II 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4932 

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research, 

development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

AUGUST 1, 2024 

Mr. DURBIN (for himself and Mr. DAINES) introduced the following bill; which 

was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources 

A BILL 

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide 

for a research, development, and demonstration program, 

and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Department of Energy 

5 Quantum Leadership Act of 2024’’. 

6 SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION 

7 SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM. 

8 Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

9 (15 U.S.C. 8851) is amended— 


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1 (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the 

2 following: 

3 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

4 carry out a research, development, and demonstration pro5 gram on quantum information science, engineering, and 

6 technology.’’; 

7 (2) in subsection (b)— 

8 (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ‘‘, engi9 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

10 (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘, engi11 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

12 (C) by striking paragraph (3) and insert13 ing the following: 

14 ‘‘(3) provide research experiences and training 

15 for additional undergraduate and graduate students 

16 in quantum information science, engineering, and 

17 technology, including in the fields specified in para18 graph (4);’’; 

19 (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) 

20 through (5) as paragraphs (5) through (7), re21 spectively; 

22 (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the 

23 following: 

24 ‘‘(3) operate National Quantum Information 

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1 celerate and scale scientific and technical break2 throughs in quantum information science, engineer3 ing, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art 

4 infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry 

5 partners; 

6 ‘‘(4) conduct cooperative research with indus7 try, National Laboratories, institutions of higher 

8 education, and other research institutions to facili9 tate the development and demonstration of quantum 

10 information science, engineering, and technology pri11 orities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy, 

12 including in the fields of— 

13 ‘‘(A) quantum information theory; 

14 ‘‘(B) quantum physics; 

15 ‘‘(C) quantum computational science, in16 cluding hardware and software, machine learn17 ing, and data science; 

18 ‘‘(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 

19 development; 

20 ‘‘(E) quantum communications and net21 working, including hardware and software for 

22 quantum communications and networking; 

23 ‘‘(F) quantum sensing and detection; 

24 ‘‘(G) materials science and engineering; 


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1 ‘‘(H) quantum modeling and simulation, 

2 including molecular modeling; 

3 ‘‘(I) near- and long-term application devel4 opment, as determined by the Secretary of En5 ergy; 

6 ‘‘(J) quantum chemistry; 

7 ‘‘(K) quantum biology; 

8 ‘‘(L) superconductive and high-perform9 ance microelectronics; and 

10 ‘‘(M) quantum security technologies;’’; 

11 (F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesig12 nated)— 

13 (i) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

14 ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

15 (ii) by redesignating subparagraph 

16 (F) as subparagraph (J); and 

17 (iii) by inserting after subparagraph 

18 (E) the following: 

19 ‘‘(F) the Office of Electricity; 

20 ‘‘(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy 

21 Security, and Emergency Response; 

22 ‘‘(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Car23 bon Management; 

24 ‘‘(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; 

25 and’’; and 


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1 (G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesig2 nated)— 

3 (i) by striking ‘‘and’’ before ‘‘poten4 tial’’; and 

5 (ii) by inserting ‘‘, and other relevant 

6 stakeholders, as determined by the Sec7 retary of Energy’’ before the period at the 

8 end; and 

9 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

10 ‘‘(c) INDUSTRY OUTREACH.—In carrying out the pro11 gram under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall 

12 support the quantum technology industry and promote 

13 commercialization of applications of quantum technology 

14 relevant to the activities of the Department of Energy 

15 by— 

16 ‘‘(1) educating— 

17 ‘‘(A) the energy industry on near-term and 

18 commercially available quantum technologies; 

19 and 

20 ‘‘(B) the quantum industry on potential 

21 energy applications; 

22 ‘‘(2) accelerating the advancements of United 

23 States quantum computing, communications, net24 working, sensing, and security capabilities to protect 

25 and optimize the energy sector; 


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1 ‘‘(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 

2 manufacturing capabilities, and associated simula3 tions or modeling capabilities; 

4 ‘‘(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 

5 technologies from National Laboratories and engag6 ing with the Quantum Economic Development Con7 sortium and other organizations, as applicable, to 

8 transition component technologies that advance the 

9 development of a quantum supply chain; and 

10 ‘‘(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry 

11 partner access, especially for small- and medium12 sized businesses, to specialized quantum instrumen13 tation, equipment, testbeds, and other infrastructure 

14 to design, prototype, and test novel quantum hard15 ware and streamline user access to reduce costs and 

16 other administrative burdens. 

17 ‘‘(d) HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING STRATEGIC

18 PLAN.— 

19 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

20 the date of enactment of this subsection, the Sec21 retary of Energy shall submit to Congress a 10-year 

22 strategic plan to guide Federal programs in design23 ing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, energy-effi24 cient high-performance computing systems capable 

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1 cluding quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine 

2 learning accelerators, to enable the computing facili3 ties of the Department of Energy to advance na4 tional computing resources. 

5 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—The strategic plan under 

6 paragraph (1) shall include the following: 

7 ‘‘(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capa8 bilities and infrastructure from the exascale 

9 computing program, as the Secretary of Energy 

10 determines necessary. 

11 ‘‘(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the 

12 advanced scientific computing workforce. 

13 ‘‘(C) A consideration of a diversity of 

14 quantum computing modalities. 

15 ‘‘(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 

16 commercially available quantum hardware and 

17 software to complement on-premises high-per18 formance computing systems and resources con19 sistent with the QUEST program established 

20 under section 404. 

21 ‘‘(e) EARLY-STAGE QUANTUM HIGH-PERFORMANCE

22 COMPUTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.— 

23 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

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1 ment program in quantum high-performance com2 puting— 

3 ‘‘(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 

4 described in subsection (d)(1); and 

5 ‘‘(B) to build the necessary scientific com6 puting workforce to fulfill the objectives of that 

7 plan. 

8 ‘‘(2) ACTIVITIES.—The program established 

9 under paragraph (1) shall— 

10 ‘‘(A) support early-stage quantum super11 computing testbeds and prototypes; and 

12 ‘‘(B) connect early-stage quantum high13 performance computing projects to the Centers 

14 funded under this Act. 

15 ‘‘(3) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

16 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 

17 not more than $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

18 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

19 this subsection. 

20 ‘‘(f) SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY.—Not later than 180 

21 days after the date of enactment of this subsection, the 

22 Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study on quantum 

23 science, engineering, and technology supply chain needs, 

24 including— 


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1 ‘‘(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quan2 tum industry by leveraging the expertise of the 

3 Quantum Economic Development Consortium; and 

4 ‘‘(2) making recommendations on how to 

5 strengthen the domestic supply of materials and 

6 technologies necessary for the development of a ro7 bust manufacturing base and workforce. 

8 ‘‘(g) TRAINEESHIP PROGRAM.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

10 shall establish a university-led traineeship pro11 gram— 

12 ‘‘(A) to address workforce development 

13 needs in quantum information science, engi14 neering, and technology; and 

15 ‘‘(B) that will focus on supporting in16 creased participation, workforce development, 

17 and research experiences for underrepresented 

18 undergraduate and graduate students. 

19 ‘‘(2) FUNDING.—Of funds made available under 

20 subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use 

21 not more than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

22 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under 

23 this subsection. 

24 ‘‘(h) COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—In carrying 

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1 imum extent practicable, coordinate with the Director of 

2 the National Science Foundation, the Director of the Na3 tional Institute of Standards and Technology, the Admin4 istrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis5 tration, the Director of the Defense Advanced Research 

6 Projects Agency, and the heads of other relevant Federal 

7 departments and agencies to ensure that programs and 

8 activities carried out under this section complement and 

9 do not duplicate existing efforts across the Federal govern10 ment. 

11 ‘‘(i) FUNDING.— 

12 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Of the funds authorized to 

13 be appropriated to the Office of Science under sec14 tion 303(j) of the Department of Energy Research 

15 and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18641(j)), there is 

16 authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of 

17 Energy not more than $175,000,000 for each of fis18 cal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out activities 

19 under this section. 

20 ‘‘(2) RESTRICTIONS.— 

21 ‘‘(A) CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 

22 funds made available under this subsection may 

23 be obligated to or expended by an institution of 

24 higher education that maintains a contract or 


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1 other agreement with a Confucius Institute or 

2 any successor of a Confucius Institute. 

3 ‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ENTITIES

4 OF CONCERN.— 

5 ‘‘(i) DEFINITIONS.—In this subpara6 graph: 

7 ‘‘(I) FOREIGN COUNTRY OF CON8 CERN.—The term ‘foreign country of 

9 concern’ means— 

10 ‘‘(aa) a covered nation (as 

11 defined in section 4872(d) of title 

12 10, United States Code); and 

13 ‘‘(bb) any other country that 

14 the Secretary of Energy, in con15 sultation with the Secretary of 

16 Defense, the Secretary of State, 

17 and the Director of National In18 telligence, determines to be en19 gaged in conduct that is detri20 mental to the national security or 

21 foreign policy of the United 

22 States. 

23 ‘‘(II) FOREIGN ENTITY OF CON24 CERN.—The term ‘foreign entity of 


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1 concern’ means a foreign entity 

2 that— 

3 ‘‘(aa) is designated as a for4 eign terrorist organization by the 

5 Secretary of State under section 

6 219(a) of the Immigration and 

7 Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

8 1189(a)); 

9 ‘‘(bb) is included on the list 

10 of specially designated nationals 

11 and blocked persons maintained 

12 by the Office of Foreign Assets 

13 Control of the Department of the 

14 Treasury; 

15 ‘‘(cc) is owned by, controlled 

16 by, or subject to the jurisdiction 

17 or direction of a government of a 

18 foreign country that is a covered 

19 nation (as defined in section 

20 4872(d) of title 10, United 

21 States Code); 

22 ‘‘(dd) is alleged by the At23 torney General to have been in24 volved in activities for which a 

25 conviction was obtained under— 


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1 ‘‘(AA) chapter 37 of 

2 title 18, United States Code 

3 (commonly known as the 

4 ‘Espionage Act’); 

5 ‘‘(BB) section 951 or 

6 1030 of title 18, United 

7 States Code; 

8 ‘‘(CC) chapter 90 of 

9 title 18, United States Code 

10 (commonly known as the 

11 ‘Economic Espionage Act of 

12 1996’); 

13 ‘‘(DD) the Arms Ex14 port Control Act (22 U.S.C. 

15 2751 et seq.); 

16 ‘‘(EE) section 224, 

17 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the 

18 Atomic Energy Act of 1954 

19 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 

20 2276, 2277, 2284); 

21 ‘‘(FF) the Export Con22 trol Reform Act of 2018 (50 

23 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or 

24 ‘‘(GG) the International 

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1 ers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et 

2 seq.); or 

3 ‘‘(ee) is determined by the 

4 Secretary of Energy, in consulta5 tion with the Secretary of De6 fense and the Director of Na7 tional Intelligence, to be engaged 

8 in unauthorized conduct that is 

9 detrimental to the national secu10 rity or foreign policy of the 

11 United States. 

12 ‘‘(ii) RESTRICTION.—None of the 

13 funds made available under this subsection 

14 may be obligated or expended to promote, 

15 establish, or finance quantum research ac16 tivities between a United States entity and 

17 a foreign country of concern or a foreign 

18 entity of concern.’’. 

19 SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 

20 PROGRAM. 

21 The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 

22 inserting after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following: 


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1 ‘‘SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRU2 MENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM. 

3 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

4 establish an instrumentation and infrastructure program 

5 to carry out the following: 

6 ‘‘(1) Maintain United States leadership in 

7 quantum information science, engineering, and tech8 nology. 

9 ‘‘(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains. 

10 ‘‘(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 

11 community. 

12 ‘‘(4) Support activities carried out under sec13 tions 401, 403, and 404. 

14 ‘‘(b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 

15 program under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy 

16 shall— 

17 ‘‘(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and com18 mercialize specialized equipment, laboratory infra19 structure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to 

20 advance quantum engineering research and the de21 velopment of quantum component technologies at a 

22 scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific 

23 community and enable commercialization of quan24 tum technology; 

25 ‘‘(2) leverage the capabilities of National Lab26 oratories and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, 


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1 including facilities and experts that research and de2 velop novel quantum materials and devices; and 

3 ‘‘(3) consider the technologies and end-use ap4 plications identified by the Quantum Economic De5 velopment Consortium as having significant eco6 nomic potential. 

7 ‘‘(c) QUANTUM FOUNDRIES.—In carrying out the 

8 program under subsection (a), and in coordination with 

9 institutions of higher education and industry, the Sec10 retary of Energy shall support the development of quan11 tum foundries focused on meeting the device, hardware, 

12 software, and materials needs of the scientific community 

13 and the quantum supply chain. 

14 ‘‘(d) FUNDING.—Of amounts appropriated or other15 wise made available to the Office of Science, the Secretary 

16 of Energy shall use not more than $50,000,000 for each 

17 of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out this sec18 tion.’’. 

19 SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RE20 SEARCH CENTERS. 

21 Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

22 (15 U.S.C. 8852) is amended— 

23 (1) in subsection (a)— 

24 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

25 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 


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1 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech2 nology and to support research conducted 

3 under section 401’’ and inserting ‘‘science, 

4 engineering, and technology, expand capac5 ity for the domestic quantum workforce, 

6 and support research conducted under sec7 tions 401, 403, and 404’’; and 

8 (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting 

9 ‘‘that may include 1 or more commercial enti10 ties’’ after ‘‘collaborations’’; 

11 (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ‘‘and should 

12 be inclusive of the variety of viable quantum tech13 nologies, as appropriate’’ before the period at the 

14 end; 

15 (3) in subsection (c)— 

16 (A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

17 (B) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and tech18 nology, accelerating quantum workforce devel19 opment,’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

20 (4) in subsection (d)(1)— 

21 (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

22 ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

23 (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 

24 subparagraph (E); and 


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1 (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) 

2 the following: 

3 ‘‘(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; 

4 and’’; 

5 (5) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 

6 and inserting the following: 

7 ‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Each Center established 

8 under this section may be renewed for an additional 

9 period of 5 years following a successful, merit-based 

10 review and approval by the Director.’’; and 

11 (6) in subsection (f), in the first sentence— 

12 (A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and insert13 ing ‘‘$35,000,000’’; and 

14 (B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2023’’ and 

15 inserting ‘‘2025 through 2029’’. 

16 SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK IN17 FRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP18 MENT PROGRAM. 

19 Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

20 (15 U.S.C. 8853) is amended— 

21 (1) in subsection (a)— 

22 (A) in paragraph (4)— 

23 (i) by inserting ‘‘, including’’ after 

24 ‘‘networking’’; and 

25 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 


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1 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe2 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

3 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of mo5 dalities and commercially available quantum hard6 ware and software; and 

7 ‘‘(7) develop education and training pathways 

8 related to quantum network infrastructure invest9 ments, aligned with existing programmatic invest10 ments by the Department of Energy.’’; and 

11 (2) in subsection (b)— 

12 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

13 (i) by redesignating subparagraphs 

14 (C) and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and 

15 (E), respectively; and 

16 (ii) by inserting after subparagraph 

17 (B) the following: 

18 ‘‘(C) the Administrator of the National 

19 Aeronautics and Space Administration;’’; 

20 (B) in paragraph (2)— 

21 (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 

22 ‘‘ground-to-space and’’ before ‘‘space-to23 ground’’; 


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1 (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

2 ‘‘photon-based’’ and inserting ‘‘all applica3 ble modalities of’’; 

4 (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting 

5 ‘‘, quantum sensors,’’ after ‘‘quantum re6 peaters’’; 

7 (iv) in subparagraph (G)— 

8 (I) by inserting ‘‘data centers,’’ 

9 after ‘‘repeaters,’’; and 

10 (II) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

11 (v) in subparagraph (H)— 

12 (I) by striking ‘‘the quantum 

13 technology stack’’ and inserting 

14 ‘‘quantum technology modality 

15 stacks’’; and 

16 (II) by striking ‘‘National Lab17 oratories in’’ and inserting ‘‘National 

18 Laboratories such as’’; and 

19 (vi) by adding at the end the fol20 lowing: 

21 ‘‘(I) development of quantum network and 

22 entanglement distribution protocols or applica23 tions, including development of network stack 

24 protocols and protocols enabling integration 

25 with existing technologies or infrastructure; and 


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1 ‘‘(J) development of high-efficiency room2 temperature photon detectors for quantum 

3 photonic applications, including quantum net4 working and communications;’’; 

5 (C) in paragraph (4)— 

6 (i) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

7 (ii) by striking ‘‘material’’ and insert8 ing ‘‘materials’’; and 

9 (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ‘‘funda10 mental’’; and 

11 (3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘basic re12 search’’ and inserting ‘‘research, development, and 

13 demonstration’’. 

14 SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPAN15 SION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRO16 GRAM. 

17 Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

18 (15 U.S.C. 8854) is amended— 

19 (1) in subsection (a)— 

20 (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 

21 by striking ‘‘and quantum computing clouds’’ 

22 and inserting ‘‘, software, and cloud-based 

23 quantum computing’’; 

24 (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

25 the end; 


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1 (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the pe2 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

3 (D) by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘(5) to enable development of software and ap5 plications, including estimation of resources needed 

6 to scale applications; and 

7 ‘‘(6) to develop near-term quantum applications 

8 to solve public and private sector problems.’’; 

9 (2) in subsection (b)— 

10 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

11 the end; 

12 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe13 riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

14 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

15 ‘‘(6) enable users to develop algorithms, soft16 ware tools, simulators, and applications for quantum 

17 systems using cloud-based quantum computers; and 

18 ‘‘(7) partner with appropriate public- and pri19 vate-sector entities to develop training and education 

20 opportunities on prototype and early-stage devices.’’; 

21 (3) in subsection (c)— 

22 (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) 

23 through (8) as paragraphs (5) through (9), re24 spectively; and 


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1 (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the 

2 following: 

3 ‘‘(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad4 ministration;’’; and 

5 (4) in subsection (e)— 

6 (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

7 the end; 

8 (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the pe9 riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

10 (C) by adding at the end the following: 

11 ‘‘(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.’’. 

Æ 


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