NASA/TP—2013–217482

Large-Scale Liquid Hydrogen Tank Rapid 

Chill and Fill Testing for the Advanced 

Shuttle Upper Stage Concept

R.H. Flachbart (retired), A. Hedayat, K.A. Holt, J. Sims, and E.F. Johnson

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

L.J. Hastings

Alpha Technology Inc., Huntsville, Alabama

T. Lak (retired)

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, California 

April 2013
	




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 7115 Standard Drive

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i

NASA/TP—2013–217482

Large-Scale Liquid Hydrogen Tank Rapid

Chill and Fill Testing for the Advanced

Shuttle Upper Stage Concept

R.H. Flachbart (retired), A. Hedayat, K.A. Holt, J. Sims, and E.F. Johnson

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

L.J. Hastings

Alpha Technology Inc., Huntsville, Alabama

T. Lak (retired)

The Boeing Company, Huntington Beach, California

April 2013

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

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TRADEMARKS

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Acknowledgment

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iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 */530%6$5*0/ 1

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 -JRVJE)ZESPHFO'JMM3BUF"OBMZTFT 12

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 1&3'03."/$&5&453&46-54"/%&7"-6"5*0/  

 5BOL8BMM$IJMMEPXO  

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 $0/$-64*0/4  

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 5"/,*/(45"5*45*$4 27

"11&/%*9#$)*--'*--*/4536.&/5"5*0/-*45 34
JW

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

"11&/%*9$*/4536.&/5"5*0/*/5)&.6-5*163104&

):%30(&/5&45#&%611&3%0.&3&(*0/ 37

 $7FOU1FOFUSBUJPO*OTUSVNFOUBUJPO 37

 $.BOIPMF$PWFSBOE1VNQ0VU1PSU*OTUSVNFOUBUJPO 38

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 %5BOL&OWJSPONFOU$POEJUJPOT3FRVJSFNFOUT 41

3&'&3&/$&4 43
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LIST OF FIGURES

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 -)2áPXSBUFWFSTVTVMMBHFQSFTTVSFGPSWBSJPVTTVQQMZUBOLQSFTTVSFT 13

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 &GGFDUTPGMJRVJEOJUSPHFOàMNCPJMJOHPODIJMMEPXOUJNF 19

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UFTU 22

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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

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57-
BOE

 ullage pressure  38

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LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS

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MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center

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LARGE-SCALE LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK RAPID CHILL AND FILL TESTING

FOR THE ADVANCED SHUTTLE UPPER STAGE CONCEPT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

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1.2 Objectives and General Approach

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3

2. TEST TANK AND SUPPORTING EQUIPMENT

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4

Spray

Bar

Work Platform

Manhole Cover

Purge Ring Diffuser

Insulation Interstitial 

Pressure Probe

Tank Secondary Rake

Secondary Tank Vent

Environmental

Shroud Assembly

Lifting Eyes (4)

Primary Instrumentation Penetration

Pressurization Penetration

Fill/Drain Penetration

Tank Vent Penetration

Tank Primary Rake

Test Tank Insulation 

SOFI: 3.5 cm Thick 

MLI: 45 Layers

Tank Capacitance Probe

Tank Support Legs 

Composite (4)

Leg Tie Rods

Tank Interface 

Support Structure

Ladder

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2.1 Spray Bar

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2.2 Instrumentation

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MID Measurement Description

PL25 25% point level sensor

TD24 	



TD23 



TD22 



TD21 



TD12 



TD11 



TD10 



TD9 	



TD8 



TW1 !
	"#
$


TW2 &!
	"#
$


TW3 &!
"#
	$


TW4 	&	!
"#
$


TW5 &!
"#
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TW6 &!
"#
$


LLI Continuous capacitance probe

Dew1 Dewpoint sensor – heater shroud dewpoint

TVL4 
	
'*'+,*-''

TVL5 
	
'*'+,*-''

TMN1 7;'<=
7

36 in 91.44 cm 

9 in (22.86 cm) 

40 in (101.6 cm) 

112 in (284.48 cm)

Tank Top (100% Full) Reference

9 in (22.86 cm) 

9 in (22.86 cm) (Typical)

9 in (22.86 cm) (Typical)

108 in (274.32 cm)

Note: All Diodes Spaced at Intervals of 9 in (22.86 cm)

TD13

TD14

TD15

TD16

TD17

TD18

TD19

TD20

TD21

TD22

TD23

TD24

TD1

TD2

TD3

TD4

TD5

TD6

TD7

TD8

TD9

TD10

TD11

TD12

Rake No. 1

Rake No. 2

TVL4 & TVL5

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8

Profile No.1 (on back side)

Profile No. 2 (on back side)

Profile No. 3 (on back side)

Profile No. 6 (on back side) 

Profile No. 7 (on back side) 

MLI Interstitial

Pressure Gauge

Lifting Eyes (4)

Dome Seam

Overlap 

Profile No. 4 Profile No. 5

0°

Lifting Eyes (4)

1ft 8 in (50.8 cm) 

1 ft 8 in (50.8 cm) 

1 ft 8 in (50.8 cm) 

1ft 8 in (50.8 cm) 

Leg No. 3 Leg No. 2

Tank Wall Temperatures (TW1–TW6)

Beginning 15.5 in (39.4 cm) Above Tank

Bottom Arc Length at –105° (1) SOFI Thickness at Profile Locations

(2) Scale 1 in = 2 in (1 cm = 24 cm) 

Profile No. 1

Profile No. 2

Profile No. 3

Profile No. 4

Profile No. 5

Profile No. 6

Profile No. 7

1.5 in (3.81 cm)

1.34 in (3.40 cm) 

1.28 in (3.25 cm) 

1.13 in (2.87 cm) 

1.25 in (3.18 cm) 

1.52 in (3.86 cm) 

1.59 in (4.04 cm) 

Notes:

Series of TCs on MLI Layers to

Measure Temp Gradient Along Leg

No. 1 Penetration (on back side)

2’

× ×

×

×

× ×

×

×

×

× ×

×

6 in (15.24 cm) 

1 ft (30.48 cm)

Ø

 1 ft 8 in (50.8 cm)

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9

3. TEST FACILITY REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

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UIFSFCZNBJOUBJOJOHBTBGFFOWJSPONFOUBOEVOJGPSNJOJUJBMDPOEJUJPOTGPSUIFUFTUBSUJDMF

3.1 Pretest Conditions 

 5IF.)5#TISPVEQVSHFSJOHXBTVTFEUPQVSHFXJUIESZ(/2VOUJMB(/2BUNPTQIFSFXBT

FTUBCMJTIFEXJUIJOUIFFODMPTVSFWPMVNF5IFJOUFSOBMGBDJMJUZUFNQFSBUVSF
EFXQPJOU
BOESFMBUJWF

IVNJEJUZXFSFNFBTVSFEBOESFDPSEFEBUMFBTUPODFQFSIPVSPOUIFEBZPGBUFTUUPJOTVSFUIBUOP

DPOEFOTBUJPOPDDVSSFEPODFQSPQFMMBOUUBOLJOHCFHBO

3.2 Test Tank Conditioning 

 &MFDUSJDBMMZ IFBUFE
 ESZ(/2 XBT VTFE UP DPOEJUJPO UIF.)5# UBOL BOE QSPWJEF UIFJOJ

UJBM UFNQFSBUVSF &BDI (/2 QVSHF PG UIF .)5# UBOL XBT GPMMPXFE CZ B ESZ ()2 purge to 

SFNPWFUIFDPOEFOTBCMF(/25IFJOJUJBMUBOLBWFSBHFUFNQFSBUVSFXBTSFRVJSFEUPCF±10 °3

	±,

XIJDIXBTUPCFNFUQSJPSUP()2DZDMFQVSHJOH5IFGBDJMJUZNBJOUBJOFEBQPTJUJWF

QSFTTVSFUPQSFWFOUBJSJOHFTUJPO

 %BUBXFSF SFDPSEFE UISPVHIPVU UIFFOUJSFPQFSBUJPO UPCBTFMJOF UIFJOJUJBMJOTUSVNFOU BOE

UFTUBSUJDMFDPOEJUJPOT"ESZ()2QVSHFGPMMPXFEFBDIUFTUVOUJMUIFUBOLXBMMTXFSFXBSNFOPVHIUP

QSFDMVEFDPOEFOTJOH(/2POUIFUBOLJOOFSXBMMT

3.3 Chill/Fill Requirements 

 5IFGBDJMJUZàMMTZTUFNXBTFRVJQQFEXJUIBCZQBTTWBMWFBTDMPTFUPUIF.)5#JOUFSGBDFBT

QPTTJCMF TP UIBU-)2 DPVMECFVTFE UPQSFDPOEJUJPO UIFNBKPSJUZPG UIF GBDJMJUZ GFFE TZTUFN5IF

GBDJMJUZXBTDBQBCMFPGEFMJWFSJOHBNBYJNVN-)2áPXSBUFPG
HQN	N3QN
5IFTQFDJ

àFE-)2áPXSBUFXBTFTUBCMJTIFEUISPVHIUIFCZQBTTMJOFQSJPSUPPQFOJOHUIF.)5#QSFWBMWF

-)2UFNQFSBUVSF
NFBTVSFEBUUIFPVUMFUPGUIFTUPSBHFUBOL
XBTUPCFOPHSFBUFSUIBO°3	,


UISPVHIPVUUIFDIJMMBOEàMMQSPDFTT"NFDIBOJDBMSFMJFGWBMWFXBTVTFEUPSFTUSJDUUIFUFTUBSUJDMFUP

BNBYJNVNQSFTTVSFPGQTJBPSQTJH	L1B
"OBVUPNBUJDSFEMJOFDVUPGGXBTQSPHSBNNFE

UPUFSNJOBUF-)2áPX	BOEUPPQFOUIFWFOUWBMWF
JGOFDFTTBSZ
XIFOUIF.)5#VMMBHFQSFTTVSF

SFBDIFEQTJBPSQTJH	L1B

10

3.4 Vent Flow Measurement Requirements

5IF WFOU TZTUFN XBT JOTVMBUFE XJUI 40'* BOE DIJMMFE QSJPS UP UFTUJOH 5IF NFBTVSFNFOU

TZTUFNXBTDBQBCMFPGIBOEMJOHBUSBOTJFOUNBYJNVN
HQN	N3QN
áPXSBUFPGOFBSMZ

TBUVSBUFE()2XJUIPVUMBSHFQSFTTVSFMPTTFT

3.5 Test Facility Controls

5FTU GBDJMJUZ MBSHF DPOUSPM TDSFFOT QSPWJEFE UIF UFTU FOHJOFFS BOE UIF FOUJSF TVQQPSU UFBN

TJNVMUBOFPVTASFBMUJNFWJTJCJMJUZPGLFZDPOUSPMFMFNFOUTBOEJOTUSVNFOUBUJPOSFBEPVUTSFHBSEJOH

UFNQFSBUVSFT
QSFTTVSF
áPXSBUF
àMMMFWFM
BOESFEMJOFT'JHVSFTBOEJMMVTUSBUFUIFGVODUJPOBMJUZPG

UIFDPOUSPMTDSFFOTGPSUIFQSFTTVSJ[BUJPOBOEWFOUTZTUFNBOEUIFàMMBOEESBJOTZTUFN
SFTQFDUJWFMZ

'JHVSF5FTUDPOUSPMTDSFFOGPSQSFTTVSJ[BUJPOBOEWFOUJOHPQFSBUJPOT
11

'JHVSF5FTUDPOUSPMTDSFFOGPSàMMBOEESBJOPQFSBUJPOT
12

4. INTEGRATED SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION

 5IFQFSGPSNFEUFTUNBUSJYJTQSFTFOUFEJOUBCMF'JSTU
BTFSJFTPGFJHIUUFTUTXBTDPOEVDUFE

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BOEPUIFSQBSBNFUFSTBTBQQSPQSJBUF*OTVQQPSUPGUFTUQMBOOJOHBOEDIFDLPVUUFTUJOH
BOBMZUJDBM

NPEFMTGPSUIFDIJMMEPXO
àMM
BOEWFOUJOHPQFSBUJPOTXFSFEFWFMPQFE5IFBOBMZUJDBMNPEFMJOHBOE

TZTUFNDIFDLPVUUFTUJOHBSFEJTDVTTFECFMPX

5BCMF$IJMMàMMDPOEVDUFEUFTUNBUSJY

Test

Number Description

Supply 

Pressure

MHTB Peak

Pressure* Fill Level

psia (kPa) psia (kPa) (%)

Checkout

Tests

 1 LN2 cold shock ~0.3 99 N/A N/A N/A

 2 H+
 12 184 9.9 170 6

 3 H+
 11.9 183 9.8 169 31

 4 H+
 32.8 327 24.3 269 63

 5 H+
 32.8 327 24.4 270 99

 6 H+
 42.9 397 28.6 299 98

 7 H+
!+

'J


42.9 397 28.2 296 98

 8 H+
 36.8 355 27.7 292 13

Performance

Tests

 9 H+
 44.9 411 26.6 285 91

10 H+
!+

'J


44.9 411 27.2 289 90

11 H+
 44.8 410 27.4 290 90

12** H+
!+

Q'J


44.8 410 26.3 283 (a) 90, (b) – , 

(c) –

13** H+
!+

'J


44.8 410 26.8 286 (a) 90, (b) 73, 

(c) 83

14** H+
!+

'J


44.8 410 26.2 282 (a) 90, (b) 79, 

(c) 90

 * X***=*Y
-=


 ** #$H+
Z#-$++-"';*Z+#"$
;"'*+


4.1 Liquid Hydrogen Fill Rate Analyses 

 5IFPCKFDUJWFPGUIJTBOBMZTJTXBTUPQSFEJDUUIFTUFBEZTUBUF-)2àMMáPXSBUFTEVSJOHSBQJE

DIJMMBOEàMMUFTUJOH
UIFSFCZTVQQPSUJOHUFTUQMBOOJOHBOESFBMUJNFUFTUJOH5IF(FOFSBMJ[FE'MVJE
13

4ZTUFN4JNVMBUJPO1SPHSBN	('441
XBTVTFEUPNPEFMUIF.)5#àMMTZTUFN25IF('441NPEFM

XBTSVOBUTVQQMZUBOLQSFTTVSFTPG

BOEQTJB	

BOEL1B
'PSFBDISVO
UIF

MPXFTU.)5#UBOLQSFTTVSFXBTBTTVNFEUPCFQTJB	L1B
5PQSFWFOUTUSVDUVSBMEBNBHFUP

UIF.)5#
UIFNBYJNVNQSFTTVSFXBTOPUBMMPXFEUPFYDFFEQTJB
BTSFRVJSFECZUIFUFTUSFRVJSF

NFOUTEPDVNFOU2'JHVSFEFQJDUTUIFQSFEJDUFE-)2àMMáPXSBUFWFSTVTUIFVMMBHFQSFTTVSFGPSUIF

UISFFTVQQMZQSFTTVSFT

20

15

10

5

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

67 psia

48 psia

28.3 psia

LH2 Flow Rate (lbm/s)

Ullage Pressure (psia)

Supply

Pressure

'JHVSF-)2áPXSBUFWFSTVTVMMBHFQSFTTVSFGPSWBSJPVTTVQQMZUBOLQSFTTVSFT

4.2 Vent System Sizing Analyses 

 #ZNFBTVSJOHUFNQFSBUVSFBOEQSFTTVSFJNNFEJBUFMZVQTUSFBNBOEEPXOTUSFBNPGBOPSJàDF

QMBDFEJOUIFWFOUMJOF
UIFWFOUFE()2áPXSBUFDPVMECFDBMDVMBUFE5IFPCKFDUJWFPGUIJTBOBMZTJT

XBTUPTJ[FUIFPSJàDFBOEUPFWBMVBUFUIFQFSGPSNBODFPGUIFWFOUTZTUFNEVSJOHUFTUJOH5IF"4.&

.'$. SFDPNNFOEFENPEFM
3 JO DPNCJOBUJPO XJUI UIF('441 WFOUNPEFM
 XBT VUJMJ[FE

XJUIUIFGPMMPXJOHBTTVNQUJPOT

r4VSSPVOEJOHFOWJSPONFOUQTJB
QTJH	L1B
BOE3	,


r.)5#UBOLVMMBHFQSFTTVSFmQTJB
mQTJH	mL1B


 5IF('441NPEFMTXFSFSVOGPSPSJàDFáPXDPFGàDJFOUTPG

BOE5IFPSJàDFáPX

DPFGàDJFOUPGXBTTFMFDUFECBTFEPOQSFEJDUFE()2WFOUáPXSBUFTSBOHJOHGSPNBCPVUUPMCT

	UPLHT
XJUIDPSSFTQPOEJOHUBOLVMMBHFQSFTTVSFTPGUPQTJBPSUPQTJH	UP

L1B
TFFàHVSF
14

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

MHTB Ullage Pressure (psia)

GH2 Vent Flow Rate (lbm/s)

'JHVSF()2WFOUáPXSBUFWFSTVT.)5#VMMBHFQSFTTVSF

4.3 System Operational Checkout Testing

 'PMMPXJOHUIF-/2 DPMETIPDLUFTU
BTFSJFTPGTFWFOUFTUT	UFTUTm
UBCMF
XBTQFSGPSNFE

UPDIBSBDUFSJ[FIPX UIFBTTFNCMFE TZTUFNXPVME SFTQPOEEVSJOH-)2àMM#FDBVTF UIFàMM TZTUFN

XBTQSFTTVSFGFE
UIFTVQQMZUBOLQSFTTVSFIBEUPCFTFUTPBTUPNBYJNJ[FUIFàMMáPXSBUFXIJMFTUJMM

FOTVSJOHUIBUUIF.)5#QSFTTVSFSFNBJOFECFMPXUIFQTJBPSQTJH	L1B
SFEMJOFDVUPGG

5IFSFGPSF
UIFTVQQMZUBOLQSFTTVSFXBTJODSFNFOUBMMZJODSFBTFEUPFOTVSFUIBUUIFNBYJNVNQSFT

TVSFJOUIF.)5#EJEOPUFYDFFEUIFSFEMJOFMJNJU5IFàMMMFWFMHPBMXBTBMTPJODSFNFOUBMMZJODSFBTFE

BTPQFSBUJPOBMFYQFSJFODFXBTBDRVJSFEXJUIUIFTZTUFN8JUIUIFFYDFQUJPOPGBNJOPSEBUBTZTUFN

QSPCMFN EVSJOH UIF àSTU DIFDLPVU UFTU
 OP TJHOJàDBOU QSPCMFNTXFSF FODPVOUFSFE5IF DIBSBDUFS

J[BUJPOUFTUTTVDDFTTGVMMZFOBCMFEUIFUFBNUPEPUIFGPMMPXJOH	
4FUUIFTVQQMZQSFTTVSFUPTBGFMZ

NBYJNJ[FUIFàMMáPXSBUF
BOE	
BDRVJSFPQFSBUJPOBMDPOàEFODFXJUIUIFTZTUFNTFUVQ


5. PERFORMANCE TEST RESULTS AND EVALUATION

 "TTUBUFEFBSMJFS
UIFQFSGPSNBODFUFTUPCKFDUJWFT	GPSUFTUTm
XFSFUPBTTFTTUIFTQSBZCBS

DBQBCJMJUZ BOE UIF GFBTJCJMJUZPG UIF SBQJEDIJMM BOEàMMDPODFQU"MMPG UIF UFTUTXFSFQSFDFEFECZ

BøDIJMMEPXOPGUIFGBDJMJUZ5IFPCKFDUJWFPGàMMJOHUIFWFOUFEUBOLXJUIJONJOXBTBDDPNQMJTIFE

EVSJOHBMMTJYQFSGPSNBODF UFTUTIPXFWFS
 UIFDIJMMQPSUJPOPG UIF UFTUPDDVSSFENPSFTMPXMZ UIBO

FYQFDUFE5IFSFGPSF
SFHBSEMFTTPGUIFàMMBOEWFOUWBMWFDMPTVSFTFRVFODJOHBUUFNQUFE
JODPNQMFUF

OPOWFOUFEàMMMFWFMTXFSFBDIJFWFE'VSUIFSEFUBJMTSFHBSEJOHUIFUBOLXBMMDIJMMEPXOBOEàMMQFSGPS

NBODFBSFQSFTFOUFEJOTFDUJPOTBOE
SFTQFDUJWFMZ

5.1 Tank Wall Chilldown 

 1SJPS UP UFTUJOH
JU XBT BTTVNFE UIBU UIF UBOL XBMMT XPVME SBQJEMZ DIJMM
 CFGPSF BOZMJRVJE

CFHBOUPBDDVNVMBUFJOUIFUBOL)PXFWFS
BTJOEJDBUFEJOàHVSF
MJRVJEBDUVBMMZCFHBOUPBDDV

NVMBUFBMNPTUJNNFEJBUFMZBOEUIFUBOLTJEFXBMMTHSBEVBMMZDIJMMFEUISPVHIPVUUIFUFTU)PXFWFS
JO

UIFVQQFSEPNFSFHJPO
UIFNBOIPMFUFNQFSBUVSFTSFNBJOFEBCPWF3	,
UISPVHIPVUBOE

BGUFSUIFàMMQSPDFTTBTTIPXOJOàHVSFTBOE
SFTQFDUJWFMZ5IFUBOLTJEFXBMMTCFHBOUPDIJMMBU

BVOJGPSNSBUFPOMZBGUFSUIFMJRVJEMFWFMIBEQBTTFEBQBSUJDVMBSQPTJUJPO
JOEJDBUJOHUIBUUIFDIJMM

EPXO SBUF EVF UP UIF TQSBZ XBT MFTT UIBO BOUJDJQBUFE "EEJUJPOBMMZ
 FWFO BGUFS UIF MJRVJE QBTTFE

BHJWFOQPTJUJPO
MJRVJEUFNQFSBUVSFTEJEOPUPDDVSVOUJMUPTMBUFS
BGUFSUIFXBMMUFNQFSBUVSF

XBTSFEVDFEUPUIFUP3	UP,
SBOHFBOESBQJEDIJMMEPXOSBUFTBTTPDJBUFEXJUIOVDMF

BUFCPJMJOHPDDVSSFE


100

0

–100

–200

–300

–400

–500

–100 0 100 200 300 400

Time (s)

Temperature (°F)

TMN1, Interior

Manhole

TVL4, TVL5, 95% Fill

1109TW1 degf

1110TW2 degf

1111TW3 degf

1112TW4 degf

1113TW5 degf

1076TVL4 degf

1077TVL5 degf

1075TMN1 degf

TW1

1.1% Fill

TW2

16.2%

TW4

56.5%

TW5

76.7%

TW3

36%

'JHVSF.FBTVSFEUBOLTJEFXBMMBOEVQQFSEPNFBSFBUFNQFSBUVSFT

EVSJOHWFOUFEàMM
UFTU

100

0

–100

–200

–300

–400

–500

2,200 2,250 2,300 2,350 2,400 2,450 2,500

Time (s)

Temperature (°F)

TMN1, Manhole Cover Interior

1109TW1 degf

1110TW2 degf

1111TW3 degf

1112TW4 degf

1113TW5 degf

1076TVL4 degf

1077TVL5 degf

1075TMN1 degf

TVL4, TVL5, 95% Fill

TW1–TW5, Walll Temperatures

'JHVSF.FBTVSFEUBOLTJEFXBMMBOEVQQFSEPNFBSFBUFNQFSBUVSFT

EVSJOHVOWFOUFEàMMTFHNFOU
UFTU
17

3FGFSSJOHUPUIFCPJMJOHIFBUUSBOTGFSSFHJNFTEJBHSBNFEJOàHVSF
JUXBTRVJDLMZSFDPH

OJ[FEUIBUUIFFMFWBUFEUBOLXBMMUFNQFSBUVSFTCFMPXUIFMJRVJEMFWFMXFSFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTUZQJDBMPG

àMNCPJMJOH'JMNCPJMJOHJTBUUSJCVUFEUPBWBQPSàMN
XIJDIDBOPDDVSBUIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFEJGGFS

FODFTCFUXFFOBTVSGBDFBOETBUVSBUFEMJRVJEBOEJOTVMBUFT UIFIFBUFETVSGBDF5IFSFGPSF
OVDMFBUF

CPJMJOHBOESBQJEDIJMMEPXOBSFQSFDMVEFEVOUJMUIFWBQPSHFOFSBUJPOJTTVGàDJFOUMZSFEVDFEUPBMMPX

MJRVJE DPOUBDU XJUI UIF IFBUFE TVSGBDF 5IFSFGPSF
 B MBCPSBUPSZ CFODI FYQFSJNFOU XBT EFWJTFE UP

FYQFSJNFOUBMMZEFNPOTUSBUFUIFESBNBUJDFGGFDUTPGCPJMJOHSFHJNFPOUBOLXBMMDIJMMEPXOUJNF5IF

PWFSBMMTUSBUFHZPGUIFCFODIUFTUXBTUPEFWJTFBMPXDPTU
SBQJEUVSOBSPVOEUFTUTFUVQUIBUXPVME

QIZTJDBMMZEFNPOTUSBUFUIFFGGFDUTPGCPJMJOHIFBUUSBOTGFSSFHJNFTPOBUIJDLBMVNJOVNXBMMDIJMM

EPXO
BOEBUUIFTBNFUJNF
QSPWJEFRVBOUJàFEEBUB8JUIUIJTTUSBUFHZJONJOE
UIFUFTUBQQSPBDI

EFTDSJCFECFMPXXBTJNQMFNFOUFE

Region l:

Natural

Convection

Transition

at B

Region lI:

Partial

Nucleate

Boiling

Region lII:

Fully Developed

Nucleate

Boiling

Region lV:

Transition

Boiling

Region V:

Film

Boiling

Tsat

Tw

log T

log q

q min

q max

A

B

C

D

E

Vapor

Film Boiling

The droplet floats quietly 

on a vapor cushion, and 

evaporates very slowly.

'JHVSF#PJMJOHIFBUUSBOTGFSSFHJNFWFSTVTXBMMUPMJRVJEUFNQFSBUVSFEJGGFSFODF
18

5.1.1 Laboratory Bench Test Approach 

5PNJOJNJ[FTBGFUZDPODFSOTBOEDPTU
BOEUPTVQQPSUCFODIUZQFUFTUJOH
-/2XBTTFMFDUFE

BTUIFUFTUáVJE5IFUFTUTQFDJNFOXBTBOJOTUSVNFOUFEDNUIJDL	JOUIJDL
CZDN	JO


TRVBSFBMVNJOVNQMBUF5IFUFTUPCKFDUJWFTXFSFBTGPMMPXT	
5PEFUFSNJOFUIFUPUBMUJNFUPDPPM

UIFQMBUFGSPNSPPNUFNQFSBUVSFUPTBUVSBUFE-/2UFNQFSBUVSFT
BOE	
UPNFBTVSFUIFUFNQFSB

UVSFEFMUBBDSPTTUIFQMBUFBTBGVODUJPOPGUJNF5IFUFTUBSUJDMF
JMMVTUSBUFEJOàHVSF
DPOTJTUFE

PGBOPQFO	5BMVNJOVN
DPOUBJOFSGPSNFECZVTJOHUIFUFTUTQFDJNFOBTUIFCPUUPN
XJUI

DNUIJDL	JOUIJDL
BOEDNIJHI	JOIJHI
XBMMT5IFDPOUBJOFSFYUFSJPSXBTDPBUFE

XJUI(SFBU4UVGGFYQBOEJOHGPBNBUBOBQQSPYJNBUFUIJDLOFTTPGDN	JO
POUIFTJEFTBOE

DN	JO
POUIFCPUUPN%BUBGSPNUZQF&5$TBUUBDIFEUPCPUIUIFJOOFSBOEPVUFSTVSGBDFT

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5$TXFSFSJHJEMZAQJOHFEJOUPUIFTVSGBDF	JOUPBQQSPYJNBUFMZDN	JO
EFFQIPMFT
UPTFDVSF

UIFCFBE
BOEDPWFSFEXJUI4UZDBTU¡DSZPHFOJDFQPYZ5IFEBUB"UZQJDBMUFTUQSPDFEVSFDPOTJTUFEPG

UIFGPMMPXJOH

	
'JMMUXPTNBMMQPSUBCMF%FXBSTGSPNBGBDJMJUZ-/2TUPSBHFUBOL

	
4UBSUEBUBBDRVJTJUJPOTZTUFN

	
3BQJEMZQPVS%FXBSDPOUFOUTJOUPUFTUDPOUBJOFS

	
3FàMMQPSUBCMF%FXBST

	
.BOVBMMZBEE-/2BTOFFEFEUPNBJOUBJOUIF-/2 MFWFMCFUXFFOBOEDN	BOEJO


PG-/2

	
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'JHVSF5FTUDPOUBJOFSVTFEUPEFNPOTUSBUFFGGFDUTPGàMNCPJMJOHPODIJMMEPXO
19

5.1.2 Bench Tests Conducted and Results

 "UPUBMPGUISFFUFTUTXFSFQFSGPSNFE5FTUT"BOE#XJUIJEFOUJDBMUFTUDPOEJUJPOTUPWFSJGZ

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QSFTFOUFEJOàHVSF"MUIPVHIUIFSFXBTBOPWFSBMMEBUBPGGTFU	PGó,
CFUXFFOUFTU"BOE#

UIBUXBTBUUSJCVUFEUPBOPGGTFUJOUIF-BC7*&85$SFGFSFODFKVODUJPO
UIFUSFOETXFSFJEFOUJDBM"T

FYQFDUFE
WFSZMJUUMFHSBEJFOUXBTNFBTVSFEBDSPTTUIFBMVNJOVNQMBUF	,
EVFUPUIFIJHIUIFS

NBMDPOEVDUJPOPGBMVNJOVN*OCPUIUFTUT"BOE#
BHSBEVBMEFDMJOFJOUFNQFSBUVSFGPSBCPVUUIF

àSTUTXBTGPMMPXFECZBSBQJEESPQJOUIFàOBMUPTUPTBUVSBUJPO	,	°3

GPSBUPUBM

UJNFPGTSFRVJSFEUPDIJMMUIFQMBUFGSPNBNCJFOUUPTBUVSBUJPODPOEJUJPOT5IJTPWFSBMMSFTQPOTF

JTBDMBTTJDFYBNQMFPGIPXàMNCPJMJOHDPOTUSBJOTUIFIFBUUSBOTGFSVOUJMUIFTVSGBDFUFNQFSBUVSFJT

SFEVDFEUPUIFQPJOUXIFSFOVDMFBUFCPJMJOHDBOCFTVTUBJOFE	JOUIJTDBTF
BCPVU,	°3

*O

GBDU
UIFCPJMJOHQBUUFSOTDPVMECFWJTVBMMZBOEBVEJCMZPCTFSWFEEVSJOHUIFUFTUJOH

Transition to

Nucleate Boiling

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Test C Curve C–1

Test B

Type E TC Temperature (°F)

–30

–60

–150

–240

–330

Time (s)

Test A

Test C Curve C–2

Film Boiling

Nucleate Boiling –Bare Aluminum

–Coated Aluminum

LN2 Replenishment

–Coated Aluminum

'JHVSF&GGFDUTPGMJRVJEOJUSPHFOàMNCPJMJOHPODIJMMEPXOUJNF

 1SJPSUPUFTU$
BQQSPYJNBUFMZNJMTPGBOJOTVMBUJOHNBUFSJBMXBTBQQMJFEUPBMMJOUFSOBMTVS

GBDFTPGUIFUFTUDPOUBJOFS5IJTNBUFSJBMXBTBOFMFDUSPOJDTWBSOJTIVTFEUPDPBUQSJOUFEDJSDVJUT
BOE

BMUIPVHIOPUSBUFEGPSDSZPHFOJDUFNQFSBUVSFT
XBTBEFRVBUFGPSPOFDIJMMEPXOEFNPOTUSBUJPO5IF

CBTJDDPODFQUJTUIBUUIFJOTVMBUPSSFEVDFTUIFUFNQFSBUVSFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFOUIFMJRVJEBOETVSGBDF

	NBJOUBJOTBIJHIEFMUBUFNQFSBUVSFBDSPTTJUTTNBMMUIJDLOFTT

UIFSFCZQSFWFOUJOHWBQPSàMNGPSNB

UJPOBOEFOBCMJOHOVDMFBUFCPJMJOHUPQSPDFFE%VSJOHUFTU$
UIFUXPQPSUBCMF%FXBSTPG-/2XFSF

BEEFEUPUIFUFTUDPOUBJOFSBOEQSPEVDFECPJMJOHUIBUXBTNVDINPSFSBQJEUIBOUFTUT"BOE#"T

JMMVTUSBUFEJOàHVSF
UIFUFNQFSBUVSFESPQRVJDLMZBDDFMFSBUFE
BOEXJUIJOT
BMM-/2XBTCPJMFE

PVUPGUIFDPOUBJOFSBOEXBSNJOHCFHBO	EFQJDUFEJODVSWF$
5IJTSBUFXBTGBTUFSUIBOUIFQPS

UBCMF%FXBSTDPVMECFSFàMMFEGPSUPQPGG5IFSFGPSF
BSFBMUJNFEFDJTJPOXBTNBEFUPDPOUJOVFUIF
20

UFTUCZBEEJOHUPQPGG-/2XIJMFUIFTVSGBDFXBTQBSUJBMMZDIJMMFEEPXO5IJTXBTQFSGPSNFEBQQSPYJ

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BOEBMVNJOVNUFNQFSBUVSFTBHBJORVJDLMZESPQQFEVOUJMTBUVSBUJPO

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5.2 Fill Performance and Data Evaluation

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5.2.1 Fill Performance

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2,000

1,600

1,200

800

400

0

100

80

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0

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55

45

35

25

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45

40

35

30

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20

15

Ullage Pressure

Supply Pressure Vent Opened

Fill Level

Fill Rate

Fill Stopped

Vent Closed

Fill Rate (GPM)

Fill Level (GPM)

Ullage Pressure (psia)

Supply Pressure (psia)

–100 –60 –20 20 60 100 140 180

Time (s)

220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500

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45

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Fill Rate (GPM)

Fill Level (GPM)

Ullage Pressure (psia)

Supply Pressure (psia)

Time (s)

Fill Rate

Fill Stop

Ullage

Pressure

Fill Level Fill Start

Supply

Pressure

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22

5.3 System Level Modeling

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Tank Manhole

Temperature

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Transition From Film

to Nucleate Boiling

TWI @

~1.2% Fill

TW5 @

~76.7% Fill

Predicted

140

–40

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–160

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–460

0 50 100 150 200

Time (s)

250 300 350 400

Temperature (°F)

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23

5.4 Implications for Reduced Gravity Tank Chilldown 

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24


6. CONCLUSIONS

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27

APPENDIX A—MULTIPURPOSE HYDROGEN TEST BED TANKING STATISTICS

 5IF.)5#UBOLJOHTUBUJTUJDTBSFGPVOEJOUBCMF

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0

0.5 1.27 0.05 0.0015 99.99 0.01 0.24 0.1087

1 2.54 0.22 0.0061 99.97 0.03 0.95 0.4324

1.5 3.81 0.48 0.0137 99.92 0.08 2.13 0.9673

2 5.08 0.85 0.0242 99.87 0.13 3.77 1.7098

2.5 6.35 1.33 0.0375 99.79 0.21 5.86 2.656

3 7.62 1.9 0.0537 99.7 0.3 8.38 3.8025

3.5 8.89 2.57 0.0727 99.6 0.4 11.34 5.1453

4 10.16 3.33 0.0944 99.48 0.52 14.73 6.6809

4.5 11.43 4.19 0.1187 99.34 0.66 18.53 8.4055

5 12.7 5.15 0.1457 99.2 0.8 22.74 10.3154

5.5 13.97 6.19 0.1753 99.03 0.97 27.35 12.4068

6 15.24 7.32 0.2073 98.85 1.15 32.36 14.6762

6.5 16.51 8.54 0.2419 98.66 1.34 37.74 17.1198

7 17.78 9.85 0.2788 98.46 1.54 43.51 19.7338

7.5 19.05 11.23 0.3181 98.24 1.76 49.64 22.5146

8 20.32 12.7 0.3597 98.01 1.99 56.13 25.4585

8.5 21.59 14.25 0.4035 97.77 2.23 62.97 28.5618

9 22.86 15.88 0.4495 97.52 2.48 70.15 31.8207

9.5 24.13 17.58 0.4977 97.25 2.75 77.67 35.2316

10 25.4 19.35 0.5480 96.97 3.03 85.52 38.7907

10.5 26.67 21.2 0.6003 96.68 3.32 93.68 42.4943

11 27.94 23.12 0.6546 96.38 3.62 102.16 46.3388

11.5 29.21 25.1 0.7109 96.07 3.93 110.94 50.3204

12 30.48 27.16 0.769 95.75 4.25 120.01 54.4354

12.5 31.75 29.28 0.829 95.42 4.58 129.37 58.6801

13 33.02 31.46 0.8907 95.08 4.92 139 63.0509

13.5 34.29 33.7 0.9542 94.73 5.27 148.91 67.5439

14 35.56 36 1.0193 94.37 5.63 159.08 72.1556

14.5 36.83 38.36 1.0861 94 6 169.5 76.8821

15 38.1 40.77 1.1545 93.62 6.38 180.16 81.7198

15.5 39.37 43.24 1.2243 93.24 6.76 191.06 86.665
28

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

16 40.64 45.76 1.2957 92.84 7.16 202.19 91.714

16.5 41.91 48.32 1.3684 92.44 7.56 213.55 96.863

17 43.18 50.94 1.4425 92.03 7.97 225.11 102.1084

17.5 44.45 53.6 1.5179 91.62 8.38 236.88 107.4464

18 45.72 56.31 1.5946 91.19 8.81 248.84 112.8734

18.5 46.99 59.06 1.6724 90.76 9.24 261 118.3856

19 48.26 61.85 1.7515 90.33 9.67 273.33 123.9794

19.5 49.53 64.68 1.8316 89.88 10.12 285.83 129.651

20 50.8 67.55 1.9128 89.43 10.57 298.5 135.3967

20.5 52.07 70.45 1.9949 88.98 11.02 311.32 141.2128

21 53.34 73.39 2.078 88.52 11.48 324.29 147.0957

21.5 54.61 76.35 2.162 88.06 11.94 337.4 153.0415

22 55.88 79.35 2.2469 87.59 12.41 350.64 159.0467

22.5 57.15 82.37 2.3325 87.12 12.88 364 165.1074

23 58.42 85.42 2.4188 86.64 13.36 377.48 171.22

23.5 59.69 88.49 2.5059 86.16 13.84 391.06 177.3808

24 60.96 91.59 2.5935 85.67 14.33 404.74 183.5861

24.5 62.23 94.71 2.6818 85.19 14.81 418.51 189.8321

25 63.5 97.84 2.7705 84.7 15.3 432.36 196.1152

25.5 64.77 100.99 2.8598 84.2 15.8 446.29 202.4317

26 66.04 104.16 2.9494 83.71 16.29 460.28 208.7778

26.5 67.31 107.34 3.0394 83.21 16.79 474.32 215.1498

27 68.58 110.53 3.1298 82.71 17.29 488.42 221.5441

27.5 69.85 113.73 3.2204 82.21 17.79 502.56 227.9569

28 71.12 116.93 3.3112 81.71 18.29 516.73 234.3845

28.5 72.39 120.15 3.4021 81.21 18.79 530.92 240.8233

29 73.66 123.36 3.4932 80.7 19.3 545.14 247.2695

29.5 74.93 126.58 3.5843 80.2 19.8 559.36 253.7193

30 76.2 129.8 3.6755 79.7 20.3 573.58 260.1718

30.5 77.47 133.02 3.7666 79.19 20.81 587.8 266.6225

31 78.74 136.23 3.8577 78.69 21.31 602.02 273.0731

31.5 80.01 139.45 3.9489 78.19 21.81 616.24 279.5237

32 81.28 142.67 4.04 77.68 22.32 630.47 285.9743

32.5 82.55 145.89 4.1311 77.18 22.82 644.69 292.425

33 83.82 149.11 4.2222 76.68 23.32 658.91 298.8756

33.5 85.09 152.33 4.3134 76.17 23.83 673.13 305.3262

34 86.36 155.54 4.4045 75.67 24.33 687.35 311.7768

34.5 87.63 158.76 4.4956 75.17 24.83 701.57 318.2275

35 88.9 161.98 4.5868 74.66 25.34 715.79 324.6781

35.5 90.17 165.2 4.6779 74.16 25.84 730.01 331.1287

36 91.44 168.42 4.769 73.66 26.34 744.24 337.5793

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

29

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

36.5 92.71 171.63 4.8601 73.15 26.85 758.46 344.03

37 93.98 174.85 4.9513 72.65 27.35 772.68 350.4806

37.5 95.25 178.07 5.0424 72.15 27.85 786.9 356.9312

38 96.52 181.29 5.1335 71.64 28.36 801.12 363.3818

38.5 97.79 184.51 5.2247 71.14 28.86 815.34 369.8325

39 99.06 187.73 5.3158 70.64 29.36 829.56 376.2831

39.5 100.33 190.94 5.4069 70.13 29.87 843.78 382.7337

40 101.6 194.16 5.498 69.63 30.37 858 389.1843

40.5 102.87 197.38 5.5892 69.13 30.87 872.23 395.635

41 104.14 200.6 5.6803 68.62 31.38 886.45 402.0856

41.5 105.41 203.82 5.7714 68.12 31.88 900.67 408.5362

42 106.68 207.03 5.8626 67.62 32.38 914.89 414.9868

42.5 107.95 210.25 5.9537 67.11 32.89 929.11 421.4375

43 109.22 213.47 6.0448 66.61 33.39 943.33 427.8881

43.5 110.49 216.69 6.1359 66.11 33.89 957.55 434.3387

44 111.76 219.91 6.2271 65.6 34.4 971.77 440.7893

44.5 113.03 223.13 6.3182 65.1 34.9 986 447.24

45 114.3 226.34 6.4093 64.6 35.4 1000.22 453.6906

45.5 115.57 229.56 6.5005 64.09 35.91 1014.44 460.1412

46 116.84 232.78 6.5916 63.59 36.41 1028.66 466.5918

46.5 118.11 236 6.6827 63.09 36.91 1042.88 473.0425

47 119.38 239.22 6.7738 62.58 37.42 1057.1 479.4931

47.5 120.65 242.43 6.865 62.08 37.92 1071.32 485.9437

48 121.92 245.65 6.9561 61.58 38.42 1085.54 492.3943

48.5 123.19 248.87 7.0472 61.07 38.93 1099.76 498.845

49 124.46 252.09 7.1384 60.57 39.43 1113.99 505.2956

49.5 125.73 255.31 7.2295 60.07 39.93 1128.21 511.7462

50 127 258.53 7.3206 59.56 40.44 1142.43 518.1968

50.5 128.27 261.74 7.4117 59.06 40.94 1156.65 524.6475

51 129.54 264.96 7.5029 58.56 41.44 1170.87 531.0981

51.5 130.81 268.18 7.594 58.05 41.95 1185.09 537.5487

52 132.08 271.4 7.6851 57.55 42.45 1199.31 543.9993

52.5 133.35 274.62 7.7763 57.05 42.95 1213.53 550.45

53 134.62 277.83 7.8674 56.54 43.46 1227.76 556.9006

53.5 135.89 281.05 7.9585 56.04 43.96 1241.98 563.3512

54 137.16 284.27 8.0496 55.54 44.46 1256.2 569.8018

54.5 138.43 287.49 8.1408 55.03 44.97 1270.42 576.2525

55 139.7 290.71 8.2319 54.53 45.47 1284.64 582.7031

55.5 140.97 293.93 8.323 54.03 45.97 1298.86 589.1537

56 142.24 297.14 8.4142 53.52 46.48 1313.08 595.6043

56.5 143.51 300.36 8.5053 53.02 46.98 1327.3 602.055

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

30

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

57 144.78 303.58 8.5964 52.52 47.48 1341.53 608.5056

57.5 146.05 306.8 8.6875 52.01 47.99 1355.75 614.9562

58 147.32 310.02 8.7787 51.51 48.49 1369.97 621.4068

58.5 148.59 313.23 8.8698 51.01 48.99 1384.19 627.8575

59 149.86 316.45 8.9609 50.5 49.5 1398.41 634.3081

59.5 151.13 319.67 9.0521 50 50 1412.63 640.7587

60 152.4 322.89 9.1432 49.5 50.5 1426.85 647.2093

60.5 153.67 326.11 9.2343 48.99 51.01 1441.07 653.66

61 154.94 329.33 9.3254 48.49 51.51 1455.29 660.1106

61.5 156.21 332.54 9.4166 47.99 52.01 1469.52 666.5612

62 157.48 335.76 9.5077 47.48 52.52 1483.74 673.0118

62.5 158.75 338.98 9.5988 46.98 53.02 1497.96 679.4625

63 160.02 342.2 9.69 46.48 53.52 1512.18 685.9131

63.5 161.29 345.42 9.7811 45.97 54.03 1526.4 692.3637

64 162.56 348.63 9.8722 45.47 54.53 1540.62 698.8143

64.5 163.83 351.85 9.9633 44.97 55.03 1554.84 705.265

65 165.1 355.07 10.0545 44.46 55.54 1569.06 711.7156

65.5 166.37 358.29 10.1456 43.96 56.04 1583.29 718.1662

66 167.64 361.51 10.2367 43.46 56.54 1597.51 724.6168

66.5 168.91 364.73 10.3278 42.95 57.05 1611.73 731.0675

67 170.18 367.94 10.419 42.45 57.55 1625.95 737.5181

67.5 171.45 371.16 10.5101 41.95 58.05 1640.17 743.9687

68 172.72 374.38 10.6012 41.44 58.56 1654.39 750.4193

68.5 173.99 377.6 10.6924 40.94 59.06 1668.61 756.87

69 175.26 380.82 10.7835 40.44 59.56 1682.83 763.3206

69.5 176.53 384.03 10.8746 39.93 60.07 1697.06 769.7712

70 177.8 387.25 10.9657 39.43 60.57 1711.28 776.2218

70.5 179.07 390.47 11.0569 38.93 61.07 1725.5 782.6725

71 180.34 393.69 11.148 38.42 61.58 1739.72 789.1231

71.5 181.61 396.91 11.2391 37.92 62.08 1753.94 795.5737

72 182.88 400.13 11.3303 37.42 62.58 1768.16 802.0243

72.5 184.15 403.34 11.4214 36.91 63.09 1782.38 808.475

73 185.42 406.56 11.5125 36.41 63.59 1796.6 814.9256

73.5 186.69 409.78 11.6036 35.91 64.09 1810.82 821.3762

74 187.96 413 11.6948 35.4 64.6 1825.05 827.8268

74.5 189.23 416.22 11.7859 34.9 65.1 1839.27 834.2775

75 190.5 419.43 11.877 34.4 65.6 1853.49 840.7281

75.5 191.77 422.65 11.9682 33.89 66.11 1867.71 847.1787

76 193.04 425.87 12.0593 33.39 66.61 1881.93 853.6293

76.5 194.31 429.09 12.1504 32.89 67.11 1896.15 860.08

77 195.58 432.31 12.2415 32.38 67.62 1910.37 866.5306

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

31

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

77.5 196.85 435.53 12.3327 31.88 68.12 1924.59 872.9812

78 198.12 438.74 12.4238 31.38 68.62 1938.82 879.4318

78.5 199.39 441.96 12.5149 30.87 69.13 1953.04 885.8824

79 200.66 445.18 12.6061 30.37 69.63 1967.26 892.3331

79.5 201.93 448.4 12.6972 29.87 70.13 1981.48 898.7837

80 203.2 451.62 12.7883 29.36 70.64 1995.7 905.2343

80.5 204.47 454.83 12.8794 28.86 71.14 2009.92 911.6849

81 205.74 458.05 12.9706 28.36 71.64 2024.14 918.1356

81.5 207.01 461.27 13.0617 27.85 72.15 2038.36 924.5862

82 208.28 464.49 13.1528 27.35 72.65 2052.58 931.0368

82.5 209.55 467.71 13.244 26.85 73.15 2066.81 937.4874

83 210.82 470.93 13.3351 26.34 73.66 2081.03 943.9381

83.5 212.09 474.14 13.4262 25.84 74.16 2095.25 950.3887

84 213.36 477.36 13.5173 25.34 74.66 2109.47 956.8393

84.5 214.63 480.58 13.6085 24.83 75.17 2123.69 963.2899

85 215.9 483.8 13.6996 24.33 75.67 2137.91 969.7406

85.5 217.17 487.02 13.7907 23.83 76.17 2152.13 976.1912

86 218.44 490.23 13.8819 23.32 76.68 2166.35 982.6418

86.5 219.71 493.45 13.973 22.82 77.18 2180.58 989.0924

87 220.98 496.67 14.0641 22.32 77.68 2194.8 995.5431

87.5 222.25 499.89 14.1552 21.81 78.19 2209.02 1001.9937

88 223.52 503.11 14.2464 21.31 78.69 2223.24 1008.4443

88.5 224.79 506.33 14.3375 20.8 79.2 2237.46 1014.8949

89 226.06 509.54 14.4286 20.3 79.7 2251.68 1021.3456

89.5 227.33 512.76 14.5198 19.8 80.2 2265.9 1027.7962

90 228.6 515.98 14.6108 19.3 80.7 2280.12 1034.2433

90.5 229.87 519.19 14.7019 18.79 81.21 2294.33 1040.6895

91 231.14 522.41 14.7929 18.29 81.71 2308.52 1047.1282

91.5 232.41 525.61 14.8837 17.79 82.21 2322.69 1053.5559

92 233.68 528.81 14.9743 17.29 82.71 2336.83 1059.9687

92.5 234.95 532 15.0646 16.79 83.21 2350.93 1066.363

93 236.22 535.18 15.1546 16.29 83.71 2364.98 1072.735

93.5 237.49 538.35 15.2443 15.8 84.2 2378.97 1079.0811

94 238.76 541.5 15.3335 15.3 84.7 2392.89 1085.3976

94.5 240.03 544.63 15.4223 14.81 85.19 2406.74 1091.6807

95 241.3 547.75 15.5105 14.33 85.67 2420.51 1097.9267

95.5 242.57 550.84 15.5982 13.84 86.16 2434.19 1104.132

96 243.84 553.92 15.6852 13.36 86.64 2447.78 1110.2928

96.5 245.11 556.97 15.7716 12.88 87.12 2461.25 1116.4054

97 246.38 559.99 15.8572 12.41 87.59 2474.61 1122.4661

97.5 247.65 562.99 15.942 11.94 88.06 2487.85 1128.4713

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

32

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

98 248.92 565.95 16.026 11.48 88.52 2500.96 1134.4171

98.5 250.19 568.89 16.1091 11.02 88.98 2513.93 1140.3

99 251.46 571.79 16.1913 10.57 89.43 2526.75 1146.1161

99.5 252.73 574.66 16.2724 10.12 89.88 2539.42 1151.8618

100 254 577.49 16.3526 9.67 90.33 2551.92 1157.5334

100.5 255.27 580.28 16.4316 9.24 90.76 2564.26 1163.1272

101 256.54 583.03 16.5095 8.81 91.19 2576.41 1168.6394

101.5 257.81 585.73 16.5861 8.38 91.62 2588.37 1174.0664

102 259.08 588.4 16.6615 7.97 92.03 2600.14 1179.4044

102.5 260.35 591.01 16.7356 7.56 92.44 2611.71 1184.6498

103 261.62 593.58 16.8084 7.16 92.84 2623.06 1189.7988

103.5 262.89 596.1 16.8797 6.76 93.24 2634.19 1194.8478

104 264.16 598.57 16.9496 6.38 93.62 2645.09 1199.793

104.5 265.43 600.98 17.0179 6 94 2655.76 1204.6307

105 266.7 603.34 17.0847 5.63 94.37 2666.18 1209.3572

105.5 267.97 605.64 17.1498 5.27 94.73 2676.34 1213.9689

106 269.24 607.88 17.2133 4.92 95.08 2686.25 1218.4619

106.5 270.51 610.06 17.2751 4.58 95.42 2695.88 1222.8327

107 271.78 612.18 17.335 4.25 95.75 2705.24 1227.0774

107.5 273.05 614.23 17.3932 3.93 96.07 2714.31 1231.1924

108 274.32 616.22 17.4494 3.62 96.38 2723.09 1235.174

108.5 275.59 618.14 17.5037 3.32 96.68 2731.57 1239.0185

109 276.86 619.99 17.556 3.03 96.97 2739.73 1242.7221

109.5 278.13 621.76 17.6063 2.75 97.25 2747.58 1246.2812

110 279.4 623.46 17.6545 2.48 97.52 2755.1 1249.6921

110.5 280.67 625.09 17.7005 2.23 97.77 2762.28 1252.951

111 281.94 626.64 17.7444 1.99 98.01 2769.13 1256.0543

111.5 283.21 628.11 17.786 1.76 98.24 2775.62 1258.9981

112 284.48 629.49 17.8253 1.54 98.46 2781.75 1261.779

112.5 285.75 630.8 17.8622 1.34 98.66 2787.51 1264.393

113 287.02 632.02 17.8967 1.15 98.85 2792.9 1266.8366

113.5 288.29 633.15 17.9288 0.97 99.03 2797.9 1269.106

114 289.56 634.19 17.9583 0.8 99.2 2802.51 1271.1974

114.5 290.83 635.15 17.9853 0.66 99.34 2806.72 1273.1073

115 292.1 636.01 18.0097 0.52 99.48 2810.52 1274.8319

115.5 293.37 636.77 18.0313 0.4 99.6 2813.91 1276.3675

116 294.64 637.44 18.0503 0.3 99.7 2816.87 1277.7103

116.5 295.91 638.01 18.0665 0.21 99.79 2819.4 1278.8567

117 297.18 638.49 18.0799 0.13 99.87 2821.48 1279.803

117.5 298.45 638.86 18.0904 0.08 99.92 2823.12 1280.5455

118 299.72 639.12 18.0979 0.03 99.97 2824.3 1281.0804

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

33

Height Volume Ullage

(%)

Liquid

( %)

Liquid Mass

(lbm)

Liquid Mass

(in) (cm) (ft (kg) 3) (m3)

118.5 300.99 639.28 18.1025 0.01 99.99 2825.01 1281.4041

119 302.26 639.34 18.104 0 100 2825.25 1281.5128

5BCMF5BOLJOHUBCMF	$POUJOVFE

34

APPENDIX B—CHILL/FILL INSTRUMENTATION LIST

 5IF"464GBDJMJUZNFBTVSJOHTUBUJTUJDTBSFMJTUFEJOUBCMF

5BCMF*OTUSVNFOUBUJPOMJTU

MID Description Low High Units SIU CH

Manufacturer Model No. S/NRTD 

Info CAL Due FAP 

NASA 

CAL MRCF#

31P039 Test Article Inlet Pressure 0 200 PSIG 0 1 SENSOTEC 134MB250D 18772 2.5” 03/11/01 07/05/00 M626678 3,8,

31T037 Test Article Inlet Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 2 RTD, ROSEMONT150BD32 2549 4” 03/14/01 07/10/00 M636743 2,8,

31P042 *_"`=j** 0 50 PSIG 0 5 STELLAR GT200-50G-104 930257 05/11/02 07/05/00 M631362 8,

31P003 Test Article Vent Pressure 0 50 PSIG 0 3 TELEDYNE 

TABER

254 781295 02/08/01 06/22/00 M641701 8,

31T041 Test Article Vent Line 

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 4 RTD, ROSEMONT150BD48 2734 6” 04/12/01 07/10/00 M624861 2,

31P008 Test Article Drain Line U/S 

VPV-3107

0 200 PSIG 0 8 STELLAR GT200-200G-115 986776 10/15/00 06/22/00 8,

31T009 Test Article Drain Line U/S 

VPV-3107

-424 100 DEG F 0 9 ROSEMOUNT 

ENG.

150HF32 3261 4” 07/29/00 07/10/00 M629619 8,9,

31P010 Fill Line Filter F-3104 0 5 PSID 0 10 STATHAM PM385TC+5-350 93 09/15/00 07/05/00 M640319 8,

31T011 Down Stream ROV3119 

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 11 OMEGA TYPE “E” T/C, 

6X1/8 

N/A 4”x6” VJ N/A 07/05/00 N/A 8,

31P012 Down Stream ROV3119 

Pressure

0 200 PSIG 0 12 STELLAR GT200-200G-115 986769 10/15/00 07/05/00 8,

31P017 '=

U/S ROV-31161 Pressure

0 200 PSIG 0 17 TELEDYNE 

TABER

226 890898 11/16/00 06/22/00 M625310 8,

31T018 '=

U/S ROV-31161 Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 18 OMEGA TYPE “E” T/C 6X1/8 N/A -= N/A 07/05/00 N/A 8,

31P024 '=`=

Pressure

0 200 PSIG 0 22 STELLAR GT200-200G-115 986775 10/15/00 07/05/00 M640036 8,

35P001 Test Article Pressurant 

Y

0 200 PSIS 0 24 TELEDYNE 

TABER

226 890946 10/22/00 06/22/00 M640397 8,

35P002 '=j**

Y

0 1000 PSIG 0 25 STELLAR GT200-1000G-115 986806 03/30/02 07/05/00 M640793 1,8,

36P001 Environmental Enclosure 

j=

0 1000 PSIG 0 26 STELLAR GT200-1000S-115 951770 09/14/01 07/05/00 M630581 8,

36P006 QjYj** 0 5000 PSIS 0 31 TELEDYNE 

TABER

2105 902145 04/04/02 06/22/00 M635988 8,

31P031 Test Article Vent Pressure 0 50 PSIS 0 37 TELEDYNE 

TABER

254 781248 05/11/02 07/12/00 M638034 6,9,

T4630 SIU Room Temperature 

- B4630

32 100 DEG F 0 40 OMEGA TYPE “E” T/C, 

6X1/8

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 10,

31T036 Test Article Inlet Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 41 RTD, ROSEMONT134MB250D 18770 2.5” 03/11/01 07/10/00 M626699 1,3,8,


MID Description Low High Units SIU CH

Manufacturer Model No. S/NRTD 

Info CAL Due FAP 

NASA 

CAL MRCF#

31T033 Flowmeter D/S Temperature -424 100 DEG F 0 42 RTD, ROSEMONT150BD48 2188 6” 03/16/01 07/10/00 M627372 1,8,

31T051 '=-

perature

-424 100 DEG F 0 44 RTD, 

OMEGA

PR-13-2-100-24-E 24” 09/07/01 09/27/00 M646957 

31T049 MHTB Drain Line Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 45 OMEGA Y! -= 07/20/00 10,

FM3125 "Y' 95 1300 GPM 0 46 Flow Tech-

''=Y

FT-64CINWLHA-2021640558 09/28/00 07/25/00 M642757 10,

31P050 '=

Pressure

0 2 PSID 0 47 STELLAR DT400-2BD-101 941217 07/28/01 08/03/00 M628186

31P035 Flowmeter D/S Pressure 0 200 PSIG 0 48 SENSOTEC Z/C438-02 633692 05/03/02 07/05/00 M645599 1,8,

31P034 Flowmeter U/S Pressure 0 200 PSIG 0 49 SENSOTEC Z/C438-02 633674 05/03/02 07/05/00 M645595 1,8,

31P038 Test Article Inlet Pressure 0 200 PSIG 0 50 SENSOTEC Z/C438-02 633694 05/04/02 07/06/00 M645601 1,8,

31P046 OR-31114 U/S Pressure 0 50 PSIS 0 51 Taber 254 921152 07/26/01 09/14/00 M623259 1,8,

31P048 OR-31114 Delta Pressure 0 PSID 0 52

31P047 OR-31114 D/S Pressure 0 50 PSIS 0 53 TELEDYNE 

TABER

254 781293 07/26/01 09/14/00 M628975 1,8,

31T045 OR-31114 D/S Temperature -424 100 DEG F 0 55 ROSEMOUNT 

ENG.

134RN68 20709 8.5” 03/24/01 09/12/00 M622427 1,9,

31T052 Vent Line Surface Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 56 OMEGA Y!

Temp

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 10,

31T053 Vent Line Surface Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 57 OMEGA Y!

Temp

N/A N/A 07/21/00 N/A 10,

31T016 GH2 Vent Line (near HCF) -424 100 DEG F 0 58 OMEGA Y!! N/A N/A 07/21/00 N/A 10,

31T040 Test Article Vent Temperature-424 100 DEG F 0 59 RTD, ROSEMONT150BD48 2209 6” 04/12/01 07/10/00 M624855 1,8,

36P007 Q-Y

Pressure

0 6000 PSIG 0 60 STELLAR GT200-6000G-115 962926 04/09/01 07/05/00 M633036 1,8,

36P008 Q-=

Panel Outlet Pressure

0 200 PSIG 0 61 STELLAR GT200-200G-115 986773 08/17/02 09/26/00 M640821 1,8,

31P019 Test Article Differential 

Pressure

0 2 PSID 0 62 STATHAM TP-A-1064-EX 91 04/24/02 07/05/00 M629981 1,8,

31P043 *_"`=j** 0 50 PSIS 0 63 TELEDYNE 

TABER

254 761560 07/26/01 07/12/00 M643345 6,9,

Dew1 Dewpoint -68 78 DEG F 0 64 VAISALA DMP248 06/15/01 07/14/00 N/A 4,9,

35T003 '=j**

Y

32 100 DEG F 0 6 OMEGA TYPE “E” T/C, 

6X1/8

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 1,10,

31T054 RV31111 DownStream Skin 

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 14 OMEGA Y!

Temp

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 3,10,

31T055 RV31111 DownStream Skin 

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 15 OMEGA Y!

Temp

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 3,4,10,

31T056 RV31061 DownStream Skin 

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 16 OMEGA Y!

Temp

N/A N/A 07/20/00 N/A 3,4,10,

31V3107 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 28 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

31V3126 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 199 PCNT 0 29 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

35V3513 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 30 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,5,14,

5BCMF*OTUSVNFOUBUJPOMJTU	$POUJOVFE



MID Description Low High Units SIU CH

Manufacturer Model No. S/NRTD 

Info CAL Due FAP 

NASA 

CAL MRCF#

31L022 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 32 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

31P028 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 50 PSIG 0 34 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

31P029 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 50 PSIG 0 35 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

31P030 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 36 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

31V3112 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 38 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,14,

35V3510 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 39 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 4,5,14,

31C3107 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 5,14,

31C3112 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 20 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 5,14,

31C3126 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 21 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 5,14,

35C3510 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 65 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 5,14,

35C3513 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 23 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 5,14,

36T003 *_"j**
Y*


Temp.

-425 100 DEG F 0 124 OMEGA Y!! N/A N/A 07/05/00 N/A 7,10,

31P023 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 50 PSIG 0 67 N/A N/A N/A N/A 07/27/00 N/A 14,

36T009 *_"j=

Temperature

-424 100 DEG F 0 68 OMEGA Y!! N/A N/A 07/25/00 N/A 10,

36P004 !j=`!j** 0 200 PSIS 0 69 STATHAM PG752TC-200-350 59 09/10/00 07/25/00 M627128 10,

31V3105 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 125 N/A N/A N/A N/A 08/10/00 N/A 11,14,

31C3105 ''+-"H'=

Parameter

0 100 PCNT 0 126 N/A N/A N/A N/A 08/10/00 N/A 11,14,

5BCMF*OTUSVNFOUBUJPOMJTU	$POUJOVFE

37

APPENDIX C—INSTRUMENTATION IN THE MULTIPURPOSE HYDROGEN TEST BED 

UPPER DOME REGION

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C.1 Vent Penetration Instrumentation

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38

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C.2 Manhole Cover and Pump-Out Port Instrumentation

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APPENDIX D—CHILL/FILL TEST FACILITY REQUIREMENTS

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43

REFERENCES

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"(FOFSBMJ[FE'MVJE4ZTUFN4JNVMBUJPO1SPHSBN	('441

7FSTJPO
+VMZ

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NFOU
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/"4".BSTIBMM4QBDF'MJHIU$FOUFS
"-
"QSJM

 "4.&.'$.
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4FQUFNCFS
44

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved

OMB No. 0704-0188

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OMB control number.

PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

IS20

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Huntsville, Alabama 35812