Opinion issued July 2, 2013.

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-11-00916-CV

———————————

MICHAEL ROBINSON, CAROL ROBINSON AND THE 2000 HORIZON 

COMPANY A/K/A LIGHTHOUSE ENERGY SERVICE, CO., Appellants

V.

WILLIAM CASON AND BLACK SIGMA, LLC, Appellees

On Appeal from the 23rd District Court

Brazoria County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 59473

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this dispute between business partners, we determine whether the trial 

court erred in entering summary judgment to enforce a settlement agreement.

Michael and Carol Robinson and the 2000 Horizon Company a/k/a Lighthouse 
2

Energy Service Company (“Horizon”), appeal from the summary judgment in 

favor of William Cason and Black Sigma, LLC. We conclude that the trial court 

properly entered summary judgment enforcing the settlement agreement, and we 

find no error in the remaining issues on appeal. We therefore affirm.

Background

Michael Robinson founded Horizon and is its majority shareholder. Cason is 

a minority shareholder in Horizon. Cason and Robinson together serve on 

Horizon’s board of directors.

In September 2010, Cason sued Robinson, alleging that Robinson had 

misused corporate funds for personal gain, forged Cason’s signature on promissory 

notes, and concealed his actions from the board of directors. Cason brought claims 

individually and on behalf of Horizon, including claims for breach of fiduciary 

duty, fraud, investor oppression, and theft. The lawsuit (cause number 59473) was 

assigned to the 23rd District Court. 

While the lawsuit was pending, a property dispute arose between Cason and 

Robinson. Robinson had purchased property on behalf of Horizon in 2004 by 

borrowing $475,000.00 from a lender named John Benkenstein. In September 

2010—around the time Cason sued Robinson—Cason purchased Robinson’s 

promissory note, vendor’s lien, and deed of trust from Benkenstein. As assignee, 

Cason obtained Benkenstein’s rights under the note, including any claims 
3

Benkenstein held against Robinson and the right to foreclose on the underlying 

property in the event of default. Robinson’s promissory note contains the following 

provision regarding notice of acceleration: “[Robinson] and each surety, endorser 

and guarantor waive all demand for payment, presentation for payment, notice of 

intention to accelerate maturity, notice of acceleration of maturity, protest and 

notice of protest . . . .” 

After Cason acquired the note, he notified Robinson that he had purchased it 

and that Robinson had defaulted on it by failing to maintain proper insurance on 

the property, repay taxes paid by the lender, and obey restrictive covenants 

imposed on the land. Cason gave Robinson thirty days to cure the defaults. In 

reply, Robinson tendered a check in the amount of $9,024.00, maintaining that the 

payment cured his defaults.

In November 2010, Cason assigned Robinson’s promissory note to Black 

Sigma—a limited liability company in which Cason is the managing member.

Black Sigma accelerated Robinson’s promissory note and demanded payment.

Black Sigma contended that Robinson remained in default by failing to timely pay 

property taxes, repay taxes paid by the previous lender, and obey restrictive 

covenants. Black Sigma enclosed the appointment of a substitute trustee and notice 

of the trustee’s sale along with the notice of acceleration.
4

After Cason transferred the note to Black Sigma, Robinson counterclaimed 

in the suit for breach of fiduciary duty, tortious interference, defamation, and 

intentional infliction of emotional distress. He contended that Cason had breached 

his fiduciary duties to Horizon and interfered with Horizon’s business by 

purchasing the promissory note and assigning it to Black Sigma. On the same day 

that Robinson filed his counterclaims, he moved for a temporary restraining order 

and injunction to prevent Black Sigma from foreclosing on the property. His 

motion alleged that Cason operated Black Sigma as an alter ego. All of the parties 

agree that the trial court denied Robinson’s motion, but the record does not include 

the disposition.

After the 23rd District Court denied Robinson’s motion, he petitioned the 

149th District Court (cause number 61122) for a TRO, temporary injunction, and 

permanent injunction to prevent the substitute trustee’s foreclosure sale. The 149th 

District Court enjoined the sale and, after discovering the pending action before the 

23rd District Court, signed a handwritten order that both cases be presented to the 

23rd District Court to determine whether consolidation was proper. The 

handwritten order permitted the substitute trustee to accept bids at the foreclosure 

sale but left unchanged the temporary injunction against any transfer of the deed 

until the 23rd District Court ruled on the matter.
5

The 23rd District Court consolidated cause number 61122 in the 149th 

District Court into cause number 59473 in the 23rd District Court; the court’s order 

consolidating the cases vacated the TRO and handwritten order entered by the 

149th District Court. The substitute trustee subsequently conveyed the deed to the 

property to the highest bidder at the foreclosure sale, Black Sigma.

In March 2011, Robinson filed third-party claims against Black Sigma to 

quiet title and for wrongful foreclosure and breach of contract. Robinson alleged 

that he had timely cured all defaults under the promissory note, Black Sigma had 

failed to provide adequate notice of the trustee’s sale, and the sale violated the 

149th District Court’s TRO. Robinson moved for summary judgment; Black Sigma 

filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, asserting that the TRO did not apply 

to void the sale, and Black Sigma properly exercised its rights as assignee of the 

promissory note. The trial court signed an interlocutory order granting summary 

judgment in favor of Black Sigma in May 2011. 

During this time, Cason’s suit for breach of fiduciary duty remained pending 

before the 23rd District Court, along with Robinson’s counterclaims. In late 

December 2010, Robinson appeared for his deposition in a separate lawsuit. Cason 

also appeared at the deposition.

During the course of the deposition, Cason and Robinson reached a 

settlement. They dictated its terms to the court reporter, who transcribed them in an 
6

independent volume labeled with the 59473 cause number. Generally, the 

settlement requires Robinson to acknowledge that Black Sigma holds title to the 

disputed property and convey two tracts of land, their legal descriptions set forth in 

an attached exhibit, to Cason. In exchange, Cason agreed to convey his outstanding 

Horizon stock to Robinson and resign from any position he holds with Horizon.

Cason also agreed to let Robinson remain on the foreclosed property for a period 

of six months, conditioned on his maintaining insurance on the property and 

running his company in a commercially reasonable manner during that occupancy.

The parties mutually agreed to exchange standard releases and to formalize 

the dictated provisions in a formal settlement agreement. Further, they agreed that 

the parties would bear their own attorney’s fees and costs in connection with the 

litigation. They expressly referenced the consolidated cause in agreeing that “[a]ll 

the claims are dismissed against all entities.”

The dictated settlement also provides that, in the case of any dispute among 

the parties concerning the interpretation of the agreement—including the meaning 

of any ambiguous term or the wording of the releases—the 23rd District Court 

would be the ultimate arbiter, so that the settlement “is not an agreement to make 

an agreement, but an absolute full, final, complete agreement” resolving all claims 

between Cason and Robinson.” 
7

In February 2011, Cason moved to enforce the settlement agreement and for 

judgment on all claims. Cason attached a copy of the December 2010 deposition 

transcript to his motion along with an unsigned draft of a written settlement 

memorializing the December 2010 agreement. Cason then moved for summary 

judgment, asking the trial court to enforce the settlement agreement against 

Robinson. Cason again tendered a copy of the deposition transcript to the trial 

court, along with the court reporter’s notarized acknowledgment of the settlement 

agreement and a copy of a substitute trustee’s deed. Cason included a copy of his 

lawyer’s affidavit certifying the above documents.

In response, Robinson maintained that the pleadings did not support Cason’s 

motion for summary judgment because Cason had not amended his pleadings to 

include a breach-of-contract claim. Alternatively, Robinson contended that the 

settlement was unenforceable because it did not comply with Rule 11, lacked 

material terms to be enforced as a contract, or that an affirmative defense (mistake, 

fraud, or duress) prevented its enforcement. Robinson supported his motion with 

affidavits, including an affidavit from his attorney at the December 2010

deposition. His attorney averred that Cason and Robinson had agreed to a 

settlement in principle during the deposition, but that not all of the terms of the 

settlement were included in the reporter’s record—specifically, it omitted a 

promise by Cason to pay money to Robinson. According to Robinson’s attorney, 
8

the contract term ordering the payment was reserved for a final, written agreement 

in order to permit the parties time to arrange financial details. Robinson also 

tendered his affidavit. Robinson averred that he suffered from a chronic illness, he 

assented to the settlement only after a lengthy deposition, and he agreed to it based 

on promises that additional material terms would be memorialized in a document 

drafted after the deposition. Finally, Robinson attached the affidavit of an 

individual connected with Black Sigma, who averred that Cason had told him that 

he promised to pay Robinson “a lump sum of $250,000.00, an annuity of 

$5,000.00 per month for twenty years, and . . . health insurance coverage for one 

year” in exchange for the settlement. In reply, Cason objected to the affidavits and 

amended his petition to allege breach of the settlement agreement; the trial court 

declined to consider the amended petition because it was not timely filed.

In August 2011, Robinson moved to recuse the trial judge, citing his social 

relationship with Cason’s attorney and a number of adverse rulings. After a 

hearing, the presiding judge of the administrative district denied Robinson’s 

motion. 

In September 2011, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of 

Cason, enforcing the settlement agreement reached at the December 2010 

deposition. 

Discussion
9

I. Summary judgment enforcing the December 2010 Settlement Agreement

A. The trial court’s summary judgment order conforms with the pleadings

As a preliminary matter, Robinson claims that proper pleadings do not 

support the September 2011 summary judgment, because Cason did not timely 

amend his petition to include a breach-of-contract claim. Cason replies that his 

motion to enforce the settlement agreement provides sufficient notice of the 

contract claim. 

Settlement agreements may be enforced as contracts, even when one party 

withdraws its consent to the settlement before judgment is entered on the 

agreement. Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 279 S.W.3d 656, 663 (Tex. 2009); Mantas 

v. Fifth Court of Appeals, 925 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex. 1996); Padilla v. LaFrance, 

907 S.W.2d 454, 461 (Tex. 1995); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 154.071(a) (West 2011) (settlement agreement is enforceable “in the same

manner as any other contract”). The party seeking to enforce the agreement must 

pursue a separate breach of contract claim, which is subject to the normal rules of 

pleading and proof. Mantas, 925 S.W.2d at 658–59; Padilla, 907 S.W.2d at 462; 

Ford, 279 S.W.3d at 663.

A pleading for breach of contract must contain a short statement of the cause 

of action sufficient to give fair notice of the claim involved, including an allegation 

of a contractual relationship between the parties, and the substance of the contract 
10

which supports the pleader’s right to recover. Bayway Servs., Inc. v. Ameri-Build 

Constr., L.C., 106 S.W.3d 156, 160 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.)

(citing Cadle Co. v. Castle, 913 S.W.2d 627, 630–31 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, 

writ denied). An amended pleading, though, is only one may to raise a claim that a 

settlement agreement should be enforced as a contract: a motion seeking 

enforcement of a settlement agreement is sufficient to permit the entry of judgment 

enforcing the settlement, because it gives the nonmovant notice of the claim 

asserted and an opportunity to defend itself. Bayway Servs., 106 S.W.3d at 160 

(holding motion to enforce settlement agreement satisfied pleading requirements); 

Neasbitt v. Warren, 105 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) 

(same). Thus, a motion that satisfies the general purpose of pleadings—which is to 

give the other party fair notice of the claim and the relief sought—is sufficient to 

allow the trial court to render judgment enforcing the settlement. Bayway Servs., 

106 S.W.3d at 160; Neasbitt, 105 S.W.3d at 117.

Cason moved to enforce the settlement agreement in February 2011. Cason’s 

motion alleged that he had sent a document formalizing the transcribed terms to 

Robinson and that Robinson had failed to sign and return the document. Cason 

attached the December 2010 deposition transcript to his motion along with the 

unsigned settlement document he had sent to Robinson. Approximately three 

weeks later, Cason moved for final judgment, renewing his contention that the 
11

December 2010 deposition transcript evidenced a settlement agreement. Cason 

asked the trial court to enter judgment in accord with the settlement agreement’s 

terms and order that the parties execute the mutual releases provided for in the 

agreement. 

Cason’s motion to enforce the settlement agreement provided fair notice of 

his claim and the relief sought. See Bayway Servs., 106 S.W.3d at 160. Cason 

proffered evidence of a settlement agreement between the parties, alleged that 

Robinson had disavowed the agreement, sought its specific performance, and 

requested a hearing on the motion. The motion therefore satisfies the general 

purposes of pleadings and is sufficient to permit the trial court to render judgment 

enforcing the settlement. 

B. Summary judgment in favor of Cason’s enforcement claim

Robinson challenges the trial court’s summary judgment order enforcing the 

terms of the December 2010 settlement. He contends that a deposition transcript 

does not comply with Rule 11 and, in the alternative, that a fact issue exists on 

whether the parties’ agreement is otherwise enforceable as a contract. In reply, 

Cason maintains that the Rule 11 does not prohibit the trial court from enforcing 

the deposition transcript as a settlement agreement and that the agreement is

enforceable under contract law.
12

1. Standard of review

We review de novo the trial court’s grant of a motion for summary 

judgment. Provident Life & Accid. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 

(Tex. 2003). To be successful, a motion under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 

166a(c) must establish that no genuine issue exists as to any material fact and that 

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). 

When a plaintiff moves for summary judgment on its own claim, the plaintiff must 

conclusively prove all essential elements of its cause of action. Rhône–Poulenc, 

Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999); City of Houston v. Clear Creek 

Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979). If the movant conclusively negates 

an element of each of the plaintiff’s causes of action or conclusively establishes its 

own cause of action, the burden shifts to the non-movant to respond with evidence 

raising a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. 

See Rhône-Poulenc, 997 S.W.2d at 222–23. In deciding whether a disputed 

material fact precludes summary judgment, we take as true evidence favorable to 

the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference in the nonmovant’s favor.

Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215.

2. Applicability of Rule 11

Rule 11 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides: “Unless otherwise 

provided in these rules, no agreement between attorneys or parties touching any 
13

suit pending will be enforced unless it be in writing, signed and filed with the 

papers as part of the record, or unless it be made in open court and entered of 

record.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 11; see also Knapp Med. Ctr. v. De La Garza, 238 S.W.3d 

767, 768 (Tex. 2007) (citing Padilla, 907 S.W.2d at 460); Tindall v. Bishop, 

Peterson, & Sharp, P.C., 961 S.W.2d 248 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, 

no pet.). A trial court has a ministerial duty to enforce a valid Rule 11 agreement. 

Fortis Benefits v. Cantu, 234 S.W.3d 642, 651 n.58 (Tex. 2007); ExxonMobil 

Corp. v. Valence Operating Co., 174 S.W.3d 303, 309 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).

Our court has held that a settlement agreement transcribed by a court 

reporter but not done in open court does not comply with Rule 11. See Tindall, 961 

S.W.2d at 251 (“A majority of this Court sitting en banc agrees . . . that the 

agreement dictated to and transcribed by the court reporter and filed with the 

papers of the case is not a rule 11 agreement.”). Thus, the trial court did not have 

the ministerial duty to enforce the transcribed agreement. That the transcribed 

agreement fails as a Rule 11 agreement, however, does not preclude Cason from 

seeking its enforcement under contract law. See ExxonMobil Corp., 174 S.W.3d at 

309 (citing Padilla v. LaFrance, 907 S.W.2d 454, 461–62 (Tex.1995)); Mantas v. 

Fifth Court of Appeals, 925 S.W.2d 656, 657 (Tex. 1996); Tindall, 961 S.W.2d at 
14

251 (enforcing settlement agreement in accord with contract-law principles). We 

thus examine whether the parties formed a binding settlement agreement.

3. Contract formation

Robinson contends that the trial court erred in enforcing the settlement 

agreement because it lacks essential terms and, consequently, it does not evidence 

the meeting of the minds required to form a binding agreement. Parties form a 

binding contract when the following elements are present: (1) an offer, (2) an 

acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the offer, (3) a meeting of the 

minds, (4) each party’s consent to the terms, and (5) execution and delivery of the 

contract with the intent that it be mutual and binding. Potcinske v. McDonald Prop. 

Invs., 245 S.W.3d 526, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

“‘Meeting of the minds’ describes the mutual understanding and assent to the 

agreement regarding the subject matter and the essential terms of the contract.” Id.

Mutual assent, concerning material, essential terms, is a prerequisite to formation 

of a binding, enforceable contract. Id. (citing T.O. Stanley Boot Co. v. Bank of El 

Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex.1992)). An “essential” term is

one that the parties reasonably regarded, at the time of contracting, as 

a vitally important ingredient in their bargain. Failure to fulfill such a 

promise, in other words, would seriously frustrate the expectations of 

one or more of the parties as to what would constitute sufficient 

performance of the contract as a whole.
15

Neeley v. Bankers Trust Co. of Tex., 757 F.2d 621, 628 (5th Cir. 1985), quoted in

Cytogenix, Inc. v. Waldroff, 213 S.W.3d 479, 485 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2006, pet. denied).

Robinson claims that the transcribed agreement is unenforceable because it 

omits terms that the parties anticipated would be included in the final, written 

settlement agreement—specifically, the monetary compensation he was to receive 

as part of the consideration for the tracts of real property referenced in the 

transcription. The transcribed agreement addresses the consideration Robinson is 

to receive, but indicates neither that Cason owes him any monetary consideration, 

nor refers to future negotiation of an essential monetary term. Parties may agree on 

terms sufficient to create a contract, even while leaving other provisions for later 

negotiation and agreement. See Scott v. Ingle Bros. Pac., Inc., 489 S.W.2d 554, 

555 (Tex.1972); Ski River Dev., Inc. v. McCalla, 167 S.W.3d 121, 133 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2005, pet. denied); cf. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 2.201(a) 

(providing that writing is not insufficient because it omits term, but only written 

terms can be enforced). The agreement does not lack the essential element of 

consideration. In addition to Cason’s mutual release and dismissal of claims, the 

transcribed agreement recites that Robinson is to receive possessory rights to the 

business premises for six months; Cason’s resignation from all offices that he 

holds or might have held in Horizon, including its board of directors; an agreement 
16

that Cason holds no ownership interest, will take no management responsibility, 

and will take no role whatsoever in Horizon’s day-to-day or long-term operations; 

a permanent injunction preventing Cason from engaging in any interference with 

Horizon’s business; the return of any stock that Cason holds in Horizon; and the 

return of all documents produced to Cason in the course of the litigation. For the 

same reason, the inclusion of additional terms in the written settlement agreement 

prepared by Cason does not raise a fact issue concerning the enforceability of the 

dictated terms.

Robinson also claims that the transcribed agreement is unenforceable 

because it lacks specificity concerning the tracts of land Robinson agreed to 

convey to Cason. It is well settled that a land description is sufficient to convey the 

property if it furnishes within itself, or by reference to some other existing writing, 

the means or data by which the particular land to be conveyed may be identified 

with reasonable certainty. AIC Mgmt. v. Crews, 246 S.W.3d 640, 645 (Tex. 2008);

Morrow v. Shotwell, 477 S.W.2d 538, 539 (Tex. 1972). The transcribed agreement 

refers to tract of land that is the subject matter of a specified lawsuit and an exhibit 

that contains the legal description of two tracts of land, which in turn references 

their map locations in the Brazoria County plat records. It also refers to the fact 

that Robinson or an entity in his control holds the title to those tracts, and that the 

tracts are contiguous or in the same subdivision as the tract at issue in the lawsuit.
17

Robinson complains that the exhibit was added to the transcribed agreement after 

the fact, but he does not claim that the descriptions did not exist when the parties 

dictated the settlement or that they incorrectly describe the property. Nor does he 

contend that the reference to tracts “owned by him or an entity in his control” fails

to identify the conveyances with reasonable certainty. See AIC Mgmt., 246 S.W.3d 

at 648–49; Kmiec v. Reagan, 556 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1977). We reject 

Robinson’s argument that the agreement fails for lack of an essential term.

4. Affirmative defenses

Robinson contends that the trial court erred in rejecting his affirmative 

defenses of mistake, statutory fraud, and duress. We consider each in turn.

a. Mistake

A mutual mistake of fact occurs when the parties to an agreement have a 

common intention, but the written agreement does not accurately reflect that 

intention due to a mutual mistake. See Smith-Gilbard v. Perry, 332 S.W.3d 709, 

713 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.); City of The Colony v. N. Tex. Mun. Water 

Dist., 272 S.W.3d 699, 735 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. dism’d). The 

elements of mutual mistake are: (1) a mistake of fact; (2) held mutually by the 

parties; (3) which materially affects the agreed-on exchange. City of The Colony, 

272 S.W.3d at 735. When mutual mistake is alleged, the party seeking to avoid its 

obligations under a contract must show what the parties’ true agreement was and 
18

that the instrument incorrectly reflects that agreement because of a mutual mistake.

Atl. Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Butler, 137 S.W.3d 199, 213 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2004 pet. denied). 

To prove a mutual mistake, the evidence must show that both parties were 

acting under the same misunderstanding of the same material fact. Walden v. 

Affiliated Computer Servs., Inc., 97 S.W.3d 303, 326 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). A unilateral mistake by one party, combined with 

knowledge of that mistake by the other party, is equivalent to a mutual mistake. 

Davis v. Grammer, 750 S.W.2d 766, 768 (Tex. 1988). But, “[a] mistake by only 

one party to an agreement, not known or induced by acts of the other party[,] will 

not constitute grounds for relief.” Smith-Gilbard, 332 S.W.3d at 713–14 (quoting 

Johnson v. Snell, 504 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex. 1974)).1 The mutual mistake defense 

does not exist merely to avoid the results of an unhappy bargain. Williams v. 

Glash, 789 S.W.2d 261, 265 (Tex. 1990).

Robinson contends that the mistake was the omission of a monetary 

compensation term from the transcribed agreement, rendering it incomplete. But, 

neither Robinson nor Cason mistakenly omitted the term; even under Robinson’s 

 1 Robinson also relies on James T. Taylor & Son, Inc. v. Arlington Independent 

School District, 335 S.W.2d 371 (Tex. 1960), in contending that he is entitled to 

equitable relief from a unilateral mistake of fact because enforcement of the 

agreement with without the monetary compensation terms would be 

unconscionable. See id. at 372–73.
19

version of the events, he and Cason agreed that they would not address monetary 

payment on the record, but would incorporate it in a later agreement subject to 

financing conditions. Both Robinson and Cason were present during the 

declaration that the transcribed agreement constituted a full, final, and complete 

agreement to settle their disputes. Robinson’s regret about the settlement terms 

does not raise a fact issue as to a mutual mistake of fact, because even under 

Robinson’s version, the parties had not labored under the impression that the onthe-record settlement incorporated a monetary payment requirement.

b. Statutory fraud

The elements of statutory fraud are: (1) a transaction involving real estate or 

stock; (2) during the transaction the other party made a false representation of fact, 

made a false promise, or benefitted by not disclosing that a third party’s

representation was false; (3) the false representation or promise was made for the 

purpose of inducing the party to enter into a contract; (4) the party relied on the 

false representation or promise by entering into the contract; and (5) the reliance 

caused the party injury. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 27.01.

The proponent of the fraud claim must show actual and justifiable reliance.

Grant Thornton LLP v. Prospect High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d 913, 923 (Tex. 

2010). We determine whether Robinson raised a fact issue on justifiability by 

inquiring whether, “given a fraud plaintiff’s individual characteristics, abilities, 
20

and appreciation of facts and circumstances at or before the time of the alleged 

fraud, it is extremely unlikely that there is actual reliance on the plaintiff’s part.”

Haralson v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc., 919 F.2d 1014, 1026 (5th Cir.1990) 

(applying Texas law), quoted in Grant Thornton LLP., 314 S.W.3d at 923.

Robinson again points to the allegedly missing monetary consideration term as 

grounds for this affirmative defense, but the inclusion of the “full and final 

agreement” language in the transcribed agreement put Robinson and his counsel on 

notice that any reliance on additional, unspoken contract terms was unjustifiable.

Robinson does not adduce evidence that counters the effect of the written 

agreement’s recitations that it contains all material terms. For this reason, 

Robinson fails to raise a fact issue that he is entitled to avoid the contract based on 

a statutory fraud defense.

c. Duress

In contending that he is entitled to avoid the settlement agreement because 

of duress, Robinson complains that he was ill the day the parties reached the 

agreement. To avoid a contract based on duress, Robinson would have to prove 

that (1) Cason threatened to do some act that he had no legal right to do; (2) the 

threat was of such a character as to destroy Robinson’s free agency; (3) the threat 

overcame Robinson’s free will and caused him to do that which he would not 

otherwise have done and that he was not legally bound to do; (4) the restraint was 
21

imminent; and (5) Robinson had no present means of protection. See Flameout 

Design & Fabrication, Inc. v. Pennzoil Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 837 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (citing Creative Mfg., Inc. v. Unik, Inc., 

726 S.W.2d 207, 211 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Robinson 

had counsel present during the dictation of the settlement agreement. Robinson 

expressly confirmed on the reporter’s record that he had communicated with both 

of his attorneys, one of whom was not present, that he understood and approved 

the settlement, and that he was satisfied he had been adequately represented by his 

attorney in attendance. This confirmation negates any showing that Cason 

destroyed Robinson’s free agency or that Robinson had no present means of 

protection. Robinson does not adduce controverting evidence. As a result, 

Robinson fails to raise a fact issue on his duress claim.

5. Inclusion of Carol Robinson in settlement

Michael Robinson also contends that his wife, Carol, was not present during 

the settlement discussions and did not consent to its terms. The transcribed 

agreement, however, includes Carol as a settling party. In addition, she and 

Michael were both represented by the attorney who had communicated with 

counsel in attendance at the settlement, and the record reflects that he understood 

and approved of the settlement. In the absence of contrary evidence, an attorney is 

generally presumed to be acting within the authority given by the client. Kelly v. 
22

Murphy, 630 S.W.2d 759, 761 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, writ ref’d 

n.r.e.). No evidence suggests that Carol’s counsel did not have her permission to 

consent to the settlement agreement, nor did counsel make any effort to exclude 

her from the settlement. As a result, Carol cannot avoid her responsibilities under 

the settlement.

We hold that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment enforcing 

the transcribed settlement agreement.

C. Remaining issues

Robinson’s remaining issues consist of challenges to the consolidation of the 

case pending in the 149th Judicial District Court into the previously filed case 

pending in the 23rd Judicial District Court and to the denial of his motion to recuse 

the trial judge. Robinson waived these challenges in the settlement agreement.

Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct 

inconsistent with claiming that right. Dep’t of Prot. & Reg. Servs. v. Schutz, 101 

S.W.3d 512, 516 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). In determining if 

a waiver has in fact occurred, the court must examine the acts, words, or conduct

of the parties and it must be “unequivocally manifested” that it is the intent of the 

party to no longer assert the right. Id. “Although waiver is ordinarily a question of 

fact, when the facts and circumstances are admitted or clearly established, the 

question becomes one of law.” Motor Vehicle Bd. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers 
23

Ass’n, 1 S.W.3d 108, 111 (Tex.1999); Tenneco, Inc. v. Enter. Prods., 925 S.W.2d 

640, 643 (Tex. 1996).

First, with respect to the consolidation into the underlying suit of Robinson’s

suit for injunctive relief to prevent the foreclosure sale, the agreement declares that 

“[t]his global settlement includes the lawsuit that was recently filed to stop the 

foreclosure, inclusive of the parties, that was later consolidated by the 23rd Judicial 

District Court.” Because Robinson explicitly agreed to settle the disputes arising in 

the consolidated case as well as the underlying suit, the propriety of consolidation 

is a nonissue: no dispute remains for review.

Second, with respect to the denial of his motion to recuse, we note that the 

settlement agreement places the judge presiding in the 23rd Judicial District Court 

in an essential and pivotal role. It provides that: 

The transcription of this agreement and will be submitted to the Court 

for approval of this settlement agreement. The Court will be the 

arbiter of the terms of any written document necessary. The Court will 

be the final decision-maker if any dispute occurs hereafter as to the 

terms of any releases that need to be exchanged between the parties 

and the contents of those terms, after each party has advised the Court 

what it believed the agreement was.

. . .

[I]f we can’t agree on the wording, the Court will be submitted each 

person’s position, and the Court will ultimately make the decision on 

the wording of any release. . . [and] [a]ny ambiguity [will] be resolved 

by the Judge of the 23rd Judicial District Court.
24

Robinson’s motion did not raise any valid ground for recusal that he had not 

discovered before he agreed to the settlement. We hold that Robinson waived any 

complaint that the judge should be recused.

Conclusion

We conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment 

enforcing the December 2010 agreement. We further hold that Robinson waived 

his remaining issues on appeal. We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Jane Bland

Justice 

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Huddle.