### ______ 1 ••

ATTACHMENT 

### 112

State of Illinois Rod R. Blagojevich, Governor

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Douglas P. Scott, Director



# Illinois Base Year

Ozone Inventory for 2002

June 

# 2006

## AQPSTR06-03



## Illinois Base Year Ozone Inventory for 2002

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 1021 North Grand Avenue East P.O. Box 19276 Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276

Draft: June 2006

## Table of Contents

Section Page

1.0 Introduc tion.................................................................................................1

2.0 Emission Invent ory Summa ries ..................................................................3 2.1 Backg round......................................................................................3 2.2 Met hodology ....................................................................................4 2.2.1 Poin t Sources........................................................................7 2.2.2 Area Sources ........................................................................7 2.2.3 Mobile Sources .....................................................................7 2.3 Resu lts.............................................................................................8 2.3.1 State wide Emi ssions ...........................................................17 2.3.2 Chicago NAA Emissi ons .....................................................17 2.3.3 Metro-East NAA Emis sions .................................................18 2.3.4 Attainment Area Emi ssions .................................................18

3.0 Point S ources ...........................................................................................29 3.1 Point Source Process Em issions ...................................................29 3.1.1 Source Identificat ion and Data Collectio n ...........................30 3.1.2 Non-reactive VO M Emission Adju stments ..........................30 3.1.3 Emission Esti mation Methodol ogies....................................30 3.2 Point Source F ugitive Em issions ...................................................30 3.2.1 Fugitive Source Ident ification and Data Collection..............31 3.2.2 Landfill Emission Estimation Me thodology ..........................31

4.0 Area S ources............................................................................................33 4.1 Source I dentificat ion ......................................................................33 4.1.1 Evaporative Emissions (VOM) ............................................33 4.1.2 Combustion Emi ssions (CO, NO x, VOM)............................34 4.1.3 Exclude d Categor ies...........................................................34 4.2 Emission Esti mation Me thods ........................................................35 4.2.1 Source s of Data ..................................................................35 4.2.2 Rule Effectiveness and Rule Pene tration............................36 4.2.3 Double Count ing of Em issions ............................................36 4.2.4 Annual Emissions to Da ily Emissions Ca lculation...............37 4.2.5 Estimating Emissions at the Town ship Level ......................37 4.3 Categorical Emission Su mmary.....................................................38 4.3.1 Agricultural Pe sticide Appl icatio n ........................................38 4.3.2 Aircra ft Refuel ing.................................................................39 4.3.3 Architec tural Coat ings.........................................................40 4.3.4 Asphal t Pavi ng ....................................................................41 4.3.5 Automobile Refinish ing .......................................................42

iSection Page

4.3.6 Commerc ial Cook ing...........................................................44 4.3.7 Consumer Solvent Use .......................................................46 4.3.8 Dry Cleanin g .......................................................................47 4.3.9 Fore st Fire s.........................................................................48 4.3.10 Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Inst ituti onal.......................49 4.3.11 Fuel Combus tion – Indus trial ..............................................53 4.3.12 Fuel Combus tion – Resi dential ...........................................55 4.3.13 Gasoli ne Market ing .............................................................62 4.3.14 Gr aphic Ar ts ........................................................................ 68 4.3.15 Inci neratio n .........................................................................69 4.3.16 Industrial Surface C oating ...................................................70 4.3.17 Marine Vessel VO L Loading and Tr ansport ........................72 4.3.18 Open Burnin g......................................................................73 4.3.19 Pavem ent Mark ings ............................................................77 4.3.20 Portable F uel Contai ners ....................................................78 4.3.21 Solvent Cleani ng.................................................................81 4.3.22 Struct ure Fire s.....................................................................82 4.3.23 Waste Wa ter Treat ment ......................................................83 4.3.24 Biogeni c Emissi ons.............................................................86

5.0 Mobile Sources.........................................................................................87 5.0.1 Categories of Mobile S ources .............................................87 5.0.2 Categories and Comp onents of Mobile Source Emi ssions ............................................................................88 5.1 On-Highway Mobile Source In ventory ...........................................89 5.1.1 On-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Summary...............89 5.1.2 Inventory Gui dance and Refe rences...................................90 5.1.3 Basic Concepts of On -Highway Mobile Source Emission Inv entorie s...........................................................92 5.1.4 Calculation of Daily Em issions ..........................................107 5.1.5 Calculation of Annual Em issions .......................................109 5.2 Off-Highway Mobile Source Em issions ........................................110 5.2.1 Estimating Off- Highway Emi ssions ...................................110 5.2.2 Off-Highway M odes of Trans portati on...............................110

6.0 Quality A ssuranc e ..................................................................................127 6.1 Purpose of the Invent ory..............................................................127 6.2 Scope of the Qua lity Assuranc e Plan ..........................................127 6.3 Summary of QA Activi ties ............................................................127 6.3.1 Inventory and QA Pl anning ...............................................128 6.3.2 Resource Allocation for QA...............................................128 6.3.3 Schedule and Project Pl anning .........................................128

iiSection Page

6.4 QA Technica l Informa tion ............................................................129 6.4.1 Prioritizing Sour ces and Data Elements............................129 6.4.2 Data Sources and Checking Pr ocedures ..........................130 6.5 Data Collec tion and Anal ysis .......................................................131 6.5.1 Identification of Emission Source s ....................................131 6.5.2 Data Qualit y ......................................................................132 6.5.3 Emission Es timation Me thods ...........................................133 6.5.4 Consistency with Other States ..........................................133 6.5.5 Calculations and Data H andling ........................................134 6.5.6 Validat ion Proc edures .......................................................134 6.6 Data Handli ng ..............................................................................135 6.6.1 Data Codi ng and Reco rding ..............................................135 6.6.2 Data Tracki ng.................................................................... 135 6.6.3 Corre cting Da ta.................................................................135 6.6.4 Mi ssing Da ta .....................................................................135 6.7 QA Audits .....................................................................................136 6.7.1 In ternal ..............................................................................136 6.7.2 Ex ternal.............................................................................137

7.0 Conclu sion ..............................................................................................139

8.0 Refer ences .............................................................................................141

Appendices A 2002 Illinois Statewide Em issions by Ca tegory............................A-1 B 2002 Illinois Chicago NAA Em issions by Ca tegory......................B-1 C 2002 Illinois Metro-East NAA Emissions by Category..................C-1 D 2002 Illinois Attainment Area Emissions by Category..................D-1 E 2002 Illinois County Level Emi ssions........................................... E-1 F Nonattainment Township Su rrogates and Apportionment ........... F-1 G Sample County Level Activity Data..............................................G-1

iii

## List of Tables

Number Page

2-1 Total Ozone Inventory Typi cal Summer Day Emissi ons.............................9 2-2 Total Ozone Inventor y Annual Em issions .................................................10 2-3 Geographic C ontributi ons......................................................................... 17 2-4 Statewide Emissi on Contribut ions ............................................................17 2-5 Chicago NAA Emissi on Contri butions ......................................................17 2-6 Metro-East NAA Em ission Contri butions ..................................................18 2-7 Attainment Area Em ission Contri butions ..................................................18 3-1 Point Source Emissi ons............................................................................32 4-1 Agricultural Pesticide Active Ingredient per Ac re Factors .........................38 4-2 Agricultural Pestici de Application Emissi ons ............................................39 4-3 Aircraft Refuel ing Emi ssions .....................................................................40 4-4 Architectural C oating Emi ssions ...............................................................41 4-5 Asphalt Pavi ng Emissi ons ........................................................................ 42 4-6 Automobile Refini shing Emi ssions............................................................43 4-7 Percent of Restaur ants with Each Type of Cooking Eq uipment ...............44 4-8 Average Number of Equipment Pieces by Rest aurant Ty pe ....................44 4-9 Average Pounds of Meat Cooked on Each Type of Equipment................45 4-10 Commercial Cooking Emission Fa ctors....................................................45 4-11 Commercial Cook ing Emi ssions ...............................................................46 4-12 Consumer Solvent Us e Emission Factors ................................................46 4-13 Consumer Solvent Use Emi ssions ...........................................................47 4-14 Dry Cleaning Emission s ...........................................................................48 4-15 Forest Fire Em ission Fact ors....................................................................49 4-16 Forest Fire Emissi ons...............................................................................49 4-17 Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion Emi ssion Fact ors...................50 4-18 Commercial/Institutional Natu ral Gas Combustion Emissi ons..................51 4-19 Commercial/Institutional Disti llate Oil Combus tion Emi ssions ..................51 4-20 Commercial/Institutional Resi dual Oil Combusti on Emissi ons..................52 4-21 Commercial/Institutional Kero sene Combustion Emissions......................52 4-22 Commercial/Institutional LPG Combustion Emission s..............................53 4-23 Industrial Fuel Combus tion Emission Factors...........................................54 4-24 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Em issions..........................................54 4-25 Industrial Dist illate Oil Combusti on Emissi ons..........................................55 4-26 Industrial Residual Oil Combustion Em ission s .........................................55 4-27 Residential Fuel Combustion Em ission Factors ot her than Wood............56 4-28 Statewide Residential F uel Combustion Fuel Us e....................................56 4-29 Residential Natural Ga s Combustion Em issions ......................................57 4-30 Residential Distillate O il Combustion Em issions.......................................57 4-31 Residential Kerosene Co mbustion Em ission s ..........................................58 4-32 Residential LPG Co mbustion Em issions ..................................................58 4-33 Residential Coal Combustion Em issions ..................................................59

ivNumber Page

4-34 Application of Amer ican Housin g Surv ey..................................................60 4-35 Residential Wood Combus tion Emission Factors.....................................61 4-36 Residential Wood Combus tion Fireplace Emissi ons ................................62 4-37 Residential Wood Combusti on Wood Stove Em issions............................62 4-38 Stage I Em issions .....................................................................................63 4-39 Stage II Emissi on Factor s.........................................................................64 4-40 Stage II Em issions ....................................................................................65 4-41 Tank Truck Leak Emission Fa ctors ..........................................................66 4-42 Gasoline Tank Tr uck Leak Em issions ......................................................66 4-43 Underground Storage Tank Br eathing Emission Factors .........................67 4-44 Underground Storage Tank Breathing Em issions .....................................67 4-45 Graphic Arts Emission s ............................................................................68 4-46 Incineration Emi ssion Fact ors...................................................................69 4-47 Industrial/Commercial/Institut ional Incinerati on Emissi ons .......................70 4-48 Industrial Surface Coat ing Emission Factors............................................71 4-49 Industrial Surface Coating Em issions .......................................................72 4-50 Marine Vessel VOL Loading and Transport Emissi ons ............................73 4-51 Prescribed Burning Emission Fa ctors.......................................................74 4-52 Prescribed Burn ing Emi ssions ..................................................................74 4-53 Residential Household Waste Combustion Emissi on Factors ..................75 4-54 Residential Household Wa ste Combustion Emissi ons .............................76 4-55 Yard Waste Combusti on Emission Factors ..............................................76 4-56 Yard Waste Com bustion Emi ssions .........................................................77 4-57 Pavement Mark ing Emi ssions ..................................................................78 4-58 Commercial Portable Fuel Cont ainer VOM Emission Factors ..................79 4-59 Commercial Portable Fuel Container Emissi ons ......................................80 4-60 Residential Portable Fuel Container Emissi on Factor s.............................80 4-61 Residential Portable F uel Container Emissi ons........................................81 4-62 Solvent Cleaning Emission Fa ctors..........................................................82 4-63 Solvent Cle aning Emis sions .....................................................................82 4-64 Structure Fire Emission Fa ctors ...............................................................83 4-65 Structure Fire Emissi ons ..........................................................................83 4-66 POTW Em issions .....................................................................................85 4-67 Industrial Waste Wate r Treatment Emissi ons...........................................85 4-68 Biogenic Emissi ons ..................................................................................86 5-1 On-Road Mobile S ource Emi ssions ..........................................................90 5-2 Inventory Vehicle Types in MO BILE6 .......................................................92 5-3 HPMS Functional Classes of Roads and Th eir C odes ............................. 93 5-4 MOBILE6 Facility Types or Drivi ng Cycl es ...............................................94 5-5 Statewide Aver age VMT Mi xes.................................................................97 5-6 Summary of ADVM T...............................................................................100 5-7 Weekday Seasonal Division Factor s for Applicati on to Weekday...........103

vNumber Page

5-8 Monthly Factors to Convert ADVMT to Total Monthly VMT ....................104 5-9 MOBILE6.2 Inputs Used in this Inventory to Evaluate Summer Weekday Emissi on Factor s ....................................................................105 5-10 Specialized MOBILE6 Inputs for Summer Weekday Refueling Emission Fa ctors....................................................................................106 5-11 I/M Fraction for Illinois C ounties .............................................................109 5-12 Statewide Facili ty Type Fr actions ...........................................................110 5-13 Railroad Locomo tive Emi ssions ..............................................................111 5-14 Aircraft Emissi ons................................................................................... 112 5-15 Fleetwide Emi ssion Fact ors....................................................................119 5-16 EDMS Emission Factors for Militar y Aircraft Based in Illi nois .................120 5-17 Emissions from APU s.............................................................................121 5-18 Commercial Marine Vessel Emi ssions ...................................................124 5-19 NONROAD Input Parameters for Summer Daily Emissi ons...................125 5-20 NONROAD Input Paramete rs for Annual Emissi ons ..............................126 5-21 Off-road Engi ne Emissi ons..................................................................... 126 6-1 Potential Sources with 2002 Emi ssions not being Representative .........137 6-2 Sources Making Comments on Data Sent to IE RG................................138 7-1 Emission Summary (tons/ day)................................................................139 7-2 Emission Summary (tons/y ear)...............................................................139 7-3 Statewide Emissi on Contribut ions ..........................................................139 7-4 Chicago NAA Emissi on Contri butions ....................................................140 7-5 Metro-East NAA Em ission Contri butions ................................................140 7-6 Attainment Area Em ission Contri butions ................................................140 7-7 Geographic C ontributi ons....................................................................... 140 A-1 Statewide Emissions ..............................................................................A-1 B-1 Chicago NAA Emission s.........................................................................B-1 C-1 Metro-East N AA Emissi ons .................................................................... C-1 D-1 Attainment Ar ea Emissi ons .................................................................... D-1 E-1 County Level CO Emissi ons................................................................... E-1 E-2 County Level NO x Emissi ons .................................................................E-6 E-3 County Level VO M Emissi ons .............................................................. E-11 F-1 Nonattainment Township Su rrogates and Appor tionment ...................... F-1 G-1 County Level Ac tivity Da ta......................................................................G-1 G-2 County Level Commercial/In stitutional Fu el Use ....................................G-4 G-3 County Level Industr ial Fuel Use............................................................G-7 G-4 County Level Resident ial Fuel Use.......................................................G-10 G-5 Average Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel by County and HPMS Functional Class................................................................................... G-13 G-6 Average Summer Weekday Vehicle Miles of Travel by County and HPMS Functi onal Class .................................................................G-16 G-7 Monthly VMT by Count y .......................................................................G-19 G-8 Aircraft O perations ................................................................................G-22

vi

## List of Figures

Number Page

2-1 Daily CO Em ission Su mmary ...................................................................11 2-2 Annual CO Em ission Su mmary ................................................................12 2-3 Daily NOx Em ission Su mmary..................................................................13 2-4 Annual NOx Emission Su mmary ..............................................................14 2-5 Daily VOM Em ission Su mmary.................................................................15 2-6 Annual VOM Em ission Su mmary .............................................................16 2-7 Statewide Geographic Contri butions of Ozone Precursor Daily Emi ssions ........................................................................................19 2-8 Statewide Geographic Contri butions of Ozone Precursor Annual Emi ssions .....................................................................................20 2-9 Chicago NAA Ozone Prec ursor Daily Emissi ons......................................21 2-10 Chicago NAA Ozone Prec ursor Annual Emissi ons...................................22 2-11 Metro-East NAA Ozone Pr ecursor Daily Emissi ons .................................23 2-12 Metro-East NAA Ozone Pr ecursor Annual Emissi ons ..............................24 2-13 Attainment Area Ozone Pr ecursor Daily Emissi ons..................................25 2-14 Attainment Area Ozone Pr ecursor Annual Emissi ons ..............................26 2-15 Statewide Ozone Precur sor Daily Em ission s ...........................................27 2-16 Statewide Ozone Precur sor Annual Em issions ........................................28

vii

## List of Acronyms

ADT Average Daily Traffic ADVMT Average Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled AER Annual Emission Report AFB Air Force Base AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors APU Auxiliary Power Unit ASWVMT Average Summer Weekday Vehicle Miles Traveled BIOME3 Biogenic Model for Emissions (version 3.0) CAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 CAERS Computerized Annual Emission Reporting System CATS Chicago Area Tr ansportation Study CERR Consolidate Emissions Reporting Rule C/I Commercial/Institutional CMV Commercial Marine Vessel CNG Compressed Natural Gas CO Carbon Monoxide CTG Control Technique Guideline DVMT Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled EDMS Environmental Data Management System EGAS Economic and Grow th Analysis System EIA Energy Information Administration EWGCC East-West Gatewa y Coordinating Council FAA Federal Aviation Administration FC Functional Classes FHWA Federal Highway Administration FT Facility Type HC Hydrocarbon HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System IC Internal Combustion ICEMAN Integrated Comprehensive Environmental Management System IDOT Illinois Departm ent of Transportation IEPA Illinois Environm ental Protection Agency IERG Illinois Environmental Regulatory Group IDS Inventory and Data Support Unit I/M Inspection and Maintenance ISSIS Illinois EPA’s Illinois’ Stat ionary Source Inventory System IWTF Industrial Wastewat er Treatment Facility LADCO Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTO Landing and Takeoff Operation MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization MRI Midwest Research Institute NAA Nonattainment Area NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

viiiNAICS North American Industr ial Classification System NOx Oxides of Nitrogen OAQPS USEPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards OBVR On-board Vapor Recovery POTW Publicly-owned Treatment Works PUA Public Use Airport QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control RE Rule Effectiveness ROP Rate of Progress RP Rule Penetration RVP Reid Vapor Pressure SCC Source Classification Code SIC Standard Industrial Cl assification (code) SIP State Implementation Plan SOCMI Synthetic Organic Chemic al Manufacturing Industry THC Total Hydrocarbons TIM Time In Mode TPD Tons per Day TPY Tons per Year TSDF Hazardous Waste Treatmen t, Storage and Disposal Facility USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled VOL Volatile Organic Liquid(s) VOM Volatile Organic Material

ixExecutive Summary

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA) requi res all states to revise and submit State Implementation Plans (SIPs) for areas in nonattainm ent of the Na tional Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone. On June 15, 2004, USEPA designated two areas of the state in nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard. The Chicago area matches the nonattainment area from the previous 1-hour ozone standard. The MetroEast nonattainment area includes the th ree counties from the 1-hour standard (Madison, Monroe and St. Clair) plus Jersey County. Both areas are identified as moderate ozone nonattainment areas.

As part of the designation of nonattainment areas for the 8-hour ozone standard, a new attainment demonstration SIP will be necessary. A key el ement in the overall SIP planning process is the need fo r an updated emission inventory. This document is the description of the methods used to compile t he 2002 base year inventory for ozone. It includes CO, NOx and VOM emissions for poin t, area, on-road mobile, off-road mobile and biogenic emissions for t he entire State of Illinois.

The primary source of data for point s ources was the source-reported 2002 annual emission reports (AERs). Area source emissions are typically estimated by multiplying an emission factor by a known indicator of activity (e.g., population) for a source category. On-road mobile source emissi ons were calculated using the MOBILE6 computer model. Off-road mobile source emissions were calculated using the NONROAD model. Biogenic emissions, those from vegetation, were obtained from USEPA’s running of the BEIS model.

To ensure this inventory is of the highes t quality, Illinois E PA implemented quality assurance (QA) procedures and quality cont rol (QC) checks throughout the inventory process. Illinois EPA specifically follow ed the procedures outlined in USEPA’s guidance documents pertaining to inventory quality assurance and ther efore believes the inventory to be complete, accurate and of high quality.

xi

## 1 Introduction

Title I of the 1990 Clean Air Ac t Amendments (CAA) requires all states to revise and submit State Implementation Plans (SIPs) a ddressing Title I requirements for areas in nonattainment for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone. The Chicago and Metro-East St . Louis (Metro-East) areas ar e currently designated as moderate nonattainment areas (NAAs ) for the 8-hour ozone standard.

The Chicago NAA includes the counties of Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will, plus the Townships of Aux Sable and Goose Lake in Grundy County and Oswego Township in Kendall County. The Metro-East NAA includes the counties of Jersey, Madison, Monroe and St. Clair. The USEPA designated these areas as nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard on June 15, 2004.

The primary source of data for point s ources was the source-reported 2002 annual emission reports (AERs). Area source emissions are typically estimated by multiplying an emission factor by a known indicator of activity (e.g., population) for a source category. Calculation of emissions for ar ea sources used 2002 category activity levels or in some cases, projections from pr evious years. Area source calculation methodologies were updated to the most re cent calculation methods identified by USEPA.

On-road mobile source emissions were esti mated by multiplyi ng appropriate emission factors generated from the MOBI LE6 computer model by vehicl e miles traveled. Illinois EPA relied on 2002 VMT data generated by the I llinois Department of Transportation Office of Planning and Programming.

Off-road mobile source emissions were calculated using the NONROAD computer model. This model outputs emissions di rectly. The NONROAD model does not included emission estimates fo r aircraft, locomotives and commercial marine vessels. Aircraft emissions were calculated using ac tual activity data (operations) for each airport. Emissions from locomotives and commercial marine vessels were obtained from LADCO who funded a study with Environ to obtain t hese emissions and describe the calculation methodology.

Biogenic emissions, those from vegetation such as trees, shrubs, crops and other plants, were obtained from USEPA who used the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS). This data was compiled by USEPA and made available to the States for their optional use.

To ensure this inventory is of the highes t quality, Illinois E PA implemented quality assurance (QA) procedures and quality cont rol (QC) checks throughout the inventory process. Illinois EPA specifically follow ed the procedures outlined in USEPA’s guidance

1

## 2 Emission Inventory Summaries

2.1 Background

This document presents the 2002 base year em ission inventory for reactive CO, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and VOM from point, area, biogenic and mobile sources for the State of Illinois. This inventory includes the oz one NAAs of Chicago and Metro-East St. Louis as well as those counties that are in a ttainment with the 8- hour NAAQS for ozone.

Four basic steps were involved in the preparat ion of the emission in ventory. The first step was planning. As required by USEPA guidance, Illinois EPA prepared an Inventory Preparation Plan (IPP). This plan outlined the methods by which the Illinois EPA would assemble the 2002 inventory and perform QA/QC checks. The QA/QC plans and procedures are present ed in Section 6.0.

The second basic step was data collection. A major element in this step was to determine which source categories should be considered as point sources in the inventory and which should be considered area sources. Fundamentally different data collection procedures are used for these two source types. Actual emissions data reported in the sources’ AERs are used to collect point source data, whereas county level information is generally used to estimate area source activity. Much more detailed data are collected and mainta ined on point sources.

The third basic step in the inventory co mpilation effort involved analysis of data collected and the development of emission esti mates for each source. Emissions were determined individually for each point s ource, whereas emissions were generally determined for the overall area source cat egory. Source emission data, material balances and emission factors were all used to make these estima tes. Adjustments were made to the VOM inventory to reflect only reactive VOM and to be representative of the ozone season.

The fourth step was reporting. Initially, Illinois EPA identified the kinds of data and formats that would be needed for this invent ory document to fulf ill USEPA inventory requirements. Later, Illinois EPA identified additional reports and features that would be useful for future inventory needs and/or modeling requirements. These have been incorporated into this document.

Demographic data characterizing the various c ounties in the state are crucial to many of the emission estimation calculation procedures used to develop the inventory for area source categories. As such, these data are cited in the appropriate sections of Section 4.0 – Area Sources. Also, in a number of instances, emi ssions are dependent to some degree on the geographic location of the count y. In such instances, Illinois EPA developed factors based on whether counties were either a “N orthern” or “Southern” county. Details of how the factors were developed and used are explained in detail in the appropriate area and mobile sour ce sections of the document.

3A number of agencies provided data for us e in developing the Ch icago and Metro-East nonattainment area inventories. The l ead agency was the Illinois EPA which was directly responsible for coordinating and supe rvising the completion of each segment of the inventory. Several other state and local agencies contributed information to Illinois EPA that was necessary for preparing emission es timates. The majority of the highway vehicle emission calculation information wa s provided by IDOT. IDOT used federally approved transportation planning methods to develop VMT estimates which were based on monitored traffic count data in selected ke y locations throughout the state, including the Chicago area. Certain other localized traffic data were obtained from CATS for the Chicago ozone nonattainment area and the Ea st-West Gateway Coordinating Council for the Metro-East ozone nonattainment area.



### 2.2 Methodology

A detailed emission inventory fo r a pollutant lists each source of that pollutant and the quantity of its emissions. The sources are usually categorized in two ways: (1) point, area or mobile sources or (2) i ndustrial categories and subcategories.

Emissions from point sources are defined as those whose em issions are usually fairly well characterized and are generally di scharged through stacks and which are required to possess an Illinois EPA issued permit. Fugi tive emissions are not emitted from a discrete point but are emitted from numerous areas throughout a facility. Area sources are usually spread over wide areas with no di stinct discharge points (e.g., a road or large parking lot) or are comprised of a la rge number of small po int sources that are difficult to describe separately (e.g., the heating furnaces in individual homes in a city) and whose emissions are not so well characte rized. Other exampl es of area sources include architectural surface coating, automobile refueling, dry cleaning and automobile refinishing. Mobile sources are divided into two major categories – on-road and offroad. On-road mobile sources included cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles used for transportation of goods and passengers on roads and streets. Off-road mobile sources include other modes of power ed transportation such as aircraft, trains, ships and motor vehicles used off-highway. This classification protocol has been utilized throughout this document.

A typical industrial plant may have different source types associated with it. For example, a refinery with numerous industrial pr ocesses would itself be a point source, the leaks from valves, pumps and fittings throughout the miles of piping would be a fugitive source and the switch engine that mo ves tank cars on the railroad siding would be a non-highway mobile source. Also, a plant may have more than one industrial classification associated with i t. The refinery in the previous example is in one industrial category; its tank farm is in another. Quantities of emissi ons may be measured directly (at the stack); they may be ca lculated from engineer ing principles (e.g., mass balance); or they may be estimated (e.g., by assumi ng reasonable emission rate s, times, etc.). Further, emissions can be expressed in terms of annual emissions, seasonal emissions

4or daily emissions. In the case of t he pollutant ozone, precursor emissions are generally expressed in terms of typical daily emissions repr esentative of the peak ozone season, or tons per day.

Emission estimates presented in this r eport generally followed the methodologies outlined in USEPA’s emission inventory preparation guidance document (Reference 3), Volumes I-IV and USEPA’s “Reporting Guidance for 1996 Periodic Emissions Inventories and National Emission Trends (NET) Inventories.” Where different estimation methodologies were used, such methods are identified. The emission estimates were seasonally adjusted to reflect average daily emissions during the summer months, which are generally consid ered the peak ozone season. For point sources, emissions were taken from source submitted data for the peak ozone season, as reported in their 2002 AERs. Mobile source emissions and certain area source emissions (e.g., gasoline refueling) we re adjusted using the average ambient temperature during the ten highest ozone days during 2002. Area source emissions were also modified using seasonal adjustm ent factors for the ozone season. Some sources have greater emissi ons on weekdays than on weeken ds. Emissions from all such sources have been adjusted to take weekday/weekend differences into consideration. In addition, adjustments were made to gasol ine fuel-based categories to be representative of 2002 fuel volatility levels. Emission totals are expressed as 2002 values using data for 2002, whenever available.

The VOM emission estimates provided in this document are for those VOMs determined by USEPA to be photochemically reactive. All identified nonreactive VOMs were excluded from the VOM totals reported here for all source s and source categories. Compounds considered to be nonreactive and t herefore not included in the inventory are listed below:

• Methane

• Ethane

• Methylene chloride

• Methyl chloroform

• Trichlorofluor omethane (CFC-11)

• Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)

• Chlorodifluoromethane (CFC-22)

• Trifluoromethane (HFC-23)

• Chlorofluoromethance (HCFC-31)

• Difluoromethane (HFC-32)

• Decafluoropentane (HFC-43-10mee)

• Ethylfluoride (HFC-161)

• Trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113)

• Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114)

• Chloropentafluor oethane (CFC-115)

• 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trif luoroethane (HCFC-123)

• 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a)

5• 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetra fluoroethane (HCFC-124)

• Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)

• 1,1,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134)

• 1,1,1,2-Tetrafl uoroethane (HFC-134a)

• 1,1-Dichloro-1-fl uoroethane (HCFC-141b)

• 1-Chloro-1,1,-difl uoroethane (HCFC-142b)

• 1,1,1-Trifluor oethane (HFC-143a)

• Fluoroethane (HCFC-151a)

• 1,1-Difluoroethane (HFC-152a)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-225ca)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-225cb)

• Hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea)

• Hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb)

• Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa)

• Pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc)

• Parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF)

• Methoxybutane

• Nonaflourobutane

• Heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 OCH 3 )

• Heptafluoropropane ((CF 3 )CFCF 2 OC 2 H 5 )

• Perchloroethylene

• Cyclic, branched or linear comp letely methylated siloxanes

• Methyl acetate

• Volatile methyl siloxanes

• Acetone

Plus the following four classes of perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

• Cyclic, branched or linear completely fluorinated alkanes

• Cyclic, branched or linear completely fluorinated ethers wit h no unsaturations

• Cyclic, branched or linear completely fluorinated tertiary amines with no unsaturations

• Sulfur containing perfl uorocarbons with no unsatur ations and with sulfur bonds only to carbon and fluorine

62.2.1 Point Sources

Emissions and source specif ic data for point sources were developed for the 2002inventory by Illinois EPA. The primary source of data for point sources was sourcereported AERs and permit files. These data are reported by the sources annually as part of the inventory proce ss conducted by Illinois EPA and include emissions, process rates, operating schedules, emission cont rol data and other relevant information obtained from the permit files and plant insp ections. The data was converted to an Access® database for processing and retrieva l. Emissions were computed on a typical daily ozone season basis for each point source process using the original data. This data was then updated based on the Illinois EPA’s QA/QC plan.

2.2.2 Area Sources

Area source emissions were typically estimat ed by multiplying an emission factor by a known indicator of activity for each sour ce category and each c ounty. Area source emissions for 2002 were based on data avai lable for population, employment and commodities and were generally prepared fo llowing the procedures described in the Inventory Preparation Plans. Emission esti mates for 2002 emissions were developed using 2002 category activity levels where availa ble, or projections of changes in activity from 1990 levels. Emission controls were accounted for by using either adjusted emission factors or through t he use of control factors.

The narrative in Section 4.0 includes a discussion of the factors used to develop both the Chicago and Metro-East NAA emission estimates. Category summary tables reflecting Chicago and Metro-East NAA county emissions are also included. Although the methodologies used to determine attainm ent county emission estimates are similar, the factors will vary by count y. Tables containing samp le county activity data are included in Appendix G.

2.2.3 Mobile Sources

Statewide highway vehicle em issions were estimated by multiplying USEPA emission factors generated from the MOBILE6 computer model by daily VMT estimates by county for the two Illinois nonattainm ent areas and the attainment c ounties. Illinois EPA relied on VMT data generated by the IDOT Office of Planning and Programming. IDOT used urban transportation planning methodologies approved by the Federal Highway Administration to generate the necessary VMT estimates. Illinois EPA ran the MOBILE6 model to generate vehicle emission rates and calculate emission estimates. Chicago and Metro-East nonatta inment area specific data were used whenever possible to estimate inputs into the MOBILE6 model. For some parameters , however, sufficient resources were not available for Illinois EPA to develop area-specific values, so national average defaults contained in the model were used. For discussion of the inputs used in running MOBILE6 is in cluded in Section 5.0.

78 Emissions were also esti mated for non-road equipment. Illinois EPA prepared ozone precursor emission estimates for railroad loco motives; commercial, military and civil aircraft; and commercial vessels using state- and county-specific activity factors and USEPA approved emission factors. Also included were emission estimates for nine other categories of non-road equipment. Th ese estimates were prepared by USEPA and were supplied to states for use in ozone and CO emission inve ntories. Further discussion of non-road equipment emission estimation methodologies and actual estimates are contained in Section 5.2.



### 2.3 Results

The 2002 Base Year Emission Inventory summa ry of the total ozone precursor emission estimates for the State of Illinois is shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. It covers the entire state and includes both anthropogenic (man- caused) and biogenic (vegetationproduced) emissions.

The magnitude of the total CO, NOx and VOM emissions for the state by geographic region are delineated in the bar charts of Figures 2-1 through 2-6. The percentage contributions of the individual regions to the statewide total are shown in Figures 2-7 and 2-8. The pie charts of Figures 2-9 th rough 2-16 present the total ozone precursor emissions by each geographic region of the state.

Category summaries by pollutant for t he 2002 statewide inventory are given in Appendices A through D. A ppendix E presents a county-by-county summary of point, area, on-road and off-road emissions. Appendi x F includes the surrogates used to apportion area source emissions to the nonattain ment townships (portions of counties). Appendix G identifies sample activity data by county.Table 2-1: Total Ozone Inventory Typical Summer Day Emissions (tons/day)PointAreaOn-RoadOff-RoadBiogenicTotalChicago NAACONOxVOM154.80307.7376.6219.8542.93273.332,076.43408.88168.632,605.23326.65233.7723.746.83236.714,880.041,093.01989.05Metro-East NAACONOxVOM66.2154.2417.471.411.4029.85281.0147.0723.57148.9436.7812.0416.564.95135.62514.13144.45218.55Attainment AreaCONOxVOM239.41788.04230.5912.0216.74377.802,348.05404.31203.121,193.30480.67117.05396.43147.062,653.754,189.211,836.823,582.32StatewideCONOxVOM460.411,150.01324.6733.2861.07680.984,705.48860.26395.323,947.47844.10362.87436.73158.843,026.089,583.383,074.284,789.929Table 2-2: Total Ozone Inventory Annual Emissions (tons/year)PointAreaOn-RoadOff-RoadBiogenicTotalChicago NAACONOxVOM25,632.1354,049.6221,190.7034,239.4832,325.0689,090.21979,219.14167,619.7359,599.97588,169.7987,426.2453,272.304,188.441,682.5238,667.671,631,448.97343,103.17261,820.84Metro-East NAACONOxVOM18,493.1612,057.174,775.206,582.451,881.1913,787.68119,743.2416,983.388,445.9929,438.728,050.032,978.953,214.651,207.2024,741.85177,472.2240,178.9754,729.68Attainment AreaCONOxVOM47,759.80201,707.0350,718.7053,294.6813,229.30119,512.331,066,794.52125,265.8275,449.84266,993.57113,885.4536,357.8872,056.6835,883.20465,173.711,506,899.25489,970.80747,212.46StatewideCONOxVOM91,885.09267,813.8376,684.6094,116.6147,435.56222,390.222,165,756.89309,868.93143,495.81884,602.08209,361.7292,609.1379,459.7638,772.91528,583.233,315,820.44873,252.941,063,762.9810Figure 2-1: Daily CO Emission Summary (tons/day)02,0004,0006,0008,00010,000Chicago154.819.852,076.432,605.2323.744,880.04M e tro Ea st66.211.41281.01148.9416.56514.13Atta inm e nt239.4112.022,348.051193.3396.434,189.21Sta te w ide460.4133.284,705.483947.47436.739,583.38PointAre aOn-Roa d Off-Roa d Bioge nicTota l11Figure 2-2: Annual CO Emission Summary (tons/year)0500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,0003,500,000Chicago25,632.13 34,239.48 979,219.14 588,169.79 4,188.44 1,631,448.97M e tro Ea st18,493.16 6,582.45 119,743.24 29,438.72 3,214.65 177,472.22Atta inm e nt47,759.80 53,294.68 1,066,794.52 266,993.57 72,056.68 1,506,889.25Sta te w ide91,885.09 94,116.61 2,165,756.89 884,602.08 79,459.76 3,315,820.44PointAre aOn-Roa d Off-Roa d Bioge nicTota l12Figure 2-3: Daily NOx Emission Summary (tons/day)0500100015002000250030003500Chicago307.7342.93408.88326.656.831,093.01M e tro Ea st54.241.447.0736.784.95144.45Atta inm e nt788.0416.74404.31480.67147.061,836.82Sta te w ide1,150.0161.07860.26844.1158.843,074.28PointAre aOn-Roa d Off-Roa d Bioge nicTota l13Figure 2-4: Annual NOx Emission Summary (tons/year)0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000Chicago54,049.62 32,325.06 167,619.73 87,426.24 1,682.52 343,103.17M e tro Ea st12,057.17 1,881.19 16,983.38 8,050.03 1,207.20 40,178.97Atta inm e nt201,707.03 13,229.30 125,265.82 113,885.45 35,883.20 489,970.80Sta te w ide267,813.83 47,435.56 309,868.93 209,361.72 38,772.91 873,252.94PointAre aOn-Roa d Off-Roa d Bioge nicTota l14Figure 2-5: Daily VOM Emission Summary (tons/day)01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000Chicago76.62273.33168.63233.77236.71989.05M e tro Ea st17.4729.8523.5712.04135.62218.55Atta inm ent230.59377.8203.12117.052,653.753,582.32Sta te w ide324.67680.98395.32362.873,026.084,789.92PointAreaOn-Roa d Off-Roa d Bioge nicTota l1516Figure 2-6: Annual VOM Emission Summary (tons/year)0200,000400,000600,000800,0001,000,0001,200,000Chicago21,190.70 89,090.21 59,599.9753,272.30 38,667.67 261,820.84M e tro Ea st4,775.20 13,787.68 8,445.992978.95 24,741.85 54,729.68Atta inm e nt50,718.70 119,512.33 75,449.84 36,357.88 465,173.71 747,212.46Sta te w ide76,684.60 222,390.22 143,495.81 92,609.13 528,583.23 1,063,762.98PointAreaOff-Roa d On-Roa d Bioge nicTota l2.3.1 Statewide Emissions

The statewide daily emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 9583.38, 3074.28 and 4789.92 tons/day respectively. The statewide annual emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 3315820.44, 873,252.94, and 1,063,762.98 tons/year respectively. The contribution by area of the states can be seen in Table 2-3. The contribution by source category can be seen in Table 2-4.

Table 2-3: Geographic C ontributions (percent)

Area CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual Chicago NAA 50.9 49.2 35.6 39.3 20.6 24.6 Metro-East NAA 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.1 Attainment Area 43.7 45.4 59.7 56.1 74.8 70.2

Table 2-4: Statewide Emi ssion Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 4.8 2.8 37.4 30.7 6.8 7.2 Area 0.3 2.8 2.0 5.4 14.2 20.9 On-Road 49.1 65.3 28.0 35.5 8.3 13.5 Off-Road 41.2 26.7 27.5 24.0 7.6 8.7 Biogenic 4.6 2.4 5.2 4.4 63.2 49.7

2.3.2 Chicago NAA Emissions

The Chicago NAA daily emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 4880.04, 1093.01 and 989.05 tons/day respectively. The Chic ago NAA annual emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 1,631,448.97, 343,103. 17 and 261,820.84 tons/year respectively. The contribution by source categor y can be seen in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5: Chicago NAA Emi ssion Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 3.2 1.6 28.2 15.8 7.7 8.1 Area 0.4 2.1 3.9 9.4 27.6 34.0 On-Road 42.5 60.0 37.4 48.9 17.0 22.8 Off-Road 53.4 36.1 29.9 25.5 23.6 20.3 Biogenic 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 23.9 14.8

172.3.3 Metro-East NAA Emissions

The Metro-East NAA daily emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 514.13, 144.45 and 218.55 tons/day respectively. The Metro-Ea st NAA annual emissi ons of CO, NOx and VOM are 177,472.22, 40,178.97 and 54,729.68 tons/year respectively. The contribution by source category can be seen in Table 2-6.

Table 2-6: Metro-East Emi ssion Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 12.9 12.2 37.6 30.0 8.0 8.7 Area 0.3 4.4 1.0 4.7 13.7 25.2 On-Road 54.7 79.2 32.6 42.3 10.8 15.4 Off-Road 29.0 2.1 25.5 20.0 5.5 5.4 Biogenic 3.2 2.1 3.4 3.0 62.1 45.2

2.3.4 Attainment Area Emissions

The Attainment Area daily emissions of CO, NOx and VOM are 4189.21, 1836.82 and 3582.32 tons/day respectively. The Attain ment Area annual emissi ons of CO, NOx and VOM are 1,506,899.25, 489,970. 80 and 747,212.46 tons/year respectively. The contribution by source categor y can be seen in Table 2-7.

Table 2-7: Attainment Area Em ission Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 5.7 3.2 42.9 41.2 6.4 6.8 Area 0.3 3.5 0.9 2.7 10.5 16.0 On-Road 56.0 70.8 22.0 25.6 5.7 10.1 Off-Road 28.5 17.7 26.2 23.2 3.3 4.9 Biogenic 9.5 4.8 8.0 7.3 74.1 62.3

18Figure 2-7: Statewide Geogr aphic Contributions of Ozone Precursor Daily Emissions (tons/day)

CO Emissions (9,583.38 tons/day)

Attainment Area 43.7%

Metro-East NAA 5.4% Chicago NAA 50.9%

NOx Emissions (3,074.28 tons/day)

Attainment Area 59.7% Metro-East NAA 4.7% Chicago NAA 35.6%

VOM Emissions (4789.92 tons/day)

Attainment Area 74.8% Metro-East NAA 4.6% Chicago NAA 20.6%

19Figure 2-8: Statewide Geographic Contributions of Ozone Precursor Annual Emissions (tons/year)

CO Emissions (3,315,820.44 tons/year)

Attainment Area 45.4%

Metro-East NAA 5.4% Chicago NAA 49.2%

NOx Emissions (873,252.94 tons/year)

Attainment Area 56.1%

Metro-East NAA 4.6% Chicago NAA 39.3%

VOM Emissions (1,063,762.98 tons/year)

Attainment Area 70.2% Metro-East NAA 5.1% Chicago NAA 24.6%

20Figure 2-9: Chicago NAA Ozone Prec ursor Daily Emissions (tons/day)

CO Emissions (4,880.04 tons/day) Biogenic 0.5% Off-Road

53.4%

On-Road 42.5% Area 0.4% Point 3.2%

NOx Emissions (1,093.01 tons/day)

Biogenic 0.6% Off-Road

29.9%

On-Road

37.4% Area 3.9% Point 28.2%

VOM Emissions (989.05 tons/day)

Biogenic 23.9% Off-Road

23.6%

On-Road

17.0% Area 27.6% Point 7.7%

21Figure 2-10: Chicago NAA Ozone Prec ursor Annual Emissions (tons/year)

CO Emissions (1,631,448.97 tons/year)

Biogenic 0.3% Off-Road

36.1%

On-Road

60.0% Area 2.1% Point 1.6%

NOx Emissions (343,103.17 tons/year)

Biogenic 0.5% Off-Road

25.5%

On-Road

48.9% Area 9.4% Point 15.8%

VOM Emissions (261,820.84 tons/year)

Biogenic 14.8% Off-Road

20.3%

On-Road

22.8%

Area 34.0% Point 8.1%

22Figure 2-11: Metro-East NAA Ozone Precursor Daily Emissions (tons/day)

CO Emissions (514.13 tons/day) Biogenic 3.2% Off-Road

29.0%

On-Road

54.7% Area 0.3% Point 12.9%

NOx Emissions (144.45 tons/day)

Biogenic 3.4% Off-Road 25.5%

On-Road 32.6%

Area 1.0% Point 37.6%

VOM Emissions (218.48 tons/day)

Biogenic 62.1%

Off-Road 5.5%

On-Road 10.8% Area 13.7% Point 8.0%

23Figure 2-12: Metro-East NAA Ozone Precursor Annual Emissions (tons/year)

CO Emissions (177,472.22 tons/year)

Biogenic 2.1% Off-Road 2.1% On-Road 79.2%

Area 4.4%

Point 12.2%

NOx Emissions (40,178.97 tons/year)

Biogenic 3.0% Off-Road 20.0%

On-Road 42.3%

Area 4.7% Point 30.0%

VOM Emissions (54,729.68 tons/year)

Biogenic 45.2%

Off-Road 5.4%

On-Road 15.4%

Area 25.2% Point 8.7%

24Figure 2-13: Attainment Area Ozone Pr ecursor Daily Emissions (tons/day)

CO Emissions (4,189.21 tons/day)

Biogenic 9.5% Off-Road

28.5%

On-Road

56.0% Area 0.3% Point 5.7%

NOx Emissions (1,836.82 tons/day)

Biogenic 8.0% Off-Road

26.2%

On-Road

22.0%

Area 0.9% Point 42.9%

VOM Emissions (3,582.32 tons/day) Biogenic

74.1%

Off-Road

3.3% On-Road 5.7% Area 10.5% Point 6.4%

25Figure 2-14: Attainment Area Ozone Pr ecursor Annual Emissions (tons/year)

CO Emissions (1,506,899.25 tons/year)

Biogenic

4.8% Off-Road

17.7% On-Road

70.8%

Area 3.5% Point 3.2%

NOx Emissions (489,970.80 tons/year)

Biogenic 7.3% Off-Road

23.2% On-Road

25.6%

Area 2.7% Point 41.2%

VOM Emissions (747,212.46 tons/year) Biogenic

62.3%

Off-Road

4.9% On-Road 10.1% Area 16.0% Point 6.8%

26Figure 2-15: Statewid e Ozone Precursor Daily Emissions (tons/day)

CO Emissions (9,583.38 tons/day)

Biogenic 4.6% Off-Road

41.2%

On-Road

49.1% Area 0.3% Point 4.8%

NOx Emissions (3,074.28 tons/day)

Biogenic 5.2% Off-Road

27.5%

On-Road

28.0%

Area 2.0% Point 37.4%

VOM Emissions (4,789.92 tons/day)

Biogenic

63.2%

Off-Road

7.6% On-Road 8.3% Area 14.2% Point 6.8%

27Figure 2-16: Statewid e Ozone Precursor Annual Emissions (tons/year)

CO Emissions (3,315,820.44 tons/year)
Biogenic 2.4% Off-Road

26.7%

On-Road

65.3% Area 2.8% Point 2.8%

NOx Emissions (873,252.94 tons/year)

Biogenic 4.4% Off-Road

24.0%
On-Road

35.5%

Area 5.4% Point 30.7%

VOM Emissions (1,063,762.98 tons/year) Biogenic

49.7%

Off-Road

8.7%

On-Road 13.5% Area 20.9% Point 7.2%

28

## 3 Point Sources

A major distinction typically made in emissi on inventories is t hat between point and area sources. The Illinois EPA maintains detail ed, unit-by-unit records of point sources based on permit applications and annual emissi on reports. This information is maintained for units emitting as little as 0.01 tons per year. Ther efore, the 10 ton per year inventory requirement imposed by USEPA inventory guidance is more than adequately met for Illinois sources with permits . These units are the point source inventory. The area source inventory includes all other stationary sources not included in the point source inventory. In cases where the two ca tegories overlap (e.g., fuel combustion and solvent use), care has been taken to not double-count emissions. A more detailed discussion of the area source inventory is provided in Section 4.

The 2002 base year ozone point source in ventory was prepared by the Illinois EPA using source reported data from AERs for all point sources in Illinois. Where necessary, the emissions have been adjusted for an av erage summer day at each emission unit within the source. In the rare instances w here companies failed to submit an AER for 2002, other data such as Illinois EPA estima tes and previous annual emission reports were used.

In addition to the Chicago and the Metro-East NAAs, the remaining counties, described as the attainment area, are included. The attainment area inclu des the portions of Grundy and Kendall Counties that are not within the Chica go NAA plus the remaining counties in Illinois not included in the two ozone nonattainment areas.

The point source inventory described herein is considered to be the most current and accurate source of emi ssion data available for 2002.



### 3.1 Point Source Emissions

The Illinois EPA defines point source proce ss emissions as those which occur at an identifiable stationary st ack or vent. Point source emi ssions not emitted from discrete stacks or vents are termed fugitive emi ssions and are discussed in Section 3.2.

293.1.1 Source Identification and Data Collection

The sources to be included in the 2002 periodi c inventory were identified using the Illinois EPA’s ICEMAN database. Facility production and emission data are included in this database. This information is facility-reported actual 2002 emissions.

3.1.2 Non-reactive VO M Emission Adjustments

The ICEMAN database is capable of ident ifying emissions of photochemically nonreactive VOM. This data in ICEMAN was used to specifically exclude those compounds from the 2002 base year ozone in ventory. A complete list of the compounds that USEPA has identified as bei ng photochemically non-reacti ve and which are excluded from the periodic inventory are listed in Section 2.2.

3.1.3 Emission Estimation Methodologies

Source reported actual emissions are us ed in the 2002 base year ozone inventory. Annual emission reports prov ided the ozone season hourly emissions and operating schedules that enabled the calculation of ozone season weekday emissions. Where operating schedules were missing or not requi red to be reported, Illinois EPA estimates were used. These estimates came from pr eviously submitted annual emission reports or from permit applications. Typical emission estimation methodologies include material balance and emission factors. Schedules were adjusted for the ozone season based on summer throughput.



### 3.2 Point Source Fugitive Emissions

Another type of emission data which the Illin ois EPA requires to be filed with the AER from point sources is fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions are not released from a stack or a discrete point as are process emissions, but are emitted from an area. The ICEMAN database includes data on fugitive em issions from point sources so they are included in the point source inventory.

303.2.1 Fugitive Source Identifi cation and Data Collection

Fugitive emission point source categories included in the point source inventory are as follows:

Petroleum Refineries

• Fugitive Leaks

• Wastewater Collection

Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industries (SOCMI)

• Fugitive Leaks

Iron and Steel Manufacture

• Coke Oven Door Leaks

• Hot and Cold Steel Rolling

Waste Disposal

• Municipal Landfills

• Hazardous Waste Treatment, Stor age and Disposal Facilities (TSDF)

Many other fugitive-type emissions are incl uded in the point sour ce inventory, though they tend to be smaller than t hose listed above. For the most part, these emissions are due to the use of solvents (e .g., clean-up). These emissi ons can also be included in area source emissions so care has been ta ken to not double-count these emissions.

3.2.2 Landfill Emissi on Estimation Methodology

New regulations adopted in 1999 have made it more co mmon for municipal waste landfills to have an operating permit for their air emissions. This means landfills are increasingly represented in the point source inventory. However, there are a few landfills without a permit that still need to be in cluded in the inventory. The Bureau of Land’s Nonhazardous Solid Wa ste Management and Landfil l Capacity Report 1 was used to obtain a listing of landfills in the state. This list was reviewed against the landfills identified in ICEMAN.

Emissions were calculated for landfills includ ed in the report but not in ICEMAN using methodology of Section 2.4 of AP-42 2 . Data on the date the landfill started accepting waste, amount of waste received, date the landfill started accept ing waste, date the landfill closed (if applicable) and the type of l andfill gas collection (i f applicable) from Reference 1 was used to calculate emissions.

31

### 3.3 Point Source Emissions

Table 3-1 includes the emissions from a ll sources classified as point sources.

Table 3-1: Point Source Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 56.16 13,352.30 105.42 18,466.88 46.46 12,520.72 DuPage 6.69 766.55 5.68 918.04 5.10 1,479.95 Grundy Twps 29.63 1,376. 89 32.08 2,874.71 3.39 982.53 Kane 1.80 489.58 2.14 544.09 5.99 1,624.78 Kendall Twps 0.43 91.95 1.30 180.63 0.31 118.89 Lake 9.48 1,569.16 35.15 6,478.64 4.23 1,042.46 McHenry 3.64 294.85 2.19 317.90 2.34 652.01 Will 46.97 7,690.85 123.77 24,268.74 8.80 2,769.36 Chicago NAA 154.80 25,632.13 307.73 54,049.62 76.62 21,190.70 Jersey 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.04 18.55 Madison 62.17 18,091.80 48. 93 11,623.99 13.41 3,673.85 Monroe 0.96 0.63 1.77 3.19 0.15 21.20 St. Clair 3.07 399.99 3.54 429.99 3.88 1,061.60 Metro-East NAA 66.21 18,493.16 54.24 12,057.17 17.47 4,775.20 Attainment Area 239.41 47,759.80 788.04 201,707.03 230.59 50,718.70 State Total 460.41 91,885.09 1, 150.01 267,813.83 324.67 76,684.60

32

## 4 Area Sources

Area sources are those activities for whic h aggregated source and emission information is maintained for entire source categories ra ther than for each individual source. The Illinois EPA is responsible for preparing the area source emission inventory. The area source inventory includes CO, NOx and reac tive VOM for the entir e state. Emission estimates are presented for the ozone nonatta inment areas of Chicago and Metro-East St. Louis, as well as the remaining part of th e state, which is in attainment with the 8- hour ozone standard. Where no township-specific information was available for the Chicago NAA counties of Grundy and Kendall, apportioning factors were developed and applied to estimate area source activity. Th is is discussed further in Section 4.2.5.



### 4.1 Source Identification

Area source categories of CO, NOx and VOM emissions have been identified from the list of sources provided in Table 4.1-1 of the Procedures for the Prepar ation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precur sors of Ozone, Volume I: General Guidance for Stationary Sources 3 . These emission sources are divided into two groups characterized by the emission mechanism: evaporative emissions and fuel combustion emissions. Emissions of VOM have been es timated from both groups while CO and NOx emissions have been estimated only for fuel combustion categories. The 2002 area source inventory includes th e following source categories.

4.1.1 Evaporative Emissions (VOM)

Gasoline Distribution

• Aircraft Refueling

• Gasoline Tank Trucks in Transit

• Portable Fuel Containers

• Tank Truck Unloading (Stage I)

• Underground Stor age Tank Breathing

• Vehicle Fueling (Stage II)

Stationary Source Solvent Usage

• Agricultural Pesticide Application

• Architectural Surface Coating

• Asphalt Paving

• Automobile Refinishing

• Commercial/Consumer Solvents

• Dry Cleaning

• Graphic Arts

• Industrial Surface Coating

• Pavement Markings

33• Solvent Cleaning

Volatile Organic Liquid (VOL) Transfer – Ship and Barge

• Barge and Tanker Cleaning

• Tanker Ballasting

• VOL Loading Losses

• VOL Transport

Biogenics

4.1.2 Combustion Emi ssions (CO, NOx, VOM)

Fuel Combustion (natural gas, distillate, residual oil, kerosene, LPG, wood and coal)

• Commercial/Institutional

• Industrial

• Residential

Open Burning

• Forest Wildfires

• Prescribed Burning

• Residential Household Waste

• Yard Waste

Waste Combustion

• Commercial/Institutional

• Residential

Other

• Commercial Cooking

• Structure Fires

4.1.3 Excluded Categories

Previous periodic inventories have not included annual emissions, so some area categories (e.g., residential wood combustion) that did not emit in the summer months were excluded. Guidance from Reference 4 in cludes the reporting of annual emissions. All categories, whether or not they emit dur ing the summer months, are included in the inventory.

34Some area source categories continue to be excluded from the emi ssion inventory. Lack of USEPA guidance, generally accepted inventory methodologies and lack of activity data are the main reasons for t heir exclusion. T hese categories are:

• Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

• Commercial Pesticide Use

Care should also be taken when trying to ident ify area source categories that were not inventoried since the emissions may be inclu ded in the point source inventory. As stated previously, Illinois EPA’s point sour ce inventory has a very low threshold of emission rates. This means that categories classified as area sources in other states are included in the point source inventory for Illinois. Categories falling into this category include:

• Coal Combustion in Boilers

• Drum/Barrel Operations

• Flexible Polyur ethane Foam Production

• Industrial Adhesives

• Oil and Gas Production

• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

• Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)



### 4.2 Emission Estimation Methods

Several methodologies have been used in estimating area source activity levels and emissions.

• Applying local activity levels

• Apportioning national or statewide activity levels to the local level

• Using per capita emission factors

• Using per employee emission factors

• Data from inventories compiled by others

4.2.1 Sources of Data

Various sources have been used to determi ne activity/commodity level data and emission information for area source in ventory purposes. Among these are the USEPA’s AP-42, UESPA’s FI RE emission factor database, and data from federal and state agencies including USEPA’s Office of Air Quality Plan ning and Standards, the US Department of Energy, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Illinois Department of Transportation, Illinois Bureau of the Budget, I llinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Secretary of State, Illi nois Department of Revenue and Illinois Department of Agriculture.

354.2.2 Rule Effectiveness and Rule Penetration

For area sources subject to a VOM control e quipment regulation, a rule effectiveness (RE) factor has been applied to the control efficiency when determining the emission rates. The RE adjustment re flects the assumption that r egulations typically are not 100 percent effective at all sources at all times. For example, if a RE factor of 95 percent has been assumed, a value of 0.95 is multiplied against t he control efficiency before subtracting the efficiency from unity.

In cases where a control regulation is appl ied to an area source category, a rule penetration (RP) adjustment may be required. The RP factor takes into account the fact that, due to exemptions within the rule, all sources within the category may not be regulated. Illinois EPA has used best judgm ent in the development and application of such factors. All assumptions have been documented.

Due to the use of emission factors, ra ther than the independent calculation of uncontrolled emissions and subsequent control efficiencies, the use of RE and RP factors is limited. In addi tion, a number of rules regulat ing area source emissions deal with operational behavior (e.g., keeping the lid closed on a co ld-cleaner) rather than the addition of control equipment.

4.2.3 Double Counting of Emissions

A major concern in the develop ment of an area source inv entory is the possibility of double-counting emissions. Because some area source methodologies estimate emissions from all sources within a category, emissions already contained in the point source inventory may also be included in the area source estimate. In these instances, the point source emissions must be subtracted from the gross area source estimate to determine the net area source estimate. Commonly affected area source categories

are:

• Dry Cleaning

• Fuel Combustion

• Graphic Arts

• Incineration

• Solvent Cleaning

The methodologies described in Section 4.3 indicate when point source emissions were subtracted from the area source estimate.

364.2.4 Annual Emissions to Daily Emissions Calculation

Emissions contained in this Section have been expressed using the format suggested by USEPA guidance (Reference 2). Activi ty levels and/or emission factors are frequently based on longer timeframes than a daily timeframe, so adjustment factors have been applied to estimate the typically summer weekday emissions. In order to determine the ozone season activity fraction, a seasonal adjustment factor is applied to the annual emission estimate. This factor, obtained from Reference 3 or other studies or analysis, compares the summer season perc entage of annual activity for the specific category to a uniform seasonal activity level ( 25 percent). Therefore, if 30 percent of a certain activity occurs during the summer se ason, the seasonal adjus tment factor would by 30 ÷ 25 or 1.2.

In order to estimate emissions on a typical weekday, an activity adjustment factor is applied to the annual emission estimate. This fa ctor is developed in one of two ways. First, the factor can be dev eloped by dividing by the nu mber of days per week an activity occurs and that total divided by 52, the number of weeks in the year. Therefore, the activity adjustment factor for an activity which occurs uniformly, seven days a week is calculated using the following equation: 1 ÷ 7 ÷ 52 = 0.00275.

The second method is used when a percentage of work-week (Monday-Friday) activity has been developed. In this case, a wo rk-week percentage of 33 percent activity converts into an activity adjustment factor by dividing 0.33 by 5 for the number of days the activity occurs divided by 52 which equals 0.00127.

In addition to the seasonal and activity adj ustment factors, further adjustments to account for temperature and gasoline volati lity have been applied to the following area source categories: Service Station Loading (Stage I), Vehicle Refueling (Stage II), Gasoline Tank Truck Leaks and Undergr ound Storage Tank Breathing. The temperature adjustment factor was calculat ed using USEPA temperature guidance and temperature sensitiv ity factors from Seasonal Variations in Organic Emissions for Significant Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds 5 . The volatility adjustment factor has been calculated based on gaso line Reid pressure (RVP) levels as obtained from the Illinois Department of Agricult ure Motor Fuel Sampling Results.

4.2.5 Estimating Emissions at the Township Level

In addition to the counties of Cook, DuP age, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will, the Chicago NAA also includes Aux Sable and Goose Lake Town ships in Grundy County and also Oswego Township in Kendall County. Township-specific area source activity data is not always available. County em issions are apportioned to the township level using other surrogates related to the activi ty being estimated. These surrogates and their resulting percentages, ar e included in Appendix F.

37

### 4.3 Categorical Emission Summary

The following sections describe the calculat ion methodology, source of activity data, emission factor(s) used, the resulting emi ssions and any assumptions (if any) used to calculate emissions for t he area source category.

4.3.1 Agricultural Pesticide Application

Pesticides are defined as any substance used to kill or retard the growth of insects, fungi, weeds or microorganisms. Due to lack of pesticide use data by state and local units of government and pest control and lawn care companies, emissions estimated herein represent only agricultural pesticide use.

Data concerning the acreage planted in 2002 was obtained from the I llinois Agricultural Statistics Service 6 . The most recent agricultural pes ticide usage data were obtained for 2002 from the Illinois Agricu ltural Statistics Service 6 . VOM emissions for crops other than corn and soybeans were not considered because sufficient data were not available to analyze the counties of concern for other crops. In addition, the percentage of acreage planted and the total pesticide usage was minor in respect to the total for corn and soybeans. Table 4-1 shows the total agric ultural pesticide active ingredients per acre factors in pounds per year, which were calculated by dividing the State total of active ingredient in pesticide applied in 2002 by the State cr op acreage in 2002.

Table 4-1: Agricultural Pesticide Active Ingredient per Acre Factors

Type Lb VOM/acre/year Corn herbicide 2.1582 Corn insecticide 0.0817 Soybean herbicide 1.0971

In developing the emission estimates, it wa s assumed from Reference 3 the total of active ingredients in pesticides should be multiplied by 2.45 to reflect the active and inert ingredients. This total quantity shoul d then be multiplied by a factor of 0.9 to estimate the amount that evaporates and can be consequently considered as photochemically reactive VOM.

Also according to Reference 3, a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.3 and an activity adjustment factor of 0.0032, reflecting acti vity occurring six days per week, should be applied to annual emissions to represent su mmer weekday emission estimates. Table 4-2 contains emissions of VOM. Emissions for the nona ttainment townships were calculated using the percentage of t he area for the applicable townships.

38E = Acres * EF / 2000 (4.1)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) Acres = number of acres for a specific crop EF = emission factor (lb VOM/acre/year)

Table 4-2: Agricultural Pe sticide Application Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.12 28.17 DuPage 0.09 22.12 Grundy Twps 0.20 48.81 Kane 1.26 301.93 Kendall Twps 0.14 34.02 Lake 4.19 1,003.77 McHenry 2.61 624.53 Will 1.82 436.65 Chicago NAA 10.43 2,500.00 Jersey 0.93 222.00 Madison 1.71 408.78 Monroe 0.91 219.08 St. Clair 1.29 309.74 Metro-East NAA 4.84 1,159.60 Attainment Area 153.40 36,759.49 State Total 168.67 40,419.09

4.3.2 Aircraft Refueling

Emissions from aircraft refueling occur when vapor-laden air in a partially empty fuel tank is displaced to the atmosphere as the tank is refilled. T he quantity of the vapor displaced depends on the fuel temperature, fuel vapor pr essure, aircraft fuel tank temperature and fuel dispensing rate. The three most common types of aircraft fuels used in the United States ar e jet kerosene (commercial tu rbojet and turboprop engines), aviation gasoline (reciprocating engines) and jet naphtha (military).

Due to the relatively small amount of emissions generated by this category, Illinois EPA applied a growth factor to the emissions ca lculated in the 1999 peri odic inventory. The growth factor was obtained from the USEPA’ s EGAS model. These growth factors were 1.163 for the Chicago area, 1.1223 for the Metro-East area and 1.1365 for the other areas of the state.

E = E 1999 * GF (4.2)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) E 1999 = 1999 emissions (tons/year) GF = growth factor

39The significant emissions for this category occur at only large, commercial airports throughout the state. Therefore it is assumed that ac tivity is uniform throughout the year which yields a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.0. Aircra ft refueling is also assumed to take place seven days a week fo r an activity adjustment factor of 0.00275. There are no airports in t he nonattainment townships.

Table 4-3: Aircraft Refueling Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.70 254.79 DuPage 0.01 4.81 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.00 Will 0.01 4.81 Chicago NAA 0.72 264.41 Jersey 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.00 Monroe 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.11 38.46 Metro-East NAA 0.11 38.46 Attainment Area 0.02 9.62 State Total 0.85 312.49

4.3.3 Architectural Coatings

Architectural surface coatings are us ed primarily by homeowners and painting contractors to coat the interior and exterior of houses and buildings. Emissions result when the solvent that carries the coating material evapor ates and leaves the coating material on the applied surface.

A per capita emission factor of 3.2266 pounds of VOM per per son per year was developed based on the 2002 national architectural coatings (water and solvent based) usage, population and the applicable VOM c ontent of the coatings. The national architectural coatings data were obtained from the 2002 National Paint and Coating Association Report 7 . National and Illinois county popul ation estimates for 2002 were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of Census.

The calculated emission factor was reduced by 20 percent due to the promulgation of the national regulations on consumer products (62FR48848 National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Standards for Architectu ral Coating, Final rule, September 11, 1998). VOM emissions in tons per year were estimated by multiplying county population by the per c apita emission factor.

40E = POP * EF * (1-CE) / 2000 (4.3)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) POP = population EF = emission factor (lb VOM/person/year) CE = control efficiency (0.20)

For the architectural surface coating cat egory, Reference 1 recommends a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.3 indicating increas ed summertime coating usage. An activity factor of 0.00275 reflects uni form activity seven days a week. Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of the population for the applicable townships.

Table 4-4: Architectural Coating Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 24.81 6,940.43 DuPage 4.27 1,193.31 Grundy Twps 0.03 8.52 Kane 2.04 571.81 Kendall Twps 0.15 41.09 Lake 3.11 870.99 McHenry 1.28 358.42 Will 2.58 722.58 Chicago NAA 38.28 10,707.15 Jersey 0.10 28.21 Madison 1.21 337.38 Monroe 0.13 37.50 St. Clair 1.19 332.86 Metro-East NAA 2.63 735.95 Attainment Area 17.23 4,819.69 State Total 58.14 16,262.79

4.3.4 Asphalt Paving

Emissions from asphalt paving occur as a re sult of the evaporatio n of the petroleum distillate solvent or diluent used to liquefy the asphalt cement.

According to IDOT’s Bureau of Materials and Physical Research 8,9 , bituminous materials let in 2002 were 4,855,683 gallons and the total Illinois paved roadway miles were 139,691. According to AP-422, only 70 percent of the solvent evaporates and solvent emissions are representative of kerosene at 6.8 pounds per gallon.

An emission factor of 165.46 pounds of VOM per lane mile was developed based on the total 2002 bituminous material usage, solven t content of the material and paved roadway miles along with the assumed evaporation rate.

41E = Miles * EF / 2000 (4.4)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) Miles = lane miles (miles) EF = emission factor (lb VOM/lane mile/year)

According to Reference 3, asphalt paving em issions are assumed to occur six days per weeks, six months out of t he year, resulting in an activi ty adjustment factor of 0.00321 and a seasonal adjustment factor of 2.0. Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the perc entage of the miles of road for the applicable townships.

Table 4-5: Asphalt Paving Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 6.05 941.88 DuPage 1.64 255.31 Grundy Twps 0.05 8.42 Kane 1.13 176.27 Kendall Twps 0.09 14.87 Lake 1.43 222.50 McHenry 1.01 156.87 Will 1.54 240.16 Chicago NAA 12.95 2,016.27 Jersey 0.37 57.64 Madison 1.38 215.46 Monroe 0.38 59.49 St. Clair 1.22 190.41 Metro-East NAA 3.35 523.00 Attainment Area 57.86 9,017.34 State Total 74.16 11,556.61

4.3.5 Automobile Refinishing

Automobile refinishing is the cleaning and repainting of automobiles and light trucks and other vehicles, but does not include vehicle surface coating during original equipment manufacture. Automobile refinishing is a so urce of emissions due to the evaporation of solvents contained in the coatings and cl eaning agents used. Emissions of VOM are released during three primary activities: surface preparation, coating application and equipment cleaning.

A per capita emission factor of 1. 90 pounds of VOM per person per year 10 was used to calculate emissions. Population estimates were obtained from t he U. S. Bureau of Census and then multiplied by the emi ssion factor and applicabl e percent reduction factors to obtain the yearly county-wide emission estimates.

A state rule limits the VOM content of automobile refinishing coatings and surface preparation products as well as requiring the use of high efficiency coating application

42equipment in the ozone non-atta inment areas. The combi nation of these controls, which took effect in March 1996, resulted in a 72 percent reduction in VOM emissions in non-attainment area counties (excluding Jersey County).

In the attainment areas of t he state, automobile refinishing coatings were one of four categories affected by the USEPA’s 1998 pr omulgation of national regulations on consumer products. The automobile refinish ing coating standards would achieve a 33 percent statewide reduction in VOM emissions.

E = POP * EF * (1-CE) / 2000 (4.5)

Where E = Emissions (tons/year) POP = Population EF = Emission factor (lb VOM/person/year) CE = control efficiency 0.72 for non-attainment area (excluding Jersey County) 0.33 for attainment area (including Jersey County)

According to Reference 3, automobile refi nishing takes place five days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an activity adjustment factor of 0.00385 and a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.0. Ap plying these two adjustments results in emission estimates in tons per summer weekday. Emissi ons for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the perc entage of the population for the applicable townships.

Table 4-6: Automobile Refinishing Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 4.59 1,430.42 DuPage 0.79 245.94 Grundy Twps 0.01 3.79 Kane 0.38 117.85 Kendall Twps 0.05 14.13 Lake 0.58 179.51 McHenry 0.24 73.87 Will 0.48 148.92 Chicago NAA 7.13 2,214.42 Jersey 0.04 13.91 Madison 0.22 69.53 Monroe 0.02 7.73 St. Clair 0.22 68.60 Metro-East NAA 0.50 159.77 Attainment Area 7.55 2,369.28 State Total 15.18 4,743.47

434.3.6 Commercial Cooking

The commercial cooking category includes t he cooking of food at restaurants which have processes such as chain-driven (c onveyorized) charbroilers, under-fired charbroilers, deep fat fryers griddles and clam shell griddles. These processes typically occur at steak and barbeque, ethnic food, fast food, family and seafood restaurants. Emissions inventoried inclu de CO and VOM and do not inclu de combustion emissions. Combustion emissions are included in the commercial/institutional fuel combustion category.

Illinois EPA used Reference 11 to calculate emissions from commercial cooking. The number of restaurants by each type in each county was used to calculate emissions. The type of cooking for each restaurant type was calculated using the values in Table 4- 7.

Table 4-7: Percent of Restaurants with Each Type of Cooking Equipment

Restaurant Type Chain-Driven Charbroiler Underfired Charbroiler Deep-Fat Fryers Flat Griddles Clamshell Griddles
Ethnic 3.5 47.5 81.9 62.7 4.0 Family 10.1 60.9 91.4 82.9 1.4 Fast Food 18.6 30.8 96.8 51.9 14.7 Seafood 0.0 52.6 100.0 36.8 10.5 Steak & BBQ 6.9 55.2 82.8 89.7 0.0

Once the number of types of cooking equ ipment was determined for each restaurant type, these values were multiplied by the average number of equipment pieces in Table 4-8.

Table 4-8: Average Number of Equipment Pieces by Restaurant Type

Restaurant Type Chain-Driven Charbroiler Underfired Charbroiler Deep-Fat Fryers Flat Griddles Clamshell Griddles
Ethnic 1.62 1.54 1.63 1.88 1.8 Family 1.71 1.29 2.34 2.03 Fast Food 1.07 1.58 3.1 1.43 2.09 Seafood 1.1 2.47 1.11 1.5 Steak & BBQ 1.63 2.42 1.35

The number of equipment pieces was t hen summed to the county level for each equipment type. These values were then multiplied by the average pounds of meat cooked in Table 4-9.

44Table 4-9: Average Pounds of Meat Cook ed on Each Type of Equipment Per Week

Type of Meat Chain-Driven Charbroiler Underfired Charbroiler Deep-Fat Fryers Flat Griddles Clamshell Griddles
Steak 236 180 181 166 94 Hamburger 798 270 274 362 1314 Poultry, w/ skin 147 144 365 88 113 Poultry, w/o skin 266 179 208 111 108 Pork 57.6 148 58.6 112 118 Seafood 119 143 159 92.1 632 Other 41.5 274 57.5

The amount of meat cooked wa s then multiplied by 52 to obtain the annual amount of meat cooked. This value was then multiplied by the emission factors in Table 4-10 to obtain emissions.

Table 4-10: Commercial Cooki ng Emission Factors (g/kg meat)

Equipment Type Meat/Food CO VOM
Chain-driven Charbroiler Hamburger 8.29 2.27 Underfired Charbroiler Hamburger Steak Chicken Seafood 13.72 4.97 4.84 n/a 3.94 0.86 1.82 0.38 Deep-fat Fryer Potatoes Chicken Fish n/a n/a n/a 0.21 0.12 0.14 Flat Griddle Hamburger Chicken Seafood 0.38 0.45 n/a 0.07 0.4 0.11 Clamshell Griddle Hamburger n/a 0.01

It is assumed that activity takes place seven days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an activity adjustm ent factor of 0.00275 and a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.0. Emissions for the nonattain ment townships were calculated using the percentage of the population fo r the applicable townships.

45Table 4-11: Commercial Cooking Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1.54 562.69 0.57 209.53 DuPage 0.32 117.73 0.12 43.93 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.30 Kane 0.09 31.19 0.03 11.55 Kendall Twps 0.01 2.85 0.00 1.06 Lake 0.21 75.59 0.08 27.96 McHenry 0.07 26.14 0.03 9.72 Will 0.09 34.41 0.04 12.94 Chicago NAA 2.33 851.39 0.86 316.99 Jersey 0.01 3.11 0.00 1.16 Madison 0.07 26.82 0.03 10.06 Monroe 0.01 2.21 0.00 0.82 St. Clair 0.06 22.96 0.02 8.58 Metro-East NAA 0.15 55.10 0.06 20.62 Attainment Area 1.01 369.92 0.38 137.95 State Total 3.49 1,276.41 1.30 475.56

4.3.7 Consumer Solvent Use

Consumer solvent use is a solvent evaporation emission source of VOM. This category has been broken down in seven types of products: personal products, household products, auto aftermarket products, adhesive products, pesticide products, miscellaneous products and c oating & related products.

Emissions from consumer products are esti mated using product-specific per capita emission factors. These factors, obtained from EIIP 12 are identified in Table 4-12. In 1998, the USEPA adopted a r egulation limiting the VO M content of numerous categories of consumer products. The es timate of the reductions made by the implementation of the r egulation is also ident ified in the table.

Table 4-12: Consumer Solvent Use Emission Factors (lb/person/year)

Product Category EIIP Emission

Factor Percent Reduction from 1998 Rules Final Emission

Factor

Personal Care 2.32 12.11 2.04 Household 0.79 10.94 0.70 Automotive Aftermarket 1.36 8.97 1.24 Adhesives and Sealants 0.57 8.30 0.52 FIFRA Regulated 1.78 5.08 1.69 Coatings & Related Products 0.95 0.00 0.95 Miscellaneous 0.07 0.00 0.07

46Per Reference 3, the use of consumer products is assumed to occur uniformly seven days a week throughout the year. This equat es to an activity adjustment of 0.00275 and a seasonal adjustment of 1.0. Emissi ons for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of the population for the applicable townships.

Table 4-13: Consumer Solvent Use Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 53.32 19,393.70 DuPage 9.16 3,334.48 Grundy Twps 0.07 23.81 Kane 4.39 1,597.81 Kendall Twps 0.31 114.82 Lake 6.69 2,433.81 McHenry 2.76 1,001.54 Will 5.54 2,019.11 Chicago NAA 82.24 29,919.08 Jersey 0.22 78.83 Madison 2.59 942.76 Monroe 0.29 104.80 St. Clair 2.56 930.11 Metro-East NAA 5.66 2,056.50 Attainment Area 36.90 13,467.90 State Total 124.80 45,443.48

4.3.8 Dry Cleaning

Emissions from dry cleaning were calcul ated using an emission factor of 1800 lb VOM/employee from EIIP 13 . Since perchloroethylene has been determined by USEPA to be negligibly reactive and therefore excl uded as a volatile organic material, area source dry cleaning emissi ons are limited to those fr om petroleum operations.

The number of employees in dry cleaning operations for each county were obtained from the 2002 Bureau of Labor Statistics 14 using NAICS 81232x. The number of employees obtained in this m anner includes sources using per chloroethylene as the dry cleaning solvent. To calculate only VOM em issions, the percentage of petroleum-based dry cleaning to the whole category was obtai ned from the point s ource inventory. According to the point source inventory, one-third of dry cleani ng establishments use petroleum based solvents. This factor was applied to the employment to obtain emissions. Point source emissions with the SCC of 410xxxxx were then subtracted to obtain net area source emissions.

47E = EMP * (1/3) * EF / 2000 – PS (4.6)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) EMP = number of employees for NAICS 81232x EF = emission factor (1800 lb VOM/employee) PS = point source emissions (tons/year)

According to Reference 3, dry cleaning activi ty takes place five days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an ac tivity adjustment factor of 0.00385 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.0. Applying these tw o adjustments results in emission estimates in tons per summer weekday. Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of t he population for the app licable townships.

Table 4-14: Dry Cleaning Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 3.23 838.18 DuPage 0.60 156.28 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.70 Kane 0.35 91.73 Kendall Twps 0.02 4.05 Lake 0.43 110.39 McHenry 0.25 64.14 Will 0.48 123.94 Chicago NAA 5.36 1,389.41 Jersey 0.00 0.84 Madison 0.13 33.09 Monroe 0.02 5.00 St. Clair 0.16 42.50 Metro-East NAA 0.31 81.43 Attainment Area 1.59 421.14 State Total 7.26 1,891.98

4.3.9 Forest Fires

Forest fires are fires that occur in wooded areas that are intentionally/unintentionally caused by humans plus those caused by nature. Forested acreage and the total number of acres burned statewid e were obtained from the Illi nois Department of Natural Resources 15 . Since no county-level data was ava ilable, the number of acres burned was apportioned to the county level by the count to state ratio of forested acres. A total of 507.8 acres was burned in the state.

Emissions are calculated using the following formula.

48E = ACRES * EF * LF / 2000 (4.7)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) ACRES = number of acres burned EF = emission factor fr om Table 4-15 (lb/ton burned) LF = loading factor (11 tons burned/acre) 16

Table 4-15: Forest Fire Emission Factors (lb/ton of material burned) 16

Pollutant Emission Factor CO 289 NOx 6.2 VOM 13.6

Emissions for the nonattainment townships were apportioned by area. Daily emissions were calculated using the same crit eria from the 2002 milestone inventory 17 . These values are seven days per week and a seasonal adjustment factor of 2.1.

Table 4-16: Forest Fire Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.04 6.54 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.31 DuPage 0.02 3.03 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.14 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.01 2.13 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.10 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.01 2.47 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.12 Will 0.02 2.80 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.13 Chicago NAA 0.10 17.07 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.80 Jersey 0.01 2.40 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.11 Madison 0.02 4.33 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.20 Monroe 0.02 2.71 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.13 St. Clair 0.02 3.55 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.17 Metro-East NAA 0.07 12.98 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.61 Attainment Area 1.36 235.18 0.03 5.04 0.06 11.07 State Total 1.53 265.23 0.03 5.69 0.07 12.48

4.3.10 Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional

Commercial/industrial fuel combustion emissi ons, which result form the combustion of natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil, coal , kerosene and LPG, are a source of emissions from both point and area source s. Gross area source emi ssions are estimated using the total estimated statewide fuel usage for each fuel type. In order to avoid double

49counting of emissions, county fuel-specific poi nt source emissions are subtracted from the gross area source estimate to dete rmine the county net area source emission estimate. As development of the point source inventory has changed over time, comparison of category emissions for differen t years could yield significant differences. In addition, changes in the Energy Informat ion Administration (E IA) reporting formats also result in variations in the estimated emissions.

Emissions were calculated for the combustion of natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil, kerosene and LPG. It is assumed that i ndustrial coal combustion emissions are completely accounted for in the point source inventory since all boilers that have a heat input rate greater than 10 milli on BTU/hr are required to have a permit. It is very unlikely a coal fired boiler at an industrial source would be less than this threshold.

Emissions were calculated using emission fa ctors from Reference 10. These factors are presented in Table 4-17.

Table 4-17: Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion Emission Factors 10

Fuel Pollutant Emission Factor Units

Natural Gas CO NOx VOM 84 100 5.5 Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Distillate Oil CO NOx VOM 5 24 0.34 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Residual Oil CO NOx VOM 5 47 1.13 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Kerosene CO NOx VOM 5 55 1.13 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons LPG CO NOx VOM 1.9 14 0.3 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons

Calculation of daily emissions was performed using the fuel use data from the EIA for the period of May through September 2002 in combination with the emission factors above. The value was then divided by 153 to obtain daily emissions. For 2002, 39.806 million cubic feet of gas, 13.55 million gallons of distillate oil, 0.11 million gallons of residual oil, 0.3 million gallons of kero sene and 7.7 million gallons of LPG were combustion between May and September of 2002.

Statewide emissions were apportioned to counties based on the 2002 county-to-state ratio of employment in NAICS 401-999 14 . Employment for the nonattainment townships

50was calculated using the percentage of the population for the applic able townships. Once this had been completed, the point sour ce emissions were subtracted from the statewide number for each fuel, resulting in the net area source component of industrial fuel combustion emissions. In situations where the point source emissions exceeded the gross area source estimate , the net area source emissi ons were reported as zero.

Table 4-18: Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 4,039.08 3. 43 4,652.75 0.21 258.92 DuPage 0.09 876.01 1.07 1,035.68 0.05 56.44 Grundy Twps 0.00 2.84 0.00 3.21 0.00 0.18 Kane 0.00 225.22 0.12 240.46 0.01 14.72 Kendall Twps 0.00 8.53 0.00 9.71 0.00 0.54 Lake 0.00 447.35 0.61 539.54 0.00 26.89 McHenry 0.03 121.18 0.16 140.04 0.01 7.70 Will 0.00 181.39 0.13 201.73 0.01 11.43 Chicago NAA 0.12 5,901. 60 5.52 6,823.13 0.29 376.81 Jersey 0.00 4.95 0.01 5.90 0.00 0.32 Madison 0.00 130.75 0.15 153.72 0.01 8.47 Monroe 0.00 11.05 0.01 13.15 0.00 0.72 St. Clair 0.00 125.02 0.15 108.76 0.01 7.11 Metro-East NAA 0.01 271.77 0.17 281.53 0.02 16.62 Attainment Area 0.16 1, 690.22 1.67 1,848.35 0.09 106.65 State Total 0.29 7,863.60 7.36 8,953.00 0.39 500.08

Table 4-19: Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DuPage 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.03 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.01 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.01 McHenry 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.01 Will 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.01 Chicago NAA 0.27 125.53 1.20 606.51 0.02 8.51 Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.01 Monroe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.01 Metro-East NAA 0.02 5.88 0.02 28.46 0.00 0.41 Attainment Area 0.10 40.23 0.37 195.38 0.01 2.72 State Total 0.38 171.64 1.59 830.35 0.02 11.64

51Table 4-20: Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DuPage 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.03 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.01 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.01 McHenry 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.01 Will 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.01 Chicago NAA 0.00 0.30 0.01 3.01 0.00 0.06 Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.01 Monroe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.01 Metro-East NAA 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.01 Attainment Area 0.00 0.30 0.01 2.88 0.00 0.07 State Total 0.00 0.64 0.02 6.33 0.00 0.14

Table 4-21: Commercial/Instituti onal Kerosene Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 1.95 0.00 21.53 0.00 0.44 DuPage 0.00 0.39 0.00 4.37 0.00 0.09 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.11 0.00 1.26 0.00 0.02 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.20 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.04 McHenry 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.01 Will 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.02 Chicago NAA 0.00 2.79 0.00 31.03 0.00 0.62 Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.01 Monroe 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.01 Metro-East NAA 0.00 0.13 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.02 Attainment Area 0.00 0.88 0.00 10.05 0.00 0.19 State Total 0.00 3.79 0.00 42.53 0.00 0.83

52Table 4-22: Commercial/Institut ional LPG Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.05 19.49 0.39 143.63 0.01 3.08 DuPage 0.01 3.96 0.08 29.19 0.00 0.63 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 1.15 0.02 8.44 0.00 0.18 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.01 Lake 0.01 2.04 0.04 15.03 0.00 0.32 McHenry 0.00 0.54 0.01 4.01 0.00 0.09 Will 0.00 0.87 0.02 6.45 0.00 0.14 Chicago NAA 0.08 28.11 0.57 207.21 0.01 4.45 Jersey 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.61 0.01 4.49 0.01 0.10 Monroe 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.01 St. Clair 0.00 0.64 0.01 4.74 0.00 0.10 Metro-East NAA 0.00 1.32 0.03 9.75 0.00 0.21 Attainment Area 0.02 9.01 0.18 67.00 0.00 1.36 State Total 0.11 38.44 0.78 283.96 0.02 6.02

4.3.11 Fuel Combustion – Industrial

Industrial fuel combustion emissions, which re sult form the combustion of natural gas, distillate oil, residual oil and coal, are a source of emissions from both point and area sources. Gross area source emissions are estimated using the total estimated statewide fuel usage for each fuel type. In order to avoid double counting of emissions, county fuel-specific point source emissions are subtracted from the gross area source estimate to determine the c ounty net area source emission estimate. As development of the point source inventor y has changed over time, compar ison of category emissions for different years could yield significant di fferences. In addition, changes in the Energy Information Administra tion (EIA) reporting formats also result in variations in the estimated emissions.

Emissions were calculated for the combustion of natural gas, distillate oil and residual oil. It is assumed that industrial coal combustion emissions are completely accounted for in the point source inventory since all boi lers that have a heat input rate greater than 10 million BTU/hr are required to have a permit. It is very un likely a coal fired boiler at an industrial source would be less than this threshold. It is further assumed that industrial combustion does not make use of kerosene and LPG as fuels in external combustion sources.

Emissions were calculated using emission fa ctors from Reference 10. These factors are presented in Table 4-23.

53Table 4-23: Industrial Fuel Combustion Emission Factors 10

Fuel Pollutant Emission Factor Units

Natural Gas CO NOx VOM 84 100 5.5 Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Distillate Oil CO NOx VOM 5 20 0.2 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Residual Oil CO NOx VOM 5 55 0.28 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons

Calculation of daily emissions was performed using the fuel use data from the EIA for the period of May through September 2002 in combination with the emission factors above. The value was then divided by 153 to obtain daily emissions. For 2002, 100,000 million cubic feet of gas, 62.283 million gallons of dist illate oil and 3.826 million gallons of residual oil were combus ted between May and September of 2002.

Statewide emissions were apportioned to counties based on the 2002 county-to-state ratio of employment in NAICS 311-399 14 . Employment for the nonattainment townships was calculated using the percentage of the population for the applic able townships. Once this had been completed, the point sour ce emissions were subtracted from the statewide number for each fuel, resulting in the net area source component of industrial fuel combustion emissions. In cases where the point source emissions exceeded the gross area source estimate, the net area s ource emissions were reported as zero.

Table 4-24: Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 3,942.67 9. 28 4,531.80 0.00 217.46 DuPage 0.31 975.37 3.15 1,154.93 0.00 63.46 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.03 Kane 0.03 506.46 1.30 563.72 0.00 30.11 Kendall Twps 0.02 30.27 0.10 37.10 0.00 2.05 Lake 0.37 782.30 2.61 920.55 0.00 51.68 McHenry 0.20 282.22 1.08 341.33 0.01 18.26 Will 0.00 88.06 0.00 138.70 0.00 6.90 Chicago NAA 0.93 6,607. 35 17.52 7,688.54 0.01 389.95 Jersey 0.00 1.66 0.01 1.98 0.00 0.10 Madison 0.00 251.68 0.00 287.08 0.00 13.99 Monroe 0.01 4.74 0.01 5.55 0.00 0.30 St. Clair 0.00 79.99 0.00 82.67 0.00 3.27 Metro-East NAA 0.01 338.07 0.02 377.28 0.00 17.66 Attainment Area 0.53 2, 314.57 5.97 2,478.96 0.04 136.84 State Total 1.47 9,259.99 23.51 10,544.78 0.06 544.45

54Table 4-25: Industrial Distill ate Oil Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 56.85 0.00 228.13 0.00 2.30 DuPage 0.03 13.45 0.14 53.83 0.00 0.53 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.02 7.53 0.08 30.07 0.00 0.30 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.37 0.01 1.48 0.00 0.01 Lake 0.02 9.59 0.11 41.68 0.00 0.38 McHenry 0.01 3.92 0.04 15.69 0.00 0.15 Will 0.00 3.54 0.00 14.18 0.00 0.14 Chicago NAA 0.08 95.30 0.38 385.27 0.00 3.81 Jersey 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Monroe 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.00 0.93 0.01 3.73 0.00 0.03 Metro-East NAA 0.00 1.01 0.01 4.06 0.00 0.03 Attainment Area 0.09 39.82 0.38 167.34 0.00 1.48 State Total 0.17 136.13 0.76 556.67 0.00 5.32

Table 4-26: Industrial Resid ual Oil Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 DuPage 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 Will 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 Chicago NAA 0.00 0.19 0.01 2.32 0.00 0.01 Jersey 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 Monroe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.00 0.13 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.01 Metro-East NAA 0.00 0.17 0.00 2.05 0.00 0.01 Attainment Area 0.01 5.62 0.15 63.59 0.00 0.30 State Total 0.01 5.99 0.16 68.00 0.00 0.32

4.3.12 Fuel Combustion – Residential

Residential dwellings are defined as all structures containing fewer than 20 living units. Emissions are estimated for resi dential activities that utilize fuel for water heating, space heating and cooking. Fuels us ed for residential activities are natural gas, fuel oil, kerosene, LPG, coal and wood. The combustion of coal, kerosene and wood at residences during the summer months is assum ed to be zero since these types of fuels are primarily used for space heating.

554.3.12.1 Fuels other than Wood

Emissions were calculated using emission fa ctors from Reference 16. These factors are presented in Table 4-27.

Table 4-27: Residential Fuel Combus tion Emission Factor s other than Wood 16

Fuel Pollutant Emission Factor Units

Natural Gas CO NOx VOM 40 94 5.5 Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Lb/million cubic feet Distillate Oil CO NOx VOM 5 18 0.7 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Kerosene CO NOx VOM 4.8 17.4 0.7 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons LPG CO NOx VOM 3.2 13 0.5 Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Lb/1000 gallons Coal CO NOx VOM 275 9.1 10 Lb/ton Lb/ton Lb/ton

Fuel use data was obtained from the EIA for each month in 2002. Daily emissions were calculated using the months May through September and dividing by 153 to obtain a daily fuel use rate.

Table 4-28: Statewide Resident ial Fuel Combustion Fuel Use 18

Fuel Annual MaySeptember Units

Natural Gas 465,543 64,450 Million cubic feet Distillate Oil 11.4 1.6 Million gallons Kerosene 6.0 0 Million gallons LPG 228.23 31.6 Million gallons Coal 25,000 0 Tons Wood 437.3 0 1000 cords

Statewide fuel use was apportioned to c ounties based on data from the 2000 Census that provided the number of homes in each count y that has that particular fuel used for primary heating. No data was available for kerosene so its distribution was assumed to be identical to distillate oil.

56Table 4-29: Residential Natural Gas Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1.92 4,256.26 9.62 10,002.21 0.51 585.24 DuPage 0.32 721.68 1.63 1,695.95 0.08 99.23 Grundy Twps 0.00 4.61 0.01 10.84 0.00 0.63 Kane 0.13 303.63 0.68 713.53 0.03 41.75 Kendall Twps 0.01 20.69 0.05 48.62 0.00 2.84 Lake 0.21 481.40 1.08 1,131.3 0.05 66.19 McHenry 0.08 197.05 0.44 463.08 0.02 27.09 Will 0.17 381.10 0.86 895.59 0.04 52.40 Chicago NAA 2.84 6,366.42 14.37 14,961.12 0.73 875.38 Jersey 0.00 8.37 0.01 19.68 0.00 1.15 Madison 0.08 185.89 0.42 436.84 0.02 25.56 Monroe 0.01 11.65 0.02 27.38 0.00 1.60 St. Clair 0.07 174.05 0.39 409.02 0.02 23.93 Metro-East NAA 0.16 379.96 0.84 892.92 0.04 52.24 Attainment Area 1.05 2, 564.48 5.46 6,026.45 0.26 352.56 State Total 4.04 9,310.86 20.67 21,880.49 1.03 1,280.18

Table 4-30: Residential Distillate Oil Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.02 9.50 0.09 34.22 0.00 1.33 DuPage 0.00 0.36 0.00 1.29 0.00 0.05 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.42 0.00 1.53 0.00 0.06 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.02 Lake 0.00 0.49 0.01 1.76 0.00 0.07 McHenry 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.04 Will 0.00 0.32 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.05 Chicago NAA 0.03 11.47 0.11 41.33 0.00 1.62 Jersey 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.02 Madison 0.00 1.46 0.01 5.25 0.00 0.20 Monroe 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.02 St. Clair 0.00 0.81 0.01 0.81 0.00 0.11 Metro-East NAA 0.01 2.53 0.02 9.09 0.00 0.35 Attainment Area 0.03 14.49 0.14 52.21 0.00 2.03 State Total 0.06 28.49 0.27 102.63 0.01 4.00

57Table 4-31: Residential Kerosene Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 4.79 0.00 17.35 0.00 0.70 DuPage 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.03 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.03 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.01 Lake 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.04 McHenry 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.02 Will 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.02 Chicago NAA 0.00 5.77 0.00 20.94 0.00 0.85 Jersey 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.01 Madison 0.00 0.73 0.00 2.66 0.00 0.11 Monroe 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.01 St. Clair 0.00 0.41 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.06 Metro-East NAA 0.00 1.27 0.00 4.60 0.00 0.19 Attainment Area 0.00 7.29 0.00 26.47 0.00 1.08 State Total 0.00 14.33 0.00 52.01 0.00 2.12

Table 4-32: Residential LPG Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.04 47.91 0.18 194.65 0.01 7.49 DuPage 0.00 2.66 0.01 10.79 0.00 0.41 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.05 Kane 0.00 3.41 0.01 13.87 0.00 0.53 Kendall Twps 0.00 1.04 0.00 4.21 0.00 0.16 Lake 0.00 2.59 0.01 10.52 0.00 0.40 McHenry 0.00 4.34 0.02 17.64 0.00 0.68 Will 0.01 6.12 0.02 24.87 0.00 0.96 Chicago NAA 0.06 68.41 0.25 277.97 0.01 10.69 Jersey 0.00 4.70 0.02 19.10 0.00 0.73 Madison 0.01 9.61 0.04 39.05 0.00 1.50 Monroe 0.00 4.68 0.02 19.01 0.00 0.73 St. Clair 0.01 8.71 0.03 35.38 0.00 1.36 Metro-East NAA 0.02 27.70 0.10 112.54 0.00 4.32 Attainment Area 0.25 274. 41 1.00 1,114.81 0.04 42.90 State Total 0.33 370.52 1.35 1,505.31 0.05 57.90

58Table 4-33: Residential Coal Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 2,249.12 0.00 74.43 0.00 81.79 DuPage 0.00 70.75 0.00 2.34 0.00 2.57 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 37.24 0.00 1.23 0.00 1.35 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 7.45 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.27 Will 0.00 37.24 0.00 1.23 0.00 1.35 Chicago NAA 0.00 2,401.80 0.00 79.48 0.00 87.33 Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.00 7.45 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.27 Monroe 0.00 11.17 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.41 St. Clair 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Metro-East NAA 0.00 18.62 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.68 Attainment Area 0.00 1, 072.45 0.00 35.54 0.00 39.01 State Total 0.00 3,492.87 0.00 115.64 0.00 127.02

4.3.12.2 Wood Combustion in Stoves and Fireplaces

Residential wood combustion is defined as w ood burning that takes place primarily in wood stoves and fireplaces. Residential wood burning occurs either as a necessary source of heat or for aest hetics. For the purposes of this inventory wood burning equipment is broken down into the following categories.

• Fireplaces without inserts

• Fireplaces with inserts

o Catalytic, not EPA certified

o Catalytic, EPA certified

o Non-catalytic, EPA certified

• Wood stoves

o Conventional

o Catalytic

o Non-catalytic

No survey was performed to determine the ty pe and amount of devices burning wood at residences. Rather, the American Housing Survey 19-21 was used to establish the number of devices. No single report includ ed the entire state of Illinois so it was necessary to use reports from different year s. Table 4-34 describes which reports were used for each county. The 2001 report was not s pecific to any counties but was for the Midwest Region.

59Table 4-34: Application of American Housing Survey

Counties Year of American Housing Survey Cook, DuPage, Grundy, Kendall, Lake, McHenry and Will Chicago 1999

Clinton, Jersey, Madison, Monroe, St. Clair St. Louis 1996

All other counties National 2001

The number of wood stoves for each county us ing wood as the prim ary heat source was calculated using the ratio of wood stoves to total devices from the applicable American Housing Survey times the number of residenc es using wood as a primary heat source. This same calculation was performed for fi replaces using wood as the primary heat source. To calculate the number of w ood stoves using wood as a secondary heat source, the ratio of secondary to primary heating fuel for wood stoves was used from the applicable American Housing Survey and multiplied by the previously calculated amount of wood stoves using wood as a pr imary fuel. The sa me calculation was performed for fireplaces.

The number of wood stoves and fireplaces was summed to obtain the total number of devices burning wood in the state. This value was used to apportion the amount of wood burned in the state, 538,000 cords 18 or 0.626 tons to the county level. It was noticed that the number of devices burni ng wood that was calculated using the methodology above yielded an absurdly high number of devices per residence. This value was typically in the range of 10-15 stov es/fireplaces per residence. Using this value does not cause a probl em with the inventory sinc e the percentage, and not the individual numbers, are being used to apportion fuel use.

From Reference 18, the amount of wood burned in fireplaces was 65.6 percent of the total amount of wood burned. The amount of wood burned was then used in the following equation to calculate emissions.

E = WOOD * EF / 2000 (4.8)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) WOOD = amount of wood burned in the particular device (tons/year) EF = appropriate emissi on factor from Table 4-35

60Table 4-35: Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors 16 (lb/ton burned)

Type of Device and Pollutant Emission Factor Fireplace w/o insert CO NOx VOM 64.1 2.6 229.0 Fireplace with insert (catalytic, not EPA certified) CO NOx VOM 231.0 2.8 53.1 Fireplace with insert (non- catalytic, EPA certified) CO NOx VOM 141.0 0.0 12.0 Fireplace with insert (catalytic, EPA certified) CO NOx VOM 104 2.0 15.0 Wood Stove (conventional) CO NOx VOM 231.0 2.8 53.0 Wood Stove (catalytic) CO NOx VOM 104.0 2.0 15.0 Wood Stove (non-catalytic) CO NOx VOM 141.0 0.0 12.0

For the nonattainment townships, emissions were apportioned to the township level using population. It is a ssumed that residential wood combustion does not take place during the ozone season.

61Table 4-36: Residential Wood Combustion Fireplace Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 1,250.57 0.00 27.34 0.00 1,748.88 DuPage 0.00 201.92 0.00 4.41 0.00 282.46 Grundy Twps 0.00 43.66 0.00 0.96 0.00 61.07 Kane 0.00 316.67 0.00 6.93 0.00 442.82 Kendall Twps 0.00 45.43 0.00 0.99 0.00 63.48 Lake 0.00 543.87 0.00 11.89 0.00 760.69 McHenry 0.00 773.46 0.00 16.90 0.00 1,081.62 Will 0.00 818.14 0.00 18.25 0.00 1,116.98 Chicago NAA 0.00 3,993. 71 0.00 87.67 0.00 5,558.05 Jersey 0.00 318.74 0.00 7.93 0.00 557.82 Madison 0.00 1,115.14 0.00 27.87 0.00 1,965.90 Monroe 0.00 356.54 0.00 5.66 0.00 992.44 St. Clair 0.00 371.91 0.00 4.85 0.00 1,149.76 Metro-East NAA 0.00 2, 162.33 0.00 46.31 0.00 4,665.92 Attainment Area 0.00 23,753. 74 0.00 401.94 0.00 17,880.39 State Total 0.00 29,909.78 0.00 535.92 0.00 28,104.36

Table 4-37: Residential Wood Combustion Wood Stove Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 1,218.94 0.00 14.79 0.00 274.32 DuPage 0.00 196.84 0.00 2.39 0.00 44.31 Grundy Twps 0.00 42.56 0.00 0.52 0.00 9.58 Kane 0.00 308.67 0.00 3.75 0.00 69.46 Kendall Twps 0.00 44.26 0.00 0.54 0.00 9.96 Lake 0.00 530.17 0.00 6.43 0.00 119.31 McHenry 0.00 753.89 0.00 9.15 0.00 169.66 Will 0.00 778.54 0.00 9.45 0.00 175.21 Chicago NAA 0.00 3,873.87 0.00 47.01 0.00 871.81 Jersey 0.00 353.93 0.00 4.29 0.00 79.64 Madison 0.00 1,243.77 0.00 15.09 0.00 279.91 Monroe 0.00 627.60 0.00 7.62 0.00 141.42 St. Clair 0.00 728.55 0.00 8.84 0.00 163.96 Metro-East NAA 0.00 2, 954.65 0.00 35.84 0.00 664.93 Attainment Area 0.00 17,029. 71 0.00 242.43 0.00 3,832.52 State Total 0.00 23,858.23 0.00 289.44 0.00 5,369.26

4.3.13 Gasoline Marketing

Gasoline is produced by petroleum refi neries and then is transported through a distribution network to customers. The di stribution network is a complex system that includes many wholesale and retail outlets. The network includes a variety of storage and transfer facilities. Gasoline may be transported by tanker ships and barges, through pipelines or by rail tank cars or tru cks. The four main s ources of emissions in the distribution network are:

62• Service station loading (Stage I)

• Vehicle refueling (Stage II)

• Tank truck leaks

• Storage tank breathing

4.3.13.1 Service Stat ion Loading (Stage I)

Emissions from service station loading occur as a vapor is forced out of a storage tank during the transfer of fuel from a tank truck. This process is co mmonly referred to as Stage I. The quantity of emissions is based on the throughput of gasoline and is affected by the fuel temperatur e, fuel volatility and whether vapor recovery is required.

Vapor recovery is required in the entire Ch icago and Metro East nona ttainment areas. Vapor recovery is also required in certai n attainment counties which include Boone, Peoria, Rock Island Tazewell and Winnebago Counties. For areas required to have vapor recovery, a 95 percent control efficien cy is assumed with a rule effectiveness of 95 percent.

Table 4-38: Stage I Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 2.26 639.32 DuPage 0.56 159.37 Grundy Twps 0.07 20.34 Kane 0.22 63.44 Kendall Twps 0.09 25.35 Lake 0.38 108.67 McHenry 0.14 38.35 Will 0.29 82.50 Chicago NAA 4.01 1,137.34 Jersey 0.10 29.24 Madison 0.20 55.48 Monroe 0.02 6.75 St. Clair 0.19 52.94 Metro-East NAA 0.51 144.41 Attainment Area 17.89 5,060.16 State Total 22.41 6,341.91

4.3.13.2 Vehicle Re fueling (Stage II)

Emissions from vehicle refueling, commonl y known as Stage II, occur as vapors are displaced from automobile tanks during fill ing and from spillage of gasoline. The quantity of displaced vapors is based on gaso line throughput and is affected by liquid temperature, volatility and t he affect of vapor recovery equipment. Stage II vapor recovery equipment is required at all service st ations in the Chicago NAA that market in

63excess of 10,000 gallons per mo nth. The combination of th is applicability level and the annual inspection cycle results in an overall program efficiency of 84 percent. Using these inputs and assuming the use of refo rmulated gasoline, the MOBILE6 model generated a vehicle refueling emi ssion factor of 0.029 g/VMT.

Stage II vapor recovery is not required in th e Metro-East NAA. In determining the Stage II emission factor with the MOBILE6 model, a 30 percent ethanol blend market share was included. This resulted in a vehicle refueling emission fact or of 0.136 g/VMT.

Stage II vapor recovery is also not required in the attainment areas of the state. The MOBILE6 model was used to calculate emission factors using a 30 percent market share of ethanol blend. This calculation was performed once for the counties in the northern part of the state, re sulting in an emission factor of 0.145 g/VMT, and once for the counties in the southern part of the state, resulting in an emission factor of 0.157 g/VMT.

Statewide and countywide ADVMT information was obtained from IDOT’s 2002 Illinois Travel Statistics 22 . Emissions are calculated using the following formula:

E = VMT * EF / 453.59 / 2000 (4.9)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) VMT = vehicle miles traveled EF = emission factor from Table 4-38 (g/VMT)

Table 4-39: Stage II Emissi on Factors (grams VOM/VMT)

Area of the State Emission Factor Chicago NAA 0.029 Metro-East NAA 0.136 Northern 0.145 Southern 0.157

Daily emissions are calculated using an acti vity adjustment factor of 0.0032 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.1. Emissions in the nonattainment townships are based on the percentage of VMT of the township to the whole county.

64Table 4-40: Stage II Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 3.26 1,092.22 DuPage 0.81 272.27 Grundy Twps 0.06 4.53 Kane 0.32 108.38 Kendall Twps 0.06 5.64 Lake 0.55 185.66 McHenry 0.20 65.52 Will 0.42 140.95 Chicago NAA 5.68 1,875.16 Jersey 0.11 35.64 Madison 1.24 415.82 Monroe 0.15 50.60 St. Clair 1.18 396.82 Metro-East NAA 2.68 898.88 Attainment Area 20.30 6,743.00 State Total 28.65 9,517.04

4.3.13.3 Gasoline Tank Truck Leaks

Evaporation of gasoline vapor from loaded tank trucks during transportation of gasoline from the bulk plant/terminal to the service station and evaporation from empty tank trucks returning from service stations to bulk plants/terminals are covered by this category. Emissions are bas ed on the volume of gasoline transported and are affected by temperature and volatility. Some gasoline may go through bulk plants before distribution to service stations . For this reason gasoline throughput figures are adjusted by a factor of 1.25 to estima te total gasoline transported.

Emission factors for transit losses were developed from Table 5.2-5 of AP-42 2

. Statewide and countywide ADVMT information was obtained from IDOT’s 2002 Illinois Travel Statistics 22 . County gasoline usage was estimated by apportioning statewide gasoline consumption to the county level by VMT. Emissions are calculated using the following formula:

E = GAL gas * EF gas + GAL etoh * EF etoh / 1000 / 2000 (4.10)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) GAL gas = gallons of gasoline used EF gas = emission factor for gasoline (lb VOM/1000 gallons) GAL etoh = gallons of ethanol blend used EF etoh = emission factor for et hanol blend (lb VOM/1000 gallons)

65Table 4-41: Tank Truck Leak Em ission Factors (lb VOM/1000 gallons)

Area of the State Gasoline Ethanol Chicago NAA 0.16 --- Metro-East NAA 0.19 0.24 Northern 0.19 0.22 Southern 0.22 0.24

Daily emissions are calculated using an acti vity adjustment factor of 0.0032 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.1. Emissions in the nonattainment townships are based on the percentage of VMT of the township to the whole county.

Table 4-42: Gasoline Tank Truck Leak Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.60 171.12 DuPage 0.15 42.66 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.88 Kane 0.06 16.98 Kendall Twps 0.00 1.09 Lake 0.10 29.09 McHenry 0.04 10.26 Will 0.08 22.08 Chicago NAA 1.04 294.16 Jersey 0.00 1.41 Madison 0.06 16.53 Monroe 0.01 2.01 St. Clair 0.06 15.77 Metro-East NAA 0.13 35.72 Attainment Area 0.89 268.20 State Total 2.05 598.08

4.3.13.4 Underground Storage Tank Breathing

Underground storage tank breat hing losses include evaporati on of gasoline vapors from the storage tank and from the lines going to t he pumps during the transfer of gasoline. Emissions are also due to changes in tem perature and barometric pr essure. Emission are based on gasoline throughput and affected by gasoline temperature and volatility.

A requirement of the Chicago and Metro-East 15% ROP wa s to install pressure vacuum relief valves on all underground gasoline storage t anks. Installation of these valves was estimated to reduce emissions by 95 percent.

Emission factors for transit losses were developed from Table 5.2-5 of AP-42 2

. Statewide and countywide ADVMT information was obtained from IDOT’s 2002 Illinois Travel Statistics 22 . County gasoline usage was estimated by apportioning statewide

66gasoline consumption to the county level by VMT. Emissions are calculated using the following formula:

E = GAL gas * EF gas + GAL etoh * EF etoh / 1000 / 2000 (4.11)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) GAL gas = gallons of gasoline used EF gas = emission factor for gasoline (lb VOM/1000 gallons) GAL etoh = gallons of ethanol blend used EF etoh = emission factor for et hanol blend (lb VOM/1000 gallons)

Table 4-43: Underground Storage T ank Breathing Emission Factors (lb VOM/1000 gallons)

Area of the State Gasoline Ethanol Chicago NAA 0.04 --- Metro-East NAA 0.04 0.05 Northern 0.91 4.20 Southern 0.97 4.09

Daily emissions are calculated using an acti vity adjustment factor of 0.0032 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.1. Emissions in the nonattainment townships are based on the percentage of VMT of the township to the whole county.

Table 4-44: Underground Stor age Tank Breathing Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.10 31.94 DuPage 0.02 7.96 Grundy Twps 0.01 3.27 Kane 0.01 3.17 Kendall Twps 0.01 4.07 Lake 0.02 5.43 McHenry 0.01 1.92 Will 0.01 4.12 Chicago NAA 0.19 61.88 Jersey 0.02 5.09 Madison 0.01 2.98 Monroe 0.00 0.36 St. Clair 0.01 2.84 Metro-East NAA 0.04 11.27 Attainment Area 2.98 986.26 State Total 3.21 1,059.41

674.3.14 Graphic Arts

Graphic arts includes the printing of news papers, books, magazine, fabrics, wall coverings and other materials. Five types of printing are used in the industry: letterpress, flexography, lithography, rotogr avure and screen press pr inting. Graphic arts emissions are based on a per capita emission factor of 1.3 lb VOM/person 23 . The point source inventory includes graphic arts s ources. Therefore, poi nt source emissions were subtracted from gross graphic arts emi ssion estimate derived using the per capita emission factor. All processes in the point source inventory that had an SCC of the format 405xxxxx were deemed to be graphic arts re lated processes. In situations where the point source emission total exceeds the gross area source emission estimate, the net area source emission estimate is zero.

E = POP * EF / 2000 – PS (4.12)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) POP = population EF = emission factor (1.3 lb VOM/person/year) PS = point source emissions (tons/year)

According to Reference 1, graphic arts activi ty takes place five days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an ac tivity adjustment factor of 0.00385 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.0. Applying these tw o adjustments results in emission estimates in tons per summer weekday. Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of t he population for the app licable townships.

Table 4-45: Graphic Arts Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 8.12 2,109.97 DuPage 0.83 216.38 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.08 20.69 Lake 0.68 177.71 McHenry 0.00 0.00 Will 1.30 336.77 Chicago NAA 11.01 2,861.52 Jersey 0.05 14.21 Madison 0.61 157.26 Monroe 0.05 13.81 St. Clair 0.58 150.19 Metro-East NAA 1.29 335.47 Attainment Area 6.59 1,703.80 State Total 18.89 4,900.79

684.3.15 Incineration

An incinerator is a device in which refuse is burned. All inciner ators at industrial, commercial and institutional loca tions require a permit. Inci nerators at residences also require a permit. It is very unlikely that a residence has an incinerator. Residential waste incinerators, if they do exist, woul d contribute an insignificant amount of emissions to the inventory. For these reasons, residentia l waste incinerators were not included in the inventory.

While all incinerators require a permit, it is possible that small companies are not aware of the regulation and do not obtain a permit for their incinerator and therefore do no have their emissions included in the point source inventory. To acc ount for this possible shortfall, incinerators at industrial/commercial/institutional sources have been calculated. Based upon the known incinerat ors and the methodology of calculating area source emissions, it is likely the emissions for this category are over-estimated.

E = POP * WG * EF * MA F / 1000 / 2000 – PS (4.13)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) POP = population WG = waste generation rate (87 lb/1000 persons) 1
EF = emission factor from Table 4-46 MAF = methane adjustment factor 3
1 for CO and NOx 0.66 for VOM PS = point source emissions (tons/year)

Table 4-46: Incineration Em ission Factors (lb ton/burned) 3

Pollutant Emission Factor CO 10.0 NOx 3.0 VOM 3.0

Reference 1 assumes waste incineration occurs seven days per week uniformly throughout the year for an activity adjus tment factor of 0.00275 and a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.0. In cineration emissions are also partially accounted for in the point source inventory. In cases where the point source emissions exceeded the gross area source estimate, the net area source em issions were reported as zero. Emissions for the nonattainment townships where calc ulated using the population of the applicable township.

69Table 4-47: Industrial/Commercial/In stitutional Incineration Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 6.27 2,278.74 1.88 684.17 1.23 445.57 DuPage 1.08 393.44 0.32 114.83 0.20 73.80 Grundy Twps 0.01 2.87 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.57 Kane 0.52 187.49 0.16 57.73 0.10 38.07 Kendall Twps 0.04 13.24 0.01 4.10 0.01 2.69 Lake 0.08 279.84 0.23 82.86 0.15 52.91 McHenry 0.32 117.17 0.10 36.17 0.07 23.85 Will 0.65 235.92 0.20 72.64 0.13 47.80 Chicago NAA 8.96 3,508. 72 2.90 1,053.37 1.88 685.26 Jersey 0.02 8.07 0.01 2.85 0.01 1.88 Madison 0.30 109.78 0.09 33.34 0.06 21.74 Monroe 0.03 12.64 0.01 3.79 0.01 2.50 St. Clair 0.28 102.73 0.09 31.36 0.05 19.92 Metro-East NAA 0.64 233.22 0.20 71.34 0.13 46.04 Attainment Area 4.18 1, 520.87 1.29 469.89 0.84 306.56 State Total 13.78 5,262.80 4.38 1,594.59 2.85 1,037.86

4.3.16 Industrial Surface Coating

The category of industrial surface c oating includes the following categories 24 :

• Appliances

• Automobiles (new)

• Electrical Insulation

• Factory Finished Wood

• Furniture and Fixtures

• High-performance Maintenance Coatings

• Machinery and Equipment

• Marine Coatings

• Metal Containers

• Other Product Coatings

• Other Special Purpose Coatings

• Other Transportation Equipment

• Sheet, Strip and Coil

The vast majority of these categories hav e some corresponding emissions in the point source inventory so care must be taken not to double-count industrial surface coating emissions. The point source inventory includes all sources that are permitted. There is no emission threshold or cuto ff for obtaining a pe rmit in the case of industrial surface coating. However, sources that use less than 5000 gallons of coating and solvent per year are not required to obtain a permit.

70For the categories above, the typical method of calculating emissions is using an employee-based emission factor (e.g., lb VOM/employee/year). A review of employment data by SIC/NA ICS shows that many of the sources (and therefore emissions) are present in the inventory. For example, t here are known to be no cases where automobiles or applianc es are coated that do not have a permit and do not exist in the point source inventor y. Most of the other cat egories have the same result.

The EIIP methodology for the industrial surf ace coating sector was written in 1997 and the emission factors were developed in 1991. Coating formulation and technology has changed dramatically since then. In addition, new regulations have been enacted which have forced this change or add-on control equipm ent. The point source emissions for the industrial surface coating sector are deemed to be of high quality and are based on current technology, not data from over ten years prior. The emission factors in the EIIP document are out of date and using them in conjunction with the poi nt source inventory would introduce large errors. For this r eason, only the categorie s of High-performance Maintenance Coatings, Other Product Coati ngs and Other Special Purpose Coatings are included in this category. These cat egories were deemed to have the least overlap with point sources and had the advantage of being based on population rather than employment.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula:

E = POP * EF / 2000 (4.14)

Where E = emissions (tons) POP = population EF = emission factor from Table 4-48 (lb VOM/person/year)

Table 4-48: Industrial Surface Coati ng Emission Factors (lb VOM/person/year) 24

Coating Category Emission Factor High-performance Maintenance 0.8 Other Product 0.6 Other Special Purpose 0.8

Industrial surface coating operations are a ssumed to take place five days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an activity adjustment factor of 0.00385 and a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.0. Ap plying these two adjustments results in emission estimates in tons per summer weekday. Emissi ons for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the perc entage of the population for the applicable townships.

71Table 4-49: Industrial Su rface Coating Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 22.77 5,915.26 DuPage 3.92 1,017.05 Grundy Twps 0.03 7.26 Kane 1.88 487.35 Kendall Twps 0.14 35.02 Lake 2.86 742.34 McHenry 1.18 305.48 Will 2.37 615.85 Chicago NAA 35.14 9,125.61 Jersey 0.09 24.04 Madison 1.11 287.55 Monroe 0.12 31.96 St. Clair 1.09 283.69 Metro-East NAA 2.41 627.24 Attainment Area 15.80 4,107.81 State Total 53.35 13,860.66

4.3.17 Marine Vessel VOL Loading and Transport

This category includes the emissions of VO M that occur from t he loading and transport of volatile organic liquid (VOL) such as gas oline and crude oil onto and from ships and barges. This category does not include emissions from the combustion of fuels in the vessel’s engine. Those emissions are incl uded in the off-highway mobile source category. Categories inventoried include:

• VOL Loading Losses

• Ship and Barge Transport

• Tanker Ballasting

• Barge and Tanker Cleaning

Statistics regarding quantit ies of petroleum and petro leum products loaded and transported on state waterways for the 1990 in ventory was taken from both the Army Corps of Engineer’s Waterbor ne Commerce of the United States 25 and the Illinois Department of Transportation report I llinois Waterborne Shipping Database 27 . Due to the relatively small amount of emissions gener ated by this category, the emissions were estimated using growth factors based on the increased statewide use of gasoline from 1990 to 2002. The 1990 statewide gasoline us age value was 4.441 billion gallons and the 2002 value was 5.212 billion gallons. Th is equates to a 17.4 percent increase. Therefore, a multiplier of 1. 174 was applied to the 1990 emissions for each of the four categories.

One of the ROP measures enacted in the Chicago and Metro-East areas was the required control of the summe rtime loading of gasoline and crude oil. This regulation requires terminals to capture and destroy 95 per cent of all emissions generated by such

72loading operations. An alternative complianc e option does not require the installation of vapor recovery equipment if the facility agr ees not to load such products during the ozone season. Loading operations are suffici ently large enough to obtain a permit so all of the emissions are included in the point source inventory. Also, since no permit applications have been submitted for any non-poi nt source loading operations, it can be assumed the affected sources are choosing to comply with the r egulation by ceasing any summertime loading.

The emissions for the Metro-East area we re used to approximate emissions for the other counties along the Mississippi River. These emissions were calculated using the ratio of the amount of shor eline for the county to be calculated to the amount of shoreline for Monroe County. Since daily em issions were calculated, annual emissions were calculated assuming six days per w eek of operation and 52 weeks per year.

Table 4-50: Marine Vessel VOL Loading and Transport Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.35 109.20 DuPage 0.00 0.00 Grundy Twps 0.02 6.24 Kane 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.00 Will 0.36 90.48 Chicago NAA 0.73 227.76 Jersey 0.06 18.72 Madison 0.48 149.76 Monroe 0.09 28.08 St. Clair 0.02 6.24 Metro-East NAA 0.65 202.80 Attainment Area 1.64 511.68 State Total 3.02 942.24

4.3.18 Open Burning

Open burning is the burning of materials in ou tdoor areas such as forests, prairies, yards and farmlands that are set intentionally. This category does not include material burning in dedicated combustion devices nor does it include emissions from forest fires or structure fires. Emissi ons from prescribed burning, residential hous ehold waste and yard waste combustion are in cluded in this inventory.

4.3.18.1 Prescribed Burning

Prescribed burning takes place when fire is int entionally set to a fo rest or land (e.g., prairie). The total number of ac res burned, 2735, was obtained from USEPA 16 . This

73value was apportioned to the county level by the number of acres of forest, scrub and grass acreage. The emission factor used was for non-piled material.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula:

E = ACRES * CF * (1 + SF) * EF / 2000 (4.15)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) ACRES = number of acres burned CF = consumption factor (3 tons burned/acre burned) SF = smoldering factor (0.083) EF = emission factor fr om Table 4-51 (lb/ton burned)

Table 4-51: Prescribed Burning Emi ssion Factors (lb/ton material burned) 16

Pollutant Emission Factor CO 289 NOx 6.2 VOM 13.6

Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of land area for the applicable townships. It wa s assumed that prescribed burning took place in the spring and fall and not in the ozone season.

Table 4-52: Prescribed Burning Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 30.53 0.00 0.66 0.00 1.44 DuPage 0.00 15.42 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.73 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Kane 0.00 12.67 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.60 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 Lake 0.00 4.24 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.20 McHenry 0.00 12.26 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.58 Will 0.00 15.38 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.72 Chicago NAA 0.00 90.99 0.00 1.95 0.00 4.28 Jersey 0.00 11.29 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.53 Madison 0.00 23.87 0.00 0.51 0.00 1.12 Monroe 0.00 13.72 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.65 St. Clair 0.00 18.93 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.89 Metro-East NAA 0.00 67.80 0.00 1.45 0.00 3.19 Attainment Area 0.00 1, 125.27 0.00 24.15 0.00 52.95 State Total 0.00 1,284.07 0.00 27.55 0.00 60.42

744.3.18.2 Residentia l Household Waste

This category includes material generated as waste at residences that is burned in something other than a device meant to inciner ate the waste. Illi nois law prohibits all burning except for landscape waste (i.e., leav es and branches). Even though there is a law prohibiting burning of this type of wast e outdoors, this does occur. A rule effectiveness of 95 percent has been assumed. It is further assumed that waste generated at industrial, commercial and inst itutional sources do not perform open burning of waste.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula:

E = RPOP / 1000 * LF * EF * (1 – RE) (4.16)

Where E = Emissions (tons/year) RPOP = rural population LF = loading factor (450 tons material burned/1000 rural population) 16
EF = emission factor from Table 4- 53 (lb/ton of ton of material burned) RE = rule effectiveness (0.95)

Table 4-53: Residential Household Waste Combustion Emission Factors (lb/ton material burned) 16

Pollutant Emission Factor CO 85 NOx 6 VOM 30

The rural population was estimated based on the rural percentage of the population from the 2000 Census. Emi ssions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the percentage of the population for th e applicable townships. It was assumed that this activity took place uniformly thr oughout the year which results in an activity adjustment factor of 0.00275 and a seas onal adjustment factor of 1.0.

75Table 4-54: Residential Household Waste Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DuPage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.93 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.33 Kane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.01 3.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 1.06 Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Will 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chicago NAA 0.01 3.93 0.00 0.28 0.00 1.38 Jersey 0.01 4.89 0.00 0.35 0.01 1.73 Madison 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Monroe 0.01 4.72 0.00 0.33 0.01 1.67 St. Clair 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Metro-East NAA 0.02 9.61 0.00 0.68 0.01 3.40 Attainment Area 1.15 415.05 0.09 29.31 0.41 146.43 State Total 1.18 428.58 0.09 30.27 0.42 151.21

4.3.18.3 Yard Waste

This category includes the open burning of leav es and brush at residences. Many cities prohibit the open burning of this type of wast e, however, this was not accounted for in the calculation which results in emissions being overestimated.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula 16 :

E = RPOP * FF * WG * AF * PC TB * (EFB + EFL) (4.17)

Where E = Emissions (tons/year) RPOP = rural population FF = forested factor (0, 0.5, or 1) WG = waste generation ra te (0.538 lb/day/person) AF = activity adjustment factor, percent burned on-site (0.28) PCT = percent burned (0.25 for brush and leaves) EF = emission factor from Table 4- 55 (lb/ton of ton of material burned)

Table 4-55: Yard Waste Combustion Em ission Factors (lb/ton material burned) 16

Type of Waste Pollutant Emission Factor Brush CO 140 VOM 19 Leaves CO 112 VOM 28

76The rural population was estimated based on the rural percentage of the population from the 2000 Census. It wa s assumed that burning leaves and brush takes place only in the spring and fall and does not take place during the ozone season.

Table 4-56: Yard Waste Combustion Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 DuPage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.00 3.54 0.00 0.66 Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Will 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chicago NAA 0.00 3.54 0.00 0.66 Jersey 0.00 5.79 0.00 1.08 Madison 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Monroe 0.00 11.18 0.00 2.08 St. Clair 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Metro-East NAA 0.00 16.97 0.00 3.16 Attainment Area 0.00 328.11 0.00 124.65 State Total 0.00 688.62 0.00 128.38

4.3.19 Pavement Markings

Pavement markings include highway paint ing of centerlines, edge stripes and directional marking and painting of bridges.

Illinois’ portion of traffic paint usage in was estimated by multiplying the percentage of on-road and highway spending to the national paint usage data obtained from the Paint and Allied Products report (MA325F(20)-1) 7 . An average application rate of 12.28 gallons per road lane mile was obtained by di viding the total Illinois road lane miles by the total amount of paint usage. The EIIP for pavement markings 27 gives a VOM content of 3.36 lb VOM/gallon. This yields an emission factor of 44.26 lb VOM/lane mile/year. This value was multiplied by t he lane mileage obtained fr om the IDOT Office of Planning and Programming 11

. Pavement marking coatings were one of the categories include d in the USEPA’s architectural and industrial maintenance coati ngs national rule. This regulation limited the VOM content of traffic marking paints to 150 grams per liter. This equates to a 63.7 percent reduction in VOM content and emissions.

77E = LM * EF * (1-CE) / 2000 (4.18)

Where E = Emissions (tons/year) LM = lane miles (miles) EF = emission factor (44.26 lb VOM/lane mile/year) CE = control efficiency (0.637)

It was assumed that activity t ook place five days a week for an activity adjustment factor of 0.00385 and that all painting took place between April and October for a seasonal adjustment factor of 1.72. Emissions fo r the nontattainment townships was based on the percentage of road miles in the township.

Table 4-57: Pavement Marking Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.90 135.60 DuPage 0.25 37.34 Grundy Twps 0.01 0.82 Kane 0.16 24.08 Kendall Twps 0.01 0.69 Lake 0.21 32.46 McHenry 0.11 16.77 Will 0.22 33.63 Chicago NAA 1.86 281.38 Jersey 0.02 2.38 Madison 0.13 19.54 Monroe 0.02 2.55 St. Clair 0.12 18.23 Metro-East NAA 0.29 42.70 Attainment Area 3.30 497.89 State Total 5.45 821.97

4.3.20 Portable Fuel Containers

Portable fuel containers (e.g., gasoline cans ) are used to transfer sm all amounts of fuel from the purchasing point to the point of use. This fuel is then used to power commercial and residential off-highway vehicles and equipment.

Emissions from portable fuel containers reach the atmosphere in various ways. These are identified as follows:

• Permeation - liquid movement through t he container out to the atmosphere

• Diurnal – emissions from the fluctuation of the daily temperature

• Spilling during transpo rt of the container

• Spilling during filli ng of the container

• Vapor displacement losses during filling

78Emissions were calculated using the Ca lifornia Air Resources Board methodology 28 using the same ratios as California. This results in the following formula:

E = CANS * (EF p + EF d + EF ts + EF rs + EF vd ) / 2000 (4.19)

Where E = emissions (tons/day) CANS = number of fuel containers Ef p = emission factor for permeation (lb/can/day) Ef d = emission factor for diurnal emissions (lb/can/day) Ef ts = emission factor for tr ansport spillage (lb/can/day) Ef rs = emission factor for re fueling spillage (lb/can/day) Ef vd = emission factor for vapor displacement (lb/can/day)

The particular values used for the emissi on factors can be found in the following sections. It was assumed that commerc ial and residential operations 250 days per year.

4.3.20.1 Commercial

The population of fuel cont ainers in a county was based upon the same ratio of commercial to residential containers as CA RB times the number of residential fuel containers in a county ca lculated for Illinois.

Table 4-58: Commercial Portable Fuel C ontainer VOM Emission Factors (lb/can/day) 28

Type of Emissions Emission Factor Permeation 0.0014 Diurnal 0.0178 Transport Spillage 0.0089 Refueling Spillage 0.0014 Vapor Displacement 0.00047

Emissions for the nonattainment township s were calculated using population.

79Table 4-59: Commercial Portable Fuel Container Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1.68 420.95 DuPage 0.28 69.43 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.52 Kane 0.11 28.55 Kendall Twps 0.01 2.09 Lake 0.18 46.12 McHenry 0.08 19.06 Will 0.14 35.72 Chicago NAA 2.48 622.43 Jersey 0.01 1.73 Madison 0.09 21.74 Monroe 0.01 2.19 St. Clair 0.08 20.64 Metro-East NAA 0.19 46.30 Attainment Area 1.23 310.36 State Total 3.90 979.09

4.3.20.2 Residential

The population of fuel cont ainers was estimated based upon the number of occupied housing units in each county.

Table 4-60: Residential Portable Fuel C ontainer Emission Fact ors (lb VOM/can/day) 28

Type of Emissions Emission Factor Permeation 0.0015 Diurnal 0.0128 Transport Spillage 0.0007 Refueling Spillage 0.0014 Vapor Displacement 0.00047

Emissions for the nonattainment township s were calculated using the population.

80Table 4-61: Residential Portabl e Fuel Container Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 14.96 3,741.02 DuPage 2.47 617.00 Grundy Twps 0.02 4.60 Kane 1.01 253.74 Kendall Twps 0.07 18.52 Lake 1.64 409.88 McHenry 0.68 169.42 Will 1.27 317.49 Chicago NAA 22.12 5,531.68 Jersey 0.06 15.34 Madison 0.77 193.20 Monroe 0.08 19.47 St. Clair 0.73 183.45 Metro-East NAA 1.64 411.46 Attainment Area 11.04 758.14 State Total 34.80 8,701.28

4.3.21 Solvent Cleaning

Solvent cleaning operations are those t hat employ non-aqueous solvents to remove grease, fats, oil, was or other impurities fr om the surface of metal, glass or plastic articles that are to be furt her processed. Degreasing is conducted in a variety of industries with three basic cleaning designs us ed: small cold cleaning operations, open top vapor degreasers and conveyorized degreasers. These solvent cleaning operations can also be included in the point source inventory. Process with an SCC of 401002xx and 401003xx were deemed to be solvent cleaning emissions.

The number of employees were obtained fr om Reference 16. In 1999, Illinois EPA adopted a regulation limiting the v apor pressure of solvents used in cold cleaning to two millimeters of mercury. This was estimated to reduce VOM emissions by 33 percent.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula:

E = EMP * EF / 2000 – PS (4.20)

Where E = emissions (tons/year) EMP = number of employees EF = emission factor from Table 4-62 (lb/employee/year) PS = point source emissions (tons/year)

81Table 4-62: Solvent Cleaning Emi ssion Factors (lb VOM/employee/year) 29

Type of Industry Emission Factor SIC 37xx 24 All others 87

Solvent cleaning operations are assumed to take place six days per week uniformly throughout the year. This results in an acti vity adjustment factor of 0.0032 and a seasonal adjustment fact or of 1.0. Applying these two adjustments results in emission estimates in tons per summer weekday. Emissions for the nonattainment townships were calculated using the perc entage of the population for the applicable townships. In cases where the point source emission com ponent was larger than the calculated area source component, a value of zero emission s was used for the area source component.

Table 4-63: Solvent Cleaning Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 13.49 4,203.11 DuPage 3.56 1,108.37 Grundy Twps 0.01 2.90 Kane 1.58 491.51 Kendall Twps 0.10 31.24 Lake 1.95 609.00 McHenry 0.99 307.58 Will 0.81 250.82 Chicago NAA 22.48 7,004.53 Jersey 0.01 1.61 Madison 1.02 317.74 Monroe 0.01 3.93 St. Clair 0.32 100.57 Metro-East NAA 1.36 423.85 Attainment Area 11.98 3,732.33 State Total 35.82 11,160.71

4.3.22 Structure Fires

Annual structural fire data for 2002 was obt ained from the Illinois State Fire Marshall’s Office 30

. Guidance and emission fa ctors from the EIIP docum ent for structure fires 31
was used to calculate emissions. The num ber of fires were apportioned to each county based on the number of stru ctures in each county.

Emissions were calculated using the following formula:

82E = FIRES * FL * EF / 2000 (4.21)

Where E = emissions (tons) FIRES = number of fi res in a given period FL = fuel loading factor (1.5 tons burned per fire) 31
EF = emission factor fr om Table 4-64 (lb/ton burned)

Table 4-64: Structure Fire Emissi on Factors (lb/ton material burned) 31

Pollutant Emission Factor CO 60 NOx 1.4 VOM 11

The number of fires in the oz one season for a particular county was calculated using the values from Table 18.3-2 in the EIIP document for structure fires 31

.

Table 4-65: Structure Fire Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 2.71 188.62 0.06 4.40 0.50 34.58 DuPage 0.44 30.84 0.01 0.72 0.08 5.65 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 Kane 0.19 13.41 0.00 0.31 0.04 2.46 Kendall Twps 0.02 1.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.19 Lake 0.30 20.99 0.01 0.49 0.06 3.85 McHenry 0.13 8.92 0.00 0.21 0.02 1.63 Will 0.25 17.18 0.01 0.40 0.05 3.15 Chicago NAA 4.04 281.20 0.09 6.56 0.76 51.55 Jersey 0.01 0.82 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.15 Madison 0.14 9.94 0.00 0.23 0.03 1.82 Monroe 0.01 1.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.18 St. Clair 0.14 9.54 0.00 0.22 0.03 1.75 Metro-East NAA 0.30 21.31 0.00 0.49 0.06 3.90 Attainment Area 2.09 143.09 0.00 3.37 0.28 26.25 State Total 6.43 445.60 0.09 10.42 1.09 81.70

4.3.23 Waste Water Treatment

4.3.23.1 POTWs

POTWs are facilities that treat waste wate r by physical, biological and occasionally chemical methods such that wastewat er can be discharged with a minimum of environmental harm. POTWs treat nearly all of an area’ s domestic sewage and often

83much industrial waste and storm sewer runo ff as well. Although domestic and storm waste can contain minute amounts of VOM, virtually all emissions come from VOMs present in the industrial waste portion of the POTWs influent stream. POTWs are generally designed so that wastewater is treated biologica lly (activated sludge or other aerobic processes). It is a ssumed that most of the wastewater VOM is emitted during these treatment processes, but some VOMs may be destroyed, hence not emitted, by the biological and chemical activity that occurs in the various POTW processes.

A number of theoretical studies 32-36 of VOM emissions from POTWs have been conducted, but their conclusions tend to be inconsistent because of contradictory presumptions. The discrepancies occur because it is not generally known:

• To what degree the flow in a POTW is “acclimated”; that is, to what degree the microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation of wastes in the flow are adapted to varying concentrations of various waste substances

• Whether there was an accounting fo r “non-listed” VOM species in the wastewater. Listed compounds are from the list of 126 common substances compiled by USEPA that are toxic to humans (and to most microorganisms) hence their wastewater concentrations, and not specifically non-listed compound concentrations, are monitored at POTWs.

An important study the Illinois EPA has reference is the one conducted by Noll and DePaul 33 . Its conclusions appear to address POTW VOM air emissions most accurately but only if a high degree of acclimation is a ssumed. The methods finally used by the Illinois EPA were developed after considering several different theoretical studies and one actual monitoring study.

Emissions are calculated usi ng Equation 4.22 derived from the Noll-DePaul data on the relationship between influent industrial flow and influent listed VOMs. Further background can be found in Reference 9.

E = (1.1207 x MGD x %IND/100 +2 .10352) x 8.5774 x 0.00275 (4.22)

Where E = emissions (tons/day) MGD = influent flow rate (million gallons per day) %IND = percent industrial load

Influent flow rates were obtained from di scharge monitoring report data obtained from the Bureau of Water. Reported values for June, July and August were averaged to obtain the influent flow rate for the ozone season. The percent industrial load was assumed to be the same as the value used for the 1999 periodic inventory.

84Table 4-66: POTW Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 2.55 930.93 DuPage 0.29 107.85 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 Kane 0.15 55.73 Kendall Twps 0.05 20.27 Lake 0.31 114.28 McHenry 0.05 19.49 Will 0.06 25.36 Chicago NAA 3.46 1,273.91 Jersey 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.13 50.15 Monroe 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.22 80.77 Metro-East NAA 0.35 130.92 Attainment Area 2.34 885.55 State Total 6.15 2,290.38

4.3.23.2 Industrial Waste Wa ter Treatment Facilities

Emissions from IWWTs were calculated usin g the same methodology as POTWs. In this case, the percent industrial load is assu med to be 100 percent. Only those facilities determined to have VOMs in their waste wa ter were included in the calculations. Sources with influent flow rates less than 2 million gallons/day were summed per county and treated as a single flow.

Table 4-67: Industrial Wast e Water Treatment Emissions

County VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 0.43 157.64 DuPage 0.09 33.47 Grundy Twps 0.05 17.32 Kane 0.05 21.17 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.09 35.51 McHenry 0.13 49.78 Will 0.59 216.33 Chicago NAA 1.43 531.22 Jersey 0.00 0.00 Madison 0.50 183.37 Monroe 0.00 0.00 St. Clair 0.09 34.05 Metro-East NAA 0.59 217.42 Attainment Area 4.89 1,876.85 State Total 6.91 2,625.49

854.3.24 Biogenic Emissions

Biogenic emissions are those fr om flora such as trees, sh rubs and crops. Emissions occur as the plant transpires, mostly duri ng the daylight hours, and often in response to environmental stresses. Emission also occur fr om microbial activity in soils, often due to the breakdown of fertilizer.

To meet the requirements of the CERR, USEPA calculat ed biogenic emissions using BEIS 3.12. These emission estimates were made available to the states. Daily emissions were calculated by taking t he calculated monthly emissions for MaySeptember and dividing by the number of days in that period, 153.

Table 4-68: Biogenic Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 4.04 759.94 0.86 216.31 46.07 7,898.37 DuPage 3.04 531.83 0.68 166.18 37.05 6,124.02 Grundy Twps 0.58 100.88 0.25 64.23 3.04 13.11 Kane 3.69 611.57 1.34 317.34 35.05 5,697.48 Kendall Twps 0.42 71.88 0.17 40.99 2.75 8.63 Lake 3.11 585.44 0.71 172.12 30.32 5,241.29 McHenry 3.68 614.50 1.20 279.47 35.09 5,726.26 Will 5.19 912.40 1.63 425.88 47.34 7,958.49 Chicago NAA 23.74 4,188.44 6.83 1,682.52 236.71 38,667.67 Jersey 4.00 768.31 1. 11 272.11 38.08 6,848.07 Madison 4.46 858.82 1. 44 345.44 34.17 6,220.00 Monroe 4.06 799.21 1. 14 281.81 32.66 6,024.95 St. Clair 4.03 788.31 1.26 307.84 30.70 5,648.83 Metro-East NAA 16.56 3,214. 65 4.95 1,207.20 135.62 24,741.85 Attainment Area 396.43 72056.68 147.06 35,883.20 2,653.75 465,173.71 State Total 436.73 79,459.76 158. 84 38,772.91 3,026.08 528,583.23

86

## 5 Mobile Sources

A mobile source of air pollution is a self-p ropelled or portable emi tter of air pollutants, and mobile source emissions are those genera ted by the engines or motors that power such sources. Most mobile sources except jet or turboprop aircraft are powered by internal combustion (IC) piston engines, and near ly all use liquid fuels. Gaseous fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), had only a very small fraction, barely 0.1 percent, of the mo tor fuel market in Illinois in 2002. Solid fuels have not been used by mobile sources in significant amounts since railroads retired their coal-powered steam locomotives in the 1950s.

5.0.1 Categories of Mobile Sources

For inventory and planning pur poses, mobile sources ar e divided into two major categories.

1. On-highway mobile sources, i.e., moto r vehicles such as cars, vans, trucks, buses and motorcycles used for transportation of goods and passengers on roads and streets 2. Off-highway (usually referred to as non-road) mobile sources including:

• Modes of powered transportation that do not use roads, such as aircraft, trains, ships and boats, and motor vehicles used off-road; and

• Self-propelled or portable motoriz ed machines or equipment not used for transportation, ranging from constructi on equipment and farm tractors to lawnmowers and hand-held power weed choppers.

All on-highway mobile sources are self-propelled. Some nonroad mobile sources (e.g., farm tractors), are self-pr opelled, but many nonroad so urces are not. A gasolinepowered chain saw is a familiar example of a non-self-propelled nonroad mobile source. Not all movable or portable emission sources are mobile sources, however. A small truck-portable cement or hot-mix asphalt plant, for example, may be set up near a construction or road-building site. Such plan ts are classified as stationary sources, not mobile sources for two reasons: (1) they ma y operate for weeks or months at a single location, and (2) the trucks that move the plants do not suppl y power for them.

Not all IC or turbine engines are mobile source s. Fixed IC engines, such as those that power pipeline compressors or standby generat ors in electricity plants and elsewhere, are also classified as stationary sources.

875.0.2 Categories and Component s of Mobile Source Emissions

There are three categories of mobile source emissions:

• Exhaust or tailpipe emissions, which result from the combustion of fuel in the source’s engine

• Evaporative emissions, which result from evaporation of fuel from the engine or its fuel system; and

• Refueling emissions

Exhaust emissions are the result of fuel combustion and occur only when the engine is running.

Evaporative emissions are VO M only and are continuously emitted from an engine’s fuel system, whether the engine is running or not . Gasoline is a very volatile fuel, so total VOM emissions from gasoline power ed vehicles have a large evaporative component. Diesel and jet fuels are of very lo w volatility, so evaporative emissions from diesel and turbine engines are a much smaller part of their total VOM emissions. Evaporative emissions for CNG or LPG power ed vehicles are negligible because their fuel tanks and systems are, of necessity , sealed. Evaporative and exhaust VOM emissions can be calculated separately for most mobile source categories, but in this inventory these two components are combined in to total VOM. Evaporative emissions do not include VOM emissions t hat occur during refueling.

Refueling emissions are a third category of mobile source emissions. Refueling emissions are entirely VOM. Although they result from the evaporation of fuel, they are distinct from, and not direct ly related to, evaporative emissions as defined above. Refueling emissions have two subcomponents:

• Displacement emissions. Occur when new fuel is transferred into a partly filled tank (be it a service stati on storage tank, a portable fuel container or gas can, or a vehicle or engine’s fuel tank), displa cing the air in the tank and forcing that vapor-rich air out the inlet pipe or ot her vent. There are two stages of displacement emissions:

o “Stage I” emissions occur w hen the underground storage tanks at a service station are being refilled;

o “Stage II” emissions occur when a mo tor vehicle (or gas can) is being refueled.

• Spill emissions. These occur when drops of fuel drip or splash on the ground during or after refueling and evaporate away.

Refueling emissions from on-highway source s occur almost entirely at commercial or private service stations. For many years, service stations in the Chicago and MetroEast areas and certain other counties in I llinois have been required to have equipment that captures Stage I emissions and recycles them to the tank truck delivering the fuel. Stage II emissions can be controlled by devices at the pump (“Stage II vapor recovery” equipment) or on the vehicle (“on-board [vapor] recovery”, OB[V]R) that capture and recycle the displacement emissions before they are emitted to the air. Stage II vapor

88recovery equipment has been required at servic e stations in the Chicago area since the 1980s. OBVR equipment is required by federal regulation on new light-duty vehicles: cars from model year 1998 on, and light trucks from model year 2001 on.

Non-road sources also have refueling emissi ons. Some non-road sources, especially locomotives and many aircraft and boats, are re fueled at fixed locations, the functional equivalents of motor vehicle service stat ions. However, many small non-highway sources (e.g., lawnmowers) are refueled wher e they are used from mobile or portable tanks or fuel containers. In this inventory, refueling emi ssions from non-road categories (except aircraft refueling) are not repor ted separately from exhaust and evaporative emissions, but rather are included in t he reported overall non -road VOM emissions.

Refueling emissions from motor vehicles are reported separately from exhaust and evaporative emissions, though not in this chapter. Stage I emissions from service stations and refueling, and Stage II emissions from motor vehicles, are both considered area source VOM emissions and are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. Estimates of on-highway refueling emissions are given in Section 4.3.13 “Gasoline Marketing“. Emissions from refueling of aircraft are in Section 4.3.2 “Aircraft Refueling”.



### 5.1 On-Highway Mobile Source Inventory

The inventory of on-highway mobile source em issions contains Illinois EPA’s estimates of the amounts of CO, NOx and VOM from highway vehicles statewide by county. Exhaust and evaporative VOM emissions are co mbined. Emissions are reported for a typical ozone season weekday in the summer of 2002 in accordance with USEPA’s guidance. The estimates given here ar e for on-highway sour ces do not include refueling emissions. Refueling emissions are found in the Area Sources chapter.

5.1.1 On-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Summary

Table 5-1 is a summary of the on-highway mobile source emissions of CO, NOx and VOM in tons per summer weekday and tons per year. Detailed ta bles of on-highway mobile source emissions are given in the appendices.

89Table 5-1: On-Road Mobile Source Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1,198.67 56,467.51 235. 99 97,482.66 97.00 34,356.84 DuPage 297.38 140,757.49 58. 32 24,300.13 24.20 8,564.30 Grundy Twps 7.57 2, 582.88 1.88 410.16 0.61 158.03 Kane 124.67 59,150.04 25. 17 9,755.43 10.13 3,605.61 Kendall Twps 8.73 2,977.74 1.26 504.58 0.74 181.80 Lake 201.08 96,410.08 37.28 16,582.01 16.53 5,866.53 McHenry 75.81 36,262.38 14.61 5,911.07 6.27 2,211.00 Will 162.40 76,406.01 34.37 12,673.69 13.15 4,655.86 Chicago NAA 2,076.43 979,219.14 408.88 167,619.73 168.63 59,599.97 Jersey 12.21 5,109.41 1.68 609.79 1.02 380.91 Madison 127.64 54,833.20 23.27 7,877.35 10.83 3,859.66 Monroe 17.94 7,439.08 2.55 976.75 1.37 521.51 St. Clair 123.22 52,361.54 19.57 7,519.49 10.35 3,683.91 Metro-East NAA 281.01 119,743. 24 47.07 16,983.38 23.57 8,445.99 Attainment Area 2,348.05 1,066,794. 52 404.31 125,265.82 203.12 75,449.84 State Total 4,705.48 2,165,756.89 860.26 309,868.93 395.32 143,495.81

5.1.2 Inventory Guidance and References

The following publications provid e much of the guidance for the preparation of this onhighway inventory.

• EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), now EPA/450-R-92-009, Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volu me IV: Mobile Sources , December 1992. Hereafter “Procedures Vol. IV”. The 1992 vers ion is still the definitive document on inventories. If a previous edition is referred to, the fact will be noted as, for example, “the 1989 Procedures Vol. IV” or “Volume IV, 1989 edition”.

• EPA420-R-03-010, User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model , August 2003. This is the User’s Guide for the official MOBILE6.2.03 on-highway mobile source emission factor model and will usually be referred to as the M6.2 (or simply M6 ) User’s Guide (UG). Emission factors calculated by this model were used in this inventory as discussed in more detail below. User’s Guides for previous ve rsions of the MOBILE6 model were used during the preliminary work on this inv entory. The M6 model in its various versions was developed and published by Assessment & Modeling Division (AMD) of the National Vehicle & Fuel s Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The NVFEL is part of USEPA’s Office of Transportation & Air Quality (OTAQ), formerly the Offi ce of Mobile Sources (OMS).

• Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBI LE6 for Emission Inventory Preparation, August 2004. Hereafter, referred to as the M6 “Technical Guidance [Document]” or “TGD”. The TGD is the primary source of guidance on M6 inputs and an invaluable adjunct to the M6 User’s Guide.

90• USEPA document “Frequently Asked Q uestions on MOBILE6”, 16 January 2002. Hereafter, referred to as [M6] “FAQ”. This document was published along with the M6 TGD.

• USEPA memo, “Policy Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6 for SIP Development and Transportation Conformity”, dat ed 18 January 2002, from John Seitz, Director of OAQPS, and Mar go Oge, Director of OTAQ, to Regional Air Division Directors.

• EPA420-R-03-001 , MOBILE6.1 Particulate Emis sion Factor Model Technical Description: Final Report , January 2003, and EPA420-R-02-011, Draft Report Technical Description of MOBILE6.2 and Guidance for Its Use for Emission Inventory Preparation , February 2002. These documents outline how MOBILE6.1 and 6.2 calculate particula te and air toxics emission factors.

• EPA-AA-AQA-94-1, User’s Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model) , May 1994. This document covers both the MOBILE5a and MOBILE5b models and, although it is no longer a pr imary reference now that MOBILE5b has been superseded by MOBILE6, it still has useful information on mobile source emissions modeling.

• EPA-454/R-07-004d, EIIP Volume IV: Mobile Sources: Preferred and Alternative Methods, July 1997. This is one of seven volumes of inventory guidance published by the Emission Inventory Improvem ent Program (EIIP). EIIP Vol. IV is composed of three chapters:

o Chapter 1: “Preferred and Alternat ive Methods for Gathering and Locating Specific Emission Inventory Data”, June 1996. This chapter includes instructions for estimating regist ration and mileage accumulation data, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), fuel c onsumption, etc., from I/M program information.

o Chapter 2: “Use of Locality-S pecific Transportation Data for the Development of Mobile Source Emi ssion Inventories”, September 1997. This chapter includes instructions fo r estimating locality-specific MOBILE inputs and for estimating future VMT from transportation model output.

o Chapter 3: “Guidance for Estimati ng Lawn & Garden Equipment Activity Levels”, September 1997

• Conformity Analysis Documentation A ppendix B: Travel Demand Modeling for the Conformity Process in Northeastern Illinois” from the 2020 Regional Transportation Plan: Transportation Im provement Program for Northeastern Illinois: FY 1998-2002 , published in November 1997 by the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS), the metr opolitan planning organi zation (MPO) for the Chicago area. This document contains much information on CATS’s traffic modeling process and traffic in the Chicag o area. Hereafter, referred to as “CATS Appendix B”.

91• Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations , Draft document published J une 2003 by USEPA/OAQPS and abbreviated EIG. See also its predecessor of the same name, EPA-454/R-99- 006, April 1999.

5.1.3 Basic Concepts of On-Highway Mobile Source Emission Inventories

5.1.3.1 Vehicle Types

Emissions are reported for ei ght vehicle types corresponding to the vehicle types for which the MOBILE emission factor model normally reports emission factors. The vehicle types are described in more detail in Table 5-2.

Table 5-2: Inventory V ehicle Types in MOBILE6

Inventory

Vehicle

Type Vehicle Type Description Corresponding MOBILE5 Vehicle Type LDGV Light-duty gasoline power ed vehicles – passenger cars, including station wagons. Some small SUVs and vans are in this category. LDGV

LDGT12 Light-duty gasoline power ed trucks types 1 & 2 – small trucks up to 6,000 lb GVW, consisting of M6 vehicle types LDGT1 (LVW < 3,750 lb) and LDGT2 (LVW between 3,750 and 6000 lb). Most pickups, small vans and SUVs are in this category. LDGT1

LDGT34 Light-duty gasoline powe red trucks – larger trucks between 6,000 and 8,500 lb GVW, consisting of M6 vehicle types LDGT3 (ALVW < 5,750 lb) and LDGT4 (ALVW > 5,750 lb). Typical of this category are delivery vans and large SUVs. LDGT2

HDGV Heavy-duty gasoline powered vehicles – larger vans, trucks and buses, GVW > 8,500 lb, consisting of eight M6 HDGV weight classes (2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8a and 8b) and gasoline buses (HDGB). HDGV

LDDV Light-duty diesel powered vehicles – diesel passenger

cars. LDDV

LDDT Light-duty diesel powered trucks – diesel trucks up to 8,500 lb GVW, including diesel pickups, vans, delivery vehicles, etc. This small category consists of M6 vehicle types LDDT12 and LDDT34 (cf. the two LDGT types) defined the same as the corresponding gasoline truck types. LDDT

92Table 5-2: Inventory Vehicle Types in MOBILE6 (continued)

Inventory

Vehicle

Type Vehicle Type Description Corresponding MOBILE5 Vehicle Type HDDV Heavy-duty diesel vehicles – large diesel trucks andbuses. GVW > 8,500 lb, including large trucks, tractortrailers and diesel buses, and consisting of eight M6 HDDV weight classes (2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8a and 8b, defined the same as the corresponding gasoline truck types) and two diesel bus types (HDDBT [transit buses] and HDDBS [school buses]). HDDV

MC On-road motorcycles. All are gasoline powered. Offroad motorcycles are treated as recreational vehicles in the non-road category. MC

Different types of vehicles have different emission characteristi cs. Larger and heavier vehicles emit more than smaller, lighter vehicles using the same fuel. Generally speaking, diesel vehicles also emit less CO and VOM but more NOx than their gasoline equivalents.

5.1.3.2 Classifications of Roads

Public roads are classified according to their function in the highway system. The Federal Highway Administration’s Highway Performance Monito ring System (HPMS), the most widely used classification, defines tw elve functional classes (FCs) of roads as in Table 5-3. In this inventory, daily em issions are estimated for each of the twelve HPMS functional classes.

Table 5-3: HPMS Functional Classes of Roads and Their Codes

Functional Class Abbreviation Code Rural Interstates R-Int 01 Rural Other Principal Arterials R-OPA 02 Rural Minor Arterials R-MA 06 Rural Major Collectors R-MaC 07 Rural Minor Collectors R-MiC 08 Rural Local Roads R-Lcl 09 Urban Interstates U-Int 11 Urban Other Freeways and Expressways U-OFE 12 Urban Other Principal Arterials U-OPA 14 Urban Minor Arterials U-MA 16 Urban Collectors U-C 17 Urban Local Streets U-Lcl 19

93The way in which people drive on different types of roads, referred to as “driving cycles”, resulting in different on-road emission charac teristics. A car dr iven ten miles on urban local streets, with a low av erage speed, frequent stops and star ts at intersections emits more than when it driven the same distance at a steady moderate speed on a freeway without any stops. Moreover, a vehicle will have different emission characteristics on different road types even if the average speed is the same in both cases.

MOBILE6 is the first MOBILE model to take different driv ing cycles explicitly into account. M6 calculates emissi on factors for four facility ty pes (FTs): freeway, arterials and connectors, local roads and streets, and freeway ramps corresponding to four driving cycles (DCs) whose emission characte ristics are built into the model. The emission factor the model reports in its descriptive output is the weighted average of the individual emission factors for the four driving cycles, the weighting factors being the fractions of total VMT for each facility type. MOBILE6’s default file FVMT.DEF, hourly fraction of VMT by the four facility types, has the standar d weighting factors used for that purpose. The user can replace the FVMT file with an external VMT-by-FT file that reflects area-specific conditions. Illinoi s EPA has developed VM T-by-FT files for the Chicago and Metro-East areas in this inventory, using transportation modeling data supplied by CATS and EWGCC. The default VMT-by-FT file is used for areas outside the two NAAs. Illinois EPA has developed VMT- by-FT files that assign all the VMT to a single facility type. This is used to obtain emission factors for the individual facility types.

MOBILE6’s four facility types are matched to the twelve HP MS functional classes in Table 5-4 as in TGD Table 4.2.1, p. 29. See M6 TGD, §4.2.2 for a more detailed discussion of M6 facility types and driving cycles.

Table 5-4: MOBILE6 Facility Types or Driving Cycles

MOBILE6 FT or DC FT or DC VMT in Terms of HPMS Functional Class VMT Freeways (freeways and expressways) 92 percent of the sum of VMT from R-Int, U-Int, R-OPA and U-OFE Arterials (arterials and collectors) Sum of VMT from R-MA, RMaC, R-MiC, R-Lcl, U-OPA, UMA and U-C Locals (local roads and st reets) VMT from U-Lcl Ramps (freeway ramps) 8 percent of the sum of VMT from R-Int, U-Int, R-OPA and U-OFE

Freeway driving is characterized by high speeds and few stops and takes place mostly on limited-access roads. Arterial driving is characterized by moderate speeds and occasional stops. Much in-town driving is of this nature. Local dr iving is characterized

94by slow average speeds and frequent stops and takes place chiefly on neighborhood streets and small rural roads. Ramp driving is characterized by rapid accelerations and decelerations as vehicles enter or leave high-speed traffic on freeways.

Virtually all the traffic take s place on paved roads. Dirt roads have very little traffic and are not common, even in rural areas.

5.1.3.3 Activity Factors and Emission Factors

On-highway emissions for the vehicle types or categories are estimated in essentially the same way as point and area emissions are. For a given pollutant, emissions are given by the following equation.

E = AF × EF × CF (5.1)

where: E = emission rate for that particular pollutant AF = activity factor EF = emission factor for that particular pollutant CF = conversion factor to obtain emissions in desired units

For motor vehicles, the activity factor can be expressed as output (e.g., distance traveled) or input (e.g., amount of fuel used) per unit time. T he activity factor of choice for estimating on-highway exhaust and evaporat ive emissions is distance traveled, but the preferred activity factor for estimati ng on-highway refueling emissions is fuel consumption derived from data on fuel sales. The emission factor must be in units corresponding to those of the activity factor (i.e., mass of pollutant per unit distance or fuel amount). In this invent ory, the on-highway activity fa ctor is typically daily VMT.

Illinois EPA used the MOBILE6.2 model to estimate the on-highway emission factors for this inventory, as required by USEPA ( 67 FR 4254, 29 January 2002). The version of MOBILE6 used in this inventory is 6. 2.03 (24 September 2004), which became the USEPA’s official model (69 FR 28830, 19 May 2004) for estimating emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and air toxics from highway vehicles on its formal release in February 2004.

Equation 5.1 is simple, but the actual emission estimating process is more complex. An accurate emission inventory is not the resu lt of multiplying a total area-wide VMT by some single average all-vehicle emission fact or to obtain an emission value for a given pollutant. There are two reasons for this:

95• Emission factors generated, especially fo r CO and VOM, are very sensitive to vehicle speed and the relationship bet ween speed and emission factor is not linear.

• Different vehicle types have different emission characteristics and therefore different emission factors.

Different road types have different average speeds. Thus, M6 emission rates for a vehicle type on freeways are different from thos e on local roads or streets. Roads of a given type also have different average speeds under different traffic conditions. Speeds are lower during rush-hour congest ion than during free traffic flow at 4 AM. It is difficult, therefore, to estimate a priori a single speed that would be representative of all the traffic in a whole county or region for a whole day. However, reasonably accurate speed estimates can be made for various functi onal classes or for individual segments or “links” on a transportation model network. Emissions by functional class or by link can then be calculated and summed to obtain regional emissions.

USEPA requires emissions to be reported separ ately for each of the eight vehicle types in Table 5-2. The shares of the to tal VMT generate by each vehicle type, VMT fractions, are used to calculat e the VMT by vehicle type (VT) according to the formula:

VMT VT = Total all-vehicle VMT × VMT Fraction VT (5.2)

The VMT for a vehicle type is multiplied by t he emission rate for the vehicle type to give emissions for that vehicle type. The vehi cle-type emissions are then summed to obtain total emissions for all vehicle types.

Region-wide activity factors and emission factors must both be broken down into spatial, temporal and other components and each activity factor multiplied by its corresponding emission factor to get com ponent emission estimates on at least a byvehicle-type basis. The process of breaking down activity factors and emission factors into components is called “disaggregation. ” The disaggregated emissions, calculated from disaggregated components, are summed to get emissions on a county or regional basis. This is best expressed by rewriting Equation 5.1 as:

(5.3) )EF(AF CFE C C last

C first C × ×= 

## ∑

Since the activity factor is the VMT from Equation 5.3, we can rewrite as:

(5.4) 

## ( 

## ∑ × × ×= C last

C first C C Total C C all EF Fraction VMT VMT CFE 

## )

where the subscript C refers to the component(s) into which the activity factors (i.e., VMT and VMT fraction) and emission factors have been disaggregated, such as county or link or functional class of road, or even time of day. Si nce there are usually several

96components or levels of disaggr egation, there may actually be several summations to be completed before the total emissions for the whole region or st ate is calculated.

Representative region-wide VMT mixes are har d to estimate accurately, but reasonably accurate VMT mixes by functional class or ev en network link are oft en available, or can be made, from data supplied by transportation agencies.

The VMT fractions used to calculate emissions in this inventory are shown in Table 5-5 below. They are derived from IDOT vehi cle count monitoring data collected during 2002. The all-vehicle VMT mix in Table 5-5 is the most represent ative VMT mix for the State as a whole. The VMT fr actions in Table 5-5 are closel y related to, but are not the same as, the VMT fractions used as input s to the MOBILE model. See the MOBILE inputs section below for more informati on on VMT fractions used with the MOBILE model.

Table 5-5: State wide Average VMT Mixes

HPMS V e h i c l e T y p e HPMS Code Functional Class (FC) LDGV LDGT12 LDGT34 HDGV LDDV LDDT HDDV MC

01 Rural Interstate 0.3558 0.2342 0.0799 0.0968 0.0006 0.0013 0.2254 0.0060 02 Rural OPA 0.4542 0.2989 0.1021 0.0408 0.0007 0.0016 0.0957 0.0060 06 Rural Minor Art 0.4657 0.3065 0.1046 0.0337 0.0008 0.0017 0.0810 0.0060 07 Rural Major Collectors 0.4779 0.3145 0.1074 0.0270 0.0008 0.0017 0.0647 0.0060 08 Rural Minor Collectors 0.4993 0.3287 0.1121 0.0137 0.0008 0.0018 0.0376 0.0060 09 Rural Local Roads 0.4886 0.3216 0.1099 0.0197 0.0007 0.0018 0.0517 0.0060
11 Urban Interstate 0.4577 0.3013 0.1030 0.0385 0.0008 0.0016 0.0911 0.0060 12 Urban OEF 0.4803 0.3161 0.1080 0.0258 0.0008 0.0017 0.0613 0.0060 14 Urban OPA 0.4843 0.3187 0.1089 0.0230 0.0008 0.0017 0.0566 0.0060 16 Urban Minor Arts 0.4879 0.3212 0.1097 0.0207 0.0008 0.0017 0.0520 0.0060
17 Urban Collectors 0.4942 0.3253 0.1110 0.0180 0.0008 0.0018 0.0429 0.0060 19 Urban Local Streets 0.5092 0.3351 0.1145 0.0092 0.0008 0.0018 0.0234 0.0060

Overall VMT Mix 0.4676 0.3078 0.1051 0.0327 0.0008 0.0017 0.0783 0.0060 Overall Rural VMT Mix 0.4330 0.2850 0.0973 0.0525 0.0007 0.0016 0.1239 0.0060 Overall Urban VMT Mix 0.4819 0.3173 0.1083 0.0245 0.0008 0.0017 0.0595 0.0060

Different combinations of emissi on control strategies (scenarios) will give rise to efferent emission factors. The differ ence in the emission factors for various scenarios is used to calculate the emission reductions arising from them. Illinois EPA estimates and reports emission reductions from its vehicle inspec tion and maintenance (I/M) program in this manner, by comparing emission factors for a no-I/M scenario with those from an I/M scenario.

97As noted above, the activity factor used in this inventory is VMT. VM T in a region is the total number of miles driven by all the vehicles operating in the region over a given period of time. Statewide average daily VM T (ADVMT) in Illinois was about 291 million miles per day in 2002.

5.1.3.3.1 IDOT VMT Estimate s for the Emission Inventory

The VMT estimates used to calculate emissions for this inventory are those made and published by the Office of Planning and Progr amming (OPP) of the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). Illinois EPA uses IDOT’s VMT data because those data are official, complete, easy to work with and of hi gh quality. IDOT has general oversight of all transportation matters in I llinois. Other organizations t hat estimate VMT are CATS and the East-West Gateway Coordinatin g Council (EWGCC), the metropolitan [transportation] planning organizations (MPOs) for the Chicago and St. Louis areas, respectively.

IDOT and the MPOs use complementary met hods of estimating VMT. IDOT uses observed traffic count data as input to a pr ogram to estimate annual VMT by county and by functional class for the ent ire State. These estimate s are the “Roadway File” VMT estimates for a given year and are the State’ s official published VMT estimates for that year. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) receives a subset of the Roadway File that meets the statistical requirements of the HPMS. CATS and EWGCC, on the other hand, use zone-based trav el-demand transportation models to estimate VMT in their planning regions, and validate their esti mated traffic against observed traffic counts. IDOT and the MPO’s methods are described in more detail below. Despite their difference in methodologies , the estimates of VMT in t heir regions are close. The VMT estimates, made by different me thods, thus act as checks on one another, ensuring the correctness of the em ission estimates made from them.

Illinois EPA requested, and received, from IDOT/OPP a copy of IDOT’s 2002 Roadway File, plus VMT estimates by functional class for the nonattainment townships in Kendall and Grundy Counties. Illinois EPA also requested and received adjustment factors for converting ADVMT to Average Summer Weekday VMT (ASWVMT) or to monthly VMT, as required for the inventory.

The MPO’s transportation model output data, being link-based, are more spatially detailed than IDOT’s Roadway File. IDOT’s Roadway File data are based largely on actual observed 2002 transportation information and are calculated every year. This is not necessarily the case with t he transportation model outputs.

The VMT estimates submitted by IDOT to the FHWA under the HPMS are a subset of the Roadway File VMT estimates. The state wide Roadway File VMT is larger than the HPMS VMT, but only by about 0.12 percent. The two estimates are identical for all functional classes except rural local roads and urban local street s. The difference arises because roadway file VMT estimates co ver all roads in the state, including some

981600 miles of private local r oads that HPMS VMT does not include; and IDOT uses all available reliable traffic count and other data, while HPMS, by its nature, uses a smaller sample. The difference between the Roadway File and the HPMS VMTs translates into less than a ton of NOx or VOM statewide. Illinois EPA uses IDOT’s Roadway File data in preference to HPMS data in emission estimates because:

• IDOT’s Roadway File VMT data by county and nonattainment township are readily available to Illinois EPA in a convenient and usable form tailored to Illinois EPA’s needs

• IDOT’s Roadway File VMT estimates are more comprehensive and hence slightly more conservative than HPMS data. IDOT’s Roadway File VMT estimates are made from larger samples and so are internally more consistent and statistically more robust then HPMS VMT.

• USEPA approved the use of IDOT Roadway File data when it approved Illinois EPA’s 1990 Emission Invent ory, in which IDOT data for 1990 were used in the estimation of on-highway emissions, along with the Transportation Model output data from CATS and EWGCC. USEPA has also approved Illinois EPA’s use of Roadway File data in subsequent inventories.

Since IDOT supplies complete VMT data by county (or township) and functional class for the entire NAA and the entir e state, there is no need fo r volume group tables or expansion factors such as would have been necessary had Illinois EPA been using HPMS data, and no such tables or factors have been included in this document. Also, there is no need to estimate NAA VMT from HPMS data for the FHWA [Federal Aid] “Urbanized Area” which was usually much sm aller than the NAA that it was part of.

From IDOT’s original 2002 Roadway F ile VMT data (annual VMT by county and functional class), Illinois EPA computed ADVMT for each county and for the three nonattainment townships by functional class. Those ADVMT estimates are summarized in Table 5-6.

99Table 5-6: Summary of ADVMT

Area/County 2002 ADVMT Chicago NAA Cook 93,634,920 DuPage 23,341,008 Grundy NAA Twps 391,090 Kane 9,290,976 Kendall NAA Twp 538,859 Lake 15,916,146 McHenry 5,616,598 Will 12,083,239 Metro-East NAA Madison 7,601,343 Monroe 925,001 St. Clair 7,254,116 Rest of Illinois 114,319,836 State Total 290,912,439



### 5.1.3.3.2 How IDOT Estimates VMT

IDOT’s VMT estimates for a given year are based on the latest traffic counts taken for each of the roadway segments. IDOT’s traffic count procedures are documented in its “Illinois Traffic Monitoring Program” publicat ion. The short-te rm (24-hour) coverage count is the primary source of traffic data for the Department’s Traffic Monitoring Program. It is not possible to make traf fic counts on every road every year, so counts are made at intervals or cycles at various lo cations for at least 24 (sometimes 48 or more) hours at a time. These cycles are different for different types of roads.

Some 5,000 to 6,000 counts ar e made on the Marked Route S ystem (Interstates, and US and Illinois routes) every two year s on the odd-number years (1999, 2001, 2003, etc.). IDOT receives annual traffic data from the Intersta te freeways in the Chicago Area yearly from its Traffic System Center . The Illinois State Toll Highway Authority supplies similar data for the tollways.

The Unmarked System (county highways, to wnship roads, etc.) in each county is counted on a five year cycle, with approximat ely a fifth of the counties being counted each year. Some 15,000 to 20,000 counts are made each year on the Unmarked System. The county coverage co unts make up the majority of the traffic counts made in the State. Counts made on Unmarked Routes for HPMS purposes are made on a 4- year cycle.

Since 2001, IDOT has been using magnetic l ane counters to collect traffic volume and vehicle classification by length on the Marked Route System. Between 1999 and 2001, OPP purchased over a thousand such counters. Counting marked routes with magnetic

100counters eliminates the need fo r separate surveys to dete rmine heavy commercial and multiple-unit truck volumes.

All the county-wide counts in IDOT District 1 (the six county Chic ago area) are counted using the magnetic lane counters. In the rest of the st ate, the county-wide coverage count is a 24-hour count usually made wit h more conventional counters that use pneumatic tubes to count axles. These coun ts are adjusted by resources available. Further counts may be made on the local road syst em to better characterize local traffic as well.

IDOT also receives local traffic count data collected by other sources, such as county and city traffic departments and MPOs. In each case, the counting procedures and the traffic count data undergo quality control review s before the count dat a are accepted as valid and used in the VMT estimation process.

Raw traffic data collected from actual counts are entered into a database and tables of seasonal adjustment factors based on information from continuous-count stations are used to adjust and round the counts to Average Dail y Traffic. This information goes into IDOT’s Illinois Roadway Information System (IRIS) database. After all counts for the year have been processed and entered into IRIS, the count database is used to calculate VMT.

The 2002 VMT calculations used traffic counts made over t he previous four or five years. Counts made in 2002 were used wher e available. Where there were no 2002 counts, counts from 2001 or previous years were used after they were grown to 2002 using growth factors specific to each func tional class. Road segments without a count (primarily local functional classes) were assigned an ADT equal to the weighted average ADT within that county and functional class if there was 70 percent or more coverage in the county; otherwis e, a standard value was used.

All of the processing was done through a series of queries to the database. The result was a 2002 ADT, based on actual 2002 count, gr own previous year count or estimated default count, for every road segment in Illinoi s. The daily VMT for a segment is then the product of the calculated ADT for the segment and the length of the segment in miles. For example, a co rrected adjusted ADT of 18,100 v ehicles per day on a section of road 1.47 miles long give a daily VMT of 26,607 vehicle miles traveled per day. The VMTs of all the segments are then summ ed into State and county totals and functional class as needed.

IDOT does considerable edit checking, revi ew and analysis of its VMT data. Illinois EPA’s QA is limited to com paring the 2002 data with those fr om previous years and with similar data from FHWA to doubly ensur e reasonableness and accuracy. IDOT provided the roadway file data to Illinois EPA in electronic fo rm as a spreadsheet file. This eliminated the possibi lity of data entry errors.

101IDOT maintains a continuous count program consisting of automatic traffic recorders placed in permanent locations along the r oadway, generally as electromagnetic loops buried in the pavement. Hourly traffic data are collected and retrieved from these sites throughout the year. Automatic traffic reco rder data supplement the short-term count data mentioned above and also provide the stat istical information the IDOT uses to develop traffic growth factors for converting pr evious year counts to current year counts and the various factors to convert short-term counts to ADT. The automatic traffic recorder data area also used to calculate profiles of traffic fr om hour to hour during the day, from day to day during the week and fr om month to month dur ing the year. The adjustment factors thus calculated and used in the inventory are statewide in nature. There are presently, as of 2004, 85 sites in the automatic traffic recorder network. Of these sites, 49 have been in place since 1988 and 36 were installed in 1999. There are now 43 sites in the Chicago area, eight in the Metro-East area and 41 elsewhere in the state.

ADT estimates in the Chica go area are made for interstates, non-local roads and local roads and streets. As described above, intersta tes, including tollways, are the subjects of detailed counting. The Chicago NAA has about 412 miles of interstate highway, including tollways, or just under 19 percent of the appr oximately 2,170 miles of interstate in the whole of Illinois. Ther e are traffic counts with sufficient density to determine traffic on about 95 percent of t he 6,580 miles of non-local roads in the Chicago NAA. The method used is essentially the same as that for other short-term counts. Traffic on the remaining five perc ent of roads in the second category is estimated in the same manner as that descr ibed below for local roads. IDOT expects accuracy of ± 10 percent for the ADT estimates for i ndividual sections of interstates and most non-local roads. This means that so me estimated ADT volumes are higher than actual volumes and others are lower, but on aggregate, the high and low estimates offset one another and the resulting region wide and statewide estimates have much lower uncertainty.

There are about 17,390 miles of lo cal roads and local st reets of the third category in the Chicago NAA. Most local streets are resi dential and are not generally modeled as links. Some counts are made on local roads and streets, but in most cases local traffic is estimated by using an average traffic densit y for local roads. These factors are areaspecific, being 1,083 daily VMT per mile for the Chicago Urbanized Area, for example. These factors were originally developed from randomly selected traffic counts a number of years ago, but like other tr affic correction and estimation fa ctors, they ar e periodically reviewed and have been revised upward in recent years.



### 5.1.3.3.3 Adjusting VMT fo r Summer Weekday Conditions

Illinois EPA uses IDOT’s Roadway File VM T data in the form of Average Daily VMT, that is, reported Annual VMT di vided by 365. Traffic counts at continuous count stations show overall traffic in Illinois is higher than average in summer and lower than average in the middle of winter. In accordanc e with Procedures Vol. IV. § 3.4.2.6 and §

1024.3.1.3.3, ADVMT data from IDOT were adjus ted for seasonal variations in traffic by using adjustment factors by functional cl ass from Table 5-7 below to get average summer weekday VMT (ASWVMT).

These adjustment factors were calculated by IDOT from continuous count and other long term count data available and, for conv enience, are expressed here as percents. They are specific to Illinois, applicable Statewide and are based on 2002-2003 traffic count data. They are the factors that IDOT divides into traffic counts made during a given month in order to estimate ADT, hence the name “Seasonal Division Factors.” Procedures Vol. IV, § 3.4. 1.3.3 when discussing seas onal adjustments, makes reference to multiplicative factors used to adjust 24- and 48-hour traffic counts in various months to ADT; those factors are simp ly the reciprocals of those in Table 5-7. The seasonally adjusted VMT for a county is the sum of the products of county ADVMT by functional class and the appropriate adjustment factor for that f unctional class. For this inventory, a “typical summer weekday” VMT is desired, so the June, July and August factors are averaged. This June-July -August average is shown at the bottom of Table 5-7.

The average (all functional class) summer weekday adjustment factor is determined by dividing the calculated total ASWVMT by its original ADVMT total. For the Chicago NAA, that factor is 1.096. The factor fo r the Metro-East NAA is 1.092 and 1.086 for the attainment counties. The stat ewide average is 1.092. Thes e are slightly higher than the factors used in the past, bas ed on late-1990s traffic data.

Table 5-7: Weekday Seasonal Division Factors for Application to Weekday (Monday – Thursday) Traffic Counts

Month Rural Interstates Other Rural Functional

Classes Urban Interstates Other Urban Functional

Classes January 0.83 0.85 0.93 0.95 February 0.87 0.92 0.99 1.01 March 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 April 0.97 1.03 1.03 1.10 May 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.12 June 1.06 1.04 1.07 1.12 July 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.11 August 1.08 1.11 1.08 1.09 September 1.00 1.06 1.04 1.08 October 0.99 1.08 1.05 1.07 November 0.99 1.03 1.04 1.04 December 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.04 June-July-August Average 1.073 1.08 1.073 1.107

103IDOT has similar factors for estimating mont hly VMT from ADVMT. These factors were used to estimate VMT by month. The VM T-by-month data were used to estimate annual emissions of the various pollutants. The monthly factors, shown in Table 5-8, are applicable statewide and are specific to I llinois. Previous vers ions of the seasonal adjustment factors, covering ear lier three-year periods are very similar to those given above. Detailed tables of Illinois VMT is in Appendix G.

All these tables contain subtotals for the NAAs and attainment counties. The ADVMT and ASWVMT tables have VMT totals by count y and by MOBILE6 facility type fractions. The statewide M6 facility type fractions are close to MOBILE6’s default fractions, but the facility type fraction for individual counties vary widely. Half a dozen very rural counties, for example, have no freeway VM T. On the other hand, 14 ot her rural counties, through which interstates pass, have freeway fractions over 50 percent because the bulk of their VMT is from traffic passing through the c ounty on the interstate. Three of those counties have freeway fractions over 60 percent.

Table 5-8: Monthly Factors to C onvert ADVMT to Total Monthly VMT

Rural Urban Month Interstates Other FCs Interstates Other FCs January 26.514 26.902 28.495 28.387 February 24.850 24.844 26.802 26.160 March 29.717 29.323 30.377 30.206 April 29.661 30.069 29.877 30.972 May 31.849 31.673 31.158 32.159 June 32.469 31.944 31.296 32.028 July 33.923 32.894 32.004 31.614 August 34.444 33.930 32.965 32.132 September 30.828 31.497 30.498 30.747 October 31.236 31.543 31.518 30.696 November 29.796 30.144 30.138 29.316 December 29.704 30.234 29.878 30.588 Annual 364.991 364.997 365.006 365.005 June-August 100.836 98.768 96.265 95.774



### 5.1.3.3.4 Emission Factors

On-highway emission factors from the descr iptive output of the MOBILE6.2 model are used in this inventory, in accordance wit h USEPA’s requirements. MOBILE6.2 is the most recent approved model in the series of MOBILE emission fa ctor models developed by USEPA’s Office of Transportation & Ai r Quality (OTAQ). Illinois EPA uses the MOBILE 6.2.03 version which gives emissi on factors for CO, NOx, particulates, particulate precursors (SO 2 and NH 3 ) and VOM. MOBILE6.2 can also calculate emission factors for certain ai r toxics. That capability was not used in this inventory.

104

### 5.1.3.3.5 MOBILE6 Inputs for Inventory

Every MOBILE6 input file must have at least seven commands: MOBILE6 INPUT

FILE to start it, END OF RUN to end it, RUN DATA and SCENARIO RECORD to control it, and three parameters. The par ameters are temperature ( MIN/MAX TEMPERATURE ), gasoline volatility ( FUEL RVP ) and CALENDAR YEAR of evaluation. Vehicle speed is not a required input to MOBILE 6. There are, however, many options available to make an input file (and hence the output) more representative of specific areas and conditions, or to take into account various control programs, or to obtain output in greater or lesser detail.

Table 5-9: MOBILE6.2 Inputs Used in th is Inventory to Evaluate Summer Weekday Emission Factors

Input Input Value or Short Description Evaluation Mont h & Calendar Year July 2002

Chicago & Northern Illinois – 84o F and 64o F Maximum and Minimum Temperatures Metro-East & Southern Illinois – 89o F and 71o F Chicago & Northern Illinois – 97 gr/lb Absolute Humidity Metro-East and Southern Illinois – 108 gr/lb Chicago NAA – “Northern” Reformulated Gasoline Downstate – Ordinary gasoli ne (not RFG), RVP = 8.1 psi, 30 percent gasohol Fuel Inputs Metro-East – Ordinary gaso line (not RFG), RVP = 7.2 psi, 30 percent gasohol Refueling Emission Factors No. See below. Speed See Activity Inputs below

I/M Program for light- and heavy-duty gasoline vehicles in Chicago and Metro-East I/M

areas Program is centralized (i.e., at State testing stations), and test-only (no repairs done) . Vehicles are tested every two years. The engine test consists of (a) an idle test for old (Model Year 1968 – 1980) cars & light trucks; (b) an IM240 test fo r newer (Model Year 1981 – 1995) cars & light trucks, with cutpoints as in externalfile MYCUTS.D; (c) Exhaust & Evaporative OBD (onboard diagnostics) test fo r newest (Model Year 1996 and later) cars & light trucks; (d) an idle test for Model Year 1968 and newer heavy-duty vehicles; and (e) agas cap check for all vehicles. There is a 4-year notest grace period for new vehicles. The two NAAs – area-specific registration distributions based on data from Illinois EPA’s Division of Mobile Sources Registration Distribution

Downstate outside the NAAs – MOBILE6 default

105Table 5-9: MOBILE6.2 Inputs Used in th is Inventory to Evaluate Summer Weekday Emission Factors (continued)

Input Input Value or Short Description Chicago NAA – Chicago area specific VMT mix derived from data supplied by CATS VMT Fraction (VMT Mix) Downstate including Metro-Ea st NAA – Illinois specific all functional class VMT mix Chicago and Metro-East NAAs – area specific activity input files derived from transportation model output data supplied by CATS and EWGCC Activity Inputs: VMT by functional class, hour and speed Downstate and outside the NAAs – M6 default activity input files (FVMT.D, HVMT.D and SVMT.D) Diesel Sulfur 375 ppm Particle Size 10 microm eters and 2.5 micrometers Particulate Emission Factor Input Files Those supplied with MOBILE6.

Table 5-9 is a digest of the significant inputs used in the MOBILE6.2 model when evaluating summer weekday (daily) emissions.



### 5.1.3.3.6 Refueling Inputs

M6 runs to calculate refueli ng emission factors use the same inputs for fuel volatility, presence of RFG or oxygenates, etc. as fo r other inventory runs , but the temperature inputs are different. A summary of the inputs for refueling em ission factors are given in Table 5-10.

Table 5-10: Specialized MOBILE6 Inputs for Summer Weekday Refueling Emission Factors

Input Input Value Start Year – 1992 Phase-in – 3 years Efficiency for LDVs and LDTs – 84 percent Stage II Inputs (Chicago NAA only) Efficiency for HDVs – 84 percent All other inputs Same as those for “no refueling” inventory case given above

As noted in § 5.0.3 above, se rvice stations in the Chicago NAA are required to have Stage II vapor recovery equipment on their gas oline pumps. The Stage II inputs in Table 5-10 are specific to the Chicago NAA and appear following the STAGE II

REFUELING command in the Run section of an i nput file for a Chicago NAA refueling run only.

1065.1.4 Calculation of Daily Emissions

A spreadsheet was used to calculate emissions for this inventory. The process is as follows.

• Create a multi-page spreadsheet file. T he name for this example is named ONHWY02.

• Enter a table of ADVMT by county (vertically) and by functional class (horizontally) derived from IDOT’s Roadway F ile into the first page of ONHWY02. Include ADVMT totals for the attainment and nonattainment townships of Kendall and Grundy Counties for use in calculati ons pertaining to the Chicago NAA.

• Using seasonal adjustment factors as descr ibed in § 5.1.3.1, compute a table of ASWVMT in the same form as the AD VMT table on a new page of ONHWY02. Give each of the rows of VMT information a range name.

• Place the table of VMT mixes by vehi cle type (vertically) and functional class (horizontally) on the third page. Each of the rows of VMT mixes is named for its vehicle type.

• Run the MOBILE6.2 model using the i nputs described above for six scenarios: 1. Chicago inputs, assu ming RFG and no I/M program 2. Chicago inputs, assuming RFG and the I/M program described above 3. Northern half of Illinois outside Chicago, assuming Chicago temperature inputs, but no RFG (only ordinary gasoline and 30 percent gasohol) and no I/M program 4. Southern half of Illinois outside the Metro-East ar ea, assuming St. Louis temperature inputs, no RFG, 30 percent gasohol and no I/M 5. Metro-East inputs, assuming St. Louis temperatures, low volatility gasoline, 30 percent gasohol and no I/M 6. Metro-East inputs as above, but with I/M as above

Set the inputs to run each scenario five times, once with a representative VMT by facility type external file, and once each with a VMT by facility file that attributed all VMT to freeways, arterials, local roads and ramps, respectively. The resulting outputs for the facility type specific runs were therefore the emission factors for the freeway, arterial, local and ramp facilit y types, respectively. In this way, emission factors for CO, NOx and VOM we re obtained for each scenario and all facility types.

• Enter the emission factors by vehicle ty pe into new pages (one for each facility type) of the spreadsheet by vehicle type (vertically) and functional class (horizontally) for each of the pollutants. The I/M emissi on factors for the Chicago and Metro-East areas are entered into their respective pages in the same form as the no-I/M factors, and the “I/M Credit” emission factors are calculated by

107subtracting the I/M factors for the corresponding no-I/M factors. These factors are calculated to the right of t he no-I/M emission factor table.

• Set up a table of emissions by pollutant for a given county by functional class (horizontally) and vehicle type (vertica lly) on a new page that matches the emission factor table form. Emissions are then calculated using Equation 5.4. For this example, assume the calculation is for Adams County, rural interstate as the functional class, LDGV as the vehicle type and VOM as the pollutant. Emissions are calculated by taking the ASWVMT for rural interstate for Adams County times the LDGV VMT fraction for rural interstates ti mes the LDGV VOM emission factor for rural interstate. In this case, the emissions are:

130,915 miles/day × 0.3558 × 1.432 g/mile × 1.102x10 -6 g/ton = 0.07 tons/day

• Repeat the above step for each of the vehi cle types and functional classes in the county and sum the results to get c ounty total VOM by vehicle type and functional class.

• Repeat the above step for the other pollutants of interest in the county. At the end of this step, the calcul ation of the county’s emissi ons by functional class and vehicle type for all pollutants is complete.

• Repeat the previous three steps for the remaining 101 counties.

Calculations for the NAA counties are a littl e more involved, but are made in similar fashion to those above. All or part of every county in an Illinois NAA is in an I/M area. Each county that is entirely within a N AA has three spreadsheet pages: a no-I/M emissions page, an I/M credits page and a Ne t Emissions page. The No-I/M and I/M credit pages for the NAA countie s are calculated as describe above. Net emissions are simply the no-I/M emissions minus the I/M credits.

With very few exceptions, gasoline vehi cles registered at addresses within areas covered by I/M in the Chica go and Metro-East NAAs are subject to I/M. The VMT fractions for Cook, DuPage and Lake Counties are large, well over 90 percent, because the I/M area entirely covers those counties and all gasoline vehicles registered in them are subject to I/M. Those fractions are not quite 100 percent because there is a certain amount of traffic in the counties from gasolin e vehicles registered outside the I/M area and therefore not subject to I/ M. Other counties are not entirely within the I/M coverage area, so more VMT in those counties comes fr om vehicles not subject to I/M and their I/M fractions are smaller.

Table 5-11 gives the I/M fracti ons that Illinois EPA uses w hen calculating I/M credits. These I/M fractions were estimated by I llinois EPA based on information from VIM and (for the Chicago NAA) trans portation model output from CATS, and are the same fractions used in the approved 1999 inventory. Since the I/M area has not changed in area since these fractions were calculat ed, they have not changed significantly.

108Table 5-11: I/M Fraction for Illinois Counties

County I/M Fraction Chicago NAA Cook 0.98 DuPage 0.98 Grundy NAA Twps 0.25 Kane 0.60 Kendall NAA Twp 0.81 Lake 0.95 McHenry 0.50 Will 0.65 Metro-East NAA Jersey 0.00 Madison 0.90 Monroe 0.20 St. Clair 0.90 Downstate (all other counties and attainment townships for Grundy and Kendall) 0.00

5.1.5 Calculation of Annual Emissions

USEPA recommends that annual emissions be calculated as the sum of 12 monthly emissions (using representative monthly em ission factors and VMT). To accomplish this, Illinois EPA used a spreadsheet similar in form and format to the one used to calculate summer weekday emissions. The pr ocess steps employed are very similar to those for daily emissions.

The first step is to estimate VMT for each m onth of the year by multiplying the ADVMT totals for each county by the number of days in the month. The second step is to obtain emission factors representativ e of each month. To do th is, the MOBILE6.2 model was run twelve times, once for each month of the y ear, for each of the four areas of the state (Chicago, Downstate North, Downstate Sout h and Metro-East), using average monthly temperature and fuel inputs. All Facility Type emission factors were calculated assuming the default distribution of VMT am ong facility types. This is a reasonable assumption since the statewide facility type fractions are quite close to the MOBILE6 default fractions.

109Table 5-12: Statewide Facility Type Fractions

Facility Type Actual Statewide VMT Fraction (%) MOBILE6 Default VMT Fraction (%) Freeway 31 34 Arterial 54 50 Local 12 13 Ramp 3 3

The MOBILE input for evaluat ion month and calendar year for each monthly run was set to either January 2002 (January – March), July 2002 (April – September) or January 2003 (October – December). USEPA recommends output from those inputs be used as is for the monthly emission fa ctors without interpolation. Annual emissions calculated this way are quite accurate because the small errors in the individual monthly emission factors caused by not inter polating will offset one another over the twelve months.

The third step is to multiply the monthly VMT by the monthly all-vehicle emission factors to give monthly emissions and then sum thos e to obtain annual emissions. Monthly and annual I/M Credits are calcul ated in the same manner.



### 5.2 Off-Highway Mobile Source Emissions

This section of the 2002 inventory covers mo torized modes of transportation that do not use roads as well as self-propelled or por table motorized machines or equipment not used for transportation.

5.2.1 Estimating Of f-Highway Emissions

Off-highway emissions are estimated in the same way as on-highway emissions, namely, by multiplying together an activity factor, an emission factor and a conversion factor. The factors for on- highway emissions are strai ghtforward – VMT and MOBILE6 emission factors – and relatively easy to obt ain in considerable detail. For non-road sources, surrogate data must often be used to estimate off-highway emissions. Those emissions must be apportioned to states, count ies or NAAs in a reasonable fashion. The methods used to estimate emissions are discussed in the following sections.

5.2.2 Off-Highway M odes of Transportation

Off-highway modes of transportation include trai ns (i.e., locomotive s), aircraft, ships and boats, and motor vehicles used off-road. Se veral factors make off-highway emissions important in Illinois. Illinois is at t he heart of commercial aviation and the railroad

110network in the United States and much of the waterborne commerce originates in or passes through Illinois waters. In particula r, the Chicago and the St. Louis area are both major centers of air and rail traffic. O’Hare Airport in Chicago is the busiest in the world. Waterborne commerce on the I llinois and Mississippi Rivers and on Lake Michigan is considerable, and the state is well supplied with rivers and lakes where much recreational boating takes place.

5.2.2.1 Railroad Locomotives

Rail traffic in Illinois is powered almost entirely by diesel locomotives. Most rail traffic in Illinois is freight, but there are several ma jor Amtrak passenger routes in Illinois and an extensive diesel-powered commuter rail netwo rk (METRA) centered on Chicago. The major (Class I) railroads – Burlington Norther n, Santa Fe, Canadian National, Canadian Pacific, CSX, Kansas City Southern, Norfol k Southern and Union Pacific – all operate in Illinois, and most rail traffic is on their r outes. There are also nearly 40 regional and short lines in the state. Most of these sm aller railroads are very small – a few miles of track and an engine or two – but some have se veral hundred miles of track in the state and transport millions of tons of freight. Methods of estimating and apportioning locomotive emissions are discu ssed at some length in Procedures Vol. IV § 6.0. Using these and related methods, and under contra ct with LADCO on behalf of the Midwest states, the consulting firm Environ made esti mates of locomotive emissions in 2002 for Illinois by county. Those estimates are given in Table 5-13.

Table 5-13: Railroad Locomotive Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 5.48 2,001.17 50.40 18,396.40 2.25 820.63 DuPage 1.16 423.28 10.54 3,848.66 0.45 163.18 Grundy Twps 0.01 5.67 0.14 51.36 0.01 2.21 Kane 0.44 159.65 3.95 1,441.46 0.16 60.22 Kendall Twps 0.01 4.56 0.12 41.23 0.00 1.72 Lake 0.22 78.83 1.95 712.43 0.08 30.16 McHenry 0.14 52.35 1.29 471.41 0.05 19.85 Will 1.53 558.95 13.78 5,028.85 0.58 212.95 Chicago NAA 8.99 3,284.45 82.18 29,991.82 3.59 1,310.91 Jersey 0.01 4.71 0.12 42.50 0.01 1.83 Madison 0.02 7.97 0.21 78.20 0.01 3.00 Monroe 0.30 108.71 2.67 973.87 0.11 40.83 St. Clair 0.03 9.81 0.24 88.52 0.01 3.97 Metro-East NAA 0.36 131. 20 3.24 1,183.09 0.14 49.64 Attainment Area 13.63 4,973. 51 123.29 45,001.52 5.29 1,937.49 State Total 22.98 8,389.16 208.71 76,176.43 9.02 3,298.04

1115.2.2.2 Emissions from Aircraft Operations

Powered aircraft emit exhaus t and evaporative pollutants form their engines like other mobile sources. This inventory is concer ned with the emissions occurring when aircraft are on or near the ground, i.e., within about 3,000 feet of the ground, that being the average summer morning mixi ng height of the atmosphere over Illinois (see “Procedures Vol. IV”, § 5. 2.2, pp 145-149). Em issions which take place above 3,000 feet or at cruising altitude are not, in general, found to c ontribute to the formation of ozone at ground level and are not part of this inventory.



### 5.2.2.2.1 Summary of Airc raft Emissions in Illinois

CO, NOx and VOM emissions from aircraft oper ations in Illinois are given below in Table 5-14. The estimates do not include em issions from auxiliary power units (APUs) on aircraft at Midway and O’Hare Airports in Chicago. APU emissi ons are identified in Table 5-17.

Table 5-14: Aircraft Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 25.17 8,750.17 26. 88 9,496.89 3.70 1,300.16 DuPage 2.72 816.03 0.03 9.03 0.12 35.66 Grundy Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kane 1.40 439.75 0.01 5.85 0.05 19.09 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lake 1.52 445.12 0.03 7.31 0.08 22.41 McHenry 1.00 318.50 0.00 2.45 0.04 11.89 Will 2.50 793.00 0.01 6.11 0.09 29.59 Chicago NAA 34.31 11,562.57 26.96 9,527.64 4.08 1,261.83 Jersey 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Madison 1.08 357.50 0.04 12.52 0.07 23.36 Monroe 0.12 39.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 1.46 St. Clair 2.14 865.33 0.17 78.89 0.22 107.05 Metro-East NAA 3.34 1, 261.83 0.21 91.71 0.29 131.87 Attainment Area 19.14 6, 520.96 0.82 326.15 1.18 432.10 State Total 56.79 19,345.36 27.99 9,945.50 5.55 1,982.77



### 5.2.2.2.2 Calculation of Aircraft Emissions

Aircraft activity at an airport is normally ex pressed either as the number of aircraft operations (“ops”) or as t he number of landing and takeoffs (LTOs). An aircraft operation is a movement of an aircraft under it s own power at the airfield, i.e., a landing or takeoff (with any necessary taxiing) or a missed approach. An LTO is one landing and one takeoff. Thus the number of LTOs is, for all practical purposes, half the number of operations.

112Emissions from an aircraft are the product of the source activity (ops or LTOs) and the emission factor which is normally expresse d in pounds per LTO for that aircraft as shown in Equation 5.5.

E = OPS × EF / 4000 = LTO × EF / 2000 (5.5)

where: E = emissions OPS = operations EF = emission factor LTO = landings and takeoff operation

The total emissions at an airport is the sum of the emissions for all the aircraft types using the airport, each of which would have different operations an d emission factors.



### 5.2.2.2.3 Aircraft Engines and Modes

There are two basic types of aircraft engines:

• Turbine, turboprop or turbojet, engines which power virtually all military and commercial and many business aircraft. T hese use jet fuel, a kerosene blend of low volatility

• Piston engines which power most small general aviation aircraft, private planes, and some business aircraft. These use a special high-octane aviation gasoline.

Those engines operate chiefly in five modes:

• Taxi/Idle: at very low power when idling or during taxiing before taking off or after landing

• Takeoff: at full power during takeoff unt il the aircraft is about 500 feet above the ground

• Climbout: at slightly reduced power during which the aircraft climbs to its cruising altitude

• Cruise: at further reduced power level at cruise where the aircraft maintains a constant speed and altitude

• Approach: at a moderate to low power level during descent and the approach to landing

Emission factors for aircraft are usually ex pressed as mass of pollutant per LTO, and are derived from measurement s made by engine manufacturer s. The emission factor for a given aircraft is a function of the make and model of the airc raft and its engine(s), the number of engines on the airc raft, the fuel flow rate for each mode and the time the aircraft spends in each mode.

113

### 5.2.2.2.2 Airports in Illinois

This inventory deals with aircraft emissions at Public Use Airports (PUAs) and military airfields in Illinois, particularly those in the Chicago and Metro-East ozone NAAs. PUAs are privately or publicly owned airfields that are registered with the state as being open to the flying public. Almost all the appr oximately 6,500 general aviation aircraft registered in Illinois are based at one or anot her of the approximately 115 PUAs located in 75 of the state’s 102 count ies. There are 19 PUAs in the Chicago NAA and seven PUAs in the Metro-East NAA. Much dat a on PUAs, including the number and types of based aircraft and the number of operations per year, may be found in the annual IDOT publication Illinois Airport Inventory Repor t. Illinois EPA used the 2003 edition, which contains data through 2002, in t he preparation of this inventor y. Number of operations for each airport is included in Appendix G.

Military airfields are owned by the government but are reserv ed for military operations. In general, they are not open for public use. There is presently one military airfield in Illinois, Scott Air Force Base near Belleville in the Metro-East NAA. The only other military airfield of importance in Illinois, Glenview Naval Air Station in the Chicago NAA, was closed in the early 1990s. In addition, US Air Force Reserve and the Illinois Air National Guard units based at the municipal ai rports in Springfield and Peoria fly F-16 jet fighters and C-130E turboprop transports, respectively. Those aircraft have been taken into account in the emission calculat ions for those airports. Military aircraft occasionally land or practice instrument l andings at civilian airf ields other than where they are based. The total number of fixed-wing military aircraft based in Illinois is under 100. Detailed information about operations at Scott AFB was obta ined from the base’s environmental office. Scott AFB is present ly (2002) home to an airlift wing flying C-9 and C-21 transports and an air refueling wing fl ying KC-135 jet tanker s. The refueling wing was formerly based at O’Hare Airport in Chicago and moved to Scott AFB in the autumn of 1999.

According to IDOT’s Bureau of Aeronautics, there are many small private airstrips and restricted landing areas scattered around the stat e. Approximately four dozen are in the Chicago NAA and a dozen or so are in the Metro-East NAA. These airstrips are not PUAs in that they are not open to the flyi ng public. Operations data are not, in general, available for these private ai rstrips, but few have more t han a handful of operations a month involving small piston engine aircraft. Emissions from operations at these airstrips and restricted landing areas are neg ligible. Henceforward in this document, “airport” will mean “public use airport.”

114The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recognizes four categories of aircraft operations, namely:

• Air Carrier or Commercial operations: t hose for large aircraft capable of carrying more than 60 passengers or 18,000 pounds cargo, i.e., scheduled major airline operations

• Air Taxi operations: those in smaller aircraft than air carrier, i.e., small-scale passenger operations

• General Aviation: all other non-militar y aircraft operations including private, business and civilian government operations

• Military: all operati ons by military aircraft

The FAA collects and publishes statistics on these categories for many airports nationwide. Large commercial airports usually have detailed information on aircraft operations by various aircraft makes and models and sometimes even engine types. Some information of this sort for domestic co mmercial activity in Illinois appears in the annual FAA publication Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers (Airport Activity Statistics) for 2002 . It is possible then, to estimate commercial and/or air taxi aircraft emissions from airports in considerable detail.

Most other airports have le ss detailed operations informati on. Civilian airports with control towers have accurate counts of operati ons by category of traffic. These counts are published annually by the FAA. Count s by month and by category from 1989 through 2002 are available on the internet at the website of the FAA Office of Aviation Policy & Planning ( http://api.hq.af aa.gov/apo_home.htm ). Illinois EPA downloaded the 2002 FAA data for the 18 Illinois airports with towers. Gener al aviation airports without towers or commercial service generally hav e only rough counts or estimates of annual aircraft operations, as published in the IAIR, but emissions at such airports are small in any case.



### 5.2.2.2.3 Estimating Emissions from Aircraft Operations

The method that Illinois EPA used to esti mate emissions for O’Hare and Midway Airports is based on the procedures outlined in Procedures Volume IV, Section 5.1 in which Equation 5.5 is applied on a by-aircr aft basis. The Chicago Department of Aviation (CDoA) owns and operates Midway and O’Hare Airports. The CDoA, through its consultant, Landrum & Brown (L&B), pr ovided Illinois EPA with the number of operations at the two airports by aircraft make and model, representative of a summer weekday in 2002. The number of ops are often not whole number s because they are not specific to one particular day, but represent more or less the total number of weekday operations in June, July and A ugust of 2002, divid ed by the number of weekdays, 65, in those three months. T he CDoA data were ideally suitable for the purpose of this inventory and were used wit hout modification after quality assurance checks. Since O’Hare, and to a lesser extent Midway, have nearly constant traffic from month to month throughout t he year as shown by FAA operations data, the CDoA

115operations were compared to 1/31 of the August operations. CDoA’s number was slightly higher, but agreement was within a few percent.

The CDoA/L&B data covered not only the domestic commercial traffic that appears in the FAA’s annual Airport Activity Statistics publication, but international commercial traffic, air taxi and other categories of ai r traffic as well. Based upon aircraft type information in the EDMS aircra ft emission factor database, aircraft in CDoA’s list were assigned to one of the four ca tegories of operations. Broa dly speaking, jumbo, longand medium-range jets were classified as air ca rrier. Most turboprops where classified as air taxi. Business jets/turboprops and c onventional aircraft were classified as general aviation and military aircraft were classi fied as military. This breakdown was in broad agreement with the number s reported for O’Hare and Midway by the FAA.

The emission factors for each aircraft type in pounds of pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) per LTO were calculated for each aircraft type in the CDoA/L&B list using information in the Environmental Data Management System (EDMS) database files. EDMS has succeeded the FAEED (FAA Aircraft Engine Emi ssion Database) computer program as FAA’s standard model for envir onmental calculations. The EDMS databases contained information on:

• The number of engines on each aircraft type

• Normal times-in-mode (TIM), typically in minutes or fractions of an hour for the four operating modes for each aircraft type

• The engine model or models used in each aircraft type

• Modal emission factors in lb/LTO per uni t time for each of the four modes for each engine model

Aircraft engine emission factors do not vary si gnificantly with ambient air temperature so they need not be adjusted for the seasons.

A spreadsheet was used to calculate total emission factors for each pollutant per LTO for each aircraft type, according to Procedur es Vol. IV, § 5.6. For each mode, the emission factor for each engine was multiplie d by the corresponding TIM to obtain modal emissions per engine per LTO. These were summed to get total emissions per engine per LTO and that was multiplied by t he number of engines on the aircraft to give total emissions per LTO for the aircraft. Following the methodology in § 5.6, the hydrocarbon emission factors were assum ed to be for total hydrocarbons (THC) and correction factors to convert THC to VOM we re applied to the emission calculations. The TCH/VOM correction factors used were as follows:

• Commercial: 1.095

• Air Taxi: 0.991

• General Aviation: 0.970

• Military: 1.105

116Equation 5.6 is therefore us ed to compute VOM emissions for a given aircraft type.

E VOM = OPS × EF VOM × (T/V) / 4000 (5.6)

where: E VOM = emissions of VOM OPS = operations EF VOM = VOM emission factor T/V = ratio of THC to VOM conversion factor

Modal emissions, the emissions that occur during each of the f our engine-operating modes of interest, depend upon the amount of ti me the aircraft spends in that mode. Takeoff, climbout and approach times are fairly standard for various types or categories of aircraft, but the amount of time an aircra ft spends taxiing and id ling can vary greatly depending on congestion at the air port. Illinois EPA used ED MS’s standard (default) TIMs which differ from airc raft for the takeoff, climbout and approach modes, but replaced EDMS’s standard taxi/idle times by ai rport-specific taxi/i dle times as reported by the FAA for Midway and O’Hare. Since taxi -idle times for O’Hare are different from those for Midway, emissions pr LTO are differ ent for the same airc raft type at the two airports.

In cases where no emission factor existed in the EDMS or elsewhere for a particular listed aircraft/engine combination, the factor was chosen fr om those of similar engine types in the same or similar airframes, in accordance with Volume IV’s recommendation. Information on common airc raft/engine combinations from EDMS airport emissions estimation program was helpful in this regard.

Emissions for each aircraft/engine combinati on at O’Hare and Midway were calculated on a spreadsheet my multiplying the appropriate overall emissi on factor (the sum of the by-aircraft emission factors fo r the individual four modes) by the number of LTOs and converting to tons. The resulting emissions by aircraft type were then summed to get airport totals. Subtotals were also calc ulated for the commerci al, air taxi, general aviation and military categories of operations.

For airports other than O’Ha re and Midway, the above method had to be modified. Where operations data by comm ercial aircraft type from Airport Activity Statistics were available, the above method could be used to estimate the em issions from those operations. However, this accounts for only par t of the commercial or air taxi categories of aircraft operations defined by the FAA and does not account for the other categories at all. Airports with control towers keep records of operations in the four categories, though, and this information was used where ava ilable. There are 18 civilian airports with control towers in Illinois:

117• Chicago

o O’Hare (ORD)

o Midway (MDW)

o Chicago/Meigs (CGX)

• Elsewhere in the Chicago NAA

o Palwaukee (PWK)

o Aurora (ARR)

o Waukegan (UGN)

o DuPage County (DPA)

• Metro-East NAA

o Alton (ALN)

o Cahokia (CPS)

• Downstate attainment counties

o Rockford (RFD)

o Moline (MLI)

o Peoria (PIA)

o Bloomington (BMI)

o Champaign (CMI)

o Springfield (SPI)

o Decatur (DEC)

o Carbondale (MDH)

o Marion (MWA)

As noted above, the Illinois EPA obtained 2002 operations fr om the FAA through the internet for each of these airports. The dat a consisted of the num ber of operations in each of the four categories for each mont h of 2002. Data were not available to distinguish between weekday and weekend operations, so typical summer day operations were calculated as 1/92 of the sum of the June, July and August operations. As a quality check, these FAA operations totals were compared to those from the Illinois Airport Inventory Report 2003 which are rounded.

Airports other than those with towers lis ted above are assumed to have 100 percent general aviation traffic. The annual operations data for these small airports were taken from the IDOT publication Illinois Airport Inventory Report 2003 . The most up-to-date operations estimates were used, and assumed to change little from year to year. Average daily operations were estimated by dividing the annual operations by 365 and these results were converted to summer we ekday ops by multiplying by 1.15 because the general aviation aircraft in particular are flown more in summer than in winter. The factor 1.15 is based on a comparison of average summer day operations with average daily operations for Illinois airports with control towers, and is reasonably representative.

For Scott AFB and the co-located MidAmerica Airport, operations data were obtained from Base Operations through the base’ s Environmental Management office. Operations data for the thr ee aircraft types stationed at Scott AFB (C-9, C-21 and KC135), and for the Boeing 727s operating from MidAmerica Airport were available. Aircraft specific emission factors were used to calculate emissions for those aircraft.

118Other non-military aircraft operations at Sco tt AFB and MidAmerica were assumed to be general aviation or air taxi and appropriate fleetwide emission factors as described below were used to calculate those emission s. There are very few other commercial flights out of MidAmerica.

Where operations data for individual aircra ft types do not exist, Procedures Vol. IV allows the use of fleetwide emission factor s. Fleetwide average emission factors for each of the four categories were published in the 1989 and 1992 editions of Volume IV (§ 5.2.4.2). They were used in Illinoi s EPA’s approved 1990 inventory and are shown below in Table 5-14.

These fleetwide emission factors, especiall y those for the air carrier and military categories given in the 1989 Vol. IV, date from 10-15 years ago (or more) and may not be representative of today’s aircraft fleet. Therefore, on advice from USEPA/OTAQ, the 1989 factors were compared with FAEED an d EDMS emission factors for various aircraft types in the four categories. Reasonable, slightly conservative, average fleetwide factors were developed using engineering judg ment, for each of the categories for downstate airports, where necessary. The emission factors used in the emission calculations are in Table 5-15.

Table 5-15: Fleetwide Em ission Factors (lb/LTO)

Pollutant Commercial Air Taxi General Aviation Military

CO 24.0 30.0 13.0 40.0 HC 4.0 5.0 0.5 10.0 NOx 24.0 2.0 0.1 10.0

The revised fleetwide emission factors were developed from the ol d factors by taking into account a number of considerations.

For commercial and air taxi aircraft, the ol d emission factors most likely assume a significant proportion of high-emitting jumbo je ts as well as ordinary jetliners with old and higher emitting engines. Few such aircra ft use downstate airports in Illinois.

For general aviation aircraft, emissions from sm all airports are from quite small propeller aircraft. Few data exist on their emission fa ctors, but what data exist were consulted and compared with the Procedures Vol. IV val ues. The emission factors appear to be satisfactory for this cat egory. The values, however, have been rounded to take into account the somewhat greater emissions from business jets and from general aviation aircraft other than small private planes.

For military aircraft, the old emission factors are rather high compared to those for most military aircraft whose EDMS emission fact ors are available. Large, high-emitting aircraft like B-52s and C-5s do not commonly use Illinois airports or military bases, so

119the average emission factors should be fairly low. Emission factors from EDMS based upon aircraft commonly found in Illinois are shown in Table 5-16. Illinois EPA has assumed that at least 85 perc ent of the military operations at Springfield and Peoria were from the aircraft based t here and that the other 15 percent of military operations at those and other airports had average fleet-wide emission factors.

Scott AFB has considerable transient militar y traffic, according to its environmental management office, but detailed data on transient aircraft types were not available. Emissions from transient aircraft were ther efore estimated using the fleetwide emission factors from Table 5-15. These emissions are conserva tive because the military emission factors in Table 5-15 are consider ably higher than those for C-9s and C-21s, as can be seen in Table 5-16.

Table 5-16: EDMS Emission Factors for M ilitary Aircraft Based in Illinois (lb/LTO)

Aircraft Based at CO HC NOx F-16 Springfield 37.1 9.7 11.2 C-130E Peoria 19.6 17.5 11.5 C-9A Scott AFB 6.7 1.5 10.2 C-21A Scott AFB 5.9 1.7 1.9 KC-135 O’Hare/Chicago 58.0 3.3 34.4

The fleet hydrocarbon emission factors given in the tables above are assumed to be for THC. Therefore, the THC to VOM corre ction factors were applied when computing VOM emissions for airports other than O’Ha re and Midway, and in the same manner as the O’Hare and Midway computations. A ll the emission calculations were done on a spreadsheet.



### 5.2.2.2.4 Detailed Calculations of Aircraft Emissions

Calculations were performed on spreadsheet s in which operations data and emission factors were placed. In the O’Hare and Midway cases, the calculations were by aircraft type and summed by category. For other airports with towers, the calculations were made by category. For all ot her airports, the calculatio ns were made assuming all aircraft were general aviation. Emissions fr om airports other than O’Hare, Midway and those with control towers are quite small.



### 5.2.2.2.5 Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

APUs are small turbine engines installed in t he hulls of many large and medium aircraft to generate electricity and compressed air to keep the aircraft’s systems operating when the main engines are off, as w hen the aircraft is parked at an airport gate. APUs use jet fuel and generate exhaust emissions like the main engines do. When in use, they run

120at full throttle. Most aircraft in the co mmercial category have APUs, but comparatively few air taxi or general aviation aircraft have them. Some military aircraft, especially transports, have APUs.

APU emissions for an aircraft are the product of its APU’s emissi on factor (pounds per hour of operation), the time in use in ( hours per LTO) and the number of LTOs. Emissions from APUs are difficult to estima te accurately because good emission factor information is not available for many APU models and little information is available about APU time in use.

Despite this, it has proved possible to make reasonable estimates of APU emissions at Midway and O’Hare Airports. Landrum & Br own, aviation consultants to the Chicago Department of Aviation, estimates the avera ge APU time in use at Midway and O’Hare to be 26 minutes. L&B supplied Illinois EPA wit h a list of aircraft with APUs using those two airports in 2002. APU emission factors in pounds of pollutant per hour of operation were taken from the EDMS program, vers ion 4.11. Illinois EPA combined that information with data on the number of operations by aircraft type fo r the two airports, also supplied by L&B, to obtain APU emissi ons. Those emissions are shown in Table 5-17 below. Emission estimates for Midway and O’Hare airports include APU emissions.

Emissions from APUs at Illinois airports ot her than Midway and O’Hare are negligible. For all practical purposes, APU emissions occur only at airports with commercial operations. Midway and O’Hare airports account for nearly 97 percent of the commercial operations in Illinoi s. Of the 16 remaining airpor ts with towers in Illinois, only Bloomington, Moline, Peoria and Rockford had more than a handful of commercial operations in 2002. Taken together, these four airpor ts account for about 1/30 th the number of commercial operations . Therefore, together they would have at most 1/30 th the APU emissions that Midway and O’Hare do. Other Illinois airp orts, those small ones without towers or commercial operati ons, have essentially no APU emissions.

Table 5-17: Emissions from APUs

Airport CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy) Midway 0.14 45.88 0.09 28.95 0.00 0.07 O’Hare 0.59 210.43 0.37 131.77 0.04 14.50



### 5.2.2.2.6 Annual Aircraft Emissions

Annual emissions at O’Hare are assumed to be 354 times summer weekday emissions and emissions at Midway are assumed to be 330 times summer weekday emissions. These factors, supplied by Landrum & Brow n, are based on the ratio of summer weekday LTOs to annual LTOs. Aircraft activi ty at O’Hare varied little from month to month in 2002 but there are slightly more LTOs in summer than winter. Midway’s

121aircraft activity varies. Ther e were quite a few more LTOs in the summer 2002 than in winter.

For the other 16 airports with towers in Illinoi s, operations data is av ailable by month, so total annual operations, and therefore, total annual emissions, are easy to compute. For all other airports, the Illinois Airport Inventory Report 2003 gives the number of annual operations which allowed annua l emissions to be calculated.

5.2.2.3 Commercial Marine Vessels

This category includes large cargo ships, passenger ships, oil tanker s, etc., powered by steam or internal combustion engines and used for commercial purposes such as transport of passengers, cargo movement, commercial fishing and the like. Tugboats and pushboats, both used in har bors and used to propel barges on rivers are included in this category. Emissions for pleasure boa ts are not included in this category, but rather in the other non-road engines and vehicl es category describe in § 5.2.2.4 below.

Two main types of Commercial Marine Vessels found in Illinois waters are:

• Lake vessels

• River vessels

Lake vessels are typically large boats and ships that operate on the Great Lakes. Almost all are diesel powered. Many use resi dual fuel rather than the distillate fuel used by most other commercial vessels use. Since only Cook and Lake Counties have shorelines and harbors on Lake Michigan, emi ssions from lake vessels occur only in those two counties. Lake vessels may be in an Illinois port for several days during loading and unloading, but once they leave t he harbor, they quickly mo ve out of Illinois waters.

River vessels are smaller, shallower-draft boat s that travel the pub lic waterways of the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. T he Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers are navigable for a small part of their length, but commercial traffic on them is negligible. Most river vessels are diesel-powered boats or tugs that push or pull large rafts of barges up and down the rivers. They may stay in state wate rs for days at a time. They use distillate fuel.

Lake and river vessels overlap in the Chicago area. It is assumed that all CMVs in Illinois are diesel powered. There are a few steam vessels plying Illinois waters. Emission factors for steam vessels are similar to those for diesel ve ssels, so little error is introduced by this assumption.

There are two types of CMV emissions, dockside and underway. Dockside emissions are those that take place when the vessel is in port. Like large aircraft, large boats and ships require power to run electrical, ventilating and other equipment even when they

122are tied up to a dock. Sma ller vessels in port often get the power they need from dockside connections, but larger ships (i.e., those with drafts greater than 18 feet) usually use their own engines, or a small auxiliary engine, at low throttle when in port to generate their own power. USEPA guidance is to assume each large ship is in port for three days. In Illinois waters, only lake vessels have such deep drafts, so dockside emissions are calculated only for those. Underway emissions are those that take place while the vessel is under way, that is, in transit.

The emissions for this category were estima ted for Illinois EPA by Environ Corp, under a contract with LADCO to make estimates for this categor y for all the LADCO member states. The estimates were specific for 2002 . The emissions were based on fuel use, apportioned by county based on commercial traffic on the rivers or in the Lake. Environ used data from the Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Energy to make its calculations.

Since information on waterborne traffic is not readily available by month, Environ calculated emissions on an annu al basis and converted to tons per summer day by dividing by 204.75. This is equivalent to saying waterborne commerce takes place mostly in spring, summer and early autumn, wit h much less traffic in winter. This is reasonable. According to Corps of Engineer s information collected over the last 35 years or so, waterborne traffic on the Missi ssippi south of Quincy, Illinois continues throughout the year, only occasionally be ing stopped for a few days by ice or water levels. North of Quincy ice blockages are more common. In most y ears, there is little traffic on the river upstream of the Quad Cities from mid-De cember through mid-March. Barge traffic on the Illinois River is usually little affected by ice buildup, though, as with the Mississippi, there is less waterborne traffic in the winter.

Once emissions were calculated for a waterw ay, the emissions are assigned to counties based upon the miles of river shoreline in the county. In Environ’s calculations, half the emissions on the upper Mississippi River go to the states on the west bank and half to the states on the east bank. This is also the case for the Ohio Rive r (north/south). The emissions along stretches of the Mississippi are attributed to the counties in a state based on the county’s river miles as a fraction of the length of the stretch for which the emissions were calculated. Environ apporti oned the emissions along the Illinois River to the counties on the south and east bank.

Emissions from ferries and other work boats (fishing boats, dredges, etc.) on the Illinois waterways are included in the emission totals from Environ. Data on their operations are more difficult to obtain and their emi ssions are small, though not quite negligible.

123Table 5-18: Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1.32 270.67 7.49 1,533.99 0.18 35.98 DuPage 0.21 42.29 1.07 219.89 0.02 4.81 Grundy Twps 0.18 36.99 0.97 199.42 0.02 4.57 Kane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kendall Twps 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 McHenry 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Will 0.14 29.32 0.77 158.07 0.02 3.62 Chicago NAA 1.85 379.27 10.31 2,111.37 0.24 48.99 Jersey 0.53 109.06 2.87 588.00 0.07 13.48 Madison 1.75 359.10 9. 20 1,882.92 0.20 41.65 Monroe 0.62 127.43 3.36 687.01 0.08 15.75 St. Clair 0.25 50.97 1.34 274.80 0.03 6.30 Metro-East NAA 3.16 646. 56 16.77 3,432.73 0.38 77.17 Attainment Area 12.07 2,470. 40 64.99 13,310.28 1.49 304.94 State Total 17.08 3,496.23 92.07 18,854.38 2.10 431.10

5.2.2.4 Other Non-r oad Engines and Vehicles

This category includes all other portable motorized equipment, from lawnmowers to snowblowers, and farm tracto rs to earthmoving equipment. Engines are powered by spark-ignition (usually fueled by gasoline) and some by compre ssion ignition (diesels). There are two types of spark-ignition engines: 2-stroke and 4-stroke. The three types of engines, 2-stroke, 4-stroke and diesel, hav e very different emission characteristics so, they are treated separately in the inv entory. Some non-road emission sources use CNG or LPG as a fuel.

Most small to medium-sized non-road equi pment, from lawnmowers to portable generators are powered by 4-stroke gasol ine engines. Two-stroke engines are used chiefly in fairly small applications (e.g ., snowblowers, hand-held equipment) because they are smaller and lighter t han 4-stroke engines of t he same power output. Diesel non-road equipment tends to be large (e.g ., tractors, constr uction equipment).

For this inventory, Illinois EPA used the NONROAD model (version 2.2.0a – June 2003) to estimate non-road emissions by county. The NONROAD model estimates emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, SOx and PM ( both PM10 and PM2.5) from all non-road categories except aircraft operations, loco motives and commercial marine vessels. The model takes into account growth, fuel char acteristics and control programs. The inputs used in the NONROAD model when estimati ng summer weekday emissions are shown in Table 5-19.

124Table 5-19: NONROAD Input Parameters for Summer Daily Emissions

NONROAD Input Parameter Chicago NAA Downstate North Downstate South MetroEast NAA Fuel RVP (psi) 6.7 8.1 8.1 6.9 Oxygen % 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Gasoline sulfur content (ppm) 247 102 102 183

Diesel sulfur content (ppm) 375 375 375 375

CNG/LPG sulfur content (ppm) 0 0 0 0

Minimum temperature (F) 64 64 71 71

Maximum temperature (F) 84 84 89 89

Average temperature (F) 74 74 80 80

Stage II control (%) 0 0 0 0

Summer daily emission totals were obtaine d by running the NONROAD model for the Chicago, Downstate North, Downstate South and Metro- East areas with appropriate inputs from Table 5-19. The output file from the NONROAD model we re imported into a spreadsheet. The spreadsheet’s pivot table function was used to generate a table of emissions by county (across) and categor y and engine type (down) for 2-stroke, 4- stroke and diesel engines.

Annual emissions were calculated in essent ially the same manner. The annual totals for the four areas of the state were obtained by runni ng the NONROAD model four times for each area, using the seas onal inputs shown in table 5-20.

125Table 5-20: NONROAD Input Parameters for Annual Emissions

NONROAD Input Parameter Season Chicago NAA Downstate North Downstate South MetroEast NAA Fuel RVP (psi) Winter Spring Summer Fall 14.0 9.5 6.7 8.1 13.0 10.3 8.1 9.4 13.0 10.3 8.1 9.4 13.4 9.4 6.9 8.2 Gasoline sulfur content (ppm) Winter Spring Summer Fall 247 247 247 247 249 235 102 169 249 235 102 169 236 203 183 193 Diesel sulfur content (ppm) All

seasons 375 375 375 375

Minimum temperature (F) Winter Spring Summer Fall 26 36 64 43 26 36 64 43 30 45 71 49 30 45 71 49 Maximum temperature (F) Winter Spring Summer Fall 40 56 83 61 40 56 83 61 48 65 89 67 48 65 89 67

The seasonal outputs for each area were im ported into a spreadsheet and summed to another page to obtain the annual total. The pivot table function was then used to obtain the emissions summed by county and s ource category as above. The resulting emissions for daily and annual emissions are summarized in Table 5-21.

Table 5-21: Off-r oad Engine Emissions

County CO (tpd) CO (tpy) NOx (tpd) NOx (tpy) VOM (tpd) VOM (tpy)
Cook 1,253.00 291,234.18 112. 41 25,308.73 107.81 24,456.86 DuPage 412.27 93,031.46 30.83 6,864.01 27.14 6,522.46 Grundy Twps 2.24 739.60 0.21 85.38 0.39 110.22 Kane 137.16 30,706.12 16. 23 3,420.88 9.43 2,254.67 Kendall Twps 6.94 2,659.27 0.29 119.43 0.46 326.09 Lake 470.74 95,204.32 25.03 5,323.30 59.91 11,997.51 McHenry 107.46 23,225.60 8.37 1,774.99 7.51 1,769.23 Will 169.53 35,886.64 13. 36 2,737.97 13.19 3,041.99 Chicago NAA 2,559.35 572,687.19 206.75 45,634.69 225.83 50,479.03 Jersey 5.02 1,151.10 1.56 277.65 0.65 155.37 Madison 70.79 13,631.72 7.52 1,574.24 5.61 1,368.55 Monroe 6.89 1,490.68 1.68 311.05 0.65 155.37 St. Clair 59.39 11,125.63 5.80 1,179.56 4.33 1,040.98 Metro-East NAA 142.08 27,399. 13 16.57 3,342.50 11.24 2,720.27 Attainment Area 1,148.46 253,028. 70 291.56 55,247.50 109.09 33,683.35 State Total 3,849.90 853,115.02 514.87 104,224.69 346.15 86,882.65

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## 6 Quality Assurance

6.1 Purpose of the Inventory

The objective of this emission inventory is to present an accurate and comprehensive account of all ozone precur sor emissions from point, ar ea and mobile sources for the entire State of Illinois in acco rdance with the requirements of the CAA. This inventory is a base year emission inventory for the year 2002, which will be used as a basis to assess Illinois’ progress towards meeti ng the State’s Rate of Progress Plan requirements. The ozone precursors includ ed in the inventory ar e CO, NOx and VOM. Emissions presented in the 2002 periodic emi ssion inventory are typical summer day and annual.



### 6.2 Scope of the Quality Assurance Plan

The Illinois EPA has implemented quality assurance (QA) procedures and quality control (QC) checks at various stages in the inventory process. The QA preparations involved in the development of the emission inventory were based on the procedures as outlined in the USEPA’s pub lications EPA-450-4-88-023, Guidance for the Preparation of Quality Assurance Plans for O3/CO SIP Emission Inventories and EPA-450/4-91- 022, Quality Review Guidelines for 1990 Base Year Emission Inventories and Illinois EPA’s document, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Point Source Emissions Inventory Quality Assurance /Quality Control (QA/QC) Plan by the Radian Corporation (November 1991). Details of t he QA program are discussed in the following sections.



### 6.3 Summary of QA Activities

In general, four basic stages were involv ed in the preparation of the 2002 emission inventory: planning, data collection, data analysis and dat a reporting. Data analyses include estimation of emissions for point s ources that failed to report ozone season emissions in their annual emission report to the Illinois EPA. The reporting stage includes the presentation of summer oz one season data and emission estimates as a finished product in the required format. As a first step, the QA program was conceived earlier in the process and was implemented th roughout the various stages of inventory development. Second, the collection of dat a (or representative samples of it) had undergone review for suitability, complet eness and correctness. Next, all the methodologies used in the calculation of missing or unreported emission data and those methodologies used for various data analyses were all reviewed to ensure the inventory of such emission data were appropriate repr esentations of each respective emission category. Lastly, the fi nished periodic emission inv entory product was checked and audited for completeness and accuracy.

1276.3.1 Inventory and QA Planning

Illinois EPA’s Air Quality Pl anning Section inventory staff used a QA plan largely based on requirements according to the CAA and USEPA quality assurance and quality control guidance documents. Also, the overa ll inventory QA plan was influenced by experiences gained in the development of the approved 1990 based year ozone precursors emission in ventories for both the Chicago an d the Metro-East areas, as well as in the development of all previous inventories.

6.3.2 Resource Allocation for QA

In-house quality assurance activities required a person with experience and authority to carry out QA duties. The QA coordinator (Q AC) interacted directly with the inventory staff or specialists for point, area and mobile sources. Essentially, the planning and implementation of QA checks are in accor dance with the QA plan as described herein and with USEPA’s QA and QC guidance documents.

Late in 1999, a major change in how the point source invent ory is developed occurred. Until then, there was no person or group re sponsible for the data contained in the inventory. QA activities were performed as periodic inventories were needed. Due to this, the responsibility of compiling the point source emission inventory was moved from the Permit Section to the Inventory and Data Support Unit of the Ai r Quality Planning Section.

6.3.3 Schedule and Project Planning

The Air Quality Planning Sectio n’s inventory staff’s experi ence in the development of the 1990 base year and subsequent inventorie s were drawn upon in preparing the QA plan for the 2002 periodic emission inventory.

To prepare the 2002 AER data for inventory use, inventory staff revi ewed the emission data prior to entering it into CAERS. T he experiences in such review were also included as bases in developing the QA plan for this inventory. Many data range checks are built into the CAER S and ISSIS systems. This ensures values entered into the database are within acceptable levels su ch as those ranges of values for parameters indicated in Sect ion 6.4. Knowledge that su ch input value ranges are automatically validated c ontributed to the overall design of the QA plan.

As permits are issued, the emission data contained in the permit and application are compiled into the point source emission invent ory by the inventory staff. Each source that has been coded is then reviewed for correctness and completeness by the Unit Manager. This review also contributes to th e contribution of the overall design of the QA plan.

128A review of the results of the 2002 AER input data and Illinois EPA entered data became the groundwork for planning and sc heduling the QA efforts for the 2002 inventory. Specific key parameters identified in the inventory were tagged as a potential focus for QA work and incorporated in the planning for reviewing the point source emissions data.

The inventory staff charged with the mobile and area source portions of the inventory began their parallel QA efforts to enable a time ly completion of the inventory, all QA checks and audits. For on-road mobile sour ces, review of emission factors was primarily confined to QA of the inputs to the MOBILE model. For non-road sources other than aircraft, the QA procedures were comparable to those used in the 1999 and 2002 (periodic) inventories. The non-road source methodology and emission data were compared with previous studies done on this category. For airc raft, QA consisted mainly of checking the activity data agains t those from previous years and checking emission factor data versus si milar data published by USEPA.



### 6.4 QA Technical Information

As noted above, the emission inventory system the DAPC uses contributes to the overall quality assurance aspect for this in ventory. The emissi on inventory data has already been range checked for the following parameters:

• Stack height ≤ 1250 feet

• Stack diameter ≤ 99.99 feet

• Hours per year ≤ 8760

• Peak ozone season hours ≤ 2190

• Weeks per year ≤ 52

• Peak ozone season weeks ≤ 13

• Days per week ≤ 7

• Hours per day ≤ 24

• Seasonal throughput totals = 100 percent

In addition to the validation of input data ranges, ISSIS and CAERS also perform automated validation of codes such as SIC and SCC. With such tasks performed, the inventory staff is more focused on reviewi ng key parameters and ot her aspects of the inventory that may significantly affect t he accurate representation of typical summer weekday emissions.

6.4.1 Prioritizing Sources and Data Elements

The data elements of the 2002 periodic emission inventory were based on the source reported emissions for 2002. This repor ted data was deemed more representative compared to the emissions from growing a previous point sour ce inventory. An analysis was performed by comparing the emission le vel in 1999 and 2002 on a point-by-point

129basis. With tens of thousands of records stat ewide to QA for purposes of this inventory, this methodology helped to focus resources towards emission points that were found to have a significant increase or decrease in emissions from 1999 to 2002. If the 2002 emissions differed from the 2002 emission by ±10 percent or more, further analysis was performed and the submitted annual emission report was scrutinized. In many cases it was also necessary to review past changes to the inventory contained in ISSIS to identify the changes in emissions were due to mo re accurate coding of the inventory. A closer review on reported values for CO, NOx and VOM was done to ascertain the accuracy of entered values in the prelimi nary 2002 data retrieved from the database. Sources having the largest increase or dec rease in emissions levels between 1999 and 2002 were identified and all em ission points within the source were scrutinized for appropriate inventory use.

6.4.2 Data Sources and Checking Procedures

Although the data used in the poi nt source emission inventory came directly from the sources themselves, some data were deem ed incorrectly represented and corrected accordingly. If necessary, all possible sour ces of information were used in this QA effort, including AERs from previous years, to determine reliability of the data for inclusion in the inventory. The inventory staff assessed all data that were presented and took into account the capabilities and biases of the organization supplying the data, the techniques used to collect the dat a and the purpose for which the data had been compiled. All of these provided an overa ll understanding of the lim itations of reported data and served as a guide in choosing the best data for use in the inventory.

All reported data from the source’s 2002 AER were checked at intervals and entered into CAERS. The point source report ed data were reviewed and, in general, found acceptable as most companies have provid ed the necessary information required by Illinois EPA. Area source data, such as c ensus and meteorological information, sales of taxable substances like motor fuels, landings and takeoffs at airports, etc. came from federal or state government sources and are relatively accurate and found to be appropriate for use in this inventory. VM T data for mobile sources are published by IDOT and are reasonably accurate as well. Data from high-qua lity sources are still subjected to QA checks for relevance and suit ability for the inventor y. Other data for area sources may be several years old or were obtained in aggregate form (i.e., nationwide or statewide rather than by county or city) and ar e subject to further scrutiny. These sets of data underwent the same checks as the higher quality data and were reviewed with greater attention to bias and collection techniques.

Review of the emission data was generally performed several times in the inventory development process. The inventory staf f reviews the data as presented by each source to Illinois EPA. The QA Coordi nator, through comparative analysis and other database review/manipulations sorts and flag s suspect emission points and values and returns them to the responsible inventor y staff for another r ound of QA review and scrutiny. Finally, after the consolidat ed emission results are being finalized, the

130inventory staff performs a final review of emission values for inclusion in the inventory. The second independent QA check is more formal than the other two and is usually done on a sample of the data. The first and third checks cover all data used.



### 6.5 Data Collection and Analysis

The following sections describe Illinois EPA’s plans in collecting and analyzing emission data and the QA procedures used by the inventory staff in evaluating them.

6.5.1 Identification of Emission Sources

The Illinois EPA used a checklist similar to th ose in Appendix A of the QA guidance to make sure all appropriate source categories are covered in the inventory. In regard to point sources, all those sources that (a) are located in the State of Illinois and (b) are shown to have emissions of CO, NOx or VOM are automatically included in the inventory. Illinois EPA is c onfident all significant point sources are included in ISSIS. Nevertheless, as part of its QA efforts, Illinois EPA crosschecked the emission database generated for the 2002 inventory wit h previous inventories.

The Illinois EPA also identified sources that were known to have operated in 2002 but which did not have their emission data enter ed into the system until 2003. Data reported at the source level plus data entered from t he permit application in 2003 were combined to create a complete 2002 inv entory for each of those sources.

The 1999 periodic emission inventory was used as a comparison for all point emission categories in the 2002 inventory. The 2002 ar ea source categories were also checked against the 1999 inventory. All area source and mobile source categories listed in the federal guidance are included in the invent ory. Illinois EPA checks MOBILE model inputs (particularly temperatures and volati lity) and VMT data for completeness, n order to ensure their suitable use in the model. For example, published gasoline volatility data was compared with those reported by the IDOA, which normally performs various tests on gasoline in the state.

For area sources, the pre liminary 2002 inventory devel oped by USEPA was used to identify additional source ca tegories that may have not been calculated in previous years. There were very few categories t hat were not already inventoried (e.g., commercial cooking), but since annual emissions needed to be included activities that don’t take place during the summer (e.g., residential wood combustion) were also included in the inventory.

1316.5.2 Data Quality

To ensure the emission invent ory is of the highest quality, QA procedures were in place for evaluating the quality and reliability of data for use in the inventory. These evaluation processes enable t he inventory staff to make informed choices between sources of information, especially if the dat a from one source differs significantly in comparison with those that were obtained fr om another source. Also, the evaluation process allows the inventory staff and us ers of the inventor y to make informed judgments about the va lidity of the emissions in any particular category.

Representative QA actions include checking the base year relevancy of the data; the use of 2002 data where possible, is emphasized. However, if such base year data are unavailable, the most recent reliable data is used and noted accordingly in the inventory documentation. If certain data were updat ed to 2002 levels, the update method is noted and included in t he documentation.

Data were crosschecked with similarly publis hed data. Appropriate caution was taken in the choice of “other published data”, es pecially when such data may have originated from the same source that pr oduced the original data. In su ch cases, the actual data is not easily verifiable, but some credibility and support is given for such data, especially when an independent organization had chosen to publish such data. Checking 2002 inventory data against those reflected in t he past year or years is useful since magnitudes and trends may be verified in this m anner. This is especially applicable for such data as VMT by road type.

Some QA actions were more subjective, i.e., the judgment and experience of the inventory staff is important in these ev aluations. The profe ssional capabilities and biases, if any, of the suppliers of the data were taken into consideration, including the purpose for which the data were collected. Data organized by government agencies for taxation purposes (e.g., gasoline sales) and industry information on purchases and sales of materials and products (e.g., coal usage at the power plan t), were considered of acceptable quality since bot h entities have a specific in centive to obtain the most accurate information. Data co llection techniques, if known, were assessed accordingly. For example, information from plant inspecti ons was considered more reliable than data from mail surveys. However, unless the inventory staff or the QA Coordinator had any significant comment about one or more of th ese subjective assessments (for example, when one source of data for a category was chosen over another), such assessments, as a rule, are not part of the inventory documentation.

1326.5.3 Emission Estimation Methods

Illinois EPA estimates emissions followin g the procedures outlin ed in these USEPA publications:

• EPA-450/4-88-019, Inventory Requirements for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans , December 1988

• EPA-450/88-021, Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Precursors of Ozone: Volume I , Third Edition, December 1999

• EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), Procedures for the Pre paration of Emission Inventories for Precursors of Oz one: Volume IV: Mobile Sources , July 1989

• AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors , Fifth Edition, January 1995 and supplements

Where specific USEPA guidance was not available, Illinois EPA used generally accepted engineering principles , calculations and judgment, supplemented by technical information from other sources, in estimating emissions. In all such cases, the method, data and other relevant information were identified accordingly.

The emission estimates were adjusted to reflect conditions on a typical 2002 summer weekday as follows:

• Point Sources: Emissions were calculated using peak ozone season emission rates from sour ce submitted 2002 AERs.

• Area Sources: Emissions were calculated using seasonal adjustment factors such as those reflected in USEPA guidance and by adjustments for representative 2002 summert ime temperatures and volatility for certain categories (e.g., storage of gasoline and other VOM).

• Mobile Sources: by adjusting VMT for 2002 summertime conditions and using representative 2002 summert ime temperatures and fuel volatility when calculating the MOBILE model’s emission rates. The MOBILE6 model used in the CAA inventories ca lculates midyear (summer) emission rates directly so no adjustments were made to the emission rates on that account.

6.5.4 Consistency with Other States

Several conference calls were held early in the inventory develop ment process with the states of Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Oh io and Wisconsin through LADCO to identify the emission factors or calculations methods to be used in calculating emissions from certain area source categories.

1336.5.5 Calculations and Data Handling

Computers were employed in all calculations for the inventory. Ar ithmetic errors are minimized in these calculations. Typographical errors and incomplete algorithms are of concern. For this situation, sample m anual calculations were done for comparative purposes. At least one such calcul ation was made for every category.

Computerized information was stored on the BOA’s network and was backed up nightly. Original inventory data continued to be main tained in the database. This data was extracted from the database and was mainta ined in an Access® database on the network. The Access® database was manipulated to obtain the 2002 point source inventory.

6.5.6 Validation Procedures

Data validation included a review for completeness of periodic emission inventory coverage. Illinois EPA believes all point sour ces in the state were accounted for in the inventory. In order to ens ure completeness of coverage, Illinois EPA compared the lists of sources between the 1999 and 2002 inventories.

Point and area sources were also checked agai nst the list of categories shown in the QA Guidance to ensure all emission categories were covered.

1. Data consistency: The input and output data are cons istent with USEPA guidance documents as to the (1) ar ea of coverage, (2 ) pollutants, (3) methodologies and (4) units of measurement employed. 2. Area covered: This inventory was compiled on a statewide basis. 3. Pollutants covered: CO, NOx and VOM, all ozone precursors, were inventoried in accordance with USEP A guidance requirements.

The potential for “double counting” emissions in the area source inventory was also taken into consideration. This could occur in categories which have both point and area source emissions represent ed in the inventor y (e.g., the dry cleaning category). The ca tegory’s point source emissions are assumed to be included in the total or gross emissions, which are generally estimated based on a surrogate factor such as population. The net area source emissions are then calculated by subtracting the calculated poi nt source emissions from the total in order to avoid accounting for point source emissions twice. Some other area source categories which have the potentia l for double counting of emission are Graphic Arts, Commercial/Institutional fuel use and Waste Disposal. These were reviewed to make sure no double count ing occurred in the inventory.

4. Methods and units used: This procedur e ensures the methods of calculations employed are consistent with USEPA guidance and usage of such units is correct.

134

### 6.6 Data Handling

6.6.1 Data Coding and Recording

Coding and recording of data into the ISSIS and CAERS database is done by trained inventory staff and is subject to standard operating procedures (SOPs). Similarly, updates and corrections discovered in the cour se of QA efforts were updated by the inventory staff. Any changes to the dat abase are monitored and reviewed by the Inventory and Data Support Unit Manager. QA of information was further carried out by the QA Coordinator before any inclusions were considered into the 2002 inventory.

6.6.2 Data Tracking

Illinois EPA keeps its data and calculations mainly on personal computers and/or the BOA’s network. Raw data, especially for ar ea sources, are obtained in various forms which are kept in files by the inventory staf f for future reference purposes. Such files may include other information (e.g., sample calculations, estimates, sources of information, various relevant notes and correspondence, etc.) al so for reference purposes. Any data in electronic form was back ed up so that every file is available for quick recovery and reconstruction of data.

6.6.3 Correcting Data

When an inventory staff member discovers an error in repor ted data, that data is corrected in both the extracted data for the inventory and the originating data source. First, the person identifying the error consults with the Inventory and Data Support Unit Manager to determine whether a correction is truly necessary. If a correction is warranted, the person res ponsible for maintaining the extrac ted data is notified on what changes to make to that data set. Updates to the origin ating data set are performed by the inventory staff designated by the IDS Unit Manager.

6.6.4 Missing Data

This applies mainly to point source data. As noted above, missing emission data was not a major problem for Illinois EPA, but point source data have been known to be missing or in error for many small source s, and their absence, while not affecting emission totals, could be significant. For poi nt sources, permit data has been used to obtain estimated values for missing data. In other categories, missing data, if they occur, were treated as data needing correction and dealt with accordingly. Where any missing data could not be obtained, a note wa s made of the fact, and suitable values estimated. The methods used to estimate the data is documented in detailed records.

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### 6.7 QA Audits

6.7.1 Internal

The Illinois EPA did not perform a complete in ternal or agency QA audit during its work on the 2002 inventory. For example, the doc umentation for an area source category included:

• The raw data (including emission factors) and references

• The calculation method and references

• The calculated emissions

• Other comments for the category

If the rationale for the choice of one parti cular data set or methodology over another was an issue, such an issue is discussed. Comments about the reliabi lity or quality of the data (and hence the emission estimate) ar e also documented. In this sense the inventory documentation is its own audit.

A review of the initial data in the point source inventory was compared against the annual totals reported on the s ource’s AER. Sources where the difference was greater than 10 tons were reviewed and updated as necessary.

A further review of the point source inventory included look ing at annual totals reported in 2001, 2002 and 2003 to check for appropriat eness of using 2002 dat a. The initial review of this data revealed sources that, fo r various reasons, were not included in the 2002 inventory (i.e., they had reported em issions for 2001 and 2003 but not 2002). These sources and emissions were added to the poi nt source inventory. A second level review revealed ten source s that appeared to have emissi ons for 2002 that were not representative. In most case s, these sources were involv ed in ownership changes or were in the process of curtailing or shutting do wn some or all of their processes. Table 6-1 identifies the sources that were indivi dually reviewed and the decision made as to which year of emissions to use.

136Table 6-1: Potential Sources with 2002 Emissions not being Representative

Id Number Source City Inventory Year Used 031258AAI Acme Steel Co Riverdale 2002 031258ABR ISG Riverdale Riverdale 2001* 031600AMC LTV Steel Co Chicago 2001 031824AAB Premcor Refining Group Alsip 2002 103806AAC Dixon-Marquette Cement Dixon 2002 107035AAM Lincoln Developmental Center Lincoln 2002 115015AAK Caterpillar, Inc Decatur 2001 119010AAE Laclede Steel Co Alton 2001 191803AAA Trunkline Gas Co Johnsonville 2002 195818AAI Sterling Steel Company LLC Sterling 2001

* Acme Steel sold part of its source to IS G Riverdale. At the ti me of the 2002 inventory this was not finalized and all the affected emi ssion units were in the inventory for Acme Steel (031258AAI). Acme Steel’s 2001 AER included the equipment to be sold to ISG Riverdale so the emission inventory for ISG Riverdale was updated under the Acme Steel inventory. The 2005 inventory will hav e the equipment under the correct sources.

6.7.2 External

The Illinois Environmental Regulatory Gr oup (IERG) requested s ource emission total data from Illinois EPA. This data was pr ovided to IERG and was reviewed by its members. From this review , the Illinois EPA received comm ents and corrections to the point source inventory. These corrections were reviewed, and in most cases, accepted. The discrepancies identified arose primar ily from the source s reporting data on nonstandard annual emission reporting forms which made it difficult for the data entry people to enter the data or be able to identify which emission units to associate the data with. The most common reason for not updati ng the inventory was that the inventory that was created by Illinois EPA agreed with the data that ex isted in the Acid Rain database. Table 6-2 identified the sources that responded and whether updates were made to their source.

137Table 6-2: Sources Making Comments on Data Sent to IERG

Id Number Source City Inventory Updated? 003005AAI Bunge North Amer ica, Inc Cairo Yes 007005AAF Chrysler Corp Belvidere Yes 007804AAK Natural Gas Pipeline of America Belvidere Yes 021814AAB Kincaid Generati on, LLC Kincaid No 031012AAO Nalco Chemical Co Bedford Park Yes 031012ABI Corn Products Inter national Bedford Park Yes 031438ABL Elgin Energy Center Elgin No 031600AIN Midwest Generation Chicago No 043804AAA Midwest Gener ation Lombard No 051808AAB Natural Gas Pipeline Co St. Elmo Yes 057801AAA AES Duck Creek Canton Yes 063806AAF Midwest Generation Morris No 073816AAA Natural Gas Pipeline Geneseo Yes 077806AAA Ameren Energy Grand Tower Yes 091801AAH Bunge Foods Corp Bradley Yes 091804AAB Cognis Corp Kankakee Yes 091811AAB Natural Gas Pipeline of America Herscher Yes 093808AAC Natural Gas Pipeli ne of America Minooka Yes 097125AAA Abbott Laboratories North Chicago Yes 097190AAC Midwest Generat ion LLC Waukegan No 097809AAD Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park Yes 115015AAE Archer Daniels Midland Decatur Yes 115015AAK Caterpillar, Inc Decatur Yes 115015ABX AE Staley Manufac turing Co Decatur Yes 143065AJE Archer Daniels Midland Peoria Yes 143805AAG AES ED Edwards Station Bartonville No 143810AAG Ameren Energy Mossville Yes 147802AAB Natural Gas Pipeline of America Hammond Yes 167120AAO City Water, Light & Power Springfield No 179020AAB Caterpillar, Inc East Peoria Yes 179801AAA Midwest Generation LLC Pekin No 183020ABT Bunge Grain Milling Inc Danville Yes 197090AAI CITGO Petroleum Corp Lemont Yes 197800AAA ExxonMobil Oil Corp Joliet Yes 197800AAC BP Amoco Chemic al Co Channahon Yes 197800AAE Stepan Co Elwood Yes 197800AAM BASF Corp Channahon Yes 197809AAO Midwest Generation LLC Joliet No 197810AAK Midwest Generati on LLC Romeoville No 197817AAA Natural Gas Pipeline of America Shorewood Yes

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## 7 Conclusion

This report summarizes and documents Illinoi s’ 2002 base year inventory of ozone precursor emissions. This report includes emissions for the entire state, plus identification of emissions for the two nonattainment areas of the state and the remaining attainment area. The inventory was developed using actual 2002 emissions and data except in cases where noted.

This document presents the 2002 base year ozone inventory for both typical summer day and annual emissions for reactive C O, NOx and VOM from point, area, on-road mobile, off-road mobile and biogenic sources for the State of Illinois. In producing this document, Illinois EPA has followed the procedures outlined in USEPA’s guidance documents pertaining to both preparation and quality assu rance of the inventory and therefore believes the inventory to be complete, accurate and of high quality.

Table 7-1: Emission Summary (tons/day)

Area CO NOx VOM Chicago NAA 4,880.04 1,093.01 989.05 Metro-East NAA 514.02 144.40 218.48 Attainment Area 4,189.21 1,836.82 3,582.32 Total 9,583.38 3,074.28 4,789.92

Table 7-2: Emission Summary (tons/year)

Area CO NOx VOM Chicago NAA 1,631,448. 97 343,103.17 261,820.84 Metro-East NAA 177,472.15 40,178.85 54,729.67 Attainment Area 1,506,89 9.25 489,970.80 747,212.46 Total 3,315,820.44 873, 252.94 1,063,762.98

Table 7-3: Statewide Emi ssion Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 4.8 2.8 37.4 30.7 6.8 7.2 Area 0.3 2.8 2.0 5.4 14.2 20.9 On-Road 49.1 65.3 28.0 35.5 8.3 13.5 Off-Road 41.2 26.7 27.5 24.0 7.6 8.7 Biogenic 4.6 2.4 5.2 4.4 63.2 49.7

139Table 7-4: Chicago NAA Emi ssion Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 3.2 1.6 28.2 15.8 7.7 8.1 Area 0.4 2.1 3.9 9.4 27.6 34.0 On-Road 42.5 60.0 37.4 48.9 17.0 22.8 Off-Road 53.4 36.1 29.9 25.5 23.6 20.3 Biogenic 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 23.9 14.8

Table 7-5: Metro-East NAA Em ission Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 12.9 10.4 37.6 30.0 8.0 8.7 Area 0.3 3.7 1.0 4.7 13.7 25.2 On-Road 54.7 67.5 32.6 42.3 10.8 15.4 Off-Road 29.0 16.6 25.4 20.0 5.5 5.4 Biogenic 3.2 1.8 3.4 3.0 62.1 45.2

Table 7-6: Attainment Area Em ission Contributions (percent)

Category CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual
Point 5.7 3.2 42.9 41.2 6.4 6.8 Area 0.3 3.5 0.9 2.7 10.5 16.0 On-Road 56.0 70.8 22.0 25.6 5.7 10.1 Off-Road 28.5 17.7 26.2 23.2 3.3 4.9 Biogenic 9.5 4.8 8.0 7.3 74.1 62.3

Table 7-7: Geographic C ontributions (percent)

Area CO Daily CO Annual NOx Daily NOx Annual VOM Daily VOM Annual Chicago NAA 50.9 49.2 35.6 39.3 20.6 24.6 Metro-East NAA 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.1 Attainment Area 43.7 45.4 59.7 56.1 74.8 70.2

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## 8 References

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