions. During the early stage of jointing, young

spikes will begin to differentiate. The temperature suitable for

differentiation is above 20°C. If the weather is clear, nutrient is adequate,

temperature variation is not great, and there is no storm of wind and rain,

it will be favorable to the jointing and earing of paddy rice.

Unfavorable External Conditions. Insufficient light is harmful to jointing

and earing. If the temperature drops to below 15°C, such phenomena as

leaves turning yellowish and slowing down of the rate of spike differentiation

will arise. During the earing stage, if the mean day temperature is lower

than 18°C, small, light grains with no germination potential are likely to

be produced.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. After jointing, paddy rice enters

a reproductive development stage which will decide the formation and growth

of the grain bearing spike of the rice plant. Generally, the number of

spikes in a rice field which has a per mu yield of about 1,000 catties is

between 30,000 and 40,000 to a mu.

(a) Irrigation: After baking the field and stopping or reducing the

irrigation of the seedlings during final tillering, it is necessary to raise

the layer of water to 6 or 7 centimeters right up to three or five days

prior to earing. If the vegetative growth of the seedlings is excessive, the

field should be baked anew, this time lightly. The length of time of

baking depends on the condition of the seedlings.

(b) Additional Manuring: During the period from jointing through spike

differentiation to earing and flowering, the nitrogen requirement of paddy

rice constitutes 50 to 60 percent of its total absorbing capacity and the

phosphorus and potassium requirement 60 to 70 percent of its total absorbing

capacity. In the final stage of tillering, prior to jointing, grasp in

good time the application of fertilizer during the earing stage in order to

promote the growth of healthy stems and big ears. See to it that fertilization during the earing stage is not overdone, otherwise the seedling is

liable to excessive vegetative growth. Overly late fertilization may cause

the seedling to develop a predilection for greening and be late in coming

to maturity, produce numerous half-filled grains, and be infected easily

with rice blast.

(c) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Attention should be

paid to the occurrence of rice blast, sheath and culm blight, rice leafhoppers, rice plant skippers, horizontal leaf rollers, etc.

5. Earing and Flowering Period

Requisite External Conditions. The suitable temperature for the earing and

flowering period is between 28° and 32°C. Clear weather, a relative humidity

. 20
of between 70 and 80 percent, and a-slight:breeze: are all advantageous to

florification and pollination. -•= '

Unfavorable External Conditions. Rainy weather and a mean day temperature

lower than 20°C not only are unfavorable to florification and Portion,

but also are prone to cause infection with rice blast or produce half-filled

grains and small grains with no germination potential. If the temperature

£ lower than 17»! for upland nonglutinous rice or 15'C for lowland nonglutinous rice, the rate of fructification will lower markedly. Windstorm

and insufficient sunshine also are detrimental to florification and

fructification of paddy rice.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. During the earing and flowering

stage, if the water requirement is met and nutrient is adequate, the seeds

will be filled and become plump and ripen in good time.

(a) Irrigation: Maintain a constant layer of water in the field and guard

against suspension of water supply or drainage of the field. But if the

vegetative growth of the seedlings is excessive, the field may be alternated

between dry and wet.

(b) Treatment and Control of Pests and Plant Diseases: Pay heed to the

treatment and control of rice neck blast disease, rice leafhoppers, horizontal

leaf rollers, and paddy rice borers.

6. Ripening Stage

Requisite External Conditions. Adequate moisture, nutrient, and light are

required during the filling stage. A great temperature difference between

daytime and nighttime will be beneficial to the accumulation of nutrient.

Clear weather is required during the wax ripe stage.

Unfavorable External Conditions. With late rice in the South and singlecrop rice in the North, when the mean day temperature is below 15 C, the

ripening stage will be delayed manifestly. A storm of wind and rain will

give rise to lodging and shattering of grains, lower the quality of the crop,

and affect its harvest. During the filling stage, if soil moisture is

insufficient, half-filled grains will increase in number and the yield will

decline.

Essential Points of Culture Technique. Between 63 and 75 percent of the

nutrient accumulated in a paddy rice grain stems from photosynthesis after

the earing stage. Therefore, during the filling stage of paddy rice, good

nutrition conditions are still necessary. The root system must be prevented

from decaying early and the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf blades must

be preserved in order that a great deal of nutrient be transmitted to the

grains.

During the filling stage, maintain a shallow layer of water in the field.

However, in the latter part of the filling stage, the field may be alternated

21
between dry and wet, but primarily wet. During the early part of the wax

ripe stage, drain the field and let it dry in the sun to create the

conditions for harvesting so that the crop may be gathered at the right time.

Appendix: Cultivation of Paddy Rice by Direct Seeding

Under the conditions that water sources are adequate, the field is level,

and irrigation and drainage are convenient, mechanized direct seeding of

paddy rice may be carried out. No matter whether it is direct seeding on

a paddy field or on a dry field, one factor that must be grasped is the

protection and maintenance of proper seedling growth. At the same time,

this must be kept up with such cultivation measures as the removal of weeks

and strengthening of watering and manuring management in order that a high

yield be achieved.

(a) Leveling of Surface of Field: Direct seeding corresponds to cultivation of seedlings in a field. Whether the quality of soil preparation is

good or bad will have a direct effect on the protection and maintenance of

proper seedling growth and on watering and manuring management. Soil

preparation must be precise, the surface of the field must be level, and the

layer of water in the field must be of a uniform height. In saline-alkali

soil particularly, if the field is uneven, rice seedlings planted in low

places will drown and those planted in high places will suffer from excessive alkali. The requirements of soil preparation for direct seeding on a

paddy field are the same as on a rice transplant field.

(b) Guaranteeing Perfect Seedlings:

Timely Seeding—In the North region, if direct seeding of early cropping

rice is carried out too early, temperature variation is great, or management

cannot keep pace with development, it is apt to give rise to damping-off, a

fungous disease which attacks and causes rotting of seedlings. Generally,

it is necessary to seed when the temperature has steadily risen to about

15°C.

Shallow Planting—In fields, which are to be sown dry and irrigated later,

seeding had "better be shallow than deep." The depth of seeding should not

exceed 1 centimeter. For this reason, seeds should be treated for attaching

to soil so as to prevent floating of that portion of-seeds.sown on the surface

soil. If it is direct seeding on a dry field, the seeds may be planted

2 to 4 centimeters deep in moist soil. If they are planted too deep,

seedling emergence through the top soil will be difficult. Seeds sown directly

on a paddy field may lie half exposed and half buried in the mud. It is

not suitable for them to be planted too deep.

Timely Drying of Field in the Sun—In a directly sown field where irrigation

follows seeding, grasp firmly timely drainage of the field after the seeds

have germinated so as to stimulate the young plants to take roots and

strive for perfect, healthy seedlings. If the moisture content of the soil

22
is high and the seeding is deep, the time of drainage will have to be a

little longer. This is to avoid having too much moisture in the soil

during seed germination, in which case the sprouts will only continue

growing without taking roots.

Moreover, if direct seeding on a dry field is adopted owing to inadequate

water sources during the early stage of plant growth, after sowing, firm

soil immediately, maintain or increase soil moisture, and strive for perfect

seedlings. In case that rain comes prior to seedling emergence and the

ground is one hard slab, the work of breaking the crust soil should be

carried out.

(c) Conservation of Water for Healthy Seedlings: When the young seedlings

enter the trifoliate period, it is necessary to maintain a constant layer of

water in the field so as to attain the conservation of water for healthy

seedlings and the inhibition of weeds. This is the main link in the culture

technique of direct seeding on a dry field. If the conservation of water

is carried out too late or a constant layer of water cannot be maintained

in the field over a long period of time, it will easily give rise to dampingoff disease, bacterial wilt, or weak seedlings.

(d) Weed Control: Key measures include: (i) Practice rotation between

dryland crop and paddy rice; (ii) Carry out land preparation and soil

moisture conservation to induce weeds to grow and prior to seeding, harrow

the field to remove them; (iii) Practice timely conservation of water to

inhibit weed growth; (iv) Practice weed control with chemicals; and (v)

Practice timely eradication of weeds by hand or with weeding rakes.

(e) During final tillering, it is necessary to bake the field in order to

prevent lodging.

7682

CSO: 4006

23
RICH TIMBER RESOURCES IN TIBET

Peking NCNA in English 1549 GMT 1 Jul 77 OW

[Text] Lhasa, July 1, 1977 (HSINHUA)—Southeastern Tibet has China's

third biggest concentration of virgin forests, next only to the greater

and lesser Khingan Mountains in northeast China and Szechwan and Yunnan

provinces in Southwest China, according to a survey made by a scientific

expedition to the Tsinghai-Tibet Plateau organized by the Chinese Academy

of Sciences.

A rough estimate shows that Tibet has at least 1,000 species of trees

belonging to more than 100 families. Almost every major species of tree

in the northern hemisphere can be found in the region.

Members of the scientific expedition discovered in Tibet species of plants

left over from the tertiary period. These plants provide evidence supporting the proposition that Tibet was not attacked by glaciers during the

quaternary period and could therefore give shelter to tertiary plants.

They also furnish valuable information for the study of the origin and

dissemination of plants in the northern hemisphere.

An outstanding feature of Tibet's virgin forests is that the usual geographical distribution of varied species of trees, namely, from the tropics

to the frigid zone, is visible at different altitudes of mountain sides and

valleys in a given area.

In addition to the tree species native to the Himalayan region, there are

also those belonging to the floristic composition of other parts of East

Asia and of North America, Northern Eurasia, the Mediterranean and IndoMalaya.

Among the over 40 varieties of common coniferous trees are the Himalayan

pine, the Himalayan fir, Pinus Densata, Picea Likiangensis Var, Balfouriana,

and Sabina Wallichiana. There are also such rare species as Taxus,

Podocarpus and Amentotaxus. Spruce and fir growing in Linchi, Meto and

Tsayul are the species found only in Tibet.

24
In the humid valleys of the Yalu Tsangpo River, no more than 1,000 metres

above sea level, there are tropical trees belonging to Dipterocarpceae.

There are also evergreen sub-tropical broad-leaved trees, shrubs and

sparsely growing cypress.

The scientists noted that most of the coniferous and broad-leaved trees

grow faster in Tibet than their counterparts in Eastern and Northern

China. Some have a longer life span and are more disease-resistant.

This provides better conditions for natural regeneration.

The spruce growing in Pome Region, up to 80 metres high, is the tallest

tree found in Tibet. The Tungmai oak is up to 6 to 8 metres in girth.

In some places a single tree provides no less than 30 to 40 cubic metres

of timber. The highest rate of timber reserves reaches 2,000 to 3,000

cubic metres per hectare.

Many varieties of hard wood trees with straight trunks offer good construction material. Some broad-leaved camphor, phoebe, cinnamomum,

castanopsis and oak are close-grained and beautiful in texture, and wormresistant. There are over 20 varieties of oil-bearing trees, of which

walnut trees are the most widespread. One walnut tree yields a yearly

average of 150 kilogrammes of walnuts, the maximum being 500 kilogrammes.

The walnut kernel contains 60 to 70 percent oil.

CS0: 4020 END

25