DIETARY 

SUPPLEMENTS

FDA May Have 

Opportunities to 

Expand Its Use of 

Reported Health 

Problems to Oversee 

Products

Report to Congressional Requesters

March 2013

GAO-13-244

United States Government Accountability Office

GAO
United States Government Accountability Office

Highlights of GAO-13-244, a report to 

congressional requesters

March 2013

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

FDA May Have Opportunities to Expand Its Use of 

Reported Health Problems to Oversee Products

Why GAO Did This Study

Dietary supplements, such as vitamins 

and botanical products, are a 

multibillion dollar industry; national 

data show that over half of all U.S. 

adults consume them. FDA regulates

dietary supplements and generally 

relies on postmarket surveillance, such 

as monitoring AERs, to identify 

potential concerns. Since December 

2007, firms receiving a serious AER 

have had to report on it to FDA within 

15 days. In January 2009, GAO 

reported that FDA had taken several 

steps to implement AER requirements 

and had recommended actions to help 

FDA identify and act on safety 

concerns for dietary supplements. 

GAO was asked to examine FDA’s use 

of AERs in overseeing dietary 

supplements. This report examines the 

(1) number of AERs FDA has received 

since 2008, their source, and types of 

products identified; (2) actions FDA 

has taken to ensure that firms are 

complying with AER requirements; (3) 

extent to which FDA is using AERs to 

initiate and support its consumer 

protection efforts; and (4) extent to 

which FDA has implemented GAO’s 

2009 recommendations. GAO 

analyzed FDA data, reviewed FDA 

guidance, and interviewed FDA 

officials.

What GAO Recommends

GAO recommends, among other 

things, that FDA explore options to 

obtain poison center data, if 

determined to be useful; collect 

information on how it uses AERs; 

provide more information to the public 

about AERs; and establish a time 

frame to finalize guidance related to 

GAO’s 2009 recommendations. FDA 

generally concurred with each of 

GAO’s recommendations.

What GAO Found

From 2008 through 2011, the Department of Health and Human Services’ Food 

and Drug Administration (FDA) received 6,307 reports of health problems—

adverse event reports (AER)—for dietary supplements; 71 percent came from 

industry as serious adverse events as required by law, and most of these AERs 

were linked with supplements containing a combination of ingredients, such as 

vitamins and minerals or were otherwise not classified within FDA’s product 

categories. However, FDA may not be receiving information on all adverse 

events because consumers and others may not be voluntarily reporting these 

events to FDA, although they may be contacting poison centers about some of 

these events. From 2008 to 2010, these centers received over 1,000 more 

reports of adverse events linked to dietary supplements than did FDA for the 

same period. FDA officials said that they are interested in determining whether 

the poison center data could be useful for their analysis and have held 

discussions with American Association of Poison Control Centers 

representatives, but cost is a factor. 

To help ensure firms are complying with AER requirements (i.e., submitting 

serious AERs, maintaining AER records, and including firms’ contact information 

on product labels), FDA increased its inspections of supplement firms and took 

some actions against noncompliant firms. Specifically, FDA increased firm 

inspections from 120 in 2008 to 410 from January 1 to September 30, 2012. Over 

this period, FDA took the following actions: 3 warning letters, 1 injunction, and 15 

import refusals related to AER violations, such as not including contact 

information on the product label or submitting a serious AER. 

FDA has used AERs for some consumer protection actions (e.g., inspections and 

warning letters) but may be able to expand their use. FDA officials said that most 

AERs do not initiate or support such actions because it is difficult to establish 

causality between the product and the health problem based on the limited 

information in an AER. However, FDA does not systematically collect information 

on how it uses AERs for consumer protection actions; by collecting this 

information, it may be able to assess whether AERs are being used to their 

fullest extent. In addition, FDA is not required to provide information to the public 

about potential safety concerns from supplement AERs as it does for drugs. 

Making such information public, if consistent with disclosure provisions in existing 

law, could expand FDA’s use of AERs and improve consumer awareness and 

understanding of potential health events associated with dietary supplements. 

FDA has partially implemented all of GAO’s 2009 recommendations, such as 

issuing guidance for new dietary ingredients, clarifying the boundary between 

dietary supplements and conventional foods, and expanding partnerships to 

improve consumer understanding. Specifically, FDA developed draft guidance in 

2009, 2011, and 2012 to address three GAO recommendations about dietary 

supplement oversight and formed new partnerships to conduct consumer 

outreach. However, FDA has not issued final guidance in two cases. FDA 

officials said that they plan to complete implementation, but they have provided 

no time frame to do so. With final guidance in place, firms may be able to make 

more informed product development and marketing decisions, which could 

ultimately reduce FDA’s enforcement burden in these areas. 

View GAO-13-244. For more information, 

contact J. Alfredo Gómez at (202) 512-3841 or 

gomezj@gao.gov.
Page i GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Letter 1 

Background 7

FDA Received More than 6,000 AERs Over 4 Years, but Consumers 

and Others May Not Be Voluntarily Reporting All Adverse 

Events to FDA 15

FDA Has Increased Its Compliance Monitoring of Firms and Taken 

Some Advisory and Regulatory Actions 24

FDA Has Used AERs for Some Actions but May Have Opportunities 

to Expand its Use of AERs 32

FDA Has Partially Implemented All of Our 2009 Recommendations 40

Conclusions 43

Recommendations for Executive Action 45

Agency Comments 45

Appendix I Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 47

Appendix II Data on FDA’s Consumer Protection Actions Related to 

Dietary Supplements 52

Appendix III Comments from the Department of Health and Human 

Services 59

Appendix IV GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 63

Tables

Table 1: Examples of FDA Surveillance Actions in Addition to 

AERs 13

Table 2: Examples of FDA Consumer Protection Actions in 

Response to Identified Potential Safety Concerns for 

Dietary Supplements 14

Table 3: Identified Advisory and Regulatory Actions on AER 

Requirement Violations, 2008 through 2011 30

Contents 
Page ii GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Table 4: Mandatory AERs Preceding Certain FDA Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary Supplements, 2008 

through 2011 35

Table 5: Examples of FDA Data Management Systems to Monitor 

Consumer Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements 37

Table 6: 2009 GAO Recommendations on Dietary Supplements and 

FDA or Congressional Action 41

Figures

Figure 1: Process for Reporting a Health Problem as an Adverse 

Event for Dietary Supplements 10

Figure 2: Process for Reviewing AERs and Using AERs for 

Consumer Protection Actions 12

Figure 3: The Number of Voluntary and Mandatory Industry AERs 

Related to Dietary Supplements FDA Received, 2008 

through 2011 16

Figure 4: Most Commonly Reported Types of Supplements 

Associated with Adverse Events, 2008 through 2011 19

Figure 5: Number of Foreign and Domestic Inspections of Dietary 

Supplement Firms FDA or Its State Partners Conducted, 

January 1, 2008 through September 30, 2012 26

Figure 6: Proportion of Dietary Supplement Inspections for Which 

FDA Identified Problems or Concerns, 2008 through 2011 28

Figure 7: Voluntary and Mandatory AERs Related to Dietary 

Supplements Received by FDA, 2003 through September 

30, 2012 52

Figure 8: Dietary Supplement-Related Consumer Complaints with 

Adverse Event Results or Reported Symptoms Received 

by FDA, 2002 through 2011 53

Figure 9: Proportion of Dietary Supplement Inspections for Which 

FDA Identified Problems or Concerns, 2002 through 2011 54

Figure 10: Type of Dietary Supplement Inspections, 2008 through 

2011 55

Figure 11: Number of Warning Letters Related to Dietary 

Supplements, 2002 through 2011 56

Figure 12: Number of Class I, Health Fraud, and Other SafetyRelated Dietary Supplement Recalls, 2008 through 2011 57

Figure 13: Dietary Supplement Import Refusals by Product Type, 

2008 through 2011 58
Page iii GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Abbreviations

AAPCC American Association of Poison Control Centers

AER adverse event report

CAERS CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practices

CFSAN Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

DSHEA Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

FDA Food and Drug Administration

FSMA FDA Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011

GRAS generally recognized as safe

HHS Department of Health and Human Services

NDI New Dietary Ingredient

OEI Official Establishment Inventory

RSS Really Simple Syndication

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Page 1 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

United States Government Accountability Office

Washington, DC 20548

March 18, 2013

The Honorable Henry A. Waxman

Ranking Member 

Committee on Energy and Commerce

House of Representatives

The Honorable Richard J. Durbin

United States Senate

From 2009 to 2010, almost half of all U.S. adults consumed dietary 

supplements—including vitamins, minerals, and herbals—according to 

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and dietary supplement

sales surpassed $30 billion in 2011.1 Furthermore, the number of 

supplements on the market has grown exponentially, from an estimated 

4,000 products in 19942 to an estimated 55,000 products in 2009, 

according to officials from the U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services’ (HHS) Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In some cases, 

these products have caused serious health effects, as in the case of

botanical ephedrine alkaloids—an herbal ingredient used in weight loss 

supplements that was linked to several deaths and banned from the 

dietary supplement market in 2004 and about which we reported in July 

2003.3

FDA regulates dietary supplements under the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act, as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and 

Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). Under DSHEA, FDA regulates dietary 

supplements, including vitamins, minerals, herbals and other botanicals, 

amino acids, certain other dietary substances, and derivatives of these 

items. DSHEA directs FDA to require in regulation that dietary 

 

1

Nutrition Business Journal, NBJ’s Supplement Business Report 2012 (Boulder, CO: 

Penton Media Inc: 2012) at http://newhope360.com/research/supplement-business-report 

(accessed December 12, 2012).

2

According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, the estimated 

600 dietary supplement manufacturers in the United States produced approximately 4,000 

products, with total annual sales of such products alone reaching at least $4 billion at that 

time. 

3

GAO, Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedra: Health Risks and FDA’s Oversight, 

GAO-03-1042T (Washington, D.C.: July 23, 2003).

 
 

Page 2 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

supplement labels include a list of ingredients present in significant

amounts and the quantity of such ingredients in the product.

4 Also, under 

DSHEA, FDA does not have the authority to require dietary supplements

to be approved for safety and effectiveness before they enter the market, 

as it does for prescription drugs.5 To identify potential safety concerns 

related to dietary supplements, FDA primarily relies on postmarket 

surveillance efforts, such as monitoring reports of health problems or 

adverse event reports (AER) it receives from industry, health care 

practitioners, and individuals; reviewing consumer complaints; and 

conducting inspections of dietary supplement firms. Once FDA identifies a 

safety concern, it may take an advisory action—such as sending a 

warning letter to a firm that manufactures, distributes, or packs a dietary 

supplement—or a regulatory action, including refusing entry to an 

imported product, seeking an injunction in federal court against a firm, or 

initiating a prosecution of a firm. FDA may also ban an ingredient through 

the rule-making process, as it did for botanical ephedrine alkaloids. If FDA 

decides to remove a product from the market using a regulatory action, it 

must demonstrate that the dietary supplement presents a significant or 

unreasonable risk of illness or injury6 or is otherwise adulterated before it 

can do so. Collectively, in this report, we are referring to FDA’s 

surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions as consumer protection 

actions.

Since botanical ephedrine alkaloids were banned from dietary 

supplements in 2004, two major regulatory changes have occurred to 

address the oversight of dietary supplements. First, since December 

2007, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended by the 

2006 Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection 

Act (the 2006 act), has required dietary supplement manufacturers, 

distributors, or packers (dietary supplement firms) with their names 

 

4

Products may include “proprietary blends,” which must list all ingredients but do not need 

to list the amount of each ingredient.

5

Although FDA does not approve dietary supplements, a dietary supplement manufacturer 

or distributor of a supplement with a “new dietary ingredient”—an ingredient that was not 

marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994—may be required to notify FDA at 

least 75 days before marketing the product, depending on the history of use of the 

ingredient. 

6

The significant risk of illness or injury standard applies under conditions of recommended 

or suggested use, or if no conditions are recommended or suggested, under conditions of 

ordinary use. 
 

Page 3 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

appearing on the supplement label to report information about any

serious AERs they receive to FDA within 15 business days of receiving 

the AER.7 As defined in the act, serious adverse events include any 

health-related events that result in, for example, a death, life-threatening 

experience, inpatient hospitalization, or birth defect, or that require, based 

on reasonable medical judgment, a medical or surgical intervention to 

prevent these serious outcomes. The act does not require firms to report 

moderate or mild adverse events, such as gastrointestinal distress or

headaches, but firms may do so voluntarily. Under the act, firms are also 

required to maintain records on each report of an adverse event (i.e., 

serious, moderate, and mild) for 6 years and allow HHS officials access to 

these records during an inspection or other limited circumstances, and 

firms must include a domestic address or domestic phone number on the 

dietary supplement product label for individuals to submit AERs. 

According to a report by the Senate Committee on Health, Education, 

Labor, and Pensions on the act, these AER requirements are intended to 

enhance FDA’s ability to identify and act on public health issues 

associated with the use of dietary supplements.8 Second, FDA 

established Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations 

describing the conditions under which supplements must be 

manufactured, packed, and held. These requirements were implemented 

in phases, according to company size, and became fully effective in 2010.

In January 2009, we reported that FDA had taken several steps in

response to the new mandatory AER requirements,9 and we made the 

following four recommendations to enhance FDA’s oversight of dietary 

supplements with which HHS generally agreed:

• FDA should request additional authority to (1) require dietary 

supplement firms to self-identify as dietary supplement firms and 

provide information on the products they sell annually as part of the 

existing process for firm registration and (2) require firms to report all 

 

7

Firms are required to report serious adverse events to FDA that occur on or after 

December 22, 2007, but since the law allows firms 15 days to file a report with FDA, the 

agency did not receive its first mandatory report until January 2008. Firms are also 

required to report follow-up medical information received about serious adverse events 

within 1 year after the initial report. 

8

S. Rep. No. 109-324 (2006).

9

GAO, Dietary Supplements: FDA Should Take Further Actions to Improve Oversight and 

Consumer Understanding, GAO-09-250 (Washington, D.C.: Jan. 29, 2009).
 

Page 4 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

mild and moderate adverse events to FDA. This recommendation 

addressed our finding that FDA’s ability to identify safety concerns 

was hindered by a lack of information in three key areas: the identity 

and location of dietary supplement firms; the types and contents of 

products on the market; and product safety information, such as 

adverse event data.

• FDA should issue new dietary ingredient guidance clarifying when an 

ingredient is considered a new dietary ingredient, the evidence 

needed to document the safety of new dietary ingredients, and 

appropriate methods for establishing ingredient identity. This 

recommendation addressed our finding that FDA recognized the need 

to develop guidance on the new dietary ingredient provisions of 

DSHEA, but FDA had yet to issue this guidance—an omission 

previously highlighted in a report we issued in 2000.10

• FDA should issue guidance to industry clarifying when products 

should be marketed as dietary supplements or conventional foods 

formulated with added dietary ingredients.11 This recommendation 

addressed our finding that the boundary between dietary supplements 

and foods containing added dietary ingredients, such as a beverage 

with kava, was not always clear.

• FDA should coordinate with stakeholder groups involved in consumer 

outreach to identify, implement, and assess the effectiveness of 

additional mechanisms for educating consumers about dietary 

supplements. This recommendation addressed our finding that 

consumers remained largely uninformed about the safety, efficacy, 

and labeling of dietary supplements and that FDA could leverage its 

limited consumer outreach resources through partnerships with 

stakeholder groups.

 

10GAO, Food Safety: Improvements Needed in Overseeing the Safety of Dietary 

Supplements and “Functional Foods,” GAO/RCED-00-156 (Washington, D.C.: July 11, 

2000).

11The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act generally requires that when a company 

adds an ingredient to a food product, that ingredient must either be generally recognized 

as safe (GRAS) or go through FDA’s review and approval process as a food additive. The 

GRAS standard is defined as a general recognition among qualified experts that the 

substance is reasonably certain to be safe under the conditions of its intended use (21 

U.S.C. §§ 321(s), 348). See GAO, FDA Should Strengthen Its Oversight of Food 

Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), GAO-10-246

(Washington, D.C.: Feb. 3, 2010) for more information.
 

Page 5 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

You asked us to report on FDA’s use of AERs in overseeing dietary 

supplements. We examined the (1) number of AERs FDA has received 

since 2008, the source of these reports, and the types of products 

identified; (2) actions FDA has taken to help ensure that firms are 

complying with the 2006 act’s AER requirements; (3) extent to which FDA 

is using AERs to initiate and support its consumer protection actions; and 

(4) extent to which FDA has implemented our 2009 recommendations for 

enhancing FDA oversight of dietary supplements.

For this report, dietary supplement refers to a product intended for human 

consumption as defined in DSHEA—products that, among other things, 

are intended for ingestion to supplement the diet, labeled as a dietary 

supplement and not represented as a conventional food or as a sole item 

of a meal or diet. They must also contain one or more dietary ingredients. 

We did not examine FDA’s oversight of products that would otherwise 

meet the definition of a dietary supplement in DSHEA but are intended for 

veterinary use. We also did not examine FDA’s oversight of products that 

would otherwise meet the definition of a dietary supplement in DSHEA 

but are available only by prescription. We did include products that are 

marketed as dietary supplements but have been deliberately adulterated 

(e.g., tainted with active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their 

analogues to increase their potency). Although such products may not 

meet the legal definition of a dietary supplement because they contain 

prescription drug ingredients, we included them in our review because 

these products are often marketed as dietary supplements and can cause 

serious health problems. To identify how many AERs FDA has received 

since 2008, and the types of problems reported, we obtained and 

analyzed FDA data on the number and type of AERs received from 

January 2008 through December 2011. We supplemented our initial 

analysis with updated data on the number of AERs FDA received 

between January 1 and September 30, 2012. To assess the reliability of 

these data, we reviewed related documentation, examined data to identify 

obvious errors or inconsistencies, and worked with agency officials to 

identify any data problems. We determined the data to be sufficiently 

reliable for the purposes of this report. To examine FDA’s actions to help 

ensure that firms are complying with the new reporting requirements, we 

reviewed the 2006 act, as well as FDA’s procedures, planning 

documents, and guidance and obtained and analyzed data on FDA’s 

oversight actions, such as inspections and regulatory activities, to identify 

which of these actions were related to monitoring or enforcing firms’ 

compliance. To examine the extent to which FDA is using AERs for its 

consumer protection efforts, we used statistical software to match firm 

and product names from serious AERs against firm and product names 
 

Page 6 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

from other FDA consumer protection actions from January 1, 2008, 

through December 31, 2011, such as inspections and warning letters, to 

identify which FDA actions were associated with a serious AER. We 

established a threshold for matching that gave us confidence we were 

capturing most of the potential matches and excluding those that were 

definitely not a match. The matches were then manually reviewed to 

confirm or reject potential matches. We verified the appropriateness of 

this approach with FDA officials. To determine the extent to which FDA 

has implemented GAO’s 2009 recommendations for enhancing FDA 

oversight of dietary supplements, we reviewed relevant laws, planning 

documents, and guidance. We also reviewed proposed legislation to 

expand FDA’s oversight authority for dietary supplements. In addition, to 

address all of our objectives, we reviewed relevant studies related to 

dietary supplements, adverse event reporting, industry compliance, and 

using poison center data for public health surveillance, among others. We 

reviewed the methodology for each of these studies and assessed them 

for reasonableness in accordance with our objectives. We interviewed 

officials from FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 

(CFSAN) who receive and analyze AERs, officials from FDA’s Division of 

Dietary Supplement Programs, officials from FDA’s Office of Regulatory 

Affairs familiar with the agency’s field operations and regulatory actions, 

and officials from FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. We 

also interviewed a wide range of stakeholders, including officials from 

HHS’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes 

of Health; and representatives of industry and trade organizations, 

consumer advocacy groups, and the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers. A more detailed description of our objectives, scope, and 

methodology is presented in appendix I.

We conducted this performance audit from December 2011 to March

2013 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing 

standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to

obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for 

our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe 

that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings 

and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
 

Page 7 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Responsibility for dietary supplement oversight is shared among several 

offices at FDA:

• FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) 

manages the CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS), 

which collects and stores AERs related to foods and dietary 

supplements.12 CFSAN also houses the Division of Dietary 

Supplement Programs, within its Office of Nutrition, Labeling and 

Dietary Supplements, which is responsible for developing guidance, 

providing scientific and technical expertise, and directing dietary 

supplement priorities across the agency. Additionally, CFSAN’s Office 

of Compliance has primary responsibility for compliance and 

enforcement of FDA regulations and federal laws within FDA’s 

jurisdiction with respect to foods—such as dietary supplements—

including coordinating compliance and regulatory actions within the 

center and with other FDA components.13 Among other 

responsibilities, the Office of Compliance reviews incoming 

investigational findings and recommendations to determine if a 

proposed action or remedy is supported by the documented 

observations and other evidence; assesses the integrity and 

relevance of the evidence; and obtains necessary scientific 

verification from appropriate subject matter experts.

• FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs is responsible for managing the 

agency’s field operations in 25 regional and district offices for each of 

FDA’s centers, including CFSAN. Among other responsibilities, the 

Office of Regulatory Affairs supports FDA centers by performing 

inspections and import operations. The Office of Regulatory Affairs 

also takes advisory and regulatory actions for dietary supplements, 

but generally these actions are coordinated with CFSAN’s Office of 

Compliance.14

 

12According to FDA officials, CAERs also collects data on adverse events related to 

cosmetics. 

13Other responsibilities include managing reviews of regulatory actions recommended by 

field offices and guiding field offices’ activities, when necessary, in developing scientifically 

and legally supportable actions.

14According to FDA officials, the Office of Regulatory Affairs also coordinates with FDA’s 

Office of Chief Counsel for advisory and regulatory actions.

Background 
 

Page 8 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

• FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is responsible for 

oversight of over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including generic 

drugs and some biological therapeutics. Center for Drug Evaluation 

and Research officials work with other FDA offices to identify products 

that are marketed as dietary supplements but that have been 

deliberately adulterated with active ingredients in FDA-approved 

drugs or their analogues. Once identified, FDA alerts the public and 

takes action to protect the public through a variety of consumer 

protection actions, such as working with firms on voluntary product 

recalls. Table 2 provides examples of consumer protection actions

FDA may take in response to identified safety concerns.

According to FDA officials, the estimated resources for all dietary 

supplement activities across FDA grew slightly from $14.6 million in fiscal 

year 2009 to a projected $18.9 million in fiscal year 2012. These activities 

include regulatory and technical review, policy and guidance 

development, research, education and outreach, compliance and 

inspection activities, and associated administrative support activities, 

including infrastructure costs.

There are three different paths consumers, health care practitioners, or 

others can follow for reporting any serious, moderate, or mild health 

problem related to a dietary supplement to FDA. First, consumers, health 

care practitioners, or others can complete an electronic voluntary AER 

form at FDA’s MedWatch webpage—FDA’s agencywide safety 

information and adverse event reporting program—and submit it to FDA. 

The information is then sent to CFSAN via fax.15 Second, consumers, 

health care practitioners, or others can report the health problem to the 

dietary supplement firm listed on the product label. The firm evaluates the 

problem and, if it determines it to be serious in accordance with the 2006 

act, it is to complete a hard copy mandatory AER form and submit the 

form to FDA by mail, along with a copy of the product label. If the firm 

determines the problem is not serious, it can complete and submit a 

voluntary AER form at its discretion. Third, consumers, health care 

practitioners, or others can report the health problem to an FDA 

Consumer Complaint Coordinator. The coordinators are located in FDA 

district offices and document and follow up on a variety of health and 

nonhealth-related complaints about FDA-regulated products.

 

15Individuals may also call or e-mail health problems directly to CFSAN; however, CFSAN 

officials told us relatively few do so. 
 

Page 9 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Coordinators enter health problems reported by consumers into a 

database from which the health problems are later uploaded into the 

CAERS database as voluntary AERs, as shown in figure 1.

16

Alternatively, consumers, health care practitioners, or others can call a 

poison center about a health problem.

17 Poison centers are independently 

operated and provide free medical advice from health care professionals

who are trained in the toxicological management of poison exposures and 

can address toxic exposure situations and adverse events.18 Poison 

exposures can result from a variety of circumstances and substances, 

including adverse reactions to dietary supplements under use as

directed.

19 Calls received at the 57 poison centers covering the United 

States and its territories are uploaded into a national database for 

analysis. However, the 57 poison centers are not an adverse event 

reporting system. Consequently, individual health problems involving 

dietary supplements and managed as poison exposure cases by poison 

centers are generally not sent to CFSAN.20

 

16Consumer complaints are not limited to health problems but may include problems with 

products, such as foul odors or bottles containing a pill that is different than the other pills 

in the container.

17These centers were formerly known as poison control centers. In addition to receiving 

calls about poison exposures where there is an identifiable exposed person, poison 

centers also receive calls where there is no identifiable exposed person, which poison 

centers treat as information cases. 

18Poison centers are typically affiliated with state government agencies or academic 

medical centers, according to American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) 

representatives. 

19The AAPCC manages a 24-hour hotline that provides free medical advice from 

toxicology specialists including nurses, pharmacists, physicians, and poison information 

providers. All local poison centers can be reached through the 24-hour hotline. 

20According to AAPCC representatives, poison centers have shared information with FDA 

and other public health agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 

when they detect potential signals of an outbreak, such as a foodborne illness, based on a 

pattern of calls to their centers. 
 

Page 10 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Figure 1: Process for Reporting a Health Problem as an Adverse Event for Dietary Supplements

a

Dietary supplement manufacturer, packer, or distributor identified on product label as the contact for 

AERs.

b

When reporting a health problem to FDA, individuals are asked to provide 

a short description of the reported health problem; a brief description of 

the affected person, such as age, gender, weight, and any preexisting 

medical conditions; and information about the dietary supplement, such 

as the product name and manufacturer, as well as dosage associated 

with the health problem. Firms submitting mandatory AERs are also 

asked to provide the above information. However, to avoid duplication in 

As defined by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended by the 2006 act, serious 

adverse events include any health-related events that result in, for example, a death, life-threatening 

experience, inpatient hospitalization, or birth defect or that require, based on reasonable medical 

judgment, a medical or surgical intervention to prevent these serious outcomes. As provided in the 

2006 act, the manufacturer, packer, or distributor of a dietary supplement with their name appearing 

on the label of a dietary supplement marketed in the United States, shall submit to the Secretary of 

HHS any report received of a serious adverse event associated with such dietary supplement when

used in the United States, accompanied by a copy of the label on or within the retail packaging of 

such dietary supplement. The 2006 act does not require firms to report moderate or mild adverse 

events, such as gastrointestinal distress or headaches, but firms may do so voluntarily.
 

Page 11 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

its database, FDA asks for the following five data elements at a minimum 

for mandatory AERs: (1) an identifiable patient, (2) an identifiable 

individual who is reporting the health problem to the firm, (3) identity and 

contact information for the responsible firm submitting the serious AER to 

FDA, (4) a suspect dietary supplement, and (5) a serious adverse event 

or fatal outcome.

Once FDA receives an AER for a serious, moderate, or mild health 

problem, contractors enter the information into the CAERS database, 

either electronically or manually, and record information by product, 

industry code, ingredient(s), medical symptom(s) and other information.21

CAERS staff review the AERs for accuracy and then distribute them to 

subject matter experts within CFSAN’s program offices, including the 

Division of Dietary Supplement Programs, for their review.22 These 

subject matter experts review the AERs to determine the extent of the 

relationship between the reported health problem and the product. In 

addition, CAERS data analysts use statistical tools to analyze 

relationships across all AERs to detect potential indicators of unsafe 

products, including patterns or relationships among health problems, 

products, and ingredients that are found to be significant, according to 

CFSAN officials. These officials said that, if CFSAN’s subject matter 

experts find that a product in an AER contains active ingredients in FDAapproved drugs or their analogues, the AER is shared with FDA’s Center 

for Drug Evaluation and Research, which shares oversight responsibility 

for supplement products that have been deliberately adulterated with 

active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their analogues. If an issue 

related to compliance with dietary supplement regulations is identified—

such as CGMPs describing the conditions under which supplements must 

be manufactured, packed, and held—CFSAN’s subject matter experts 

 

21FDA uses product codes to classify the products it regulates. For dietary supplements, 

these codes contain information about the industry, the type of ingredient, the delivery 

mechanism (e.g., capsule, topical), and whether the product is intended for human or 

animal use. The general categories for types of supplement ingredients are vitamin, 

mineral, protein, herbal and botanical, animal byproducts and extracts, fats and lipid 

substances, fiber, and a category for products that either combine different types of 

ingredients, such as vitamins and botanicals, or are otherwise not classified into one of the 

other categories. A vitamin C supplement with Echinacea is an example of a combination 

product that would fall into this category. Royal jelly—a byproduct of honey bees—is an 

example of a not elsewhere classified supplement that would fall into this category.

22CFSAN officials noted that the program subject matter experts in the Division of Dietary 

Supplement Programs are medical officers. 
 

Page 12 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

pass the AER or cluster of AERs to CFSAN’s Office of Compliance, which 

works with FDA’s Office of Regulatory Affairs to determine if consumer 

protection actions are needed, as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Process for Reviewing AERs and Using AERs for Consumer Protection Actions

Note: Consumer complaints that involve health problems and are entered into CAERS as voluntary 

AERs, are sent directly to the Office of Compliance. Additionally, foreign inspections of firms are 

coordinated through the Office of Regulatory Affairs’ headquarters, according to FDA officials.
 

Page 13 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

FDA uses other postmarket surveillance approaches in addition to AERs 

to identify potential safety concerns and conduct oversight related to 

dietary supplements. Examples of these approaches are listed in table 1.

Table 1: Examples of FDA Surveillance Actions in Addition to AERs 

Type of action Description

Consumer complaints Consumers or other parties can contact FDA to submit complaints about FDA-regulated products by 

phone. Complaints may address any aspect of a product including, but not limited to, an adverse event. 

In one instance, a complaint indicated that the dropper dispenser in a liquid dietary supplement broke 

during use. In another instance, a fish oil dietary supplement had a rotten fish smell.

Import screening FDA reviews imported dietary supplement products and ingredients entering the country. There were 

approximately 546,603 dietary supplement shipments entering the country from 2008 to 2011. A small 

percentage of these products is examined or sampled.a

Inspections

 

FDA inspects firms that manufacture, pack, or hold dietary supplements. There are four general types of 

inspections: routine surveillance, consumer complaint investigations, for-cause compliance inspections, 

and follow-up to a regulatory action. An inspection may include product examinations, sampling and 

testing, as well as the inspection of the firm and facility involved with dietary supplements, according to 

FDA officials.

Internet monitoring FDA monitors the Internet to identify products that purport to be dietary supplements but may be 

fraudulently promoted as drugs for treating disease.

Source: GAO.

a

We did not collect data on the percentage of dietary supplement import entries that FDA examined, 

sampled, or tested for this report. However, in our prior work on dietary supplements (GAO-09-250), 

we found that FDA sampled or examined, on average, approximately 3 to 5 percent of dietary 

supplement import entries from fiscal year 2002 through March 24, 2008. According to FDA, an 

import entry line is each portion of an import shipment that is listed as a separate item on an entry 

document. Items in an import entry having different tariff descriptions must be listed separately.

According to FDA officials, inspections of dietary supplement firms 

constitute the agency’s primary method for monitoring compliance with 

requirements to report adverse events. According to CFSAN guidance, 

FDA investigators take several steps during inspections to monitor 

compliance with AER requirements, including determining whether a firm 

has a process in place to report serious adverse events, determining 

whether the firm has any serious AERs that it did not submit to FDA, and 

reviewing labels to determine if the product has contact information for 

reporting AERs.

As table 2 shows, once FDA has identified a potential safety concern or a 

violation for dietary supplements, it has a range of consumer protection 

actions available, from advisory actions, such as issuing a warning letter, 

to regulatory actions, such as seizing adulterated dietary supplements.
 

Page 14 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Table 2: Examples of FDA Consumer Protection Actions in Response to Identified Potential Safety Concerns for Dietary 

Supplements 

Type of action Description

Advisory

Warning letter FDA issues a letter to a firm citing violations of statute or regulations. FDA may bring an 

enforcement action if a firm does not correct violations in response to a warning letter.

Consumer alert FDA issues a public alert about types of products, ingredients, unlawful marketing practices, or 

other areas of concern.

Industry advisory FDA issues an industrywide advisory urging firms not to market products containing certain 

ingredients or to address other areas of concern.

Regulatory

Product recall FDA works with firms to voluntarily remove a product from the market through a recall. According to 

FDA officials, the agency may also use its new mandatory recall authority for dietary supplement 

products when there is a reasonable probability that the dietary supplement is adulterated or

misbranded because they contain a major food allergen. FDA received this authority in 2011 with 

the passage of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act.

Refusal of imported product

a

Imported products can be detained and subsequently refused entrance into the U.S. market at the 

port of entry. 

Legal action FDA can take legal action against firms, such as seeking seizures or injunctions, and the initiating of 

criminal charges against responsible parties.

Ban ingredient FDA may issue a regulation banning an ingredient from the dietary supplement market.b

Source: GAO.

 

Note: This table is not an exhaustive list of potential consumer protection actions FDA could take. For 

example, FDA could hold a regulatory meeting with a firm to discuss voluntary action. However, we 

focused on these actions for the purposes of this report because (a) FDA maintained data on these 

actions or data were publicly available, or (b) we had reviewed these actions as part of our prior work 

on FDA’s oversight of dietary supplements, GAO-09-250. 

a

In January 2011, the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act amended the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act to give FDA authority to order the recall of food products (other than infant formula) that 

present a reasonable probability of being adulterated or misbranded, with regard to a major food 

allergen, when a company fails to voluntarily recall the products. FDA already had authority to order 

the recall of infant formula.

b

According to FDA officials, products or ingredients of greatest concern for 

public health are subject to regulatory actions. In addition, FDA may 

pursue a regulatory action against a firm if the firm does not correct 

violations in response to an advisory action, such as a warning letter.

To date, FDA has banned one ingredient—botanical ephedrine alkaloids—in 2004.
 

Page 15 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

FDA received more than 6,000 AERs from 2008 through 2011, primarily 

from industry, and most of these AERs were for supplements containing a 

combination of different types of ingredients (e.g., vitamins and minerals) 

or supplements that were otherwise not classified into one of FDA’s 

existing product categories, according to our analysis of FDA data.

However, FDA may not have received information on all adverse events 

that are associated with dietary supplements because consumers and 

others may not be voluntarily reporting them to FDA—either directly or 

through firms—although they may be contacting poison centers about 

some of these events. Specifically, poison centers received over 1,000 

more reports of adverse events from 2008 through 2010 than FDA did.

From 2008 through 2011, FDA received a total of 6,307 AERs related to 

dietary supplements; 71 percent of these AERs came from industry for 

serious health problems (i.e., based on consumer, health care 

practitioner, or others’ reports), and most of these AERs were linked with

dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients—such as 

products containing both vitamins and minerals or otherwise unclassified 

dietary supplements—according to our analysis of FDA data. Specifically, 

the total number of AERs FDA received annually more than doubled over 

the period, from 1,119 in 2008 to 2,480 in 2011. This rise in AERs was 

driven by a large increase in the number of mandatory industry AERs, 

according to our analysis. As shown in figure 3, mandatory AERs almost 

tripled from 2008 through 2011, from 689 in 2008 to 2,040 in 2011. During 

the same period, AERs submitted voluntarily by consumers, industry, 

health care practitioners, and others remained relatively stable, averaging 

461 annually.23 All mandatory AERS from industry involved serious health 

problems, and FDA classified roughly 64 percent (1,179) of all voluntary 

AERs (1,844) as “serious as reported.” “Serious as reported” means that 

the adverse event met the criteria to be classified as serious as it was 

reported to FDA (based on the reporter’s responses to standard 

questions about it), whether or not FDA’s later medical review classified it 

as serious. Appendix II incorporates data on AERs from our 2009 report

 

23This average does not include cases where both a voluntary and a mandatory AER 

were submitted independently for the same adverse event. To avoid double-counting, we 

included these cases in our mandatory AER total.

FDA Received More 

than 6,000 AERs Over 

4 Years, but 

Consumers and 

Others May Not Be 

Voluntarily Reporting 

All Adverse Events to 

FDA

FDA Received 6,307 AERs 

from 2008 through 2011, 

Primarily from Industry, 

and Mostly for 

Combination Products or 

Unclassified Products
 

Page 16 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

to provide information on AERs FDA received from January 1, 2003, 

through September 30, 2012.24

Figure 3: The Number of Voluntary and Mandatory Industry AERs Related to Dietary 

Supplements FDA Received, 2008 through 2011

Note: In some cases, FDA received both voluntary and mandatory AERs for the same adverse event. 

To avoid double-counting, we included these cases in the mandatory AER total. FDA received from 

12 to 24 AERs per year as both mandatory and voluntary from 2008 through 2011.

According to FDA officials, two factors are driving the increase in 

mandatory AERs. First, FDA has increased its enforcement efforts 

against AER noncompliance. For example, FDA has taken advisory 

actions, such as issuing warning letters, against firms that have not 

reported serious AERs or failed to include contact information to report an 

adverse event on the product label. Second, lawsuits have publicized the 

consequences of adverse events and a firm’s decision not to report these 

events. Specifically, a number of lawsuits have been filed against firms 

that produced and distributed HydroxycutTM—a weight loss supplement 

 

24GAO-09-250. 
 

Page 17 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

linked to serious liver damage—that cite FDA’s request for a recall 

because of AERs as evidence.25 In addition, in 2011, the Supreme Court 

ruled in favor of investors suing a publicly traded drug manufacturing firm 

for securities fraud, allowing shareholders to rely on the firm’s decision 

not to report, among other things, AERs as grounds for a claim in their 

suit.26 FDA officials stated that these lawsuits have raised firms’ sensitivity 

to the risk involved in noncompliance with AER requirements, leading to 

the increase in mandatory AERs.

The 6,307 AERs FDA received from 2008 to 2011 reported the following 

serious outcomes:

• 53 percent (3,370) resulted in unspecified important medical events of 

a serious nature,

• 29 percent (1,836) resulted in hospitalization,

• 20 percent (1,272) resulted in serious injuries or illnesses,

• 8 percent (512) resulted in a life-threatening condition, and

• 2 percent (92) resulted in death.27

When interpreting AERs, FDA officials said that it is important to 

understand that an AER by itself does not demonstrate a causal 

relationship between the dietary supplement and the reported health 

problem.28 Rather, the officials said that there are several other factors 

that must be considered to determine causality, such as the role of other 

products consumed at the same time and preexisting health conditions. 

Some demographic information on the individuals affected by these and 

 

25See e.g., In re Hydroxycut Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation, No. 09 2087 (S.D. 

Cal. Oct. 16, 2009).

26The case considered whether a plaintiff could state a claim for securities fraud under 

§10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Securities and 

Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5, based on a pharmaceutical firm’s not disclosing 

reports of adverse events and pending lawsuits associated with a product if the plaintiff did 

not allege statistically significant evidence linking adverse effects to the use of the product. 

Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano. 563 U.S. ___, No. 09 Civ.1156. (Mar. 22, 2011).

27Because each AER can report multiple outcomes, numbers and percentages of 

outcomes should not be totaled. 

28Specifically, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the submission by a firm 

of an AER in compliance with the requirements of the statute is not to be construed as an 

admission that the dietary supplement involved caused or contributed to the adverse 

event. 
 

Page 18 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

other outcomes in the AERs was available. Specifically, of the 6,307 

AERs, 63 percent (3,980) affected females; however, the age of the 

individual affected was missing in about one-third (2,029) of the AERs. 

According to FDA officials, the absence of such information can hinder 

the agency’s ability to determine whether there is a causal relationship 

between the product and the reported health problem.

As shown in figure 4, the vast majority (5,248) of the supplements 

identified in the AERs were a combination of different types of dietary 

ingredients (e.g., vitamins and minerals) or supplements that were not 

otherwise classified by FDA into one of the agency’s existing supplement 

categories. Vitamins were the second most frequently reported 

supplement, included in 952 AERs, followed by minerals, included in 619 

AERs. According to FDA officials, the predominance of combination and 

unclassified supplements in AERs reflects the growing number of 

complex supplements on the market. These officials said that these 

supplements are challenging for FDA because of limited scientific 

knowledge on how different supplement ingredients interact and their 

effect on consumers’ health. Although product names are not 

standardized within CAERs, we matched firm and product names across 

AERs data to estimate which types of products were associated with the 

most mandatory AERs.29 According to our analysis, 6 of the 10 

supplements receiving the most mandatory AERs were multivitamins; 2 

were weight-loss supplements; 1 was an energy supplement, and 1 was 

an herbal concentrate. Three supplements were associated with over 

roughly 100 AERs; 7 were associated with about 51 to 100 AERs; and 24 

were associated with about 26 to 50 AERs. Most of the supplements 

 

29FDA officials told us they are in the process of standardizing product names across AER 

records. 
 

Page 19 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

identified in the mandatory AERs were associated with approximately one 

AER from 2008 to 2011.30

Figure 4: Most Commonly Reported Types of Supplements Associated with 

Adverse Events, 2008 through 2011

Note: Combination products included were a combination of different types of ingredients, such as 

vitamins and minerals.

 

30These numbers are approximate for the following reasons. First, product names may 

change over time, as firms alter their labeling without changing the underlying product. For 

example, a firm may decide to relabel its product line by age ranges (e.g., children, adults, 

seniors). Although we incorporated these changes into our analysis to the extent they 

were identifiable within the product names themselves, we did not conduct extensive 

research to verify these changes were not present otherwise. Second, FDA officials told 

us that their method for determining how many AERs are associated with a particular 

product varies depending on the purpose of the analysis. In some cases, it might be 

appropriate to consider products with the same active ingredients but different flavors to 

be the same product. In other cases, FDA would consider products with different flavor 

formulations to be separate products. 
 

Page 20 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

FDA relies on consumers, health care practitioners, and others to 

voluntarily report adverse events associated with dietary supplements to 

FDA and to firms and, in turn, FDA relies on firms to submit to it any 

serious AERs it receives from these individuals, as required by law. 

However, FDA may not receive information on all adverse events that are 

associated with dietary supplements because consumers and others may 

not be voluntarily reporting these AERs—either directly or through firms, 

as indicated by our analysis and interviews with FDA officials. We found 

several potential reasons for this underreporting based on our review of 

relevant studies and our prior work. For example, we and others have 

reported that consumers, health care practitioners, or others may not 

recognize the chronic or cumulative toxic effects of a dietary supplement, 

or they may broadly assume dietary supplements to be safe and not 

attribute negative effects to them.31 Additionally, in an October 2012 

report, the HHS Office of Inspector General found that 20 percent of a 

judgmental sample of 127 weight loss and immune support dietary 

supplements did not have contact information that would enable 

consumers and health care practitioners to report adverse events.32 The 

HHS Inspector General study is not representative of the dietary 

supplement industry but indicates that some firms may not be providing

consumers with the necessary information to report adverse events to 

firms, which could lead to underreporting if consumers do not report the 

adverse event directly to FDA. FDA officials said that they receive fewer 

AERs than they would expect to given the number of dietary supplements 

on the market and their widespread use. However, they said that, similar 

to other voluntary reporting systems, the extent of underreporting is 

unknown because the agency can only know about those adverse events 

that are reported to it.33

 

31J.K. Glisson and L.A. Walker, “How physicians should evaluate dietary supplements,” 

American Journal of Medicine 123, No. 7 (2010):577-582. M. Cellini et al., “Dietary 

Supplements: Physician Knowledge and Adverse Event Reporting,” Medicine and Science 

in Sports and Exercise, 45, No. 1 (2013): 23-28. GAO-09-250. 

32Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, Dietary 

Supplements: Companies May Be Difficult To Locate in an Emergency (Washington, D.C.: 

Oct. 2012). 

33Underreporting to adverse event systems is not unique to dietary supplements. In our 

prior work, we noted that similar problems exist for FDA’s adverse event reporting system 

for pharmaceutical drugs. See GAO, Drug Safety: FDA Has Begun Efforts to Enhance 

Postmarket Safety, but Additional Actions Are Needed, GAO-10-68 (Washington, D.C.: 

Nov. 9, 2009).

Consumers and Others 

May Not Be Voluntarily 

Reporting All Adverse 

Events to FDA, but May Be 

Contacting Poison Centers

about Some Events
 

Page 21 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

One potential measure of underreporting is the number of dietary 

supplement-related health problems managed as poison exposure cases 

by poison centers. According to annual reports by the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), poison centers received 

145,775 calls from consumers or others related to dietary supplements 

from 2008 through 2010.34 These include cases in which the consumer 

took more than the directed amount of a product, accidentally ingested 

the product, or used the product as directed but experienced an adverse 

event.35 According to AAPCC reports, there were 4,863 cases of adverse 

events from 2008 to 2010, over 1,000 more than the 3,827 AERs FDA 

received during the same period.36 We could not estimate how much 

overlap, if any, occurred between cases reported to FDA and the poison 

centers or determine whether some of the cases managed by poison 

centers were serious and might have also been reported to firms. 

However, the greater number of calls received by poison centers 

suggests that consumers, health care practitioners, and others may have 

contacted poison centers without reporting the adverse event to FDA.

FDA officials said that they are interested in reviewing the poison center 

data related to dietary supplements and have held discussions with 

AAPCC representatives. Specifically, CFSAN officials said that they want 

to review the raw poison center data on dietary supplements to 

understand what it includes and whether it would be useful for their 

analysis. However, these officials said that they were unable to review the 

raw dietary supplement data without purchasing it and said that FDA 

should have access to the data at no additional cost given the current 

 

34Poison centers do not define dietary supplements according to the Federal Food, Drug, 

and Cosmetic Act. Therefore, we worked with AAPCC representatives and FDA officials to 

make the appropriate adjustments to the data to make them comparable to FDA’s AERs. 

For more information on our scope and methodology, see appendix I.

35Based on discussions with FDA officials, we focused our analysis on adverse events 

under use as directed, since these types of cases were most similar in nature to the types 

of AERs FDA received. 

36Because FDA officials told us that AERs are primarily associated with product use as 

directed, we adjusted the poison center data to include only those cases where an 

individual experienced an adverse reaction when using the product as directed and 

excluded reports resulting from misuse, abuse, or accidental ingestion.
 

Page 22 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

level of federal support for poison centers.37 For example, a 2012 study 

commissioned by the AAPCC, federal funding accounted for an estimated 

13 percent (about $17 million) of poison centers’ annual operating budget 

in 2011.

38 An FDA official noted that, in a 2004 report, the Institute of 

Medicine recommended that poison center data become available to all 

appropriate local, state, and federal public health units on a real-time 

basis and at no additional cost.39 In this report, the Institute of Medicine 

also recommended that poison centers receive sufficient federal funding 

to cover core activities, which at the time were estimated to cost 

approximately $100 million annually.40 According to AAPCC 

representatives, AAPCC does not receive federal appropriations to cover 

cost of collecting, maintaining, and sharing poison center data at the 

national level and generally charges federal agencies to access the 

data.

41 

AAPCC representatives also said that they were willing to work with FDA 

on reduced pricing. Specifically, based on a May 2012 quote, accessing 4 

years’ worth of AAPCC data of about 5,400 product codes would have 

 

37AAPCC representatives said that they had offered to provide FDA with a smaller, 

targeted analysis of the dietary supplement data at no charge to temporarily meet FDA’s 

needs while a longer-term agreement was negotiated, but CFSAN officials told us that 

they needed to see the raw data for such an analysis to be informative and prior to 

agreeing to a longer-term arrangement. AAPCC representatives told us that since they do 

not own the poison center data—only the national database where it is stored—they 

cannot release it without the 57 poison centers’ permission. 

38The Lewin Group, Final Report on the Value of the Poison Center System, (Falls 

Church, VA: The Lewin Group: 2012) http://production-aapcc.dotcloud.com/about/lewingroup-report/ (accessed January 7, 2013). The report notes that its findings do not include 

recent reductions in federal funding to poison centers. Additionally, according to AAPCC 

representatives, AAPCC funding and data management costs were not included in this 

report.

39National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Forging a Poison Prevention and 

Control System (Washington, D.C.: 2004). 

40According to the 2012 Lewin Group Report, total expenditures to maintain the poison 

center services nationwide were an estimated $136 million in 2011. 

41According to AAPCC representatives, AAPCC does not own the data collected by 

poison centers, but owns and operates the national database where the data are stored. 

These representatives said that there are large costs for collecting, maintaining, analyzing, 

organizing and reporting on the national data which are borne by AAPCC and its 

members, and that the sales of the national data support these costs. As of February, 

2013, the annual operating budget for the national database was approximately $3 million,

according to an AAPCC representative.
 

Page 23 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

cost almost $76 million prior to the AAPCC discount, and $800,000 after 

the discount. However, even with the significant AAPCC discount, access 

to the data remained more than twice the nearly $400,000 budgeted to 

process and perform surveillance of dietary supplement adverse events in 

fiscal year 2011.42 According to CFSAN officials, as of October 2012, 

negotiations with AAPCC had stalled at the CFSAN level. CFSAN officials 

said that the cost of accessing the data was a factor. They also said that, 

although negotiations had stalled at the CFSAN level, as of December, 

2012, they were ongoing at the department level, but from their 

perspective, progress remained difficult.

According to CFSAN officials, the greatest challenge for identifying 

potential safety concerns from AERs is the small number of AERs that 

FDA receives related to dietary supplements.43 Specifically, these officials 

said that it is difficult to establish a baseline of doses and responses to 

help the agency detect anomalies that might indicate a potential safety 

concern using such a small number of AERs. These officials also said 

that they could not determine whether the poison center data would be 

useful for such signal detection until they could access it. However, 

researchers and the HHS Inspector General have concluded that 

accessing poison center data may help FDA detect and monitor potential 

safety concerns.44 For example, a 2008 study performed in conjunction 

with CFSAN and the San Francisco Division of the California Poison 

Control System concluded that active surveillance of poison center

reports of dietary supplement adverse events could enable rapid 

 

42This number does not include resources for CAERS staff, as they perform center-wide 

surveillance activities and are budgeted separately. FDA officials said that there is also a 

concurrent negotiation effort underway at the department level to obtain access to AAPCC 

data for multiple HHS components, including CDC and FDA. 

43FDA received more than 1.8 million AERs related to prescription drugs from 2008 to 

2010, in comparison to the 3,827 FDA received related to dietary supplements from 2008 

to 2010. Prescription drug AERs include those that are submitted directly to FDA and four 

types of AERs submitted to FDA by manufacturers for health problems, depending on the 

nature of the health problem, whether the health problem is described as a potential side 

effect in the product labeling, and the type of product.

44Wolkin et al., “Using Poison Center Data for National Public Health Surveillance for 

Chemical and Poison Exposure and Associated Illness,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 

59, no. 1 (2011): 56-61. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector 

General, Adverse Event Reporting for Dietary Supplements: An Inadequate Safety Valve

(Washington, D.C.: April 2001). 
 

Page 24 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

detection of potentially harmful products and may facilitate oversight.45

Additionally, under contract with the AAPCC, the Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC)—like FDA, an HHS component—has used 

national poison center data to identify and track adverse events related to 

dietary supplements. For example, in March 2008, poison centers in three 

states (Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee), state health departments, and 

FDA began receiving voluntary AERs of muscle cramps, hair loss, and 

joint pain related to Total Body Formula and Total Body Mega Formula. 

On FDA’s behalf, CDC scientists used national poison center data to 

identify which states were reporting similar cases and to track the 

geographical extent of the outbreak.46 If FDA can access more 

information about dietary supplement-related adverse events that are 

reported to poison centers, FDA may be able to analyze the increased 

data on doses and responses to help it identify potential safety concerns.

To help ensure firms are complying with AER requirements for submitting 

serious AERs, maintaining AER records, and including AER contact 

information on supplement labels, from 2008 through 2011, FDA 

increased its monitoring of firms through inspections and has taken some 

advisory and regulatory actions against noncompliant firms.

FDA has increased its compliance monitoring of firms through inspections 

to help ensure that dietary supplement firms are complying with AER 

requirements for (1) reporting serious AERs within 15 business days, (2) 

maintaining AER records for 6 years, and (3) including domestic contact 

information on product labels for individuals to submit AERs, according to 

 

45Haller et al., “Dietary Supplement Adverse Events: Report of a One-Year Poison Center 

Surveillance Project,” Journal of Medical Toxicology 4, no. 2 (2008): 84-92. This paper 

considered active surveillance to include prompt follow-up of symptomatic cases, 

laboratory analysis, and a causality assessment by a case review panel. CFSAN officials 

said that they will contact firms and voluntary reporters to follow up on incomplete AERs, 

but often they are unable to obtain the missing information.

46According to CDC officials, CDC has also performed limited, targeted surveillance of 

poison center data for adverse events related to HydroxycutTM and “Miracle Mineral 

Solution” products.

FDA Has Increased Its 

Compliance 

Monitoring of Firms 

and Taken Some 

Advisory and 

Regulatory Actions

FDA Has Increased its 

Monitoring of Firms 

through Inspections Since 

2008
 

Page 25 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

our analysis of FDA data. Specifically, in 2008, FDA inspected 120 dietary 

supplement firms, which represented at least 6 percent of FDA’s total 

inventory of dietary supplement firms at the beginning of 2008.47 In 

contrast, from January through September 2012, FDA inspected 410 

dietary supplement firms, which represented at least 18 percent of FDA’s 

total inventory of dietary supplement firms at the beginning of 2012. FDA 

also increased the number of foreign firms it inspected over this period, 

from conducting no inspections in 2008 to conducting 35 from January 

through September 2012. Figure 5 shows the number of foreign and

domestic inspections of dietary supplement firms FDA or its partners at 

the state level conducted annually from January 1, 2008 to September 

30, 2012.48

 

47For the purposes of this report, we requested data on inspections of firms that produce 

dietary supplements for human food use. FDA officials told us that they do not distinguish 

between firms that produce dietary supplements for human food use as opposed to 

dietary supplement firms that produce products that otherwise meet the statutory definition 

of dietary supplements but are for animal or drug uses, within their firm inventory 

database. Accordingly, the number of dietary supplement firms in the inspection inventory 

includes firms that produce such products for animal and drug uses. Consequently, the 

percent of dietary supplement firms for human food use represented by the inspections is 

presented as a minimum estimate.

48FDA contracts with states to conduct domestic facility inspections for foods and other 

regulated products. From January 1, 2008, to September 30, 2012, states conducted 35

domestic inspections of dietary supplement firms on FDA’s behalf. 
 

Page 26 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Figure 5: Number of Foreign and Domestic Inspections of Dietary Supplement 

Firms FDA or Its State Partners Conducted, January 1, 2008 through September 30, 

2012

Note: FDA contracts with states to conduct domestic facility inspections for foods and other regulated 

products. During this period, states conducted 35 dietary supplement inspections on FDA’s behalf.

According to FDA officials, the key factors underlying this increase in 

inspections were the full implementation of dietary supplement CGMP 

regulations in 2010 (i.e., describing the conditions under which 

supplements must be manufactured, packed, and held) and an increase 

in field investigators available to conduct inspections. The dietary 

supplement CGMP regulations established new quality control standards 

for dietary supplement firms and new compliance criteria for FDA 

investigators to use during dietary supplement inspections. The CGMPs 

were phased in by firm size starting in 2008, with full implementation 

completed in 2010. Additionally, an FDA official said that new field 

investigators became available to conduct inspections in 2010 and 2011. 

These investigators had been hired following higher appropriations for 

FDA in fiscal years 2008 and 2009, but they did not become available to 

conduct inspections until 2010 and 2011 because it takes 1 to 2 years of 

training before an investigator is ready to perform inspections, according 

to this official.
 

Page 27 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

As the CGMPs were being phased in, FDA identified problems or 

concerns during inspections, such as a manufacturer not maintaining, 

cleaning, or sanitizing equipment.49 The percentage of inspections where 

FDA identified problems or concerns increased from 51 percent in 2008 

to 73 percent in 2011, largely resulting from CGMP inspections, according 

to our analysis. See figure 6 for the proportion of dietary supplement 

inspections where FDA identified problems or concerns from 2008 to 

2011.

 

49Investigators from FDA district offices conduct inspections. For our determination for 

whether FDA identified a problem or concern during an inspection, we included all cases 

with a district decision of Official Action Indicated—OAI (A); Voluntary Action Indicated—

VAI (E); and Referred to Center (P)—for dietary supplements, CFSAN—plus all cases 

where the investigator completed an inspectional observation form—a form used by FDA 

to document concerns observed during inspections. Concerns identified on the 

inspectional observation forms are preliminary findings and vary in severity. Each 

inspection was counted only once.
 

Page 28 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Figure 6: Proportion of Dietary Supplement Inspections for Which FDA Identified 

Problems or Concerns, 2008 through 2011

Note: Dietary supplement CGMPs were phased in by firm size from 2008 to 2010. For firms with 500 

or more full-time equivalent employees, they became effective in June 2008; for firms with at least 20 

but fewer than 500 full-time equivalent employees, they became effective in June 2009; and for firms 

with fewer than 20 full-time equivalent employees they became effective in June 2010.

According to our analysis of FDA inspection results from fiscal years 2008 

through 2012, FDA identified 20 problems related to AER requirements 

during inspections. In 3 of these instances, FDA found that the firm did 

not submit a mandatory AER within the required 15 days. In the 17 other 

instances, FDA found that a firm did not submit a mandatory AER. When 

FDA identifies a problem during an inspection, firms may decide to take 

voluntary corrective action, or FDA may choose to take an advisory or 

regulatory action against the firm for the observed violations.
 

Page 29 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

We identified a total of 19 advisory and regulatory actions that FDA 

initiated from 2008 to 2011 for noncompliance with AER requirements. 

Specifically, we found three warning letters (advisory actions), one 

injunction (regulatory action) to prevent the sale of a firm’s products, and 

15 import refusals (regulatory actions). All three of the warning letters 

stated that the supplement label did not include domestic contact 

information so that individuals could report an adverse event. The 

injunction against the dietary supplement manufacturer cited 

noncompliance with several sections of the Federal Food, Drug and 

Cosmetic Act, including the failure to report serious adverse events as 

required by law. It prohibited the firm from producing and distributing over 

400 products; this was the first time FDA had taken legal action against a 

large manufacturer for CGMP noncompliance, according to FDA 

documents. All of the 15 import refusals—spanning nine supplement 

companies—that we identified cited violations of supplement labeling 

requirements for domestic contact information so that individuals can 

report an adverse event. Table 3 provides more information on the 19 

advisory and regulatory actions related to noncompliance with AER 

requirements that we identified.

FDA Took a Total of 19 

Advisory and Regulatory 

Actions Related to AER 

Noncompliance from 

January 2008 through 

December 2011
 

Page 30 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Table 3: Identified Advisory and Regulatory Actions on AER Requirement Violations, 2008 through 2011 

Initiation date Action date a Firm AER violationb

Advisory actions (warning letters)

 

2/25/11 6/17/11 BioSan Did not include domestic contact information to 

report an adverse event on product label and 

did not submit mandatory AER to FDA within 15 

days. 

7/13/11 10/11/11 Nordimex Did not include contact information to report an 

adverse event on product label. 12/7/2011 4/2/12 Theta Brothers Sports Nutrition

Regulatory actions (injunction)

4/22/11 3/9/12 ATF Fitness Products and 

Manufacturing ATF Dedicated 

Excellence, Inc.

Did not report serious AERs to FDA.

Regulatory actions (import refusals)

6/27/11

c

9/7/11 Bio-minerals Did not include domestic contact information to 

report an adverse event on product label. 6/22/11 9/15/11 Hayashi Industria E Comercio D 

5/31/11 9/20/11 Forza Vitale Italia SRL 

5/9/11 10/4/11 Guangzhou Tian Yi Import & Export 

Company Limited 

10/9/11 12/5/11 Metabolics Limited:

FDA refused 7 different imported 

product shipments from this firm on 

this date. 

4/20/11 12/12/11 Tatsuhiko Kono 

4/19/11 12/12/11 Hipernatural.Com 

1/31/11 8/12/11 Hersol Manufacturing Laboratories 

12/29/09 6/16/10 Stephen Health Agency 

Source: GAO analysis of FDA data.

a

For warning letters and injunctions, the initiation date is the date the shipment was offered for entry 

into U.S. commerce. For import refusals, the initiation date is the date that the import shipment was 

processed by the U.S. Customs Service.

b

Data provided to GAO as of April 13, 2012. 

c

According to FDA officials, inspections are the primary way FDA identifies 

and develops direct evidence of noncompliance with AER requirements. 

However, FDA and others have identified noncompliant firms through 

other surveillance actions. Specifically, FDA can also identify and act on 

noncompliance with some AER requirements through Internet monitoring. 

For example, in March 2012, after reviewing a product label on a firm’s 

website, FDA sent a warning letter to the firm for failing to include 

The refusals shown in this table are those for which FDA specifically cited an AER-related violation, 

not other more general types of violations, such as labeling.
 

Page 31 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

domestic contact information to report an adverse event on the product 

label. In addition, in October 2012, the HHS Inspector General reported 

that 20 percent of a judgmental sample of 127 dietary supplement 

products purchased from retail stores or online lacked contact information 

to report adverse events.50 This study is not representative of the dietary 

supplement industry, but it indicates that compliance with AER 

requirements remains an issue for some firms. According to Inspector 

General officials, the Inspector General provided a list of the 

noncompliant firms to FDA for the agency’s review.51

FDA can estimate noncompliance to some extent using its known 

advisory and regulatory actions specific to AER requirements, but the 

actual number of noncompliant firms may not be fully reflected by these 

data. For example, an FDA official said that companies that deliberately 

adulterate supplement products with active pharmaceutical ingredients to 

increase their potency probably are also noncompliant with AER 

requirements, but FDA can only act on those violations for which it has 

direct evidence. Specifically, FDA may be able to identify a supplement 

adulterated with such ingredients from voluntary AERs submitted by 

consumers, health care practitioners, or others, but it would need to 

perform an inspection to determine noncompliance with most AER

requirements.52 FDA may also have difficulty targeting such firms for 

inspections because they may not register with FDA as required by law. 

For example, in its October 2012 report, the HHS Inspector General 

found that 28 percent, or 22 of the 79 companies in its sample, had not 

 

50Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, Dietary 

Supplements: Companies May Be Difficult To Locate in an Emergency (Washington, D.C.: 

October 2012).

51According to Office of Inspector General officials, they asked FDA if retail-based product 

surveillance was a viable method for monitoring firms’ compliance with AER requirements. 

According to these officials, FDA officials said that FDA would need too many staff 

resources to do the same type of study.

52For example, FDA officials said that supplements adulterated with active pharmaceutical 

ingredients or their analogues can become apparent through AER surveillance because of 

telltale symptoms associated with adverse reactions to these ingredients, such as 

cardiovascular issues and color blindness associated with the presence of prescription 

male sexual enhancement medications.
 

Page 32 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

registered with FDA as required.53 FDA officials believe that the rate of 

noncompliance is greater than the regulatory action data indicate, but 

these officials told us that they have not estimated what the 

noncompliance rate might be because they cannot make assumptions 

about the behavior of firms.

FDA has used AERs for some consumer protection actions (i.e., 

surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions), although the exact number 

is largely unknown. FDA officials said that most AERs do not initiate or 

support consumer protection actions because it is difficult to establish 

causality based on the limited information in an AER. However, FDA does 

not collect information on how it uses AERs for its consumer protection 

actions; FDA could draw on such information to assess whether AERs 

are being used to their fullest extent for consumer protection. FDA could 

also expand electronic reporting to firms for mandatory AERs, which 

could reduce data entry costs and make more program funds available for 

analysis. FDA is not required to provide information to the public about 

potential safety concerns from dietary supplement AERs as it is for drugs. 

Making such information public, if consistent with disclosure provisions in 

existing law, could expand FDA’s use of AERs and improve consumer 

awareness and understanding of potential health problems associated 

with supplements.

FDA has used AERs to initiate or support some consumer protection 

actions, but the exact number of reports used and actions taken is largely 

unknown. According to FDA officials, FDA uses AERs to initiate or 

support certain consumer protection actions on a case-by-case basis, 

such as inspections, consumer alerts, and recalls. FDA officials said they 

also use AERs to provide data for general research on products and 

ingredients. However, it is difficult to identify the full extent to which FDA 

uses AERs to initiate or support consumer protection actions because 

FDA does not have mechanisms in place to systematically monitor the 

relationship between AERs and these actions.

 

53In addition, of the 57 companies with registered facilities, 16 had inaccurate addresses 

listed in the registry. According to FDA officials, FDA identifies facilities for inspection from 

its Official Establishment Inventory (OEI), not the food facility registry. However, new or 

updated information about facilities entered into the food facility registry does inform 

FDA’s maintenance of its OEI.

FDA Has Used AERs 

for Some Actions but 

May Have 

Opportunities to 

Expand its Use of 

AERs

FDA Has Used AERs to 

Initiate or Support Some 

Consumer Protection 

Actions 
 

Page 33 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

According to FDA officials, most AERs that are received by FDA do not 

initiate or support consumer protection actions because it is difficult to 

establish a causal link between supplements and reported health 

problems based on the limited information available within an individual 

AER.54 Specifically, AERs typically do not include details on the 

consumer’s medical history or other products, such as prescription drugs 

that the consumer may have consumed simultaneously. Details such as 

underlying medical conditions and allergies are requested as part of the 

reporting process, but FDA officials said that there is generally a lot of 

missing information in both voluntary and mandatory AERs.55 For 

example, age was not available in 32 percent of the dietary supplement 

AERs that FDA received, and pregnancy status was not available in 98 

percent of the AERs involving females. Additionally, because AERs 

represent a reported association in time between a supplement and a 

health problem, FDA must first establish the likelihood that the 

supplement caused the health problem before considering it in the 

context of consumer protection actions. However, FDA officials told us 

that AERs may contain inconclusive and often inconsistent data from 

which it may be impossible to draw consistently strong inferences. For 

example, FDA was only able to establish a “certain” relationship between 

the supplement and reported health problem in 3 percent (212 of 6,307) 

of the AERs. For 67 percent (4,211 of 6,307) of the AERs, FDA could not 

determine whether the supplement caused the reported health problem 

because the AER contained insufficient information.56 Additionally, FDA 

officials told us that AERs may be complete but contain little evidence 

necessary for FDA to take action. For example, FDA needs to 

demonstrate a known effect from the timing and dosage of the 

supplement product in question.

 

54The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act establishes that a firm’s submission of an 

AER cannot be construed as an admission that the dietary supplement product caused 

the adverse event.

55According to FDA guidance, these details are not part of the minimum data elements 

required for submitting a serious adverse event report. 

56The causality determinations are based on a World Health Organization classification 

system. During the course of our review, FDA revisited prior reviewer evaluations for 

consistency—which reduced the causality determinations from: certain – 14 percent; 

probable – 14 percent; and possible – 35 percent. Most of these cases were moved to the 

insufficient information category for the final evaluations.
 

Page 34 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Because FDA has the burden of proof to demonstrate that a product 

carries a significant or unreasonable risk of injury or illness for dietary 

supplement products on the market prior to 1994 under current law, the 

limited information available to FDA based on an individual AER does not 

usually provide enough evidence to take action. FDA officials said it is 

more common to identify potential problems after analyzing a cluster of 

AERs, along with evidence from other sources, such as published 

research. For example, a subject matter expert in the Division of Dietary 

Supplement Programs may track a cluster of AERs separately in a 

spreadsheet and then forward the information to CFSAN’s Office of 

Compliance if the expert believes that a regulatory compliance issue or 

potential health issue may be present.57 The Office of Compliance, in turn, 

may initiate an advisory or regulatory action, or coordinate with FDA’s 

Office of Regulatory Affairs to conduct additional surveillance, such as an 

inspection prior to taking an advisory or regulatory action. However, 

accumulating enough evidence to discern a clear relationship between a 

specific product or ingredient and a reported health problem may take 

receiving a number of AERs over a span of months or years. For 

example, because liver-related problems associated with HydroxycutTM 

were reported infrequently, it took 7 years for FDA to establish a clear 

relationship between the HydroxycutTM products and liver disease.58 After 

establishing a causal relationship in 2009, FDA discussed a voluntary 

recall with the manufacturer of HydroxycutTM products and issued a 

consumer advisory against using these products.

To estimate the extent to which FDA uses AERs to initiate or support 

consumer protection actions, we compared firm and product names 

identified in both mandatory AERs and FDA actions to determine if an 

AER preceded a consumer protection action related to a dietary 

supplement. Out of the roughly 4,700 consumer protection actions related 

to dietary supplements that we reviewed, we found 61 actions (about 1 

percent) where FDA received a mandatory AER for the same firm or 

product prior to taking action, as detailed in table 4, which supports FDA 

 

57Consumer complaints that involve health problems are entered into CAERS and sent 

directly to the Office of Compliance, according to FDA officials. Additionally, if a medical 

reviewer believes that a dietary supplement associated with an AER might be adulterated 

with an FDA-approved drug or its analogue, the reviewer will forward the report to FDA’s 

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

58FDA received more than 20 reports over the 7-year period leading up to the firm’s 

voluntary recall of Hydroxycut.TM 
 

Page 35 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

officials’ assessment that most AERs do not support consumer protection 

actions.59 However, we could not verify that all of the 61 actions we 

identified were necessarily initiated or supported by AERs because FDA 

does not systematically monitor this information, and officials could not 

verify a relationship between the AERs and the actions taken prior to the 

issuance of this report.60 Additionally, our analysis does not include 

situations where FDA used AERs to inform its decisions but did not take 

formal action.

Table 4: Mandatory AERs Preceding Certain FDA Consumer Protection Actions Related to Dietary Supplements, 2008 through 

2011

Type of action Description 

Surveillance We identified 47 inspections for firms also listed in an AER, representing 6 percent of all dietary supplement 

inspections from 2008 through 2011. These inspections included compliance, surveillance, and follow-up 

inspections.

Advisory We identified 3 advisory actions for firms or products also listed in an AER, representing less than 1 percent of 

dietary supplement advisory actions from 2008 through 2011. The advisory actions included two warning letters 

and 1 consumer alert for firms or products also listed in an AER. 

Regulatory We identified 11 regulatory actions for firms or products also listed in an AER, representing less than 1 percent 

of dietary supplement regulatory actions from 2008 through 2011. The regulatory actions included 8 import 

refusals and 3 voluntary product recalls initiated by firms. 

Source: GAO analysis of FDA data.

Note: We also reviewed seizures, injunctions, criminal investigations, and industry alerts to identify 

consumer protection actions that might have been preceded by a mandatory AER. However, we did 

not find any matches between mandatory AERs and these actions.

According to our analysis, we identified 47 inspections for firms also listed 

in an AER, representing 6 percent of all dietary supplement inspections 

from 2008 and 2011. Similarly, we found 3 advisory actions for firms also 

listed in an AER, which represent less than 1 percent of all such actions. 

Two of the advisory actions were warning letters for noncompliance with 

CGMP requirements, and another was a consumer alert on HydroxycutTM 

 

59Outside of trying to establish whether or not an AER was part of the basis for taking a 

consumer protection action, we did not identify the individual basis for each of the roughly 

4,700 consumer protection actions we reviewed.

60In 2001, the HHS Inspector General reported that it was able to document only 32 safety 

actions based on FDA’s adverse event reporting system for dietary supplements between 

January 1994 and June 2000. According to the Inspector General, this number was 

strikingly low given that more than 100 million people were using dietary supplements at 

the time. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, Adverse 

Event Reporting for Dietary Supplements: An Inadequate Safety Valve (Washington, D.C.: 

April 2001). 
 

Page 36 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

products. We also identified 11 regulatory actions for firms also listed in 

an AER, representing less than 1 percent of all such actions. The 

regulatory actions included 8 import refusals and 3 product recalls, most 

of which were for HydroxycutTM products. (See app. II for more 

information on consumer protection actions.) FDA officials told us they 

also use AERs to monitor the results of these actions. For example, if 

FDA issued a warning letter to a firm based on violations of CGMP 

requirements during an inspection, receipt of subsequent AERs may 

indicate that the firm has not rectified its practices. Similarly, if FDA 

receives an AER for a product that FDA has removed from the market by 

a regulatory action such as a recall, FDA’s receipt of AERs subsequent to 

the initial action indicates to FDA that further action may be needed.

FDA has limited information on how it uses AERs to initiate and support 

its consumer protection actions; such information could improve FDA’s 

ability to assess whether the agency is using AERs to their fullest extent 

in this capacity and make improvements as needed. For example, prior 

work has shown that agencies can use data on performance to identify 

and mitigate problems, allocate resources, and improve effectiveness.61

Currently, FDA uses six separate data management systems to monitor 

the consumer protection actions we reviewed apart from AERs, as 

outlined in table 5.

 

61GAO, Managing for Results: Enhancing Agency Use of Performance Information for 

Management Decision Making, GAO-05-927 (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 9, 2005). For 

information on using performance data to improve IT strategic planning and investment 

management, see GAO-12-346, Information Technology: FDA Needs to Fully Implement 

Key Management Practices to Lessen Modernization Risks (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 15, 

2012).

More Information on How 

FDA Uses AERs May Help 

FDA Expand Their Use
 

Page 37 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Table 5: Examples of FDA Data Management Systems to Monitor Consumer Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Data management system Action monitored FDA office a

Automated Investigative Management System Criminal investigations Office of Regulatory Affairs 

CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System 

(CAERS) 

AERs CFSAN 

Compliance Management System Warning letters, seizures, and injunctions Office of Regulatory Affairs 

Field Accomplishments and Compliance 

Tracking System 

Consumer complaints and inspections Office of Crisis Management and 

Office of Regulatory Affairs 

Operational and Administrative System for 

Import Support 

Import screenings and refusals Office of Regulatory Affairs 

Recall Enterprise System Product recalls Office of Regulatory Affairs 

Source: GAO analysis of FDA documents.

a

FDA can track each type of action in its respective data management 

system and tracks certain identifying information, such as firm name, 

across all the systems. However, FDA generally does not track AERs 

across these systems. Specifically, within the six data management 

systems we reviewed, we found that FDA only tracks the relationship 

between consumer complaints and AERs. Without having a mechanism 

to follow an AER through to other actions, FDA misses the opportunity to 

assess how frequently AERs initiate or support consumer protection 

actions and to identify ways to potentially broaden their use. For example, 

FDA internal guidance states that AERs can be used to demonstrate 

potential health risks associated with violative conditions found during 

other surveillance activities, such as inspections, and be part of the 

evidence gathered to support regulatory actions. Establishing the 

potential for harm is particularly important for dietary supplements 

because the burden of proof to demonstrate a significant or unreasonable 

risk of illness or injury prior to removing a product from the market 

through a regulatory action falls upon FDA. However, by not tracking the 

relationship between AERs and its other data management systems, FDA 

cannot systematically identify the extent to which AERS were used in this 

capacity. Having such information could improve FDA’s and 

policymakers’ abilities to make fully informed decisions about resource 

allocation and AERs’ future role in FDA’s consumer protection activities 

related to dietary supplements. 

This column includes those consumer protection actions that we reviewed as part of this report and 

not necessarily all of the activities monitored by the data management systems.

Furthermore, unlike other FDA-regulated products, dietary supplement 

firms cannot submit mandatory AERs electronically. Rather, they must 
 

Page 38 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

submit these AERs in hard copy by mail. FDA’s requirement that firms 

submit mandatory AERs in hard copy form by mail—which must be 

entered manually into the CAERS database by CAERS staff—may 

reduce the AER system’s effectiveness by diverting resources to data 

entry rather than analysis. According to CFSAN officials, FDA has plans 

to expand electronic reporting to mandatory AERs for dietary 

supplements in mid-2014 as part of its Safety Reporting Portal Program. 

However, FDA had similar plans at the time of our prior report in 2009 

that have not been realized yet.

Communicating effectively about risks related to dietary supplements is a 

key part of FDA’s mission to protect and promote public health, according 

to FDA’s strategic plan. Specifically, helping consumers better understand 

the risks and benefits of regulated products is a key part of FDA’s 

responsibilities, as described in the agency’s 2009 Strategic Plan for Risk 

Communication. This plan outlines a number of strategies to improve 

communication, including identifying and filling gaps in key areas of risk 

communication and improving the effectiveness of FDA’s website and 

web tools. In addition, guidance from the Office of Management and 

Budget and HHS, as well as our prior work, has emphasized providing 

greater transparency and participation of federal agencies in publishing 

government information online.62 However, unlike drugs and certain 

biologic products—where FDA is required to provide information about 

identified potential safety concerns by law—little information on potential 

safety concerns from dietary supplement AERs is publicly available and 

accessible to consumers, health care practitioners, and others.63

Specifically, for dietary supplement AERs, FDA generally provides 

information on its website on the number of mandatory AERs it received 

and the number of unique firm names from all mandatory AERs on a 

monthly basis. This aggregated information, which is located under FDA’s 

performance measures for CFSAN and is not directly linked with the 

 

62OMB, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Open 

Government Directive, M-10-06 (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 8, 2009); HHS Open 

Government Plan Version 2.0 (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 9, 2012); GAO, Information 

Technology: OMB’s Dashboard Has Increased Transparency and Oversight, but 

Improvements Needed, GAO-10-701 (Washington, D.C.: July 16, 2010); and GAO, 

Electronic Government Act: Agencies Have Implemented Most Provisions, but Key Areas 

of Attention Remain,GAO-12-782 (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 12, 2012).

6321 U.S.C. § 355(k)(5).

Providing Information to 

the Public on Dietary 

Supplement AERs May 

Improve Consumer 

Understanding 
 

Page 39 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

dietary supplement web pages, does not provide any indication to 

consumers of potential risks associated with specific dietary 

supplements.64 In November 2012, FDA also posted information on its 

website about individual AERs the agency had received from January 

2004 through October 2012 associated with four types of “energy 

drinks”—three of which were sold as dietary supplements, one as a 

conventional food. Individuals may also request information about 

adverse events related to dietary supplements by submitting a Freedom 

of Information Act request to FDA.

According to FDA officials, there are certain disclosure provisions within 

the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that limit FDA’s ability to 

provide unredacted information on AERs related to dietary supplements.65

However, FDA provides detailed aggregated analysis, including a list of 

products with potential safety concerns, and raw disaggregated data on 

AERs related to drugs and certain biologic products on its website, even 

though some of the same and similar disclosure provisions may apply to 

such products. Specifically, in the disaggregated data on prescription 

drugs, FDA redacts names and other information that would identify the 

individual reporting the adverse event and, occasionally, information on 

any ongoing clinical studies or other pending actions, if applicable. The 

publicly available disaggregated data, including product names and 

health problems, are then used for health and medical research. For 

example, researchers have used data available from prescription drug 

AERs to study cardiovascular risk,66 bladder cancer,67 and tachycardia 

 

64Information on AERs related to dietary supplements is found on FDA’s performance 

measures webpage for CFSAN, under the archived version of performance measures for 

CFSAN’s Office of Food Defense, Communication, and Emergency Response at 

http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/track/ucm240881.htm (accessed December, 

11, 2012). 

65One such example provided by FDA officials is the “Protected Information” provision of 

section 761 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as added by the 2006 act and 

codified at 21 U.S.C. § 379aa-1(f). 

66Navin K. Kapur and Kiran Musunuru, “Clinical efficacy and safety of statins in managing 

cardiovascular risk,” Vascular Health and Risk Management 4, no. 2 (2008): 341-353.

67Carlo Piccinni et al., “Assessing the association of pioglitazone use and bladder cancer 

through drug adverse event reporting,” Diabetes Care 34, no. 6 (2011): 1,369-71.
 

Page 40 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

(accelerated heart rate).68 FDA officials told us that they use dietary 

supplement-related AERs to conduct safety-related research on dietary 

supplement ingredients, and other government researchers have used 

AERs in a similar capacity. According to agency officials, FDA already 

applies a redaction approach to prescription drug AERs that meets the 

nondisclosure provisions within the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 

Act that apply to dietary supplement AERs. An FDA official has stated 

publicly that the agency is exploring ways to expand the amount of 

publicly available information about AERs for dietary supplements.69 To 

the extent that FDA can do so under existing law—providing greater 

information about dietary supplement AERs to the public, such as 

potential safety concerns and redacted data on its website—could create 

opportunities for external researchers to use AERs and to improve 

consumer awareness and understanding of potential health problems 

associated with dietary supplements.

FDA has partially implemented each of our four recommendations from 

our 2009 report on dietary supplements.70 Table 6 summarizes our 2009 

recommendations and FDA or congressional action.

 

68Elisabetta Poluzzi et al., “Antimicrobials and the risk of Torsades de Pointes: The 

contribution from data mining of the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System,” Drug 

Safety 33, no. 4 (2010): 303-314.

69Increasing the amount of publicly-available information on its website about AERs for all 

FDA-regulated products was also the focus of a draft proposal under FDA’s Transparency 

Initiative in May, 2010. We asked FDA officials if expanding public access to dietary 

supplement AERs was under consideration as part of this initiative, and they said it was 

not. 

70GAO-09-250. 

FDA Has Partially 

Implemented All of 

Our 2009 

Recommendations 
 

Page 41 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Table 6: 2009 GAO Recommendations on Dietary Supplements and FDA or Congressional Action 

GAO recommendation FDA or congressional action 

FDA should request additional authority to: (1) require firms 

to self-identify as dietary supplement firms as part of 

existing registration requirements, provide information on 

the products they sell, and update this information annually 

and (2) require firms to report all adverse events. 

(1) FDA officials told us they requested additional authority as part of the 

FDA Food Safety and Modernization Act of 2011 (FSMA) to modify the 

list of required food categories that FDA uses to identify firms by industry 

as part of existing registration requirements. In August 2012, FDA 

published draft guidance expanding the list of food categories required 

at registration to include dietary supplement categories that were 

previously optional. FDA issued final guidance in October 2012. 

Requiring dietary supplement firms to provide information on the 

products they sell has been part of multiple proposed legislative efforts 

but has not become law.

(2) Mandatory reporting of all adverse events for dietary supplement 

firms was proposed in S. 3002, the Dietary Supplement Safety Act of 

2010, sponsored by Senators McCain and Dorgan, but did not pass the 

Senate.

a

FDA should issue new dietary ingredient (NDI) notification 

guidance.

As part of FSMA, FDA was required to issue draft NDI notification 

guidance no later than 180 days after enactment. FDA published its draft 

guidance in July 2011. An FDA official said the agency is still reviewing 

the more than 7,000 comments it received in response to the draft 

guidance.

FDA should issue guidance to industry clarifying when 

products should be marketed as dietary supplements or 

conventional foods formulated with added dietary 

ingredients. 

FDA issued draft guidance to industry clarifying when liquid products 

may be marketed as dietary supplements or conventional foods with 

novel ingredients in December 2009.b

FDA should coordinate with stakeholder groups involved in 

consumer outreach to identify, implement, and assess the 

effectiveness of additional mechanisms for educating 

consumers about dietary supplements.

FDA has indicated it is developing 

final guidance but has not set a time frame for its issuance. 

FDA coordinated with stakeholder groups by expanding its partnership 

with the website WebMDTM to include vitamin- and supplement-specific 

pages and formed new stakeholder partnerships with EverydayHealthTM 

and Drugs.comTM websites to educate consumers about dietary 

supplements.

FDA also expanded the consumer education content on its own website 

and implemented new mechanisms for reaching consumers, such as a 

Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed on tainted (i.e., adulterated) 

products marketed as dietary supplements and consumer updates. FDA 

collects information about the number of RSS feed subscribers and 

page views that can be used to measure distribution.

Source: GAO.

c

a

The Food Safety Enhancement Act of 2009, H.R. 2749, 111th Cong. (passed by the House of 

Representatives July 30, 2009); the Dietary Supplement Safety Act of 2010, S.3002, 111th Cong. 

(sponsored by Senators McCain and Dorgan); the Dietary Supplement Labeling Act of 2011, S. 1310, 

112th Cong.(sponsored by Senators Durbin and Blumenthal). In addition to these efforts, individual 

legislators have also introduced amendments with provisions regarding product registration to other 

legislation under consideration.

b

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. §§ 321(s), 348(a) generally requires that

when a company adds an ingredient to a food product, that ingredient must either be generally 

recognized as safe (GRAS) or go through FDA’s review and approval process as a food additive. The 

GRAS standard is defined as a general recognition among qualified experts that the substance is 

reasonably certain to be safe under conditions of its intended use. See GAO, FDA Should Strengthen 

Its Oversight of Food Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS),

GAO-10-246 (Washington, D.C.: Feb. 3, 2010) for more information.
 

Page 42 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

c

FDA officials said that the agency is planning to issue final guidance and 

complete implementation for most of our recommendations, but they do 

not have a time frame for completion. Specifically, FDA officials said they 

plan to issue final NDI guidance, but they are still reviewing more than

7,000 distinct comments they received in response to the draft NDI 

guidance issued in July 2011. Furthermore, although FDA officials have 

indicated they intend to issue final guidance clarifying whether a liquid 

product may be labeled and marketed as a dietary supplement and 

possibly issuing similar guidance for non-liquid products, they have not 

indicated to us where they are in this process. Regarding our 

recommendation on consumer outreach, FDA officials said that assessing 

the effectiveness of its outreach efforts through the WebMDTM and other 

partnerships, consumer updates, and fact sheets on dietary supplement 

safety issues would require extensive consumer research, which would 

have to be considered in light of FDA’s limited resources and competing 

priorities.

According to FDA data, as of July 31, 2012, the number of page views for the dietary supplement 

pages ranged from 22,687 views for the “Tainted Sexual Enhancement Products” page to 249,783 

views for the “Overview of Dietary Supplements” page. There are 58,633 subscribers to the tainted 

products marketed as dietary supplements govdelivery e-mail subscription service. There are 135 

subscribers to the tainted products RSS feed and 828 subscribers to the consumer update RSS feed. 

According to FDA officials, FDA is precluded from collecting similar metrics for content on its 

partnership pages owing to Freedom of Information Act restrictions on the release of commercial 

confidential information.

Consequently, regulatory uncertainty remains an issue for areas covered 

only by draft guidance. As we have previously reported, without final NDI 

guidance in place, firms may not notify FDA before marketing products 

with ingredients that have drastically different safety profiles than their 

historical use.71 In addition, “energy drinks”—some of which are marketed 

as beverages and others as dietary supplements—have raised concerns 

about potential health risks among consumer advocacy groups, 

 

71GAO-09-250. For example, bitter orange—historically used as a flavoring—could be 

reformulated into a product that is 95 percent synephrine, a powerful stimulant. FDA 

officials said that even without guidance, firms must meet their statutory obligation to notify 

FDA. However, the preamble to the draft NDI guidance states that the purpose of the 

guidance is to assist industry in deciding when a premarket safety notification for an NDI is 

necessary; the chemical alteration of historical ingredients is one of the questions 

addressed.
 

Page 43 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

academics, government agencies, and members of Congress.72

Specifically, concerns raised by these groups include the potential health 

risks associated with the level of caffeine in these products, the 

combination of caffeine and botanical ingredients with stimulant 

properties in these products, and their popularity with youth. Two of the 

four top-selling brands of energy drinks in 2012, as identified by a market 

research firm, were marketed as dietary supplements, while the others 

were marketed as beverages. As we noted in our 2009 report, this 

boundary matters because the safety standard for a certain ingredient in 

food is different than that for the same ingredient when it is used as a 

dietary ingredient in a dietary supplement. The differences in how 

products are regulated may lead to circumstances when an ingredient

would not be allowed to be added to a product if it was labeled as a 

conventional food but would be allowed in the identical product if it was 

labeled as a dietary supplement. Even without final guidance to industry, 

the agency has issued warning letters to firms for violations related to NDI 

notifications and the distinction between liquid dietary supplements and 

conventional foods on a case-by-case basis. With clear guidance to 

industry about these issues, firms may have the information necessary to 

guide appropriate product development—including the development of 

safety information—and marketing, and FDA’s enforcement burden in 

these areas may be reduced as a result. Moreover, by assessing its 

outreach efforts, FDA would have information on whether its new 

approaches are effective, which could help FDA target future efforts, 

particularly in the area of increasing voluntary adverse event reporting.

Because of an increase in mandatory AERs, the number of AERs FDA 

has received since 2008 for dietary supplements has more than doubled, 

and FDA has used AERs to initiate and support some consumer 

protection actions. However, consumers and others may not be 

voluntarily reporting information to FDA on all adverse events that occur, 

although they may be contacting poison centers about some of these 

events. FDA officials said that their greatest challenge to identifying

 

72Consumer Reports, “The Buzz on Energy-Drink Caffeine” at 

http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/12/the-buzz-on-energy-drink-caffeine/

index.htm (accessed December 10, 2012); Higgins et al., “Energy Beverages: Content 

and Safety,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 85, no. 11(2010); and Substance Abuse and Mental 

Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, The 

Dawn Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Energy Drinks (Rockville, MD: Nov. 

22, 2011).

Conclusions 
 

Page 44 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

potential safety concerns from AERs is the relatively small number of 

AERs the agency receives, and that—depending on its review of the 

poison center data—FDA may benefit from obtaining access to these 

data for analysis. According to FDA officials, negotiations to access the 

data are ongoing at the HHS level but, as of December 2012, the results 

of these negotiations were still pending.

Furthermore, although FDA has used AERs for some consumer 

protection actions, FDA may have opportunities to expand its use of 

AERs. FDA does not systematically collect information on how it uses 

AERs; such information could improve FDA’s ability to assess whether 

the agency is using AERs to their fullest extent in consumer protection 

actions and make improvements as needed. For example, FDA guidance 

states that AERs can be used to demonstrate potential health risks 

associated with violations found during other surveillance activities, such 

as inspections, and be part of the evidence gathered to support regulatory 

actions. However, by not tracking the relationship between AERs and its 

other data management systems, FDA cannot identify the extent to which 

AERS were used in this capacity. Having such information may also 

improve FDA’s and policymakers’ abilities to make fully informed 

decisions about resource allocation and AERs’ future role in FDA’s 

consumer protection activities related to dietary supplements. 

In addition, FDA’s process for collecting and managing mandatory AERs 

could be more efficient because dietary supplement firms, unlike other 

FDA-regulated products, cannot submit mandatory AERs electronically. 

Rather, they must submit these AERs in hard copy by mail. FDA officials 

said that they have plans to expand electronic reporting; however, FDA 

had similar plans in place at the time we issued our 2009 report that were 

never realized. To the extent that FDA can do so under existing law, 

providing greater information about dietary supplement AERs to the 

public—such as identified potential safety concerns and redacted data on 

its website—could create opportunities for external researchers to use 

AERs and to improve consumer awareness and understanding of 

potential health problems associated with dietary supplements.

Moreover, regulatory uncertainty remains an issue in two key areas of 

dietary supplement regulation because FDA has not set a time frame for 

issuing final guidance for draft NDI notification guidance and draft 

guidance clarifying when liquid products may be marketed as dietary 

supplements or conventional foods with added ingredients or for issuing 

similar guidance for nonliquid products. With final guidance in these 

areas, firms may be able to make more informed marketing and product 
 

Page 45 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

development decisions, including the development of safety information, 

and ultimately FDA’s enforcement burden in these areas may be reduced 

as a result.

To enhance FDA’s ability to use AERs and to oversee dietary supplement 

products, we recommend that the Secretary of the Department of Health 

and Human Services direct the Commissioner of FDA to take the 

following five actions:

• Continue efforts to explore all possible options to obtain poison center

data if the agency determines that the data could inform FDA’s ability 

to identify potential safety concerns from adverse event reports for 

dietary supplements.

• Incorporate a mechanism to collect information on when AERs are 

used to support and inform consumer protection actions (i.e., 

surveillance, advisory, and regulatory actions).

• Implement the agency’s efforts to facilitate industry reporting of 

mandatory AERs electronically.

• Determine what additional information FDA can provide to the public 

about dietary supplement AERs consistent with existing law and make 

the information publicly available and readily accessible on its 

website.

• Establish a time frame for issuing final guidance for the draft (1) NDI 

guidance and (2) guidance clarifying whether a liquid product may be 

labeled and marketed as a dietary supplement or as a conventional 

food with added ingredients.

We provided the Secretary of Health and Human Services with a draft of 

this report for review and comment. We received a written response from 

the Assistant Secretary for Legislation that included comments from FDA

and is reprinted in appendix III. FDA generally agreed with each of the 

report’s recommendations. HHS also sent us technical comments on 

behalf of FDA, which we incorporated as appropriate.

Recommendations for 

Executive Action

Agency Comments 
 

Page 46 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

We are sending copies of this report to the Secretary of the Department 

of Health and Human Services, the appropriate congressional 

committees, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is 

available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. 

If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, please 

contact me at (202) 512-3841 or gomezj@gao.gov. Contact points for our 

Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on 

the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this 

report are listed in appendix IV.

J. Alfredo Gómez

Director, Natural Resources and Environment
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology

Page 47 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Our objectives were to determine the (1) number of adverse event reports 

(AER) the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received since 2008, 

the source of these reports, and the types of products identified; (2) 

actions FDA has taken to ensure that firms are complying with new 

reporting requirements; (3) extent to which FDA is using AERs for its 

consumer protection actions; and (4) extent to which FDA has 

implemented GAO’s 2009 recommendations for enhancing FDA oversight 

of dietary supplements.

For this report, dietary supplement refers to a product intended for 

consumption as defined in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education 

Act of 1994 (DSHEA)—products that, among other things, are intended 

for ingestion to supplement the diet, labeled as a dietary supplement and 

not represented as a conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or diet. 

They must also contain one or more dietary ingredients. This definition 

covers supplements for human consumption. We did not examine FDA’s 

oversight of products that would otherwise meet the definition of a dietary 

supplement in DSHEA but are intended for veterinary use. We also did 

not examine FDA’s oversight of products that would otherwise meet the 

definition of a dietary supplement in DSHEA but are available only by 

prescription. We did include products that are marketed as dietary 

supplements but that have been deliberately adulterated (e.g., tainted 

with active ingredients in FDA-approved drugs or their analogues to 

increase their potency). Although such products may not meet the legal 

definition of a dietary supplement because they contain prescription drug 

ingredients, we included them in our review because these products are 

often marketed as dietary supplements and can cause serious health 

problems.

To determine the number of AERs that FDA received, the source of the 

reports, and the types of products identified, we obtained and analyzed 

FDA data on the number and type of AERs received since the reporting 

requirements went into effect in January 2008 through December 2011. 

Some of the data and analyses were provided by FDA in aggregate form, 

although FDA also provided us with disaggregate data on serious AERs. 

We supplemented our initial analysis with updated data on the number of 

AERs that FDA received between January 1 and September 30, 2012. To 

count the number of AERs associated with a unique firm or product, we 

sorted the data by firm name then manually reviewed the names to 

identify firms with similar or related names. We used the same approach 

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology 
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology

Page 48 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

for products, reasoning that products with similar formulations and active 

ingredients should be grouped together because they would cause similar 

reactions in consumers and may be manufactured in the same facility.1 In 

some cases, we performed additional Internet research to verify the 

accuracy of a match between a firm or product name. We also reviewed 

and analyzed data on calls about adverse events related to dietary 

supplements to poison centers from annual reports of the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) from 2008 through 2010. 

Because poison centers classify certain dietary supplement products 

differently than FDA, such as including homeopathic agents as dietary 

supplements, we worked with AAPCC and FDA officials to make the 

appropriate adjustments to the data to make them comparable to FDA 

AERs. Similarly, because FDA officials told us that AERs are primarily 

associated with product use as directed, we adjusted the poison center

data to include only those cases where an individual experienced an 

adverse reaction when using the product as directed and excluded 

reports resulting from misuse, abuse, or accidental ingestion. To assess 

the reliability of these data, we reviewed related documentation, reviewed 

internal controls, and worked with agency or AAPCC officials to identify 

any data problems. For the FDA data on serious AERs, which we

received in disaggregate form, we examined the data to identify obvious 

errors or inconsistencies. We also reviewed FDA’s laws, rules, and 

regulations relevant to collecting and maintaining AERs. We determined 

the data to be sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report.

To determine actions FDA has taken to ensure that firms are complying 

with new reporting requirements, we reviewed FDA’s procedures, 

planning documents, and guidance and obtained and analyzed data on 

FDA’s oversight activities, such as inspections, advisory, and regulatory 

actions, to identify which of these actions were related to monitoring or 

enforcing firms’ compliance. Specifically, we obtained aggregate data on 

the number of dietary supplement inspections from January 1, 2008, 

through September 30, 2012 and analyzed record-level data on the type 

and results of dietary supplement inspections FDA conducted from 2008 

through 2011 from FDA’s Field Accomplishments and Compliance 

Tracking System. To determine the number of AER violations observed 

 

1

FDA officials told us their basis for grouping products together depends on the particular 

analytical need. For example, in some cases, products with the same active ingredient but 

different flavors would be grouped similarly and, in other cases, products with different 

flavors would be grouped separately.
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology

Page 49 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

during inspections, we obtained and analyzed aggregate data from FDA’s 

Turbo EIR system on inspection observations from fiscal year 2008 

through fiscal year 2012. To determine the number of advisory and 

regulatory actions related to AER violations from January 1, 2008 through 

December 31, 2011, we obtained and analyzed data and documents on 

warning letters, seizures, and injunctions from FDA’s Compliance 

Management System and FDA’s online warning letter database; Class I 

recalls2 from FDA’s Recall Enterprise System and other safety-related 

recalls identified from press releases on FDA’s Recalls - Health Fraud 

web page and Recalls, Market Withdrawals, and Safety Alerts web page3

; 

import refusals from FDA’s Operational and Administrative System for 

Import Support; and prosecutions with charges filed, convictions, or 

settlements reached in FDA’s Automated Investigative Management 

System. We also reviewed individual firm inspection reports for examples 

of specific observations found during dietary supplement inspections, and 

accompanied FDA investigators on an inspection of a dietary supplement 

manufacturing facility. To assess the reliability of data supporting this 

objective, we reviewed related documentation, internal controls, 

examined the data to identify obvious errors or inconsistencies, traced 

data back to source documents, and identified and removed data that 

were outside the scope of our review, such as data related to products for 

animal or prescription uses, or data that did not meet the definition of 

dietary supplement used for this report, as described above. We 

determined the data to be sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this 

report.

To determine the extent to which FDA is using AERs to initiate and 

support its consumer protection actions, we matched firm and product 

 

2

Class I recalls involve a reasonable probability that the use of or exposure to a violative 

product will cause serious adverse health problems or death. Class II recalls involve 

violative products that may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health 

problems or where the probability of serious adverse health problems is remote. Class III 

recalls involves violative products not likely to cause adverse health problems.

3

We collected data on Class II and Class III recalls from FDA’s Recall Enterprise System 

related to dietary supplements. However, we could not verify that the data were complete 

because of inconsistencies in how tainted supplement products are classified within the 

database. In some cases, they are classified as drugs, in other cases; they are classified 

as dietary supplements. We were able to verify the universe for Class I recalls against 

FDA press releases on its Recalls, Market Withdrawals, and Safety Alerts web page and 

Recalls - Health Fraud web page, but did not verify Class II and Class III recalls because 

according to FDA they are less likely to cause a serious health problem.
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology

Page 50 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

names from mandatory AERs against firm and product names in the 

following FDA consumer protection actions from January 2008 through 

December 2011: inspections, consumer alerts, industry advisories, 

warning letters, seizures and injunctions, import refusals, safety-related 

recalls, and prosecutions.4 The matching process was necessary 

because FDA does not track how it uses AERs to initiate or support 

consumer protection actions across its other data systems. Because 

CFSAN officials told us that product and firm names are not standardized 

within the CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) or across 

FDA’s systems, we used statistical software to build wild-card searches to 

identify potential matches and then reviewed each potential match to 

confirm or reject potential matches. Specifically, we used an analytical 

software function that measures spelling differences between words to 

determine the likelihood that firm and product names from two data sets 

matched and to generate possible matches between AERs and actions. 

The statistical software returns a numeric value indicating how closely 

related the names are. After reviewing the initial results, we established a 

threshold for matching that gave us confidence we were capturing most of 

the potential matches and excluding those that were definitely not a 

match. The matches were then manually reviewed to confirm or reject 

potential matches. For matched records, we determined whether an AER 

was received prior to the consumer protection action, as an indicator that 

the AER may have contributed to FDA’s decision to take action. For 

matched records, we tabulated both the number of AERs that contributed 

to each action, and the number of actions that matched AERs. We 

verified the appropriateness of this approach with FDA officials prior to 

conducting the analysis and provided a list of matches to FDA for their 

verification. We also reviewed FDA’s guidance and procedures relevant 

to using AERs to initiate or support surveillance, advisory, and regulatory 

actions.

To determine the extent to which FDA has implemented GAO’s 2009 

recommendations for enhancing FDA oversight of dietary supplements, 

we reviewed FDA’s laws, planning documents, and guidance. We 

reviewed proposed legislation to expand FDA’s oversight authority for 

dietary supplements. We also obtained data on the extent to which FDA’s 

web-based consumer outreach initiatives were distributed.

 

4

We did not include consumer complaints in this analysis because consumer complaints 

with adverse events are uploaded into the CAERS database as voluntary AERs and thus 

the matching process would yield false positives.
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and 

Methodology

Page 51 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

In addition, to address all of our objectives, we reviewed relevant studies 

related to dietary supplements, adverse event reporting, industry 

compliance, and using poison center data for public health surveillance, 

among others. We reviewed the methodology for each of these studies 

and assessed them for reasonableness in accordance with our 

objectives. We also interviewed officials from several FDA offices, 

including FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) 

who receive and analyze AERs, officials from FDA’s Division of Dietary 

Supplements Program, officials from the Office of Regulatory Affairs 

familiar with FDA’s field operations and regulatory actions related to 

dietary supplements, and officials from the Center for Drug Evaluation 

and Research. We interviewed a wide range of stakeholders, including 

officials from federal agencies, industry and trade organizations, and 

consumer advocacy groups. At the federal level outside of FDA, we met 

with officials from the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of 

Health, and the Federal Trade Commission. At the industry level, we 

spoke with representatives from the American Herbal Products 

Association, the Council for Responsible Nutrition, and the Natural 

Products Association. At the consumer advocacy level, we met with 

representatives from the Center for Science in the Public Interest, 

Consumers Union, and Public Citizen. We also spoke with

representatives from the American Association of Poison Control Centers.

We conducted this performance audit from December 2011 to March 

2013 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing 

standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to 

obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for 

our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe 

that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings 

and conclusions based on our audit objectives.
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 52 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

This appendix combines data collected during this review with data from 

our prior report to provide additional detail on FDA’s actions to identify 

and respond to safety concerns related to dietary supplements.1

FDA actions to identify safety concerns related to dietary supplements 

include receiving and analyzing adverse event reports and consumer 

complaints and conducting inspections.

Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 7 shows the number of 

dietary supplement-related AERs entered into FDA’s database from 

January 1, 2003, through September 30, 2012. As shown in 2008, 

mandatory reporting had an immediate impact on the number of dietary 

supplement-related AERs FDA received.

Figure 7: Voluntary and Mandatory AERs Related to Dietary Supplements Received 

by FDA, 2003 through September 30, 2012

Note: Although mandatory reporting went into effect on December 22, 2007, FDA did not receive its 

first mandatory report until January 2008. In some cases, FDA received both voluntary and 

 

1

GAO-09-250. 

Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements 

Data on FDA’s Surveillance 

Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements 

Data on Adverse Event Reports 

Related to Dietary Supplements
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 53 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

mandatory AERs for the same adverse event. To avoid double-counting, we included these cases in 

the mandatory AER total. FDA received from 12 to 24 AERs per year as both mandatory and 

voluntary from January 1, 2008, through September 30, 2012.

Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 8 shows the number of 

dietary supplement-related consumer complaints with adverse event 

results or reported symptoms FDA received from January 1, 2002, 

through December 31, 2011. Consumer complaints are not limited to 

adverse events. For example, consumers may report a complaint if one or 

more pills in a product are discolored.

Figure 8: Dietary Supplement-Related Consumer Complaints with Adverse Event 

Results or Reported Symptoms Received by FDA, 2002 through 2011

Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 9 shows the number of 

dietary supplement inspections conducted by FDA or its state partners 

and the proportion of these inspections where the investigator identified 

problems from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2011. For our 

determination for whether FDA identified a problem during an inspection, 

we included all inspections where the district determined that: (1) official 

action is indicated, (2) voluntary action is indicated, and (3) the case 

should be referred to CFSAN’s Office of Compliance. We also included all 

cases where the investigator completed an inspectional observation 

form—a form used by FDA to document concerns observed during 

Data on Consumer Complaints 

Related to Dietary Supplements

Data on Inspections Related to 

Dietary Supplements 
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 54 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

inspections. The items listed on these forms are preliminary and vary in 

severity. Each inspection was counted only once. 

Figure 9: Proportion of Dietary Supplement Inspections for Which FDA Identified 

Problems or Concerns, 2002 through 2011

Note: Current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) specific to dietary supplement firms were 

phased in by firm size from 2008 to 2010. For firms with 500 or more full-time equivalent employees, 

they became effective in June 2008; for firms with at least 20 but fewer than 500 full-time equivalent 

employees, they became effective in June 2009; and for firms with fewer than 20 full-time equivalent 

employees they became effective in June 2010. According to FDA officials, prior to the establishment 

of dietary supplement-specific CGMPs, FDA inspected dietary supplement firms according to food 

CGMPs. 

Figure 10 shows the type of dietary supplement inspections conducted 

from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011. Complaint 

inspections are conducted to investigate consumer complaints about a 

firm. Follow-up inspections are conducted to assess a firm’s progress 

after an advisory or regulatory action such as a warning letter or recall. 

Compliance inspections are “for-cause” inspections to investigate specific 

compliance issues. Surveillance inspections are routine inspections that 

generally assess whether a firm is following dietary supplement good 

manufacturing practices, as applicable. An inspection may include 

product examinations, sampling and testing, as well as the inspection of 
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 55 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

the firm and facility involved with dietary supplements, according to FDA 

officials.

Figure 10: Type of Dietary Supplement Inspections, 2008 through 2011

Note: Complaint inspections are conducted to investigate consumer complaints about a firm. Followup inspections are conducted to assess a firm’s progress after an advisory or regulatory action such

as a warning letter or recall. Compliance inspections are “for-cause” inspections to investigate 

specific compliance issues. Surveillance inspections are routine inspections that generally assess 

whether a firm is following dietary supplement good manufacturing practices, as applicable.

FDA actions to respond to safety concerns related to dietary supplements 

include issuing warning letters to dietary supplement firms, working with 

firms on recalls, and refusing imports.

Data on FDA’s Advisory 

and Regulatory Actions 

Related to Dietary 

Supplements 
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 56 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Incorporating data from our prior report, figure 11 shows the number of 

warning letters related to dietary supplements FDA issued from January 

1, 2002, through December 31, 2011. The relatively low number of letters 

issued in 2007 is in part due to the timing of the letters—if we calculated 

the number of letters issued by fiscal year, the number would be 43.

Figure 11: Number of Warning Letters Related to Dietary Supplements, 2002 

through 2011

Figure 12 shows the number of Class I, health fraud, and other safetyrelated voluntary recalls related to dietary supplements from January 1, 

2008, through December 31, 2011. We focused on these three types of 

recalls because FDA determined they (1) are the most likely to cause a 

serious health problem, (2) could cause a serious health problem, or (3) 

considered them to be of sufficient concern to issue a safety alert press 

release.

Data on Warning Letters 

Related to Dietary Supplements

Data on Recalls Related to 

Dietary Supplements 
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 57 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Figure 12: Number of Class I, Health Fraud, and Other Safety-Related Dietary 

Supplement Recalls, 2008 through 2011

Figure 13 shows the number of import refusals by product type from 

January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011.

Data on Imports Related to 

Dietary Supplements 
Appendix II: Data on FDA’s Consumer 

Protection Actions Related to Dietary 

Supplements

Page 58 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Figure 13: Dietary Supplement Import Refusals by Product Type, 2008 through 2011

Note: To be consistent with our prior report, GAO-09-250, these data only include products classified 

as dietary supplements and do not include products that were initially classified as dietary 

supplements, then reclassified as drugs by FDA. (FDA reclassifies dietary supplements as drugs if 

the products contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient or if their labeling contains claims or other 

evidence that would cause them to be regulated as drugs.) FDA did not provide information on how 

many dietary supplements were reclassified as drugs and, therefore, refused entry to the United 

States. These data are current as of April 13, 2012.
Appendix III: Comments from the Department 

of Health and Human Services

Page 59 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

Appendix III: Comments from the 

Department of Health and Human Services
Appendix III: Comments from the Department 

of Health and Human Services

Page 60 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements
Appendix III: Comments from the Department 

of Health and Human Services

Page 61 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements
Appendix III: Comments from the Department 

of Health and Human Services

Page 62 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements
Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff 

Acknowledgments

Page 63 GAO-13-244 Dietary Supplements

J. Alfredo Gómez, (202) 512-3841 or gomezj@gao.gov

In addition to the individual named above, Anne K. Johnson, Assistant 

Director; Robin Ghertner; Cathy Hurley; Esther Toledo; and Lisa van 

Arsdale made key contributions to this report. Important contributions 

were also made by Kevin Bray, Michele Fejfar, Dan C. Royer, Carol 

Herrnstadt Shulman, and Kiki Theodoropoulos.

Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff 

Acknowledgments 

GAO Contact

Staff 

Acknowledgments 

(361365)
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