NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

JULIANNE HOLT, Public Defender )

for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, )

Hillsborough County, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D17-2157

)

MICHAEL EDWARD KEETLEY and )

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

Respondents. )

)

Opinion filed June 20, 2018.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the 

Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; 

Samantha L. Ward, Judge.

Julianne M. Holt, Public Defender, and 

Jennifer Spradley and John Morrison,

Assistant Public Defenders, Tampa, 

for Petitioner.

Lyann Goudie of Goudie & Kohn, P.A., 

Tampa, and Wade Whidden, Tampa,

for Respondent Michael Edward 

Keetley.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Caroline Johnson 

Levine, Assistant Attorney General, 

Tampa, for Respondent State of Florida. 
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ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, Judge.

Julianne M. Holt, the Public Defender for the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit 

(the Public Defender), petitions for a writ of certiorari quashing the circuit court's order 

appointing her office to represent Michael Edward Keetley in criminal case number 10-

CF-0018429. Because the Public Defender failed to preserve the arguments that she 

now raises and, in any event, has wholly failed to make the threshold jurisdictional 

showing of material injury, we dismiss the petition.

On December 16, 2010, Keetley was indicted on two counts of murder in 

the first degree (premeditated) and four counts of attempted murder in the first degree. 

On that date, private attorney Ariel Garcia filed a notice of appearance on Keetley's 

behalf. Thereafter, the clerk determined that Keetley was indigent and appointed the 

Public Defender to represent him, but Keetley declined her services.

In 2011, the State filed its notice of intent to seek the death penalty, and 

private attorney Lyann Goudie filed a notice of appearance on Keetley's behalf. Less 

than a year later, private attorney Paul Carr officially appeared on Keetley's behalf 

although he had been representing Keetley since December 2010. Attorney Garcia 

later withdrew, and another private attorney also came and went.

In October 2014, Attorney Goudie moved to have Keetley declared 

indigent for costs pursuant to section 27.52(5), Florida Statutes (2014).1 The trial court 

1That subsection provides, in part:

A person who is eligible to be represented by a public 

defender under s. 27.51 but who is represented by private 

counsel not appointed by the court for a reasonable fee as 

approved by the court or on a pro bono basis, or who is 

proceeding pro se, may move the court for a determination 
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granted the motion. All along, Keetley's parents had been footing the bill for private 

counsel and had already incurred approximately $200,000 in fees with respect to 

Attorney Goudie and Attorney Carr.

Attorney Goudie subsequently filed an ex parte motion to appoint a third 

attorney as penalty-phase counsel. The Public Defender personally appeared at the 

August 19, 2015, hearing on this motion, and the Justice Administrative Commission 

(JAC) appeared telephonically.2 Although present, the Public Defender declined to 

comment on the motion, while the JAC generally argued in opposition to the 

appointment of a third attorney at state expense. The trial court orally denied the 

motion at the hearing. With respect to the appointment of the Public Defender, the court 

explained that its decision was "based on the plain reading of the rules and statutes 

relating to this that prohibit appointment when a Defendant . . . is being represented by 

retained counsel."

In May 2016, Keetley, through Attorney Goudie, moved for the trial court 

to declare Florida's amended death penalty statute unconstitutional in light of Hurst v. 

Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016). The trial court granted the motion, and the State sought 

that he or she is indigent for costs and eligible for the 

provision of due process services, as prescribed by ss. 

29.006 and 29.007, funded by the state.

2Among other things, the JAC is responsible for reimbursing fees and 

costs associated with the court appointment of private counsel when the Office of the 

Public Defender and Office of Criminal Conflict and Civil Regional Counsel have a 

conflict precluding representation. See §§ 27.5304, 29.007, Fla. Stat. (2016). 
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certiorari review in this court. The Public Defender represented Keetley in that certiorari 

proceeding.3

On July 8, 2016 (during the pendency of the certiorari proceeding), the 

trial court entered an order of substitution of counsel that relieved Attorney Carr from 

further responsibility and substituted Attorney Goudie as lead counsel. That same day, 

Attorney Goudie filed a second motion to appoint penalty-phase counsel, requesting 

cocounsel on the grounds that it is "standard practice in death penalty cases, for a 

defendant to be represented by at least two lawyers" and that she did not feel that she 

could "prepare for both first phase motions and trial and competently and effectively 

prepare motions, conduct hearings and arguments on the penalty phase issues." 

Attorney Goudie asserted in her motion that the JAC had informed her that the Public 

Defender "typically, in these situations, . . . cites the Statute, the commentary[,] and 

case law to refuse appointment," at which point the court will "turn[] to JAC." She 

contended, however, that the trial court was not precluded from appointing the Public 

Defender to represent Keetley in the penalty phase.

At the hearing on this motion, the JAC appeared telephonically and 

opposed the appointment of a second attorney for the same reasons that it had 

previously opposed the appointment of a third and also because the death penalty 

seemed to be off the table in light of Hurst. The record does not indicate that anyone 

appeared on behalf of the Public Defender. The trial court denied the motion in light of 

3This court subsequently denied the State's certiorari petition in light of 

Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40 (Fla. 2016). See State v. Keetley, 205 So. 3d 602 (Fla. 2d 

DCA 2016) (table decision). 
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its prior determination that the death penalty statute (as it was then effectuated) was 

unconstitutional.

In March 2017, with the death penalty apparently back on the table, see 

Evans v. State, 213 So. 3d 856 (Fla. 2017), Attorney Goudie filed a renewed motion to 

appoint penalty-phase counsel. The motion was substantively identical to the motion 

that she had filed in July 2016. Attorney Goudie served the Public Defender with this 

motion. The Public Defender, however, did not file a response to the motion, no one 

from her office appeared at the April 3, 2017, hearing, and no one at the hearing 

purported to represent her. The JAC appeared at the hearing telephonically and 

reiterated its objection that it lacked the statutory authority to pay for court-appointed 

counsel.

On April 24, 2017, the trial court granted Keetley's renewed motion to 

appoint penalty-phase counsel and appointed the Office of the Public Defender to serve 

as cocounsel. In its order, the court noted that it "did not hear from the Office of the 

Public Defender" at the hearing, although it did conclude that "[t]he substance of the 

JAC's objections appl[ied] with equal force" to its appointment.

On May 15, 2017, the Public Defender moved for reconsideration, 

arguing, in sum, "There is no provision in Florida law that allows the appointment of the 

Office of the Public Defender when a defendant has retained counsel." At the hearing—

at which an attorney from the Office of the Public Defender did appear—the trial court 

orally denied the motion for reconsideration. No written order was rendered. 

Thereafter, the Public Defender filed this petition for a writ of certiorari.
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As an initial matter, we must determine what trial court order properly falls 

within the scope of our review. Pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 

9.100(c)(1), a petition for a writ of certiorari shall be filed within thirty days of rendition of 

the order to be reviewed, and pursuant to rule 9.020(i), "[a]n order is rendered when a 

signed, written order is filed with the clerk of the lower tribunal." Absent a signed, 

written order, our certiorari jurisdiction may not be invoked. See Fla. R. App. P. 

9.100(c)(1); State v. Maldonado, 156 So. 3d 589, 589 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) ("Because 

the trial court has not rendered a written order, we dismiss this petition for lack of 

certiorari jurisdiction."); Burns v. State, 906 So. 2d 351, 351 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005) 

("[S]ince the trial court has not rendered an order regarding the defendant's bond . . . we 

conclude that the certiorari jurisdiction of this court has not been invoked."); Davis v. 

Heye, 743 So. 2d 1200, 1200 (Fla. 5th DCA 1999) ("We dismiss the petition for writ of 

certiorari because no order was rendered from which certiorari can be taken and vest 

jurisdiction in this court. The circuit court only pronounced an oral ruling."). 

Consequently, the trial court's oral denial of the Public Defender's motion for 

reconsideration is not properly before us; the only rendered order to which the May 24, 

2017, petition timely applies is the order granting Keetley's renewed motion to appoint 

penalty-phase counsel.

Having determined what order is properly before us, we must next 

determine what arguments are properly before us. And the answer to that is none of 

them. Although plainly on notice and no stranger to the litigation, the Public Defender 

did not appear at the hearing on Keetley's renewed motion to appoint penalty-phase 

counsel, nor did she otherwise respond to the motion until after the order on the motion 
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had been rendered. The limited record before us does not indicate that the Public 

Defender either authorized the JAC to argue on her behalf or adopted or joined the 

JAC's objections. We also note that the State, which now supports the Public Defender 

in her certiorari petition, took no position below on Keetley's requests for counsel and 

did not independently seek certiorari review of the trial court's order. We thus decline to 

consider those arguments that the Public Defender and the State raise for the first time 

in this proceeding. See Sarasota Renaissance II, Ltd. P'ship v. Batson Cook Co., 117 

So. 3d 1184, 1189 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) ("Although [appellee] objected to the entry of the 

order [that appellant challenges on appeal], [appellant] failed to join in the objection. 

Thus, insofar as [appellant] is concerned, the circuit court's ruling amounts to 

unpreserved error concerning which [appellant] may not complain on appeal."); First 

Call Ventures, LLC v. Nationwide Relocation Servs., Inc., 127 So. 3d 691, 693 (Fla. 4th 

DCA 2013) ("Generally, a petitioner cannot raise in a petition for writ of certiorari a 

ground that was not raised below." (citing Leonhardt v. Masters, 679 So. 2d 73, 74 (Fla. 

4th DCA 1996))); Johnson v. State, 348 So. 2d 646, 647 (Fla. 3d DCA 1977) ("First, we 

note that defendant was tried jointly with a co-defendant and counsel for co-defendant 

objected to the above remark and requested a curative instruction. Counsel for 

defendant having acted independently of counsel for co-defendant during the 

proceedings and having failed to expressly adopt the above objection, has thereby 

waived his objection thereto.").

Even if we were to consider the merits of the Public Defender's 

arguments, we would be unable to grant her certiorari relief because she has not 

established one of the jurisdictional prerequisites. To be eligible for certiorari relief, a 
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petitioner must establish "(1) a departure from the essential requirements of the law, (2) 

resulting in material injury for the remainder of the trial (3) that cannot be corrected on 

postjudgment appeal." Capital One, N.A. v. Forbes, 34 So. 3d 209, 212 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2010) (quoting DeLoach v. Aird, 989 So. 2d 652, 654 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)). The latter 

two prongs are jurisdictional, see Barker v. Barker, 909 So. 2d 333, 336 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2005), and if they are not fulfilled, we must dismiss—rather than deny—the petition, see 

Capital One, N.A., 34 So. 3d at 212.

The Public Defender has failed to explain, let alone establish, how she will 

suffer a material injury. She was initially appointed to represent the indigent Keetley 

and, in fact, has previously represented him in his certiorari petition to this court. She 

did not dispute that she routinely assigns two attorneys to represent an indigent 

defendant facing the death penalty, while here she has been ordered to assign only 

one. See Spaziano v. Seminole County, 726 So. 2d 772, 774 (Fla. 1999) (affirming trial 

court's inherent, discretionary authority to appoint cocounsel at public expense in a 

complex capital case and noting, "Even with our holding today the government is having 

to provide compensation for only one counsel"). And although plainly on notice of 

Keetley's renewed motion for appointment of penalty-phase counsel, she did not object 

to it until after she had been appointed. Under these circumstances, we would be hardpressed to hold that her appointment as cocounsel will result in material injury so as to 

invoke this court's certiorari jurisdiction.

Accordingly, the petition for certiorari is dismissed.

KELLY and SALARIO, JJ., Concur.