```

[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 4932 Reported in Senate (RS)]

<DOC>

                                                       Calendar No. 633
118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 4932

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research, 
    development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             August 1, 2024

 Mr. Durbin (for himself, Mr. Daines, Mr. Heinrich, Ms. Murkowski, and 
 Mr. Schumer) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
       referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

                           November 21, 2024

               Reported by Mr. Manchin, with an amendment
 [Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed 
                               in italic]

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research, 
    development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

<DELETED>SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    This Act may be cited as the ``Department of Energy 
Quantum Leadership Act of 2024''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE 
              RESEARCH PROGRAM.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8851) is amended--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the 
        following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out 
a research, development, and demonstration program on quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology.'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) in subsection (b)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``, 
                engineering, and technology'' after 
                ``science'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``, 
                engineering, and technology'' after 
                ``science'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) by striking paragraph (3) and 
                inserting the following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) provide research experiences and training 
        for additional undergraduate and graduate students in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, including in 
        the fields specified in paragraph (4);'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) 
                through (5) as paragraphs (5) through (7), 
                respectively;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) operate National Quantum Information Science 
        Research Centers under section 402 to accelerate and scale 
        scientific and technical breakthroughs in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology, and maintain state-of-
        the-art infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry 
        partners;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(4) conduct cooperative research with industry, 
        National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and 
        other research institutions to facilitate the development and 
        demonstration of quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology priorities, as determined by the Secretary of 
        Energy, including in the fields of--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) quantum information 
                theory;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) quantum physics;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(C) quantum computational science, 
                including hardware and software, machine learning, and 
                data science;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 
                development;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(E) quantum communications and 
                networking, including hardware and software for quantum 
                communications and networking;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(F) quantum sensing and 
                detection;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(G) materials science and 
                engineering;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(H) quantum modeling and simulation, 
                including molecular modeling;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(I) near- and long-term application 
                development, as determined by the Secretary of 
                Energy;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(J) quantum chemistry;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(K) quantum biology;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(L) superconductive and high-performance 
                microelectronics; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(M) quantum security 
                technologies;'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (F) in paragraph (6) (as so 
                redesignated)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) in subparagraph (E), by 
                        striking ``and'' at the end;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by redesignating subparagraph 
                        (F) as subparagraph (J); and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) by inserting after 
                        subparagraph (E) the following:</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(F) the Office of Electricity;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy 
                Security, and Emergency Response;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and 
                Carbon Management;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(I) the Office of Technology 
                Transitions; and''; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (G) in paragraph (7) (as so 
                redesignated)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) by striking ``and'' before 
                        ``potential''; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by inserting ``, and other 
                        relevant stakeholders, as determined by the 
                        Secretary of Energy'' before the period at the 
                        end; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) by adding at the end the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(c) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program 
under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall support the quantum 
technology industry and promote commercialization of applications of 
quantum technology relevant to the activities of the Department of 
Energy by--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) educating--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) the energy industry on near-term and 
                commercially available quantum technologies; 
                and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) the quantum industry on potential 
                energy applications;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) accelerating the advancements of United 
        States quantum computing, communications, networking, sensing, 
        and security capabilities to protect and optimize the energy 
        sector;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or 
        modeling capabilities;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 
        technologies from National Laboratories and engaging with the 
        Quantum Economic Development Consortium and other 
        organizations, as applicable, to transition component 
        technologies that advance the development of a quantum supply 
        chain; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry 
        partner access, especially for small- and medium-sized 
        businesses, to specialized quantum instrumentation, equipment, 
        testbeds, and other infrastructure to design, prototype, and 
        test novel quantum hardware and streamline user access to 
        reduce costs and other administrative burdens.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(d) High-Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--
</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the 
        date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of Energy 
        shall submit to Congress a 10-year strategic plan to guide 
        Federal programs in designing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, 
        energy-efficient high-performance computing systems capable of 
        integrating with a diverse set of accelerators, including 
        quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine learning 
        accelerators, to enable the computing facilities of the 
        Department of Energy to advance national computing 
        resources.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Contents.--The strategic plan under 
        paragraph (1) shall include the following:</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) A conceptual plan to leverage 
                capabilities and infrastructure from the exascale 
                computing program, as the Secretary of Energy 
                determines necessary.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to 
                the advanced scientific computing workforce.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(C) A consideration of a diversity of 
                quantum computing modalities.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 
                commercially available quantum hardware and software to 
                complement on-premises high-performance computing 
                systems and resources consistent with the QUEST program 
                established under section 404.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(e) Early-Stage Quantum High-Performance Computing 
Research and Development Program.--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall 
        establish an early-stage research and development program in 
        quantum high-performance computing--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 
                described in subsection (d)(1); and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) to build the necessary scientific 
                computing workforce to fulfill the objectives of that 
                plan.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Activities.--The program established under 
        paragraph (1) shall--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) support early-stage quantum 
                supercomputing testbeds and prototypes; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) connect early-stage quantum high-
                performance computing projects to the Centers funded 
                under this Act.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) Funding.--Of funds made available under 
        subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more 
        than $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to 
        carry out the activities under this subsection.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(f) Supply Chain Study.--Not later than 180 days after 
the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of Energy shall 
conduct a study on quantum science, engineering, and technology supply 
chain needs, including--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quantum 
        industry by leveraging the expertise of the Quantum Economic 
        Development Consortium; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) making recommendations on how to strengthen 
        the domestic supply of materials and technologies necessary for 
        the development of a robust manufacturing base and 
        workforce.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(g) Traineeship Program.--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall 
        establish a university-led traineeship program--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) to address workforce development 
                needs in quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) that will focus on supporting 
                increased participation, workforce development, and 
                research experiences for underrepresented undergraduate 
                and graduate students.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Funding.--Of funds made available under 
        subsection (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more 
        than $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to 
        carry out the activities under this subsection.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(h) Coordination of Activities.--In carrying out this 
section, the Secretary of Energy shall, to the maximum extent 
practicable, coordinate with the Director of the National Science 
Foundation, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, the Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects 
Agency, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and 
agencies to ensure that programs and activities carried out under this 
section complement and do not duplicate existing efforts across the 
Federal government.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(i) Funding.--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) In general.--Of the funds authorized to be 
        appropriated to the Office of Science under section 303(j) of 
        the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
        18641(j)), there is authorized to be appropriated to the 
        Secretary of Energy not more than $175,000,000 for each of 
        fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out activities under 
        this section.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Restrictions.--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the 
                funds made available under this subsection may be 
                obligated to or expended by an institution of higher 
                education that maintains a contract or other agreement 
                with a Confucius Institute or any successor of a 
                Confucius Institute.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(B) Foreign countries and entities of 
                concern.--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    ``(i) Definitions.--In this 
                        subparagraph:</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    ``(I) Foreign country of 
                                concern.--The term `foreign country of 
                                concern' means--</DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(aa) a covered 
                                        nation (as defined in section 
                                        4872(d) of title 10, United 
                                        States Code); and</DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(bb) any other 
                                        country that the Secretary of 
                                        Energy, in consultation with 
                                        the Secretary of Defense, the 
                                        Secretary of State, and the 
                                        Director of National 
                                        Intelligence, determines to be 
                                        engaged in conduct that is 
                                        detrimental to the national 
                                        security or foreign policy of 
                                        the United States.</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    ``(II) Foreign entity of 
                                concern.--The term `foreign entity of 
                                concern' means a foreign entity that--
                                </DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(aa) is 
                                        designated as a foreign 
                                        terrorist organization by the 
                                        Secretary of State under 
                                        section 219(a) of the 
                                        Immigration and Nationality Act 
                                        (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));</DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(bb) is included 
                                        on the list of specially 
                                        designated nationals and 
                                        blocked persons maintained by 
                                        the Office of Foreign Assets 
                                        Control of the Department of 
                                        the Treasury;</DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(cc) is owned 
                                        by, controlled by, or subject 
                                        to the jurisdiction or 
                                        direction of a government of a 
                                        foreign country that is a 
                                        covered nation (as defined in 
                                        section 4872(d) of title 10, 
                                        United States Code);</DELETED>
                                        <DELETED>    ``(dd) is alleged 
                                        by the Attorney General to have 
                                        been involved in activities for 
                                        which a conviction was obtained 
                                        under--</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(AA) 
                                                chapter 37 of title 18, 
                                                United States Code 
                                                (commonly known as the 
                                                `Espionage 
                                                Act');</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(BB) 
                                                section 951 or 1030 of 
                                                title 18, United States 
                                                Code;</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(CC) 
                                                chapter 90 of title 18, 
                                                United States Code 
                                                (commonly known as the 
                                                `Economic Espionage Act 
                                                of 1996');</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(DD) the 
                                                Arms Export Control Act 
                                                (22 U.S.C. 2751 et 
                                                seq.);</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(EE) 
                                                section 224, 225, 226, 
                                                227, or 236 of the 
                                                Atomic Energy Act of 
                                                1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 
                                                2275, 2276, 2277, 
                                                2284);</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(FF) the 
                                                Export Control Reform 
                                                Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 
                                                4801 et seq.); 
                                                or</DELETED>

                                                <DELETED>    ``(GG) the 
                                                International Emergency 
                                                Economic Powers Act (50 
                                                U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); 
                                                or</DELETED>

                                        <DELETED>    ``(ee) is 
                                        determined by the Secretary of 
                                        Energy, in consultation with 
                                        the Secretary of Defense and 
                                        the Director of National 
                                        Intelligence, to be engaged in 
                                        unauthorized conduct that is 
                                        detrimental to the national 
                                        security or foreign policy of 
                                        the United States.</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    ``(ii) Restriction.--None of the 
                        funds made available under this subsection may 
                        be obligated or expended to promote, establish, 
                        or finance quantum research activities between 
                        a United States entity and a foreign country of 
                        concern or a foreign entity of 
                        concern.''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 
              PROGRAM.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 
inserting after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following:</DELETED>

<DELETED>``SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND 
              FOUNDRY PROGRAM.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
an instrumentation and infrastructure program to carry out the 
following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Develop domestic quantum supply 
        chains.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 
        community.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(4) Support activities carried out under 
        sections 401, 403, and 404.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program 
under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and 
        commercialize specialized equipment, laboratory infrastructure, 
        and state-of-the-art instrumentation to advance quantum 
        engineering research and the development of quantum component 
        technologies at a scale sufficient to meet the needs of the 
        scientific community and enable commercialization of quantum 
        technology;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) leverage the capabilities of National 
        Laboratories and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, including 
        facilities and experts that research and develop novel quantum 
        materials and devices; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(3) consider the technologies and end-use 
        applications identified by the Quantum Economic Development 
        Consortium as having significant economic potential.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program 
under subsection (a), and in coordination with institutions of higher 
education and industry, the Secretary of Energy shall support the 
development of quantum foundries focused on meeting the device, 
hardware, software, and materials needs of the scientific community and 
the quantum supply chain.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    ``(d) Funding.--Of amounts appropriated or otherwise made 
available to the Office of Science, the Secretary of Energy shall use 
not more than $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to 
carry out this section.''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 
              CENTERS.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8852) is amended--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) in subsection (a)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (1)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) by striking ``basic''; 
                        and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by striking ``science and 
                        technology and to support research conducted 
                        under section 401'' and inserting ``science, 
                        engineering, and technology, expand capacity 
                        for the domestic quantum workforce, and support 
                        research conducted under sections 401, 403, and 
                        404''; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting 
                ``that may include 1 or more commercial entities'' 
                after ``collaborations'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``and should 
        be inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, as 
        appropriate'' before the period at the end;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) in subsection (c)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) by striking ``basic''; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) by inserting ``, engineering, and 
                technology, accelerating quantum workforce 
                development,'' after ``science'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (4) in subsection (d)(1)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking 
                ``and'' at the end;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
                subparagraph (E); and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) 
                the following:</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(D) the Office of Technology 
                Transitions; and'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (5) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 
        and inserting the following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(2) Renewal.--Each Center established under this 
        section may be renewed for an additional period of 5 years 
        following a successful, merit-based review and approval by the 
        Director.''; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (6) in subsection (f), in the first sentence--
        </DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) by striking ``$25,000,000'' and 
                inserting ``$35,000,000''; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and 
                inserting ``2025 through 2029''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE 
              RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8853) is amended--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) in subsection (a)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (4)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) by inserting ``, including'' 
                        after ``networking''; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by striking ``and'' at the 
                        end;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the 
                period at the end and inserting a semicolon; 
                and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) by adding at the end the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of 
        modalities and commercially available quantum hardware and 
        software; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(7) develop education and training pathways 
        related to quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned 
        with existing programmatic investments by the Department of 
        Energy.''; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) in subsection (b)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (1)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) by redesignating subparagraphs 
                        (C) and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), 
                        respectively; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by inserting after 
                        subparagraph (B) the following:</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(C) the Administrator of the National 
                Aeronautics and Space Administration;'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (2)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) in subparagraph (A), by 
                        inserting ``ground-to-space and'' before 
                        ``space-to-ground'';</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) in subparagraph (E), by 
                        striking ``photon-based'' and inserting ``all 
                        applicable modalities of'';</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) in subparagraph (F), by 
                        inserting ``, quantum sensors,'' after 
                        ``quantum repeaters'';</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) in subparagraph (G)--
                        </DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (I) by inserting ``data 
                                centers,'' after ``repeaters,''; 
                                and</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (II) by striking ``and'' 
                                at the end;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (v) in subparagraph (H)--
                        </DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (I) by striking ``the 
                                quantum technology stack'' and 
                                inserting ``quantum technology modality 
                                stacks''; and</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (II) by striking 
                                ``National Laboratories in'' and 
                                inserting ``National Laboratories such 
                                as''; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (vi) by adding at the end the 
                        following:</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(I) development of quantum network and 
                entanglement distribution protocols or applications, 
                including development of network stack protocols and 
                protocols enabling integration with existing 
                technologies or infrastructure; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    ``(J) development of high-efficiency room-
                temperature photon detectors for quantum photonic 
                applications, including quantum networking and 
                communications;'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) in paragraph (4)--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) by striking ``basic''; 
                        and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) by striking ``material'' and 
                        inserting ``materials''; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (D) in paragraph (5), by striking 
                ``fundamental''; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) in subsection (d), by striking ``basic 
        research'' and inserting ``research, development, and 
        demonstration''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR 
              SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8854) is amended--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) in subsection (a)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 
                by striking ``and quantum computing clouds'' and 
                inserting ``, software, and cloud-based quantum 
                computing'';</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' 
                at the end;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the 
                period at the end and inserting a semicolon; 
                and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (D) by adding at the end the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(5) to enable development of software and 
        applications, including estimation of resources needed to scale 
        applications; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to 
        solve public and private sector problems.'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) in subsection (b)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' 
                at the end;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the 
                period at the end and inserting a semicolon; 
                and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) by adding at the end the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(6) enable users to develop algorithms, software 
        tools, simulators, and applications for quantum systems using 
        cloud-based quantum computers; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(7) partner with appropriate public- and 
        private-sector entities to develop training and education 
        opportunities on prototype and early-stage 
        devices.'';</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) in subsection (c)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) 
                through (8) as paragraphs (5) through (9), 
                respectively; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration;''; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (4) in subsection (e)--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' 
                at the end;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the 
                period at the end and inserting ``; and''; 
                and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) by adding at the end the 
                following:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    ``(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 
        2028.''.</DELETED>

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Department of Energy Quantum 
Leadership Act of 2024''.

SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 
              PROGRAM.

    Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851) 
is amended--
            (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following:
    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a 
research, development, and demonstration program on quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology.'';
            (2) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``, engineering, 
                and technology'' after ``science'';
                    (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``, engineering, 
                and technology'' after ``science'';
                    (C) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the 
                following:
            ``(3) provide research experiences and training for 
        additional undergraduate and graduate students in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, including in 
        the fields specified in paragraph (4);'';
                    (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (5) as 
                paragraphs (5) through (7), respectively;
                    (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:
            ``(3) operate National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers under section 402 to accelerate and scale scientific 
        and technical breakthroughs in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art 
        infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry partners;
            ``(4) conduct cooperative basic and applied research with 
        industry, National Laboratories, institutions of higher 
        education, and other research institutions to facilitate the 
        development, demonstration, and commercial application of 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
        priorities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy, including 
        in the fields of--
                    ``(A) quantum information theory;
                    ``(B) quantum physics;
                    ``(C) quantum computational science, including 
                hardware and software, machine learning, and data 
                science;
                    ``(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 
                development;
                    ``(E) quantum communications and networking, 
                including hardware and software for quantum 
                communications and networking;
                    ``(F) quantum sensing, imaging, and detection;
                    ``(G) materials science and engineering;
                    ``(H) quantum modeling and simulation, including 
                molecular modeling;
                    ``(I) near- and long-term application development, 
                as determined by the Secretary of Energy;
                    ``(J) quantum chemistry;
                    ``(K) quantum biology;
                    ``(L) superconductive and high-performance 
                microelectronics; and
                    ``(M) quantum security technologies;'';
                    (F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesignated), in 
                subparagraph (F), by striking ``and'' at the end;
                    (G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesignated)--
                            (i) by striking ``and'' before 
                        ``potential''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period at the end and 
                        inserting ``, and other relevant stakeholders, 
                        as determined by the Secretary of Energy; 
                        and''; and
                    (H) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and data, 
        including experience and resources from existing Federal 
        research activities and commercially available quantum 
        computing hardware and software, to the extent practicable.''; 
        and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(c) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall engage with the quantum 
technology industry and promote commercialization of applications of 
quantum technology relevant to the activities of the Department of 
Energy by--
            ``(1) educating--
                    ``(A) the energy industry on near-term and 
                commercially available quantum technologies; and
                    ``(B) the quantum industry on potential energy 
                applications;
            ``(2) accelerating the advancements of United States 
        quantum computing, communications, networking, sensing, and 
        security capabilities to protect and optimize the energy 
        sector;
            ``(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or 
        modeling capabilities;
            ``(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 
        technologies from National Laboratories and engaging with the 
        Quantum Economic Development Consortium and other 
        organizations, as applicable, to transition component 
        technologies that advance the development of a quantum supply 
        chain; and
            ``(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry partner 
        access, especially for small- and medium-sized businesses, to 
        specialized quantum instrumentation, equipment, testbeds, and 
        other infrastructure to design, prototype, and test novel 
        quantum hardware and streamline user access to reduce costs and 
        other administrative burdens.
    ``(d) High-performance Computing Strategic Plan.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of Energy shall 
        submit to Congress a 10-year strategic plan to guide Federal 
        programs in designing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, energy-
        efficient high-performance computing systems capable of 
        integrating with a diverse set of accelerators, including 
        quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine learning 
        accelerators, to enable the computing facilities of the 
        Department of Energy to advance national computing resources.
            ``(2) Contents.--The strategic plan under paragraph (1) 
        shall include the following:
                    ``(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities 
                and infrastructure from the exascale computing program, 
                as the Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
                    ``(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the 
                advanced scientific computing workforce.
                    ``(C) A consideration of a diversity of quantum 
                computing modalities.
                    ``(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of 
                commercially available quantum hardware and software to 
                complement on-premises high-performance computing 
                systems and resources consistent with the QUEST program 
                established under section 404.
    ``(e) Early-stage Quantum High-performance Computing Research and 
Development Program.--
            ``(1) Definition of quantum high-performance computing.--In 
        this subsection, the term `quantum high-performance computing' 
        means the use of classical high-performance computing systems 
        with quantum processing units and hybrid quantum-classical 
        algorithms to leverage the strength of computational 
        architectures and solve complex problems.
            ``(2) Program.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish an 
        early-stage research and development program in quantum high-
        performance computing--
                    ``(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan 
                described in subsection (d)(1); and
                    ``(B) to build the necessary scientific computing 
                workforce to fulfill the objectives of that plan.
            ``(3) Activities.--The program established under paragraph 
        (2) shall--
                    ``(A) support early-stage quantum supercomputing 
                testbeds and prototypes; and
                    ``(B) connect early-stage quantum high-performance 
                computing projects to the Centers funded under this 
                Act.
            ``(4) Funding.--Of funds made available under subsection 
        (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 
        $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry 
        out the activities under this subsection.
    ``(f) Supply Chain Study.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation 
with the Secretary of Commerce, shall conduct a study on quantum 
science, engineering, and technology supply chain needs, including--
            ``(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quantum industry 
        by leveraging the expertise of relevant stakeholders in 
        academia and industry, including the Quantum Economic 
        Development Consortium; and
            ``(2) making recommendations on how to strengthen the 
        domestic supply of materials and technologies necessary for the 
        development of a robust manufacturing base and workforce.
    ``(g) Traineeship Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
        a university-led traineeship program--
                    ``(A) to address workforce development needs in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology; and
                    ``(B) that will focus on supporting increased 
                participation, workforce development, and research 
                experiences for underrepresented undergraduate and 
                graduate students.
            ``(2) Funding.--Of funds made available under subsection 
        (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 
        $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry 
        out the activities under this subsection.
    ``(h) Coordination of Activities.--In carrying out this section, 
the Secretary of Energy shall, to the maximum extent practicable, 
coordinate with the Director of the National Science Foundation, the 
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the 
heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies to ensure that 
programs and activities carried out under this section complement and 
do not duplicate existing efforts across the Federal government.
    ``(i) Funding.--
            ``(1) In general.--Of amounts authorized to be appropriated 
        for the Department of Energy, the Secretary of Energy shall use 
        not more than $175,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 
        through 2029 to carry out activities under this section.
            ``(2) Restrictions.--
                    ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
                available under this subsection may be obligated to or 
                expended by an institution of higher education that 
                maintains a contract or other agreement with a 
                Confucius Institute or any successor of a Confucius 
                Institute.
                    ``(B) Foreign countries and entities of concern.--
                            ``(i) Definitions.--In this subparagraph:
                                    ``(I) Foreign country of concern.--
                                The term `foreign country of concern' 
                                means--
                                            ``(aa) a covered nation (as 
                                        defined in section 4872(d) of 
                                        title 10, United States Code); 
                                        and
                                            ``(bb) any other country 
                                        that the Secretary of Energy, 
                                        in consultation with the 
                                        Secretary of Defense, the 
                                        Secretary of State, and the 
                                        Director of National 
                                        Intelligence, determines to be 
                                        engaged in conduct that is 
                                        detrimental to the national 
                                        security or foreign policy of 
                                        the United States.
                                    ``(II) Foreign entity of concern.--
                                The term `foreign entity of concern' 
                                means a foreign entity that--
                                            ``(aa) is designated as a 
                                        foreign terrorist organization 
                                        by the Secretary of State under 
                                        section 219(a) of the 
                                        Immigration and Nationality Act 
                                        (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
                                            ``(bb) is included on the 
                                        list of specially designated 
                                        nationals and blocked persons 
                                        maintained by the Office of 
                                        Foreign Assets Control of the 
                                        Department of the Treasury;
                                            ``(cc) is owned by, 
                                        controlled by, or subject to 
                                        the jurisdiction or direction 
                                        of a government of a foreign 
                                        country that is a covered 
                                        nation (as defined in section 
                                        4872(d) of title 10, United 
                                        States Code);
                                            ``(dd) is alleged by the 
                                        Attorney General to have been 
                                        involved in activities for 
                                        which a conviction was obtained 
                                        under--

                                                    ``(AA) chapter 37 
                                                of title 18, United 
                                                States Code (commonly 
                                                known as the `Espionage 
                                                Act');

                                                    ``(BB) section 951 
                                                or 1030 of title 18, 
                                                United States Code;

                                                    ``(CC) chapter 90 
                                                of title 18, United 
                                                States Code (commonly 
                                                known as the `Economic 
                                                Espionage Act of 
                                                1996');

                                                    ``(DD) the Arms 
                                                Export Control Act (22 
                                                U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);

                                                    ``(EE) section 224, 
                                                225, 226, 227, or 236 
                                                of the Atomic Energy 
                                                Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 
                                                2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 
                                                2284);

                                                    ``(FF) the Export 
                                                Control Reform Act of 
                                                2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et 
                                                seq.); or

                                                    ``(GG) the 
                                                International Emergency 
                                                Economic Powers Act (50 
                                                U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); 
                                                or

                                            ``(ee) is determined by the 
                                        Secretary of Energy, in 
                                        consultation with the Secretary 
                                        of Defense and the Director of 
                                        National Intelligence, to be 
                                        engaged in unauthorized conduct 
                                        that is detrimental to the 
                                        national security or foreign 
                                        policy of the United States.
                            ``(ii) Restriction.--None of the funds made 
                        available under this subsection may be 
                        obligated or expended to promote, establish, or 
                        finance quantum research activities between a 
                        United States entity and a foreign country of 
                        concern or a foreign entity of concern.''.

SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM.

    The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by inserting after 
section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following:

``SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 
              PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish an 
instrumentation and infrastructure program to carry out the following:
            ``(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
            ``(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.
            ``(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 
        community.
            ``(4) Support activities carried out under sections 401, 
        402, 403, and 404.
    ``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall--
            ``(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and commercialize 
        specialized equipment, laboratory infrastructure, and state-of-
        the-art instrumentation to advance quantum engineering research 
        and the development of quantum component technologies at a 
        scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific community 
        and enable commercialization of quantum technology;
            ``(2) leverage the capabilities of National Laboratories 
        and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, including facilities 
        and experts that research and develop novel quantum materials 
        and devices; and
            ``(3) consider the technologies and end-use applications 
        that have significant economic potential, as determined by the 
        Secretary, based on consultation with relevant stakeholders in 
        academia and industry, including the Quantum Economic 
        Development Consortium.
    ``(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), and in coordination with institutions of higher 
education and industry, the Secretary of Energy shall support the 
development of quantum foundries focused on meeting the device, 
hardware, software, and materials needs of the scientific community and 
the quantum supply chain.
    ``(d) Consultation.--In carrying out the program under subsection 
(a), the Secretary of Energy shall consult with the following entities 
to identify the instrumentation, equipment, infrastructure, and 
materials needed to support the objectives of that program:
            ``(1) The National Institute of Standards and Technology.
            ``(2) The National Science Foundation.
            ``(3) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
            ``(4) Any other relevant Federal agency.
            ``(5) The National Laboratories.
            ``(6) National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers.
            ``(7) Industry stakeholders.
            ``(8) Institutions of higher education.
            ``(9) Any other research institution.
    ``(e) Funding.--Of amounts authorized to be appropriated for the 
Department of Energy, the Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 
$50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out 
this section.''.

SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.

    Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8852) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by striking ``basic''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology 
                        and to support research conducted under section 
                        401'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology, expand capacity for the domestic 
                        quantum workforce, and support research 
                        conducted under sections 401, 403, and 404''; 
                        and
                    (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ``that may 
                include 1 or more commercial entities'' after 
                ``collaborations'';
            (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``and should be 
        inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, as 
        appropriate'' before the period at the end;
            (3) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) by striking ``basic''; and
                    (B) by inserting ``, engineering, and technology, 
                accelerating quantum workforce development,'' after 
                ``science'';
            (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) and 
        inserting the following:
            ``(2) Renewal.--Each Center established under this section 
        may be renewed for an additional period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review and approval by the Director.''; 
        and
            (5) in subsection (f), in the first sentence--
                    (A) by striking ``$25,000,000'' and inserting 
                ``$35,000,000''; and
                    (B) by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and inserting 
                ``2025 through 2029''.

SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 
              AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

    Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8853) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in paragraph (4)--
                            (i) by inserting ``, including'' after 
                        ``networking''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``and'' at the end;
                    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of modalities and 
        commercially available quantum hardware and software; and
            ``(7) develop education and training pathways related to 
        quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned with 
        existing programmatic investments by the Department of 
        Energy.''; and
            (2) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and 
                        (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively; 
                        and
                            (ii) by inserting after subparagraph (B) 
                        the following:
                    ``(C) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics 
                and Space Administration and the head of any other 
                relevant Federal agency, as determined by the 
                Secretary;'';
                    (B) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
                        ``ground-to-space and'' before ``space-to-
                        ground'';
                            (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 
                        ``photon-based'' and inserting ``all applicable 
                        modalities of'';
                            (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting ``, 
                        quantum sensors,'' after ``quantum repeaters'';
                            (iv) in subparagraph (G)--
                                    (I) by inserting ``data centers,'' 
                                after ``repeaters,''; and
                                    (II) by striking ``and'' at the 
                                end;
                            (v) in subparagraph (H)--
                                    (I) by striking ``the quantum 
                                technology stack'' and inserting 
                                ``quantum technology modality stacks''; 
                                and
                                    (II) by striking ``National 
                                Laboratories in'' and inserting 
                                ``National Laboratories such as''; and
                            (vi) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(I) development of quantum network and 
                entanglement distribution protocols or applications, 
                including development of network stack protocols and 
                protocols enabling integration with existing 
                technologies or infrastructure; and
                    ``(J) development of high-efficiency room-
                temperature photon detectors for quantum photonic 
                applications, including quantum networking and 
                communications;'';
                    (C) in paragraph (4)--
                            (i) by striking ``basic''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``material'' and inserting 
                        ``materials''; and
                    (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ``fundamental''; 
                and
            (3) in subsection (d), by striking ``basic research'' and 
        inserting ``research, development, and demonstration''.

SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND 
              TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

    Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8854) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``and quantum computing clouds'' and inserting 
                ``, software, and cloud-based quantum computing'';
                    (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon; and
                    (D) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(5) to enable development of software and applications, 
        including estimation of resources needed to scale applications; 
        and
            ``(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to solve 
        public and private sector problems.'';
            (2) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(6) enable users to develop algorithms, software tools, 
        simulators, and applications for quantum systems using cloud-
        based quantum computers; and
            ``(7) partner with appropriate public- and private-sector 
        entities to develop training and education opportunities on 
        prototype and early-stage devices to support commercial 
        applications.'';
            (3) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) through (8) as 
                paragraphs (5) through (9), respectively; and
                    (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:
            ``(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration;''; and
            (4) in subsection (e)--
                    (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.''.
                                                       Calendar No. 633

118th CONGRESS

  2d Session

                                S. 4932

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

To amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to provide for a research, 
    development, and demonstration program, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                           November 21, 2024

                       Reported with an amendment
```