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In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

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NO. 09-18-00024-CV

_________________

IN RE ALLSTATE VEHICLE AND 

PROPERTY INSURANCE COMPANY

________________________________________________________________________

Original Proceeding

County Court at Law No. 2 of Montgomery County, Texas

Trial Cause No. 17-08-10039-CV

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OPINION

Allstate Vehicle and Property Insurance Company (Allstate) seeks mandamus 

relief from the trial court’s decision denying its motion to compel an appraisal

pursuant to the appraisal clause in Pamela Bailey’s homeowners policy. We 

conditionally grant Allstate’s petition, and direct the trial court to vacate its order 

denying Allstate’s motion and enforce the appraisal clause in Bailey’s policy. 

Background

Shortly after Bailey insured her home for property damages with Allstate in 

April 2015, Bailey’s home was damaged in a storm. Although Allstate was given an 
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estimate showing that the home needed $13,776

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in repairs, Allstate determined that 

the home suffered only $2,766 in damages. After applying Bailey’s deductible, 

Allstate advised Bailey that it would pay her $766 for the “storm related damages 

identified by Allstate in connection with the reported loss[.]” 

In July 2017, Bailey’s attorney wrote Allstate a demand letter. Based on an 

estimate included with the letter,

2 Bailey’s attorney demanded that Allstate pay 

Bailey $11,776, an amount Bailey’s attorney based upon an estimate that 

accompanied his demand letter, less Allstate’s prior payment and Bailey’s 

deductible. Bailey’s attorney also demanded that Allstate pay penalties in the amount 

of $3,405 on Bailey’s claim together with attorney’s fees and expenses associated 

with his work on Bailey’s case of $3,533. With respect to appraisal, the demand 

letter states:

If you wish to appraise this loss under the policy’s appraisal condition, 

please notify us of the identity of your appraiser within twenty (20) days 

of your receipt of this letter. Otherwise we intend to move forward, in 

reliance on your decision, with [litigation] as outlined below.

Approximately forty days later, Allstate responded to the letter, advising 

Bailey’s attorney that it was “not in agreement on the amount of loss claimed by 

 

1 For convenience, the dollar amounts referenced in the opinion have been 

rounded to the nearest dollar.

2 The estimate the attorney relied on is not included in the record in this 

proceeding.
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your client as set out in your letter, and respectfully declines to pay your [$18,713]

demand.” Allstate also pointed out that Bailey’s policy included a no action clause 

and that the clause did not allow Bailey to file suit unless Bailey had fully

“[complied] with all policy terms[.]” Allstate’s letter was silent regarding whether it 

intended to invoke its right to an appraisal regarding Bailey’s property damage 

claim.

In August 2017, Bailey sued Allstate, alleging claims based on theories of 

breach of contract, misrepresentation, failing to pay Bailey’s claim promptly, and 

bad faith. Allstate answered Bailey’s suit in September 2017. In November 2017, 

Allstate invoked the appraisal clause and notified Bailey’s attorney of the name of 

the individual that it had chosen as its appraiser. When Bailey did not respond to 

Allstate’s demand for an appraisal, Allstate filed a motion asking that the trial court 

compel an appraisal. The appraisal provision in Bailey’s homeowners policy 

provides:

Appraisal

If you and we fail to agree on the amount of loss, either party may make 

written demand for an appraisal. Upon such demand, each party must 

select a competent and impartial appraiser and notify the other of the 

appraiser’s identity within 20 days after the demand is received. The

appraisers will select a competent and impartial umpire. If the 

appraisers are unable to agree upon an umpire within 15 days, you or 

we can ask a judge of a court of record in the state where the residence 

premises is located to select an umpire.
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Bailey filed a written response to Allstate’s motion to compel in December 

2017. In her response, Bailey argued that by waiting until after she filed suit to

invoke its right to appraisal, Allstate had waived its appraisal rights. Additionally,

Bailey argued that Allstate’s request for appraisal was “an impermissible request to 

compel specific performance under the policy.” In late December 2017, the trial 

court signed an order denying Allstate’s motion to compel. 

The Parties’ Arguments

In its petition for mandamus relief, Allstate argues the trial court abused its 

discretion by denying its motion to require that Bailey go through the appraisal 

process. Allstate further claims that Bailey was not prejudiced by any of its delays 

because she could have avoided any alleged prejudice by demanding an appraisal 

before filing suit. Because the trial court denied Allstate’s motion to compel, Allstate 

also claims the trial court interfered with its right to defend against Bailey’s 

allegation that it breached the obligations it owed Bailey under her insurance policy. 

Finally, Allstate argues that by allowing a trial to occur before requiring Bailey’s 

property damage claim to go through the appraisal process, it has no adequate 

remedy by appeal. 

In response to Allstate’s petition, Bailey argues that proceeding to mediation 

and trial in the event mediation is unsuccessful is a more efficient and cost-effective 

alternative than appraisal. She notes the case is on the docket for trial in February 
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2018. Second, Bailey argues the trial court might have denied Allstate’s motion 

based on her argument that she had incurred attorney’s fees and expenses after filing 

suit. Bailey claims that requiring her to incur expenses for both an appraisal and trial

will “cut[] into Bailey’s bottom line and significantly hinder[] her ability to pay for 

the repairs to the property that need to be made.” Third, Bailey claims that Allstate

waived its right to appraisal because it did not invoke its right to an appraisal before

engaging in the litigation process for approximately two months after she filed suit. 

Finally, Bailey argues that Allstate waived its right to appraisal because Allstate

failed to allege in either an answer, a counterclaim, or a motion for summary 

judgment that Bailey had not submitted her property damages claim to the appraisal 

process.

Analysis

The Right to Appraisal

First, we note that we have jurisdiction to consider Allstate’s petition for 

mandamus, as the petition challenges a ruling from a statutory county court. Tex. 

Gov’t Code Ann. § 22.221(b)(1) (West Supp. 2017). Second, we note that the law 

in Texas is settled concerning the judicial enforcement of appraisal clauses that are 

contained within insurance policies. An appraisal clause in a policy “binds the 

parties to have the extent or amount of the loss determined in a particular way[.]” 

Scottish Union & Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Clancy, 8 S.W. 630, 631 (Tex. 1888). The purpose 
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of an appraisal clause is to “provide a means to resolve disputes about the amount of

loss for a covered claim.” In re Universal Underwriters of Tex. Ins. Co., 345 S.W.3d 

404, 407 (Tex. 2011). Such provisions are “generally enforceable, absent illegality 

or waiver.” Id. 

Bailey did not argue the appraisal clause in her policy is illegal, but she did 

claim that Allstate waived its right to require her to submit her property damage 

claim to the appraisal process. Under Texas law, “‘[w]aiver requires intent, either 

the intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct inconsistent 

with claiming that right.’” Id. (quoting In re Gen. Elec. Capital Corp., 203 S.W.3d 

314, 316 (Tex. 2006)). Additionally, a party relying on a claim of waiver cannot rely 

on delay alone, but must also establish prejudice. Id. at 411.

Given the language in the demand letter from Bailey’s attorney, Bailey argues 

the trial court could have found that, by waiting until November 2017 to seek an 

appraisal, Allstate unreasonably delayed its decision to invoke the appraisal process.

However, Bailey’s policy places no time limit on the parties regarding when the

appraisal clause must be invoked. Moreover, both the insured and the insurer have 

the right to invoke appraisal. Thus, although Bailey could have invoked the appraisal 

clause even before she elected to file suit, she did not. Allstate’s decision to invoke 

the appraisal process after Bailey filed suit is not conduct inconsistent with its claim 

that it was entitled to rely on the terms that are in the policy that it issued to Bailey. 
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The language in Bailey’s policy is also relevant to our determination that

Bailey’s attorney could not unilaterally change Allstate’s rights to an appraisal

through a letter informing Allstate that Bailey intended to file suit. The construction 

of an unambiguous contract is a question of law—it is not a fact issue. Tex. Farm 

Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sturrock, 146 S.W.3d 123, 126 (Tex. 2004). Bailey’s policy 

provides that it “can be changed only by endorsement.”

3 The record before the trial 

court includes no evidence showing that Allstate issued an endorsement that changed 

any rights the parties had under the policy to invoke the appraisal clause. Moreover, 

“[c]ourts cannot make new contracts between the parties, but must enforce the 

contracts as written. Where the terms of an insurance policy are plain, definite and 

unambiguous, the courts cannot vary these terms.” Royal Indem. Co. v. Marshall, 

388 S.W.2d 176, 181 (Tex. 1965). We conclude that the trial court did not have the 

discretion to re-write the policy in a way that required Allstate to invoke its right to

appraisal before Bailey filed suit.

We further conclude that the record does not support findings that Allstate 

unreasonably delayed seeking appraisal or that Bailey was prejudiced by Allstate’s 

alleged delays. While delay can be a factor in finding waiver, “reasonableness must 

be measured from the point of impasse” after considering the circumstances and the 

 

3 The policy does allow Allstate to unilaterally change the policy’s terms if 

the change broadens the coverage without charge.
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parties’ conduct. Universal, 345 S.W.3d at 408. The Texas Supreme Court has 

explained:

An impasse is not the same as a disagreement about the amount of loss. 

Ongoing negotiations, even when the parties disagree, do not trigger a 

party’s obligation to demand appraisal. Nor does an insurer’s offer of 

money to cover damages necessarily indicate a refusal to negotiate 

further, or to recognize additional damages upon reinspection.

Id. Impasse occurs when the parties reach “a mutual understanding that neither will 

negotiate further[.]” Id. at 410.

The record before us in this case shows that after Allstate invoked the 

appraisal process, Bailey filed a “Motion to Compel Mediation In Lieu Of 

Appraisal.” Nothing in the record shows that Allstate was unwilling to negotiate 

further or reconsider its position rejecting Bailey’s settlement offer upon conducting 

another inspection of Bailey’s home. Viewing the record as a whole, and given that 

Bailey’s demand for mediation indicates the parties were not at an impasse, we 

conclude that no reasonable construction of the record supports a finding of impasse 

before the date that Allstate invoked its contract right to an appraisal. “Like any other 

contractual provision, appraisal clauses should be enforced.” State Farm Lloyds v. 

Johnson, 290 S.W.3d 886, 895 (Tex. 2009).

We also reject Bailey’s argument that she established she was prejudiced by

any alleged delays attributable to the timing surrounding Allstate’s decision to 

invoke the appraisal clause. For example, Bailey argues that she was prejudiced 
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because she incurred expenses when she filed suit and expenses by participating in 

discovery. However, these expenses were avoidable, as Bailey could have invoked

the appraisal clause before filing suit. See In re Cypress Tex. Lloyds, 419 S.W.3d 

443, 445 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Apr. 26, 2012, orig. proceeding [mand. denied])

(“When a party knows of its right to request an appraisal and does not make that 

request, it is difficult to attribute the costs incurred to the opponent.”).

Finally, we reject Bailey’s arguments that Allstate failed to file the proper 

pleadings needed to allow the trial court to resolve Allstate’s demand for appraisal.

According to Bailey, a jury should resolve whether her failure to participate in the 

appraisal process constitutes either a material breach of the policy or a condition she 

must satisfy before she can recover. Based on this argument, she concludes that 

Allstate was required to present its demand for appraisal by filing a counterclaim 

followed by a motion for summary judgment. According to Bailey, Allstate’s motion 

to compel appraisal is analogous to the process involved in the enforcement of an 

appraisal award. In support of the arguments, Bailey relies on Security National

Insurance Company v. Waloon Investments, Inc., 384 S.W.3d 901, 907-08 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

However, Waloon is distinguishable from the facts that are presented here. In

Waloon, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals reasoned that the trial court erred by

rendering a judgment requiring the insurer to pay a loss that had been established 
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through the appraisal process without first determining whether the insured could

recover against its insurer. Id. at 905. Thus, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals’ holding 

in Waloon addresses a different stage of the process than the stage of the process at 

issue here, which in Bailey’s case concerns whether a trial court is required to order 

the parties to go through the appraisal process. See id. In Bailey’s case, there is no 

appraisal award, and the ruling Allstate challenges does not concern enforcing an 

award. Id.

Bailey also argues that Allstate failed to plead that it had a right to appraisal

in its answer, in a counterclaim, or in a motion for summary judgment. However, the 

procedure to enforce the right to appraisal is well-established. A party’s right to 

appraisal may be accomplished by the filing of motion to compel appraisal, which 

is the procedure that Allstate followed here. See Universal, 345 S.W.3d at 412; In re 

Allstate Cty. Mut. Ins. Co., 85 S.W.3d 193, 196 (Tex. 2002). Bailey fails to cite any 

cases holding that a party to a contract containing an appraisal clause must file a 

counterclaim for specific performance or motion for summary judgment before the 

trial court is authorized to compel the parties to participate in the appraisal process. 

In summary, Bailey’s insurance policy with Allstate places no time limit on 

the parties concerning when a party must demand an appraisal. While a dispute exists 

over the value of Bailey’s property damage claim, her decision to file suit does not 

establish that Allstate waived its right to appraisal. See In re GuideOne Mut. Ins. 
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Co., No. 09-12-00581-CV, 2013 WL 257371, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Jan. 24, 

2013, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (mem. op.) (distinguishing appraisal as a 

means of determining amount of loss from arbitration as a choice of an alternate 

forum). We hold the trial court abused its discretion by denying Allstate’s motion.

Remedy

We are required to determine whether Allstate has an adequate appellate 

remedy by balancing the benefits of mandamus review against its detriments. In re 

Team Rocket, L.P., 256 S.W.3d 257, 262 (Tex. 2008). The Texas Supreme Court has 

held that “mandamus relief is appropriate to enforce an appraisal clause because 

denying the appraisal would vitiate the insurer’s right to defend its breach of contract 

claim.” Universal, 345 S.W.3d at 412; see also Allstate, 85 S.W.3d at 196. For this

same reason, we hold that Allstate has no adequate remedy by appeal. See id.

We conditionally grant Allstate’s petition for a writ of mandamus. We are 

confident the trial court will vacate its order denying Allstate’s motion to compel 

and enforce the appraisal clause in Bailey’s policy. The writ of mandamus will issue 

only if the trial court fails to act in accordance with this opinion.

PETITION CONDITIONALLY GRANTED.

PER CURIAM

Submitted on January 26, 2018

Opinion Delivered February 22, 2018

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.