NAN-NING. NEIGHBORHOOD. INDUSTRY--In 1950, the gross value of indus-
trial output of Nan-ning city, Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region, was
merely over 6 million yuan. Since the 1958 great leap forward, the
worker class of the city raised high the banner of "An-shan Steel
Constitution," intensively launched the movement to emulate Ta-ch' ing
in industry, and promoted the rapid development of industrial produc-
tion. In 1976, the gross value of industrial output of the city
reached over 880 million yuan, and the varieties of products develop-
ed to over 2,000. During the 3d 5-year plan, the light industrial
output value of the city progressively increased an average of 9.7
percent annually; during the 4th 5-year plan, the growth rate rose to
18.4 percent. Nan-ning city adheres to the policy of "small, native,
mass" and successfully promotes neighborhood industry, which has be-
come an important part of its light industry. Organizing the neigh
borhood residents and developing neighborhood industry result in
solving the living problem of the residents, activating their social-
ist positivity, and producing large volumes of daily need industrial
articles for the state. In 1976, the gross value of neighborhood in-
dustrial output throughout the city reached over 55 million yuan, in-
creasing 4 times compared to that of 1970. The average annual growth
rate for the past 6 years was 30.9 percent. [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN~
WEN in Chinese 12 May 77 pp 1-2] 6080

GROWTH OF SHANGHAI'S INDUSTRY--The gross value of Shanghai's indus-
trial output in April was a record for the month and increased 6 per-
cent compared to the same period last year. The 16 major light and
textile industrial products, including cotton yarn, cotton fabric,
bicycles, wristwatches, cameras, and cigarettes, all increased com-
pared to that of the same period last year. Steel output increased
13.2 percent compared to that of March. The eight major chemical in-
dustrial products, including methyl alcohol, plastics, caustic soda,
soda ash, drugs, chemical fertilizer, and synthetic ammonia, all made
large increases compared to the same period last year. Among them,
chemical fertilizer and synthetic ammonia increased over one-third
compared to those of March and the same period last year. Such cru-
cial machine and electrical products urgently needed by the state as
high pressure pumps, special pumps, large foraging equipment, large
pneumatic machines, and integrated circuit all made relatively large
increases compared to March. Such major economic indicators as railway
average daily loading and freight train turn-around rate all created a
record in history. [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 13 May 77
pp 1-2] 6080

KWANGSI'S RIVER NAVIGATION, SHIPBUILDING--Currently, the management
of the navigational route on Kwangsi's Hung-shui river is both scien-
tific and systematic. There are over 250 signals of all types along
the route to facilitate navigation, assuring the normal passage of

15



cooperation with other nations. Although the multifarious spe-
cialized conferences concerning fusion research since the Sec-
ond Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Utilization of Atomic En-
ergy in 1958 have gradually made public part of the research
results in this branch of science, some important achievements
remain secret. In 1972 the American and Soviet tyrants signed
a so-called agreement for the peaceful utilization of atomic en-
ergy which included fusion research. They paid lip service to
cooperation while covertly struggling with one another; they
strove to be first to create a large-scale device, and stepped
up pile research. In their vain attempts at world domination
each sought to gain pre-eminence in fusion research. It is ev-
ident that the Soviet and American tyrants are colluding with
each other and also vying with each other in the realm of sci-
ence and technology, each seeking to exploit its advanced sci-
ence and technology to serve its own political ambitions, es-
pecially the Soviet revisionists, whose socialist imperialism
has been more transparently revealed.

While currently engaging in controlled nuclear fusion research,
the Soviet revisionists and American imperialists keep on cry-
ing that the goal of their research is "to solve man's energy
problems," "to benefit mankind," "for peaceful utilization,"
and so on. Actually, this is all a smokescreen to hide their
previously mentioned political ambitions and military goals,
lies which they have fabricated in pursuit of high monopoly
profits.

It should be pointed out that due to the ability of the light-
nuclei fusion reaction to yield enormous energy, if man can but
control this reaction, it can become an important energy source.
As with each emergence of a new source of energy in history,
utilization of this fusion energy source will exert a positive
and promotive effect upon the development of social production.
At the same time, if this fusion energy source is to be used,
it is also necessary for us to make investigations and break-
throughs in various areas such as theory, technology, engineer~
ing, and materials. These investigations and break thr oughs
will in turn promote the development of industrial technology.
In addition, nuclear fuel resources needed for this energy
source are all but inexhaustible, and also inexpensive; but of
still greater value is its superiority with regard to environ-
mental protection. Therefore, with class struggle as the key
policy, we should "certainly catch up with and surpass the
world's advanced levels in the not-too-distant future"*; we
must strive to carry on this important and far-reaching scien-
tific research topic in order to consolidate national defense

* Quoted from Chieh-fang-chun Pao, 29 October 1966.

36



dangerous regions in the whole country under key observation in the current
year. It was pointed out that in this region there was a background for
the occurrence of quakes of 5-6 grade, It was further pointed out that
special attention should be paid to the northeastern part of Hopei Province.
Since June, various unusual phenomena had frequently appeared. In July a
large number of pre-quake short-lived abnormalities emerged, and many
instruments also observed a great many obvious unusual changes. In the
first half of July, the State Seismological Bureau had continually received
a good number of reports of prediction and suggestion from professional
and spare-time survey organs, and realized the serious situation of earth-
quakes. At the very moment when the danger of a major quake was approach-
ing day by day and the seismological workers were worried to death, the
"Gang of Four" and their followers stepped up their counterrevolutionary
conspiratorial activities in the State Seismological Bureau. Even in July
this gang of imposters of revolution paid no heed to the tense earthquake
situation in the Peking-Tientsin-T' angshan-Changchiak'ou region, opposed
Chairman Hua's directive, disobeyed the Party Central Committee and went
farther and farther on the road of counterrevolution. They impatiently
usurped the party and state power in the Seismological Bureau, replaced
those who refused to follow them with their henchmen, grabbed power level
by level, disorganized the leading group, disrupted the work of the bureau
and created unrest among its working personnel. They made no effort at
all to conduct a serious study of the earthquake situation, and even turned
a deaf ear to forecasts of an imminent major earthquake. -In this way, on
July 28 a catastrophic earthquake broke out without warning in T'ang-shan.
These hard facts prove that the failure to forecast the T'angshan major
earthquake was a serious tragedy created by the gang and their henchmen
who frantically interfered in and sabotaged seismological work. We must
settle accounts thoroughly with them, and resolutely make them repay their
debts of blood owed to the people!

The Party Central Committee headed by Chairman Mao showed great concern
for the people in the calamity-stricken areas. After the occurrence of
the major earthquake in T'ang-shan, it immediately sent a telegram of
sympathy. to the earthquake region. Premier Hua Kuo-feng, on behalf of
Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee, personally visited the
stricken people, unfolding a touching scene of people rushing from all
directions in support of an afflicted area. To keep a close watch over
the disaster, and to protect Chairman Mao, the Party Central Committee,
the capital and people's lives and property, Comrade Hua Kuo-feng and
other leading comrades of the Central Committee fought day and night
together with the seismological workers, listened to reports on the dis-
aster and gave important instructions promptly. On the contrary, the
"Gang of Four" paid no heed at all to sufferings of the afflicted, and
took the lives of millions in the stricken areas as trifles. They not
only remained hiding in a dark corner, but led a thoroughly debauched

and corrupt life, never listened once to reports on the disaster, but also
howled like wild beasts: "Tangshan has only 1 million people, our country
has 800 million people and 9.6 million square kilometers of land; it's
nothing if Tangshan is wiped out!" Yao Wen-yuan the scholar-villain took

32



In ohmic heating, the simplest method, a large electric current
(more than several hundred kA) flows through the plasma, which
is heated by utilizing the ohmic loss of electrical resistance
of the plasma. The drawback of this method lies’in the sharp
drop in the electrical resistance of the plasma with tempera-
ture increase: when the temperature of the plasma reaches about
10 million degrees (K), its electrical resistance value is about
the same as that of copper; that is to say, after the plasma
reaches a high temperature, heating efficiency becomes very low.
However, due to the appearance of resistance anomalies, which
are regarded by some as being triggered through certain micro-
‘scopic instabilities, it may be possible to achieve thermonu-
clear temperatures by relying solely upon ohmic heating.

The fast neutral particle injection heating method is to accel-
erate the atoms serving as nuclear fusion fuel in a booster to
an energy of several ten to several hundred keV and then inject
this energetic particle beam into the plasma-binding device.

The particles captured by the binding device are heated by col-
liding to and fro, whereupon they become a high-temperature
plasma. In May 1974 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission announced
that the ignition requirements of a device could be reduced by
an order of magnitude with neutral beam injection heating. If
this statement is accurate and reliable, then the day when "ig-
nition" is achieved may have been brought a step closer. Thus
over the past few years quite a few devices have experimented
with this method of heating, a method more generally considered
to hold possible promise, and the building of neutral beam in-
jectors has developed rapidly. According to reports, the U.S.
at Livermore has already installed on the "2X-II" magnetic mir-
ror device 12 enormous neutral beam injectors, each of which in-
jects 50-A, 20-keV, 10-ms pulses of neutral deuterium atoms into
the plasma reaction chamber; it is said that this new type of
injection system will raise the fuel temperature to ten times
the temperatures currently produced, to one or two hundred mil-
lion degrees (°C).

In addition, the plasma particles bound in a magnetic field spin
around the lines of magnetic force. If the frequency of this
spin is exactly in phase with a high frequency externally ap-
plied to the plasma, the plasma particles will resonate with
this high frequency, and by obtaining the energy of such high-
frequency waves, the particles will be heated to a high tempera-
ture. The condition in which: plasma electron resonance is caused
is called electron spin-resgnance heating, which will employ mi-
crowaves on the order of 10” hertz; the condition in which plas-
ma resonance is caised is called ion spin-resonange heating,
which will employ medium waves on the order of 10° hertz.

41



ECONOMIC

CHINA'S RAILWAY FREIGHT HAULING CREATED RECORD IN APRIL
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 12 May 77 p 1

{Article: "The Railways in the Entire Nation Present an Excellent
Situation; the Number of Daily Freight Car Loading Creates a Record
since the Founding of the Nation"]

[Excerpts] China's railway system created a record in April in the
number of daily freight car loading since the founding of the nation,
completed the monthly loading plan above norm, and realized ahead of
schedule the indicator for May and June demanded by the National
Railway Work Conference. Since the beginning of May, the number of
freight car loading has continued to rise.

In April, a great enthusiasm appeared everywhere on China's railways.
Among the 20 railway bureaus in the nation, 19 of them completed the
transport plans ahead of schedule, and 11 of them created a record in
history. The over-haulage freight in April throughout the na~-

tion was equal to operating 3,541 extra trains. The average weight
hauling of the locomotives was a record in history and the freight
train turnaround time was greatly shortened, averaging 18 hours
shorter per train compared to February. The monthly plan of the
state for the transport of such crucial resources as coal, petroleum,
mineral ore, and chemical fertilizer were all completed above norm,
and the average daily loading of coal was a record in history.

After the National Railway Work Conference, the enthusiasm for revo-
lution and production in the relatively advanced railway bureaus of
Canton, Shanghai, Peking, Liu-chou, Tsitsihar, Kirin, Tsinan, and Wu-
han rose even higher. The Canton railway bureau completed the month-
ly plan for April 8.6 percent above norm and surpassed the record
peak for the same period in 14 items of transport technical and econo-
mic indicators. In spite of the difficulty of freight car shortage,
the Shanghai railway bureau still completed the state plan 13.2 per~
cent above norm.

6080
cso: 4006



COMPOSITION, OPERATION OF ROBOTS BECOMING MORE SOPHISTICATED

Peking K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN [Scientific Experiment] in Chinese No 3, Mar 77
pp 18-20

[Article by I Ch'ing [0122 3237]: "The Robot: Illusion Becoming Reality"]

[Text] Originally, the "robot" was merely a character in science fiction
stories. With the development of science and technology, it has gradually
moved out of the world of fantasy into the world of reality. The "robot"
is no longer mysterious or wondrous as some people think. For it is
actually a kind of automatic machine which is designed and built by man
to follow and obey his orders and perform specific useful tasks for him.

"Robot" Needed in Science and Production

The "robot" is not made just for the sake of creating something new or
sensational. It is made to solve all kinds of practical problems that occur
in the development of production, science and technology, and help achieve
higher level of mechanization and automation. Just think of it: Wouldn't
it be safer and easier if the "robot" instead of man was sent to explore
the depths of the ocean and outer space? When an atomic reactor breaks
down, wouldn't it be possible to eliminate the danger of exposing man to
atomic radiation by having the "robot" repair it? Would it not be better
to keep man from risking the hazards of fire-fighting, mining and under-
ground water pipe construction work by having the "robot" do the work?

. If the "robot" is used to work in dusty, noisy, poisonous, high temperature,
low temperature, high pressure or vacuum working environments, we could
greatly reduce occupational diseases that are harmful to the human body.
Even more important, if the "robot" can be made to perform the work of
man, we can liberate a great number of the laboring force, and thus greatly
raise productivity. By employing the "robot" to do monotonous, repetitious
job routines and work that easily wear out nerves, we can maintain better
uniformity of work and cut down human or equipment accidents,

51



4. Cheap Cost of Energy

Estimates of the cost of generating electric power by nuclear
fusion have been made, according to which the fuel cost averages
0.007 fen People's Currency per kilowatt-hour for a D-T reactor
with a power output of 2.1 million kilowatts. Including the ex~-
penses of constructing the power plant and loss, the total cost
of power generation is estimated as averaging 0.4 fen People's
Currency per kilowatt-hour. It is evident that fuel cost com-
prises but a very small fraction of the total power generation
cost, and the power generation cost will continue to decrease
along with the lowering of construction expenses and the reduc-
tion of loss.

VI. Conclusion

From the above it can be seen that the controlled nuclear fusion
reaction is theoretically attainable and can be reached techno-
logically through diligent effort. It is also advantageous in
terms of application, and so during the past few years many of
the world's nations have been working hard [toward this goal].
Since last year, however, some nations have slowed the pace of
planning and development. This is the result of the capitalist
world's encountering the most severe economic crisis since the
war.

We are a socialist nation, and the planning and development of
all work is viewed in the context of the proletarian enterprise
as a whole and in consideration of long-range benefit to the
state as well as current economic and technological levels. In
accordance with the requirements of the international class
struggle and the need to consolidate the dictatorship of the
proletariat, and with currently feasible conditions, we should
positively, appropriately, and effectively develop this work, be
resolved to pulverize the destructiveness of the campaign of
rightist restoration, strive to use Marxism-Leninism and the
ideology of Mao Tse-tung to occupy this new realm of science and
technology, and make new contributions to. China's socialist rev-
olution and construction and to mankind!

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Tung Li [Power], 23-126 (1973).
2. 140th Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement

of Science, Fusion Power Research and Development: he Scene
Today, Feb. (1974).

3. Nucl. Fusion, 14-2 (1974).

49.



Various Kinds of Drive Systems

The motion of the "robot's"body, arms, wrists and hands comes from the
kinetic force conveyed through the drive system, which fall into four cate-
gories: hydraulic, pneumatic, electric and mechanical.

The advantages of a hydraulic system are: high pressure, small body, strong
force and smooth movements. Its pressure flow can be regulated. It has
continuous speed control and simple power braking system. Its hydraulic
pressure oil is lubricative and anti-corrosive. The disadvantages of such
a system are: the tubular circuit is rather complicated and its working
characteristics are easily affected by oil leaks or change in oil viscosity
due to temperature changes. Also it requires pumps and other installations,
which is quite costly. A hydraulic drive system is used in most industrial
"robots" today.

The advantage of the pneumatic system lies in the fact that it is very
convenient to use. Generally, 4-8 atmospheric pressure of compressed air

is required. This is available from ordinary factory-made compressed air
sources. The components are easy to construct and maintain. Moreover, it
moves faster. But this kind of "robot" produces low output force, and

comes in cambersome sizes. Also, due to the great compressibility of air, it
is difficult. to make accurate adjustments in speed and position.

Pneumatic "robots" are widely. found in industry.

The advantages of the electromagnetic system is the convenience of electric
power. Maintenance is easier. It has big power output, and uniform dynamic
force is exerted in working and control installations. But it has weak
points as well: it has to have moderators with high deceleration rates.

In order to move along a straight line, it also needs lead screw nuts or
linear electric motors. To turn its body around, it uses electric motors
and moderators or speed-control motors. There are relatively few electric
powered "robots" today.

The mechanical drive system has high reliability and simple structure. But
it is difficult to change its program.

Flexible Control System

The control system is the brain of the "robot." Its chief function is to

receive (or memorize or store) the operational programs assigned to the
"robot" by man, and to control its body, arms and hands according to the
program, which includes the order, position, time, speed, acceleration, etc.,

of each movement. In "robots" which have all sorts of pick-ups, the control

system continuously receives various kinds of signals from the pick-ups,

and "assesses" the situation so that it can respond correctly to the situation.

‘The most commonly used control system in industrial robots is the matrix
switch board. Next in common use is the convex wheel drum.

55



They climbed mountains and crossed rivers and repeated tests outdoors for a
long period.

As the result of such tests and constant improvements they built the xXB-J-I
laser communicator which can carry on normal communication under weather
conditions of any and all kinds, including sandstorms, rain, fog, lightning,
etc.

9134
cso:, 5500

59



In a realm of advanced scientific research such as controlled
nuclear fusion which is being investigated and which is develop-
ing rapidly, defining the correct technological line is of the
utmost importance. Acting in accordance with China's concrete
realities and following the teachings of Chairman Mao, and with
the guidance of the fundamental party line, we must be independ-
ent, autonomous, and self-reliant, work diligently despite hard-
ship, strive to make the country strong, and lay down the cor-
rect line for achieving greater, faster, and more economical de-
velopment in our comtry's controlled [fusion] enterprise.

It seems that the present trend in the world's nuclear fusion
research is toward the goal of building a "critical pile core
plasma" (a plasma which satisfies the Lawson Criterion) around
1980. After this decade, positive consideration will be given
to the constructing and testing of experimental power piles, and
achieving the level of building a useable pile is scheduled for
the decade from 1990 to 2000.

Along with the study of pile core plasmas, consideration should
henceforth be given to rapidly expanding the conducting of re-
search in the area of fusion pile technology, especially includ-
ing fundamental irradiation damage and material strength studies
of the materials required to build a reactor, and emphasis
should be given to developing tritium production and treatment
technology, heat-removal technology, and such techniques as
large super-conducting magnets for producing intense magnetic
fields.

Vv. Applications of Controlled Nuclear Fusion

Normally there are two methods of utilizing nuclear energy.
First is the widely known utilization of the energy released in
fission by heavy atomic nuclei (such as U, Pu), which has now
reached the actual application stage; second is the utilization
of the tremendous energy obtained from thermal nuclei undergoing
a fusion reaction, the subject of the present discussion, which
is at present still at the research and development stage.
Utilizing the nuclear energy produced by controlled nuclear fu-
sion as a source of power is extremely advantageous.

1. Abundance of Fuel Resources

Deuterium, the primary fuel of the fusion pile, can be extracted
from water. Twenty-five liters of water contains around one
gram of deuterium. The energy produced when this one gram of
deuter iumis completely "burned" in a nuclear fusion pile is
around 10° kilowatt-hours; and if all the deuterium in the seas
of the earth were used in nuclear fusion, it is estimated that

» 47



one side and an electric scalpel on the other side to make the incision. The
volume of lost blood and the operating time were recorded and compared sta-
tistically. The experiment showed that: Using the laser scalpel, there was
very little bleeding during the operation. Among the seven dogs, the blood
loss was zero in one; the largest amount of blood lost was 3.6 grams; and
the average was 0.84 grams, The average operating time was 5 hours and 5
minutes. When using the electric scalpel, bleeding was much more apparent
than when using the laser scalpel, Among the seven dogs the least amount of
blood lost was 2.51 grams; the most 28.27. grams; and the average operating
time was 11 hours and 37 minutes. This experiment showed that in comparing
the use of laser and electric scalpels, the laser scalpel is markedly superior
in controlling bleeding, in decreasing clamping and ligation and in shorten-
ing the time of the operation,

Clinically we used the laser scalpel to excise skin carcinoma in.over 20
patients and oral mucinous cysts and hemangiomata in over 50 patients. There
was very little bleeding and the operating time was only several minutes.
For example, we used a laser scalpel to excise a lower lip squamous cell
carcinoma with a V-shaped 'all-layer excision, The operating time was 5 min-
utes, there was very little bleeding and the patient did not. suffer. Using
a laser scalpel to excise oral mucinous cysts, in most of the operations
there was no bleeding at the incision and the operating time was only 1-2
minutes. After the operation, some patients looked at the laser scalpel
and praised it saying: "Using a laser scalpel to remove a piece of flesh,
not a drop of blood was seen, It was like magic."

From experiments on animals to clinical application, the greatest advantages
of the laser scalpel are: there is more effective hemostasis than when using
an electric scalpel during an operation, the operating time is greatly re-
duced, and there is very little suffering for the patient. Therefore, in
the field of medicine, the hemostatic property of the laser scalpel may be
fully utilized to develop surgery on organs which have rich blood supplies,
such as liver and brain surgery. Besides, due to little bleeding when the
laser scalpel is used, the operative field will be clear and the lesion

will be fully exposed, thus making conditions suitable for radical excision
of tumors.

Why does the laser scalpel incise tissues and have hemostatic properties?!

The reason lasers can incise skin and muscles and excise tumors, is that when
laser beams pass through a lens and become focalized, there is a very high
power density at that focal point.. The focal point is the "knife point."

Whenever they come into contact with laser beams tissues. immediately become
vaporized and incised. The finer the focal point, the higher the power
density on a unit area, the sharper the "knife point" and the greater the
incising power, The cutting depth may be controlled by readjusting the
distributing power of the laser beam instrument, or readjusting the speed of
the knife head. Because there are 100,000 watts of power per square

19



and serve our country's proletarian dictatorship, oppose the
tyranny of the two superpowers, destroy the nuclear monopoly
and nuclear blackmail of their preposterous attempts to claim
world hegemony in the domain of controlled [fusion], support
world revolution, and support the revolutionary struggles of
the peoples of the Third World.

Prior to the achievement of the controlled fusion reaction, the
main task of this work is to verify its "scientific feasibility.”
Although there has been some progress over the last twenty years,
the most prominent research results have been obtained only dur-
ing the past few years, and the pace of progress has greatly ac-
celerated especially since the 1970's. The most pressing re-
search goal at present remains the problem of heating and bind-
ing a high-temperature plasma. Its embodiment in experiments

is the study of [means of] satisfying the necessary conditions
for the controlled fusion reaction. Henceforth, while studying
the heating and binding of high-temperature plasmas, considera-
tion should also be given to corresponding development of the
engineering aspect of research necessary for constructing a fu-
sion pile. Despite China's late start with respect to controlled
fusion research, with the guidance of Chairman Mao's revolution-
ary line, with the leadership of the party, with the superiority
of the socialist system, and with the efforts of the great work-
ers, technicians, and researchers, we shall nevertheless cer-
tainly carry fusion work farther along, just as in the develop-
ment of other enterprises.

II. Principles of Nuclear Fusion

The basic process of nuclear fusion is to cause a fusion reac-
tion by overcoming the Coulomb repulsion between two light atom-
ic nuclei so that they are transformed into a heavier atomic nu-
cleus and a nucleon (which may be either a proton or a neutron
depending on the type of the reaction). The reaction's special
characteristic is that its products possess very high energy;
that is to say, the nuclear fusion reaction is an energy-yield-
ing reaction. The reactions primarily used in nuclear fusion

are:
D+D—>T +P + 4.0 Mev,

D + D—>'He + 2 + 3.25 MeV,
D+ T—> ‘He + 7+ 17.6 MeV,
. D + *He —> ‘He + P + 18,3 MeV,

Because the isotope tritium does not exist in nature, the neu-
trons produced by the D-D reaction above are used to react with
lithium (Li) in order to manufacture tritium:

‘Td + n——> ‘He + T + 4.8 Mev,

Thi + n——> ‘He + T + 2 — 2.47 MeV,

37



CONTENTS (Continued) Page

Use of Lasers in Surgery, Other Medical Fields
Increasing
(ZA KUNG PAO, 1 Apr 77). cecscccecvcccccscecescvcvce 18

Treatment of Carcinoma Being Studied, Improved
(TA KUNG PAO, 6 APY 77) .ceccccccecsccecevcscceseees 21

Medical Instrument Industry Increases Production
(LTA KUNG PAO, 6 APT 77) cecesescccccsccvsceecceceoes 24

Peasant's Blast-Severed Arms Reattached, Restored To Use
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 24 May 77) ..scsccsecsceecescees 26

Fu-shan Sanitation Work Increased
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 25 May 77) ..csececcesseecscecs 28

Gang of Four's Interference in Earthquake Work Cited
(Tai Wien-tau; WU-LI, Feb 77)...sseucececccccccccee 30

Examined
(Wei Tseng-ch'uan; WU-LI, Aug 76)..secseseceecvcves 35

| Principles, Application of Controlled Nuclear Fusion
|
| Composition, Operation of Robots Becoming More
Sophisticated »
"(I Ch'ing; K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN, Mar 77)...sccecseeee 51
Model XB-J-I Laser Communicator
(Ma Shou-ts'en; JINMIN CHUGOKU, May 77)....seeeeeee 58

Metal Detection Techniques Outlined
(Chang K'ai-hsun; K'O-HSUEH SHIN-YEN, No 2,

1977) cecacecccescvcvecccsveccrs 60



GANG OF FOUR'S INTERFERENCE IN EARTHQUAKE WORK CITED
Peking WU-LI [PHystcs ] in Chinese Vol 6 No 1, Feb 77 pp 5-6

[Article by Tai Wien-tsu, Institute of Natural Science History, Chinese
Academy of Sciences: "The Vicious Plot of the 'Gang of Four' To Meddle
in Scientific and Technical Circles"]

[Excerpt] II. Raise an Evil Wave of Criticizing "Emphasis on Theory,"
Organize Encirclement Against Premier Chou's Directive

The acute struggle between the two classes and between the two lines,
unfolded around the problem on the basic theory of natural science, also
shows clearly that the "Gang of Four" pointed the spearhead of their attack
at Premier Chou and Chairman Mao. Their plot was very vicious.

Engels pointed out: "To stand on the highest peak of science, a nation
cannot dispense with theoretical thinking even for a moment." (Engels,
"Natural Dialectics," the People's Press, 1971, p 29) Premier Chou had
always paid great attention to the theoretical study of natural science
according to the basic principle of Marxism-Leninism. In 1970, Premier
Chou followed the spirit of Chairman Mao's "On Practice," and instructed
the Chinese Academy of Sciences to raise high scientific research on the
basis of going broadly and deeply into realities, to undertake some work
of basic research and to raise practice to its due theoretical high level.
Later on, Premier Chou again issued his directives and repeatedly laid
emphasis on this problem.

Moreover, in 1972, according to the spirit of Chairman Mao's directives,
he himself made arrangements for Comrade Chou P'ei-yuan of Peking Univer-
sity to advocate the theoretical work of natural science. All the scien-
tific and technical workers were elated and inspired by this series of
brilliant directives from Premier Chou, and formed their determination to
carry them out. However, the "Gang of Four" took Premier Chou's instruc- -
tions as thorns in flesh and were extremely annoyed. They not only refus-
ed to carry out these instructions but frantically organized encirclement
and suppression. After Comrade Chou P'ei-yuan, acting in the spirit of
Chairman Mao and Premier Chou's directives, had written an article for

30



ships. With the improvement of the navigational route construction,
the navigation and transport enterprise of the river has greatly de-
veloped. All counties along the river have their own shipyards,
building not only large wooden boats, but also 200-horsepower iron
shell tugs, 120-ton iron shell barges, reenforced concrete boats,
passenger ships, dredge boats, communication boats, and navigational
signal boats. The passenger and freight shipping volume on the river
has grown yearly. The freight shipping volume of 1976 was equal to
over 220 times that of 1949, the beginning of liberation, effectively
promoting the development of industrial and agricultural production
along the shores of the river. [Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese
14 May 77 pp 10-11] 6080

cso: 4006

16



Premier Chou Gave Instructions To Conquer Carcinoma; Tumor Speciality Hospitals
Established in Provinces

Since 1963, in our nation the carcinoma death rate has also become the number
one cause of death ‘among diseases, high above severe infectious diseases such
as cholera, smallpox, plague, schistosomiasis, etc. Therefore in 1969, our
beloved Premier Chou gave medical personnel in this field many instructions
to conquer carcinoma. Following his instructions, the provinces throughout
the nation established tumor speciality hospitals, areas started tumor knowl-
edge study classes one after another, trained large numbers of barefoot
doctors, and propagated knowledge concerning tumors to the great masses of
workers, farmers and soldiers, thus moving the focal point to the farms. In
some areas, the main efforts of research were carried out in prevention and
treatment in high incidence areas, making general surveys and early diagnosis,
to accomplish early detection and early treatment with improved effectiveness.
Before the Cultural Revolution, because doctors were sitting in the hospitals
waiting for patients to come in for treatment, 80 percent of the patients
were in the late and incurable stage when carcinoma was discovered, and early
diagnosis was carried out in only 20 percent of the patients. But now there
has been a great change, Doctors periodically carry out general surveys in
the farms, and those rapidly increasing barefoot doctors have especially
greatly changed the conditions. Thus 80 percent of the patients now are
diagnosed early and only 20 percent are late cases, This has greatly im-
proved the cure rate. For example, in a cotton mill in Shanghai with 540,000
women workers, a general survey has been carried out every year since 1958,
and the incidence of cervical carcinoma has dropped fourfold; in Canton the
incidence has also dropped 90 percent compared with 10 years ago.

Attack Three Keypoints;: Grasp Three Earlies, Lower Two Rates; At Present
Develop Early Treatment

To successfully attack the difficult barrier of carcinoma, the tumor
hospitals all over the nation at present are actively taking part in work

to attack three keypoints, grasp three earlies and lower two rates. Attack
three keypoints means finding the etiology of carcinoma, early diagnosis and
finding radical treatment methods; grasp three earlies means early detection,
early diagnosis and early treatment; lower two rates means lower the incidence
and lower the death rate,

Under the persistent research and experimentation of the great masses of
medical personnel, some success has been achieved. Especially in early de-
tection and early diagnosis, there is marked improvement, and at present the
personnel are working on early treatment. According to them, patients suf-
fering from carcinoma generally are weak physically, using radiotherapy and
new drugs as practiced at present. may severely affect one's health, and new
drugs frequently cause other symptoms because of side effects.

To solve these problems, in 1970 doctors from the Canton Tumor Hospital and
personnel from pharmaceutical factories went into the farms looking for

22



USE OF LASERS IN SURGERY, OTHER MEDICAL FIELDS INCREASING
Hong Kong TA KUNG PAO in Chinese 1 Apr 77 p 7

[Article by the Laser Section, Shanghai Second Medical School: "The Use of
Lasers in Medicine]

[Text] The use of lasers is a new technique developed in the early sixties.
Under the guidance of Chairman Mao's principle of "maintaining independence
and keeping the initiative in our own hands and relying on our own efforts,"
laser technology in China has also attained rapid development, many new laser
instruments have been incessantly studied and successfully produced, and a
new appearance in the field of laser technology research has appeared. Re-
garding its use in medicine, a new phase has also been opened.

In discussing the use of lasers in medicine, people are more familiar with
the use of the laser scalpel in surgical operations.

What is the difference between a laser scalpel and a metal scalpel or a high
frequency electric scalpel?

We know that when the skin or muscles are incised or part of an organ is
excised in surgical operations, the first problem encountered is bleeding.
Especially in organs which have.a rich blood supply bleeding during an opera-
tion may be profuse, A metal scalpel can only cut; it cannot stop the bleed-
ing. By using a high frequency electric scalpel to perform surgery, not only
can the skin and muscles be cut and tumors be excised, but also there are
comparatively good hemostatic properties. Therefore blood loss will be
comparatively less when the electric scalpel is used. It is possible to find
a scalpel that is even more effective than high frequency electric scalpels
regarding hemostasis? The discovery of lasers made this idea practical.

To verify the hemostatic properties of the laser scalpel, we performed the
following experiment on seven healthy dogs: On both the right and left side
of the thoracic wall of the same dog a horse-shoe shaped skin flap was mapped
out; the length of the incision was 30 cm. The skin flap was elevated and
everted and then sutured back. A carbon dioxide laser scalpel was used on

18



PEOPLE'S DAILY, "My View on Revolution in Scientific Education of Comprehen-
sive Universities," Yao Wen-yuan, the scholar-villain, appropriated the
power he had usurped to control tools of public opinion, would not let
PEOPLE'S DAILY publish it, transmitted it to KUANG-MING DAILY and appointed
somebody to take it to Shanghai on the pretext of seeking comments but
actually for writing articles to attack Premier Chou. After Comrade Chou
P'ei-yuan's article was published, Chang Ch'un-ch'iao, the wicked schemer,
clamored madly: "Chou P'ei-yuan has supporters backstage. No matter how
big and how powerful is his supporter, we shall still criticize him!" The
spearhead was pointed directly at Premier Chou. Not long afterwards, WEN
HUL PAI of Shanghai, then under the "Gang of Four's" control, put out scores
of articles forming an encirclement of attack, turning things upside down,
confusing right and wrong, babbling that "mentioning at present the emphasis
on basic theory means isolating theory from reality" and "just as Liu Shao-
ch'i-did, trying to take the road of turning back," using extremely mali-
cious language, making an all-out attack and framing all sorts of charges.
The "Gang of Four" as evil-doers sabotaging both practice and theory schemed
singlehandedly for this counterrevolutionary encirclement and suppression,
with the aim of not only undermining socialist scientific and technical
work but of opposing Premier Chou and Chairman Mao. Such a despicable and
malicious performance could only be staged by this counterrevolutionary
black gang with deep hatred against the party and against the people.

IIL. Sabotage Seismological Forecasting and Anti-Quake Relief Work,
Commit Towering Crimes Against People

The "Gang of Four" carried out activities of interference and sabotage
everywhere to usurp party and state power in China's scientific and. techni-
cal circles, and brought about very great confusion ideologically, politi-
cally, organizationally and professionally. Scientific and technical work
suffered very great damage and loss. The consequences are very serious.
The failure of forecasting the T'ang-shan earthquake has caused histori-
cally rare damage and loss to people's lives and property and, moreover,
become our complaint of blood and tears against the "Gang of Four" for
their towering crimes.

Peking, Tientsin, T'ang-shan, Po-hai and Chang-chia-k'ou areas are key
observation areas which the Party Central Committee has time and again
laid emphasis on. As early as in 1966 after the Hopei earthquake, Premier
Chou at once gave instruction to pay close attention to the trend of quakes
in Peking and Tientsin areas. After the Hai-ch'eng earthquake in 1975,
Comrade Hua Kuo-feng also gave instructions more than once that all earth-
quakes of magnitude 5 and higher in Peking and Tientsin areas should be
forecast 24 hours in advance. Suggestions have long been made for making
periodical and long-term forecasts in these areas. Year before last it
was being said that within 2 years some destructive earthquakes of and
above grade 5 might possibly occur in Peking, Tientsin, T'ang-shan and
Chang-chia-k'ou areas. Last January, at the National Conference on the
Trends of Earthquakes, the region including areas around Peking, Tientsin,
T'ang-shan, Pohai and Chang-chia-k'ou was listed as one of the four

31



INDUSTRY OF KWANGTUNG'S CHAO-CH'ING CITY DEVELOPS
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 19 Mar 77 p 2

[Article: "Kwangtung's Chao-ch'ing City Built Over 140 New Indus-
trial Enterprises in the Past 10 Years"]

[Text] Since the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Chao-ch'ing
city, Kwangtung province, has built over 140 industrial enterprises
of various fields. Currently, Chao-ch'ing, with 225 plants and
mines, has become one of Kwangtung's new industrial cities.

Chao-ch'ing now has iron and steel, machine, instruments and meters,
electronics, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Besides producing
general farm machinery, chemical industrial products, people's dai-
ly need articles, and relatively precision machine tools, instruments
and meters, and electtical machines, totaling over 1,000 products,
the city also manufactures entire sets of equipment to equip small
farm machinery, chemical fertilizer, insecticide, and iron and steel
enterprises and small hydroelectric stations suitable for the local
area.

The city's machine manufacturing is one of the industries which have
developed comparatively rapidly. It now has over 20 machine plants,
mass producing machine tools such as drills, milling machines, lathes,
planes, general purpose grinders, and precision crank shaft grinders,
entire sets of precision instruments and meters and serial electrical
machines, and machine equipment and parts for chemical industry, farm
machinery, metallurgy, shipbuilding, hoisting, motive power, and me-
tal cutting and processing, totalling over 100 products. The output
value of its machine industry last year increased 7 percent, equal to
6.5 times that of 1965. This year, the staff and workers of the ma-
chine industry have doubled their energy. The output of the 2 pre-
vious months increased 21.4 percent compared to that of the same pe-
riod last year, constituting 75 percent of the plan for the first
quarter and realizing a propitious start for the new year.

6080

cso: 4006 B



For instance, to grasp glass or porcelain objects with its hands, the

“robot" must use the right amount of force. Otherwise, it will either
damage or drop the articles. But how can the grasp force be controlled?

The "robot" hands must be equipped with touch sensory organs to feel the
objects. One clever design for this purpose is the sliding pick-up sensor
which is installed in the hand. In grasping objects, if the sensor slides,

a signal is transmitted to the control system which orders the hand to use
more force. If the sliding continues, the grasp force increases. This

way, the grasp force is enhanced to the required level through the continuous
flow of signals from the sliding pick-up sensor. There are all sorts of "robot"
sensors today: the spring type, variable plate resistor type, variable carbon
grain resistor type, voltage component type and micro switch set type.

To recognize objects or diagrams, the "robot" must have "visual sense organs."
The current type of "robot eyes" are mostly TV cameras. The camera eye view
is divided into many tiny units called image dots. Through continuous
scanning, the brightness signal of each dot is passed on to the electronic
computer which judges and decides which action to take appropriate to the
specific work requirements.

The hearing type of "robot" can pick up human voice signals, which simplifies
communication between man and machine. Microphones can serve the purpose

of the "robot's" ears. The sense of smell can help the "robot" determine
the presence of any dangerous gases in special working environments, thus
ensuring safety. The "nose" of the "robot" can be made out of all sorts

of gas analysis instruments.

At present, the "robot's" various sensory organs are still very much in the

experimental stage. With the wider application of "robots," the sensory
organs will be further developed.

9119
CsO: 8111/1476

. 57



Premier Chou paid special close attention to the central station's broad-
casting programs for Taiwan. He personally examined and approved the
policy of our broadcasting to Taiwan, and processed the letters received
from the audience. In 1972, Premier Chou instructed us to add weather
forecasting to the Taiwan program for the convenience of the Taiwanese
fishermen. He even checked the script about a strong typhoon (grade 7)
forecast in that year, and added a line at the end, which read, "Good
night, fellow citizens."

Under the close care of the great leaders Chairman Mao and Premier Chou,
Radio Peking's broadcasting beamed abroad developed rapidly. At the
present time, Radio Peking has programs beamed to all places in the world
in 39 languages. The respected and beloved Premier Chou was also concerned
with Radio Peking. Whenever he had foreign visitors, he always asked them
their opinion, suggestions, and demands on the programs of Radio Peking.
He gave many important directions to the radio. While commemorating the
anniversary of Premier Chou's death, we restudied his directions concern-
ing the broadcasting bureau, his comments and directions on reports, and
scripts personally edited by him. We reviewed his sincere teachings to

us broadcasting fighters. This has deepened our memory of him. Premier
Chou made himself a brilliant model in the propaganda work of the party.

Premier Chou unreservedly and ardently loved Chairman Mao. He always
directed us to give first priority to propagandizing Chairman Mao. During
the convention of the Ninth Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China, Premier Chou instructed the TV cameramen, "Don't take too many
shots of me, one or two will be enough. Focus your camera on Chairman
Mao and the crowd." What an unostentatious work style and a noble mind!
He was most concerned with Chairman Mao's health. Every time Chairman
Mao had foreign dignitaries visit him he had to expose himself to the
strong light to take pictures or movies, or TV videotapes. Premier Chou
feared that the strong light and the long shooting sessions might have an
adverse effect on Chairman Mao's health. So he directed the cameramen to
improve their lighting facilities. Under the premier's directions, the
concerned technology and research personnel, after repeated experiments,
finally invented a type of lighting facility that shone brightly but had
no adverse effect on one's health. He also directed the TV cameramen to
drill in their basic skills--be both Red and expert, to take the shots

of Chairman Mao in the shortest period of time. His sincere affection
and close concern for the great leader Chairman Mao are always a good
pattern for us to follow. Before he was hospitalized, Premier Chou still
personally checked the TV video tapes on Chairman Mao's receptions for
foreign guests. He was very serious about it and gave a lot of important
instructions. Sometimes, he waited before the films were ready for him to
check. After he was hospitalized, the "Gang of Four" took over the film
inspection work. Chiang Ching, the paranoid "empress," had no feeling
for Chairman Mao. When the TV video tapes on Chairman Mao's receptions
for foreign guests were delivered to her, she was either playing poker or
taking a stroll. She never checked the video tapes in time no matter how



FU-SHAN SANITATION WORK INCREASED
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 25 May 77 p 2
[Article: "Sanitation Work in Kwangtung Province, Fu-shan]

[Text] Chinese News Service, Canton, 24 May 77--The national urban sanita-
tion work model unit--Kwangtung Province Furshan city--for many years per-
sisted in developing the patriotic sanitation movement and has become better
and better in its urban sanitation work,

Before liberation there were 'five many' in Fu-shan city, that is: many

dirt water ditches, many piles of garbage and broken tiles, many mosquitoes
and flies, many infectious diseases, and many religious rituals. After liber-
ation, people of the whole city became enthusiastic with the great call of
Chairman Mao "Mobilize the people, study sanitation, eliminate diseases and
raise the health standard." Every year several forceful patriotic sanita-
tion movements were carried out, more than 86,000 meters of sewage lines were
fixed and repaired, forming a sewage system in the whole city; the longest
ditch 8,000 meters long was dredged clear; a large swamp area north of the
city was filled in, anda beautiful scenic artificial lake of more than 10,000
square meters was built. The backward sanitary appearance of the whole city
was basically changed.

In 1960 the city was judged a national urban sanitary work model unit, and
received the praises of our great leader Chairman Mao. Our beloved Premier
Chou personally suggested holding the national urban sanitary work conference
at this place, and enthusiastically encouraged the people of Fu~shan to "“main-
tain its glory.‘ This gave the people of Fu-shan great encouragement and
education. Since the Cultural Revolution, Fu-shan city has further broadly
and deeply carried out patriotic sanitation movements, coordinating with

the requirements of socialist construction. Every year the people of the
city have improved the city's appearance, fixed the sewage system, widened
streets and roads, and so on, In the whole city, all the over 1,300 streets
and small lanes have been completely repaired, New accomplishments in the
sanitary field have been incessantly obtained. Now the number of households

28



of more turns, the operation of the detector is more stable, and the
sensitivity is higher.

sex revent (1)

AGE (2)

Figure 3. Diagram of Inspecting for Metal Mixed in Materials

Key:
1. Material on conveyer belt 6. Potentiometer
2, Mixed-in piece of metal 7. Amplifier
3. Detection coil 8. Indicator
4, Fixed inductance 9. Relay
5. Power supply 10. Alarm

Searching for Small Metal Objects Buried in the Ground

When archeological workers carry out excavations, they hope to know
beforehand what is underground. Ultrasonic waves attenuate very fast
when propagating in air or soil, and X-rays are difficult to take photo-
graphs in perspective. Neither are of any help, but using metal detec-
tors can solve some of the problems. Buried objects are often very
small, deep, and scattered, such as metal utensils or ancient coins.
They require a high sensitivity and resolving power in the detector.
Improving the detection methods and selecting the proper electronic
circuits can raise the level of detection.

We know that if a high-gain amplifier (gain is the amplification capabil-
ity of an amplifier) has a little positive feedback from the output end
to the input end, it easily becomes a self-exciting oscillator. If a
coil is attached to the output end of a high-gain amplifier, it forms a
resonance circuit with the capacity. If another coil is attached to the
input end and if the two coils are a certain distance apart and perpen-
dicular to each other, the magnetic flux produced by the output coil
cannot penetrate the input coil, that is, there is no induction coupling
between them and the amplifier has no positive feedback. If there is

a metal object under them, the eddy current of the metal causes a slight
change in the distribution of the magnetic lines of force, some of the
magnetic lines of force penetrate the input coil, inducing a positive
feedback in the amplifier, and the circuit immediately begins to vibrate,
emitting a high-frequency signal.

64



shook severely and the people worked harder, Not only was there no reduction
of production because of the earthquake, but production was increased 16.5
percent over 1975.

In the past few years, the great masses of staff members of the medical in-
strument industry front conscientiously carried out the great instructions of
Chairman Mao concerning "in medical health care work put the stress on the
countryside," increased the production of medical instruments that are used
in the prevention and treatment. of common and high.incidence diseases, on a
large scale increased’ production of products that are needed in the farms,
and contributed to the improvement of medical health conditions there. Since
1972, under the principle of first supplying minority tribe areas, severely
cold areas, cattle breeding areas and old revolutionary base areas, the health
centers of farm communes have been supplied with equipment in batches and
groups. At present, over 60 percent of the health centers in farm communes
all over the nation have been equipped in different degrees; county hospitals,
county infectious disease prevention stations and women and children's health
stations have received new and necessary replacements of medical equipment.
The supply of instruments necessary for birth control in'cities and the farms
is basically sufficient, In producing large quantities of medical instruments
for common use, the great masses of staff members at the same time have also
striven to study and produce new instruments for the diagnosis and treatment
of common and high incidence diseases, They have used modern scientific
techniques such as electrons, nuclear power ultrasound waves, hypothermia,
laser beams, infrared rays, and fiber beams, making a good start. Over 200
kinds of new products have been successfully produced in the past few years,
and some of them have attained or approached advanced world standards.

8774
cso: 4008

25



and people in the border area led a very hard life. The difficulties,
both material and technical, in setting up a broadcasting station were
unimaginable. But all the comrades were fully confident that, with the
spirit of fighting amid difficulties and self-reliance taught by Chairman
Mao and the leadership personally provided by Vice Chairman Chou, the
construction of the radio station would be accomplished despite all the
difficulties. Vice Chairman Chou, after overcoming difficulties, brought
back a broadcasting transmitter from abroad. But when it was shipped to
Yenan, many parts had been damaged due to rough traveling. With our ow
hands, we persistently fixed and installed it. But we still needed a
generator. After repeated experiments, we solved the power problem by
burning charcoal to propel an automobile engine. Thus, under the leader-
ship of Vice Chairman Chou, we established our people's first broadcasting
station in a cave at Yenan--the Yenan New China Broadcasting Station. This
was a miracle in the world history of broadcasting. The Yenan station
tried its first broadcast in the winter of 1940. On 5 September 1945, the
Yenan station began its formal broadcast amid the song of victory of the
War of Resistance against Japan. The red radio waves, breaking through
the high sky, transmitted the sound of Mao Tsetung Thought to areas con-
trolled by the Kuomintang, and to all over the country.

In November 1940, after coming back to Yenan from Nanking, Vice Chairman
Chou immediately held a meeting to study the problem of battle readiness
and evacuation of the Yenan station. At that time, Chiang Kai-shek's "full-
scale attack" against the liberated areas suffered disastrous defeats, and
he was about to switch to "attacks against key sectors." Vice Chairman
Chou directed us that under this situation of war, broadcasts should not

be interrupted and the voice of Chairman Mao and the Party Central Commit-
tee should be sent to every place in a timely manner. This meeting, under
the direction of Vice Chairman Chou, made complete arrangements to assure
uninterrupted broadcasting work during the time when the Kuomintang launched
unceasing attacks on Yenan.

In mid-March of 1947, the evening before the Party Central Committee with-
drew from Yenan, Vice Chairman Chou sent an important news script to the
radio station. The newscaster, with full confidence in victory, made his
last broadcast at Yenan. The station then moved to a temple of the God of
Earth in a rugged valley at Wa-Yao-Pao and continued its broadcast.

This temple was the simplest radio station in the history of our people's
broadcasting. The studio was only 4 square meters. The microphone was set
on a table which originally was used to place sacrificial offerings. Right
in this small temple we broadcast the exciting news of victory from the
battle fields in northern Shensi and all over the country. In the after—
noon of 25 March, Vice Chairman Chou was suddenly in front of us. He care-
fully inspected the machine room and sincerely encouraged us to do our work
well. He particularly warned us to insure uninterrupted broadcasting. At
dusk, after Vice Chairman Chou had left, Commander-in-Chief Chu also came
to visit the broadcasting fighters. He quiétly entered the studio, standing



POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL

HISTORY, PROPAGANDA WORK OF BROADCASTING ENTERPRISE OUTLINED
Peking WU-HSIEN-TIEN [RADIO] in Chinese No 1, 1977 pp 3-7

[Article by the Ideological Group, Bureau of the Central Broadcasting Enter-
y
prise: "The Red Radio Waves Send Deep Sentiments 10,000 Li"]

[Excerpts] While commemorating the anniversary of the death of Premier
Chou En-lai, the great proletarian revolutionary and outstanding communist
fighter, we broadcasting and television workers tearfully and emotionally
gazed at the portrait of the late premier, held in both hands the inscrip-
tions that Premier Chou had dedicated to the people's broadcasting enter-
prise, and remembered his sincere instruction to the broadcasting fighters.

On 15 November 1965, in commemorating the 20th anniversary of the founding
of our people's broadcasting enterprise, Premier Chou wrote with his own
hand, "Raise high the red flag of Chairman Mao's thought. Develop the
revolutionary spirit of struggling hard amid difficulties and self-reliance,
and strive for the development of the people's broadcasting enterprise."
These 38 powerful characters fully showed his deep concern for the people's
broadcasting enterprise and sincere expectations of broadcasting and tele-
vision workers, and gave us invaluable instruction and great encouragement.
Today, when reviewing Premier Chou's inscription, we seem to have gone back
to the fighting years. The anecdotes of Premier Chou's sincere concern for
the broadcasting workers clearly reappeared before our eyes one by one....

Our people's broadcasting enterprise was founded and developed under the
leadership and personal care of our great leader Chairman Mao and beloved
Premier Chou. Early in the hard times of the War of Resistance against
Japan, Chairman Mao directed that the people's own broadcasting station be
established in order to break the news blockade by the Kuomintang so that
the army and the people throughout the country could directly hear the
voice from Yenan. In 1940, following Chairman Mao's instructions, the
Party Central Committee set up a broadcasting committee to assume the
leadership of preparation work for broadcasting station construction. The
chairman of the committee was the then Vice Chairman Chou En-lai.

At that time, due to the military encirclement and economic blockade by
the Japanese invaders and the Kuomintang reactionaries, the military men

1



BRIEFS

KWANGSI'S FIRST TELECOMMUNICATIONS BUILDING--The combined telecommunications
building in Kwangsi's Kuei-lin city was completed on 16 January this year.
The results of its operation indicate that all types of equipment and
installations are up to the technical demands. The construction of this
combined telecommunications building started in the spring of 1976, covering
an area close to 8,000 square meters. The main building consists of five
stories and the microwave tower eight stories. Located in the center of
Kuei-lin city, it is grand and imposing, equipped with airconditioning,
ventilation, and elevators. All the communications equipment contained in
the building, with many kinds of communication means and functions, are
domestically produced. Besides general telegram and telephone business,

it also handles telephoto and microwave communication. [Hong Kong
CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 10 Mar 77 p 3] 6080

TIENTSIN MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY--Before liberation, Tientsin basically had

no machine tool industry. After liberation, under the leadership of
Chairman Mao and the Communist Party, its machine industry has flourished.
Currently, the city has completed several dozen special machine tool plants
and their corresponding assembling plants, supplying the state with many
products, from small instrument and meter to large rolling and pressing
machine tools, from all-purpose milling machines to lung-men milling machines,
from ordinary and tool grinders to large guideway and high precision optical
contour grinders, from electrolysis machine tools to entire sets of numerical
control machines, casting and rolling equipment, measuring and cutting tools,
and machine tools and optical instruments. The varieties and specifications
of machine tools number over 200 and measuring and cutting tools and instru-
ments up to 1,000. Since the Great Cultural Revolution, the broad workers,
cadres, and technical personnel of Tientsin's machine tool industry have
successively trial manufactured and plunged into production a group of
products of an advanced level, such as boring machines, large electrolysis
machine tools, high precision plane grinders, threaded grinders, 1,000-ton
cold extraction machines, and numerical control line cutting machine tools.
[Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 5 May 77 pp 6-7] 6080

4



comrades of the broadcasting bureau and asked them in detail about the
conditions of local broadcasting set ups such as county broadcasting sta-
tions, commune amplifiers, and the distribution of loudspeakers. Premier
Chou directed that the content of local station programs relayed from the
central station such as news, science, literature and arts should be well
studied so as to meet the needs of the villages. Since the local stations
were set up for the villages, the function was even greater. Revolutionary
songs broadcast to the villages should be popular and easy to learn, such
as "Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman." The village could thus
learn to sing. Since the audience for the records and TV programs was the
villages, the content should be studied and suitable for them. In 1966,

at the National Conference on Broadcasting Work, Premier Chou reiterated
that broadcasting propaganda should be programmed for the villages. He
said, "As soon as we are born, the first things we need are food and cloth-
ing. The materials and resources of food and clothing all come from the
villages. For these 600:million peasants, we should educate them, support
them, and encourage them." Premier Chou also directed that the village
broadcasting network should be aggressively developed, rediffusing broad-
casting should be linked with radio broadcasting, and a national broadcast-
ing network should be established within 15 years. Today, the national
broadcasting network that Chairman Mao had personally planned and Premier
Chou had cherished so much has been established ahead of schedule. Nation-
wide broadcasting has reached 93.1 percent of the production brigades and
87.6 percent of production teams. The number of loudspeakers has reached
109,380,000. The target set by the National Program for Agricultural Devel-
opment has been reached. Our country is a multi-nationality country. In
order to propagandize Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought to the minorities,
the Central Broadcasting Station began broadcasting to the minorities in
1950. But in 1960, the traitor and stooge Liu Shao-chi, taking advantage
of the temporary difficulties of the national economy, started a gust of
evil wind. The former Central Propaganda Bureau, following Liu Shao-chi's
footsteps, broke up the broadcasting of the Central Broadcasting Station

to the minorities without the knowledge of Chairman Mao and Premier Chou.
In 1962, at a meeting on tiational work, Premier Chou learned about this
matter and seriously criticized it saying, "Why was the national broadcast-
ing stopped? Why wasn't I informed? Our country is so big, the area is
so Yast with so many nationalities, what can the Central Broadcasting Sta-
tion do without a national broadcasting program?" Under Premier Chou's
direction, the Central Station immediately started to resume its broadcast-
ing to the minorities. In 1965, when the Tibet Autonomous Region was estab-
lished, Premier Chou especially directed that transistor radios suitable
for plateau areas be disseminated to each district and village. After that,
Premier Chou many times inquired of the Central Broadcasting Station about
the problems of national broadcasting. In 1971, under the close care of
Premier Chou, the national broadcasting of the Central Station was finally
resumed. The broad masses of Mongolian, Tibetan, Uighur, Kazakh, and
Korean nationalities informed each other of the good news. Their eyes
were filled with tears of joy.



millimeter at the incision point with the laser scalpel, therefore the tempera-
ture around the incision is high. When the tissues are incised, the incised
edges are affected by the high temperature causing coagulation and closing

of severed small blood vessels, thus creating the property of hemostasis at
the time of incision.

Laser beams focused at a point may be used as a laser scalpel, but not all
laser beams can be used as a laser scalpel. There must be continuous or high
frequency high-power laser beams, At present high-power carbon dioxide lasers
and yttrium-aluminum lasers are used as scalpels,

The above is a brief introduction to the use of the laser scalpel in surgical
operations, But it is only one aspect of using lasers in medicine; it is
not a complete picture of lasers in medicine, From a practical standpoint,
the human eyeball is equivalent to a good set of optic equipment, and it is
suitable for laser beam examination and treatment. Therefore the laser was
first used in ophthalmology. At present it is used routinely for the treat-
ment of certain eye diseases, treatment which is’ carried out for more than
20 diseases.

In recent years, the scope of laser use in medicine is gradually expanding.
At present the: Lasers used for clinical treatment and diagnosis include the
red ruby laser, neodynium-doped glass laser, yttrium-aluminum laser, carbon
dioxide laser, argon laser, helium neon laser, nitrogen laser and helium-
cadmium laser. Treatment methods include the simple laser scalpel first used,
and developed to vaporization, cauterization, and radiation methods. At pres-
ent the laser is used clinically in surgery, oralogy, dermatology, neuro-
surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and gynecology. It is used in the
treatment of 86 kinds of diseases in these different departments. Among
these diseases are life threatening tumors, difficult to remove hemangiomata,
high incidence of cervicitis in women, lower limb ulcers that have caused the
patients to suffer for many years, itching idseases that are resistant to
medication, and various wart-like growths. The immediate treatment effects
of lasers in these diseases are satisfactory.

The use of lasers is a new technique and it has been applied in medicine for
only a short time. The number of diseases and the number of patients treated
have been comparatively few, and the instruments used are still bulky. Es-
pecially in attempting to accurately and conveniently focus the laser beam
emitted from the laser machine to the’ lesion requiring excision or treatment
there remain at present very difficult problems. Due to the discovery of
light fiber in recent years, the use of a flexible optic system may soon be
developed.

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20



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PRINGFIELD, VA. 22

U.S. DEPARTMEN

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SEI

REPRODUCED BY

Reproduced From
Best Available Copy

Distribution Unlimited

Approved for Public Release
JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A

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Figure 2. Diagram of Open-end Magnetic Mirror

Key:
1. plasma 3. lines of magnetic force
2. coil current +

a field shape which is weakest in the middle and which increases
in strength in all directions. Because of the energy relation-
ship, the plasma which is captured at the bottom of the magnetic
well cannot move en masse in any direction. This type of con~
figuration causes the binding time to be increased over the o-
riginal [time] by two orders of magnitude. On the basis of mag-
netic well structure, various types of flexible and variable
magnetic field configurations are now being studied: positive-
negative coils, baseball coils, quadri-, hexa-, and octapolar
fields, disc magnetic mirrors, slit convergence, and so on.

J \
2EER semmpe f4aonm

Figure 3. Diagram of Closed~type
(Ring-shaped) Bound Plasma

Key:
1. axial current of plasma 3. formation of lines of
2. magnetic field coil cur= =: magnetic force
rent 4. metal ring

Another kind of magnetic field is formed when an electric cur-
rent flows through a closed toroidal helical coil (Figure 3).

43



conversation with the broadcasting fighters. When he came to the broad-
casting studio of the Central People's Broadcasting Station, two news-
casters were in the midst of broadcasting the program of "Unified Broad-
cast." He waited outside and listened to their broadcasting. After the
program, he sincerely shook hands with them and thoughtfully said, "The
construction of the broadcasting building is completed. The working con-
ditions are much better than that of the Yenan cave. Be sure to carry out
your work with the Yenan spirit."

Through all the testing, Premier Chou was Chairman Mao's close comrade-in-
arms. He resolutely carried out and valiantly defended Chairman Mao's
proletarian revolutionary line. After the start of the Cultural Revolu-
tion, the bourgeois careerist and conspirator Chiang Ch'ing shouted
frenziedly, "We should take control of the broadcasting station which is

a very important unit." Her intention to eject Premier Chou and usurp

the leadership of the broadcasting bureau was undisguised. Chang Chun—
chiao, Chiang Ch'ing, Yao Wen-yuan and their cohort Chen Po-ta many times
sneaked to the broadcasting bureau to instigate struggles among the masses.
At a meeting held on 28 October 1966, Premier Chou clearly pointed out that
the New China News Agency, broadcasting stations, television stations, and
news publishers were the tools of the proletariat. People outside should
not disturb their work so as not to interfere with the broadcast of Chair-
man Mao's voice. The "Gang of Four" openly violated Premier Chou's direc-
tion and made trouble for the broadcasting bureau. They incited the be—
guiled students to attack the broadcasting station. They even approved
stationing them at the broadcasting station.

After the usurpation of the propaganda leadership, the "Gang of Four" took
advantage of using propaganda tools of radio and television to cook up
counterrevolutionary opinion. They ferociously opposed Chairman Mao,
Premier Chou, and Chairman Hua. They developed their own political capital.
They opposed the brilliant inscription that Chairman Mao had written for

the people's broadcasting enterprise. They changed the proletarian polit-
ical direction of broadcasting and television. They attempted to use broad-
casting and television as toéls to cook up public opinion in order to usurp
the party and the state power. They committed a monstrous crime.

On 8 January of last year, the respected and beloved Premier Chou died.
When the broadcasting fighters heard the bad news, their hearts were broken
and their eyes were filled with tears. Before the first line of the obit-
uary notice was finished, the newscaster's voice was already broken. He
mustered all his efforts to suppress his grief and continued his recording
in order to broadcast this tragic news to the nation and the world. After
the obituary notice was broadcast, our newscaster could no longer bear the
grief. With tears in their eyes, the broadcasting fighters silently adorned
themselves with black veils and white flowers, and picked up some pine
branches. They prepared to hold a service in the memory of our respected
and beloved Premier Chou.... But under Yao Wen-yuan's direct control, we
were not allowed to carry on our memorial service. The broadcasting fight-
ers silently suppressed their memory for the premier.



urgent the tapes were. Worse still, she would make sarcastic remarks,
"This is old stuff anyway." Compared with Premier Chou's sincere affec-
tion for Chairman Mao, how mean, ugly, reactionary Chiang Ching, the
careerist, was!

Premier Chou seriously examined official documents, reports, and broadcast
scripts. Not only did he guard the political path for us, he also corrected
our errors in character use, or punctuation marks. In the early morning of
13 April 1971, after examining a sports news draft, he wrote this comment,
"The explanation is too wordy--you don't need that many adjectives. I have
already made corrections." From this comment, one could see how much trouble
Premier Chou had taken to revise this broadcast script.

Premier Chou personally deployed all the important propaganda warfare. In
the early 60's, Chairman Mao personally initiated a great struggle to criti-
cize modern revisionism which took the Soviet revisionist renegade clique
as its center. Under the leadership of the party Central Committee headed
by Chairman Mao, the Central People's Broadcasting Station and Radio Peking
broadcast a series of anti-revisionism manifestoes. This greatly encouraged
the fighting spirit of the people throughout the country and worldwide
Marxist-Leninist parties, organizations, and revolutionary people. The
manifestoes also gave a fatal blow to the Soviet revisionist renegade clique.
In the spring of 1963, Premier Chou and other Central leading comrades gave
a reception at the Great Hall of the People for some 200 representatives

of newscasters, editors, translators, and engineers from our bureau. He
encouraged us to keep up with the good work and broadcast well the anti-
revisionism articles.

On 29 August 1973, prior to the publication of the Party's 10 major news
items, the Premier summoned two newscasters from the central station and
explained to them the political significance of this press communique. He
also explained the articulation of each paragraph, the speed of the name
list, and how to pause, etc. He even designated the broadcasting time for
this press communique.

In 1956, the Broadcasting Enterprise had a plan to build a broadcasting
building in the capital. Premier Chou was very much concerned. He sent
Comrade Chen I to the Broadcasting Bureau to check the construction model.
He said he would come when he had the time. Afterwards we sent the build-
ing model to him. He checked the model seriously and meticulously; he ap=
proved all the necessary construction and disapproved the unpractical or
unnecessary parts. Premier Chou resolutely carried out Chairman Mao's in-
struction of managing everything through diligence and frugality. This
spirit gave us an unforgettable impression.

In 1959, after the completion of the construction, Premier Chou made an
overall inspection. From the control room to the music hall, from the
recording studio to the rehearsal studio; while he was checking the con-
struction quality and quantity, he simultaneously carried on a sincere



The matrix switch board is criss-crossed with conductors vertically and
horizontally. The conductors cross each other in space but are not connected
to each other at those cross points which do not have plugs, All horizontal
rows are connected to the execution relays of the various movement axis of
the body, arms and hands. The vertical columns form operational steps 1,

2, 3, 4, ..., and are electrified in step order. To start a series of move-
ments, the conductors are plugged together at selected cross-points in the
order of operational instructions (i.e., the order of plugging). By
changing the order of plugging, we can change the "robot's" program, which
is an effective way of control.

The principle of the convex wheel drum system is similar to that of the
matrix switch board. Each rotary drum has a number of convex wheels,

and each wheel is connected to a motion. axis. The drum spins at a con-
stant speed, while the wheels initiate the various motion axes in the
order of operation procedures. Upon completion of a circle, the drum com-
pletes an operational cycle. The operation procedure is changed by adjust-
ing the shape and angle of each convex wheel on the drum. !
To perform such tasks as welding and jet-painting, a constant control over
the movement path is maintained. For this purpose, a unique kind of "robot"
that can be programmed through "demonstration" is employed: first man
teaches the "robot" all the movements by demonstrating with hand or control
rod. The "robot" memorizes each and every instruction in the right order
and stores them in its magnetic tape or magnetic drum. Afterwards, it can
reproduce the same movements (see Figure 4).

Figure 4
Key:
1. Hand 8. Repeat (repro-
2. Arm duce)
3. Hydraulic pressure 9. Output
cylinder ~ 10. Input
4. Servo valve . 11. Magnetic drum
au reas 5. Hydraulic pressiire 12. Program editing
tae unit equipment
(6) Qe on bE (8 6. Instruction 13. Amplifier
(10m C . eu 6 7. Standard value-actual
Teyor (6) value comparison
device

Some sophisticated types of "robots" employ digital control units or elec-
tronic computer control units. Many of these "robots" have all kinds
of pick-up units to sense changes in external conditions.

Developing Sensory Organs

Some jobs require "robots" with sensory organs, especially touch and visual
senses to handle objects of special characteristics or complicated tasks.

56



the total number of nuclei (directly proportional to 1) should
be greater than a certain value. This ratio, then, is also the
probability for each plasma nucleus to undergo a nuclear reac-
tion within time tT. According to the Lawson Criterion, for a 3
half-and-half mixture of deuter jym and tpitiun, nt>10'4 sec/em’;
for deuterium-deuterium, nT>10 sec/cm’. The so-called Lawson
Criterion mentioned above was proposed by the British scientist
J. D. Lawson back in 1950; it was erected upon a foundation of
energy equilibrium. With regard to the pulsed fusion reaction,
if the energy liberated by the reaction is to exceed twice the
amount of energy input to the plasma, the relationship which the
minimum nT value of plasma temperature T and density times bind-
ing time should satisfy is determined by this criterion. The
common method of representation is to provide a product ”T of
plasma density and binding time for a definite ion temperature
(Ty). If the Lawson Criterion is expressed as a curve, the
shaded region in Figure 1 is the region which satisfies the D-T
Lawson Criterion. The Lawson Criterion is only a prerequisite;
if energy output is to be truly realized, the requirements will
pe even more stringent and the difficulties even greater.

1000

o4

0.01

* ROPE (kev)

0.001

16° 10% jo" yo! 10s LO 1015 1016
3 eke Sea HRt tal
BEL nt (Sec/em)

Figure 1. D-T Lawson Criterion Curve

Key:
1. ion energy 3. product nT (sec/em) of
2. criterion region density and binding time

Secondly, the Lawson Criterion is also established on the basis
that the plasma satisfies Maxwell particle distribution. If it
does not satisfy Maxwell particle distribution, then the Lawson
Criterion can be broadened somewhat. For instance, for a deu-
terium neutral particle beam of around 150 keV injected into a
tritium target plasma yhose elegtron temperature is 5 keV, nT
need be only 8-10 x 10°“ sec/cm’; in other words, there is an
order-of-magnitude decrease from the original "ignition" require-
ments.

39



were boldly excised to protect against post-operative infection of the sutured
wound. They also grasped the main contradiction of blood vessel anastomosis,
boldly excised severely damaged vessels, and used excised saphenous veins from
the thigh for transplantation to restore good circulation to the re-attached
severed arms. After the operation, severe burning neurodynia symptoms oc-
curred in the re-attached limbs of the patient. The medical personnel re-
peatedly discussed and analyzed the condition, reviewed the literature and
visited other medical units, clarified the etiology of burning neurodynia,
changed the previous treatment methods and used operative measures to over-
come the burning neurodynia, In the late stage of treatment, to help the
re-attached limbs to recover’. their functions, medical personnel carried out

a number of operations, and assigned special personnel to help direct physical
therapy, After more than 300 days and nights of careful treatment and nursing
care, the two re-attached blast-injured arms of Liu Hsiao-chih recovered their
functions,

On 2 February of this year, Liu Hsiao-chih recovered and returned to his com-
mune, He wrote with his two re-attached hands: "The Party gave me a second
life; our beloved People's Liberation Army gave me back my two hands. Under
the leadership of our talented Chairman Hua, I will use these two new hands
to contribute all my strength to socialist construction." The Lai-yang Coun-
ty Party secretary represented the poor and lower-middle peasants of the
whole country, presented a banner on which were embroidered the words "The
love of the army and people are as deep as the sea; the medical technique
shines with brilliant colors" to Hospital No 145.

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27



Under these conditions, the particles move along the closed to-
roidal lines of magnetic force and cannot escape. The plasma
is bound within a ring-shaped magnetic field. Although the
plasma bound within the confines of the magnetic field is spin-
ning around the lines of magnetic force, motion across the
lines of magnetic force is difficult. But once collision be-
tween plasma particles in motion occurs, in that instant the
particles will change to their original orbits and advance
transversely across the lines of magnetic force; such a plasma
will gradually diffuse and leak outward, which phenomenon is
referred to as the "classical aiffysign® of plasma. The speed
of diffusion is proportional [T-!/2B~2] to plasma temperature T
and magnetic field strength B. In addition, due to the presence
of various instabilities in the plasma, another type of "fast
diffusion" is produced; this is the so-called "Bohm diffusion",
which is due to the production of anomalous electrical fields
by various factors while the charged particles of the plasma
move in the magnetic field, which cause the charged particles
to advance transversely across the lines of magn¢tic force. The
speed of Bohm diffusion is proportional to [T BTM"]. The current
utilization of magnetic shearing to suppress the fast diffusion
of plasma in the ring system has already achieved obvious ac-
complishments. However, judging from results observed with a
number of experimental devices, classical diffusion is still
the major loss mechanism, and thus except for the fact that in-
creasing the magnetic field strength can simultaneously reduce
the speeds of these two kinds of diffusion, raising the plasma
temperature will seemingly speed up the rate of Bohm diffusion,
yet it has an even greater effect with regard to reducing the
rate of classical diffusion which constitutes the major loss.

It is reported that the adoption of the neutral beam injection
method in the "2X-II" device mentioned above not only raises

the plasma temperature but will also hopefully quadruple binding
time. Further increasing the magnetic field strength and rais-
ing the plasma temperature are thus extremely essential with
respect to better binding the plasma and achieving controlled
nuclear fusion.

Iv. Current Status and Trends in Controlled Nuclear Fusion Re-
search

Controlled nuclear fusion research, which was begun in the late
1940's in the U.S., the USSR, and England, has now spread to 17
countries and Euratom. During this timespan of more than 20

years, controlled [fusion] research has traveled a winding road,
from the blind optimiem of the early 1950's which turned to the
pessimism and conservatism of the later 1950's, from the revival
of guarded optimism of the late 1960's which has carried through
to the beginning of the 1970's and up to the present, when feel-
ings of optimism have risen even further. During the past 20

44



PEASANT'S BLAST-SEVERED ARMS REATTACHED, RESTORED TO USE
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 24 May 77 p 5

[Article: "Hospital No 145 of the People's Liberation Army Successfully
Re-attaches Both Arms Severed in a Blast Injury"]

[Text] Chinese News Service, Chi-nan, 21 May 77--Hospital No 145 of the
People's Liberation Army successfully re-attached both arms severed in a
blast injury for poor peasant commune member Liu Hsiao-chih. Concerned or-
ganizations considered this another happy success on the medical front.

According to past experience, severed extremities caused by blast injury
usually resulted in loss of the complete extremity making re-attachment im-
possible, Hospital No 145 followed the teaching of Chairman Mao "Save from
mortal danger and heal the wounded, carry out revolutionary humanitarianism,"
overcame many difficulties, successfully re-attached both severed arms, thus
breaking through past experiences and creating new experiences. These ex-
periences may be used by other units, to save more severed limbs.

The incident occurred on 21 March last year. a 24-year old poor peasant
commune member Liu Hsiao-chih of Ch'ih-shan commune, Fan-hsin brigade,
Shantung, Lai-yang Country, was involved in an accidental explosion while
removing dud explosives..Besides injury to the faee and-chest, both arms were
completely severed, From the mid-portion of the right arm to the wrist, about
10 cm of soft tissue and bone was blown off, with a small bit of muscle and
two nerves still connected; the bone at the mid-portion of the left arm was
blown to pieces, the muscles were severed and everted, and most of the blood
vessels were cut. When Liu Hsiao-chih was sent to Hospital No 145, he was
in a state of severe hemorrhagic shock. After emergency treatment he was
out of danger. How to treat the two severed arms of Liu Hsiao-chih? Every-
body was determined to use the revolutionary spirit of "nothing is hard in
this world if you dare to scale the heights," to overcome the difficulties,
date to practice, to re-attach and restore both arms of Liu Hsiao-chih.

Vice superintendent Hsu Pao-shan and assistant chief surgeon Hua Shou-hsin

of the Surgery II Department who were in charge of the operation, first con-
centrated on thoroughly cleaning the wound. Severely damaged muscle tissues

26



He

HEF, 3 i
MAREN
Wika 1 ‘
taney” as

eset (3)

Figure 2. Diagram of Salvaging Sunken Equipment

Key:
1. Detection ship 3. Sealed high-frequency oscil-
2. Ship receives electric wave lator with search coil
with gradually rising fre- 4. Iron anchor
quency

Inspection for Metal Mixed in Materials

In a cement plant, if there are chunks of cast iron stuck in the material,
it will damage the ball mill. In a chemical plant, if there are metal
articles mixed in the raw material, it is even more intolerable. If the
quantity of material is very large or if it is transported quickly, to
use a person to inspect it would be almost impossible. Could we find a
sensitive, accurate, fast method of inspection? Yes we could, that is

to use metal detection technology.

A detection coil is placed underneath and parallel to the material con-
veyer belt. With an induction coil and a potentiometer, it forms a
bridge. One diagonal of the bridge provides a high-frequency voltage.
At both ends of the other diagonal is an output signal. When there is
no metal object above the detection coil, the regulating potentiometer
keeps the bridge balanced and there is no output signal. When a metal
object is mixed in the material on the conveyer belt, the inductance of
the detection coil changes, disbalancing the bridge, and there is an
output signal. Iron mixed in the material raises the inductance and
nonferromagnetic metals such as copper or aluminum lower the inductance.
After the bridge output signal is amplified, it may be read out by an
electric meter and it may also emit an audio alarm to alert the operator.
At the same time, the drive relay cuts off the electric power and stops
feeding the material. After the mixed-in metal is extracted, the con-
veyer belt proceeds. .

Different from the two cases mentioned above, the position of the detec-

tion coil is fixed, the coil and object to be detected are closer
together, a lower operating frequency may be used, the coil may consist

63



behind the newscaster and listening to her broadcast. After the broadcast,
Commander-in-Chief Chu excitedly said, "Our army fought a victorious bat-
tle at Ch'ing-Hua~Pian. Now they are examining the results. As soon as
they get the results, you can broadcast this news." In the evening of

28 March, the newscaster, in a high pitch of excitement, broadcast the
great victory at Ch'ing-Hua-Pian.

While the great leader Chairman Mao and Vice Chairman Chou were fighting
from one battle to another in Northern Shensi, they always carried a radio
operated by dry-cell batteries and listened to our broadcast and gave us
instruction and encouragement in a timely manner. In early April 1947,
Chairman Mao and Vice Chairman Chou came to Ch'ing-Yang-Ch'a. One day,
they were listening to a broadcast after which Vice. Chairman Chou praised
the newscaster and said, "This newscaster did a very good job. She should
be publicly cited." One day, at Wang-Chia-Wan, at the end of May, Chair-
man Mao and Vice Chairman Chou heard the news and the commentary about the
great victory at Pan-Lung and the celebration party held at Chen-Wu-Tung.
Chairman Mao excitedly said, "This woman comrade is really sharp. When
she scolded the enemy, she spoke sternly and forcefully for the cause of
justice. When she talked about our victory, she was able to cheer up the
people. She really made a clear distinction between hatred and love. We
should train more newscasters like her. Chairman Mao specially asked the
New China News Agency to send us a complimentary telegram.

After liberation our people's broadcasting enterprise developed rapidly
under close care of the great leaders Chairman Mao and Premier Chou. In
1965, Chairman Mao, with his very own hand, wrote an inscription, "Thrive
to manage broadcasting well, serve the people throughout China and the
world." This became the basic policy of our broadcasting work. Premier
Chou was determined to thoroughly carry out what Chairman Mao had said
in his inseription. On 9 April 1966, in an important speech at the Ninth
National Broadcasting Conference, Premier Chou summarized Chairman Mao's
directives concerning broadcasting work. He emphatically pointed out,
"Under the guidance of Chairman Mao's strategic ideology, 'Be prepared
against war, be prepared against natural disasters, and do everything for
the people,’ we should manage well broadcasting for the nation and the
world. We should insure the safety and security of the broadcasting sta-—
tion and serve the people of China and the world." In order to carry out
the important directions concerning broadcasting work by Chairman Mao,
Premier Chou really toiled at his tasks.

Our great leader Chairman Mao concerned himself with the problems of mil-
lions of peasants listening to broadcasting. The National Program for
Agricultural Development formulated under Chairman Mao's personal direc-
tion laid down a blue-print for the development of our broadcasting net-
work in the rural areas. Our beloved and respected Premier Chou persever—
ingly carried out Chairman Mao's important instructions and firmly grasped
the task of promoting broadcasting phonograph records, and television in
the rural areas. On 27 August 1965 Premier Chou summoned the responsible



SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

NEW INSTRUMENT TO STUDY CARDIAC DISEASES DEVELOPED
Hong Kong TA KUNG PAO in Chinese 22 Feb 77 p 3

{Article: "Shanghai Produces Modern Instruments that Can Diagnose Cardiac
and Other Diseases; Ultrasonic Graph Instrument Can Show Cardiac Anatomy
Graph, Electrocardiograph, Cardiophonograph and Cardiograph"]

[Text] Ta Kung Pao News--According to news from Shanghai, striving to de-
velop new medical instruments, the great masses of laborers, cadres and tech~
nical personnel of the Shanghai medical gauge instrument factory, closely
cooperating with teachers and students of Fu-tan University, attempted and
successfully produced a multi-head ultrasound graphic image instrument, mak-
ing this modern examination instrument available for the diagnosis of cardiac
and other diseases. Its greatest characteristic is that it can reveal the
cross-section movement of the internal anatomical components of the heart.
It is suitable for a wide range of uses, its use is simple and safe and there
is no suffering or harm to the patient. It may be used in many examinations.

The multi-head ultrasonic graphic image instrument is made of two parts, the
energy changing part (sound head) and the machine proper. When the ultra-
sound waves emitted from the sound head pass through the human tissues and
encounter tissues with different anti-sound waves, a reflex occurs at this
site which is magnified and transmitted to two 9-inch developing tubes to
develop the image. On one screen may be seen a cross-section graphic image
of the heart, on another screen may be see the electrocardiograph, cardio—
phonograph, and cardiograph reading, By studying these graphs it may be
determined whether there is cardiac disease.

Clinical use has proven that this graphic image instrument has fulfilled the
requirements of the technical plan. Most cardiac pathological disorders can
be directly revealed. In addition, the use of this instrument has been used
to study hepatic diseases, abdominal cystic diseases, gall stones and the
fetuses, and generally the results have been good.

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17



Figure 3

Key:
1. Inclination
2. Extend/retract
3. Rotate

The multi-articulation "robot" moves on several rotary articulations like
a digging-and-loading machine. Its body can turn around. Its arms have
several articulation hinges. The hands also have a partly spherical
action range, but can do more kinds of movements than polar coordination
"robots," and can get around obstacles.

Hands That Can Adjust to Characteristics of Objects

There are all kinds of "robot" hands; and choosing the right kind for a
specific job depends on the shape, size, weight, hardness, temperature and
mechanical characteristics of the object. Today, the hands of industrial
"robots" fall into three main categories: mechanical types, vacuum types
and electromagnetic types.

The mechanical hand opens and closes by the mechanical movements of hinges,
rods, springs, gears, racks, lead screws, oil cylinders and gas cylinders.

The vacuum hand picks up objects with a suction pump or by producing a
negative pressure from, an air stream injected into a suction tube. The
objects must have flat, smooth surfaces with no holes. Depending on the
weight and size of objects to be picked up, one or more suction tubes can
be used.

The electromagnetic hand works on the same principle as the electromagnetic
crane. As it uses the magnetic force to attract objects, it can pick up
objects of irregular shape, objects that are difficult for mechanical or
vacuum type hands to pick up, and scattered tiny objects. But this kind
of hand can cause objects to be magnetized,. which should be taken into
consideration.

Quite a number of "robots" have wrists that can turn and swing.

54



2. I£ the alternating magnetic field is produced by a coil, the magnetic
field produced by the eddy current reduces the inductance of the coil.

3. The eddy current itself excites an alternating electromagnetic field
in space. A metal that produces an eddy current is then a new source of
electromagnetic wave radiation and at a certain location, you can receive
electromagnetic waves radiated by it.

A high-frequency oscillator is used to produce an alternating electro-
magnetic current in a certain region in space. If a metal object is
within the range of the alternating electromagnetic field, it will be
marked by an eddy current which gives rise to the three physical
processes mentioned above, causes an attenuation in the original electro-
magnetic field, brings about a frequency change in the electromagnetic
waves, and alters the spatial distribution in the electromagnetic field.
You can find metal objects on the basis of these variations in the elec-
tromagnetic field.

Almost all metal detectors are based on these principles. For different
purposes of detection, the structure and performance of the instruments
are different. Their principles and applications are explained in four
examples below.

Detecting Underground Pipelines

When you are engaged in capital construction projects, you must determine
accurately if there are buried pipelines or cables, otherwise you may
damage the original facilities or even cause a serious electrical acci-
dent. Using a metal detector may greatly raise the work efficiency.

A coil is attached to each end of an insulated rod perpendicular to the
ground. The one closest to the ground is called the search coil. It is
parallel to the ground and it radiates a high-frequency electromagnetic
wave. The one farthest from the ground is the receiving coil. It is
perpendicular to the ground. Since both coils are coaxial but perpendicu-
lar to each other, the alternating magnetic flux produced by the search
coil cannot penetrate the receiving coil and so the receiving coil cannot
receive the high-frequency signal. If there is a metal pipeline or cable
underground, it will produce an eddy current under the action of the
alternating magnetic field produced by the search coil. Part of the
alternating magnetic flux produced by the eddy current will penetrate the
receiving coil and induce an electric signal. If the search coil pro-
duces an audio-frequency-modulated high-frequency signal, the signal
induced by the receiving coil will also be a modulated signal of similar
wave shape and same frequency. After it is detected and amplified, you
can tell if there is a metal object under the rod by the deflection of
the current indicator needle or the beep of the loudspeaker. It is easy
to determine the location and direction of a pipeline.

61



Chairman Hua who faithfully implements Chairman Mao's revolutionary line
and various principles and policies of the party, our party will be still
more prosperous and thriving, our nation still more flourishing, well off
and powerful, and our scientific and technical enterprise also will certain-
ly make fast and vigorous progress. We the scientific and technical workers
are jubilant and full of enthusiasm, and will boldly fight the common enemy
and forcefully criticize the black gang. "With power to spare we must pur-
sue the tottering foe, and not ape Hsiang Yu, the conqueror seeking idle
fame." Our once suppressed socialist activism gathered again the momentum
of a landslide, and nobody can stop us now. "The Golden Monkey wrathfully
swung his massive cudgel, and the jade-like firmament was cleared of dust.”
All of us cannot help exclaiming from the bottom of our hearts: Smashing
the "Gang of Four", China has a great future; dragging out the four wolves,
modernization in four fields goes ahead with great speed. Closely follow
Chairman Hua, closely follow the Party Central Committee, exert greater
efforts in study, do your work happily, continue to make revolution with-
out stopping, and be assured that prospects of communism are boundlessly
bright!

9039
cso: 4008

134



PRINCIPLES, APPLICATION OF CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION EXAMINED
Peking WU-LI in Chinese Vol 5 No 4, Aug 76 pp 226-230, 225

[Article by Wei Tseng-ch'uan [5898 1073 3123] of the Institute of Modern
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: "On Controlled Nuclear Fusion"]

(Text]I. Foreword

In a class society, any branch of science or technology is a
tool of class struggle. "Controlled nuclear fusion" is no ex-
ception. The birth of this branch of science is closely tied
to the ability of this type of fusion reaction to produce large
quantities of neutrons, which can be used to produce plutonium,
and to its important military significance. Back at the end of
the 1940's the U.S., the USSR, and other nations engaged in
work in this area in an atmosphere of extreme secrecy to serve
their own military ends. They sought to exploit this branch of
science and technology as a servant of politics in their com-
tries. By the 1950's, due to the rapid development of fission
piles, a source of neutrons was no longer the difficulty it had
been in the early stages, and it had also been learned throngh
experience that achieving controlled nuclear fusion was not as
easy as had first been thought. It could still not be done
using the already mastered behavior of charged particles in a
magnetic field, knowledge of gaseous discharges, and experience
with fission piles, and it was necessary to first establish a
theoretical and experimental foundation for the development of
this branch of science by building up plasma physics, develop-
ing new experimental techniques, and gaining a deeper under-
standing of fundamental plasma behavior. If the goal of reach-
ing the application stage with controlled nuclear fusion were
to be sought, there must first be a stage of basic theoretical
research. At that time, however, great difficulties were en-
countered in many areas (such as macroscopic instability) of
this research, which forced some nations to partially relax
their secrecy requirements and engage in so-called exchange and

35



4. Lu Ho-fu [4151 7729 4811], et al., ed., Shou-k'ung Je-ho
Fan-ying [The Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction].

5. Phys. Review Letters, 32-12 (1974).

6. ORNL-4793 (1971), 43-45.

7. Atomaya Dnerliya, 33-1 (1972), 599-600.
8. Nucl. Fusion, 14-1 (1974).

11,310
cs0: 8111/1225-,

. 50



Chinese herbal medicines that have been effective among the people. With
the assistance of commune members, a Chinese herbal medicine called Selag=
inella doederleunu Hieron [Shih Sheng Pai 4258 0006 2672] was discovered to
be effective in the treatment of carcinoma, The farmers of the Pearl River
triangular. area have used this herb for many years, proving it to be helpful
in the treatment of carcinoma, After many types of experimentation and
clinical experiments, it was proven to be effective, especially when used in
combination with radiotherapy, Therefore this herbal medicine was extracted
and made by scientific methods into Selaginella doederleunu Hieron tablets,
injections, and "carcinoma treatment tablets," After a trial period of many
years markedly effective results were shown,

In 1971 a 54-year-old female was examined at the Canton Tumor Hospital. A
mass about the size of a duck's egg was found in the right upper lung and
carcinoma cells were found in the sputum. After many examinations the
lesion was proven to be carcinoma of the lung. With such a large mass, if
radiotherapy is immediately carried out, it.can easily cause pneumonia or
even fibrosis. To avoid such complications, it was decided to first give
her "carcinoma ‘treatment: tablets." After 1 month the mass became smaller,
about the size of a chestnut. It became even smaller.in another half month.
Then radiotherapy was carried out, the results were excellent, and the patient
was soon discharged, In the past, if a woman hada malignant hydatidiform mole
a hysterectomy had to be performed or the condition could not be treated, but
at present if this condition is detected in time, surgery may be avoided, and
taking medicine may solve the problem. A recently married young woman was
admitted to the hospital in September 1971 because of a malignant hydatidi-
firm mole. The doctors-decided to give her “carcinoma treatment tablets."
The condition was rapidly cured, and in the latter part of 1972 the woman
gave birth. This broke with the former tradition for treating this condi-
tion.

Using Chinese herbal medicine to treat carcinoma is a new development of our
medical science and has attracted the attention of the medical profession of
other nations throughout the world. At present, the great masses of medical
personnel of our nation are continuously striving hard to successfully attack
this difficult barrier--carcinoma. It is believed that in the not too distant
future, this formerly considered "incurable disease," carcinoma, will be con-
trolled and bow its head to the people.

8774
cso: 4008

23



Figure 1 a
(1) (2) (3) Key:
ian (7) 1. Sensory pick-up 6. Distance gauge
rn ages device 7. External signal
(ay 2. Main frame 8. Control

BARE I 3. Arm 9. Storage

(5) (fd) 4. Hand 10. Instruction

5 5. Drive

The distance range that the "robot's" hand can reach depends on the movement
of body and arm. There are four basic types of "robots" currently used in
industry which are categorized according to different kinds of body and
arms: cylindrical coordination type, polar coordination type, rectangular
coordination type and multi-articulation type.

The cylindrical coordination type is like the vertical pillar and rotary
arm of the radial drilling machine. Its main body can turn around. Its
arm can ascend or descend along the body as well as extend or retract (see

Figure 2)

Figure 2 . _ _
wh?) Key:
—_— 1. Rotary movement
Q) oR 2. Horizontal movement (extend/retract)
‘me G3) 3. Vertical movement (ascend/descend)

The action range of the hand which is installed at the fore end of the
arm is cylindrical. If the main body cannot rotate in a complete circle,
the action range of the hand is then partly cylindrical.

The polar coordination "robot" looks like the turret of a tank. The body
can turn around, arms can incline or decline, extend or retract (see

Figure 3). The hand action range is partly spherical and can pick up things
from the ground.

The rectangular coordination "robot" works like a bridge crane. Its body
and. arm move in straight lines along three perpendicular directions,
giving the hand a cubical action range.

53



Figure 1. Diagram of Detecting Underground Pipelines

Key:
1. Receiving coil 3. Search coil
2. Amplifier 4. Underground pipeline

Salvaging Sunken Equipment

Sometimes you have to salvage metal objects such as iron anchors, elec-
trical equipment, or ships’ hulls sunk at the bottom of a river, lake or
sea. When the area of the search is wide or the conditions underwater
are poor, metal detectors can be a big help. Although water has a cer-
tain electric conductivity, it is far from that of metal. Still, you can
use the detection principles of an eddy current to find metal underwater.

If a sealed high-frequency oscillator is put in the water, the search
coil radiates an electromagnetic wave at a certain frequency, and at the
same time, it also serves as an oscillator coil. When the oscillator
approaches a metal object underwater, it causes the metal object to pro-
duce an eddy current. Since the object to be salvaged is usually fairly
big, and the search coil may get quite close to it, the magnetic field
produced by the eddy current will be quite strong, and it will cause a
marked drop in the inductance of the search coil and a corresponding
rise in the frequency of the oscillator. If a fixed high-frequency sig-
nal produced by another oscillator, is mixed with the signal produced by
the underwater oscillator, the value of the difference frequency will
vary with what is underwater. When there is no metal object underwater,
the frequencies of both oscillators are the same. When the object to be
salvaged is approached, the value of the difference frequency changes
from low to high. You can hear the audio signal in earphones.. The
closer you get the sharper the pitch. You can pretty much determine the
location of the underwater metal object from the change in the sound in
the earphones, and you can make out the rough outline of large objects
(such as ships’ hulls).

Although underwater detection often uses ultrasonic waves, when detecting

metal objects, the eddy current method is more sensitive as well as
simpler than ultrasonic waves.

62



JPRS 69603

15 August 1977

TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
No. 390

CoNTENTS PAGE

POLITICAL AND SOCLOLOGICAL

History, Propaganda Work of. Broadcasting Enterprise

Outlined
(WU-HSLEN-TIEN, No 1, 1977) ..eccccccccccccscccecces 1
ECONOMIC
China's Railway Freight Hauling Created Record in
April
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 12 May 77) ....ccecesccscceencs 9
Television Brought to Mountainous Western Hupeh
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 7 May 77) .secccsccvcccccccccee 10
Kiangsu's Small Iron and Steel Industry Discussed
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 16 Mar 77) ..cccecccccececeeces 12
Industry of Kwangtung's Chao-ch'ing City Develops
(CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN, 19 MAr 77). ..ccsecccccccoeeees 13
Briefs
Kwangsi's First Telecommunications Building 14
Tientsin Machine Tool Industry 14
Nan-ning Neighborhood Industry 15
Growth of Shanghai's Industry 15
Kwangsi's River Navigation, Shipbuilding 15

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

New Instrument To Study Cardiac Diseases Developed
(ZA KUNG PAO, 22. Feb 77). .ccccsccscccceeccccvvcccees 17

-a- [III - cc - 80 S & T]



In addition to these, there is also the application of thermody-
namic principles, the method of heating by adiabatic compression
of the plasma. There are also turbulence heating, high-fre-
quency heating, fast magnetic acoustic-wave heating, shock-wave
heating, mixed resonance heating and other methods, as well as
the method whose rapid development has begun most recently, the
method of obtaining a high-temperature plasma by bombarding
solid fuel (deuterium pellets or gritium pellets) with a high-
power (10 GW to 100 GW, 1 GW = 10° kW) pulsed laser.

2. Plasma Binding

If a high-temperature plasma is placed directly in a metal ves-
sel, the high-temperature plasma will come into contact with
the vessel walls, resulting in the melting of the vessel walls
and the simultaneous cooling of the plasma. Thus, generally
speaking, a magnetic field is used to surround the high-tempera-
ture plasma. Using the pressure of a very strong magnetic field
causes the high-temperature plasma to be restricted to the cen-
ter of the vessel, and it does not come in contact with the me-
tal vessel walls. But under these conditions, the metal vessel
walls will not be heated by radiation from the high-temperature
plasma, and for a fugion reactor this type of heating can reach
as high as around 10” degrees (K). To bind a plasma in a mag-
netic field forever is theoretically impossible; moreover, per-
manent binding is not necessary for a fusion pile. However, as
was explained in the preceding section, a minimum necessary
binding time is required; this is determined by the type of re-
actor and the plasma state. For a stable deuterium-tritium
pile, the binding time is around one second; for the pulsed
pile, the binding time can be somewhat shorter.

Everyone knows that it is generally easier for plasm particles
to move along lines of magnetic force, and that movement across
lines of magnetic force is more difficult. If electric currents
flow in the same direction through two parallel coils (as in
Figure 2), a magnetic field which increases in strength from
the middle toward the two ends will be formed. Under these con-
ditions, when the particles move along the lines of magnetic
force, because the magnetic field is stronger near the coils at
the two ends, they are bound back into the central portion. |
This is the principle of binding with the early simple open-end
magnetic mirror. However, it has been found that the intensity
of a magnetic field with this type of structure is weakened ra-
dially, and thus the plasma is very rapidly lost due to move-
ment across the lines of magnetic force. Subsequent develop-
ment led to the concept of the magnetic well, that is, the ex-
tremely small B (magnetic field strength) principle, where a
stable field is superposed on the original mirror field to form

42



It should be pointed out that the above-mentioned ignition re-
quirements and the Lawson Criterion are applicable with respect
to "clean" impurity-free fuel systems. If the slightest trace
of high Z (atomic number) impurity is present, the ignition con-
ditions and the Lawson Criterion will be affected. This is be-
cause the existence of impurities in the high-temperature plasma
will cause a great increase in the bremsstrahlung radiation pow-
er produced by electron-ion and electron-electron collisions,
which causes a distinct reduction of plasma temperature. It has
now been calculated that when the concentration of Mo impurity
> 0.8% or the concentration of W~ 0.2% (Mo and W are generally
structural materials in reactors), "ignition" is impossible no
matter how high the temperature. A simple analogy has therefore
been made: after a pin-point speck of metal is vaporized, it is
sufficient to extinguish a deuterium plasma the size of several
railroad boxcars.

For this reason, if ignition is to be achieved, it will be nec-
essary to fundamentally raise the plasma parameters (tempera-
ture, density, and binding time) while controlling or elimina-
ting impurities. These problems are research topics for which
solutions are currently being sought; their solution reflects
even more a great step forward in controlled nuclear fusion re-
search, be it in physics or engineering. The achievement of
"ignition" will be deemed a new milestone in controlled nuclear
fusion research. It is necessary, however, to point out that
the ignition device will not necessarily be the optimal form
for future reactors; it is a fairly long way from the achieve-
ment of “ignition” to the building of a reactor, and there will
be more than a few problems whose investigation and solution
will require an eclectic approach on our part.

III. Forming, Heating, and Binding of High-Temperature Plasma

The main questions at present in high-temperature plasma research
are heating and binding: how to further heat the plasma to a
high temperature while simultaneously maintaining it for a def-
inite and stable time. Below we shall simply describe the meth-
ods of forming and heating plasma, as well as the binding of
plasma.

1. Forming and Heating of Plasma

Due to the continual development of science and technology, man
has gradually gained a grasp of the methods and techniques of
plasma formation. Based on the progress of modern technology,
the high-temperature plasma necessary for building a fusion pile
is considered entirely feasible. As for the aspect of heating,
many methods currently exist, and a combination of various meth-
ods can be chosen according to the type of plasma~binding device.

40



Figure 4, Searching for Buried Metal Objects

Key:
1. High-gain amplifier 4. Output coil
2. Input coil 5. Buried metal object
3. Amplifier becomes oscillator
emitting a signal

In order to raise the detection sensitivity, the gain of the amplifier
should be raised as much as possible so that the weakest eddy current
will induce positive feedback causing self-excitation. To raise the
resolving power, the magnetic lines of force of the output coil should
not be overly dispersed but hopefully should be concentrated in a single
beam so that any metal touched by the lines of force in that beam, will
produce an eddy current. This kind of detector is also very useful in
ship repair. Hidden iron nails in planks on ships up for repair often
damage saws and planes and cause accidents. By using this instrument
with high sensitivity and high resolving power we can inspect them before—
hand. Even if the ship's planks have a thick coat of paint and you can't
tell anything from the outside, you can still find each nail one by one.
When repairing houses, you can also use them to check out whether the
concrete has reinforcements.

The metal detection techniques described above, strictly speaking, should
be called "magnetic-inductance metal detection" to distinguish them from
ultrasonic wave or X-ray detection techniques. The sensitivity of ultra-
sonic detection is higher but since ultrasonic waves attenuate very fast
in air and soil, the effective detection distance is very short. Besides,
the reflectivity of many non-metal objects to ultrasonic waves is similar
to metal and so there is no way of telling them apart. Although X-rays
can make out metal very clearly, they can only inspect objects for detec-
tion inserted between an X-ray tube and a fluorescent screen (or photo-
graphic plate). Magnetic-induction metal detection stands in a class by
itself.

From the examples above, you can see that besides serving as a useful means
of detection and testing, it can also serve in a wide variety of automatic
control devices. As the electronics industry grows, its applications will
become ever wider and it will play an ever greater role in the struggle
for production and in scientific experiments.

7755 >
cso: 8111/1518



TELEVISION BROUGHT TO MOUNTAINOUS WESTERN HUPEH
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 7 May 77 pp 4-5

[Article: "Western Hupeh's Mountain Region Vigorously Develops Tele-
vision Industry]

[Text] Since the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, I-ch'ang
prefecture, Hupeh province, has vigorously developed television in-
dustry in the mountain region. The 10 counties and cities of the
prefecture possess a television relay station and 7 television dif-
ferential transfer stations, over 3,000 colored and black and white
television sets, and 8 large-screen projection sets, bringing tele-
vision to over 50 percent of the urban and rural populace of the
prefecture.

Located in the mountain region of western Hupeh, the great majority
of the villages of I-ch'ang prefecture are situated in mountainous
and hilly areas. With the development of the mass movement to emu-
late Ta-chai in agriculture and Ta-ch'ing in industry, the material
and cultural life of the broad masses of the mountain region has im-
proved continuously. From the year 1970 on, the counties and cities
conscientiously formulated overall plans to develop the television
industry, determined to bring television to the mountain region of
western Hupeh and the shores of the river gorges. With the vigorous
support of the government units concerned, the prefectural committee
made a special appropriation and rapidly built the Mo-chi mountain
television relay station in the suburbs of I-ch'ang city. Tzu-kuei
county, located in the depth of Hsi-ling gorge on the Yangtze

River, selected Ta-chin-p'ing, 1,840 meters above sea level on
Hsien-nu-feng, to build a television differential transfer station,
relaying with good results the television signals, images, and sound
of Wu-han, I-ch'ang, and Ching-chou in Hupeh and Ch'ang-te in Hunan.

10



Combination of Various Scientific and Technological Achievements

The present stage of science and technology developments has become the
material basis for production of "robots." In designing and application
of the "robot's" hands, wrists, arms and body, we have accumulated a
tremendous amount of experiences from the use of extended arm in plastic
surgery as well as mechanical hands and controllers currently used in
industry. The hydraulic, pneumatic, electric and mechanical gearing systems
we already have are equivalent to human muscles and can convey movement
and energy; the techniques in television, electroacoustics and all kinds
of instruments can be used to simulate man's sense of sight, hearing, touch
and other sensory organs;. the various kinds of automatic components and
electronic computers can be used to achieve some functions of the human
brain. Also with the development and application of the science of life
models and artificial intelligence, it is becoming increasingly possible
to create a real "robot."

Though the history of "robots" goes back more than 10 years, the so-called
“intelligent robot" which has "sensory" capabilities is still in the
experimental stage. The type of "robots" currently used in industry can
only perform such simple functions as loading and unloading things, trans-
porting, welding, jet-painting, etc., and are thus called the first
generation "robot" or general purpose mechanical hand. Second and third
generation "robots" may be able to automatically recognize pictures and
objects, adapt themselves to different environments by selecting or editing
programs on their own, and may even be able to communicate with man through
‘languages. But these may not be achieved within a short period of time.

Although the first generation "robot" is comparatively simple, it is still
one step forward from the original mechanical hand (also known as the
special purpose mechanical hand or accessory mechanical hand) and controller.
The mechanical hand is an accessory device to an automatic machine tool or
automatic object conveyor. It is installed in a fixed position and pro-
grammed to work according to a certain operational procedure. In contrast
to the mechanical hand, the "robot" can move about and change operational
procedures. It has good flexibility and adaptability. Although the con-
troller can help extend and enlarge the action range of the human hand,
which is quite useful in forming, handling radioactive materials and pre-
paring explosive articles, the controller, nevertheless, is still dependent
on the action of the human hand. Unlike the controller, after it programmed
to do a specific task, the "robot" can work on its own. Therefore, it is
more efficient. In the following sections, we will give the reader a rough
idea of the various integral parts of the "robot," based on the first
generation "robot."

Imitation of the Human Body

Some "robots" at present look like human beings. But most of them do not.
The typical "robot" should have a main frame (as the human body), arms,

hands and control system (brain), sensory components (sensory organs), and,
of course, a drive mechanism equivalent to the human muscle (see Figure 1).

52



MODEL XB-J-I LASER COMMUNICATOR
Peking JINMIN CHUGOKU in Japanese May 77 p 60 ~
[Article by Ma Shou-ts'en (7456 1108 1478)]

[Text] In laser communicators, there is the single-channel type and the
multi-channel type. The XB-J-I laser communicator, which is being displayed
in the heavy industry section of the current PRC Exhibition, belongs to the
former type.

The use of laser in communication is a modern, new method. This communication
method uses the laser beam, which is invisible to the naked eye and is highly
directional, as a signal carrier wave. Since this wave travels in a fixed
direction, it has an excellent security feature. The laser beam is not
affected by other electrical waves in the atmosphere and the transmitting
sound as well as the receiving sound are exceptionally clear.

Therefore, in preventing jamming, it is incomparably better than the conventional
radio communication.

This laser communicator, which utilizes gallium-arsenide diodes, uses light
signal as the carrier wave and optical transmitting lens to set the direction.
As power sources, both alternating and direct currents can be used.

The communication range is 20 km but if this instrument is used as a repeater,
the communication range can be lengthened.

The XB-J-L laser communicator was researched and manufactured at the wireless
factory in Ch'ang-Ch'un City, Kirin Province. During the research and
manufacturing stages, factory laborers and staff employees strictly observed
the operational procedure calling for the "three union" of the research
department, production department and utilization department, and the "three
union" of laborers, cadres and technicians.

Furthermore, great efforts were expended to raise the reliability of this
laser communicator and to enable dependable communication of good quality under
any weather condition. : .

“58



KIANGSU'S SMALL IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY DISCUSSED
Hong Kong CHUNG-KUO HSIN-WEN in Chinese 16 Mar 77 pp 1-2

[Article: "Kiangsu's Medium and Small Iron and Steel Industries Pro-
gress"]

[Excerpts] According to the information of the investigation unit of
the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, under the guidance of Chair—
man Mao's policy on fully developing local positivity, the local iron
and steel industries of Kiangsu province have made rapid progress.

In the recent 5 years, the iron and steel output has increased pro-
gressively 20 percent or more annually. When 1976 is compared to
1965, steel increased 5 times and pig iron 7.5 times. Currently, the
province has formed a local metallurgical industrial system of a pre-
liminary scale. The steel material produced in the province consti-
tutes one-third of the volume needed by the province and pig iron for
casting two-thirds, effectively supporting agriculture and promoting
local industry.

After several years of effort, 8 counties (cities) out of the 11
counties (cities) of Chen-chiang prefecture have built 20 small mines
and 7 counties (cities)have constructed small blast furnaces. The
annual output capacities of mineral ore and pig iron have reached
150,000 and 80,000 tons respectively. Su-chou prefecture has the an-
nual production capacities of 50,000 tons of iron ore, 30,000 tons of
pig iron, and 60,000 tons of steel material.

The development of local medium and small iron and steel industries
has provided favorable conditions for elevating the level of agricul-
tural mechanization throughout the province. When 1976 is compared
to 1965, the motive power for electromechanical irrigation and drain-
age in Kiangsu province increased 4 times, the number of large and
medium tractors 5 times, the number of hand tractors 27 times, and
the mechanized farming acreage 3 times. With the improvement of
agricultural mechanization, the grain output of the province progres-
sively increased 1 billion catties annually from 1966 to 1970 and 1.6
pillion catties annually from 1971 to 1975.

6080 12
CSO: 4006



IBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 1. Report No. :
SHEET . JPRS 69603

3. Recipients Accession No.

4, Title and Subtitle
TRANSLATIONS ON PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, No. 390

3. Report Date
15 August 1977

6.

7. Author(s)

8 Performing Organization Rept.
fo

9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Joint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Road
Arlington, Virginia 22201

10. Project/Task/Wotk Unit No.

11, Contract/Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

As above

13. Type of Report & Period
Covered

4,

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts

and technological information on China.

The report contains political, sociological, economic, government, scientific

(17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17. Descriptors

China
Propaganda
X__ Economics
X Sociology
X Political Science
X__ Technological Intelligence
Agriculture

17b, Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms

17e. COSATI Field/Group 5C, 5D, 5K, 5B

78. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This | 21. No. of Pages
Unlimited availability. Sold by NTIS Repor) D ed | ee
Springfield, Va. 22151 i Security lass (This 22, Price

*SSNCLASSIFIED eC.

FORM NTIs-S6 (10-70)

USCOMM-DG 40329-P71



the natural disaster as an auspice for them to "set up a new everlasting
celestial dynasty." Wang Hung-wen, the political rogue, and Chiang Ch' ing,
the White Bone Demon, flagrantly slandered the responsible comrades of the
Central Committee, Hopei Province and T'ang-shan area actively leading the
struggle against the quake and for relief work as "capitalist roaders
frightened and caught unaware." Leading comrades of the Central Committee
instructed more than once the Kailuan Coal Mines to drain water and restore
production, and were also slandered by the "Gang of Four" as "laying emphas-
is only on productivity" and "talking like capitalist roaders." Thus, the
"Gang of Four" revealed completely their counterrevolutionary ugly features
of frantically sabotaging the anti-quake and relief work, standing on the
corpses of the victims of. the earthquake and taking the. opportunity to
usurp the party and state power. They had gone to the extreme in making
malicious schemes and merciless plots, and could do nothing worse. All
people in the country are indignant at their crimes and unanimously
denounce them!

The "Gang of Four" as an anti-party clique had done still more bad things
in the scientific and technical circles. They had committed countless
crimes. However, the foregoing instances alone sufficiently prove that
they were "those who take fishing in troubled waters, carrying out plots
step by step and winning a final victory as their appraisal of the current
situation and their ultimate goal." (Mao Tse-tung, "Wen Hui Pao's Bourge-
ois Direction Should Be Criticized", PEOPLE'S DAILY, July 1, 1957) It
also means that they were through and through bourgeois Rightists. If the
‘Gang of Four" had prevailed, it would not be very long before in our
socialist motherland "a national counterrevolutionary restoration would
unavoidably emerge, our Marxist-Leninist party would certainly become a
revisionist party and a fascist party, and all China would change her
color." (Mao Tse-tung, notes on "Seven Fine Reports on Cadre Participation
in Labor from Chekiang Province", quoted from the introduction to an arti-
cle "On Khrushev's Phoney Communism and Its Lessons in World History",
PEOPLE'S DAILY, July 14, 1964)

The "Gang of Four" as an anti-party clique had carried out a series of
anti-party sinister activities in the scientific and technical circles.
Such activities show that they are typical representatives of the bourge-
oisie and die-hard capitalist roaders in the act.of taking the road of
capitalism. The broad workers, cadres and professional personnel in the
scientific and technical circles, tempered in the fierce fire of the Great
Cultural Revolution, have long hated deeply and resented furiously the
"Gang of Four" for their traitorous crimes, and waged resolute struggles
by various means against this black gang of traitors. The Party Central
Committee headed by Chairman Hua, representing the common will of the mil-
lions upon millions of people, with the great spirit and courage of prole-
tarian revolutionaries, adopted wise and resolute measures, smashed at
one stroke the anti-party clique of the "Gang of Four’, saved the revolu-
tion, saved the party, saved the people and also saved our revolutionary
scientific and technical enterprise. Our party is truly a great, glorious
and correct party. Chairman Hua is truly the successor chosen with bound-
less ease of mind by Chairman Mao himself. With such a wise leader as

33



TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA BEING STUDIED, IMPROVED
Hong Kong TA KUNG PAO in Chinese 6 Apr 77 p 1

[Article: "Canton Carcinoma Specialist Discussion Revealed; Treatment Effect
of Carcinoma in Our Nation Elevated; It Has Been Clinically Proven That Using
Selaginella Doederleumu Hieron in Combination with Radiotherapy Shows Good
Results; National Prevention of Carcinoma Meeting Soon To Be Held; Will
Participate in World Conference Next Year"]

[Text] TA KUNG PAO, Canton, 5 Apr special--According to our reporter who ob-
tained news from Canton, the treatment of carcinoma in our nation has been
greatly elevated. At present, the tumor hospitals over the whole nation are
carrying out the “attack three key points, grasp three earlies, lower two
rates" movement.

Since the mid-sixties, the death rate among tumor (carcinoma) patients has
been rising each year. In many nations and areas, the death rate from carci-
noma in recent years is higher than other diseases, and carcinoma has become
a disease occurring frequently. At present, the medical profession all over
the world is making further studies covering the etiology of carcinoma and
prevention and treatment methods. The 12th International Tumor Conference
will be held in Argentina next year. The 4th National Tumor Meeting of our
nation will be held in the middle of this year.

Before the national tumor meeting, this reporter had an opportunity to visit
the Canton Tumor Hospital, had a discussion with several experienced tumor
specialists, called on the doctor who had attended the 11th International
Tumor Conference held in Italy, and extensively discussed the results ob-
tained in tumor research in our nation, especially new developments in recent
years. The specialists revealed that with the continuously increased life
span of the people, there are more and more tumor patients. In recent years
in many nations and areas the death rate due to tumors has rapidly increased,
occupying first place in disease death rates. This is especially true in
carcinoma of the esophagus, liver, blood, colon, uterus, nasopharynx, etc.,
which have been considered and managed as high incidence diseases, and are
under intensive research and study.

21



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or more years, according to incomplete statistics, the nations
of the world have spent a total of $U.S. 15-20 billion on plas-
ma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research and have in-
vested considerable manpower and materiel, yet no great progress
has been made, and it is still a considerable distance to the
goal of ignition. Although important progress has now been
achieved in this realm, it is to be hoped that the major empha-
sis will soon shift from the fundamental research stage to the
area of efigineering research and nuclear power. However, many
key questions have not yet been completely resolved, and an e-
clectic research approach remains necessary. As for bringing
controlled nuclear fusion to the application stage, it appears
that at least another 20 or more years of hard toil will have to
be gone through. We should learn a lesson from the experiences
of this stage of the history of development of controlled [fu-
sion]: «we cannot run blindly along with erroneous foreign in-
clinations. It is necessary to guard against the adoption of
erroneous methods of blind optimism or persistent conservatism.

Nuclear fusion research (including the investigation of new
means) has progressed rapidly throughout the world since the
1970's, directions have been made even clearer, the main points
have begun to take shape, and efforts have gradually been con-
centrated. Development over the past few years has been faster
than previously with regard to the three main methods of magnetic
pinding: low @ (4 = plasma pressure/magnetic field pressure)
rings (tokamak, low # stellarator, etc.), high 6 (@ 2 0.1) rings
(high 6 stellarator, helical pinching, belt pinching, etc.), and
magnetic mirrors. This is especially true of the tokamak de-
vice: after the construction of nearly 20 new devices, excel-
lent results have been obtained with all, and it has become a
main point in the research of various nations.

Laser fusion, which appeared at the beginning of the 1960's, has
also advanced rapidly. The building of a high-energy short-
pulse multipath laser was hastened after the U.S. adopted a
partial relaxation of secrecy in 1971, and the laser's constric-
tion efficacy, which causes the neutron yield of each pulse to
greatly increase, has already been observed experimentally. Nu-
merous. nations have consequently placed more emphasis on this
new approach, and regard it as a promising approach in controlled
nuclear fusion research.

New results have also recently been obtained in the study of
high-flux relativistic electron beam fusion, and plasma focusing
is also being investigated.

The "tokamak" utilizes a principle similar to that of the ordi-
nary transformer: by pulsing a large current through the primary

45



which have won the honor of being called 'sanitary family' in the whole city
have increased 63 percent as compared with 1965 and sanitary model units have
increased 150 percent as compared with 1965. Since liberation, for over 20
years, there have been no severe infectious diseases such as cholera, plague
and smallpox, in the city. Since the Cultural Revolution, there has been no
diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, fasciolopsis, leptospirosis, etc., and
the incidence of other infectious diseases has also been greatly reduced,
thus effectively raising the health standard of the people.

8774
cso: 4008

29



Atomic nuclei carry positive charges, and thus whenever two a-
tomic nuclei approach one another their Coulomb force of mutual
repulsion increases, making fusion difficult. If each atomic
nucleus participating in the reaction can be placed in a high-
temperature state, then on the one hand its average kinetic en-
ergy will be increased, overcoming the Coulomb force and in-
creasing the probability of fusion; and on the other hand, the
number of instances of possible collision between each nucleus
and another nucleus will be increased, thus also increasing the
probability that a nuclear reaction will occur in each atomic
nucleus. In order to realize nuclear fusion, therefore, it is
necessary to place all of the atomic nuclei participating in
the reaction in a high-temperature state. The "thermonuclear"
in "controlled thermonuclear reaction" refers to atomic nuclei
heated to such high temperature; "controlled" means slowing
down and artificially controlling the nuclear reaction so that
it may reach the goal of utilization (a hydrogen bomb explosion
is ny artificially produced uncontrolled thermonuclear reac-
tion).

With regard to the nuclear fuel participating in the fusion re-
action: whenever a deuterium-tritium gas is heated to a high
temperature, the gas molecules are completely ionized into an
ageregate of electrons and ions (atomic nuclei); an ionized gas
in such a state is called a "plasma" In order for nuclear fu-
sion to be complete and self-sustaining, two fundamental con-
ditions--commonly called the thermonuclear "ignition" criteria
--must be satisfied.

1. High Temperature ©

In order to ensure a balance between thermal power released by
the fusion nuclear reaction and power lost due to radiation,
the temperature of the ions in the plasma must exceed a certain
minimum value, which for a half-and-half mixture of deuterium
and tritium is around 50 million degrees (K), and for a deute-
rium-tritium plasma around 100 million degrees (K) or higher.

2. Maintenance of Thermal Energy in the Plasma for a Sufficient
Time

In order to enable the thermonuclear energy produced by the fu-
sion reaction to compensate for the energy required by the plas-
ma and for loss, it is necessary tg satisfy the condition NT>A,
where 7» is the plasma density (cmTM’), T is the binding time
(sec) of the plasma, and A is a coefficient related to nuclear
fuel composition and energy circulation efficiency. This rela-
tionship also indicates that the ratio of the number of nuclei
undergoing nuclear reaction (directly proportional to ”°T) to



MEDICAL INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY INCREASES PRODUCTION
Hong Kong TA KUNG PAO in Chinese 6 Apr 77 p 1

[Article: "Our Nation's Medical Instrument Industry Utilizes Electronuclear
Techniques; Many Products Have Reached or Approached Advanced World Standard"]

[Text] NCNA, Peking, 5 Apr 77--The great masses of staff member of the medi-
cal instrument industry front in our nation, holding high Chairman Mao's great
banner, positively carried out Chairman Hua's strategic decision concerning
grasping the key link in running the country, exposed and criticized the
counterrevolutionary crimes of the "gang of four," and profoundly carried out
the mass movement of "in industry learn from Ta-ching," thus making the
revolutionary and production appearance better and better.

In 1976, under the severe conditions of the "Four Harmfuls" and natural
calamities, the great masses of staff members of the medical instrument in-
dustry front fought against the "@ang of Four" and against earthquakes, and
attained comparatively good success. The total production value increased
11.8 percent compared with 1975, Most provinces, cities and autonomous re-
gions were able to exceed their annual production plan, There were 48 new
items that were successfully produced, such as indirect fluoroscopic photo-
graphic machine, chemical refrigerators, high transparency fluoroscopic
screen, radiotherapy localization model machine, and peritoneal dialysis
machine. Some of these fulfilled requirements of the farms, others fulfilled
what were lacking in our nation, In Chekiang Province which was deeply
affected by the 't-ang of Four," due to new born capitalist Wang Hung-wen in-
structing counterrevolutionary Weng Sen-ho to incite mass fighting, split-
ting the force of the working class, and inciting work and production stop~
pages, the production value of medical instruments in the first half of last
year in the whole province was only 30 percent fulfilled. After crushing
the "Gang of Four," the revolutionary positive attitude of the great masses
of staff members reached unprecedented heights, medical instrument production
markedly increased in the fourth quarter of last year, not only recovering the
damage caused by the "Gang of Four," but even surpassing the annual plan by
3.8 percent, Last year severe earthquakes occurred in the Tang-shan and
Feng-nan areas. The staff of the Tien-tsin medical instrument industry front
displayed a heroic fearless manner in fighting the earthquake. The earth

24



In the month of sorrows, with tears in our eyes, we were determined to
diligently report Premier Chou's funeral activities to express our mourn-
ing for him. Our TV cameramen, constantly wiping their eyes, braved the
chill to film the touching scenes in front of the Monument to the People's
Heroés, on Ch'ang-an Street, in the factories, villages, troop units,
schools.... But the "Gang of Four" popped up to interfere. Yao Wen-yuan
gave the broadcasting and TV stations a list of things prohibited regard-
ing remembrance of Premier Chou such as, mourning music, Premier Chou's
pictures, the scenes of people who commemorated Premier Chou at Tiananmen
Square, the funeral procession, newsreel about condolence given by foreign
dignities.... This list of prohibitions fully exposed the ugly counter-
revolutionary face of the "Gang of Four" who opposed Premier Chou. Accord-
ing to the original plan, the videotape that depicted people bidding fare-
well to Premier Chou's remains was to be shown for 3 days. But after

2 days of showing, Yao Wen-yuan gave an order and said, "Two days are
enough, don't show any more." When the TV station was forced to cancel
the program, the newscasters and technicians burst into tears.

The "Gang of Four" tried unsuccessfully to erase the splendid image of
Premier Chou, suppress the people's unlimited respect for and memory of
him. According to incomplete statistics, in the first week after the
premier's death, the bureau of broadcasting received more than 1,000 phone
calls and 130 letters. Many TV viewers broke down and wept over the phone,
they asked the bureau to show a few more times the videotape about mourners
paying their last respects to Premier Chou's remains. Many TV viewers and
radio audience strongly protested and questioned who the broadcasting and
TV stations represented. Why couldn't the people's broadcasting station
reflect the people's will and voice? Some of the audience indignantly
pointed out in their letters, "No one should block or suppress the vast
masses' memory of and respect for the premier." The inquiry of the audi-
ence was well expressed. Were these phone calls and letters not an indig-
nant condemnation and ruthless verdict upon the "Gang of Four"?

Like earth-shaking thunder in spring, the vast masses hailed Chairman Hua.
The Party Central Committee headed by Chairman Hua, carrying out Chairman
Mao's behests, with one move smashed the counterparty clique--the "Gang of
Four." The leadership of broadcasting and TV was returned to the party.
We broadcasting and TV workers and the people throughout the country
vehemently hailed this great victory together.

8953
cso: 4005



METAL DETECTION TECHNIQUES OUTLINED

Peking K'O-HSUEH SHIH-YEN [SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT] in Chinese No 2, 1977
pp 4-5

[Article by Chang K'ai-hsun [1728 7030 6676]: "Metal Detection"]

[Text] What we are talking about here is not looking for metal ore
deposits but how to detect metal objects that cannot be seen. There are
many ways to detect metal. You can detect it by its absorption of X-rays
or by its reflection of ultrasonic waves. Even more common is to detect
it by electromagnetic waves, taking advantage of metal's excellent elec-
tric conductivity. This method can help men accurately locate under-
ground pipelines and electric cables, find equipment and parts lost
underwater, and remove metal objects mixed up in raw materials. It can
also help archeological workers find ancient metal cultural objects buried
underground.

This technique was developed in the 40's. At first it was used to remove
land mines. Later it was used more to make automatic detonating devices
for artillery shells in proximity to metal targets. With the growth of
industrial production and radio technology, the applications of this
detection technique expanded, the detectors became more refined and
sensitive, and the accuracy also became higher.

How can radio waves detect metal? This must be answered from the inter-
action of radio waves with metal. We know that metal objects produce an
induced current in an alternating magnetic field. The flow of the elec-
tric current strongly resembles a whirlpool in water and it is usually
called an eddy current. An eddy current in a metal performs three func-
tions.

1. Since metal has electric resistance, the eddy current causes the
metal to heat up, consuming energy from the electromagnetic field, that
is, the eddy current converts some of the energy of the electromagnetic
field into thermal energy in the metal.

60



coil of a transformer, electrical discharge is produced in a
ring-shaped vessel equivalent to the secondary coil; this dis-
charge current can reach several hundred kA, and the plasma
formed in the discharge is heated by this discharge current.
Another aspect is that the plasma is bound by relying on the
strong magnetic field produced by the coils wound around the
ring-shaped vessel (see Figure 4). Due to the inherent charac-
teristics of the basic tokamak configuration, work with it is

1 eatin -
PRINS E Bets

7 i 8
4948 \EDR ee
6RSE8 Shree

3 RRS

Figure 4. Diagram of Tokamak Device

Key:
1. iron core of transformer
used for plasma heating
2. coil which produces bind-
ing magnetic field
3. observation port

conductor wall

lines of magnetic force
vacuum vessel

plasma current

one coil

CON AU &
oe

comparatively more mature and there is greater accord between
theory and experiment. Because its level is nearest the Lawson
Criterion, it is in a leading position, and so the other nations
with the exception of the Federal Republic of Germany have
classed it as a major approach for priority development. The
Federal Republic of Germany, the Soviet Union, and England are

’ gtill stressing stellarator work, whereas the U.S. halted work
in this area in 1969. The U.S. has classed development of the
high @ ring device (Syllac) as second priority, and the Federal
Republic of Germany, Japan, and other nations are also stressing
work in this area; but the Soviet Union and France are not em-
phasizing the study of the high 6 ring device. Western Europe
and Japan are not involved at all in magnetic mirror devices,
while the U.S. has ranked these third in priority (the 2X-II
magnetic mirror device), and the Soviet Union and other nations
are also beginning work in this area. Generally speaking, all
nations are giving more emphasis to laser fusion research work.

46



&
3x 1024 kilowatt-hours of energy could be produced. Thus fuel
resources for a nuclear fusion reactor are seemingly "inexhaust-
ible."

2. High Safety

When a fusion reactor is in operation, the fuel added to the
corg is an extremely minute quantity (gaseous fuel around only
10~" atmospheres is injected within the core) of deuterium or a
mixture of deuterium and tritium, and therefore the danger from
a major malfunction of the fusion pile is very small, and there
is a high degree of safety. Moreover, the fusion reactor also
possesses very great superiority in the area of environmental
protection safety. First, because it is not the same as elec-
trical power generating facilities employing such previously
used fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas, there is no need for
concern over atmospheric pollution by C0, CO, S03, S02, NOg or
NO; second, because of its high energy conversion efficiency and
minimal waste heat, the general threat posed by waste heat is
also small--whence the appellation "clean energy source." Thus
it is permissible to construct power stations directly in the
vicinity of cities, thereby shortening power transmission net-
works, and the cities can utilize the heated waste water for or-
dinary and industrial uses, which is very advantageous economi-
cally.

3. No Recurrent Problem of Treating Radioactive Wastes

The problem of treating the radioactive wastes which are. present
in fuel "burning" when a fission reactor is used to generate
electricity as a source of energy is a very important research
topic. With the fusion reactor, however, in actuality the prob-
lem of regularly disposing of radioactive waste does not exist.
Just as was described in the preceding, although the radioactive
product tritium is produced in the D-D fusion reaction, it can
be re-utilized as fuel and therefore does not become waste. Of
course, the problem of tritium leakage must still be heeded; yet
based on the current development of nuclear fission technology,
this problem is considered solvable. In addition, there exists
the problem of the activation of the structural materials of the
reactor by the neutrons produced in the fusion reaction. Com-
paring reactors of similar power, however, the extent of such
activation in a fusion pile is around 100 times less than in a
fission pile. Furthermore, the substances subject to activation
are mainly solids and are therefore comparatively easy to treat.

» 48



With the development of television in the mountain region, the red
and expert television technical ranks have grown rapidly. The broad
work personnel work and learn simultaneously, gradually mastering the
techniques of installation, adjusting, and maintenance and repair.
The prefecture has preliminarily formed a television equipment main-
tenance and repair network. The counties and cities can locally ser-
vice their television equipment, and some of them even manufacture
some of the equipment.

6080
cso: 4006

11