Air and Radiation EPA420-R-05-013 

December 2005 

User’s Guide for the 

Final NONROAD2005 Model 
EPA420-R-05-013 

December 2005 

User’s Guide for the Final NONROAD2005 Model 

Assessment and Standards Division 

Office of Transportation and Air Quality 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Prepared with assistance from

Cimulus, Inc.

and

ENVIRON International Corp.

NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent fi nal EPA decisions or positions.

It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.

The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of

technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which

may form the basis for a fi nal EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
December 2005 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1-1

Overview of the EPA Nonroad Emissions Model ................................ 1-2

Equipment Types ...................................................... 1-2

Pollutants Reported .................................................... 1-2

Geographic and Temporal Coverage ....................................... 1-2

Model Components .................................................... 1-3

Model Inputs ......................................................... 1-6

Output Options ........................................................ 1-7

Technical Documentation .................................................. 1-7

 Future Model Updates .................................................... 1-8

To Stay Informed ......................................................... 1-8

Conventions Used in the User's Guide ........................................ 1-9

Organization of the User’s Guide ........................................... 1-11

2. GETTING STARTED .................................................... 2-1

Quick Start .............................................................. 2-1

System Requirements for Running the NONROAD Model ........................ 2-2

Installing the NONROAD Model ............................................ 2-2

Attaching the Reporting Utility Databases .................................. 2-3

Reinstalling the NONROAD Model .......................................... 2-3

3. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ......................................... 3-1

Quick Start .............................................................. 3-1

General Description ....................................................... 3-2

Moving Around in the Graphical User Interface ................................. 3-3

Creating an Option File .................................................... 3-5

Opening and Naming an Option File ....................................... 3-5

Defining a Report Title ................................................. 3-6

Defining Fuel Specifications, and Ambient Temperatures and Stage II Effectiveness . 3-7

Defining the Modeling Period ............................................ 3-9

Defining the Modeling Region .......................................... 3-11

Defining Source Categories ............................................. 3-13

Saving an Option File ................................................. 3-15

Running and Viewing a Modeling Scenario ................................... 3-15

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide i 
December 2005 

Advanced Options ....................................................... 3-17

Examples of Changing Geographic Allocation ................................. 3-18

Exiting the Graphical User Interface ......................................... 3-19

4. CORE MODEL ......................................................... 4-1

Quick Start .............................................................. 4-1

General Description ....................................................... 4-2

Creating an Option File .................................................... 4-2

Modifying /RUNFILES/ ................................................ 4-5

Modifying /MODEL YEAR OUT/ ........................................ 4-6

Modifying /OPTIONS/ ................................................. 4-6

Modifying /PERIOD/ ................................................... 4-8

Modifying /REGION/ ................................................. 4-10

Modifying /SOURCE CATEGORY/ ...................................... 4-12

Modifying the /POP FILES/ and /ALLOC Files/ Packet ...................... 4-13

Saving an Option File ................................................. 4-16

Running the Core Model .................................................. 4-16

Error Stop Feature .................................................... 4-17

5. REPORTING UTILITY .................................................. 5-1

Quick Start .............................................................. 5-1

General Description ....................................................... 5-2

The Reporting Utility Menus ................................................ 5-2

Import, Delete, Re-Attach and Export NIF ..................................... 5-4

Importing Core Model Output ............................................ 5-4

Removing a Run ...................................................... 5-6

Attaching the Reporting Utility Databases .................................. 5-7

Exporting a NIF Database ............................................... 5-7

Standard Report Types ..................................................... 5-9

User Specifications ...................................................... 5-10

Generating Reports ...................................................... 5-13

Running a Report ..................................................... 5-13

Viewing a Report in Print Preview ....................................... 5-14

Exporting to Excel .................................................... 5-16

Comparing Model Runs ................................................... 5-16

Emission Factor Report Types .............................................. 5-19

Compacting Databases .................................................... 5-20

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide ii 
December 2005 

6. ADVANCED TOPICS .................................................... 6-1

Introduction ............................................................. 6-1

How Data Is Grouped in the Nonroad Model ................................... 6-2

Input Data Packets and Data Files ............................................ 6-4

Review of Previously Described Packets ................................... 6-5

Runfiles Packet ....................................................... 6-5

Activity .......................................................... 6-6

Alloc XREF ....................................................... 6-8

Regions ......................................................... 6-11

Seasonality ....................................................... 6-12

EXH Technology .................................................. 6-13

EVAP Technology ................................................. 6-18

Population Files Packet ................................................ 6-20

Growth Files Packet ................................................... 6-23

Allocation Files Packet ................................................ 6-27

Modifying Inputs for Subcounty Runs ................................. 6-29

Emission Factors Files Packet ........................................... 6-33

Data Files in the /EMFAC FILES/ Packet ............................... 6-35

Deterioration Factors Files Packet ........................................ 6-39

Data Files in the /DETERIORATE FILES/ Packet ........................ 6-40

PM Bas Sulfur Packet ................................................. 6-42

Editing Input Data Packets and Files ......................................... 6-43

Making Multiple Model Runs .............................................. 6-43

Calculation of Nonroad Retrofit Inventories & Benefits .......................... 6-44

7. TROUBLE SHOOTING .................................................. 7-1

Message File ............................................................ 7-1

Data File Relationships .................................................... 7-7

Allocations Files ...................................................... 7-7

Population Data ....................................................... 7-7

APPENDICES 

Appendix A: Examples of FIPS Codes 

Appendix B: Source Classification Codes (SCCs) and Definitions 

Appendix C: Examples of Standard Reports 

Appendix D: Examples of Model Comparison Reports 

Appendix E: Examples of Emission Factor Reports 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide iii 
December 2005 

FIGURES 

Figure 1-1. Nonroad Model Flowchart ......................................... 1-4

Figure 3-1. Graphical User Interface icon. ...................................... 3-3

Figure 3-2. Initial graphical user interface screen ................................ 3-3

Figure 3-3. Options screen .................................................. 3-7

Figure 3-4. Period screen ................................................... 3-9

Figure 3-5. Region screen .................................................. 3-11

Figure 3-6. Sources screen ................................................. 3-14

Figure 3-7. Model submenu screen .......................................... 3-16

Figure 3-8. Geographic allocation screen ...................................... 3-18

Figure 4-1. Portion of the TEMPLATE.OPT file ................................. 4-4

Figure 4-2. TRAVIS.OPT/RUNFILES/ packet (A) .............................. 4-5

Figure 4-3. TRAVIS.OPT/RUNFILES/ packet (B) .............................. 4-6

Figure 4-4. Modified /OPTIONS/ packet ....................................... 4-8

Figure 4-5. Modified /PERIOD/ packet ....................................... 4-10

Figure 4-6. Modified /REGION/ packet ....................................... 4-11

Figure 4-7. Modified /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet ........................... 4-13

Figure 4-8. Modified /POP FILES/ packet ..................................... 4-14

Figure 4-9. Modified /ALLOC FILES/ packet .................................. 4-15

Figure 4-10. DOS window showing successful model run ......................... 4-17

Figure 5-1. Initial report utility screen ......................................... 5-3

Figure 5-2. Import core model data screen ...................................... 5-5

Figure 5-3. Select simulation screen ........................................... 5-8

Figure 5-4. Supplementary information screen .................................. 5-8

Figure 5-5. User-specified report options screen ................................ 5-11

Figure 5-6. Report title area ................................................ 5-15

Figure 5-7. Report options for comparing two model runs ........................ 5-17

Figure 5-8. Report options for comparing two model runs by population and fuel ...... 5-18

Figure 5-9. Report options screen ............................................ 5-20

Figure 5-10. Identify a directory for temporary storage screen ...................... 5-22

Figure 6-1. Option file showing packet identifiers and terminators ................... 6-3

Figure 6-2. /ALLOC FILES/ packet .......................................... 6-28

Figure 6-3. Modified TX.pop file ........................................... 6-31

Figure 6-4. Modified TX_house.alo file showing housing of Austin. ................ 6-32

Figure 6-5. Modified /REGION/ packet showing subcounty region ................. 6-33

Figure 6-6. /EMFAC FILES/ packet ......................................... 6-35

Figure 6-7. /DETERIORATION FILES/ packet ................................ 6-40

Figure 6-8. Batch file milg.bat. .............................................. 6-43

Figure 7-1. Output message file .............................................. 7-7

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide iv 
December 2005 

Chapter 1 Introduction 

Air pollution in the United States results from the emission of a wide variety of manmade and 

natural pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) , nitrogen oxides (NOX), air toxics, 

and particulate matter (PM). Under the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) is given specific responsibilities to reduce the emissions of pollutants from a 

range of sources in order to provide clean and healthy air in the United States. 

Generally speaking, the EPA classifies anthropogenic (manmade) emissions into three broad 

categories, mobile, stationary (point), and area sources. Mobile source emissions are further 

disaggregated into on-road (e.g., cars, trucks, and motorcycles) and nonroad emission categories. 

Because of the significant contribution of nonroad emission sources to the total mobile source 

emission inventory, it has become critical over the past several years for the EPA to provide state 

and local pollution control agencies with the ability to easily create and project accurate, 

reproducible inventories of nonroad emissions to satisfy the specific requirements of the Clean 

Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

Nonroad emissions result from the use of fuel in a diverse collection of vehicles and equipment, 

including vehicles and equipment in the following categories: 

• recreational vehicles, such as all-terrain vehicles and off-road motorcycles; 

• logging equipment, such as chain saws; 

• agricultural equipment, such as tractors; 

• construction equipment, such as graders and back hoes; 

• industrial equipment, such as fork lifts and sweepers; 

• residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment, such as leaf and snow blowers; 

• recreational and commercial marine vessels, such as power boats and oil tankers; 

• locomotive equipment, such as train engines; and 

• aircraft, such as jets and prop planes. 

With the exception of aircraft, all categories of nonroad vehicles and equipment were 

unregulated by the EPA prior to the mid-1990s. 

In a report issued by the EPA in 19911

, the agency reported that nonroad vehicles and equipment 

were a significant source of VOC, NOx , and PM emissions. The report showed that in some 

1

EPA, Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study, EPA-21A-2001, November 1991. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-1 
December 2005 

areas of the country, nonroad emissions contributed to as much as a third of the total mobile 

source NOx and VOC inventory and over two-thirds of the mobile source PM inventory. 

To assist states and local regulatory agencies in the creation of accurate nonroad emission 

inventories, the EPA has developed a nonroad emissions model which covers all areas of the 

nation. This document describes the 2002 limited release version of the model. 

OVERVIEW OF THE EPA NONROAD EMISSIONS MODEL 

Equipment Types 

This version of the nonroad emissions model predicts emissions for all nonroad equipment 

categories listed above with the exception of commercial marine, locomotive, and aircraft 

emissions. The model includes more than 80 basic and 260 specific types of nonroad equipment, 

and further stratifies equipment types by horsepower rating. Fuel types include gasoline, diesel, 

compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). 

Pollutants Reported 

The NONROAD model estimates emissions for six exhaust pollutants: hydrocarbons (HC), NOX, 

carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SOX), and PM. The user selects 

among five different types for reporting HC — as total hydrocarbons (THC), total organic gases 

(TOG), non-methane organic gases (NMOG), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), or volatile 

organic compounds (VOC). Particulate matter can be reported as PM of 10: or less (PM10) or 

PM of 2.5: or less (PM2.5). The model also estimates emissions of non-exhaust HC for several 

modes — diurnal, refueling spillage, vapor displacement, hot soak, running loss, tank 

permeation, hose permeation, and crankcase emissions. All emissions are reported as short tons 

(i.e., 2000 lbs). 

Geographic and Temporal Coverage 

In each run of the model, the user selects what geographic area(s) are to be included. At the 

broadest level, the model estimates national total emissions. More commonly users will specify 

emissions by state, or for one or more counties within a state. At the most detailed level, the user 

can estimate sub-county emissions; however, this is an advanced feature and the user must 

supply sub-county input data. Thus the model is capable of estimating emissions for 

nonattainment areas which may consist of multiple counties or sub-counties in one or more 

states. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-2 
December 2005 

The NONROAD model can estimate current year emissions for the specified geographic area as 

well as project future year emissions and backcast past year emissions for calendar years 1970 

through 2050. In estimating future year projections and in backcasting, the model includes 

growth and scrappage rates for equipment in addition to a variety of control program options. 

The model can calculate emissions for a variety of time periods — an entire year, one of four 

seasons, or any particular month. Emissions for the period selected are estimated either for the 

total period or for a typical day (weekday or weekend) in that period. 

Model Components 

As shown in Figure 1-1, the NONROAD model consists of three separate components: a 

graphical user interface written in Visual Basic, the core model written in Fortran, and a 

reporting utility written in Microsoft ACCESS. 

The primary purpose of the user interface is to provide the user with an easy method to specify 

the options for a model run. With simple Windows-type screens and pull-down menus, the user 

can quickly set up, execute, and view a modeling scenario. Once the model options are specified, 

the user can then run the Fortran core model from within the interface, and then can move 

directly to the reporting utility to view and summarize the modeling results. 

The core model of NONROAD, written in Fortran, contains all of the algorithms used by the 

model for calculating emissions estimates. The core model can be operated as a stand-alone 

application; however, as a stand-alone application it requires some basic knowledge of the DOS 

operating system. Also, note that while the user interface runs the core model for one specified 

set of conditions, and there is no built-in capability to run multiple scenarios in a single model 

run. However, multiple runs can be performed by creating and running a batch file in DOS or in 

a DOS window in a Windows environment. 

The reporting utility, written using Microsoft’s ACCESS database software, is used to create 

standardized reports using output data generated in the core model. Like the graphical user 

interface, the reporting utility is a fully operational Windows program, with pull-down menus, 

designed as a separate module in order to take advantage of the many reporting and formatting 

options available when using a database application. Although the reporting utility is written in 

ACCESS, it is a stand-alone application, and you do not need to know how to use ACCESS to 

generate reports. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-3 
December 2005 

GUI: Visual Basic program used 

to easily modify core model input 

options file, launch the core 

model, and open the reporting 

utility. 

Core Model: Fortran program 

which computes nonroad 

emissions. Reads numerous data 

files and writes ASCII output 

files. 

RU: Microsoft ACCESS 

program with pull down menus to 

allow easy reporting of core 

model results. 

Figure 1-1: NONROAD model flowchart. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-4 
December 2005 

The reporting utility provides the user with the following standard reports: 

• Emission Totals by County 

• Emission Totals by County and Fuel Type 

• Emission Totals by Equipment Type 

• Emission Totals by HP (Horsepower) 

• Emission Totals by HP and Source Classification 

• Emission Totals by HP and Equipment Type 

• Emission Totals by SCC (source category code) 

• Emission Totals by Source Classification 

• Population and Fuel Consumption by HP and Source Classification 

• Population and Fuel Consumption by SCC 

For most reports, emissions can be reported for either all counties or for a single, user-specified 

county and for all fuels or for a single user-specified fuel type. Reports that include emissions 

estimates by equipment types or by SCC are separated by major source classification (e.g., 

agricultural, lawn and garden), with subtotals provided for each classification. For those reports, 

equipment type descriptions are also included (e.g., “2-wheel tractors”, “pavers”, etc.). Where 

appropriate, reports also include a grand total by pollutant. 

In addition to generating and viewing standardized reports from single model runs, the reporting 

utility provides the user the ability to compare the results of two separate model runs. The 

current version of the reporting utility has standardized reports for comparing two model runs by 

• Emission Totals by HP and Source Classification, 

• Emission Totals by SCC, 

• Emission Totals by Source Classification, 

• Emission Totals by County, 

• Emission Totals by HP, 

• Emission Totals by Equipment Type, 

• Emission Totals by HP and SCC, 

• Population and Fuel Consumption by SCC, 

For the emission totals comparisons, the report displays the results of the two model runs, and the 

absolute and percent difference between the two model runs. For the population and fuel 

comparisons, the report displays only the results of the two model runs side by side. The 

comparison reports are useful, for example, to compare emissions from present and future year 

projections, or to compare emissions with two different future year control programs. 

Finally, the reporting utility provides the user with the following emission factor reports: 

• Grams per Operating Hour by SCC 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-5 
December 2005 

•	 Grams per Operating Hour by HP and SCC 

•	 Grams per Day by SCC 

•	 Grams per Day by HP and SCC 

•	 Grams per HP-Hour by SCC 

•	 Grams per HP-Hour by HP and SCC 

Both the reports that include emission factor estimates by SCC and by HP and SCC are separated 

by fuel type, major source classification, and SCC. The reports that include estimates by HP and 

SCC display one more level of separation, breaking the information down to the horsepower 

category level. The emission factor reports do not provide subtotals or grand totals for each 

group of estimates. The HP-Hour reports are only provided for exhaust and crankcase pollutants. 

Model Inputs 

The NONROAD model estimates emissions for each specific type of nonroad equipment by 

multiplying the following input data estimates: 

•	 Equipment population for base year (or base year population grown to a future year), 

distributed by age, power, fuel type, and application; 

•	 Average load factor expressed as average fraction of available power ; 

•	 Available power in horsepower; 

•	 Activity in hours of use per year; and 

•	 Emission factor with deterioration and/or new standards. 

The emissions are then temporally and geographically allocated using appropriate allocation 

factors. 

There are several input files that provide necessary information to calculate and allocate 

emissions estimates. These input files correspond to the basic data needed to provide the 

calculations: emission factors, base year equipment population, activity, load factor, average 

lifetime, scrappage function, growth estimates, and geographic and temporal allocation. Default 

values are provided for all input files. The user can replace the default data files when better 

information becomes available, either from EPA for national defaults or from local sources for 

locality-specific data. The input files are also modifiable to test control strategies. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-6 
December 2005 

Output Options 

Output from the core model is an ASCII file, which can be imported directly into the reporting 

utility by simply specifying the file name. The reporting utility can then be used to generate the 

standardized reports; users with ACCESS can generate their own reports or query the emissions 

estimates and other output from the model. The ASCII file can also easily be imported into an 

Excel or Lotus spreadsheet for those users who prefer spreadsheet applications, or wish to 

generate graphs of model output. In addition, the reporting utility has a feature that allows users 

to easily output an Excel file of data in a tabulated report; Excel can then be used to graph the 

tabled results. 

Lastly, the user also has the option to generate an Emission Pre-Processor System 2 (EPS-2) 

input file. EPS-2 is a program, available on EPA’s Web site or bulletin board, that can take the 

county-level output from the NONROAD core model and create gridded emissions files ready for 

input to the Urban Airshed Model (UAM), a photochemical grid model. 

TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION 

Technical documentation of the default model inputs may be found at the EPA's Office of 

Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) web site for nonroad modeling: 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm 

If you obtained the model from a CD-ROM rather than downloading it from the web site, the 

technical documents are included on the CD-ROM. 

As of the release date for this version of the model, the following technical documents are 

available: 

•	 Temperature Corrections for Nonroad Exhaust Emissions (NR-001c) 

•	 Conversion Factors for Hydrocarbon Emission Components (NR-002c) 

•	 Exhaust Emission Effects of Fuel Sulfur and Oxygen on Gasoline Nonroad Engines 

(NR-003c) 

•	 Seasonal and Monthly Activity Allocation Fractions for Nonroad Engine Emissions 

Modeling (NR-004c) 

•	 Median Life, Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions 

Modeling (NR-005c) 

•	 Nonroad Engine Population Estimates (NR-006d) 

•	 Calculation of Age Distributions in the Nonroad Model — Growth and Scrappage 

(NR-007c) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-7 
December 2005 

•	 Nonroad Engine Growth Estimates (NR-008c) 

•	 Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling — 
 

Compression-Ignition (NR-009c)
 

•	 Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling —
 

Spark-Ignition (NR-010e)
 

•	 Spark-Ignition Engine Emission Deterioration Factors for the Draft NONROAD2004 

Emissions Model (NR-011b) 

•	 Nonroad Evaporative Emission Rates (NR-012c) 

•	 Refueling Emissions for Nonroad Engine Modeling (NR-013b) 

•	 Geographic Allocation of Nonroad Engine Population Data to the State and County Level 

(NR-014d) 

•	 Weekday and Weekend Day Temporal Allocation of Activity in the Draft
 

NONROAD2004 Model (NR-015a)
 

Any additional technical documents will be posted on the web site when they are completed. 

Also currently available on the web site are numerous review documents, papers, and 

presentation materials. 

For answers to specific questions on the NONROAD model and model inputs, or to make 

comments or suggestions, email the nonroad inventory model team at:

 nonroad@epa.gov 

FUTURE MODEL UPDATES 

The EPA NONROAD modeling team is very interested in receiving comments on this version of 

the model and suggestions for future model revisions and enhancements. E-mail your comments 

and suggestions to the team at nonroad@epa.gov 

All updates to the model will be announced on and available from the OTAQ nonroad modeling 

web site. 

TO STAY INFORMED 

For the latest news on the NONROAD inventory model, subscribe to EPA-MOBILENEWS. 

EPA will use this listserver as the primary means of communication on the NONROAD model to 

distribute technical memos for review, to answer commonly asked questions, and to announce 

future model updates. The list is also used for EPA's other mobile source inventory models, so if 

you use the MOBILE series of models, you may already be a subscriber. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-8 
December 2005 

To subscribe to the EPA-MOBILENEWS listserver, send a blank email to:

 join-EPA-MOBILENEWS@lists.epa.gov 

Your email address will then be added to the list of subscribers and a confirmation message will 

be sent to your email address. Whenever EPA posts a message to the listserver, a copy of that 

message will be sent to all subscribers. You can remove yourself from the list by sending a blank 

email to: 

 leave-EPA-MOBILENEWS@lists.epa.gov 

CONVENTIONS USED IN THE USER’S GUIDE 

The following conventions are used in this User's Guide: 

•	 “Click” when used in reference to commands means to carry out the command by 

clicking it with the left button on the mouse or using keyboard equivalents -- for example, 

the Enter key used in place of the Enter command. 

•	 “Enter OK” means to click the OK button with the mouse or press the Enter key to carry 

out the action. 

•	 A dialog radio-button option is enabled when its button contains a black dot. The
 

absence of a black dot means the option is disabled.
 

•	 Key strokes are printed in bold and bracketed. For example <R> means to press the R 

key on the keyboard. 

•	 Carrying out commands or procedures with keys frequently involves pressing two or 

more keys together. For example, <Alt-F> means to hold down the Alt key while 

simultaneously pressing F. 

•	 “Arrow keys” or “Cursor keys” are collective terms for the Up, Down, Left, and Right 

arrow keys. 

•	 A selection from a Windows menu bar is illustrated by bold type and the full name of the 

pull-down menu. For example, Reports from the Reporting Utility menu bar. To 

demonstrate the selection of an item in a pull-down menu both the main menu selection 

and the submenu selection are in bold type connected with a “'”. For example, Reports 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-9 
December 2005 

' Emission Totals by SCC, indicates you should pull-down the Reports submenu and 

select the Emission Totals by SCC report. 

•	 Files names are italicized. For example, the default option file provided with the
 

NONROAD model is template.opt.
 

Both the Graphical User Interface and the Reporting Utility are standard Windows applications. 

They use pull-down menus, dialog boxes, and message boxes. This document assumes that an 

individual setting up and running the NONROAD model has experience in a Windows 

environment. If you find yourself bogged down in either the graphical user interface or the 

reporting utility perhaps you would benefit from one of the many books available that discuss in 

great detail the Windows environment. 

A very brief summary of pull-down menus follows using the example Reports ' Emission 

Totals by SCC from the Reporting Utility: 

You can activate the Reports submenu using the mouse or with keyboard strokes. With the 

mouse, you move the mouse pointer over Reports and click with the left mouse button. This 

displays the reports submenu list. To select an item from the pull-down list click on the item 

with the left mouse button. You can also click on the Reports menu and then drag the mouse 

to the item of interest (Emission Totals by SCC) while holding down the left mouse button. 

When you release the button the item is selected. 

Alternatively, using the keyboard you can activate the Reports submenu by typing <Alt-R>, 

where R is the underlined character of the menu selection (usually the first character of the 

word if there are no conflicts). You can also use the arrow keys to move to a different menu 

selection or within the submenu list. To select a pull-down menu option type the underlined 

letter in the item name. For the above example, <S> will select the Emissions Totals by SCC 

report. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-10 
December 2005 

ORGANIZATION OF THE USER’S GUIDE 

To assist you in the set-up and operation of the nonroad emissions model, this document guides 

you in the process of installing the model, provides information on system requirements to 

operate the model, and provides detailed information on each component of the model. In 

addition, a chapter is provided to assist you on more advanced topics. 

Note:	 For reference, each chapter begins with a “Quick Start” section that summarizes the steps 

explained in the chapter. The chapters then continue with a more detailed guide to the 

model. As the detailed descriptions include some important notes on the proper use of 

the model, we recommend that you read the chapters completely before using the model 

for any official purposes. 

The user’s guide is organized in the following manner: 

Chapter 2 - Getting Started: This chapter provides information on model hardware and 

software requirements. In addition, instructions are provided on installing the model on the 

your computer. 

Chapter 3 - Graphical User Interface: This chapter discusses the graphical user interface 

in detail, and how to specify and change model inputs for most model runs. 

Chapter 4 - The Core Model: This chapter describes how to edit options using a text editor 

and how to run the core model. Step by step examples are provided. 

Chapter 5 - Reporting Utility: This chapter describes the reporting utility and provides you 

with information on how to import data from a model run and generate standardized reports. 

Chapter 6 - Advanced Topics - This chapter provides detailed information to assist more 

advanced users of the model. This detailed information includes: 

•	 a description of the core model inputs; 

•	 a description of required and optional input file packets; 

•	 how to incorporate local data by editing input tables; 

•	 how to perform additional model runs by editing input tables; 

•	 a description of core model output options, such as the generation of EPS-2 input files 

and the creation of spreadsheet files; and 

•	 how to model more advanced scenarios. 

Chapter 7 - Trouble Shooting - This chapter describes possible solutions to troubles you 

may have running the model. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-11 
December 2005 

Several appendices are included that document FIPS and SCC codes used by the NONROAD 

model and provide examples of reporting utility standardized reports. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 1-12 
December 2005 

Chapter 2	 Getting Started 

In this chapter of the User’s Guide, the following topics are discussed: 

• the minimum system requirements for installing and running the model; and 

•	 the steps involved in installing the NONROAD model on your computer. 

Note:	 Please see the README file for installation instructions. The latest version of the model 

may not have the setup.exe installation utility described below, in which case you must 

carefully follow the step-by-step installation instructions referred to in the README file. 

QUICK START 

The process of installing the NONROAD model on your computer may be quite simple using the 

installation utility provided, which works for Windows 98, 2000, NT, and XP. It is named 

setup.exe, and it is included on the NONROAD CD-ROM or can be downloaded from the 

nonroad modeling web site. In addition, the CD includes electronic copies of this NONROAD 

User’s Guide, all currently available technical reports, and the source code for the FORTRAN 

core model. 

In brief, the steps involved in installing and setting up the NONROAD model are as follows (in 

this example drive D is used for the CD drive and you should substitute the appropriate letter for 

the CD drive on your system): 

1.	 Insert the NONROAD CD-ROM in drive D. 

Windows 95, 98, 2000, NT, XP: Start ' Run and then type d:\setup.exe 

2.	 The NONROAD model installation program will prompt you for information as 

required during the installation process. Once you have supplied the necessary 

information, the program will install the NONROAD model on your computer. When 

the process is complete, a message box will appear indicating that the installation was 

completed successfully. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 2-1 
December 2005 

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR RUNNING THE NONROAD MODEL 

The following are the minimum system requirements for running the NONROAD model: 

•	 Processor 486 

•	 RAM 8 megabytes 

•	 Drive CD-ROM (or access by network) 

•	 Operating System Windows 98, NT, or XP (core model only needs DOS) 

•	 Mouse 

It is recommended that you have at least 200 megabytes of free disk space for installation and 

operation of the NONROAD model. Besides the files to be installed, disk space will also be 

needed for the output files generated when running the model. The installed files consist of 

approximately 20 megabytes for the core model and data files, 4 megabytes for the graphical user 

interface, 10 megabytes for the reporting utility and multi-year postprocessors, and for users 

without Microsoft Access 2000 or later already installed, the stand-alone Microsoft Access 

runtime package is installed for the Reporting Utility, requiring an additional 50-100 megabytes. 

INSTALLING THE NONROAD MODEL 

To install the NONROAD model, follow these steps: 

1.	 Insert the NONROAD CD-ROM in drive D (substitute the appropriate letter for the 

CD drive on your system). 

2.	 Begin the installation procedure. 

Windows 98, 2000, NT, XP: Specify Start ' Run and enter d:\setup.exe. 

Specify OK. 

3.	 During the installation process, a number of dialog screens will appear that request 

information from you to assist in installing and setting up the program. Once you 

have provided all required information, the installation program will set-up a 

directory on your computer and copy the necessary files to that directory. 

4.	 The installation program will create a program group on your computer called 

Nonroad. This program group will contain an icon for each component of the model ­

- the graphical user interface, the core model, and the reporting utility. For 

information on the operation of each of these components, see Chapter 3 (graphical 

user interface), Chapter 4 (core model), and Chapter 5 (reporting utility). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 2-2 
December 2005 

Attaching the Reporting Utility Databases 

When the NONROAD model is installed, a subdirectory called Reports is created. Within this 

subdirectory are two databases, Nrdata.mdb and Reports.mdb, required to run the reporting 

utility. To operate the reporting utility, Reports.mdb must "know" the path of NRdata.mdb in 

order to properly connect to it. This connection is done automatically the first time the Reporting 

Utility is opened. 

If the Reporting Utility cannot find Nrdata.mdb (for example, the file was moved to another 

directory) then a message is displayed. You must attach the tables in order to successfully 

generate reports. Refer to the section in Chapter 5 titled Attaching the Reporting Utility 

Databases. 

REINSTALLING THE NONROAD MODEL 

The NONROAD model can be completely reinstalled on your computer by following the normal 

steps outlined above. During reinstallation, the program will search for a current installation of 

the program. If any current NONROAD files are found, the program will ask you whether you 

want to overwrite the files. Indicate Yes or No. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 2-3 
December 2005 

Chapter 3 	 Graphical User Interface 

In this chapter of the user’s guide, the following topics are discussed after the Quick Start 

description: 

•	 a general description of the graphical user interface, 

•	 moving around in the user interface, 

•	 creating an option file and specifying model parameters, 

•	 running and viewing a model scenario, and 

•	 some advanced options. 

QUICK START 

The process of setting up an option file that contains a scenario that you are interested in 

modeling, and running and viewing the modeling results, is quite simple with the graphical user 

interface. Each of the steps involved is discussed in detail in this chapter. In summary, the steps 

involved in setting up, running, and viewing a modeling scenario are as follows: 

1.	 Start the Graphical User Interface using the icon created when the EPA NONROAD 

Emissions Model was installed on your computer. (For more information, see General 

Description below.) 

2.	 Define the parameters that you are interested in modeling.	 When you first run the 

interface, the modeling parameters are contained in the default option file 

TEMPLATE.OPT which is automatically read by the interface. Select Scenario on 

the main menu. A submenu will appear that contains the various options that you can 

specify. These options include the title of your model run, fuel specifications, the 

period of time and geographical region over which you want to estimate emissions, 

and the source categories that you want to model. (For more information, see the 

section below on Creating an Option File.) 

3.	 Save the modified option file, 	File ' Save (or Save As). (For more information, see 

the section below on Creating an Option File.) If you do not save the option file with 

the name you want, it will be saved automatically with its currren tname when you 

choose Model ' Run in the next step. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-1 
December 2005 

4.	 Submit your option file to the core model to run, 	Model ' Run. Once the run has 

been completed, a message will appear in a DOS screen notifying you that the run 

was successful. (For more information, see the section below on Running and 

Viewing a Modeling Scenario.) 

5.	 To view the results of this model run, specify Model ' Reports. This will move you 

to the reporting utility. (For more information, see the section below on Running and 

Viewing a Modeling Scenario.) 

6.	 Exit the interface when you are finished with File ' Exit. (For more information, 

see the section below Exiting the Graphical User Interface.) 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 

The NONROAD user interface provides you with an easy method for designing the nonroad 

emissions simulations that you are interested in modeling. In addition, the interface provides you 

with an easy means for accessing the reporting utility to view the results of your modeling run. 

With simple Windows-type screens and pull-down menus, you can quickly set up, execute, and 

view a modeling scenario without any computer programming experience. 

When the NONROAD emissions model is installed on your computer, an icon for each 

component of the model is created. While this allows you to access each component of the 

model individually, through the interface you can operate most of the functions of the EPA 

NONROAD Emissions Model -- from the creation of a scenario, to the running of the core 

model, to the development of reports -- without exiting one program and executing another. 

Note:	 In this chapter of the user’s guide, information is provided to assist you in setting up an 

emissions scenario to model using the default data provided in the model. If you are 

interested in modifying the data files to reflect alternatives to the default data, please see 

Chapter 6 on Advanced Topics. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-2 
December 2005 

MOVING AROUND IN THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
 

Begin the Graphical User Interface denoted by the icon displayed in Figure 3-1. If your 

computer operates with Windows 95 or above, the icon can be found in a program group 

called Nonroad Model accessed from the Start menu. If you are operating with Figure 3-1: 

Windows 3.1, the icon can be found through Program Manager. Graphical User 

Interface icon. 

When launched, the main menu screen of the interface appears (Figure 3-2). The title 

bar of the screen displays the NONROAD name followed by the currently opened option file in 

parentheses. The default is template.opt. Below the title bar is the main menu bar, followed by 

the EPA banner, and the model run title, message file name, and output file name which are 

extracted from the opened option file. 

Figure 3-2: Initial graphical user interface screen 

From this screen you can access submenus that make up the graphical interface module, as listed 

at the top of the window in the menu bar: 

C File - open an existing option file, save a modified option file with the old or a new 

name, or exit the interface. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-3 
December 2005 

•	 Scenario - define the various parameters that you want in your modeling run. 

•	 Model - run the core model and access the reporting utility. 

•	 Advanced Options - select your own data files to replace the default files provided 

with the model and to specify optional output. 

•	 Batch - this option is unavailable. Multiple runs must be done manually. 

•	 Help - general information is provided on the version and status of the model. 

Once a main menu item is selected, a list of submenu items will be displayed. The following 

shows the list of submenu items for each of the main menu choices: 

File 	 Open 


Save 


Save As 


Exit 


Scenario 	 Options 


Period 


Region 


Sources 


Model 	 Run 


Reports 


Advanced Options 	 Geographical Allocation 


Temporal Allocation 


Growth 


Equip. Population 


Phase In 


Emission Factors 


Deterioration Factors 


Activity 


U.S. Counties FIPS 

Optional Output 

Help 	 Help 


About 


Current 


EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-4 
December 2005 

In most instances, after selecting a submenu item a form is displayed for user inputs or selections. 

When an input error occurs, an appropriate message (dialog box) is displayed. If a dialog box 

appears, specify OK, make the corrections needed and continue. 

CREATING AN OPTION FILE 

The first step involved in operating the EPA NONROAD Emissions Model is to setup an option 

file which defines the parameters that you are interested in modeling. Once this file has been set 

up, it can be submitted directly to the core model from the interface, and then following the 

model run the estimated emissions output can be imported into the reporting utility and standard 

reports generated. 

An option file (*.opt) contains all of the parameters that specify your modeling run. This file is 

opened, read, and updated from the interface. To more easily explain the process of setting up an 

option file, the following example is provided: 

You have been given an assignment to estimate the total emissions from 

all lawn and garden equipment in Travis County (Austin), Texas. You 

are interested in estimating these emissions for the summertime of 1998. 

Throughout this chapter, we will refer to the above example. 

Opening and Naming an Option File 

When you first run the interface, the default option file TEMPLATE.OPT is automatically opened 

and the file name is displayed on the title bar of the main screen. Also displayed in the main 

menu screen is the run title, the message file name, and the output file name extracted from the 

currently opened option file. You can modify the default option file to define a modeling scenario 

of interest. Alternatively, if you want to use or modify a different option file (*.opt) that you 

have previously created, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select File ' Open. 

2.	 An open file dialog box appears that requests you to select a new option file. 	Specify 

the option file you are interested in using. This loads the option file into the interface 

and updates the main screen. 

Before beginning to modify the scenario options in the option file, you should save the option file 

with a different name to prevent yourself from accidentally overwriting data in a previously 

created option file or in TEMPLATE.OPT. To do this, select File ' Save As and indicate the 

new file name. For our example, you would specify the file TRAVIS.OPT. The main menu 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-5 
December 2005 

screen title bar is updated with the new file name. In addition, when you specify a new file name 

the message file and output file names are set to the same name as the specified option file with 

the file name extensions .msg and .out respectively. For our example, you see the files 

TRAVIS.MSG and TRAVIS.OUT. 

Note: The name of the option file must be no longer than eight characters as a result of DOS 

conventions. It is recommended that the extension .OPT be used for all option files. 

If the message file specified in the opened option file exists then the button “View Message File” 

will appear in the middle of the main menu window. Click on this button to open Windows 

Notepad and review the indicated message file. 

Defining a Report Title 

The interface allows you to easily title your model run. This title will be used on any reports you 

might generate for this particular scenario. 

To provide a descriptive title for your model run, follow these steps: 

1. From the main menu select Scenario ' Options. 

Figure 3-3: Options screen 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-6 
December 2005 

2.	 Update the Options screen (Figure 3-3). 	When the Options screen first appears, it will 

contain the title and any options previously defined for this option file. Specify a 

descriptive title for your scenario in the field below Title 1. If you want to add a 

subtitle, you can do so in the field below Title 2. 

Note:	 The two title lines of your modeling run must be no longer than 80 characters each. In 

addition, the titles should not include single or double quotation marks (i.e., “ or ’), or 

periods.

 3. Specify Done or OK to return to the main menu. 

Defining Fuel Specifications, Ambient Temperatures, and Stage II Control Effectiveness 

Nonroad emissions result from the combustion, evaporation, and spillage of fuel in equipment 

and vehicles designed primarily for off-road use. The emissions that come from nonroad 

equipment and vehicles are dependent, in part, on the composition of the fuel used. Similarly, 

the ambient temperature will also affect the emissions from nonroad sources. Finally, 

implemented controls act to decrease emissions. As a result, it is important to define the 

composition of the fuel, the ambient temperature for the period of time that you are interested in 

modeling, and the effectiveness of any existing controls. 

The minimum temperature that you define for your modeling scenario is the average low for the 

time period selected. For example, when modeling a typical summer day, the minimum 

temperature should be the average low temperature in Fahrenheit for the summer season. 

Moreover, when modeling an entire year, the minimum temperature should be the average daily 

low for the year and not the lowest temperature ever recorded. Other modeling parameters, such 

as RVP, sulfur, and oxygen content, depend on local fuel characteristics. Data for an area should 

be available from the state or local air agency. 

Stage II controls are designed to reduce emissions during refueling due to vapor displacement. 

They are generally mounted on the pumps at gasoline stations. With regards to nonroad 

equipment, their benefits only apply to equipment that are refueled directly via the pumps (rather 

than with portable containers). Where present, the effectiveness of this control is also affected by 

the design of the filler opening of the equipment. 

Note: EPA currently has no data on the effectiveness of Stage II for nonroad equipment. 

The value should be left at 0% unless local data exist on which a value can be based. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-7 
December 2005 

To specify fuel characteristics, temperature, and Stage II control effectiveness, follow these 

steps: 

1.	 From the main menu select Scenario ' Options. 

2.	 Modify the required parameters. 	For our example, indicate the gasoline specifications 

and ambient temperatures that will be in effect in Travis County during the summer of 

1998. Next, identify whether the modeling region is at high or low altitude1. High 

should be specified where the average altitude is greater than 5000 feet; this is 

consistent with the MOBILE program. 

3.	 Specify Done or OK to return to the main menu. 

The acceptable range of values for each of the fuel specification and ambient temperature 

options are as follows: 

Parameter Minimum Maximum 

Fuel RVP (psi) 6 16 

Oxygen (wt.%) 0 5 

Fuel Sulfur (wt %) 0 0.5 

Temperature (F) -40 120 

Stage II control 0 100 

effectiveness (%) 

Note: The percent effectiveness value must be followed by a decimal point. 

Defining the Modeling Period 

The modeling period is simply the period of time for which you want to estimate emissions. To 

define the modeling period, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu select Scenario ' Period. 

1 Altitude adjustment is not in this version of the model. Hence, this selection is currently disabled in the user 

interface. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-8 
December 2005 

Figure 3-4: Period screen 

2. Indicate the modeling period of interest in the displayed screen (Figure 3-4). 

The interface makes it easy to define the modeling period through a series of select 

buttons. The following options are available to you: 

•	 Episode Year - You can define any year between 1970 and 2050 that you 

are interested in modeling. 

•	 Growth Year - You can define any year between 1970 and 2050 to 

forecast or backcast engine populations. If this is left blank, the Episode 

Year will be used. 

•	 Tech Year - You can define any year between 1970 and 2050 as the 

maximum technology year. If this is left blank, the Episode Year will be 

used. Note that if a year is entered, it cannot be greater than the Episode 

Year. 

•	 Period - You can define the modeling period as annual, monthly, or 

seasonal. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-9 
December 2005 

•	 Month - If you select the modeling period to be monthly, the list of 

months will become active and you can select the appropriate month of the 

year. 

•	 Season - If you select the modeling period to be seasonal, the list of 

seasons will become active and you can select the appropriate season of 

the year. Seasons are defined as follows in the model: 

Winter: Jan/Feb/Dec
 

Spring: Mar/Apr/May
 

Summer: Jun/Jul/Aug
 

Autumn: Sep/Oct/Nov
 

•	 Type - For any period that you select, you can estimate the emissions as 

the total for a 24-hour period (typical day) within the period or for the total 

period. 

•	 Day - If you select the type to be a typical day, days will become active 

and you can select a weekday or weekend day. 

Note:	 While the model allows you to define any model year from 1970 to 2050, it actually 

forecasts and backcasts based on data from 1990-2002. For this reason, its estimates 

become less accurate as you move further into the past or the future. 

Since we are interested in estimating the total emissions during the summertime of 

1998 in our example, specify Seasonal (under Period), Summer (under Season), 

Period Total (under Type), and type in 1998 in the year field. 

3. Specify Done or OK to return to the main menu. 

Defining the Modeling Region 

The interface makes it relatively easy to define the geographical region -- from one county to 

multiple counties to an entire state or the nation -- that you are interested in modeling. To do 

this, follow these steps: 

1. Specify Scenario ' Region. The Region screen will appear (Figure 3-5). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-10 
December 2005 

 Figure 3-5: Region screen. 

2.	 The first step in defining the modeling region is to remove any regions that have been 

specified in a previous scenario that are not applicable to the current scenario. To do 

this, highlight the regions in the Current selection list and click on Del. 

3.	 Specify a region. 	Several options are available, the methods for selecting them are as 

follows: 

•	 50 States - This option selects all 50 states, you will obtain the state totals for all 

50 states individually. When selected, the “Current selection” list is cleared, as no 

individual states or counties need be specified. 

Tip:	 Since selecting 50 States as a region clears the current selection list this is a quick and 

easy way to delete all previously specified states or counties before starting a new region 

definition. 

•	 State - This option allows you to select any one, or multiple, of the 50 states. 

When a state is selected, the model will compute total emissions for the entire 

state, but will not allocate emissions among counties in the state. Specify State 

(under region), scroll through the list of states or type the first letter to jump in the 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-11 
December 2005 

list. Once found, highlight the state and then Add. The state will appear in the 

current selection field. 

•	 County - This option allows you to select one or more counties. To select an 

individual county, specify County (under region) and highlight the state of 

interest. When you highlight the state a list of counties for that state will be 

displayed. Move through the list of counties until you find the one that you want, 

highlight the county, and then Add. The county name and state abbreviation are 

written to the Current selection list. 

To specify all counties within a state, indicate County (under region), highlight the 

state of interest, and then Add. The Current selection list will display the state 

name (e.g., Michigan) with “All of ...” (e.g., “All of Michigan”). The core model 

will compute emission estimates for every county, individually, in the named 

state. 

Note:	 To create a modeling region that is larger than a single state or county, continue to add 

new regions to the list of currently selected regions by repeating the process for selecting 

states or counties. For example, if a metropolitan area covered four counties, simply 

select the first county and then each additional county one at a time. 

•	 US Total - This option allows you to estimate national total emissions, no state 

detail is generated. When selected, the “Current selection” list is cleared, as no 

individual states or counties need be specified. 

Note:	 The NONROAD model also allows you to define a sub-county region. However, this 

option requires that you provide a significant amount of data beyond that furnished with 

the model. For information on how to input this additional data, please see Chapter 6, 

Advanced Topics. 

For our example scenario, indicate County (under Region), highlight Texas from the 

list of states, highlight Travis from the list of counties, and Add. 

5. Specify Done or OK to return to the main menu. 

Defining Source Categories 

The EPA NONROAD Emissions Model allows you to estimate emissions from many different 

types of equipment and vehicles. Each source category in the NONROAD model is uniquely 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-12 
December 2005 

identified with a source classification code (SCC), which is a ten-digit number. The first two 

digits, 22, represent mobile sources. For most categories, the next two digits represent the 

engine or fuel type (60, 65, 67, 68, and 70, represent 2-stroke gasoline, 4-stroke gasoline, LPG, 

CNG, and diesel respectively). The next three digits represent the segment type (for example, 

recreational or construction). And the last three digits represent the specific kind of equipment 

(for example, golf carts or snowmobiles). Refer to Appendix B for a complete list of 

NONROAD SCCs. 

When selecting source categories to process in a NONROAD simulation you can specify ‘global’ 

source category codes instead of each individual SCC. For example, instead of listing all lawn 

and garden equipment types individually, when you specify Add segment the SCCs are listed 

with the last three digits (equipment type) as zero. It is implied that all equipment types within 

that segment will be processed.

 To define the source categories that you want to model, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu specify 	Scenario ' Sources. The Sources screen will appear 

(Figure 3-6). 

The following options are available: 

•	 Active - Choose either ‘Selected sources’ to specify a subset of sources to model or 

‘All Sources’ which will model all SCCs with valid equipment population data. If 

‘All Sources’ is selected then the ability to select specific SCCs is removed (i.e. the 

Add buttons become deactivated). 

•	 Fuel - Choose between ‘All Fuels’, ‘Diesel’, or ‘SI’ (spark ignition engines). 

•	 Segment - Choose one of the segments listed. 

•	 List of selected sources - Each selected SCC and a brief description is displayed in 

the lower portion of the window. 

•	 Add Segment - The ‘global’ SCCs which represent the specified segment and fuel 

type will be added to the list of selected SCCs. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-13 
December 2005 

Figure 3-6: Sources screen 

•	 Add Equipment - The individual SCCs which represent every type of equipment 

within a segment will be added to the list of selected SCCs. This allows you to select 

a subset of equipment types within a segment, by then removing the individual 

equipment types that you do not want. 

•	 OK - Return to the main menu. 

•	 Remove Selection - This will remove any highlighted SCCs from the list of selected 

sources. 

2.	 Similar to defining a region, you must first remove any source segments or equipment 

that you do not want to model. Highlight the segments and/or equipment in the list of 

selected sources and specify Remove Selection. Multiple sources may be highlighted 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-14 
December 2005 

by using the <Shift> or <Control> keys. The <Delete> key may also be used to 

remove the highlighted sources from the list of selected sources. 

3.	 Select the fuel type. 	For our example scenario we are interested in all lawn and 

garden equipment so we will specify All fuels. 

4.	 Select the segment type. 	For our example, we are interested in all lawn and garden 

equipment and select Lawn & Garden. 

5.	 Specify Add Segment to add a list of ‘global’ SCCs for the specified segment/fuel to 

the current list of selected sources. Alternatively, if you are interested in specific 

equipment within a source segment then Add Equipment. Every type of equipment 

that falls under the specified segment/fuel type will appear in the list of selected 

sources. Highlight any equipment that you do not want to model, and remove them 

from the selection list (see 2 above). 

Note: If you are interested in estimating emissions from more than one segment or fuel type, 

add the first segment/fuel type and then continue adding segment/fuel types as desired. 

6. When you have finished defining sources, specify OK to return to the main menu. 

Saving an Option File 

Once you have created an option file by defining all of the parameters that you want, you should 

save this file. To do this, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu File ' Save. 

Note:	 The option file is saved automatically when you specify Model ' Run, but it is good 

practice to save it manually using File ' Save as... to be sure the version you want is 

saved with your desired filename. 

RUNNING AND VIEWING A MODELING SCENARIO 

Once you have set up an option file, the interface allows you to easily submit the option file to 

the core model to run. Similarly, the interface allows you to access the reporting utility to view 

the results of your run and prepare printed reports. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-15 
December 2005 

To submit an option file to the core model, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, specify File 'Open. 

2.	 Specify the option file you want to model in the open file dialog box. 	This loads the 

option file into the interface and the file name is displayed on the main menu title bar. 

If the option file is already loaded, you can skip steps 1 and 2. 

3.	 From the main menu, specify Model ' Run (Figure 3-7). 

Figure 3-7: Model submenu screen 

4.	 A DOS window will appear. After the run has been completed, a message will appear 

notifying you that the run was successful. 

If the DOS window disappears after the core model completes and you wish to view 

the DOS screen, then you need to change the default 'close on exit' in your Windows 

application. In Windows 95 or above, right click on the nonroad.exe file name, select 

Properties, select the Program tab, and disable the 'Close on exit' box. You will then 

need to manually close the DOS window when the core model completes. 

5.	 To return to the interface, press <Enter>. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-16 
December 2005 

6.	 It is important to review the output message file produced by the core model. 	In 

addition to any warning or error messages that are generated during execution, the 

message file will indicate all of the parameters specified in the option file and all of 

the input files used in processing. These should be reviewed in order to verify that the 

simulation performed was what you intended. Specify View Message File from the 

main menu in order to open Windows Notepad and examine the message file. 

7.	 If you are interested in modeling several scenarios prior to viewing and printing a 

report, repeat the above steps for each of your option files. Be sure to use a different 

option filename for each scenario, or else the later model runs will overwrite the 

output files from the previous runs. 

Note:	 The core model runs in DOS under a Windows environment which allows you to 

multitask activities while the model is running. However, multitasking may lengthen the 

amount of time it takes for the model to run, depending on the capability of your 

computer (speed and memory). If this is a problem, you should consider closing all other 

applications prior to running the model. 

To access the reporting utility, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu, specify Model ' Reports. Refer to Chapter 5 for a complete 

description of the Reporting Utility. 

ADVANCED OPTIONS 

The Advanced Options menu allows you to specify your own data files to replace the default files 

provided with the NONROAD model and to specify certain alternate output file formats. Each 

submenu selection allows you to specify a different file to use. In some cases, more than one file 

may be applicable to a selection. 

An optional output available from the core model, via the graphic interface, is the Emissions 

Processor System (EPS) AMS format. This output is generated only if a filename is provided for 

that format. Another optional output available only from the reporting utility is the NEI Input 

Format (NIF), which can be used to generate inputs for EPA's National Emissions Inventory 

(NEI). NIF output is covered in Chapter 5. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-17 
December 2005 

Depending on your desired modeling region you may need to change the default Geographic 

Allocation and Equipment Population file names. These files are provided by state to reduce the 

size of the files. 

EXAMPLE OF CHANGING GEOGRAPHIC ALLOCATION 

The Geographic Allocation selection allows you to identify the allocation look-up table (the 

default is “allocate.xrf”) and allocation data files that you want to use. The allocation look-up 

table is an assignment of equipment type to an allocation indicator (e.g., construction equipment 

assigned to employees in the construction industry). The allocation files contain the actual 

estimates of indicator values (e.g., the actual number of employees in the construction industry 

by county and year). 

To change the look-up table or allocation data files, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu, select 	Advanced options 'Geographic Allocation. The 

Geographic Allocation screen is displayed (Figure 3-8). 

Figure 3-8: Geographic Allocation screen 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-18 
December 2005 

2.	 The first step in defining the geographic allocation data files is to remove any 

previous data files. Highlight the current files and Delete one at a time. 

3.	 Click Add to specify a new list of allocation files. 	An open file dialog box appears 

that requests you to select a new allocation file. Locate the directory where the 

allocation files are saved (when installed: \nonroad\data\allocate) and specify the data 

file that you want. Repeat this until all necessary files have been added. 

4. To change a specific allocation file, select that file from the list. Then enter the path 

and name of the new file in the text box directly above the list. Click Replace. 

Note:	 The specification of modeling region under the Scenario menu automatically selects the 

appropriate default allocation and population data files. Thus any changes made to these 

via the Advanced Options menu will be un-done if you access the Scenario ' Region 

screen. 

5.	 Specify Change Look up to change the allocation look-up table. Again, an open file 

dialog box appears that requests you to select a new allocation file (this time with the 

extension .xrf). Locate the directory where the allocation files are saved and specify 

the data file that you want. 

6.	 Specify Done or OK to return to the main menu. 

EXITING THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 

To exit the interface, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the main menu, specify File ' Exit. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 3-19 
December 2005 

Chapter 4 	 Core Model 

In this chapter of the user’s guide, the following topics are discussed: 

•	 a general description of the core model, 

•	 the process of modifying an option file and 

•	 running the core model. 

QUICK START 

The process of modifying an option file and running the core model using data provided in the 

NONROAD model is straightforward. In summary, the steps involved in running the core model 

with existing data are as follows: 

1.	 Modify the core model input option file. 	To modify an option file, either use the 

graphical user interface as discussed in Chapter 3 or a text editor, such as Microsoft’s 

Notepad or WordPad, to access the *.opt file that you are interested in changing. 

Alternatively, you can edit the file through DOS. (For more information, see the 

section below on Creating an Option File.) 

2.	 Once you have an option file defining the scenario that you are interested in modeling, 

you can run the scenario from the graphical user interface as discussed in Chapter 3, 

or from DOS by typing “nonroad (the name of your option file).opt” from the nonroad 

directory. (For more information, see the section below on Running the Core Model.) 

3.	 After the model has finished, a message will appear in a DOS window notifying you 

of the successful completion of the run or of any errors that have occurred. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-1 
December 2005 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 

The core NONROAD model contains all of the algorithms used by the model for calculating 

emissions estimates. The model includes standard data files and tables that allow you to easily 

estimate the emissions from a wide variety of nonroad equipment and vehicles for any region of 

the country. The information used by the core model for estimating emissions, including userspecified options, data files, and data tables, are input through an option file. 

The core model can be operated as a stand-alone application; however, as a stand-alone 

application it requires some basic knowledge of the DOS operating system. In addition, in order 

to create/modify an input option file you must be familiar with the use of a text editor. If you 

prefer you can easily modify the input option file and access the core model from the GUI 

(Graphical User Interface), which is described in detail in Chapter 3. 

When the NONROAD model is installed on your computer, a directory for the model is created. 

The standard installation creates the NONROAD directory on the c drive; i.e. c:\Nonroad. The 

core model is executed with the file NONROAD.EXE. 

Note:	 In this chapter of the user’s guide, information is provided to assist you in setting up an 

emissions scenario and running the model using the default data provided in the model. 

If you are interested in modifying the data files to reflect alternatives to the default data, 

please see Chapter 6 on Advanced Topics. 

For more technical information on the core model, please refer to the technical support 

documents, or the core model source code. 

CREATING AN OPTION FILE 

Before running the core model, you must define the scenario you are interested in modeling by 

creating an option file. All model input files and scenario specific parameters are specified in the 

input option file. The information contained in each option file is separated into “packets” based 

on common information. For example, all data items related to the period of time for which you 

are interested in estimating emissions is grouped in a single packet, as are data files related to the 

population of equipment for a modeling region. You can quickly set up an option file specifying 

the parameters that are applicable to your modeling scenario using default data. 

You can view and modify an option file using a text editor such as Microsoft’s Notepad or 

WordPad or by using the DOS command edit. When viewing an option file through a text editor, 

the keyword that identifies a packet is surrounded by forward slashes (“/”) and can appear in 

upper case, lower case, or mixed case. For example, the packet identifier for all of the data files 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-2 
December 2005 

related to the population of equipment is /POP FILES/. To designate the end, or terminator, of a 

packet, the keyword END is used, also surrounded by forward slashes (i.e., /END/). 

One convenient aspect resulting from the use of a packet input structure is that packets can 

appear in any order in an option file. Furthermore, any type of notes or descriptions that aid in 

describing the packet can be placed between the individual packets. When executed, the core 

model searches for packet identifiers and reads the data between the identifier and the packet 

terminator. All other lines in the file are ignored. The file TEMPLATE.OPT is provided with the 

NONROAD model and contains a complete description of the packet parameters and formats. 

In a fashion similar to that followed in Chapter 3, the following example is provided to more 

easily explain the process of creating and setting up an option file: 

You have been given an assignment to estimate the total emissions from 

all lawn and garden equipment in Travis County (Austin), Texas. You 

are interested in estimating these emissions for the summertime of 1998. 

This example will be referred to throughout this chapter. 

To create an option file using a text editor, follow these steps: 

1.	 Start the text editor of your choice.	 Notepad and WordPad are possibilities. 

Note: The use of a word processor such as WordPerfect or Microsoft Word is not 

recommended unless you are experienced in dealing with ASCII files in those 

applications. 

2.	 Open the option file of interest. 

Note: If this is the first option file that you are creating, use TEMPLATE.OPT. The 

template.opt file, installed with the model, is initially located in the \nonroad 

directory. If you have previously created an option file, you can select any *.opt file 

for modification. 

3.	 Save the opened option file with a new name in order to prevent the accidental loss of 

data resulting from overwriting an existing file. For our example, save the 

template.opt file as travis.opt. Figure 4-1 shows a portion of the file template.opt. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-3 
December 2005 

This is the options file for the NONROAD program. 

The data is sperated into "packets" bases on common 

information. Each packet is specified by an 

identifier and a terminator. Any notes or descriptions 

can be placed between the data packets. 

------------------------------------------------------

PERIOD PACKET 

This is the packet that defines the period for 

which emissions are to be estimated. The order of the 

records matter. The selection of certain parameters 

will cause some of the record that follow to be ignored. 

The order of the records is as follows: 

1 - Char 10 - Period type for this simulation.

 Valid responses are: ANNUAL, SEASONAL, and MONTHLY 

2 - Char 10 - Type of inventory produced.

 Valid responses are: TYPICAL DAY and PERIOD TOTAL 

3 - Integer - year of episode (4 digit year) 

4 - Char 10 - Season of year

 Valid responses are: WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, and AUTUMN 

5 - Char 10 - Month of episode (use complete name of month) 

6 - Char 10 - Type of day

 Valid responses are: WEEKDAY and WEEKEND 

7 - Integer - Year of growth calculation (4 digit year) 

8 - Integer - Year of technology selection (4 digit year)

 Valid responses are: (blank) or 4 digit year (must not be

 greater than Year of episode) 

------------------------------------------------------

/PERIOD/ 

Period type : Annual 

Summation type : Period Total 

Year of episode : 1996 

Season of year : 

Month of year : 

Weekday or weekend : 

Year of growth calc: 

Year of tech sel : 

/END/
 

Figure 4-1: Portion of the TEMPLATE.OPT file. 

4.	 Modify the option file. 	For our modeling example, we want to modify travis.opt by 

specifying the parameters required to estimate summertime emissions in 1998 from 

lawn and garden engines in Travis County, Texas. 

For a simple modeling run, using the data provided with the model, five packets of information 

will most frequently be modified. These five packets are the /RUNFILES/, /OPTIONS/, 

/PERIOD/, /REGION/, and /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packets which are described in the 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-4 
December 2005 

following sections. In addition, the /POP FILES/ and /ALLOC FILES/ packets will be modified 

if the region is changed to another state. 

Modifying /RUNFILES/ 

In the /RUNFILES/ packet, some of the data files read by the model are defined. The first 20 

characters of each line contains the keyword(s) which identify the kind of file specified. For our 

simple example, we are only interested in changing the name of the message file and the output 

data file. In Figure 4-2, the message and output data files have been changed (travis.*).

 This is the packet that lists the names of output files

 and some of the input data files read by the model. If

 a drive:\path\ is not given, the location of the

 NONROAD.EXE file itself is assumed. You will probably

 want to change the names of the Output and Message files

 to match that of the OPTion file, e.g., MICH-97.OPT,

 MICH-97.OUT, MICH-97.MSG, and if used MICH-97.AMS. 

------------------------------------------------------

/RUNFILES/ 

ALLOC XREF :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\allocate.xrf 

ACTIVITY :c:\nonroad\data\activity\activity.dat 

EXH TECHNOLOGY :c:\nonroad\data\tech\tech-exh.dat 

EVP TECHNOLOGY :c:\nonroad\data\tech\tech-evp.dat 

SEASONALITY :c:\nonroad\data\season\season.dat 

REGIONS :c:\nonroad\data\season\season.dat 

MESSAGE :c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.msg 

OUTPUT DATA :c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.out 

EPS2 AMS : 

US COUNTIES FIPS :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\fips.dat 

RETROFIT : 

/END/
 

Figure 4-2: TRAVIS.OPT /RUNFILES/ packet (A). 

Note:	 The core model creates two output files. The first is a message file (*.msg) that can be 

read with a text editor or through DOS and identifies relevant information on the model 

run such as time and date of the run, files processed, and any error or warnings which 

occurred during the run. The second is a data file (*.out) that can be opened and viewed 

in the reporting utility. It is important to choose new names for any output files, unless 

you want to overwrite prior outputs of the same name. 

In addition, the core model can optionally create two by-model-year data files. See the 

/MODELYEAR OUT/ section below for more information. 

To do this, follow these steps: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-5 
December 2005 

1.	 Locate the /RUNFILES/ packet in travis.opt. 

2.	 Move to the “Message file”. Type in the name that you want to call the new message 

file (in our example travis.msg). 

3.	 Move to the “Output data file”. Type in the name that you want to call the new 

output file (in our example, travis.out). 

Modifying /MODELYEAR OUT/ 

The core model can create two additional output files, defined in the optional /MODELYEAR 

OUT/ packet. These files further break down the data in the standard output file, by model year 

and technology type. The by-model-year data is separated into two files, one for exhaust 

emissions and one for evaporative emissions. One or both files or the entire packet may be 

omitted from the option file. If included, the packet appears as follows, where the first 20 

characters of each line contains the keywords which identify the kind of file specified. 

/MODELYEAR OUT/ 

EXHAUST BMY OUT :c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.bmx 

EVAP BMY OUT :c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.bmv 

/END/ 

Figure 4-3: TRAVIS.OPT /RUNFILES/ packet (B). 

To modify the /MODELYEAR OUT/ packet, follow these steps: 

1.	 Locate the /MODELYEAR OUT/ packet. 

2 Move to the "Exhaust bmy out file". Type in the name that you want to call the new 

exhaust by-model-year file (in our example travis.bmx). 

3.	 Move to the "Evap bmy out file". Type in the name that you want to call the new 

evaporative by-model-year file (in our example travis.bmv). 

Modifying /OPTIONS/ 

The options packet, /OPTIONS/, defines some of the parameters that make episode-specific 

emission factor adjustments. These options include fuel specifications that will be in effect 

during the modeling period and ambient temperatures that are typical during the same period. In 

addition, you can define the title that describes your modeling scenario and which will appear on 

your model reports. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-6 
December 2005 

The order of the records is fixed. The order is as follows: 

1 - Char 80: First title on reports 

2 - Char 80: Second title on reports 

3 - Real 10: Fuel RVP of gasoline for this simulation 

4 - Real 10: Oxygen weight percent of gasoline for simulation 

5 - Real 10: Weight percent sulfur for gasoline 

6 - Real 10: Weight percent sulfur for diesel 

7 - Real 10: Weight percent sulfur for marine diesel 

8 - Real 10: Weight percent sulfur for LPG/CNG 

9 - Real 10: Minimum daily temperature (deg. F) 

10 - Real 10: Maximum daily temperature (deg. F) 

11 - Real 10: Representative average daily temperature (deg. F) 

12 - Char 10: UNUSED. Flag to determine if region is high altitude (LOW or HIGH) 

The acceptable range of values for each of the fuel specification and ambient temperature options 

are as follows: 

Fuel RVP	 6 to 16 

Oxygen (wt.%) 0 to 5 

Fuel Sulfur (%) 0 to 0.5 

Temperature (°F) -40 to 120 

Altitude* Low or High (Specify high where average 

altitude > 5000 ft) 

*High altitude adjustments are not included in this version of the model. 

The minimum temperature that you define for your modeling scenario is the average low for the 

time period selected. For example, when modeling a typical summer day, the minimum 

temperature should be the average low temperature in Fahrenheit for the summer season. 

Moreover, when modeling an entire year, the minimum temperature should be the average daily 

low for the year and not the lowest temperature ever recorded. Other modeling parameters, such 

as RVP, sulfur, and oxygen content, depend on local fuel characteristics. Data for an area should 

be available from the state or local air agency. 

Note:	 If a daily temperature and RVP input data file is specified in the /DAILY FILES/ packet, 

then the RVP and temperature inputs in the /OPTIONS/ packet are ignored. See Chapter 

6, Advanced Topics, for more information on the /DAILY FILES/ packet. 

To modify the options packet, follow these steps: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-7 
December 2005 

1.	 Locate the /OPTIONS/ packet. 

2.	 Locate Title 1. Type in a description of your scenario. If you are interested in adding 

a subtitle, type that on the line Title 2. If you do not want a title to appear on your 

report, leave these fields blank. 

3.	 For the remaining information in the /OPTIONS/ packet, change any existing 

information that is relevant for your run. Figure 4-4 shows the /OPTIONS/ packet 

with modifications for our model example. 

------------------------------------------------------

1 - Char 80 - First title on reports 

2 - Char 80 - Second title on reports 

3 - Real 10 - Fuel RVP of gasoline for this simulation 

4 - Real 10 - Oxygen weight percent of gasoline for simulation 

5 - Real 10 - Percent sulfur for gasoline 

6 - Real 10 - Percent sulfur for diesel 

7 - Real 10 - Percent sulfur for LPG/CNG 

8 - Real 10 - Minimum daily temperature (deg. F) 

9 - Real 10 - maximum daily temperature (deg. F) 

10 ­ Real 10 - Representative average daily temperature (deg. F) 

11 ­ Char 10 - Flag to determine if region is high altitude

 Valid responses are: HIGH and LOW 

12 ­ Char 10 - Flag to determine if RFG adjustments are made

 Valid responses are: YES and NO 

------------------------------------------------------

/OPTIONS/ 

Title 1 : Lawn and Garden Equipment 

Title 2 : Travis County, Summertime 1998 

Fuel RVP for gas : 9.0 

Oxygen Weight % : 0.0 

Gas sulfur % : 0.034 

Diesel sulfur % : 0.33 

Marine Dsl sulf % : 0.33 

CNG/LPG sulfur % : 0.003 

Minimum temper. (F): 60 

Maximum temper. (F): 84 

Average temper. (F): 75 

Altitude of region : LOW 

/END/
 

Figure 4-4: Modified /OPTIONS/ packet. 

Modifying /PERIOD/ 

The packet /PERIOD/ defines the period of time for which emissions are to be estimated. The 

valid responses for the /PERIOD/ packet are as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-8 
December 2005 

Period type Annual, seasonal, or monthly
 

Summation Type Typical day or period total
 

Year of Episode A four-digit year between 1970 and 2050 
 

Season of year Winter, spring, summer, autumn
 

Month of year Complete month name
 

Weekday or Weekend Weekday or Weekend
 

Year of Growth Calc A four-digit year between 1970 and 2050 (may be
 

left blank) 

Year of Tech Sel A four-digit year between 1970 and 2050 (may be 

left blank. If a year is entered, it must not be greater 

than the Episode year) 

The season is ignored if the period type is not seasonal. Similarly, the month is ignored if the 

period type is not monthly. Also, weekday/weekend is ignored if summation type is period total. 

To modify the /PERIOD/ packet, follow these steps: 

1.	 Locate the /PERIOD/ packet. 

2.	 Modify the information that is appropriate for your scenario. 	Figure 4-5 shows the 

/PERIOD/ packet with the changes required for our example. 

1 - Char 10 - Period type for this simulation.

 Valid responses are: ANNUAL, SEASONAL, and MONTHLY 

2 - Char 10 - Type of inventory produced.

 Valid responses are: TYPICAL DAY and PERIOD TOTAL 

3 - Integer - Year of episode (4 digit year) 

4 - Char 10 - Season of year

 Valid responses are: WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, and AUTUMN 

5 - Char 10 - Month of episode (use complete name of month) 

6 - Char 10 - Type of day

 Valid responses are: WEEKDAY and WEEKEND 

7 - Integer - Year of growth calculation (4 digit year) 

8 - Integer - Year of technology selection (4 digit year)

 Valid responses are: (blank) or 4 digit year (must not be

 greater than Year of episode) 

------------------------------------------------------

/PERIOD/ 

Period type : seasonal 

Summation type : Period Total 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-9 
December 2005 

Year of episode : 1998 

Season of year : Summer 

Month of year : 

Weekday or weekend : 

Year of growth calc: 

Year of tech sel : 

/END/ 

Figure 4-5: Modified /PERIOD/ packet. 

Modifying /REGION/ 

The packet /REGION/ defines the geographic region that you are interested in modeling. In the 

NONROAD model, regions are defined by using two types of parameters. The first specifies the 

type of region. The acceptable responses for the region level are US TOTAL, 50 STATE, 

STATE, COUNTY, and SUBCOUNTY. The second type of parameter identifies the region 

codes or FIPS codes to be modeled. You can specify a global FIPS code to indicate an entire 

group of counties or states. For example, by entering “06000" as the FIPS code, you are 

specifying all of the counties in the State of California. Similarly a FIPS code of “00000" 

indicates all states in the United States. Examples of some FIPS codes used in the model are 

listed in Appendix A. Beginning with NONROAD2005 the full set of FIPS codes used by the 

model exists as an input data file (fips.dat) in the DATA\ALLOCATE folder. 

The following table shows how the model’s definition of the modeling region depends on the 

combination of the level and FIPS code(s) specified: 

Level FIPS Code 

US TOTAL The “FIPS code” is ignored and national estimates are 

calculated. This run is substantially faster than 50 STATE since 

no state detail or allocation is required. 

50 STATE The “FIPS code” is ignored and state-level estimates are 

calculated for all 50 states, Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, and 

the U.S. Virgin Islands. 

STATE If a list of specific state FIPS codes is supplied [e.g., 06000 (for 

California) and 48000 (for Texas)], state-wide emissions for the 

defined states are produced. 

COUNTY If the global code for a state is specified (e.g., 06000), countylevel estimates are calculated for all counties within the state. If 

a list of specific county FIPS codes is supplied, county-level 

estimates for just those counties will be produced. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-10 
------------------------------------------------------

December 2005 

SUBCOUNTY	 To estimate subcounty emissions, the codes must be a 

combination of a single county FIPS code and a subcounty code. 

For example, if you were interested in modeling the Northwest 

portion of Washtenaw County in Michigan, you would combine 

the FIPS code for the county (26161) with a subcounty code 

(NW) to form the code 26161NW. Estimates for the sub-county 

level will be calculated. If this option is specified, appropriate 

data for subcounty resolution must also be supplied in the data 

files. Refer to the section on Modifying Inputs for Subcounty 

Runs in Chapter 6. 

To modify the /REGION/ packet, follow these steps: 

1.	 Locate the /REGION/ packet. 

2.	 Remove, add, or change any existing information that is not relevant for your 

scenario. For our example, the FIPS code for Travis County, Texas is 48453 (48 

designates the State of Texas; 453 is the code for Travis County). Figure 4-6 shows 

the /REGION/ packet with the changes required for our example. 

US TOTAL - Nothing needs to be specified. The FIPS

 code 00000 is used automatically. 

50STATE - Nothing needs to be specified. The FIPS

 code 00000 is used automatically. 

STATE - state FIPS codes 

COUNTY - state or county FIPS codes. State FIPS

 code means include all counties in the 

state. 

SUBCOUNTY - county FIPS code and subregion code. 

------------------------------------------------------

/REGION/ 

Region Level :COUNTY

 :48453 

/END/ 

Figure 4-6: Modified /REGION/ packet. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-11 
December 2005 

Modifying /SOURCE CATEGORY/ 

The packet /SOURCE CATEGORY/ tells the model which source classification codes (SCCs) 

are to be processed. This is an optional packet. If the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet is 

omitted, all SCCs are processed. If you would like to model only a subset of equipment types 

then include the packet and your preferred list of SCCs. Running the model with only the desired 

equipment types can reduce model run time and help focus reports on data of particular interest. 

Tip:	 Some packets in the core model, such as /SOURCE CATEGORY/, are optional and can 

be removed from processing by simply removing the initial slash “/” character, or by 

placing any non-blank character in the first column of the line containing the packet 

identifier. For example, if you wanted to “comment out” the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ 

packet, the first column of the packet could look like this: ,/SOURCE CATEGORY/ with 

the comma (,) as the non-blank character. 

Each source category in the NONROAD model is uniquely identified with a source category 

code (SCC), which is a ten-digit number. The first two digits, 22, represent mobile sources. For 

most categories, the next two digits represent the engine or fuel type (60, 65, 67, 68, and 70, 

represent 2-stroke gasoline, 4-stroke gasoline, LPG, CNG, and diesel respectively). The next 

three digits represent the segment type (for example, recreational or construction). And the last 

three digits represent the specific kind of equipment (for example, golf carts or snowmobiles). 

For our example, the SCCs for lawn and garden equipment are 22xx004000, where xx = 60, 65, 

67, 68, and 70, ‘004' signifies lawn and garden, and ‘000' indicates all types of equipment in the 

lawn and garden category. The SCC 2265000000 refers to all 4-stroke gasoline sources. Refer 

to Appendix B for a complete list of NONROAD SCCs. 

To modify the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet, follow these steps. 

1.	 Locate the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet. 

2.	 Remove or change any existing information that is not relevant for your scenario 

(Figure 4-7). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-12 
December 2005 

SOURCE CATEGORY PACKET 

This packet is used to tell the model which source 

categories are to be processed. It is optional. 

If used, only those source categories list will 

appear in the output data file. If the packet is 

not found, the model will process all source 

categories in the population files. 

------------------------------------------------------

/SOURCE CATEGORY/

 :2260004010

 :2265004010

 :2267004010

 :2268004010

 :2270004010 

/END/ 

Figure 4-7: Modified /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet. 

Modifying the /POP FILES/ and /ALLOC FILES/ Packet 

In the NONROAD model, there are several packets found in an option file that list the names of 

files that contain data used by the model to estimate emissions. To make these data files more 

manageable, some of the data is separated into files by state. In most cases, these files do not 

require any modifications if you are running the model with the default data provided. 

When you modify the /REGION/ packet, specifying a different or additional state to model, then 

two types of data files may be affected by this modification. These two types of files are the 

population data files and the allocation data files, which are located in the /POP FILES/ packet 

and the /ALLOC FILES/ packet, respectively. The /POP FILES/ packet defines the equipment 

population files read by the model. You can identify any number of files for a run; typically each 

file represents one state. The /ALLOC FILES/ packet defines the spatial allocation files read by 

the model. These files contain the surrogate indicators typically used to allocate from the statelevel to county-level. These files are separated by state and by type of allocation indicator. 

Whenever you create an option file for a region outside of the originally defined area, you must 

change the state identification code of the population and allocation data files to the new state, or 

U.S. total. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-13 
December 2005 

To modify the /POP FILES/ packet, follow these steps. 

1.	 Locate the /POP FILES/ packet . 

2.	 Check to see that the population data files contain the name of the state that you are 

interested in modeling. If not, modify the name of the population file to identify the 

state you want. For our example, the population file should be changed to the file for 

the state of Texas, “C:\NONROAD\DATA\POP\TX.POP”, as shown in Figure 4-8. 

(Since we are only interested in a county in one state in our example, only the 

population file for that state is required. If you were interested in multiple states, the 

population files for each state would be required.) 

Note: Population data files are named using the two character state abbreviation. 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the equipment population 

files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/POP FILES/

 :c:\nonroad\data\pop\tx.pop 

/END/ 

Figure 4-8: Modified /POP FILES/ packet. 

To modify the /ALLOC FILES/ packet, follow these steps: 

1.	 Locate the /ALLOC FILES/ packet. 

2.	 As you can see in Figure 4-9, in addition to being separated by state, the allocation data 

files are further stratified by a series of allocation factors. Once you locate /ALLOC 

FILES/, check to see that the allocation data files contain the two-character 

abbreviation of the state that you are interested in modeling. If not, modify the name 

of the allocation data files to identify the state you want. For our example, the files 

containing the allocation data should be changed to identify the state of Texas. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-14 
December 2005 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the spatial 

allocation files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/ALLOC FILES/ 

RV Park employees :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rvprk.alo 

Golf Course estab. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_golf.alo 

Air Transportation :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_airtr.alo 

Contruction value :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_const.alo 

Havested cropland :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_farms.alo 

Wholesale establis.:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_holsl.alo 

Family housing :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_house.alo 

Logging empl. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_loggn.alo 

Landscape empl. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_lscap.alo 

Manufacturing empl.:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_mnfg.alo 

Oil & gas employees:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_oil.alo 

Census population :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_pop.alo 

Resid. snowblower :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbr.alo 

Comm. snowblower :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbc.alo 

Snowmobile :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_snowm.alo 

Outboard water :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wob.alo 

Inboard water :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wib.alo 

Coal mining empl. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_coal.alo 

Locomotive NOx :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rail.alo 

/END/
 

Figure 4-9: Modified /ALLOC FILES/ packet. 

To modify the /STAGE II/ packet, follow these steps: 

1.	 Locate the /STAGE II / packet. 

2.	 Once you locate /STAGE II/, check to see that the percentage reduction in refueling 

emissions under Stage II control reflects that of the area you are interested in 

modeling. If the area does not have Stage II control at the fuel pump, the effectiveness 

should be zero. Otherwise, enter a control effectiveness between 0.0 and 100.0 

percent. 

Note: A decimal point must be used after the percent effectiveness. 

Note: EPA currently has no data on the effectiveness of Stage II for nonroad equipment. The 

value should be left at 0.0% unless local data exist on which a value can be based. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-15 
December 2005 

Saving an Option File 

After you have completed the modification of an option file to reflect the scenario that you are 

interested in modeling, save the file and exit the text editor. 

RUNNING THE CORE MODEL 

After you have created an option file that defines the scenarios you are interested in modeling, the 

process of running the core model is quite simple. In Chapter 3, the steps necessary to run the 

core model through the graphical user interface were described. In this chapter, the steps required 

to run the core model through a DOS window are described. 

To run the core model through a DOS window, follow these steps: 

1.	 Open a DOS window. 

2.	 Change to the Nonroad directory. 

3.	 Type “nonroad (the name of your option file).opt” to run the core model. For 

example, if you were interested in running the example option file travis.opt, type 

“nonroad travis.opt”. 

4.	 The model will now run with your option file. The first step that the model goes 

through is an initialization. During this step, the core model is reading in the option 

and data files and checking to ensure that all data files required to complete the run 

are available. After the model has initialized, it will begin the process of calculating 

emissions estimates based on the parameters that you set. A line on the screen will 

inform you of the progress of your run. When the run has finished, a message will 

appear indicating that the run was successfully completed (Figure 4-10). 

Note:	 Most of the errors that may occur during the running of a scenario will occur during the 

initialization stage. If an error occurs, a message will appear on the screen notifying you 

of the error. Make the appropriate correction and rerun the model. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-16 
December 2005 

Figure 4-10: DOS window showing successful model run. 

5.	 Review the mesage file associated with this run. Either type “edit outputs\(the name 

of your file).msg” or you can open the message file through a Windows text editor. 

Error Stop Feature 

When an error occurs in the core model, an informative message is displayed in the window and 

written to the output message file, and the program stops. In addition to error checking, a number 

of conditions are checked that will produce a warning message. Warning messages are meant to 

inform you that a condition exists which you may want to review and correct. An example is 

“WARNING: Monthly seasonality factors do not add to 1. Renormalizing...” If you have 

included new seasonality data and thought it should sum to one, then this message would indicate 

either a data format problem or a typo. There are conditions which could produce many warning 

messages and still run to completion. In order to avoid this situation, the model will stop if 50 of 

the same kind of warning message is generated. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 4-17 
December 2005 

Chapter 5 	 Reporting Utility 

In this chapter of the user’s guide, the following topics are discussed: 

•	 a general description of the NONROAD model Reporting Utility, 

•	 how to import core model outputs, 

•	 the different report types, 

•	 how to generate and view reports, and 

•	 how to compact databases, and how to repair corrupted databases. 

QUICK START 

Each step involved in the creation of NONROAD model reports is explained in this chapter. 

However, to quickly create reports and view core model output data, follow these simple steps. 

1.	 Start the reporting utility from the Reports icon created when the NONROAD model 

was installed on your computer, or by selecting Model ' Reports from the graphical 

user interface main menu. (For more information, see General Description below.) 

2.	 Import the core model output file that you are interested in viewing by selecting 	Data 

' Import Data from the main menu of the reporting utility. (For more information, 

see Importing Core Model Output below.) 

3.	 Select the report type. 	From the main menu select Reports ' “report name”. Once 

you have selected the report that you want, specify the report options. (For more 

information, see Report Types and Generating Reports below.) 

4.	 You can print the displayed report by selecting 	File ' Print. (For more information, 

see Viewing a Report in Print Preview below.) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-1 
December 2005 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 

The reporting utility is used to create standardized reports using output data generated in the core 

model. Like the graphical user interface, the reporting utility is a fully operational Windows 

program designed as a separate module in order to take advantage of the many reporting and 

formatting options available when using a database application. Although the reporting utility is 

written in Microsoft Access database software, you do not need to know how to use Access to 

generate reports. Microsoft Access 2000 allows users operating Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 

and above to run the reporting module. If you do not have Access 2000 (i.e., if you do not have 

any version of Access installed on your computer or you are using a higher version of Access, 

such as XP or 2003, for other database applications), the reporting utility will operate as a 

standalone application. 

Warning: If you are using a version of Access that is higher than 2000, such as XP or 2003, do 

not convert the reporting utility from Access 2000 to the higher version. The two 

versions may be significantly different and may require major rewriting of the 

reporting utility modules. If you want to use a version of Access that is higher than 

2000 on the NONROAD reporting utility tables then make a copy of nrdata.mdb and 

convert/import the copied database into the higher version of Access. This will 

preserve the reporting utility integrity and allow you the power to create custom 

reports. 

When the NONROAD model is installed on your computer, an icon for the reporting utility is 

created. To start the reporting utility, double click on the reporting utility icon. Alternatively, 

selecting Model ' Reports while running the graphical user interface will also start the 

reporting utility. 

THE REPORTING UTILITY MENUS 

Figure 5-1 shows the initial screen when the reporting utility is executed. From this screen you 

can access the pull down menus that make up the reporting utility. 

•	 File - setup and preview a window for printing, print a window, and exit the database. 

•	 Reports - select a standard report for viewing emission inventory, equipment 

population, or fuel consumption data. 

• Compare - select a report for comparing the results of two separate modeling runs. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-2 
December 2005 

• Emission Factors - select a report for viewing gram/hp-hr or gram/hour data. 

• Data - import data, remove a simulation from the database, and re-attach files. 

Figure 5-1: Initial report utility screen. 

Once a main menu item is selected, a list of submenu items will be displayed. The following 

shows the list of submenu items for each of the main menu choices: 

File Print Setup... 

Print Preview 

Print... 

Exit 

Reports Emissions Totals by County 

Emissions Totals by County and Fuel Type 

Emissions Totals by Equipment Type 

Emissions Totals by Horsepower 

Emissions Totals by HP and Source Classification 

Emissions Totals by HP and Equipment Type 

Emissions Totals by SCC 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-3 
December 2005 

Emissions Totals by Source Classification 

Population and Fuel Consumption by HP and Source Classification 

Population and Fuel Consumption by SCC 

Compare Compare Two Model Runs by HP and Source Classification 

Compare Two Model Runs by Pop and Fuel 

Compare Two Model Runs by SCC 

Compare Two Model Runs by Source Classification 

Compare Two Model Runs by County 

Compare Two Model Runs by Horsepower 

Compare Two Model Runs by Equipment Type 

Compare Two Model Runs by HP and SCC 

Emission 

Factors 

Grams per Operating Hour by SCC 

Grams per Operating Hour by HP and SCC 

Grams per Day by SCC 

Grams per Day by HP and SCC 

Grams per HP-Hour by SCC 

Grams per HP-Hour by HP and SCC 

Data Import Data 

Remove Run 

Re-Attach Tables 

Export NIF File 

Each submenu item opens a window where you must provide additional information. When an 

input error occurs, an appropriate message (dialog box) is displayed. Make the corrections 

needed, and continue. 

IMPORT, DELETE, RE-ATTACH, AND EXPORT NIF 

The reporting utility has been designed to run cohesively with the graphical user interface and the 

core model to simplify the use of the NONROAD model; if you operate the model with the 

default inputs provided, the process of running a simulation and generating reports is 

straightforward. 

Importing Core Model Output 

In order to generate model summary reports, the reporting utility must import the output from the 

core model. As discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, the core model output file (*.out) will have the 

name you assigned to it. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-4 
December 2005 

Follow these steps to import a core model output data file: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Data ' Import Data. 

2.	 Specify the core model output file in the open file dialog box. 

3.	 A screen will appear requesting you to enter the new database table name (Figure 5­

2). Type in the appropriate name of the database table. The database table name that 

you enter is the name that the reporting utility will recognize for all further processing 

of the data. 

Tip:	 The reporting utility allows you to name the database table using up to 30 characters. The 

name you give the database table can be the same as the output data file (but without the 

.extension since a period is not a valid table name character in Access, nor is the 

apostrophe). However, because the core model was developed in Fortran, the name of the 

output file without extension is no longer than eight characters as a result of DOS 

conventions. Thus, to help in differentiating one core model run from others, it is 

recommended that a more descriptive name be used. 

Figure 5-2: Import core model data screen. 

4.	 After you have entered a name, Import the data. The bottom of the window will 

display a line indicating the percent completion of the import. This process may take 

several minutes or longer depending on the size of the database that you are 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-5 
December 2005 

processing and the speed of your computer. When the import is complete, a message 

box will appear indicating that the process is done. Enter OK. 

Note:	 If you enter a name that is invalid (e.g., contains punctuation marks or has already been 

used), a message will appear notifying you of the problem and return you to the table 

name field. If this happens, simply rename the table and Import again. 

5.	 Following the data import and message screen you will be requested to specify 

another core model output file in the open file dialog box (Step 2). You can repeat 

steps 2 - 4 and continue to import core model output files. When you are finished 

importing files select Cancel in the open file dialogue box to return to the main menu. 

Removing a Run 

When an imported database table is no longer of use it can be deleted. This should only be done 

with the reporting utility submenu option Remove Run. In addition to deleting the table, the 

reporting utility removes records from tables it uses for processing. 

Warning: Simulation tables should never be deleted in the NRdata database except through 

Data ' Remove Run in the reporting utility. 

Follow these steps to delete an imported database table: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Data ' Remove Run. 

2.	 A screen appears allowing you to indicate which table you want to delete. 	Select the 

table name from the available list or type the table name in the field. When you type 

the table name it will automatically be expanded to match a name in the list. 

3.	 Specify Remove. When the table has been successfully deleted a message box will 

appear indicating that the process is done. Enter OK. 

4.	 Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all database tables you want to delete have been removed. 

Until you return to the main menu, the list of table names may show “#Deleted” for 

those tables which you have deleted. 

5.	 Specify Done. The message, “Access 2000 and later will automatically compact 

NRdata.mdb upon exiting the Reporting Utility when simulations have been 

removed.” is displayed. Enter OK. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-6 
December 2005 

Attaching the Reporting Utility Databases 

When the NONROAD model is installed, a subdirectory called Reports is created. Within this 

subdirectory are two databases required to run the reporting utility. These databases and the 

information contained in each are as follows: 

•	 NRdata.mdb - This database contains the example data supplied with the model and 

any core model output data you import. 

•	 Reports.mdb - This database contains the reporting utility code and requisite data 

tables (such as the SCC table and FIPs county code). 

Warning: The NRdata and Reports databases are essential to run the reporting utility. In 

addition, there are two tables in the NRdata database called Table Headers and Table 

Counties that also are essential to the operation of the reporting utility. These 

databases and tables should never be deleted. 

To operate the reporting utility, Reports.mdb must have the path of NRdata.mdb in order to 

properly connect to it. The first time the reporting utility is started a screen will be displayed 

with the message “Attaching Tables...”. When the Nrdata tables have been successfully attached 

to the Reports database a message box will appear indicating that the operation is complete. 

If you move the database tables to a new directory you will have to connect Nrdata.mdb to the 

Reports database. Follow these steps: 

1.	 Select Data ' Re-Attach Tables. 

2.	 If the databases reside in the same subdirectory as the reporting utility, a message box 

will appear indicating that tables were successfully attached. Enter OK. If 

NRdata.mdb resides in a different directory than Reports.mdb, an open file dialog box 

will appear. Locate the directory where the NRdata.mdb database resides. When 

NRdata.mdb is attached, a message box will appear indicating that the operation is 

done. 

Exporting a NIF Database 

In addition to providing various reports to allow analysis of run data, the reporting utility also 

makes available the ability to export National Emission Inventory Input Format (NIF) data. NIF 

is the format most widely used by state and local agencies to transfer data to the EPA's National 

Emission Inventory (NEI). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-7 
December 2005 

Follow these steps to export a NIF database from one of the run tables: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Data ' Export NIF File. 

2.	 Specify the simulation table in the screen that appears (Figure 5-3), after clicking on 

the down arrow. This will be the table name that was entered when the simulation run 

was imported. 

Figure 5-3: Select simulation screen. 

3.	 A screen will appear requesting you to enter supplementary information (Figure 5-4). 

Enter the contact information, period specification, and comments. Some of the 

information is mandatory, and the screen will prompt for any missing information. 

Figure 5-4: Supplementary information screen. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-8 
December 2005 

4.	 After you have entered the supplementary information, Export the data. Specify the 

output NIF database in the save file dialog. The database name must end in ".mdb" 

and must not exist yet. 

STANDARD REPORT TYPES 

The reporting utility provides you with a set of standard reports. With the exception of the first 

report listed below, Emissions Totals by County, each of the reports displays the report data total 

for either all states or counties, or for a single user-specified state or county. In addition, each of 

the emissions reports displays emissions for either every fuel type or for a single, user-specified 

fuel type. A summary of each of these reports is as follows: 

Emissions Totals by County - This report lists emissions by pollutant and county. 

Emission Totals by County and Fuel Type - This report lists emissions by pollutant, fuel 

type, and county. 

Note:	 If the output file generated in the core model contains data for multiple counties in a state, 

the Emission Totals by County and Emission Totals by County and Fuel Type reports will 

be reported for all of these counties. If you want a separate report for each county, then 

the core model must be run for each individual county. Once the core model has been run, 

you must import the output files and run the Emission Totals by County or Emission 

Totals by County and Fuel Type report using each ‘county’ database table. 

Emission Totals by Equipment Type - This report lists emissions by pollutant for each 

equipment type. It is separated by major source classification (e.g., agricultural, lawn & 

garden, etc.) with subtotals provided for each classification. Equipment type descriptions 

are also included (e.g., “2-wheel tractors”, “asphalt pavers”, etc.). The report includes a 

grand total by pollutant. 

Emissions Totals by Horsepower - This report lists emissions by pollutant and 

horsepower ranges. The report includes totals across all horsepower ratings by pollutant. 

Emissions Totals by HP and Source Classification - This report lists emissions by 

pollutant for each Source Classification segment and horsepower range. The report is 

separated by major equipment classification and subtotals are provided. The report 

includes a grand total by pollutant. 

Emission Totals by HP and Equipment Type - This report lists emissions by pollutant 

for each equipment type and horsepower range. It is separated by major source segment 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-9 
December 2005 

(e.g., agricultural, lawn & garden, etc.) with subtotals provided for each segment. 

Equipment type descriptions are also included (e.g., “2-wheel tractors”, “asphalt pavers”, 

etc.), as are the horsepower ranges within the equipment type. The report includes a 

grand total by pollutant. 

Emissions Totals by SCC - This report lists emissions by pollutant for each SCC code. 

The report is separated by major equipment classification and subtotals are provided. In 

addition to the SCC code, the equipment description and engine type is provided. The 

report includes a grand total by pollutant. 

Emissions Totals by Source Classification - This report just lists emissions by pollutant 

for each major equipment segment (e.g., agricultural, lawn & garden, etc.). The report 

includes a grand total by pollutant. 

Population and Fuel Consumption by HP and Source Classification - This report lists 

equipment population and fuel consumption for each fuel type, major source segment 

(e.g., agricultural, lawn & garden, etc.), and horsepower range. The report is separated by 

fuel type and major equipment segment, and subtotals are provided. The report includes 

a grand total of population. 

Population and Fuel Consumption by SCC - This report lists equipment population and 

fuel consumption for each SCC code. The report is separated by fuel type and major 

equipment classification, and subtotals are provided. In addition to the SCC code, the 

equipment description and engine type are provided. The report includes a grand total of 

population. 

Note:	 CNG is a gaseous fuel, and its fuel consumption is reported in gallons at standard 

temperature and pressure. This can be misleading if this very large number is viewed 

together with the fuel consumption of the other (liquid) fuels. 

USER SPECIFICATIONS 

To provide flexibility in designing a report, the reporting utility offers several report options. 

When you select a report type, a window appears requesting specific inputs and your choice of 

display options. Figure 5-5, used by most of the different report types, sets all of the report 

options available. The other window used to set report options contains a subset of these 

options. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-10 
December 2005 

Note:	 Because there are different types of hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions, the 

reporting utility is designed to allow you to identify the type of reporting units that you 

want. For hydrocarbon emissions, the core model calculates and outputs these emissions 

as THC (total hydrocarbon). The reporting utility has the capability to report 

hydrocarbons as THC, TOG (total organic gas), NMOG (non-methane organic gas), 

NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon), or VOC (volatile organic compounds). THC is 

converted to the other designations by applying appropriate factors. 

For particulate matter, the core model calculates and outputs these emissions as PM10. 

The reporting utility allows you to report particulates as PM10 (particulate size of 10 

microns or less), or PM2.5 (particulate size of 2.5 microns or less). PM10 is converted to 

PM2.5 by applying an appropriate factor. 

Figure 5-5: User specified report options screen
 

A brief description of the report options is provided in the table below.
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-11 
December 2005 

Description 

User-Specified
 

Report Option
 

Database table to use	 Enter the table name that you want to use for the report 

(this is the name you gave the database table when you 

imported the file into the reporting utility as described 

previously in Importing Core Model Output). Select the 

table name from the available drop-down list or type the 

table name in the field. When you type the table name it 

will automatically be expanded to match a name in the list. 

Decimal places to use	 The default is two decimal places for most reports. You 

can specify a number between 0 and 5. 

Report all states/counties?	 If you want to report emissions for all states or counties 

included in the core model output file, click in this field to 

specify yes. If you select all, the next report option (Report 

one state/county) is removed from the window. 

Report one state/county	 Select a state or county from the drop-down list or type the 

name of the state/county directly into the field. When you 

type the state/county name it will automatically be 

expanded to match a name in the list. 

Pollutants to report	 The “pollutants to report” option allows you to select a 

grouping of pollutants to report. Designate the group of 

pollutants to report from the list of pollutant choices and 

descriptions. Depending on your selection, the “Select the 

HC” field and/or the “Select the PM size” field may be 

removed from the window. For example, by choosing all 

PM, it is no longer necessary to specify a hydrocarbon type 

or a particulate matter size. 

Fuel Type	 This option allows you to report all fuels or to specify a 

single fuel to report. The options are All fuels, CNG, 

Diesel, Gasoline, and LPG. All equipment types which 

have lumped fuels (HP # 25) are reported as gasoline. 

Select the HC	 When you select a group of pollutants that include 

hydrocarbon emissions, you need to specify the 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-12 
December 2005 

hydrocarbon species that you want to report. Select the 

hydrocarbon to report (i.e, THC, TOG, NMOG, NMHC, 

VOC). 

Select the PM	 When you select a group of pollutants that include 

particulate emissions (with the exception of All PM) , you 

need to specify the particulate size cutoff that you want to 

report. Select the size of particulates to report (i.e., PM10, 

or PM2.5). 

Note:	 Total hydrocarbons is also reported when reporting non-exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. 

This occurs for the pollutant groups: All Pollutants, Non-Exhaust, and All HC. 

If a single fuel is reported, other than diesel, it is important to remember that all sources 

with HP # 25 have been lumped into one category and will be reported as gasoline. 

GENERATING REPORTS
 

Note: All emissions are reported as short tons (i.e., 2000 lbs). 

Once you have imported the necessary output files from the core model, reports can easily be 

generated with the reporting utility. When a report is generated, a window opens and the report 

is displayed in a Print Preview window. 

Running a Report 

To run a report, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Reports ' “Report Name” 

2.	 Enter the report options. 	 A message box is displayed when an error is detected 

informing you of the problem encountered. Make the necessary changes and 

continue. 

3.	 After all required options have been specified, select Run. If a required field is left 

blank or an incorrect entry has been made, a message box will be displayed. You 

must correct the detected error and attempt to Run again. Once the report has been 

generated, it will appear in a window. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-13 
December 2005 

4.	 To return to the main menu without running the report select Cancel. 

Tip:	 User specified report options will remain in the window until closed (Cancel). If you 

want to run more than one report which uses the same options window then leave the 

report options window open and select another report from the Reports submenu. The 

report title will be changed in the options window. Specify RUN. The same options 

(database table, decimal places, pollutants, etc.) will be used for the report. This can save 

you a lot of selecting/specifying report options. 

Viewing a Report in Print Preview 

For easier viewing maximize the report window. As you move the cursor across the report, it 

changes from an arrow icon to a magnifying glass icon. To alternately zoom in or out of the 

report, click the mouse while the cursor is on the report. 

To view a specific portion of the report: 

1.	 Locate the desired section of the report in Zoom Out mode. 

2.	 Zoom In to the area of interest for detailed viewing. 

3.	 To page up or down through a multipage report, press <PgUp> or <PgDn> while in 

the Zoom Out mode. In either the Zoom In or Zoom Out modes, clicking on the 

arrows in the lower left corner of the report window or typing the page number at the 

bottom of the Print Preview window and pressing <Enter> will also move you to the 

desired page. 

To provide a consistent look for all reports, the report title area for each standard report in the 

reporting utility is similar in design (Figure 5-6). The first two lines identify the report name and 

attributes which include the user-specified fuel type, report units, and the state/county 

specification. Following these lines are the user title lines which come from the core model 

output file (originally from the OPTions file). The next line, also coming from the core model 

output file, designates the period of emissions estimates. The final line of the report title area 

indicates the date and time that the core model run was generated and the date that the report was 

created. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-14 
December 2005 

Figure 5-6: Report title area. 

The Reporting Utility menu bar has only one option, File, when viewing a report. A displayed 

report can be printed by selecting File ' Print. By selecting File ' Print Setup you can also 

modify the print setup to adjust the margins, the page orientation, and the printer selection This 

may be necessary if you have pagination problems printing a report (primarily due to different 

printer font sizes). 

Note:	 The abbreviation NA (not available) is printed in a report for entries of missing data. If a 

column of data contains one or more NA entries, then the subtotals and totals for that 

column will also be listed as NA. 

Also, only sources with nonzero emissions are shown in a report. For example, if the 

core model output file was generated for only lawn and garden source categories, then 

only lawn and garden SCC codes with nonzero emissions for at least one pollutant will be 

reported. 

Warning: If the format of the value to be displayed in a report column exceeds the column 

width then the value will be wrapped to the following line. For example, 

123,456.789 might be written as 123,456.7

 89 

This should only occur when you have specified more than the default number of 

decimal places to display. You can avoid this problem by specifying fewer decimal 

places to display and rerunning the report. 

Appendix C contains examples of all standard reports for a core model run of Washtenaw 

County, Michigan emissions. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-15 
December 2005 

Exporting to Excel 

An option to export the line item report data to an Excel spreadsheet is available by selecting File 

' Export to Excel. When selected, a dialogue box is opened to specify the Excel output file 

name. After the name is specified it is displayed in a window where you can select Export 

Report to create the file. When completed a message is displayed. 

The spreadsheet file will contain the line item information from the report with appropriate 

column headings. It will not contain subtotals, grand totals, or report title information. The 

spreadsheet will have columns for all species and modes even though for example, you selected 

to report only exhaust particulate matter. In addition, there are fields labeled “Missing species” 

which are used by the reporting utility for totaling purposes. The numerous additional columns 

can be deleted in Excel if you do not want or need them. 

COMPARING MODEL RUNS 

In addition to allowing you to generate and view reports from single model runs, the reporting 

utility provides you with the ability to compare the results of two separate model runs. When 

you select Compare from the reporting utility main menu the comparison reports include: 

• Compare Two Model Runs by HP and Source Classification 

• Compare Two Model Runs by Pop and Fuel 

• Compare Two Model Runs by SCC 

• Compare Two Model Runs by Source Classification 

• Compare Two Model Runs by County 

• Compare Two Model Runs by Horsepower 

• Compare Two Model Runs by Equipment Type 

• Compare Two Model Runs by HP and SCC 

When comparing two runs, the report only shows the records that the two runs have in common. 

For example, it you select a report that lists information by SCC, only that information pertaining 

to SCCs that the two model runs have in common will be shown in the comparison report. 

Similarly, if you are interested in comparing two model runs by horsepower and source 

classification, you will get horsepower ranges within source classifications that the two runs have 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-16 
December 2005 

in common. If there are no common records between the two runs, you will get a message that 

there is nothing to report. 

In order to reasonably compare values between two model runs the simulations must contain the 

same units. Since emissions are always output as short tons the period type must be the same 

between the two simulations. For example, a tons/year simulation compared to a tons/season 

will cause an informative message to be displayed and request you to select different tables to 

compare. 

For the comparison reports by HP and Source Classification, SCC, Source Classification, 

County, Horsepower, Equipment Type, and HP and SCC, the report displays the results of model 

run 1, model run 2, the difference between model run 2 and model run 1, and the percent 

difference for a single user-specified pollutant. For the Pop and Fuel comparison report, the 

report displays only the results of model run 1 and model run 2 side by side. 

To compare the results of two separate model runs, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Compare ' “Report Name” 

Figure 5-7: Report options for comparing two model runs. 

2.	 Enter the report options. For the comparison reports Compare Two Model Runs by 

HP and Source Classification, Compare Two Model Runs by SCC, Compare Two 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-17 
December 2005 

Model Runs by Source Classification, Compare Two Model Runs by County, 

Compare Two Model Runs by Horsepower, Compare Two Model Runs by Equipment 

Type, and Compare Two Model Runs by HP and SCC, the report options are shown in 

Figure 5-7. For the comparison report Compare Two Model Runs by Pop and Fuel, 

the report options are shown in Figure 5-8. A message box is displayed when an error 

is detected informing you of the problem encountered. Make the necessary changes 

and continue. 

Figure 5-8: Report options for comparing two model runs by population and fuel. 

3.	 After all required options have been specified, select Run. If a required field is left 

blank or an incorrect entry has been made, a message box will be displayed. You 

must correct the detected error and attempt to Run again. Once the report has been 

generated, it will appear in a window. 

4.	 To return to the main menu without running the comparison, select Cancel. 

Refer to the previous section on Viewing a Report in Print Preview for a discussion of viewing 

and printing the generated report. Examples of all comparison reports are provided in 

Appendix D. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-18 
December 2005 

EMISSION FACTOR REPORT TYPES 

In addition to the standard and comparison reports, the reporting utility provides you with a set of 

emission factor reports. Each of the reports displays emission factor data for all fuels for all states 

or counties in the simulation run table. Reports in g/hr or g/day report on all exhaust and 

evaporative pollutants, whereas reports in g/hp-hr only report on exhaust pollutants. There are no 

subtotals or grand totals in the emission factor reports. A summary of each of these reports 

follows: 

Note:	 If the output file generated in the core model contains data for multiple counties in a state 

the emission factor reports will be reported for all of these counties. If you want a 

separate emission factor report for each county, then the core model must be run for each 

individual county. Once the core model has been run, you must import the output files 

and run the emission factor report using each ‘county’ database table. 

Grams per Operating Hour by SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/hr for each 

SCC code. The report is separated by fuel type and major equipment classification. In 

addition to the SCC code, the equipment description and engine type are provided. 

Grams per Operating Hour by HP and SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/hr 

for each SCC code and horsepower category. The report is separated by fuel type, major 

equipment classification, SCC, and HP. In addition to the SCC code, the equipment 

description and engine type are provided. 

Note:	 Even though most diurnal, hot soak, permeation, and refueling emissions occur when the 

engine is not running, the Grams per Operating Hour report calculates these emissions by 

dividing the total tons of emissions by total operating hours. 

Grams per Day by SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/day for each SCC code. 

The report is separated by fuel type and major equipment classification. In addition to the 

SCC code, the equipment description and engine type are provided. 

Grams per Day by HP and SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/day for each 

SCC code and horsepower category. The report is separated by fuel type, major 

equipment classification, SCC, and HP. In addition to the SCC code, the equipment 

description and engine type are provided. 

Grams per HP-Hour by SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/hp-hr for each SCC 

code. The report is separated by fuel type and major equipment classification. In 

addition to the SCC code, the equipment description and engine type are provided. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-19 
December 2005 

Grams per HP-Hour by HP and SCC - This report lists emission factors in g/hp-hr for 

each SCC code and horsepower category. The report is separated by fuel type, major 

equipment classification, SCC, and HP. In addition to the SCC code, the equipment 

description and engine type are provided. 

To run an emission factor report, follow these steps: 

1.	 From the Main Menu, select Emission Factors ' Report Name. 

2.	 Enter the report options. All emission factor reports have the same options, as shown 

in figure 5.9. These options are a subset of the options described in the "USER 

SPECIFICATIONS" section above. A message box is displayed when an error is 

detected informing you of the problem encountered. Make the necessary changes and 

continue. 

3.	 After all required options have been specified, select Run. Once the report has been 

generated, it will appear in a window. 

4.	 To return to the main menu without running the emission factor report, select Cancel. 

Refer to the previous section on Viewing a Report in Print Preview for a discussion of viewing 

and printing the generated report. Examples of all emission factor reports are provided in 

Appendix E. 

COMPACTING DATABASES 

If a database contains many large tables, it may slow the operation of the reporting utility and 

take up substantial space on the hard drive. This is particularly true if you remove large 

simulations. Prior versions of NONROAD included a separate utility to compact the database 

after removing simulations, but in NONROAD2005 this compacting function occurs 

automatically. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 5-20 
December 2005 

Chapter 6 Advanced Topics 

In this chapter of the user’s guide the following topics are discussed: 

• a description of how data are grouped for use in estimating emissions, 

• a description of the option file packets, 

• a description of all input data files, 

• information on how to incorporate local data by editing data files, and 

• steps involved in running multiple model runs in a batch file. 

INTRODUCTION 

The NONROAD model includes default data files and report tables that allow you to easily 

estimate the emissions from a wide variety of nonroad equipment and vehicles for any region of 

the country. As discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, you can quickly set up an option file specifying 

the parameters that are applicable to your modeling scenario using default data. 

The NONROAD model was also designed, however, to provide you with the flexibility to create 

emissions estimates based on locally specific data that may be available to you. For example, 

you may have developed more up-to-date information for equipment populations in a particular 

region than the default data available in the model. Similarly, you might want to estimate the 

emissions for a particular category of nonroad equipment at a subcounty regional level. The 

steps involved in modifying the default data input files and tables are provided in this chapter of 

the User’s Guide. In addition, an example is provided for modifying inputs for subcounty runs. 

While editing input files lets you adapt the model to specific local conditions, it also lets you 

change the model in ways that lead to invalid results. In particular, the interdependency between 

some inputs means that changes can affect outputs in surprising ways. The NONROAD model is 

designed to warn you about the most obvious input errors, but avoiding more subtle, but serious, 

errors requires understanding how the core model works. 

You must be certain that any added data records are uniquely identified. Results will be 

unpredictable if there are multiple records with matching key fields that have different data 

values. For example, the file that contains monthly adjustment factors used to calculate the 

fraction of annual activity in a given month is identified by a regional and a SCC code. If you 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-1 
December 2005 

add a record to this file with the same regional and SCC code as an existing record, with 

differences in the monthly distributions, then the output may not be what you intend. Searches 

are performed differently depending on the data file and processing routine. Do not assume that 

the first record matching the key fields will be used. Some searches stop at the first match, 

others find the last match, and still others sort the data before searching and the order of input 

data records is no longer significant. 

Note:	 The notes in this chapter offer guidance, but EPA’s technical support documents provide 

more detail. A list of the NONROAD technical support documents can be found in the 

Technical Documentation section of Chapter 1. If you have questions, e-mail EPA 

nonroad modeling staff at nonroad@epa.gov 

Warning: While editing input files lets you adapt the model to specific local conditions, there is 

the possibility of changing the model in ways that lead to invalid results. An 

understanding of data relationships is recommended before changes are made to the 

data files. 

HOW DATA ARE GROUPED IN THE NONROAD MODEL 

As discussed briefly in Chapter 4, information used by the NONROAD model for estimating 

emissions, including user-specified options and data files are input into the core model through 

an option file. The information contained in each option file is separated into “packets” based on 

common information. For example, all data files related to the population of equipment for a 

modeling region is grouped in a single packet, as is information related to the period of time for 

which you are interested in estimating emissions. 

When viewing an option file through a text editor, the keyword that identifies a packet is 

surrounded by forward slashes (“/”) and can appear in upper case, lower case, or mixed case. For 

example, the packet identifier for all of the data files related to the population of equipment is 

/POP FILES/. To designate the end, or terminator, of a packet, the keyword END is used, also 

surrounded by forward slashes (i.e., /END/). The /RUNFILES/, /POP FILES/, and /GROWTH 

FILES/ packets in an option file can be seen in Figure 6-1. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-2 
December 2005 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that lists the names of output files

 and some of the input data files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/RUNFILES/ 

ALLOC XREF : c:\nonroad\data\allocate\allocate.xrf 

ACTIVITY : c:\nonroad\data\activity\activity.dat 

EXH TECHNOLOGY : c:\nonroad\data\tech\tech-exh.dat 

EVP TECHNOLOGY : c:\nonroad\data\tech\tech-evp.dat 

SEASONALITY : c:\nonroad\data\season\season.dat 

REGIONS : c:\nonroad\data\season\season.dat 

MESSAGE : c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.msg 

OUTPUT DATA : c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.out 

EPS2 AMS : c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.ams 

US COUNTIES FIPS : c:\nonroad\data\allocate\fips.dat 

/END/ 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the equipment population 

files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/POP FILES/

 :c:\nonroad\data\pop\tx.pop 

/END/ 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the growth files 

read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/GROWTH FILES/ 

National defaults :c:\nonroad\data\growth\nation.grw 

Figure 6-1: Option file showing packet identifiers and terminators. 

/END/
 

The following packets make up the NONROAD model option file: 

Packet Identifier Required Description 

/PERIOD/ Yes Period of time to model 

/OPTIONS/ Yes Run title, fuel specs, temperatures 

/REGION/ Yes Region to model 

/RUNFILES/ Yes A set of input and output file names 

/SOURCE CATEGORY/ No Source categories to process 

/POP FILES/ Yes Equipment population file names 

/GROWTH FILES/ Yes Projection/backcast data file names 

/ALLOC FILES/ Yes Spatial allocation file names 

/EMFAC FILES/ Yes Emission factors file names 

/DETERIORATE FILES/ No Deterioration factors file names 

/MODEL YEAR OUT/ No By-model-year output file names 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-3 
December 2005 

Packet Identifier Required	 Description 

/PERIOD/ Yes Period of time to model 

/PM BASE SULFUR/ No Diesel sulfur content corresponding to base 

emission factors 

/STAGE II/ No Percent reduction due to Stage II control 

/DAILY FILES/ No Daily temperature and fuel RVP file name 

If a packet is required by the core model to estimate emissions and is not found during a run then 

an error message will appear and the program will stop. Each line within an option file packet 

begins with a 20 character label. In most cases, the core model does not read these first 20 

characters as they exist simply for the purpose of identifying the information provided. For 

example, the line in the /OPTIONS/ packet that indicates minimum temperature ignores the 

‘Minimum temper. (F):’ label. A few packets use these first 20 characters to specify a keyword 

which identifies the type of data file. For example, the /RUNFILES/ packet identifies the output 

message file with the keyword ‘Message’. 

One convenient aspect resulting from the use of a packet input structure is that packets can 

appear in any order in an option file. Furthermore, any type of notes or descriptions that aid in 

describing the packet can be placed between the individual packets. When executed, the core 

model searches for packet identifiers and reads the data between the identifier and the packet 

terminator. All other lines in the file are ignored. The file, template.opt, provided with the 

NONROAD model contains a complete description of each packet including format 

requirements. 

INPUT DATA PACKETS AND DATA FILES 

As indicated above, all data input packets with the exception of that containing source category 

data and deterioration factor files are required for the model to estimate emissions from nonroad 

sources. In many of these packets, data are supplied in a series of input data files. In other 

packets, information relevant to any scenario you are interested in modeling is supplied through 

user-specified options. 

Note:	 To assist in better understanding the format of information in data files, it is suggested 

that you open each data file through a text editor as you read the information in this 

chapter. The data files are in a subdirectory called Data under the Nonroad directory. 

Each of the data files provided with the NONROAD model follows the ‘packet’ structure 

of the input option file. All files contain descriptive information including format 

specifications. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-4 
December 2005 

Review of Previously Described Packets 

Some of the NONROAD model input packets from the options file have already been discussed 

in Chapters 3 and 4. They are briefly reviewed here for completeness. Please refer to the 

previous chapters for a more complete discussion of the /OPTIONS/, /REGIONS/, /PERIOD/, 

and /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packets. 

The /OPTIONS/ packet defines several of the user-specified options that make up a modeling 

scenario. /OPTIONS/ include descriptive titles, fuel specifications that will be in effect during 

the modeling period, and typical ambient temperatures for the period. The order of the records in 

this packet are fixed. 

The period packet, identified as /PERIOD/, defines the period of time that you are interested in 

modeling. The order of the records in this packet are fixed. Furthermore, the selection of certain 

parameters will cause some of the records in /PERIOD/ to be ignored. 

The /REGION/ packet, defines the region that you are interested in modeling. Regions are 

defined using two types of parameters. The first specifies the type of region and the second the 

region codes to be included. 

The source category packet, identified as /SOURCE CATEGORY/, is used to identify which 

source categories are to be processed. This is an optional packet; if you do not specify a list of 

SCC codes, the model will calculate emissions estimates based on all equipment in the 

population files. 

Runfiles Packet 

The runfiles packet, identified as /RUNFILES/, defines input data file types required by the 

model and output files created (see previously referenced Figure 6-1). These data file types 

contain information that is universal to all regions and emissions species. Each file type is 

identified by a keyword(s) which appears in columns 1 to 20 of the /RUNFILES/ packet. The 

names for these file types may appear in any order within the packet but each must be preceded 

by a valid keyword. 

Keywords Input Output Required Description 

ACTIVITY 

ALLOC XREF 

REGIONS 

SEASONALITY 

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

Defines equipment use per year 

Allocation indicator lookup table 

Geographic region definitions 

Temporal adjustment data 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-5 
December 2005 

Keywords Input Output Required Description 

EXH TECHNOLOGY 

EVP TECHNOLOGY 

MESSAGE 

OUTPUT DATA 

EPS2 AMS 

US COUNTIES FIPS 

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

T

Exhaust & crankcase technology 

distributions 

Evaporative technology distributions 

Output message file 

Emission estimates (for RU) 

Emission estimates (EPS2 format) 

County list with FIPS codes 

Each of the input data files contained in the /RUNFILES/ packet, along with their format, are 

described below. 

ACTIVITY 

The file identified by the keyword ACTIVITY, contains the activity data for the core 

model. Activity.dat is the data file provided with the NONROAD model and these 

default values are described in the EPA documentation report NR-005c. The activity is 

defined as how often a piece of equipment is used in a year. This file also contains other 

information about the equipment, such as average load factor. Global SCC codes can be 

used to indicate entire groups of equipment types. A sample of the text of the activity file 

shown is shown below to illustrate the look of the input file. 

..............
 

..............
 

------------------------------------------ Region HPmn HPmx LFac NoUse Units Hours/Yr AgeAdj
 

/ACTIVITY/
 

2260002006 2-Stroke Tampers/Rammers 0 9999 0.55 Hrs/Yr 160 DEFAULT
 

2260002009 2-Stroke Plate Compactors 0 9999 0.55 Hrs/Yr 166 DEFAULT
 

..............
 

..............
 

The load factor (“LFac”) and annual usage (“Hours/Yr”) are both directly used to calculate the 

exhaust emissions. 

In addition to providing the input data by SCC, they can be specified by region and power level. 

The default NONROAD files use the same estimates for all regions and power levels. 

If alternative data exists, it can be used either by modifying the entire file or including separate 

estimates in the same file as the default national estimates using the Region Code, which is a 

code defined in the temporal allocation file (“season.dat”). 

The activity can be a function of the power level for a given piece of equipment. For instance, a 

survey method produced alternative annual activity (“Hours/Yr”) for large (>25 hp) diesel 

construction equipment for Houston, so the alternative activity can be used along with the default 

information for the smaller equipment as shown in the example below. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-6 
December 2005 

..............
 

..............
 

------------------------------------------ Region HPmn HPmx LFac NoUse Units Hours/Yr AgeAdj
 

/ACTIVITY/
 

2270002003 Diesel Pavers 0 9999 0.59 Hrs/Yr 821 DEFAULT
 

2270002003 Diesel Pavers SW 0 25 0.59 Hrs/Yr 821 DEFAULT
 2270002003 Diesel Pavers SW 25 9999 0.59 Hrs/Yr 719 DEFAULT
 ..............
 

..............
 

The exhaust emissions estimates are directly related to the load factor and activity (hours/year), 

so a change in those inputs will proportionately affect the emissions calculated. Also, because the 

load factor and activity (hours/year) are used to determine the life of the equipment in years, the 

age distribution is affected by modifying these estimates. For instance, if activity and load factor 

are reduced, then the equipment will be expected to last longer in years, so the age distribution 

shifts to older equipment. 

The format for this data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /ACTIVITY/ 

Column Description 

Line: 1 - 10 Equipment code (SCC) 

12 - 51 Equipment description (not used) 

52 - 56 Region code (refer to description of 

REGIONS section below) 

57 - 76 (not used. was technology type) 

77 - 81 Minimum horsepower 

82 - 86 Maximum horsepower 

87 - 91 Load factor 

92 - 96 (not used) 

97 - 106 Activity level units (Hrs/Yr) 

107 - 116 Activity level 

117 - 126 Identifier for age adjustment curve 

(DEFAULT=no adjustment) 

Warning: The EPA does not recommend changing the activity files. This is because the 

activity, equipment population, load factor, and average life are all linked and changes 

can have surprising results. For details, see EPA’s technical documents or talk to 

EPA nonroad modeling staff. 

ALLOC XREF 

The file identified by the keyword ALLOC XREF is the allocation indicator lookup table 

used by the core model. Allocate.xrf is the data file provided with the NONROAD 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-7 
December 2005 

model. These data are used to allocate equipment type populations from one regional 

level to another. For each SCC in the file, the code is cross referenced to a list of 

indicator codes and their associated coefficients. The model will retrieve the indicator 

data identified by the indicator codes and calculate a linear combination. Global SCC 

codes can be used to indicate entire groups of equipment types. 

To calculate the allocation factors, the model first calculates a linear combination of 

allocation indicator values. The linear combinations are defined in this file. For instance, 

if an SCC were discovered to be a function of two codes, then the indicator could be a 

combination of the two codes (e.g., RVP and POP) as shown below for a given county, 

and the calculation would be as follows. (This is a hypothetical example only and not an 

accurate reflection of in-use allocation.) 

Indicator = 0.6 * (County RVP)/(State RVP) + 0.4 * (County POP)/(State POP) 

County equipment population = Indicator * State equipment population 

In the example below, the allocate cross reference file was modified for recreational 

vehicle use to reproduce the hypothetical example above. 

Current Version 

..........
 

..........
 

/ALLOC XREF/
 

2260001000 1.0
 

2260001000 RVP
 

..........
 

..........
 

Sample Alteration (this is not an accurate reflection of the allocation) 

..........
 

..........
 

/ALLOC XREF/
 

2260001000 

2260001000 

0.6 

RVP 

0.4 

POP .......... 

.......... 

The indicator codes are arbitrary. The codes in this file are: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-8 
December 2005 

AIR Number of employees in air transportation 

MIN Underground coal production tons 

CON Dollars spent on construction adjusted for the relative 

geographic costs of construction materials 

FRM Harvested cropland 

GC Number of golf courses and country clubs 

COM Number of wholesale establishments 

HOU Number of single and double (duplex) family homes 

LOG Number of employees in logging 

LSC Number of employees in landscaping services 

MFG Number of employees in manufacturing 

OIL Number of employees in oil & gas extraction, and 

drilling oil & gas wells 

POP Human population 

RVP Number of recreational vehicle parks and campgrounds 

SBC Relative number of commercial snowblowers 

SBR Relative number of residential snowblowers 

SNM Snowmobiles: State-level registration, snowfall and 

inverse human population for county level 

WIB Recreational marine state fuel consumption, county 

water surface area - Inboard 

WOB Recreational marine state fuel consumption, county 

water surface area - Outboard 

RR Locomotive NOx - allocates rail maintenance 

equipment 

The format for this data is as follows:
 

Packet Identifier: /ALLOC XREF/
 

Column Description 

Line 1: 1 - 10 Equipment code (SCC) 

11 - 20 Coefficient for indicator 1 

21 - 30 Coefficient for indicator 2 

31 - 40 Coefficient for indicator 3 

Line 2: 1 - 10 Equipment code (must match the code in Line 1) 

11 - 20 Indicator code of indicator 1 

21 - 30 Indicator code of indicator 2 

31 - 40 Indicator code of indicator 3 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-9 
December 2005 

Note:	 If you add additional indicator codes and factors to the allocate.xrf file, you must also add 

corresponding data files. For example, if you add forest land as an allocation factor for 

recreational vehicles, you must provide the model with data files on forest land per 

county. Refer to the section Allocation Files Packet. Furthermore, the input option file 

must list the appropriate data file names. 

REGIONS 

The file identified by the keyword REGIONS, defines the states/counties in each 

geographic region. Season.dat is the data file provided with the NONROAD model. 

The region packet within the season file associates the region definition with the FIPS 

code for a State or County as shown in the example below. New regions can be defined 

here, but inputs for the monthly allocation (described below) must be described for any 

new region defined here. 

........ 

........ 

/REGIONS/ 

SW Southwest 48000 Texas 

US National 00000 Nation 

........ 

........ 

Identification by the region code is arbitrary (SE for Southeast or SW for Southwest) but 

the FIPS code must be a valid state or county FIPS code. If a state code is supplied, all 

counties in that state are included in the indicated region, unless overridden by a countyspecific record. 

Warning:	 Changing the region does not change altitude or temperatures, but it does change 

which activity factor is applied and the allocation of activity throughout the year. If 

you define a new region, you must add the new region to the season.dat file; and if 

applying a region specific activity, you must also add it to the activity.dat file. 

The format for this data is as follows:
 

Packet Identifier: /REGIONS/
 

Column Description 

Line: 1 - 5 

6 - 45 

46 - 50 

51 - 70 

User-defined region code 

Region description (not used) 

State or county FIPS code 

State or county name (not used) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-10 
December 2005 

SEASONALITY 

The file identified by the keyword SEASONALITY, contains the seasonality (temporal 

adjustment data) used by the core model. Season.dat is the data file provided with the 

NONROAD model. Two specific types of information are contained in this file, each 

identified by a different packet keyword, other than the /REGIONS/ packet that may also 

be in this file. 

The first, identified by the packet identifier /MONTHLY/, provides the monthly 

adjustment factors used by the model to calculate the fraction of annual activity occurring 

in the given month. When modeling a season, the factors from each month spanned by 

the period are summed by the model. Seasons are defined as follows in the model: 

Winter: Jan/Feb/Dec
 

Spring: Mar/Apr/May
 

Summer: Jun/Jul/Aug
 

Autumn: Sept/Oct/Nov
 

The second packet, identified as /DAILY/, provides the day-of-the-week adjustments. 

The first of the two values on each line of this packet is the fraction of weekly activity in 

a typical (average) weekday day. This represents activity occurring on any single day, 

Monday - Friday. The second Daily value is the fraction of weekly activity occurring on 

a typical single weekend day – Saturday or Sunday. 

If no monthly or daily data for an equipment type is found in season.dat, a warning 

message is written to the output message file and the model default values will be used 

for temporal allocation. The default values represent an equal distribution of temporal 

activity throughout each month of the year. If you change the monthly allocations, you 

should check to make sure the allocations sum to one. Likewise, the weekend and 

weekday allocations should sum to one for an entire week (i.e. 1 = 5 × weekday fraction + 

2 × weekend day fraction). 

The format for the monthly data is as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-11 
December 2005 

Packet Identifier: /MONTHLY/ 

Column Description 

Line: 1 - 5 

7 - 16 

18 - 51 

52 - 61 

62 - 71 

72 - 81 

82 - 91 

92 - 101 

102 - 111 

112 - 121 

122 - 131 

132 - 141 

142 - 151 

152 - 161 

162 - 171 

Subregion code (blank = match all) 

SCC code (global codes are acceptable) 

Equipment description (not used) 

Fraction of annual activity in January 

Fraction of annual activity in February 

Fraction of annual activity in March 

Fraction of annual activity in April 

Fraction of annual activity in May 

Fraction of annual activity in June 

Fraction of annual activity in July 

Fraction of annual activity in August 

Fraction of annual activity in September 

Fraction of annual activity in October 

Fraction of annual activity in November 

Fraction of annual activity in December 

The format for the day-of-the-week data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /DAILY/ 

Column Description 

Line: 1 - 5 Subregion code (blank = match all) 

7 - 16 SCC code (global codes are acceptable) 

18 - 51 Equipment description (not used) 

52 - 61 Fraction of weekly activity in typical weekday day 

62 - 71 Fraction of weekly activity in typical weekend day 

EXH TECHNOLOGY 

The file identified by the keywords EXH TECHNOLOGY, defines the exhaust 

technology type distributions for the core model. Tech-exh.dat is the default exhaust 

technology data file provided with the NONROAD model. The technology types are 

specified by SCC and horsepower range. Global SCC codes can be used to indicate 

entire groups of equipment types. Each data record in these files is separated into two 

lines. The first line has the identification information and a list of up to 15 technology 

types which make up the specified equipment population. The second line identifies the 

year and the fraction of that year's sales in each technology type. Multiple second lines 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-12 
December 2005 

may be provided if data is available for different model years as shown in the example 

below. From the “tech-exh.dat” input file (up to 15 tech types may be defined).

 SCCodes HPminHPmax Tech1 Tech2 Tech3 Tech4 (more>) 

Year Fract Fract Fract Fract 

/TECH FRAC/ 

.......... 

..........

 2270000000 750 9999 Base T0 T1 T2 

1900 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 

1988 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 

2000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 

2006 0.000 0.000 0.200 0.800 

2007 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.900 

2013 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 

.......... 

.......... 

The fractions of sales by technology type for each year should sum to 1. If the sum 

differs from 1.0 by more than +/- 0.002 then the fractions are normalized and a warning 

message is generated and displayed. The model will use the distribution beginning with 

the specified model year, until a new distribution is provided. 

The NONROAD model uses the tech types primarily to determine phase-in of emissions 

standards. The tech type defines which zero-hour (brand new) exhaust emission factor 

(derived from the emission factor files described below) and deterioration rate are used by 

the model when processing each model year of each equipment type. In the example 

above, diesel engines (SCC 227000000) of power levels between 750 and 9999 

horsepower can potentially be one of 4 tech types (Base, T0, T1, T2). Older engines 

(starting with the 1900 model year) were exclusively the ‘Base’ tech type while new 

engines were produced with tech type ‘T0’ beginning with the 1988 model year. The first 

emission standard, Tier 1 (tech type ‘T1’) for all diesel equipment types began with the 

2000 model year. However, the Tier 2 standard is phased-in starting with the 2006 model 

year where only 80% (0.800 entry) of the new engines are expected to be Tier 2 (tech type 

‘T2’) with the remainder still Tier 1. 

The tech types in NONROAD have meanings that relate to the type of engine and which 

emission standard applies to that engine. Other tech types may appear in the default input 

files but have zero entries, so are not currently used. The representative tech types are as 

follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-13 
December 2005 

Descriptions for representative tech types. 

Tech Type	 Description 

G2H3 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 3 

G2H31 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 3 meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G2H3C1 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 3 meeting Phase 1 Standards with a catalyst 

G2H32 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 3 meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2H3C2 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 3 meeting Phase 2 Standards with a catalyst 

G2H4 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 4 

G2H41 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G2H4C1 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 1 Standards with a catalyst 

G4H41 Gasoline 4-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G2H42 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2H4C2 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 2 Standards with a catalyst 

G4H42 Gasoline 4-stroke handheld Class 4 meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2H5 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 5 

G2H51 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 5 meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G2H5C1 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 5 meeting Phase 1 Standards with a catalyst 

G2H52 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 5 meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2H5C2 Gasoline 2-stroke handheld Class 5 meeting Phase 2 Standards with a catalyst 

G2N1 Gasoline 2-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 

G4N1S Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 side-valve carburetor 

G4N1O Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 overhead-valve carburetor 

G2N1 Gasoline 2-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 

G4N1S1 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 side-valve carburetor meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G4N1O1 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 overhead-valve carburetor meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G4N1SC1 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 side-valve carburetor meeting Phase 1 Standards with a catalyst 

G4N1S2 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 side-valve carburetor meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G4N1O2 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 1 overhead-valve carburetor meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2N2 Gasoline 2-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 

G4N2S Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 side-valve carburetor 

G4N2O Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 overhead-valve carburetor 

G4N2S1 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 side-valve carburetor meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G4N2O1 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 overhead-valve carburetor meeting Phase 1 Standards 

G4N2S2 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 side-valve carburetor meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G4N2O2 Gasoline 4-stroke nonhandheld Class 2 overhead-valve carburetor meeting Phase 2 Standards 

G2GT25 Gasoline 2-stroke greater than 25 horsepower 

G4GT25 Gasoline 4-stroke greater than 25 horsepower 

G4GT251 Gasoline 4-stroke greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 1 Standards 

G4GT252 Gasoline 4-stroke greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 2 Standards 

R12S Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke 

* R12SP	 Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech type) 

R12S1	 Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke meeting Tier 1 Standards 

R12S1P	 Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke meeting Tier 1 Standards ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech 

type) 

R12S2	 Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards 

* R12S2P	 Gasoline Recreational 2-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech 

type) 

R14S	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke 

* R14SP	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech type) 

R14S1	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 1 Standards 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-14 
December 2005 

Tech Type	 Description 

* R14S1P	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 1 Standards ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech 

type) 

R14S2	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards 

* R14S2P	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards ("P" = Pump Fueled, unused as a separate tech 

type) 

* R14S2C	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards ("C" = Catalyst, unused as a separate tech type) 

* R14S2CP	 Gasoline Recreational 4-stroke meeting Tier 2 Standards ("C" = Catalyst, "P" = Pump Fueled, unused 

as a separate tech type) 

LGT25 LPG greater than 25 horsepower 

LGT251 LPG greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 1 Standards 

LGT252 LPG greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 2 Standards 

NGT25 CNG greater than 25 horsepower 

NGT251 CNG greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 1 Standards 

NGT252 CNG greater than 25 horsepower meeting Tier 2 Standards 

Base Early (pre-1988) uncontrolled diesel engines 

T0 Late model (1988+) uncontrolled diesel engines 

T1 Diesel engine meeting Tier 1 Standards 

T2 Diesel engine meeting Tier 2 Standards 

T3 Diesel land-based engine meeting Tier 3 Standards 

T3B Diesel land-based engine meeting Tier 3 Standards for 75-100 hp engines 

T4A Diesel land-based engine meeting transitional Tier 4 Standards for engines under 50 hp 

T4B Diesel land-based engine meeting transitional Tier 4 Standards for engines under 25 hp 

T4 Diesel land-based engine meeting full Tier 4 PM Standards 

* T4N1	 Unused 

T4N Diesel land-based engine meeting full Tier 4 PM & NOx Standards 

T2M Diesel recreational marine engine meeting "Tier 2" Standards for over 50 hp engines 

MO2C 2-stroke gasoline Outboard Carbureted 

MO2I 2-stroke gasoline Outboard with Indirect injection 

MO2D 2-stroke gasoline Outboard with Direct injection 

MO4C 4-stroke gasoline Outboard Carbureted 

MO4I 4-stroke gasoline Outboard with Indirect injection 

MO4D 4-stroke gasoline Outboard with Direct injection 

MP2C 2-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft Carbureted 

MP2I 2-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft with Indirect injection 

MP2D 2-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft with Direct injection 

MP4C 4-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft Carbureted 

MP4I 4-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft with Indirect injection 

MP4D 4-stroke gasoline Personal Watercraft with Direct injection 

MS4C 4-stroke gasoline Sterndrive/Inboard Carbureted 

MS4D 4-stroke gasoline Sterndrive/Inboard with Direct Injection 

* These technology types are not currently used in NONROAD, but exist in various input files 

for certain diagnostic/developmental tests that have been done. 

New tech types may be defined for any SCC as long as the emission factors and 

deterioration rates are also provided for those new tech types. In many cases above, EPA 

has estimated what tech type of engines will be used for future year standards so the tech 

type descriptions and relative sales fractions may change as manufacturers introduce 

engines meeting the emission standards. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-15 
December 2005 

Note:	 Proposed regulations are estimated to reduce the number of 2-stroke engines sold in the 

future in favor of 4-stroke engines. Therefore, spark ignition engines less than or equal 

to 25 horsepower are lumped into one SCC category, eliminating the SCC distinction 

between 2- and 4-stroke gasoline, LPG, and CNG engines. 

The format for the data in this file is as follows:
 

Packet Identifier: /TECH FRAC/
 

Column Description 

Line 1: 6 - 15 SCC code (globals can be used) 

21 - 25 Minimum horsepower range 

26 - 30 Maximum horsepower range 

35 - ? List of tech type codes (each in field of 10 

characters) 

Line 2 +: 1 - 5 Model Year 

35 - ? Fractions of each tech type (each in field of 10 

characters) 

Warning:	 The technology type data are generally used with the emission factor data to model 

changes in control strategies. While users may wish to change the technology type 

data to experiment with various phase-in strategies, they should use the default 

values for official submittals to EPA. 

EVP TECHNOLOGY 

The file identified by the keywords EVAP TECHNOLOGY, defines the evaporative 

technology type distributions for the core model. Tech-evp.dat is the evaporative 

technology data file provided with the NONROAD model. The technology types are 

specified by SCC and horsepower range. Global SCC codes can be used to indicate 

entire groups of equipment types. The data in these files is separated into two lines. The 

first line has the identification information and a list of up to 15 technology types which 

make up the specified equipment population. The second line identifies the year and the 

fraction of population in each technology type. Multiple second lines may be provided if 

data is available for different years as shown in the example below. From the “techevp.dat” input file (up to 15 tech types may be defined). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-16 
December 2005 

SCCodes HPminHPmax Tech1 Tech2 Tech3 Tech4 (more>) 

Year Fract Fract Fract Fract 

/TECH FRAC/ 

.......... 

..........

 2260000000 25 9999 E00000000 E00010000 E10010010 

1900 1.000 0.000 0.000 

2004 0.000 1.000 0.000 

2007 0.000 0.000 1.000 

.......... 

.......... 

The fractions of sales by technology type for each model year should sum to 1. If the sum 

differs from 1.0 by more than +/- 0.002 then the fractions are normalized and a warning 

message is generated and displayed. The model will use the distribution beginning with 

the specified model year, until a new distribution is provided. 

The NONROAD model uses the tech types primarily to determine phase-in of emissions 

standards. The tech type defines which zero-hour (brand new) evaporative emission factor 

(derived from the emission factor files described below) and which evaporative 

deterioration rate are used by the model when processing each model year of each 

equipment type. In the example above, 2-stroke gasoline engines (SCC 2260000000), 

except rail and marine, of power levels between 25 and 9999 horsepower can potentially 

be one of 3 tech types (E00000000, E00010000, E10010010). Older engines (starting 

with the 1900 model year) were exclusively the ‘E00000000’ tech type while new engines 

were produced with tech type ‘E00010000’ beginning with the 2004 model year, and type 

‘E10010010’ beginning with the 2007 model year. 

Evaporative tech type codes are different than exhaust tech type codes. Each digit in the 

evaporative tech type code represents a different species of emission, and the value of the 

digit represents the control level for that species within the tech type. 

Key to Tech Group 

Char/Digit Description 

E Evap Tech Group 

1 Diurnal 

2 Tank Permeation 

3 Hose Permeation (applies to non-rec-marine hose and 3 rec-marine hoses) 

4 Hot Soak 

5 Refueling Vapor Displacement 

6 Refueling Spillage 

7 Running Loss 

8 (unused)

 12345678
 

E00000000
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-17 
December 2005 

Key to Tech Group Values 

Value 

0 

1 

2 

Description 

Base 

Control Level 1 

Control Level 2 

... 

N 

... 

Control Level N (maximum 9) 

New tech types may be defined for any SCC as long as the emission factors and 

deterioration rates are also provided for those new tech types. In many cases above, EPA 

has estimated how much of each evaporative tech type will be used for future year 

standards, so the tech type descriptions and relative sales fractions may change as 

manufacturers introduce engines meeting the emission standards. 

The format for the data in this file is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /EVAP TECH FRAC/ 

Column Description 

Line 1: 6 - 15 SCC code (globals can be used) 

21 - 25 Minimum horsepower range 

26 - 30 Maximum horsepower range 

35 - ? List of tech type codes (each in field of 10 

characters) 

Line 2 +: 1 - 5 Model Year 

35 - ? Fractions of each tech type (each in field of 10 

characters) 

US COUNTIES FIPS 

The file entered here (default is fips.dat) contains a list of counties available to the model, 

including the five digit FIPS code, an optional start year, an optional end year, and the 

county name. Start and end years are only for counties that either come into existence 

(e.g., by splitting one county into two separate counties) or cease to exist (e.g., an urban 

area that had been treated separately from its surrounding county, changing its municipal 

designation to be treated as part of that county. 

The format for the data in this file is as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-18 
December 2005 

Column Description 

1 - 5 FIPS code (all individual 5-digit county codes) 

6 (blank, unused) 

7 - 10 Start year (4-digit. Blank means all past years) 

11 (blank, unused) 

12 - 15 End year (4-digit. Blank means all future years) 

16 (blank, unused) 

17 - 66 County name 

Packet Identifier: /FIPS/ 

Population Files Packet 

The population files packet, identified as /POP FILES/, lists all of the files containing equipment 

population data. The data in these files ultimately determines which equipment types will be 

processed in the core model. If population estimates for a given equipment type are included in 

any of these files, and you do not exclude the equipment from processing by user-specified 

options (i.e., with the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet in the option file), the model will use all 

of these population estimates to calculate emissions. The entire equipment population file will 

be processed and estimated emissions written to the output data file, unless you specify a subset 

of equipment types. 

For convenience and ease of data management, the population data have been disaggregated into 

separate files by state and a file for national totals. The /POP FILES/ packet in an option file was 

shown earlier in Figure 6-1. 

The *.pop files, one for each state, contain the equipment population estimates for the 

NONROAD model. The “*” refers to the two character state abbreviation (us for the national 

total file). These data drive the rest of the model in terms of which equipment types will be 

processed. If multiple years of population are provided, the model uses the closest year which 

comes before the episode year. The model's growth function is used to grow this base year 

equipment population to the episode year. Population estimates for an entire state may be 

allocated to county level (refer to the Allocation Files Packet section below). The sum of all 

county equipment populations within a state is equal to the state population value. 

The input data are defined by the region (“FIPS” defining State or County) and year in which the 

estimates are valid (“Year”), SCC, and by power level grouping (“HPmin” and “Hpmax”). 

Subregion codes (“SUBR”)can be used to provide inputs for partial counties. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-19 
December 2005 

The horsepower range (HP) is lower bound exclusive and upper bound inclusive. For example, a 

range identified by a minimum HP of 3 and a maximum HP of 6 is the range 3 < HP # 6. 

The acceptable ranges are: 

0 to 1 25 to 40 300 to 600 

1 to 3 40 to 50 600 to 750 

3 to 6 50 to 75 750 to 1000 

6 to 11 75 to 100 1000 to 1200 

11 to 16 100 to 175 1200 to 2000 

16 to 25 175 to 300 2000 to 3000 

Greater than 3000 

The average of the horsepower range is used frequently in NONROAD model calculations. The 

option to specify a single weighted average horsepower is provided in the population file format. 

If the weighted average horsepower field is blank then the midpoint is computed from the 

specified range. 

Note:	 To account for the shift that has been occurring from 2-stroke to 4-stroke spark ignition 

engines, while maintaining a single growth rate for a given type of equipment, spark 

ignition engines have been grouped into single SCCs with 2-stroke, 4-stroke, CNG and 

LPG engines in separate technology groups. Therefore, some SCCs are missing from the 

population file while others have the combined populations for all spark ignition engines. 

When modifying the equipment populations with local information, usually available is the total 

population of the equipment type, or populations within a power range. The NONROAD model 

needs the equipment population distributed by power level, so the revised information must be 

mapped into each power level range. The most widely used method for this mapping procedure is 

to distribute the revised population according to the default national distribution by power level 

range. 

EPA has designed an Excel spreadsheet that allows manipulation of the population files allowing 

the user to save a text file that can be used in NONROAD. With the Excel file, a column of data 

can replace the default data more easily than using a text editor. This file makes the redistribution 

method described above straight-forward. 

The population file also provides the median life estimates (“Life”) and directs the model to the 

type of scrappage function (“ScrapFlag”) to determine the age distribution for each SCC and 

power level grouping. The scrappage function is defined in the growth file (named 

“Nation.grw”). 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-20 
December 2005 

A change in the “Life” estimate will proportionally affect the median life in years. If the median 

life in years is known, then the life in hours at full load needs to be modified and can be 

calculated using the equation below. 

Median Life (hours at full load) = Median life (years) * (A * LF) 

where 

LF = Load Factor (fraction of available power) (from Activity File) 

A = Activity (hrs/yr) (from Activity File) 

Median Life = Median life in hours at full load (from Population File) 

The median life in years is not the same value as the average age of equipment in use. The 

median life is the typical age when the engine is scrapped, while the average age of equipment 

in-use depends upon the historic sales and the rate of scrappage. Typically the average age of 

equipment in-use is lower than the median life of the equipment. 

The format for this data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /POPULATION/ 

Column Description 

1 - 5 FIPS code 

7 - 11 Subregion code (used for subcounty estimates) 

13 - 16 Year of population estimates 

18 - 27 SCC code (no globals accepted) 

29 - 68 Equipment description (ignored) 

70 - 74 Minimum horsepower (lower bound of single range; 

ranges must match those internal to the model) 

76 - 80 Maximum horsepower (upper bound of single range) 

82 - 86 Weighted average horsepower (optional) 

88 - 92 Median expected life (in hours of use at full load) 

93 - 102 Flag for scrappage distribution curve (DEFAULT = 

standard curve) 

106 - 122 Population estimate 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-21 
December 2005 

Warning:	 EPA does not recommend changing the equipment population files without making 

other corresponding input changes. This is because the activity, equipment 

population, load factor, and average life are all linked, and incomplete changes can 

lead to inconsistent results. For details, see EPA’s technical documents or talk to 

EPA nonroad modeling staff. 

Growth Files Packet 

The growth files packet, identified as /GROWTH FILES/, lists the names of all of the files 

containing future year projection or backcasting data (see previously referenced Figure 6-1). The 

growth data provided with the NONROAD model is in a single file called “nation.grw” and is 

separated into data packets. Similar to population files, growth data can be placed in separate 

files, such as by state or county, to simplify data management. 

The packets that make up the growth files are: 

Packet Identifier Required Description 

/INDICATORS/ T Cross reference between SCC and growth 

indicator code. 

/GROWTH/ T Growth values by FIPS, indicator code, and 

year. 

/SCRAPPAGE/ T Default scrappage curve used for model year 

distribution calculations. 

/ALTERNATE SCRAPPAGE/ Alternate scrappage curve. 

Note: For more information concerning how NONROAD handles growth and scrappage, 

consult Technical Reports NR-007b and NR-008c. 

The /INDICATORS/ packet, provides a cross reference of equipment code (SCC) to growth 

indicator. The indicator code is an arbitrary code that can identify an actual predicted value such 

as human population or employment. The indicator codes may be defined by SCC (or SCC 

grouping following the hierarchy), power level range, and technology type. However the default 

values in the model only define codes applicable to all power and technology types for each 

general category (construction, lawn and garden, etc.) as described in EPA’s NONROAD 

documentation report NR-008c. Below is a sample of lines from the /INDICATORS/ packet. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-22 
December 2005 

.........
 

.........
 

FIPS Ind SCCodes HPminHPmax Tech Description (not used)
 

/INDICATORS/
 

00000 010 2267008000 0 9999 ALL LPG Airport Service Equipment
 

00000 010 2268008000 0 9999 ALL CNG Airport Service Equipment
 

00000 011 2270008000 0 9999 ALL Diesel Airport Service Equipment
 

.........
 

.........
 

The indicator codes found in the nation.grw file are: 

010 -- Airport Service - Total 063 -- Light Commercial - LPG 

011 -- Airport Service - Diesel 064 -- Light Commercial - CNG 

012 -- Airport Service - Gasoline 070 -- Logging - Total 

013 -- Airport Service - LPG 071 -- Logging - Diesel 

014 -- Airport Service - CNG 072 -- Logging - Gasoline 

020 -- Construction- Total 073 -- Logging - LPG 

021 -- Construction - Diesel 074 -- Logging - CNG 

022 -- Construction - Gasoline 080 -- Railway - Total 

023 -- Construction - LPG 081 -- Railway - Diesel 

024 -- Construction - CNG 082 -- Railway - Gasoline 

030 -- Farm - Total 083 -- Railway - LPG 

031 -- Farm - Diesel 084 -- Railway - CNG 

032 -- Farm - Gasoline 090 -- Recreational - Total 

033 -- Farm - LPG 091 -- Recreational - Diesel 

034 -- Farm - CNG 092 -- Recreational - Gasoline 

040 -- Industrial - Total 093 -- Recreational - LPG 

041 -- Industrial - Diesel 094 -- Recreational - CNG 

042 -- Industrial - Gasoline 095 -- Recreational - 2sATV 

043 -- Industrial - LPG 096 -- Recreational - 4sATV 

044 -- Industrial - CNG 097 -- Recreational - Offroad MC 

050 -- Lawn & Garden -Total 098 -- Recreational - Snowmobile 

051 -- Lawn & Garden - Diesel 099 -- Rec Marine - PWC (backcast to ~zero in 1970; 

052 -- Lawn & Garden - Gasoline =092 for 1996 and after) 

053 -- Lawn & Garden - LPG 100 -- Oil Field - Total 

054 -- Lawn & Garden - CNG 101 -- Oil Field - Diesel 

060 -- Light Commercial - Total 102 -- Oil Field - Gasoline 

061 -- Light Commercial - Diesel 103 -- Oil Field - LPG 

062 -- Light Commercial - Gasoline 104 -- Oil Field - CNG 

The format for this data is as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-23 
December 2005 

Packet Identifier: /INDICATOR/ 

Column Description 

1 - 5 State/county code (FIPS) 

7 - 10 Indicator code (arbitrary alphanumeric code) 

12 - 21 Equipment code (SCC) 

23 - 27 Minimum HP of range 

28 - 32 Maximum HP of range 

34 - 43 Technology type 

The /GROWTH/ packet contains the estimated values used to compute growth factors for each of 

the indicator codes. The /GROWTH/ data packet specifies an estimated value by state/county 

code (FIPS), a growth indicator code, and year. The model will use the estimated values from 

the year(s) closest to the base year (the year of the input equipment population estimate) and the 

year(s) closest to the projection year (the specified growth year), interpolating as needed. It then 

calculates an annual growth factor based on the increase in the estimated values. The growth 

may be defined by State or County through the FIPS code. At least two years need to be 

provided to indicate a growth rate, but more may be included to provide for a variable rate over 

certain periods as shown in the example below. 

........
 

........
 

FIPS SUBR Year Code Indicator Value
 

/GROWTH/
 

00000 1996 010 1000
 

00000 1996 011 1000
 

........
 

........
 

00000 2000 010 1240
 

00000 2000 011 1277
 

........
 

........
 

00000 2005 010 1553
 

00000 2005 011 1622
 

........
 

........
 

The data is easily modified by editing the text file. The growth rate is determined from the ratio 

of indicator values in one year compared to another, so the choice of value for the base year 

(1000 in the example above) is not restricted (except for zero). The indicator may be actual 

estimates (e.g. number of employees) or any other kind of indicator as long as it is understood 

that future years will be compared with the base year, so the units for the indicator must be 

consistent. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-24 
December 2005 

The resulting annual growth rate is applied to base year populations to obtain future-year 

predictions (or prior year backcasting) of equipment populations. Global FIPS codes can be used 

to provide estimated values for an entire state or even the entire country. The model will use the 

most refined data; county-specific where it is available. 

Caution:	 County-level growth inputs (if provided) are only used by the model when a specific 

county is specified in the OPTions file. If a statewide county-level run is done, then 

the statewide growth will be applied for every county, regardless of the county 

specific growth inputs. 

The format for this data is as follows:
 

Packet Identifier: /GROWTH/
 

Column Description 

1 - 5 State/county code (FIPS) 

6 - 10 Subregion code (blank = applies to all subregions 

11 - 15 Year of estimate (4-digit year) 

17 - 20 Indicator code (arbitrary alphanumeric code) 

26 - 45 Estimated value 

An additional packet that must appear in the growth files is the /SCRAPPAGE/ packet. This 

packet contains the definition of the default scrappage curve used for the model year distribution 

calculations. All equipment types in which the scrappage flag in the population file is set to 

DEFAULT will use this scrappage curve. The scrappage curve is the percentage of equipment 

scrapped as a function of the fraction of useful life consumed. For example, the default 

scrappage curve has 9 percent of equipment scrapped when the equipment has reached 45 percent 

of its median expected life. 

The format for this data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /SCRAPPAGE/ 

Column Description 

1 - 10 Fraction of median expected life already consumed 

11 - 20 Percentage of equipment scrapped 

An optional packet of the growth data file is the /ALTERNATE SCRAPPAGE/ packet. This 

optional packet can be used to define scrappage curves that are used in place of the default 

scrappage curve for selected equipment types. To apply the /ALTERNATE SCRAPPAGE/ 

curve to an equipment type, you must first modify the records of the population file for the 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-25 
December 2005 

selected equipment type by changing the scrappage flag from DEFAULT to some user-defined 

name. The name can be any alpha-numeric string up to 10 characters in length (e.g., “chain saw” 

or “motorcycle”). The next step is the creation of the /ALTERNATE SCRAPPAGE/ packet. 

The packet is similar to the /SCRAPPAGE/ packet in form, but allows for multiple columns for 

defining up to 10 alternate scrappage curves for various equipment groups. The first field is the 

fraction of useful life consumed. The remaining columns, one for each alternate scrappage 

curve, contain the percentage of units scrapped. Another significant difference between this 

packet and the /SCRAPPAGE/ curve is that the first record is used to identify the name of the 

scrappage curves. These names must match the name used to replace the DEFAULT value of the 

scrappage flag in the population files. An example of an alternate scrappage curve is provided in 

nation.grw. These data are not referenced in the NONROAD model population files, but simply 

provided as an example of an alternate scrappage curve. 

The format for this data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /ALTERNATE SCRAPPAGE/ 

Column Description 

Line 1: 1 - 10 not used 

Line 2+: 

11 - 20 

21 - 30 

x1 - x0 

1 - 10 

11 - 20 

21 - 30 

x1 - x0 

Name used to identify scrappage curve 1 

Name used to identify scrappage curve 2 

up to 10 curves 

Fraction of median expected life already consumed 

Percentage of equipment scrapped in scrappage curve 1 

Percentage of equipment scrapped in scrappage curve 2 

up to 10 curves 

Allocation Files Packet 

A list of spatial allocation files used by the core model is contained in the packet identified as 

/ALLOC FILES/. Specifically, the data in this packet is used to allocate from state-level 

equipment populations to county-level equipment populations. It could also be used to allocate 

national-level equipment populations to state-level. Alternatively, you can include additional 

data to allocate from county-level to subcounty-level ( an example of subcounty allocation 

follows the description of the allocation file data format). 

As seen in Figure 6-2, the /ALLOC FILES/ packet contains numerous data files; one for each of 

the indicators found in the allocate.xrf file. Similar to the population files found in the /POP 

FILES/ packet, the spatial allocation data files have been segregated into separate files by state 

and by indicator type for convenience and ease of data management. The first 20 characters of 

each line are ignored and contain a description of the file. These files contain surrogate 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-26 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

December 2005 

indicators used by the model for allocating equipment populations from a larger region type to a 

smaller region type (e.g., national-level to state-level or state-level to county-level). 

Values for each indicator code are supplied both for the state total and for each county to 

facilitate the calculation of allocation fractions for the state equipment population. Below is a 

sample of the indicator values for one of the codes. 

..........
 

..........
 

Column Format
 

1-3 Indicator code
 

6-10 FIPS code (can be global FIPS codes e.g. 06000 = all of CA)
 

11-15 Subregion code (blank means is entire nation, state or county)
 

16-20 Year of estimate or prediction
 

21-40 Indicator value
 

41+ optional description (unused)
 

/INDICATORS/
 

CON 48000 2003 45936058 TX 

CON 48001 2003 37311 Anderson 

CON 48003 2003 16290 Andrews 

..........
 

..........
 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the spatial 

allocation files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/ALLOC FILES/ 

Air trans. empl. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_airtr.alo 

Undergrnd coal prod:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_coal.alo 

Construction cost :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_const.alo 

Harvested acres :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_farms.alo 

Golf course estab. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_golf.alo 

Wholesale estab. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_holsl.alo 

Family housing :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_house.alo 

Logging employees :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_loggn.alo 

Landscaping empl. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_lscap.alo 

Manufacturing empl.:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_mnfg.alo 

Oil & gas employees:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_oil.alo 

Census population :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_pop.alo 

RV Park establish. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rvprk.alo 

Snowblowers comm. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbc.alo 

Snowblowers res. :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbr.alo 

Snowmobiles :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_snowm.alo 

Rec marine inboard :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wib.alo 

Rec marine outboard:c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wob.alo 

Locomotive NOx :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rail.alo 

/END/
 

Figure 6-2: /ALLOC FILES/ packet.
 

The files provided with the NONROAD model are:
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-27 
December 2005 

Filename Indicator Description 

*_airtr.alo Number of employees in air transportation 

*_coal.alo Underground coal production tons 

*_const.alo Dollars spent on construction adjusted for the relative 

geographic costs of construction materials 

*_farms.alo Harvested cropland 

*_golf.alo Number of golf courses and country clubs 

*_holsl.alo Number of wholesale establishments 

*_house.alo Number of single and double (duplex) family homes 

*_loggn.alo Number of employees in logging 

*_lscap.alo Number of employees in landscaping services 

*_mnfg.alo Number of employees in manufacturing 

*_oil.alo Number of employees in oil & gas extraction, and drilling 

oil & gas wells 

*_pop.alo Human population 

*_rvprk.alo Number of recreational vehicle parks and campgrounds 

*_sbc.alo Relative number of commercial snowblowers 

*_sbr.alo Relative number of residential snowblowers 

*_snowm.alo Snowmobiles: State-level registration, snowfall and inverse 

human population for county level 

*_wib.alo Recreational marine state fuel consumption, county water 

surface area - Inboard 

*_wob.alo Recreational marine state fuel consumption, county water 

surface area - Outboard 

*_rail.alo Locomotive NOx - to allocate rail maintenance equipment 

* Represents the two character state name abbreviation. 

The format for these data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /INDICATORS/ 

Column Description 

1 - 3 Indicator code 

6 - 10 FIPS code (can be global FIPS codes e.g. 06000 = all of CA) 

11 - 15 Subregion code (blank means entire nation, state, or county) 

16 - 20 Year of estimate or prediction 

21 - 40 Indicator value 

41 - 45 Blank (unused) 

46 + Optional description (unused) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-28 
December 2005 

Modifying Inputs for Subcounty Runs 

The NONROAD model has the capability of estimating emissions at a subcounty level provided 

that data for the subcounty level is supplied. To demonstrate how you can modify model inputs 

to estimate emissions at a subcounty level, we will again use the example found in Chapters 3 

and 4 with the following revision: 

You have been given an assignment to estimate the total emissions from residential lawn 

mowers with a horsepower range of 1 to 6 in the city of Austin, Texas for summertime, 

1998. 

In simple terms, the methodology that the model will use to calculate emissions from lawn 

mowers with a horsepower range of 1 to 6 in Austin will be to first determine the number of lawn 

mowers (1 to 6 HP range) in Travis County (where Austin resides) based on an allocation 

indicator from the state-level to the county-level, and then in the Austin metropolitan area based 

on an allocation indicator from the county-level to the subregion-level. The allocation indicator 

that will be used for this example will be housing. Once the number of lawn mowers in Travis 

County has been supplied (either through a separate model run or locally available data), the 

model will then estimate the emissions from these sources in Austin (based on the ratio of the 

allocation indicator value from county-level to subregion-level). 

To modify the input files for this scenario, follow these steps: 

1.	 Create a subregion code for the county which, together with the state/county code in 

which the subcounty is contained, will be used to identify the data applied to the 

subcounty. Since the Austin metropolitan area is within Travis County, Texas, a 

region code could be identified as ‘48453Austn’ where 48453 is the FIPS code for 

Travis County, Texas and ‘Austn’ is the subregion identifier for the Austin 

metropolitan area. The subregion identifier can only be up to five characters in 

length. 

2.	 Estimate county-level equipment populations for each equipment type of interest. 

The most straightforward method for determining this estimate is to have the 

NONROAD model produce a county-level estimate using state-to-county allocation. 

For our example, the model would be run with the regional inputs set to 

Region level : COUNTY 

FIPS code : 48453 

and the /SOURCE CATEGORY/ packet modified to include Lawn and Garden 

residential lawn mowers. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-29 
December 2005 

res 2-stk mowers :2260004010
 

res 4-stk mowers :2265004010
 

res LPG mowers :2267004010
 

res CNG mowers :2268004010
 

res diesel mowers :2270004010
 

3.	 Once the core model run is completed, use the reporting utility to generate a 

Population and Fuel Consumption by HP and Source Classification report. This will 

provide an estimate of the population of residential lawn mowers in Travis County. 

Next, you must enter the county-level population data into the population files using 

the FIPS code for the county where your subregion is located. For our example, the 

population file for the state of Texas (nonroad\data\pop\TX.pop) would be modified 

as shown in Figure 6-3 where: 

•	 48000 is the FIPS code for the state of Texas; 

•	 48453 is the FIPS code for Travis County; 

•	 1996 is the year of population estimates; 

•	 2265004010 is the SCC for 2-stroke residential lawn mowers (all engine types 

have been lumped into this SCC); 

•	 1 and 3, and 3 and 6 are the minimum and maximum horsepower ranges, 

respectively; 

•	 47.9 is the expected (median) life in number of hours at full load; 

•	 DEFAULT is the flag for scrappage distribution curve with default representing 

the standard curve; and 

•	 1737 (1<HP # 3) and 86314 (3<HP # 6) represent the population estimates. 

•	 2.55 and 4.1 are the average HP in the respective range (if blank model uses 

midpoint) 

48000 1996 ... 1 3 2.55 47.9 DEFAULT 45442.8 

48000 1996 ... 3 6 4.1 47.9 DEFAULT 2258444.9 

48453 1996 ... 1 3 2.55 47.9 DEFAULT 1737.0 

48453 1996 ... 3 6 4.1 47.9 DEFAULT 86314.0 

48000 1996 ... 6 11 6.24 400 DEFAULT 744.6 

48000 1996 ... 1 3 2.55 268 DEFAULT 2165.3 

48000 1996 ... 3 6 4.1 268 DEFAULT 107612.6 

48000 1996 ... 6 11 6.24 400 DEFAULT 35.5 

Figure 6-3: Modified TX.pop file with population estimates for 2-stroke residential lawn mowers in Travis 

County (the SCC description, represented with three dots, has been removed from the display for 

readability). 

With the exception of the FIPS code and the population estimate fields, the additional 

population county-level records will be identical to the corresponding state-level 

population records. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-30 
December 2005 

Note:	 The county-level equipment populations can be defined in a file other than the (state 

name).pop file. However, you must make sure that the name of this new file is listed in 

the /POP FILES/ packet of the options file. 

4.	 For each of the allocation indicators that are used, you must next estimate the value 

of the indicator within the subcounty of interest. This value should be added to the 

appropriate allocation file, using the county FIPS code and the subregion code as the 

identifier. 

For our example, the allocation indicator that we will use is housing of the Austin 

metropolitan area which is estimated to be 112,970. To reflect this for our modeling 

scenario, the /INDICATOR/ packet of the housing allocation file for the state of 

Texas (nonroad\data\allocate\TX_house.alo) would be modified as shown in Figure 

6-4. 

HOU 48449 1997 7780 Titus County 

HOU 48451 1997 30811 Tom Green County 

HOU 48453 1997 191462 Travis County 

HOU 48453Austn 1997 112970 Austin Metropolitan Area 

HOU 48455 1997 4961 Trinity County 

HOU 48457 1997 8420 Tyler County 

HOU 48459 1997 10931 Upshur County 

HOU 48461 1997 1470 Upton County 

HOU 48463 1997 8261 Uvalde County 

Figure 6-4: Modified TX_house.alo file showing housing of Austin. 

5.	 Next, you must modify the /REGION/ packet of the options file to indicate a 

subcounty run. Specify Subcounty for the region level and include the list of partial 

counties by listing their FIPS code/subregion code pair. Figure 6-5 shows the 

/REGION/ packet modified for our example. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-31 
December 2005 

The remaining records define the regions to be included. 

The type of data which must be specified depends on the 

region level. 

US TOTAL - Nothing needs to be specified. The FIPS

 code 00000 is used automatically. 

50STATE - Nothing needs to be specified. The FIPS

 code 00000 is used automatically. 

STATE - state FIPS codes 

COUNTY - state or county FIPS codes. State FIPS

 code means include all counties in the 

state. 

SUBCOUNTY - county FIPS code and subregion code. 

------------------------------------------------------

/REGION/ 

Region Level :SUBCOUNTY

 :48453Austn 

/END/ 

------------------------------------------------------

Figure 6-5: Modified /REGION/ packet showing subcounty region. 

Note:	 Before running your subcounty modeling scenario, make sure that the /POP FILES/ and 

/ALLOC FILES/ packets of the option file lists the file names of the data files containing 

the newly created subcounty data. 

6.	 Once you have completed steps 1 through 5 described above, create an options file 

incorporating the modified packets that reflect the subregion data, save the file under 

an appropriate name, and run the modeling scenario. 

Emission Factors Files Packet 

Simply put, emission factors are the rate at which emissions are produced for a particular 

process. In the NONROAD model, the names of the emission factors files for a variety of 

species and engine operating modes are contained in the packet identified as /EMFAC FILES/. 

Similar to the /RUNFILES/ packet, each filename must be preceded by a keyword. The keyword 

identifies the species or operating mode that is contained in the associated data file. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-32 
December 2005 

Note:	 The EPA does not expect users to have local data on emission factors. If you know of a 

study on emission factors that was not incorporated into the model inputs, please e-mail 

the nonroad modeling team at nonroad@epa.gov 

The valid species/modes (keywords) are as follow: 

BSFC HOT SOAKS 

THC EXHAUST RUNINGLOSS 

CO EXHAUST TANK PERM 

NOX EXHAUST NON-RM HOSE PERM 

PM EXHAUST RM FILL NECK PERM 

SPILLAGE RM SUPPLY/RETURN 

DIURNAL RM VENT PERM 

CRANKCASE 

Note: SOX and CO2 emissions are computed as a function of the BSFC factors and adjusted 

exhaust hydrocarbons, therefore there is no emission factor file for these species. Vapor 

displacement is computed as a function of fuel volume used, temperature, RVP, and 

refueling mode (pump vs. container) so no emission factor file is required. Similarly, fuel 

spillage is computed as a function of fuel volume used, tank size, and refueling mode. 

As seen in Figure 6-6, these species/modes are contained in separate data files. The file names 

can appear in any order in the packet and are identified by the keyword(s). If a species/mode is 

not included in an option file, all data for that species/mode will be reported as missing. For 

example, if there is no data file for PM emission factors, the PM field of the output data file will 

contain all missing values. The exception is BSFC which is a required file. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-33 
December 2005 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the emission factor 

files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/EMFAC FILES/ 

BSFC :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\bsfc.emf 

THC EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\exhthc.emf 

CO EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\exhco.emf 

NOX EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\exhnox.emf 

PM EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\exhpm.emf 

SPILLAGE :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\spillage.emf 

DIURNAL :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evdiu.emf 

CRANKCASE :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\crank.emf 

HOT SOAKS :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evhotsk.emf 

RUNNING LOSS :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evrunls.emf 

TANK PERM :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evtank.emf 

NON-RM HOSE PERM :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evhose.emf 

RM FILL NECK PERM :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evneck.emf 

RM SUPPLY/RETURN :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evsupret.emf 

RM VENT PERM :c:\nonroad\data\emsfac\evvent.emf 

/END/
 

Figure 6-6: /EMFAC FILES/ packet. 

The spillage data file does not contain emission factors. It simply indicates if a source is a 

gasoline pump or a portable container and provides the inputs for tank and hose materials and 

dimensions. The equations for computing spillage and vapor displacement emissions differ for 

portable containers and gasoline pumps. Therefore, if the spillage file is not included in the 

option file then both spillage and vapor displacement emissions will be reported as missing. 

Data Files in the /EMFAC FILES/ Packet 

Data files provided with the NONROAD model include: 

Filename Description 

Bsfc.emf Brake specific fuel consumption factors 

Crank.emf Emission factors data for crankcase emissions 

Evdiu.emf Emission factors data for diurnal emissions 

Evhose.emf Emission factors data for non-metal hose permeation THC for 

non-rec-marine equipment 

Evhotsk.emf Emission factors data for hot soak emissions 

Evneck.emf Emission factors data for non-metal fill neck hose permeation THC for 

rec-marine equipment 

Evrunls.emf Emission factors data for running loss emissions 

Evsupret.emf Emission factors data for non-metal supply/return hose permeation THC 

for rec-marine equipment 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-34 
December 2005 

Filename Description 

Evtank.emf Emission factors data for tank permeation THC 

Evvent.emf Emission factors data for non-metal vent hose permeation THC for 

rec-marine equipment 

Exhco.emf Emission factors data for exhaust CO emissions 

Exhnox.emf Emission factors data for exhaust NOx emissions 

Exhpm.emf Emission factors data for exhaust PM emissions 

Exhthc.emf Emission factors data for exhaust THC emissions 

Spillage.emf Pump or container specification and tank sizes for gasoline equipment 

types 

The emission factors files provide the NONROAD model the zero-hour (brand new) engine 

exhaust emissions rates and adjustments used to determine evaporative emissions. The emission 

factors used in the model are described in EPA’s NONROAD documentation reports NR-009c 

for diesel and NR-010d for spark-ignition engines. 

The exhaust emission factors files are adjusted for in-use emission rates within the NONROAD 

model using the information provided by the deterioration input files. The emission factors are 

defined by SCC, power level range, and tech type. The tech types must correspond to those 

provided in the tech type files so that the sales fractions of the equipment are matched to an 

emission factor. 

Emission factor input file example (up to 10 tech types); 

.......... 

..........

 2200000000 HpminHpmax techtyT1 techtyT2 techtyT3 techtyp4 g/hp-hr NOx 

1900 37.7 0 37.7 999.99 

/EMSFAC/ 

.......... 

.......... 2270002003 750 9999 Base T0 T1 T2 g/hp-hr NOx 

1900 10.058 8.296 5.568 3.936 .......... 

.......... 

The units of the emission factor and the type of pollutant modeled must be specified. All exhaust 

emission factors currently are given in units of grams per horsepower-hour (g/hp-hr), but there is 

an option to use grams per hour (g/hr) or grams per gallon (g/gallon) and the activity rates in the 

activity file must be altered to match these units. The pollutants addressed by the exhaust 

emission factor files may be THC, CO, NOx, or PM, and the file labeled BSFC.emf provides the 

fuel consumption factors. (For the fuel consumption file no option is available for the units and 

must be in units of pounds per horsepower-hour.) Crankcase emission factor inputs are just 

multipliers that the model applies to the corresponding THC exhaust emissions. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-35 
December 2005 

Note:	 An exception to the default input units is made for offroad motorcycles and ATVs. 

Instead of g/hp-hr these emission factors are actually grams per mile, even though they 

are listed as g/hp-hr. Corresponding deviations occur in the activity inputs (miles per 

year instead of hours per year); load factor is set at 1.0 instead of an actual load factor; 

and in the population file inputs the "Hp" is set at 1.0, and the median life is actually 

miles instead of hours at full load. 

In calculating emissions using these files, the model will use the emission factor for the closest 

year that is less than or equal to the current model year. The actual emission factors could have 

been given specifically for the year in which they are valid, but EPA has chosen to incorporate 

the phase-in of emission standards through the use of the tech types rather than in the emission 

factor file because it is easier to incorporate phase-in and different deterioration rates using tech 

types for new emission standards. In the example above, while the emission factor for Tier 2 

diesel pavers is valid starting in the year 1900, the fraction of Tier 2 engines is nonzero only 

when the technology type file shows the phase-in of this standard beginning with the 2006 model 

year. 

The diurnal emission factor input file supplies the NONROAD model with emission factor 

multipliers. The core model contains coding to calculate uncontrolled diurnal vapor generation 

based on input temperature swings (daily maximum minus minimum) and tank sizes. The 

emission factor multipliers in the diurnal input file adjust those internally calcualted values to 

account for thngs such as diffusion (vapor loss through an orifice at constant temperature), 

decreased tank temperature swings in boat tanks due to water temperatures, and any emission 

controls. Further details can be found in NONROAD technical report NR-012c, "Nonroad 

Evaporateve Emission Rates." The pollutant for diurnal emissions is, of course, THC but it still 

must be specified. 

............. 

............. 

2200000000 HPmn HPmx techtyp1 techtyp2... Units Pollutant 

/EMSFAC/

 2260000000 0 25 ALL Mult THC 

1900 1.46

 2260000000 25 9999 ALL Mult THC 

1900 1.46 

............. 

............. 

The format for the data in the BSFC and the emission factors files is as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-36 
December 2005 

Packet Identifier: /EMSFAC/ 

Column Description 

Line 1: 6 - 15 SCC code (globals can be used) 

21 - 25 Beginning of horsepower range 

26 - 30 End of horsepower range 

35 - 44 Technology type 1 

x5 - x4 Technology type 2 ... (repeating field) 

x5 - x4 Units 

options: g/hr of equipment use

 g/hp-hr of equipment use

 g/gallon of fuel use

 g/tank per day per gallon of tank volume

 g/day per calendar day

 mult 

x5 - x4 Pollutant 

Line 2: 1 - 5 Year 

35 - 44 Emission factors for technology type 1 

x5 - x4 Emission factors for technology type 2 ... (repeating) 

Note:	 The units field is ignored in the BSFC file; the units are lbs of fuel/hp-hr. The units field 

is 'MULT' in the crankcase and diurnal files where the emission factor is treated as a 

multiplier. 

The format for the data in the spillage data file is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /EMSFAC/ 

Column Description 

Line 1: 1 - 10 SCC code (globals can be used)

 12 - 51 Equipment name

 54 - 62 Fill method (PUMP or CONTAINER)

 64 - 67 Range indicator code (HP or TANK)

 69 - 73 Beginning of horsepower range or tank volume range

 74 - 78 End of horsepower range or tank volume range (HP 

ranges must match those internal to model)

 79 - 88 Evaporative technology type

 90 - 99 Units (GALLONS or GAL/HP) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-37 
December 2005 

103 - 112 Tank size estimate (either gallons or gal/hp)

 113 - 120 Fraction of tank filled with fuel (for diurnal calcs)

 121 - 130 Tank metal fraction

 131 - 140 Non-rec-marine hose length (meters)

 141 - 150 Non-rec-marine hose diameter (meters)

 151 - 160 Non-rec-marine hose metal fraction

 161 - 170 Rec-marine fill neck hose length (meters)

 171 - 180 Rec-marine fill neck hose diameter (meters)

 181 - 190 Rec-marine supply/return hose length (meters)

 191 - 200 Rec-marine supply/return hose diameter (meters)

 201 - 210 Rec-marine vent hose length (meters)

 211 - 220 Rec-marine vent hose diameter (meters)

 221 - 230 Hot soak starts per hour of operation

 231 - 240 Diurnal all non-rec marine/rec-marine portable plastic 

(get 0.78 factor)

 241 - 250 Diurnal rec-marine installed plastic tank on trailer (get 

50% temperature swing reduction)

 251 - 260 Diurnal rec-marine installed plastic tank in water (get 

80% temperature swing reduction)

 261 - 270 Diurnal rec-marine installed metal tank on trailer (get 

50% temperature swing reduction)

 271 - 280 Diurnal rec-marine installed metal tank in water (get 

80% temperature swing reduction) 

Deterioration Factors Files Packet 

Generally speaking, as a piece of equipment or vehicle ages over time, the rate at which 

pollutants are emitted increases. The data in the deterioration input files are used to adjust the 

emission factors for in-use deterioration, and the data used in the default files is discussed in 

EPA’s NONROAD documentation reports NR-009c and NR-011b. The names of the files which 

contain the deterioration factors used by the core model to estimate this increase in emissions are 

contained in a packet identified as /DETERIORATE FILES/ (Figure 6-7). Similar to the 

/EMFAC FILES/ packet, each filename must be preceded by a keyword. The valid 

species/modes are the same as for the /EMFAC FILES/, with the exception that BSFC, 

CRANKCASE, and SPILLAGE are not recognized. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-38 
December 2005 

------------------------------------------------------

This is the packet that defines the deterioration factors 

files read by the model. 

------------------------------------------------------

/DETERIORATE FILES/ 

THC EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\exhthc.det 

CO EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\exhco.det 

NOX EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\exhnox.det 

PM EXHAUST :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\exhpm.det 

DIURNAL :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evdiu.det 

HOT SOAKS :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evhotsk.det 

RUNNING LOSS :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evrunls.det 

TANK PERM :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evtank.det 

NON-RM HOSE PERM :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evhose.det 

RM FILL NECK PERM :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evneck.det 

RM SUPPLY/RETURN :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evsupret.det 

RM VENT PERM :c:\nonroad\data\detfac\evvent.det 

/END/
 

Figure 6-7: /DETERIORATION FILES/ packet. 

Note:	 The EPA does not expect users to have local data on deterioration factors. If you know of 

a study on deterioration factors that was not incorporated into the model inputs, please email the nonroad modeling team at nonroad@epa.gov 

Data Files in the /DETERIORATE FILES/ Packet 

The deterioration factors are specified by technology type. An “ALL” in the technology type 

field indicates that the deterioration factors apply to all technology types. The values are actually 

the coefficients of the deterioration equation 

DF = 1 + A × engine ageb

 , 

where A and b are provided in the file. The input file also provides a cap on the deterioration, to 

prevent further deterioration past a certain relative age. A sample of the look and estimates in a 

deterioration file is shown in the example below. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-39 
December 2005 

.........
 

.........
 

Tech Type A coeff b coeff Age Cap Pollutant
 

/DETFAC/
 

.........
 

.........
 

Base 0.024 1.0 1.0 NOx
 

T0 0.024 1.0 1.0 NOx
 

T1 0.024 1.0 1.0 NOx
 

T2 0.009 1.0 1.0 NOx
 

T3 0.008 1.0 1.0 NOx
 

.........
 

.........
 

Data provided with the NONROAD model include: 

Filename Description 

Evdiu.det Deterioration factors data for diurnal emissions 

Evhose.det Deterioration factors data for hose permeation for 

non-rec-marine equipment 

Evhotsk.det Deterioration factors data for hot soak emissions 

Evneck.det Deterioration factors data for fill neck hose permeation for 

rec-marine equipment 

Evrunls.det Deterioration factors data for running loss emissions 

Evsupret.det Deterioration factors data for supply/return hose permeation 

for rec-marine equipment 

Evtank.det Deterioration factors data for tank permeation 

Evvent.det Deterioration factors data for vent hose permeation for 

rec-marine equipment 

Exhco.det Deterioration factors data for exhaust CO emissions 

Exhnox.det Deterioration factors data for exhaust NOx emissions 

Exhpm.det Deterioration factors data for exhaust PM emissions 

Exhthc.det Deterioration factors data for exhaust THC emissions 

The format for the data in deterioration factors files is as follows: 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-40 
December 2005 

Packet Identifier: /DETFAC/ 

Column Description 

1 - 10 Technology type 

21 - 30 A coefficient of equation 

31 - 40 b coefficient of equation 

41 - 50 Emission Cap (in median life units) 

51 - 60 Pollutant 

PM Base Sulfur Packet 

The /PM BASE SULFUR/ packet contains diesel sulfur weight percents corresponding to the 

input diesel PM emission factors for each diesel technology type. The default is 0.3300 (3300 

ppm), but Tier 2 and later diesel emission factors are based on lower sulfur fuel. These values 

are used by the model to adjust the calculated diesel PM emissions for in-use sulfur levels that 

differ from these base sulfur levels. For the details of this adjustment refer to technical report 

NR-009c, "Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling -­

Compression-Ignition." As with the emission factor inputs, EPA does not expect users to have 

local data, and users are not expected to change anything in this packet. 

The format for this data is as follows: 

Packet Identifier: /PM BASE SULFUR/ 

Column Description 

1 - 10 Diesel technology type 

11 - 20 Base sulfur wt percent; or '1.0' means no-adjustment 

21 - 30 Sulfate conversion rate 

The default values contained in this packet are as follows: 

/PM BASE SULFUR/ 

T2 0.2000 0.02247 

T3 0.2000 0.02247 

T3B 0.0500 0.02247 

T4A 0.0500 0.02247 

T4B 0.0015 0.02247 

T4 0.0015 0.30 

T4N 0.0015 0.30 

/END/ 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-41 
December 2005 

EDITING INPUT DATA PACKETS AND FILES 

For an advanced user of the NONROAD model, the process of incorporating locally-derived data 

into the core model is relatively straightforward. To make changes to the data files, simply use a 

text editor such as Microsoft’s Notepad or WordPad, or the Edit command in DOS, to access the 

data file. If a display font option is available, be sure to choose a mono-spaced font such as 

courier to show the data in the proper columns. Once you have accessed the data file that you 

want to change, type the revised data in the appropriate field. Once complete, save the modified 

file under a new name to prevent the overwriting of default data. 

Note: When the NONROAD model is initially installed, all data files are in a subdirectory 

called Data in the Nonroad directory. 

There are two methods for indicating that you want to use new data files in an option file. The 

first is through the Advanced Options menu in the graphical user interface which is described in 

Chapter 3. The second is by modifying the appropriate packets in the option file through a text 

editor. 

MAKING MULTIPLE MODEL RUNS 

Through a text editor or DOS, you can create a batch file that allows you to run the core model 

with many different scenarios. This capability provides you with the flexibility of setting up and 

running these scenarios when you have available computer time, such as in the evening. Figure 

6-8 shows the batch file milg.bat (for Michigan lawn and garden run). 

nonroad milg95.opt 

nonroad milg96.opt 

nonroad milg97.opt 

nonroad milg98.opt 

Figure 6-8: Batch file milg.bat. 

A batch file can be easily created with a text editor. Open a text editor and simply type “nonroad 

(option file).opt” on consecutive lines for each of the option files you want to run. Save the 

batch file and close the editor. It is recommended that you name the file with a relevant name 

and the extension .bat. 

To run a batch file in DOS, type “(name of your batch file).bat”. From Windows 95 or above, 

drag the mouse to the menu bar and Start ' Run. Type the name of your batch file in the 

dialog box and specify OK. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-42 
December 2005 

CALCULATION OF NONROAD RETROFIT INVENTORIES & BENEFITS 

The recommended method to model the effects of nonroad engine retrofits is to use the National 

Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM), since it can properly model a fleet specific retrofit program 

where the exact number and model year of engines is known. However, some limited retrofit 

modeling capability is now also available within NONROAD itself. This documentation refers 

only to retrofit modeling within NONROAD. 

There are two types of retrofit program calculations that are possible: (A) normal NONROAD 

county or state fleetwide inventories, in which a specified fraction of certain categories of 

engines (SCC and Hp range) are retrofitted, or (B) fleet specific inventories in which a specific 

number of engines of a known fleet (SCC and Hp) are retrofitted. The specification of engine 

categories in both cases includes SCC, Hp range, and optionally the Technology Type. For the 

latter fleet specific calculation, NMIM should be used rather than NONROAD, since 

NONROAD does not allow you to specify the model year; in this case NONROAD will simply 

assign the same age distribution as in the fleetwide example. So if there is just one engine of a 

given SCC and Hp in the fleet, its emissions would be calculated as if a small fraction of that 

engine's emissions came from many different model years. 

Retrofit Inputs 

The user must create a retrofit input file containing the desired retrofit information. This is a 

plain text file that includes the following parameters for each subset of engines being retrofitted 

and each pollutant affected. These parameters must be entered in the columns specified – there 

are no tabs or commas as delimiters. These data lines are preceded by a single line containing 

the retrofit packet identifier "/RETROFIT/" (without quotes) and the line following the last data 

line is the "/END/" end-of-packet identifier. Anything in the file outside of this packet is 

ignored, and can be used for comments if desired. 

The format of the data lines is as follows: 

Column Type Description 

1 - 4 

5 

6 - 9 

10 

11 - 14 

15 

16 - 19 

integer 

integer 

integer 

integer 

Retrofit Year start (first calendar year when retrofits are done) 

Blank 

Retrofit Year end (last calendar year when retrofits are done) 

Blank 

Model Year start (first model year that is receiving retrofit) 

Blank 

Model Year end (last model year that is receiving retrofit) 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-43 
---- ---- ---- ---- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------ ------ ---------- -----

December 2005 

20 Blank 

21 - 30 character SCC Code 

31 Blank 

32 - 41 character Exhaust Technology Type (e.g., Base, T0, T1, T2, T2M or ALL) 

42 Blank 

43 - 47 real Minimum HP (min < Hp <= max) 

48 - 52 real Maximum HP (min < Hp <= max) 

31 Blank 

54 - 71 real Annual Fleetwide Retrofit Fraction (0.0 - 1.0), 

or for fleet-specific case the actual Number Retrofitted (greater 

than 1.0) 

72 Blank 

73 - 78 real Retrofit Effectiveness. Range = 0.0 - 1.0 (zero is no benefit) 

79 Blank 

80 - 89 character Exhaust Pollutant affected by retrofit (HC, CO, NOx, or PM) 

90 Blank 

91 - 95 integer Retrofit identifier (use same arbitrary number for different 

pollutants being affected by same retrofit) 

96+ Optional description of the retrofit technology. Not read into 

model. 

The Technology Type does not need to be entered, but is available in case a user knows which 

tech type within a mixed (phase-in) model year is appropriate for the retrofit. By default (i.e., if 

the field is left blank, or if "ALL" is entered) NONROAD will apply the retrofit effects to the 

entire model year inventory for that SCC, Hp bin, and model year (sum of all tech types for that 

model year). 

The retrofit data file can include equipment that is not included in the SCCs being modeled. Any 

such retrofit specifications are simply ignored, since there is no equipment in the modeling run to 

apply the retrofits to. 

Example NONROAD Retrofit Data File 

RYst RYen MYst MYen SCC TechType HPmn HPmx AnnualRetroFracOrN Effect Pollutant RetID
 

/RETROFIT/
 

2008 2009 1996 1997 2270002000 ALL 50 300 0.05 0.50 PM 1
 

2008 2008 1991 1996 2270002069 T1 175 600 0.06 0.15 NOx 1
 

2006 2007 1996 1997 2270000000 ALL 25 75 0.05 0.80 PM 2
 

2008 2008 1996 1997 2270000000 ALL 25 75 0.08 0.90 PM 3
 

/END/
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-44 
December 2005 

This example is provided to only to help clarify the retrofit input format. For guidance on actual 

program input development, the user should consult the EPA document "Guidance for 

Quantifying and Using Emission Reductions from Mobile Source Retrofit Projects in State 

Implementation Plans and Transportation and General Conformity." 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 6-45 
December 2005 

Chapter 7 Trouble Shooting 

The NONROAD model does extensive validation of input data. Data initialization includes 

checking that each required input packet exists in the input option file and that the specified data 

values are within acceptable ranges. If the model detects unreasonable data, an error message is 

written and the program terminates. Specified data files must exist and include the necessary 

data elements. The messages written by the model are generally sufficient in determining where 

a problem exists. 

MESSAGE FILE 

The output message file should be reviewed after each model run. An example of an output 

message file is shown in Figure 7-1. 

This file includes the NONROAD model title and version number, date and time of execution, 

and a summary of each packet in the input option file. In addition, warning messages may be 

seen informing you of possible problems. Consider the message, “WARNING: Cannot find 

/DETERIORATE FILES/ packet of the options file. Factors for all species will be set to 1.0 (no 

deterioration).” You may determine that this is acceptable to you for your application. 

However, you may also want to review your data to determine if you can provide additional 

information. 

In general, warning messages allow the model to make generalizations and provide a default 

action if a data item is not found; this includes skipping some records. It is important to note that 

although default action can occur it is meant to be the exception. Therefore, if the model issues 

the same warning message more than 50 times it will terminate processing. This ensures that 

lengthy runs will not process invalid data. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-1 
December 2005 

EPA`s NONROAD Emissions Model, Core Model Ver 2005, Nov 2005 Nov 29 

15:40:56: 2005 

*** Output Files ***

 Output data file :c:\nonroad\outputs\travis.out

 Exhaust By-Model-Yea:OUTPUTS/TEST.BMX

 Evap By-Model-Year f:OUTPUTS/TEST.BMV

 *** Input Files ***

 Options file :C:\NONROAD\TRAVIS.OPT

 Allocation XREF file:data/allocate/allocate.xrf

 Activity file :data/activity/activity.dat

 State/Regions file :data/season/season.dat

 Seasonality file :data/season/season.dat

 Exh Tech fractions :data/tech/tech-exh.dat

 Evap Tech fractions :data/tech/tech-evp.dat

 US Counties FIPS :data/allocate/fips.dat

 Retrofit file : 

*** Population Files ***

 :c:\nonroad\data\pop\tx.pop

 *** Daily Files ***

 Daily Temp/RVP file :DATA/DAILY/DAYTMPRV.DAT

 WARNING: Cannot find TANK PERM filename in /EMFAC FILES/ packet of options file.

 All factors for this species will be set to missing.

 WARNING: Cannot find NON-RM HOSE PERM filename in /EMFAC FILES/ packet of 

options file.

 All factors for this species will be set to missing.

 WARNING: Cannot find RM FILL NECK PERM filename in /EMFAC FILES/ packet of 

options file.

 All factors for this species will be set to missing.

 WARNING: Cannot find RM SUPPLY/RETURN filename in /EMFAC FILES/ packet of 

options file.

 All factors for this species will be set to missing.

 WARNING: Cannot find RM VENT PERM filename in /EMFAC FILES/ packet of options 

file.

 All factors for this species will be set to missing.

 *** Emission Factors Files ***

 BSFC file :data/emsfac/bsfc.emf

 THC EXHAUST file :data/emsfac/exhthc.emf

 CO EXHAUST file :data/emsfac/exhco.emf

 NOX EXHAUST file :data/emsfac/exhnox.emf

 CO2 EXHAUST file : Not Supplied.

 SO2 EXHAUST file : Not Supplied.
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-2 
December 2005 

PM EXHAUST file :data/emsfac/exhpm.emf

 CRANKCASE file :data/emsfac/crank.emf

 DIURNAL file :data/emsfac/evdiu.emf

 TANK PERM file : Not Supplied.

 NON-RM HOSE PERM fil: Not Supplied.

 RM FILL NECK PERM fi: Not Supplied.

 RM SUPPLY/RETURN fil: Not Supplied.

 RM VENT PERM file : Not Supplied.

 HOT SOAKS file : Not Supplied.

 DISPLACEMENT file : Not Supplied.

 SPILLAGE file :data/emsfac/spillage.emf

 RUNINGLOSS file : Not Supplied.

 *** Deterioration Factors Files ***

 THC EXHAUST file :data/detfac/exhthc.det

 CO EXHAUST file :data/detfac/exhco.det

 NOX EXHAUST file :data/detfac/exhnox.det

 CO2 EXHAUST file : Not Supplied.

 SO2 EXHAUST file : Not Supplied.

 PM EXHAUST file :data/detfac/exhpm.det

 CRANKCASE file : Not Supplied.

 DIURNAL file :data/detfac/evdiu.det

 TANK PERM file : Not Supplied.

 NON-RM HOSE PERM fil: Not Supplied.

 RM FILL NECK PERM fi: Not Supplied.

 RM SUPPLY/RETURN fil: Not Supplied.

 RM VENT PERM file : Not Supplied.

 HOT SOAKS file : Not Supplied.

 DISPLACEMENT file : Not Supplied.

 SPILLAGE file : Not Supplied.

 RUNINGLOSS file : Not Supplied.

 *** Spatial Allocation Files ***

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_airtr.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_coal.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_const.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_farms.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_golf.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_holsl.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_house.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_loggn.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_lscap.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_mnfg.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_oil.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_pop.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rvprk.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbc.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_sbr.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_snowm.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wib.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_wob.alo

 :c:\nonroad\data\allocate\tx_rail.alo 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-3 
December 2005 

*** Growth Indicator Files ***

 :DATA/GROWTH/nation.grw

 *** Scenario Specific Parameters ***

 First Title line :Lawn and Garden Equipment

 Second Title line :Travis County Summertime

 Fuel RVP (psi) : 8.00

 Fuel Oxygen weight %: 0.00

 Gasoline Sulfur % : 0.0340

 Diesel Sulfur % : 0.3300

 Marine Diesel Sulfur: 0.3300

 LPG/CNG Sulfur % : 0.0030

 Minimum Temperature : 60.00

 Maximum Temperature : 84.00

 Average Ambient Temp: 75.00

 Altitude of region :LOW 

Stage II Control % : 0.00

 *** Period Parameters ***

 Year of Inventory :1998

 Inventory for :SEASONAL period

 Emissions summed for:PERIOD TOTAL

 Season :SUMMER

 Year of Growth Calc :1998

 Year of Tech Sel :1998

 *** Region of Interest ***

 Region level : County-level estimates

 Counties of Interest

 :48453 - Travis County, Texas

 *** Equipment Types ***

 SCC codes Selected

 :2260004010

 :2260004011

 :2260004015

 :2260004016

 :2260004020

 :2260004021

 :2260004025

 :2260004026

 :2260004030

 :2260004031

 :2260004035

 :2260004036

 :2260004040

 :2260004041

 :2260004045

 :2260004046

 :2260004050 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-4 
December 2005 

:2260004051

 :2260004055

 :2260004056

 :2260004060

 :2260004061

 :2260004065

 :2260004066

 :2260004071

 :2260004075

 :2260004076

 :2265004010

 :2265004011

 :2265004015

 :2265004016

 :2265004020

 :2265004021

 :2265004025

 :2265004026

 :2265004030

 :2265004031

 :2265004035

 :2265004036

 :2265004040

 :2265004041

 :2265004045

 :2265004046

 :2265004050

 :2265004051

 :2265004055

 :2265004056

 :2265004060

 :2265004061

 :2265004065

 :2265004066

 :2265004071

 :2265004075

 :2265004076

 :2267004010

 :2267004011

 :2267004015

 :2267004016

 :2267004020

 :2267004021

 :2267004025

 :2267004026

 :2267004030

 :2267004031

 :2267004035

 :2267004036

 :2267004040

 :2267004041

 :2267004045

 :2267004046

 :2267004050

 :2267004051 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-5 
December 2005 

:2267004055

 :2267004056

 :2267004060

 :2267004061

 :2267004065

 :2267004066

 :2267004071

 :2267004075

 :2267004076

 :2268004010

 :2268004011

 :2268004015

 :2268004016

 :2268004020

 :2268004021

 :2268004025

 :2268004026

 :2268004030

 :2268004031

 :2268004035

 :2268004036

 :2268004040

 :2268004041

 :2268004045

 :2268004046

 :2268004050

 :2268004051

 :2268004055

 :2268004056

 :2268004060

 :2268004061

 :2268004065

 :2268004066

 :2268004071

 :2268004075

 :2268004076

 :2270004010

 :2270004011

 :2270004015

 :2270004016

 :2270004020

 :2270004021

 :2270004025

 :2270004026

 :2270004030

 :2270004031

 :2270004035

 :2270004036

 :2270004040

 :2270004041

 :2270004045

 :2270004046

 :2270004050

 :2270004051

 :2270004055 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-6 
December 2005 

:2270004056

 :2270004060

 :2270004061

 :2270004065

 :2270004066

 :2270004071

 :2270004075

 :2270004076

   Number of Population Records Found ** **

 48000 Texas : 158 

Figure 7-1: Output message file. 

DATA FILE RELATIONSHIPS 

One of the difficulties a novice user may have is understanding the relationships between 

different input files. The following is an example of possible problems as a result of providing 

some new data but not enough. 

Allocation Files 

The allocation cross reference file defines for each source category the allocation indicator and a 

corresponding coefficient to be used to allocate equipment population. If you have local data on 

the use of snowmobiles in your modeling domain, you can specify a new indicator code and then 

provide the allocation data for the new code. For example, adding 2260001020, recreational 

snowmobiles, with an indicator code of SNO to the allocation cross reference file means you 

must provide an allocation file for the SNO indicator. 

In addition, you must remember to update the options file to reference the new files and data 

which you have created. The packet /ALLOC FILES/ must include the new allocation filename 

for the SNO indicator data. And if you made changes to a copy of the cross reference file you 

must be sure to specify the new cross reference file name in the /RUNFILES/ packet of the 

options file (perhaps alloupd.xrf). 

Population Data 

The equipment population data can contain records of any or mixed region levels and the model 

will use the most detailed provided. If you want to estimate county total emissions, then you can 

either provide state level equipment populations and state-to-county allocation data or you can 

provide county equipment populations. If equipment population is provided at the level for 

which emissions are being reported then, no allocation is needed. Only when equipment 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-7 
December 2005 

populations are provided at a coarser level of detail than the level you are estimating will 

allocation data be required. 

In addition to defining equipment populations and corresponding allocation data you must also 

include the data file names in the /POP FILES/ and /ALLOC FILES/ packets of the input option 

file. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide 7-8 
December 2005 

APPENDIX A
 

EXAMPLES OF FIPS CODES
 

Refer to data file fips.dat, included with the NONROAD model, 

in the data\allocate directory for a complete list of FIPS codes. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide A-1 
December 2005 

State Name FIPS COUNTY 

00000 United States Total 

Alabama 01000 The State of Alabama 

Alabama 01001 Autauga County 

Alabama 01003 Baldwin County 

Alabama 01005 Barbour County 

Alabama 01007 Bibb County 

Alabama 01009 Blount County 

Alabama 01011 Bullock County 

Alabama 01013 Butler County 

Alabama 01015 Calhoun County 

Alabama 01017 Chambers County 

Alabama 01019 Cherokee County 

Alabama 01021 Chilton County 

Alabama 01023 Choctaw County 

Alabama 01025 Clarke County 

Alabama 01027 Clay County 

Alabama 01029 Cleburne County 

Alabama 01031 Coffee County 

Alabama 01033 Colbert County 

Alabama 01035 Conecuh County 

Alabama 01037 Coosa County 

Alabama 01039 Covington County 

Alabama 01041 Crenshaw County 

Alabama 01043 Cullman County 

Alabama 01045 Dale County 

Alabama 01047 Dallas County 

Alabama 01049 De Kalb County 

Alabama 01051 Elmore County 

Alabama 01053 Escambia County 

Alabama 01055 Etowah County 

Alabama 01057 Fayette County 

Alabama 01059 Franklin County 

Alabama 01061 Geneva County 

Alabama 01063 Greene County 

Alabama 01065 Hale County 

Alabama 01067 Henry County 

Alabama 01069 Houston County 

Alabama 01071 Jackson County 

Alabama 01073 Jefferson County 

Alabama 01075 Lamar County 

Alabama 01077 Lauderdale County 

Alabama 01079 Lawrence County 

Alabama 01081 Lee County 

Alabama 01083 Limestone County 

Alabama 01085 Lowndes County 

Alabama 01087 Macon County 

Alabama 01089 Madison County 

Alabama 01091 Marengo County 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide A-2 
December 2005 

Alabama 01093 Marion County 

Alabama 01095 Marshall County 

Alabama 01097 Mobile County 

Alabama 01099 Monroe County 

Alabama 01101 Montgomery County 

Alabama 01103 Morgan County 

Alabama 01105 Perry County 

Alabama 01107 Pickens County 

Alabama 01109 Pike County 

Alabama 01111 Randolph County 

Alabama 01113 Russell County 

Alabama 01115 St Clair County 

Alabama 01117 Shelby County 

Alabama 01119 Sumter County 

Alabama 01121 Talladega County 

Alabama 01123 Tallapoosa County 

Alabama 01125 Tuscaloosa County 

Alabama 01127 Walker County 

Alabama 01129 Washington County 

Alabama 01131 Wilcox County 

Alabama 01133 Winston County 

Alaska 02000 The State of Alaska 

Alaska 02013 Aleutians East Borough 

Alaska 02016 Aleutians West Census Area 

Alaska 02020 Anchorage Borough 

Alaska 02050 Bethel Census Area 

Alaska 02060 Bristol Bay Borough 

Alaska 02068 Denali Borough 

Alaska 02070 Dillingham Census Area 

Alaska 02090 Fairbanks North Star Borough 

Alaska 02100 Haines Borough 

Alaska 02110 Juneau Borough 

Alaska 02122 Kenai Peninsula Borough 

Alaska 02130 Ketchikan Gateway Borough 

Alaska 02150 Kodiak Island Borough 

Alaska 02164 Lake and Peninsula Borough 

Alaska 02170 Matanuska-Susitna Borough 

Alaska 02180 Nome Census Area 

Alaska 02185 North Slope Borough 

Alaska 02188 Northwest Arctic Borough 

Alaska 02201 Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area 

Alaska 02220 Sitka Borough 

Alaska 02232 Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon Census Area 

Alaska 02240 Southeast Fairbanks Census Area 

Alaska 02261 Valdez-Cordova Census Area 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide A-3 
December 2005 

APPENDIX B
 

SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES
 

(SCC) AND DEFINITIONS
 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-1 
December 2005 

SOURCE CATEGORY CODE USE AND DEFINITIONS 

This appendix provides a description of the Source Category Codes (SCC) 

used in the NONROAD model. The NONROAD model uses SCCs to define 

the application and engine types. The model uses a hierarchy with the SCC in 

that a general SCC may define information for all more detailed SCC values. 

For example, input data using SCC code 2265000000 applies to all SCCs 

beginning with 2265xxxxxx unless input data are entered for a more detailed 

SCC; e.g., 2265001000 will overwrite the general information for that SCC or 

group of SCCs. Likewise, 2265001000 applies to all Recreational equipment 

(2265001010, 226501020, 226501030, 226501050, and 226501060) unless 

specific data are provided for those SCCs. Use of these hierarchical SCC’s 

allows model input data to be simplified if information is the same for similar 

equipment types. 

The codes used in the NONROAD model are listed in Tables B-1 through B20. These table provide additional explanation of each of these codes, and 

also the average, minimum, and maximum power levels for each equipment 

type. The equipment descriptions are derived from the earlier NEVES (EPA, 

1991) report on emissions from nonroad engines, with additional groups 

defined in EPA’s NONROAD documentation report NR-006c (found at 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm). 

SCCs are defines by EPA, and States and other NONROAD users are 

discouraged from adding their own equipment types to avoid confusion 

between different State uses. To define additional SCCs in the NONROAD 

model, the core model must be recompiled with the additional SCCs included 

in the code using a Lahey FORTRAN compiler with a “Make” utility and the 

“Make” file included in the source code. It is HIGHLY recommended that 

States not alter the source code; if additional applications are required, then a 

cooperative effort should be pursued with EPA staff to add them to the model. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-2 
December 2005 

Table B-1. Recreational vehicles equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers 

to ‘60’ for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ 

for LPG, 68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type	 Definition 

22xx001020 Snowmobiles	 Self-explanatory 

22xx001030 ATV/Off-road All terrain vehicles (ATV) are four or three wheeled 

motorcycles off-road bikes combined with two wheeled off-road 

motorcycles 

22xx001050 Golf Carts	 Self-explanatory 

22xx001060 Specialty VehiclesAny number of off-road vehicles not otherwise 

classified including utility and personnel carriers, ice 

maintenance (aka Zamboni), snow groomers, and other 

various vehicles 

Table B-2. Construction equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ 

for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 

68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type	 Definition 

22xx002003 Pavers Large and small (such as for curbs) primarily selfpropelled pavers 

22xx002006 Tampers/ 

Rammers 

Small ‘handheld,’ walk-behind, or single person sized 

equipment for compaction such as for sidewalk or other 

small area compaction 

22xx002009 Plate Compactors	 Similar to tamper/rammers with a larger vibrating plate 

instead of a ram 

22xx002015 Rollers	 Rollers include smooth and knobby (such as used in 

landfills and called “compactors” not to be confused 

with smaller Plate Compacters) self-propelled rollers 

22xx002018 Scrapers	 Special equipment type that is an off-highway tractor 

with a mid-frame bucket that lowers to scrape loose 

material (dirt) into the bucket to carry to another part of 

the job site to dump; sometimes converted to a waterwagon 

22xx002021 Paving EquipmentVarious equipment types used to smooth and 

distributing paving material including vibrators and 

finishers to support the work of the pavers 

22xx002024 Surfacing Other various equipment used to supplement paving 

Equipment activity including paving material mixers, surface 

profilers (road reclaiming chippers), and seal coating 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-3 
December 2005 

SCC Equipment Type	 Definition 

equipment not used to distribute paving material as with 

paving equipment 

22xx002027 Signal Boards Includes both highway boards and light plants used for 

nighttime lighting 

22xx002030 Trenchers Large and small trenchers typically using a rotating 

front mounted rotating ‘blade’ to pull material from 

trench and distribute it to the side. 

22xx002033 Bore/Drill Rigs Self-explanatory drills or boring rigs of all types that 

are skid mounted, trailer mounted, or self-propelled; not 

to be confused with highway trucks with drill 

attachments running off the highway engine, though 

truck mounted nonroad engines\equipment exist 

22xx002036 Excavators Single purpose wheeled or tracked excavators 

(backhoe) distinct of multipurpose 

tractor/backhoe/loaders 

22xx002039 Concrete/ Handheld and large engine powered saws for stone 

Industrial Saws cutting. 

22xx002042 Cement & Mortar Small mixers used for small batch mixing 

Mixers 

22xx002045 Cranes	 Self-propelled typically cable hoists; not to be confused 

with highway trucks with crane attachments running off 

the highway engine, though truck mounted nonroad 

engines\equipment exist 

22xx002048 Graders	 Called road or motor graders often used to prepare a 

site, especially a road, for paving. A blade is mid-frame 

mounted with equipment having a long wheel base 

22xx002051 Off-highway Large off-highway dump trucks not certified for 

Trucks highway use 

22xx002054 Crushing/Proc. Various crushing and screening equipment for bulk 

Equipment material 

22xx002057 Rough Terrain	 Rough terrain forklifts (RTF) can be confused with 

Forklifts	 typical forklifts but have larger knobby off-road wheels 

and can be confused with rubber tire loaders but are 

specifically designed for handling palettes. RTFs 

include telescoping lift trucks called telescopic handlers 

often used in building construction. 

22xx002060 Rubber Tire Bucket loaders or front-end loaders with a front 

Loaders mounted bucket for scooping though other attachments 

can be used instead of a bucket 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-4 
December 2005 

SCC Equipment Type Definition 

22xx002066 Tractors/ 

Loaders/ 

Backhoes 

22xx002069 Crawler Tractors/ 

Dozers 

22xx002072 Skid Steer 

Loaders 

22xx002075 Off-Highway 

Tractors 

22xx002078 Dumpers/ 

Tenders 

22xx002081 Other 

Construction 

Equipment 

Common and ubiquitous multipurpose equipment type 

that is most often referred to as a “backhoe” but include 

the combined functions of loading and a backhoe in one 

unit. Agricultural tractors with alternative attachments 

may used for similar purposes 

Tracked (not wheeled) loaders and dozers 

Smaller (able to be ‘skid’ mounted to transport to job 

site) loaders which may have alternative attachments 

than a bucket for loading 

Large tractors used to primarily drag large buckets or 

other equipment around a job or mine site, and 

agricultural tractors have been used for the same 

purpose 

Small loaders and other trucks for confined space and 

light loads typically used for small building projects and 

are typically walk-behind equipment. 

Miscellaneous category for equipment not categorized 

above; only example of this type supplied by PSR are 

tensioners which are large winches used in construction 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-5 
December 2005 

Table B-3. Industrial equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ for 

2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 68 

for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type 

22xx003010 Aerial Lifts 

Definition 

Various (telescoping, articulated, scissors, and other) lift 

equipment for personnel also called man lifts not to be 

confused with highway trucks with crane attachments 

running off the highway engine, though truck mounted 

nonroad engines\equipment exist to provide lifts for 

buckets 

22xx003020 Forklifts Small wheeled forklifts used for warehouses and other 

general purposes 

22xx003030 Sweepers/ 

Scrubbers 

22xx003040 Other General 

Industrial 

Equipment 

Off-road primarily self-propelled sweeping and 

scrubbing vehicles 

Miscellaneous category with examples such as 

sandblasters, large vacuum\spraying\other nonroad 

trucks, paint sprayers, general purpose spreaders, and 

winches. 

22xx003050 Other Material 

Handling 

Equipment 

22xx003060 Refrigeration 

Conveyers and other bulk material handling equipment 

Self contained engine compressors for refrigeration such 

as used on refrigeration trucks 

22xx003070 Terminal 

Tractors 

Single driver (typically no passenger seat) off-road 

trucks used primarily for moving highway trailers 

around paved areas such as at container ports and other 

intermodal facilities (rarely used for moving aircraft 

around airports); also called yard spotters, hostlers, and 

hustlers. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-6 
December 2005 

Table B-4. Lawn and garden equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to 

‘60’ for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for 

LPG, 68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type 

22xx004010 Lawn mowers 

(Residential) 

22xx004011 Lawn mowers 

(Commercial) 

Definition 

Walk behind mowers owned by residences 

Walk behind mowers owned by commercial 

landscaping and horticultural services 

companies as well as facility\parks\other 

maintenance departments. 

22xx004015 Rotary Tillers < 6 HP 

(Residential) 

22xx004016 Rotary Tillers < 6 HP 

(Commercial) 

Smaller walk-behind rotary tillers for residential 

gardens 

Smaller walk-behind rotary tillers for residential 

gardens owned by facility\ parks\other 

maintenance departments or landscaping 

professionals 

22xx004020 Chain Saws < 6 HP 

(Residential) 

Self explanatory but smaller than those used for 

forestry 

22xx004021 Chain Saws < 6 HP 

(Commercial) 

Self explanatory but smaller and owned by 

facility\parks\other maintenance departments or 

landscaping professionals 

22xx004025 Trimmers/Edgers/Brush 

Cutters (Residential) 

Small handheld or nonhandheld power 

equipment for general purpose cutting including 

equipment types such as string trimmers (aka 

Weedwackers) as well as other engine powered 

types 

22xx004026 Trimmers/Edgers/Brush 

Cutters (Commercial) 

Same as above but owned by 

facility\parks\other maintenance departments or 

landscaping professionals 

22xx004030 Leafblowers/Vacuums 

(Residential) 

22xx004031 Leafblowers/Vacuums 

(Commercial) 

Self explanatory 

Self explanatory owned by facility\parks\other 

maintenance departments or landscaping 

professionals 

22xx004035 Snowblowers 

(Residential) 

22xx004036 Snowblowers 

(Commercial) 

Self explanatory 

Self explanatory owned by facility\parks\other 

maintenance departments or landscaping 

professionals 

22xx004040 Rear Engine Riding 

Mowers (Residential) 

As described and designed for residential lawn 

mowing 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-7 
December 2005 

SCC Equipment Type	 Definition 

22xx004041 Rear Engine Riding As described and designed for lighter duty 

Mowers (Commercial) mowing than front mowers owned by 

facility\parks\other maintenance departments or 

landscaping professionals 

22xx004046 Front Mowers Heavier duty and more versatile mowers than 

rear engine mowers with mower attached on the 

front of the vehicle 

22xx004051 Shredders < 6 HP Lighter-duty equipment (than chippers\stump 

grinders) with internal blades to reduce small 

diameter wood to small pieces 

22xx004055 Lawn & Garden Tractors Small tractors used for mowing but able to 

(Residential) perform tasks other than mowing and owned by 

residences 

22xx004056 Lawn & Garden Tractors Small tractors used for mowing but able to 

(Commercial)	 perform tasks other than mowing and owned by 

facility\parks\other maintenance departments or 

landscaping professionals 

22xx004066 Chippers/Stump Grinders Internal or external bladed equipment to grind 

and chip various, but primarily woody biomass, 

materials. Heavier duty than shredders. May 

include road chippers, stone grinders, and other 

non-lawn and garden equipment types 

22xx004071 Commercial Turf Various turf equipment designed for 

Equipment	 professional use and include applications, such 

as aerators, dethatchers, sod cutters, hydroseeders, turf utility vehicles, and specific golf 

course equipment including greens mowers and 

sand trap groomers 

22xx004075 Other Lawn & Garden Any other lawn and garden maintenance 

Equipment (Residential)	 equipment not otherwise classified and include 

such equipment types as augers, sickle-bar 

mowers, and wood splitters owned by 

residences 

22xx004076 Other Lawn & Garden Any other lawn and garden maintenance 

Equipment (Commercial) equipment not otherwise classified and include 

such equipment types as augers, sickle-bar 

mowers, and wood splitters owned by 

facility\parks\other maintenance departments or 

landscaping professionals 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-8 
December 2005 

Table B-5. Agricultural equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ 

for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 

68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type 

22xx005010 2-Wheel Tractors 

Definition 

Walk-behind 2-wheeled tractors for use in edible 

produce or other intensive farming 

22xx005015 Agricultural 

Tractors 

Large and small agricultural tractors, most prevalent 

farm equipment type 

22xx005020 Combines 

22xx005025 Balers 

Self-propelled combined harvesting and cleaning 

equipment 

Equipment that bales from loose or windrowed hay or 

other forage mowed crop 

22xx005030 Agricultural 

Mowers 

22xx005035 Sprayers 

Equipment for mowing not intended for later baling or 

harvesting 

Small (backpack) and large (self-propelled) powered 

equipment designed specifically for spraying 

22xx005040 Tillers > 6 HP Primarily small tillers similar to those used in lawn 

and garden applications intended to be used in edible 

produce or other intensive farming 

22xx005045 Swathers Equipment designed to cut crops for later baling or 

harvesting including windrowers 

22xx005055 Other Agricultural 

Equipment 

Other various cultivation equipment types and include 

harvesters or other special cultivating equipment 

22xx005060 Irrigation Sets Agricultural pumps and pivot wheel irrigation 

equipment to distribute water to fields or livestock. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-9 
December 2005 

Table B-6. Commercial equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ 

for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 

68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type Definition 

22xx006005 Generator Set Trailer or skid mounted self contained engine\electric 

generator designed to supply electrical power at a job 

site 

22xx006010 Pumps Trailer or skid mounted engine powered liquid pumps 

22xx006015 Air Compressors Trailer or skid mounted engine powered engine powered 

air compressors to generate high pressure air for 

pneumatic tools or other needs for pressurized air 

22xx006020 Gas Compressors Engine compressors for commercial gas, most likely to 

pressurize CNG from natural gas lines or boost pressure in 

those lines. May be similar to area or stationary source 

engine compressors. 

22xx006025 Welders	 Engine powered arc welding support equipment not unlike 

a generator 

22xx006030 Pressure WashersEngine powered pumps specifically for pressure washers 

22xx006035 Hydro Power Power engines designed to specifically supply hydraulic 

Units power; 

Table B-7. Logging equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ for 2­

stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 68 

for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type 

22xx007005Chain Saws > 6 hp 

Definition 

Larger thinning and harvesting chainsaws for 

commercial forestry 

22xx007010Shredders > 6 hp Larger shredders to reduce slash to smaller pieces; 

it is distinguished from a chipper by not producing 

uniform size pieces. 

22xx007015Fellers/Bunchers/ 

Skidders 

Various harvesting equipment for forestry. Fellers 

typically appear to be excavators or loaders with 

grappling clamps and rotating saw attachments; a 

buncher typically loads whole logs for transport; a 

skidder is typically a low equipment type not unlike 

a loader with a chain winch to pull logs (‘skid’) to a 

location for a buncher or log loader. 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-10 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-11 
December 2005 

Table B-8. GSE/underground mining/oil field equipment types and 

descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke 

gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 68 for CNG). 

SCC 

22xx008005 

Equipment Type 

Airport Support Equipment 

Definition 

All types of airport support equipment; EPA may expand this 

to more and varied types of equipment but only one SCC 

exists to date 

22xx009010 Other Underground Mining 

Equipment 

Mining equipment similar to other construction and mining 

equipment but specially designed for low profile and 

confined space conditions 

22xx010010 Other Oil Field Equipment Various oil field equipment including fracturing rigs, large 

mechanical drilling engines, seismograph rigs, and trailer or 

skid-mounted oil field pumps 

Table B-9. Recreational marine equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to
 

‘60’ for 2-stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 68 for CNG).
 

SCC Equipment Type Definition 

2282005010Gasoline Outboards Standard outboard engines easily removed and 

replaced if needed 

2282005015Personal Watercraft Engines used to provide power to jet-powered small 

boats and riding watercraft (aka JetSki) 

2282010005Gasoline Inboards Primarily 4-stroke engines mounted as an integral 

part of the vessel 

2282020005Diesel Inboards Diesel engines mounted as an integral part of the 

vessel 

2282020010Diesel Outboards Rare, but nonzero diesel powered outboard engines. 

2282020025Diesel Sailboat Not used because auxiliary integrally mounted 

Auxiliary propulsion power primarily for larger sailboats or 

outboard motors are included as inboards or 

outboards 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-12 
December 2005 

Table B-10. Railway maintenance equipment types and descriptions. (xx refers to ‘60’ for 2­

stroke gasoline, ‘65’ for 4-stroke gasoline, ‘70’ for diesel, ‘67’ for LPG, 68 for CNG). 

SCC Equipment Type Definition 

2285002015Diesel Railway Equipment types specifically design for repair, 

Maintenance maintenance, and construction of rail lines 

including ballast handlers, rail/tie handlers, and 

rail straightening equipment 

22850030152-stroke Railway 

Maintenance 

22850040154-stroke Railway 

Maintenance 

2285006015LPG Railway Maintenance 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User’s Guide B-13 
December 2005 

APPENDIX C
 

EXAMPLES OF STANDARD REPORTS 
 

Reports for Travis County, Texas 1998 nonroad emissions are printed in the following order. 

Note that only the first two pages are printed for the longer reports. 

1. Emission Totals by County 

2. Emission Totals by County and Fuel Type 

3. Emission Totals by Equipment Type 

4. Emission Totals by Horsepower 

5. Emission Totals by HP and Source Classification 

6. Emission Totals by HP and Equipment Type 

7. Emission Totals by SCC 

8. Emission Totals by Source Classification 

9. Population and Fuel Consumption by HP and Source Classification 

10. Population and Fuel Consumption by SCC 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-1 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-2 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-3 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-4 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-5 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-6 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-7 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-8 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-9 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-10 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-11 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-12 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-13 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-14 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-15 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-16 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-17 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-18 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-19 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-20 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-21 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-22 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-23 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-24 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide C-25 
December 2005 

APPENDIX D
 

EXAMPLES OF MODEL 
 

COMPARISON REPORTS 
 

Comparison reports for Travis County, Texas 1998 and 2010 nonroad emissions are printed in 

the following order. Note that only the first two pages are printed for the longer reports. 

1. Compare Two Model Runs by HP and Source Classification 

2. Compare Two Model Runs by Pop and Fuel 

3. Compare Two Model Runs by SCC 

4. Compare Two Model Runs by Source Classification 

5. Compare Two Model Runs by County 

6. Compare Two Model Runs by Horsepower 

7. Compare Two Model Runs by Equipment Type 

8. Compare Two Model Runs by HP and SCC 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-1 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-2 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-3 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-4 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-5 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-6 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-7 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-8 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-9 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-10 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-11 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-12 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-13 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-14 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-15 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-16 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide D-17 
December 2005 

APPENDIX E
 

EXAMPLES OF EMISSION
 

FACTOR REPORTS 
 

Reports for Travis County, Texas 1998 emission factors are printed in the following order. Note 

that only the first two pages are printed for the longer reports. 

1. Grams per Operating Hour by SCC 

2. Grams per Operating Hour by HP and SCC 

3. Grams per Day by SCC 

4. Grams per Day by HP and SCC 

5. Grams per HP-Hour by SCC 

6. Grams per HP-Hour by HP and SCC 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-1 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-2 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-3 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-4 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-5 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-6 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-7 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-8 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-9 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-10 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-11 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-12 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-13 
December 2005 

EPA NONROAD Emissions Model User's Guide E-14