FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR 

RENEWABLE AND 

ADVANCED ENERGY 

TECHNOLOGIES

Statement of Frank Rusco, Director 

Natural Resources and Environment

Testimony 

Before the Subcommittees on Oversight 

and Energy, Committee on Science, 

Space, and Technology, House of 

Representatives

For Release on Delivery 

Expected at 2:00 p.m. EDT

Tuesday, April 16, 2013

GAO-13-514T

United States Government Accountability Office

GAO
Page 1 GAO-13-514T 

United States Government Accountability Office 

Washington, DC 20548

Chairmen Broun and Lummis, Ranking Members Maffei and Swalwell, 

and Members of the Subcommittees:

I am pleased to be here today to discuss federal support for renewable 

and advanced energy technologies. Americans’ daily lives, as well as the 

economic productivity of the United States, depend on the availability of 

energy, the majority of which comes from fossil fuels. However, faced 

with concerns over the nation’s reliance on imported oil, volatile energy 

costs, and greenhouse gas emissions, federal policymakers have 

increased support for deployment of renewable and advanced energy 

technologies to help meet our nation’s energy needs.1 Federal agencies 

including the Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Energy (DOE), and the 

Treasury, among others, provide support for these technologies through 

tax expenditures,2

 

1

For purposes of this statement, renewable energy technologies include wind, solar, 

geothermal, hydroelectric, and biomass, among others. Advanced energy technologies 

generally include new or significantly improved technologies in energy efficiency, 

renewable energy, nuclear generation, nuclear front-end (i.e., projects to accelerate 

deployment of new uranium enrichment capacity and distribution), and advanced fossil 

energy, and more fuel-efficient passenger vehicles and their components.

grants, loans, and loan guarantees. This support helps 

finance production of electricity from wind and solar farms, manufacturing 

of electric and hybrid vehicles, and construction of advanced nuclear 

power plants, among other things. Energy produced from nonfossil fuel 

sources has increased over the last several decades, growing to about 22 

percent of total U.S. energy production in 2012, according to projections 

by DOE’s Energy Information Administration, an independent statistical 

and analytical agency. At the same time, the increase in federal support 

for renewable and advanced energy technologies and the involvement of 

multiple agencies in supporting such technologies have raised questions 

about the effectiveness of this support. In the current fiscally constrained 

environment, it is especially important to allocate scarce government 

resources where they can be most effective.

2

Tax expenditures are provisions of federal tax laws that (1) allow a special exclusion, 

exemption, or deduction from gross income or (2) provide a special credit, preferential tax 

rate, or deferral of tax liability. Tax expenditures result in revenue losses for the federal 

government, which forgoes some of the tax revenues that it would have otherwise 

collected. See GAO, Government Performance and Accountability: Tax Expenditures 

Represent a Substantial Federal Commitment and Need to Be Reexamined, GAO-05-690 

(Washington, D.C.: Sept. 23, 2005).

 
 

Page 2 GAO-13-514T 

We have issued a number of reports related to federal support of 

renewable and advanced energy technologies including, most recently, 

the following two reports:

(1) a broad review of federal initiatives that promote wind energy, 

including the extent to which initiatives may provide duplicative 

support and the extent to which agencies assess applicant need for 

the initiatives’ support,3

(2) a review of the status of DOE’s efforts to use its loan and loan 

guarantee authorities and remaining credit subsidy appropriations to 

support projects under its Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan 

Guarantee Program (LGP), which guarantees loans for projects that, 

among other things, use new or significantly improved technologies, 

and Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) loan 

program, which provides loans for projects to produce more fuelefficient passenger vehicles and their components.

and

4

My statement today presents highlights from these two reports. Additional 

information on the scope and methodology of our underlying work is 

available in each report. We conducted this work in accordance with 

generally accepted government auditing standards.

 

3

GAO, Wind Energy: Additional Actions Could Help Ensure Effective Use of Federal 

Financial Support, GAO-13-136 (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 11, 2013). 

4

GAO, Department of Energy: Status of Loan Programs, GAO-13-331R (Washington, 

D.C.: Mar. 15, 2013).
 

Page 3 GAO-13-514T 

The first report I will discuss today is our broad review of federal windrelated initiatives.5 In summary, we identified 82 federal wind-related 

initiatives implemented by nine agencies in fiscal year 2011. Most of 

these initiatives supported deployment of wind facilities and, of these, we 

identified 7 that provided duplicative support—financial support from 

multiple initiatives to the same recipient for deployment of a single 

project.6 These 7 initiatives included tax expenditures, grants, loans, and 

loan guarantee programs and were implemented by Treasury, DOE, or 

USDA. In many cases, wind project developers combined the support of 

more than one Treasury initiative and, in some cases, received additional 

support from smaller DOE or USDA grant or loan guarantee programs. 

For example, projects supported by Treasury’s Payments for Specific 

Energy Property in Lieu of Tax Credits (Section 1603 program)7

—which 

provides cash grants worth up to 30 percent of the total eligible costs of 

wind and certain other renewable energy facilities—also received 

additional federal tax subsidies,8

 

5

We defined a wind-related initiative as a program or group of agency activities serving a 

similar purpose or function that promoted wind energy technologies through a specific 

emphasis or focus, even if wind energy was only one part of a broader effort. See 

as well as support from DOE- or USDAadministered loan guarantees. Of the 7 initiatives, those implemented by 

Treasury accounted for more than 95 percent of the federal financial 

support for wind in fiscal year 2011, based on available estimates from 

Treasury and the Joint Committee on Taxation. In addition to these 7 

initiatives, we identified 3 other DOE or USDA initiatives that did not 

actually fund any wind projects in fiscal year 2011 but that could be 

combined with one or more other federal initiatives to provide duplicative 

support in the future based on the types of projects eligible for their 

support. Appendix I briefly describes these 10 initiatives that have 

provided or could provide duplicative support. In addition, our work found 

that wind projects may receive additional financial support from state tax 

GAO-13-136. 

6

All of these initiatives were specifically established by Congress, as opposed to agencycreated initiatives. Four of the seven initiatives, including two tax expenditures, a grant 

program, and a loan guarantee program expired recently or are scheduled to expire for 

wind projects at the end of 2013.

7

Section 1603 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act created this initiative.

8

“Tax subsidies” refer to the benefits provided to taxpayers who take advantage of tax 

expenditures and thus pay lower taxes than they would otherwise have had to pay.

Several Federal WindRelated Initiatives 

Provided Some 

Duplicative Financial 

Support, and the 

Extent to Which 

Applicant Need for 

Support Was Assessed 

Is Unclear
 

Page 4 GAO-13-514T 

credits and grant and loan programs, as well as indirect support from 

state policies, most notably renewable portfolio standards.9

Although these initiatives have, in some cases, provided duplicative 

support, their support may address different needs of wind project 

developers or the communities their projects serve. For instance, 

according to DOE officials, in many cases, DOE’s loan guarantees can 

address projects’ needs for construction and long-term debt financing, 

and grants under the Section 1603 program and support from Treasury’s 

tax expenditures are available only after the projects have been 

constructed and are operational. Therefore, the loan guarantees helped 

support projects that might not otherwise have reached the development 

stage required to receive tax credits or Section 1603 grants. In addition, in 

some cases, there are restrictions on the extent to which individual 

projects can receive support from multiple initiatives. For instance, 

provisions of the tax code prevent project developers from combining 

Treasury’s Section 1603 program grants with Treasury’s energy 

investment or energy production tax credits to support a specific wind 

project. In addition, USDA and DOE, in some cases, reduce the value of 

support provided through their grant, loan, and loan guarantee programs, 

or deny support altogether, for applicants who receive funding from other 

initiatives. Despite these restrictions, the initiatives we identified that 

provided duplicative support were often combined to provide cumulative 

financial support worth about half of project costs for wind projects, 

according to financial professionals active in the wind energy industry.

DOE and USDA have discretion—to the extent allowed by their statutory 

authority—over the projects they support, and Treasury supports projects 

based on the tax code’s eligibility criteria and generally does not have 

discretion to allocate support to projects. DOE and USDA have used their 

discretion to allocate support based on projects’ ability to meet initiative 

goals, such as reducing emissions or benefitting rural communities, as 

well as other criteria, such as financial and technical feasibility.

According to agency officials and program guidance, DOE and USDA 

also consider applicant need for their initiatives’ support, in some cases. 

 

9

Renewable portfolio standards do not provide direct financial support to particular wind 

projects; however, by requiring or encouraging that a percentage of the electricity 

consumed in a state be generated from renewable sources, they are designed to create 

market demand for electricity from sources such as wind.
 

Page 5 GAO-13-514T 

For example, a solicitation for DOE loan guarantee applications states 

that DOE will take an unfavorable view of projects that could be fully 

financed on a long-term basis by commercial banks or others without a 

federal loan guarantee. Similarly, USDA considers applicants’ need for 

support from some of its initiatives, according to agency officials. 

However, neither DOE nor USDA officials provided documentation that 

indicated how information they collected or examined about applicant 

need influenced their decisions on whether to provide support, or how 

much support to provide, under their initiatives for specific projects. As a 

result, the extent to which applicant need influenced agency decisions is 

unclear.

Whether initiatives’ incremental support was always needed for wind 

projects to be built is also unclear.10

We recommended in this report that, to better support federal agencies’ 

efforts to effectively allocate resources among wind projects, the 

Secretaries of Energy and Agriculture should, to the extent possible within 

their statutory authority, formally assess and document whether the 

incremental financial support of their initiatives is needed for applicants’ 

projects to be built, and take this information into account in determining 

whether, or how much, support to provide. In commenting on the report, 

DOE agreed with our recommendation, and USDA generally concurred 

with the information in the report related to its initiatives. DOE stated that 

it plans to formally document its evaluation of applicants’ assertions 

regarding their inability to finance projects without a federal loan 

According to agency officials and 

financial professionals active in the wind energy industry, the incremental 

support provided by each initiative may be necessary, in many cases, for 

wind projects to be built. However, because agencies do not document 

assessments of projects’ need for support, it is sometimes unclear if the 

entire amount of federal support provided was necessary. In particular, 

our review of documentation related to two wind projects suggests that 

agencies’ wind initiatives have sometimes supported projects that may 

have been built without their incremental support. Federal support that 

exceeds what is needed to induce projects to be built could potentially be 

used to induce other projects to be built or could simply be withheld, 

thereby reducing federal expenditures.

 

10The term “incremental support” refers to the support an agency provides to an individual 

project under one of its wind energy initiatives that is in addition to support provided to that 

project by that agency or other agencies under different wind energy initiatives.
 

Page 6 GAO-13-514T 

guarantee and will clarify how it considers the financial need of applicants 

when determining what amount of support to provide. In addition, USDA 

noted that, for certain initiatives, loan guarantee applicants are required to 

state their need for the guarantee on the loan application form. USDA 

further noted that, for one initiative, financial need is no longer taken into 

consideration when making awards because the requirement to do so 

was not included in the provisions of the Food, Conservation, and Energy 

Act of 2008 and, therefore, USDA removed the requirement from program 

regulations. GAO believes that, while USDA may not be legally required 

to formally assess applicants’ need for project support for this initiative, 

making that assessment could help allocate scarce resources just as it 

would for other initiatives.

The second report I will discuss today is our review of the status of DOE’s 

efforts to use its remaining loan and loan guarantee authorities and 

remaining credit subsidy appropriations to support projects under its LGP 

and ATVM loan program, as of January 29, 2013.11 Before outlining our 

findings, I would like to provide some context regarding the two programs 

and their remaining authorities and appropriations. DOE’s Loan Programs 

Office administers LGP and the ATVM loan program. LGP, under Title 

XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, as amended (EPAct), encourages, 

among other things, early commercial use of new or significantly 

improved technologies in energy projects. Under LGP, DOE agrees to 

reimburse lenders—either the Federal Financing Bank or private 

lenders12—for the guaranteed amount of loans if the borrowers default. 

EPAct requires that the credit subsidy costs of LGP loan guarantees be 

paid for by either appropriations or the borrowers.13

 

11See 

For certain categories 

of LGP loan guarantees, Congress has provided appropriations to cover 

credit subsidy costs. The ATVM loan program, as authorized under 

Section 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, 

GAO-13-331R. 

12The Federal Financing Bank is a government corporation, created by Congress under 

the general supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury. It has statutory authority to 

purchase any obligation issued, sold, or guaranteed by a federal agency to ensure that 

fully guaranteed obligations are financed efficiently.

13Credit subsidy costs represent the estimated net long-term cost of extending or 

guaranteeing credit, in present value terms, over the entire period the loans are 

outstanding (not including administrative costs).

DOE Was Actively 

Considering $15.1 

Billion in Applications 

for LGP, but Not 

Actively Considering 

Any Applications for 

the ATVM Loan 

Program 
 

Page 7 GAO-13-514T 

provides loans to support development of advanced technology vehicles 

and associated components in the United States that would increase the 

fuel economy of U.S. passenger vehicles. The fiscal year 2009 continuing 

resolution provided the ATVM loan program with appropriations to cover 

credit subsidy costs of loans provided under the program. DOE has not 

closed on a loan or loan guarantee or conditionally committed to do so 

under either program since September 2011 and,14

In summary, we found that, as of January 29, 2013, DOE was considering 

using $15.1 billion of the $34.8 billion in remaining loan guarantee 

authority for loan guarantees requested by 13 active LGP applications.

as of January 2013, 

the programs combined had about $51 billion in unused loan and loan 

guarantee authority and approximately $4.4 billion in unused credit 

subsidy appropriations. For the LGP, $34 billion in loan guarantee 

authority and $170 million in credit subsidy appropriations remained. For 

the ATVM loan program, $16.6 billion in loan authority and $4.2 billion in 

credit subsidy appropriations remained.

15

According to DOE officials, the agency planned to use all of the remaining 

$170 million in credit subsidy appropriations to support active applications 

for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. DOE deemed an 

additional 27 LGP applications requesting a total of $73 billion to be 

inactive for various reasons—for example, DOE may have been waiting 

for additional information or project developments. Nonetheless, the loan 

guarantee authority and credit subsidy appropriations do not expire. Table 

1 highlights the status of DOE’s efforts to use the remaining loan or loan 

guarantee authorities and remaining credit subsidy appropriations for 

LGP and the ATVM loan program.

 

14A conditional commitment is a commitment by DOE to issue a loan guarantee if the

applicant satisfies specific requirements. The Secretary of Energy has the discretion to 

cancel a conditional commitment at any time for any reason prior to the issuance of a loan 

guarantee.

15 The remaining loan guarantee authority amount of $34.8 billion includes DOE’s 

estimate of $848 million in additional loan guarantees that can be supported by the $170 

million in credit subsidy appropriations.
 

Page 8 GAO-13-514T 

Table 1: Remaining Authorities, Active Applications, and Remaining Credit Subsidy Appropriations for LGP and the ATVM 

Loan Program 

Dollars in billions

Active applications

Program/technology category 

Remaining 

authority Number

Amount 

requested 

Remaining appropriations for 

credit subsidy costs

LGP total $34.8 13 $15.1 $0.2

Energy efficiency and renewable energy $2.3a 8 $2.0 $0.2b

Nuclear generation $18.5 3 $8.3 

Nuclear front-end $2.0 1c $2.0 

Fossil energy $8.0 1 $2.8 

Mixedd $4.0 0c $0.0 

ATVM $16.6 0 $0.0 $4.2

Total $51.4 13 $15.1 $4.4

Source: GAO analysis of DOE data.

a

This amount represents the combined authority of $1.5 billion in loan guarantee authority and DOE’s 

estimate of $848 million in additional loan guarantees that can be supported by the $170 million in 

credit subsidy appropriations. 

b

This number is rounded from the $170 million in credit subsidy appropriations for energy efficiency 

and renewable energy projects. 

c

DOE notified Congress that, in order to accommodate more than one project, it expected to use $2 

billion of the mixed authority for nuclear front-end projects. A final decision regarding which authority 

would be used for a specific transaction would only be made if and when the authority is obligated at 

closing. 

d

The mixed authority could be used for any of the loan guarantee categories. 

In addition, we found that, as of January 29, 2013, DOE was not actively 

considering any applications for using the remaining $16.6 billion in loan 

authority or $4.2 billion in credit subsidy appropriations available under 

the ATVM loan program. DOE deemed the seven ATVM loan program 

applications it has, requesting a total of $1.48 billion, to be inactive for 

reasons including insufficient sponsor equity in the project or technology 

that is not ready to proceed. Most applicants and manufacturers we 

spoke with told us that, currently, the costs of participating in the program 

outweigh the benefits, citing challenges such as restrictive loan and 

reporting requirements and negative publicity surrounding DOE 

programs. Although the ATVM loan program is accepting applications on 

an ongoing basis, according to DOE officials, DOE is not likely to use the 

remaining ATVM loan program authority given the current eligibility 

requirements. As with the LGP, the loan authority and credit subsidy 

appropriations for ATVM do not expire.
 

Page 9 GAO-13-514T 

Chairmen Broun and Lummis, Ranking Members Maffei and Swalwell, 

and Members of the Subcommittees, this concludes my prepared 

statement. I would be happy to respond to any questions you may have at 

this time.

If you or your staff members have any questions, please contact me at 

(202) 512-3841 or ruscof@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of 

Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page 

of this statement. Key contributors to this testimony include Dan Haas, 

Assistant Director; Cindy Gilbert; Ryan Gottschall; Miles Ingram; Cynthia 

Norris; MaryLynn Sergent; Karla Springer; and Barbara Timmerman.

GAO Contact and 

Staff 

Acknowledgments
Appendix I: Federal Wind-Related Initiatives 

That Have Provided or Could Provide 

Duplicative Support

Page 10 GAO-13-514T 

Table 2 below briefly describes the 10 federal wind-related initiatives we 

identified that have provided or could provide duplicative support—

financial support from multiple initiatives to the same recipient for 

deployment of a single project. For more detailed descriptions of these 

initiatives, including information on their expiration dates, see appendix II 

of our March 2013 report.1

Table 2: Ten Initiatives That Have Provided or Could Provide Duplicative Financial Support for Deployment of Wind Facilities

Agency Initiative Description

Department of 

Energy (DOE)

Title XVII Section 1703 Loan 

Guarantee Program (Section 

1703 program)a

Title XVII Section 1705 Loan 

Guarantee Program (Section 

1705 program)

According to DOE, the Section 1703 program provides loan guarantees to support 

innovative clean energy technologies that are typically unable to obtain 

conventional private financing due to high technology risks. The law requires that 

the technologies avoid, reduce, or sequester air pollutants or emissions of 

greenhouse gases. The Section 1705 program was a temporary program 

providing loan guarantees for both innovative and commercial technology energy 

projects that employ wind and other renewable energy systems, electric power 

transmission systems, or leading-edge biofuels that meet certain criteria. All 

Section 1705 projects were required to begin construction no later than 

September 30, 2011. Following the expiration of the Section 1705 program, 

Congress appropriated $170 million to pay the credit subsidy costs for Section 

1703 projects that use renewable energy or efficient end‐use energy technologies. 

The law provides that this funding is also available to such projects that applied 

under the Section 1705 program prior to February 24, 2011. 

Department of the 

Treasury 

(Treasury)

Energy Production Credit 

(PTC) 

Energy Investment Credit 

(ITC)

Payments for Specific Energy 

Property in Lieu of Tax 

Credits (Section 1603 

program)

The PTC provides an income tax credit based on the amount of energy produced 

at qualified facilities, including wind facilities. As an alternative to the PTC, the ITC 

provides an income tax credit of 30 percent of either the cost or fair market value 

of new equipment that produces electricity from wind and other renewable energy 

sources. The payments under the Section 1603 program, which can be taken in 

lieu of the PTC or ITC, provide cash grants worth 30 percent of a wind project’s 

cost or fair market value.

Accelerated Depreciation 

Recovery Periods for Specific 

Energy Property (accelerated 

depreciation)b

Allows wind energy technologies to be treated as 5-year property—that is, 

property with costs that are recovered through depreciation deductions from 

businesses’ taxable income over 5 years. The Joint Committee on Taxation 

generally classifies as tax expenditures cost recovery allowances that are more 

favorable than those provided under the alternative depreciation system (Internal 

Revenue Code Section 168(g)), which provides for straight-line recovery over tax 

lives that are longer than those permitted under the accelerated system. 

Accelerated depreciation, in effect, reduces the cost of acquiring wind and other 

properties by allowing businesses to deduct larger amounts from their taxable 

income sooner than they would be able to do under straight-line depreciation. 

Reducing tax liability earlier provides a benefit to the taxpayer because of the time 

value of money—having a lower tax payment today is worth more to the taxpayer 

than having the lower payment in the future.

 

1

GAO-13-136. 

Appendix I: Federal Wind-Related Initiatives 

That Have Provided or Could Provide 

Duplicative Support
Appendix I: Federal Wind-Related Initiatives 

That Have Provided or Could Provide 

Duplicative Support

Page 11 GAO-13-514T 

Agency Initiative Description

U.S. Department 

of Agriculture 

(USDA) 

Business and Industry 

Guaranteed Loan Programa Provides guaranteed loans to borrowers in rural areas for a range of eligible 

projects that improve the economic and environmental climate in rural 

communities. Eligible activities include the development and construction of 

renewable energy systems.

Direct and Guaranteed 

Electric Loan Program

Provides loans and loan guarantees for a range of eligible projects that establish 

and improve electric service in rural areas, including renewable energy systems.

High Energy Cost Grant 

Programa Provides grants for energy generation, transmission, and distribution facilities 

serving rural communities with annual average home energy costs that exceed 

275 percent of the national average. Eligible projects include on-grid and off-grid 

renewable energy systems.

Rural Energy for America 

Program (REAP)

Provides funding for grants and guaranteed loans to farmers, ranchers, and small 

businesses in rural areas to assist with purchasing and installing renewable 

energy systems, such as wind projects.

Source: GAO analysis of agency-provided data.

Note: Each of these 10 initiatives has been or could be used together with 1 or more other initiatives 

in this table; however, recipients can receive support from only 1 of the following 3 initiatives for a 

specific project: the PTC, ITC, or Section 1603 program. 

a

The Section 1703 program has not funded any wind or other projects to date, though it has provided 

conditional commitments to guarantee over $10 billion in loans for nuclear energy projects. However, 

recipients of Section 1703 loan guarantees are not restricted from receiving support from tax 

initiatives, such as Treasury’s tax credits, and may receive support from such initiatives in the future. 

In addition, neither the Business and Industry Guaranteed Loan Program nor the High Energy Cost 

Grant Program funded any wind projects in fiscal year 2011. However, both initiatives specify wind 

projects as eligible for funding, and USDA officials said that neither initiative restricts their recipients 

from receiving support under the DOE or Treasury initiatives listed here. 

b

Depreciation—a normal business expense under an income tax system—is an annual deduction 

from income that allows taxpayers to recover the cost or other basis of certain property used in a 

business or other income-producing activity over the useful life of the property. In addition to the 

existing 5-year accelerated depreciation allowed for wind and other properties, 2008 legislation and 

subsequent laws have temporarily granted a 50 percent first-year bonus depreciation for properties 

placed in service before January 1, 2014. This allows businesses to deduct 50 percent of the 

depreciable basis of a broad set of tangible properties, including wind and other renewable energy 

facilities, from their taxable income in the first year after they are acquired. Furthermore, the Tax 

Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 allowed businesses 

to deduct 100 percent of the depreciable basis of eligible wind and other facilities from their taxable 

income after September 8, 2010, and before January 1, 2012. The 50 percent bonus depreciation 

allowed under the 2008 act narrowed any tax differences between eligible assets, and the 100 

percent bonus depreciation introduced in 2010 eliminated those differences altogether under the 

provision for allowing a full write-off of asset acquisition costs. 
Related GAO Products

Page 12 GAO-13-514T 

Wind Energy: Additional Actions Could Help Ensure Effective Use of 

Federal Financial Support. GAO-13-136. Washington, D.C.: March 11, 

2013.

Department of Energy: Status of Loan Programs. GAO-13-331R. 

Washington, D.C.: March 15, 2013.

Solar Energy: Federal Initiatives Overlap but Take Measures to Avoid 

Duplication. GAO-12-843. Washington, D.C.: August 30, 2012.

Batteries and Energy Storage: Federal Initiatives Supported Similar 

Technologies and Goals but Had Key Differences. GAO-12-842. 

Washington, D.C.: August 30, 2012.

DOE Loan Guarantees: Further Actions Are Needed to Improve Tracking 

and Review of Applications. GAO-12-157. Washington, D.C.: March 12, 

2012.

Renewable Energy: Federal Agencies Implement Hundreds of Initiatives. 

GAO-12-260. Washington, D.C.: February 27, 2012.

Department of Energy: Advanced Technology Vehicle Loan Program 

Implementation Is Under Way, but Enhanced Technical Oversight and 

Performance Measures Are Needed. GAO-11-145. Washington, D.C.: 

February 28, 2011.

Department of Energy: Further Actions Are Needed to Improve DOE’s 

Ability to Evaluate and Implement the Loan Guarantee Program. 

GAO-10-627. Washington, D.C.: July 12, 2010.

Department of Energy: New Loan Guarantee Program Should Complete 

Activities Necessary for Effective and Accountable Program 

Management. GAO-08-750. Washington, D.C.: July 7, 2008.

Department of Energy: Observations on Actions to Implement the New 

Loan Guarantee Program for Innovative Technologies. GAO-07-798T. 

Washington, D.C.: April 24, 2007.

The Department of Energy: Key Steps Needed to Help Ensure the 

Success of the New Loan Guarantee Program for Innovative 

Technologies by Better Managing Its Financial Risk. GAO-07-339R. 

Washington, D.C.: February 28, 2007.

Related GAO Products

(361484)
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