TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00458-CV

Anderson-Clayton Bros. Funeral Home, Inc.; Restland of Dallas, Inc.; Restland Funeral

Home; Singing Hills Funeral Home, Inc.; Laurel Land Funeral Home of

Forth Worth, Inc.; Blue Bonnet Hills Funeral Home, Inc.; and

Blue Bonnet Hills Memorial Park, Inc., Appellants

v.

Carole Keeton Strayhorn, Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of Texas; and Greg 

Abbott, Attorney General of the State of Texas, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 9912183, HONORABLE SCOTT H. JENKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING

D I S S E N T I N G O P I N I O N

The issue we are presented with in this controversy is, as the majority acknowledges, 

whether Aearnings from out-of-state investments made by Texas prepaid funeral benefits trusts,@ owned 

by Texas funeral homes, are out-of-state receipts for franchise tax apportionment purposes. AndersonClayton Bros. Funeral Home v. Strayhorn, No. 03-03-00458-CV, slip op. at 1 (Tex. App.CAustin 

August __, 2004, no pet. h.) (emphasis added). The majority concludes that because it is the trusts that 
2

ultimately disburse to the funeral homes any income earned from investments, the Comptroller=s 

determination that the trusts are Apayors@ is reasonable, and therefore the investment earnings derived from 

the trusts are Texas receipts. Because I disagree with the majority=s characterization of the trusts as 

Apayors@ generating income from business done in Texas, I respectfully dissent.

The parties agree that the Alocation of the payor@ rule determines how the investment 

earnings should be apportioned or sourced and that the fundamental dispute in this case is about who should 

be considered the Apayors@ of the investment earnings at issue. The funeral homes contend that the relevant 

statute, section 171.1121(b) of the tax code, directs the Comptroller to look to the same accounting 

methods used to report federal income tax in determining how to apportion the investment earnings. And 

because the trusts are ignored for federal income tax purposes, the trusts should likewise be treated as if 

they did not exist for apportionment purposes. The trusts, therefore, cannot be the payors, and we must 

look to the investment companies= locations to determine how the investment earnings should be 

apportioned.

The Comptroller, on the other hand, argues that section 171.1121(b) essentially provides 

no guidance for determining the location of the payor. Thus, the Comptroller may use its own methods to 

determine the location of the payor, and those methods must be affirmed if reasonable. The majority agrees 

with the Comptroller=s argument and holds that the Comptroller=s method of determining the location of the 

payor is a reasonable one. I would hold that not only does section 171.1121(b) indeed direct the 

Comptroller to use federal income tax accounting methods to determine how to apportion investment 
3

earnings, but also that even without resorting to federal accounting methods, the trusts are not Apayors@ for 

purposes of the location of the payor rule.

Section 171.1121(b)

The Comptroller argues, and the majority agrees, that section 171.1121(b) Amerely requires 

corporations to apply the same accounting method (e.g., the installment method, the percentage of 

completion method) when calculating both reportable federal taxable income and the >gross receipts= it uses 

in the apportionment factor of section 171.106.@ Id., slip op. at 15. This construction, however, is flawed 

in two respects: (1) it renders subsection (b) of section 171.1121 redundant of subsection (a) of that same 

statute, and (2) it ignores the meaning of the term Aapportion.@

The majority maintains that subsection (b) does not address Asourcing of receipts@ but rather 

is intended to clarify that the method used to determine taxable earned surplus should be the same as the 

one used to determine gross receipts. Id., slip op. at 15-16. But subsection (a) of the statute already 

directs taxpayers to do so. It provides that gross receipts mean all revenue reportable by a corporation on 

its federal tax return. Tex. Tax Code Ann. ' 171.1121(a) (West 2002). And taxable earned surplus is 

determined by adjusting the amount of a corporate taxpayer=s reportable federal taxable income. Id. '

171.110(a) (West Supp. 2004). Gross receipts do not include revenues not included in taxable earned

surplus. Id. ' 171.1121(a). In other words, gross receipts must be calculated consistently with taxable 

earned surplus. This is spelled out in subsection (a), not subsection (b).

Subsection (b), on the other hand, speaks specifically to Aapportionment,@ not to calculating 

gross receipts consistently with taxable earned surplus. Apportion is defined in the taxation context as A[t]he 
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act of allocating or attributing moneys or expenses in a given way, as when a taxpayer allocates part of 

profits to a particular tax year or part of the use of a personal asset to a business.@ Black=s Law 

Dictionary 96-97 (7th ed. 1999) (emphasis added). Attribute is defined as A2. to explain as caused or 

brought about by: regard as occurring in consequence of or on account of; . . . 3. to regard as possessed, 

owned, originated, characterized, or described as indicated . . . .@ Webster=s Third New International 

Dictionary 142 (1961). This definition is consistent with the Alocation of the payor@ rule; that is, in order to 

determine to whom the investment earnings should be attributed and accordingly how they should be 

apportioned, we should first determine who Acaused@ or Abrought about@ those investment earnings. And 

according to subsection (b) of section 171.1121, we should rely on federal accounting methods to do so.

There is nothing in section 171.1121 or elsewhere in the Franchise Tax Act that supports 

the Comptroller=s contention that the term Aapportion@ as used in section 171.1121(b) means to calculate 

gross receipts consistently with taxable earned surplus. In fact, the legislature used Aapportion@ throughout 

the Act to refer to the allocation or attribution of receipts to Texas versus elsewhere and to particular 

entities. See, e.g., Tex. Tax Code Ann. '' 171.1032, .1051, .106 (West Supp. 2004). Even within 

section 171.1121, the legislature uses Aapportion@ in subsection (e) to refer to the assignment of a 

corporation=s share of a partnership=s gross receipts to that corporation. Id. ' 171.1121(e). We should 

not construe subsection (b) any differently.

Federal Accounting Methods 

It is without dispute that funeral trusts are Agrantor@ trusts.1 The Internal Revenue Code 
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requires the grantor or owner of any portion of a grantor trust to include in his taxable income any items of 

income attributable to his portion of the trust. I.R.C. ' 671 (West 2002); Treas. Reg. ' 1.671-2 (2003). 

Because the funeral homes established the trust accounts, they are considered the grantors or settlors of the 

trusts. Hopkins v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 144 F.2d 683, 690 (6th Cir. 1944). Thus, they 

must report as taxable income any income attributable to the portion of the trusts that they own.

Payments deposited into the trust accounts, or the trust Acorpus,@ are refundable; that is, the 

purchaser of the pre-paid funeral services may revoke the corpus trust. Thus, the funeral homes cannot 

withdraw any contractual payments from the trusts until after the purchaser dies, the funeral service is 

completed, and certain required forms are presented to the depositary. Accordingly, the funeral homes do 

not recognize any payments deposited in the trust accounts as taxable income until after the purchaser has 

died and the funeral services have been provided. These contractual payments, however, yield Aearnings@

once they have been invested in marketable securities by the trusts. Earnings are Athe amount in an account 

in excess of the amount paid by the purchaser of a prepaid funeral benefits contract that is deposited in the 

account . . . including accrued interest, accrued income, and enhanced or increased value.@ Tex. Fin. Code 

Ann. ' 154.002(4) (West Supp. 2004). These earnings are non-refundable and thus irrevocable by the 

purchaser; even if the purchaser revokes the funeral services agreement, he may recover the amounts paid 

under the contract, but not the earnings or enhanced value of those payments. The funeral homes are 

therefore treated as the grantors or owners of the trusts and recognize the earnings as taxable income on an 

annual basis. This is so even though the funeral homes typically may not withdraw those earnings from the 

trust accounts until after the funeral services are delivered or the corpus is returned.
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Income received by a grantor trust is treated as if it had been received directly by the 

grantor or owner. The funeral homes, for example, must treat investment earnings on the trust corpus as 

though they received the earnings directly from the corporations that pay them into the trust accounts, 

regardless of when the funeral homes actually withdraw the earnings from those trust accounts. In other 

words, income earned on investments held in a grantor trust is treated as Aflowing through@ the trust as if the 

trust did not exist. If we apply this federal accounting method, as section 171.1121(b) of the tax code 

requires us to do, the result is that the grantor trust must be treated as a Aflow-through@ entity rather than as 

a payor of investment proceeds. The trusts never own the investment proceeds; rather the earnings pass 

directly from the paying corporations to the owner or grantor of the trust, in this case the funeral homes. 

Thus, those corporations are the Apayors@ for purposes of the location of the payor rule, not the flowthrough trusts, and we should look to the location of those paying corporations to determine how to 

apportion the earnings, instead of looking to the location of the trusts.
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Business in Texas

Even if I were to agree that the tax code does not require the Comptroller to apply the 

federal method of treating grantor trusts as flow-through trusts rather than as payors, as the majority holds, I 

would still hold that the trusts in this case cannot be characterized as the payors for purposes of the location 

of the payor rule. The trusts do not generate the investment earnings. Nor do they have any discretion as to 

how much of those earnings are to be paid to the trust grantors or when those earnings should be paid. 

Thus, I would hold that the trusts are not payors and the investment earnings are not a result of business 

done in this state. 

Finally, to the extent there is any doubt concerning the construction of section 171.1121(b), 

I would hold that the provision is ambiguous and apply the rule that courts strictly construe the applicability 

of taxation against the taxing authority and in the taxpayer=s favor. See Calvert v. Texas Pipe Line Co., 

517 S.W.2d 777, 781 (Tex. 1974); Texas Utils. Elec. Co. v. Sharp, 962 S.W.2d 723, 726 n.4 (Tex. 

App.CAustin 1998, pet. denied).

In sum, I would hold that the trusts are not payors for the purposes of the location of the 

payor rule. Thus, I would look to the location of the paying corporations to determine if investment earnings 

should be apportioned as receipts from business done in this state. Accordingly, I would sustain the funeral 

homes= issue and reverse the district court=s judgment.

 
8

David Puryear, Justice

Before Justices Kidd, Puryear and Pemberton

Filed: August 12, 2004