NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

WILGENS PIERRE,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General,

Respondent.

No. 21-308

Agency No. A209-869-960

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 13, 2023**

Pasadena, California

Before: LEE, BRESS, MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.

Wilgens Pierre, a native and citizen of Haiti, petitions for review of a Board 

of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision dismissing his appeal of an Immigration 

Judge (IJ) order denying his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and 

protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We review the BIA’s 

decision for substantial evidence. Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060, 1066 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not 

precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

MAR 17 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 21-308

(9th Cir. 2021). “Under this standard, we must uphold the agency determination 

unless the evidence compels a contrary conclusion.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 

918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019). “Where, as here, the BIA cites Matter of 

Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872, 874 (BIA 1994) and also provides its own review 

of the evidence and law, we review both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions.” 

Cordoba v. Barr, 962 F.3d 479, 481 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation and 

alterations omitted). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252 and deny the 

petition.

1. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Pierre’s 

applications for asylum and withholding of removal. To be eligible for asylum, 

a petitioner must demonstrate a “likelihood of ‘persecution or a well-founded fear 

of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a 

particular social group, or political opinion.’” Sharma, 9 F.4th at 1059 (quoting 

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). To establish eligibility for withholding of removal, 

the petitioner must show a “clear probability” of such harm. Id. (quoting AlvarezSantos v. INS, 332 F.3d 1245, 1255 (9th Cir. 2003)).

An asylum or withholding applicant has the burden of demonstrating his 

“membership in [a] particular social group.” Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1132 

n.3 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 208, 223 (BIA 

2014)). Though “landownership may form the basis of a particular social group,” 

Cordoba v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1106, 1114 (9th Cir. 2013), the BIA reasonably 

concluded that Pierre failed to demonstrate membership in the proposed
3 21-308

particular social group of “Haitian Landowners Targeted by Other Haitian 

Individuals to Dispossess Them of Their Land.” Pierre failed to demonstrate that 

he owned land in Haiti. On the contrary, he testified that the land he was allegedly 

forced to abandon was titled in his mother’s name. Although he suggested that 

he was involved in the sale of the land after his mother’s death, he conceded that 

he never owned it. The BIA therefore reasonably concluded that Pierre failed to 

establish persecution based on his membership in a particular social group. The 

record does not compel a contrary conclusion.

2. Pierre failed to make any argument or cite any authority regarding 

CAT protection in his opening brief. Any challenge to the BIA’s determination 

on that issue is therefore waived. Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256, 1260 

(9th Cir. 1996). Regardless, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of 

CAT relief. Pierre has not alleged any past harm rising to the level of torture and 

the record does not support that he is likely to be tortured if removed to Haiti.

The BIA thus reasonably concluded that Pierre has not satisfied his burden for 

CAT protection. See Xochihua-Jaimes v. Barr, 962 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 

2020) (holding that an applicant seeking relief under the CAT must establish that 

he “will more likely than not be tortured with the consent or acquiescence of a 

public official if removed to h[is] native country”). 

PETITION DENIED.