[Cite as Hoerig v. Bowling Green State Univ., 2023-Ohio-3189.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

WOOD COUNTY

Andrea Hoerig, et al. Court of Appeals No. WD-22-047

Appellants Trial Court No. 2021CV0456

 

v.

Bowling Green State University, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellees Decided: September 8, 2023

* * * * *

Thomas W. Connors and Warner Mendenhall, for appellants.

Dave Yost, Attorney General of Ohio, and

James B. Yates and Jade L. Robinson, for appellees.

* * * * *

SULEK, J.

{¶ 1} Appellants Andrea Hoerig, Carolyn Dailey, Gabrielle Downard, and Amy 

Vorst appeal from a judgment of the Wood County Court of Common Pleas dismissing 

their claims for declaratory and injunctive relief against appellees Bowling Green State 

University and each individual member of its board of trustees (collectively “BGSU”). 
2.

Appellants’ claims challenged BGSU’s now rescinded Covid-19 vaccine, testing, and 

mask wearing policies. Because appellants’ claims are moot, the trial court’s judgment is 

affirmed. 

I. Factual Background and Procedural History

{¶ 2} On August 5, 2021, BGSU imposed a mask mandate in response to health 

concerns surrounding Covid-19.

{¶ 3} Thereafter, on September 2, 2021, BGSU issued Policy 3341-1-11 (“the 

Policy”), imposing a vaccine and testing mandate. Specifically, it required all nonexempt faculty, employees, and students to provide proof of a Covid-19 vaccination on or 

before November 29, 2021. Any individuals that were exempt from the vaccination were 

subject to testing and limited from some campus activities. Any faculty or employees of 

BGSU who failed to comply with the requirements set forth in the Policy could be 

subject to disciplinary action. Students that failed to comply with the Policy would be 

barred from attending classes in person.

{¶ 4} It is undisputed that BGSU voluntarily ceased imposing the mask mandate 

on February 26, 2022, and the vaccine and testing mandate on May 5, 2022.

{¶ 5} Appellants initially filed a complaint on December 23, 2021. BGSU moved 

to dismiss the complaint, which the trial court granted, but appellants were given 30 days 

to amend.
3.

{¶ 6} On March 28, 2022, appellants filed an amended complaint seeking 

declaratory judgments that: (1) the Policy exceeds BGSU’s general authority to 

administer the University under R.C. 3341.02 and R.C. 3345.021; (2) the Policy violates 

their right to refuse medical treatment under Article I, Section 1 of the Ohio Constitution 

and 21 U.S.C. 360bbb-3(e)(1)(A)(ii)(III); (3) BGSU coerced appellants to accept medical 

treatment in violation of R.C. 2905.12; and (4) the Policy requires appellants to take a 

vaccine not approved by the FDA in violation of R.C. 3792.04. Appellants also sought 

preliminary and permanent injunctive relief prohibiting BGSU from enforcing the Policy 

and from discriminating against appellants in violation of their statutory and 

constitutional rights. 

{¶ 7} BGSU moved to dismiss the amended complaint arguing that appellants 

lacked standing, that appellants’ claims were moot because the policy was no longer in 

effect, that BGSU possessed statutory authority to enact the Policy, that the Policy did not 

interfere with any fundamental rights, that appellants could not assert a cognizable claim 

for coercion under R.C. 2905.12; and that R.C. 3792.04 was inapplicable because certain 

vaccines had been fully approved by the FDA. 

{¶ 8} In granting BGSU’s motion to dismiss, the trial court held that appellants’ 

claims were moot because the vaccine, testing, and masking mandates were no longer in 

place and that there was “insufficient evidence to find that there is more than a theoretical 

possibility that the action will arise again.” The court further concluded that appellants 
4.

lacked standing to challenge the vaccine plan because Dailey, Downard, and Vorst had 

applied for an exemption and were subject to the same masking requirements as other 

students. It also determined that appellants failed to state a claim as to the mask mandate 

and for coercion.

II. Assignments of Error

{¶ 9} Appellants present the following assignments of error:

1. The trial court erred in dismissing appellants’ first amended 

complaint for failure to state facts establishing standing, since there is a set 

of facts consistent with the complaint which would establish such standing.

2. The trial court erred in dismissing appellants’ first amended 

complaint for mootness, since the University did not meet its heavy burden 

of showing that it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could 

not reasonably be expected to recur.

3. The trial court erred in dismissing appellants’ first amended 

complaint for failure to state a claim for declaratory judgment.

III. Law and Analysis

{¶ 10} The issue of mootness raised by appellants’ second assignment of error is 

dispositive, therefore it will be addressed first.

{¶ 11} “The role of courts is to decide adversarial legal cases and to issue 

judgments that can be carried into effect.” Cyran v. Cyran, 152 Ohio St.3d 484, 2018-
5.

Ohio-24, 97 N.E.3d 487, ¶ 9, citing Fortner v. Thomas, 22 Ohio St.2d 13, 14, 257 N.E.2d 

371 (1970); State v. Smith, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-22-053, 2023-Ohio-1779, ¶ 14. 

“Under the mootness doctrine, American courts will not decide cases in which there is no 

longer an actual legal controversy between the parties.” Id., citing In re A.G., 139 Ohio 

St.3d 572, 2014-Ohio-2597, 13 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 37. “If the controversy has come and 

gone, then this court must dismiss the case as moot.” M.R. v. Niesen, 167 Ohio St.3d 

404, 2022-Ohio-1130, 193 N.E.3d 548, ¶ 7.

{¶ 12} “Subject-matter jurisdiction is the power of a court to entertain and 

adjudicate a particular class of cases.” Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 141 Ohio St.3d 75, 

2014-Ohio-4275, 21 N.E.3d 1040, ¶ 19, citing Morrison v. Steiner, 32 Ohio St.2d 86, 87, 

290 N.E.2d 841 (1972). “Mootness is a jurisdictional question because the Court ‘is not 

empowered to decide moot questions or abstract propositions.’” Napier v. Ickes, 2019-

Ohio-2774, 140 N.E.3d 137, ¶ 85 (9th Dist.), quoting State v. Feister, 5th Dist. 

Tuscarawas No. 2018 AP 01 0005, 2018-Ohio-2336, ¶ 18, quoting United States v. 

Alaska S.S. Co., 253 U.S. 113, 116, 40 S.Ct. 448, 64 L.Ed.808 (1920); see also Ohio 

Constitution, Article IV, Section 1 (limiting courts’ authority to the “judicial power”); 

Ohio Constitution Article IV, Section 4(B) (courts of common pleas “shall have such 

original jurisdiction over all justiciable matters * * * as may be provided by law”). 

“Courts of common pleas’ jurisdiction is limited to ‘justiciable matters.’ * * * ‘If what 

were once justiciable matters have been resolved to the point where they become moot, 
6.

the courts of common pleas no longer have subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case.’” 

Graham v. City of Lakewood, 2018-Ohio-1850, 113 N.E.3d 44, ¶ 23 (8th Dist.), quoting 

Hirsch v. TRW, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83204, 2004-Ohio-1125, ¶ 11; Park Lane 

Apts. v. Parks, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1208, 2021-Ohio-3510, ¶ 2 (“[m]ootness is an 

issue of subject-matter jurisdiction”); Doran v. Heartland Bank, 2018-Ohio-1811, 112 

N.E.3d 355, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.); Wedgewood Ltd. Partnership I v. Liberty Twp. Bd. of 

Zoning Appeals, 187 Ohio App.3d 24, 2010-Ohio-2068, 930 N.E.2d 873, ¶ 31 (5th Dist.).

{¶ 13} In this case, appellants do not seek damages for any injury allegedly caused 

by BGSU’s mask, vaccine, and testing policies. Instead, appellants have filed a 

complaint seeking only declaratory and injunctive relief. However, once BGSU 

voluntarily ceased imposing its mask, vaccine, and testing mandates no actual legal 

controversy existed between the parties. In truth, appellants are seeking a declaration that 

non-existent mandates are unconstitutional and/or illegal. Similarly, appellants are 

seeking injunctive relief to prevent the enforcement of mandates that are no longer in 

effect. As such, the trial court cannot grant appellants any judgment that could be carried 

into effect and any decision it could render on the subject of the constitutionality or 

legality of BGSU’s mandates would be purely advisory.

{¶ 14} On appeal, appellants argue that the trial court erred in dismissing the case 

as moot because BGSU voluntarily ceased imposing its mandates and did not 

demonstrate that the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to 
7.

recur. See West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency, 142 S.Ct. 2587, 2607, 213 

L.Ed.2d 896 (2022), quoting Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School 

Dist. No. 1, 551 U.S. 701, 719, 127 S.Ct. 2738, 168 L.Ed.2d 508 (2007) (“‘[V]oluntary 

cessation does not moot a case’ unless it is ‘absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful 

behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.’”). Further, appellants argue that 

dismissal under Civ.R. 12(B)(6) is improper because whether BGSU will reimpose the 

challenged mandates is a fact issue which requires consideration of matters outside the 

pleadings.

{¶ 15} As to the latter argument, “[c]ourts generally may not rely on evidence or 

allegations outside the complaint when reviewing a lower court’s dismissal under Civ.R. 

12(B)(6), although there are narrow exceptions.” State ex rel. Ames v. Summit Cty. Court 

of Common Pleas, 159 Ohio St.3d 47, 2020-Ohio-354, 146 N.E.3d 573, ¶ 5. “One 

exception is that ‘an event that causes a case to be moot may be proved by extrinsic 

evidence outside the record.’” Id., quoting State ex rel. Nelson v. Russo, 89 Ohio St.3d 

227, 228, 729 N.E.2d 1181 (2000). Here, that includes Exhibit A to BGSU’s reply in 

support of its motion to dismiss appellants’ complaint, which is a published 

announcement from BGSU Division of Health and Wellness stating that the mask, 

vaccine, and testing mandates are no longer in effect. In addition, “an appellate court can 

sua sponte take judicial notice of ‘facts capable of accurate and ready determination by 

resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned,’ which include ‘public 
8.

records and government documents available from reliable sources on the internet.’” 

Park Lane Apts. v. Parks, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-20-1208, 2021-Ohio-3510, ¶ 3, quoting 

Darr v. Livingston, 2017-Ohio-841, 85 N.E.3d 1260, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.).

{¶ 16} As to the former argument, there is no reasonable expectation that the 

mandates will be reimposed. Several federal circuit courts have examined this issue and 

reached the same conclusion. In Resurrection School v. Hertel, 35 F.4th 524 (6th 

Cir.2022), the plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of Michigan’s mask mandate. 

On appeal, the Sixth Circuit held that the state’s recission of its mandate rendered the 

appeal moot and the voluntary cessation exception to the mootness doctrine did not 

apply. Id. at 528-529. The Sixth Circuit reasoned that the state rescinded its mandate not 

in response to the lawsuit, but in response to high vaccination rates, low case counts, new 

treatment options, and warmer weather. Id. at 529. In addition, the court noted that the 

relevant circumstances had changed dramatically from when the state imposed its 

mandate. Id. Finally, the court reasoned that any future order would likely not present 

substantially the same legal controversy as the one originally presented. Id. See also, 

e.g., Clark v. Governor of New Jersey, 53 F.4th 769, 778 (3d Cir.2022) (voluntary 

cessation exception does not apply where “knowledge of the virus and its vectors of 

transmission, the rollout of vaccines, and the availability of therapeutic responses to 

infection have totally changed the nature of the disease itself, our understanding of it, and 
9.

our response to it”); Eden, LLC v. Justice, 36 F.4th 166 (4th Cir.2022); Health Freedom 

Defense Fund v. President of United States, 71 F.4th 888 (11th Cir.2023).

{¶ 17} Here, as in Resurrection School and the others, there is no indication that 

BGSU rescinded its mandates in response to the present litigation. Instead, BGSU cited 

high vaccination rates, significant improvements in treatments, low case numbers, and 

changes in the variants that have resulted in less hospitalizations and deaths. Indeed, the 

federal Covid-19 Public Health Emergency declaration ended on May 11, 2023, and 

conditions today are far different than they were in the fall of 2021 when the mandates 

were imposed. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, End of Public Health 

Emergency (updated May 5, 2023), www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/yourhealth/end-of-phe.html (accessed Sept. 7, 2023). Thus, it cannot reasonably be expected 

that BGSU would impose substantially similar mandates in response to a future Covid-19 

epidemic.

{¶ 18} Therefore, appellants’ claims are moot and the trial court did not err when 

it dismissed the complaint.

{¶ 19} Accordingly, appellants’ second assignment of error is not well-taken.

{¶ 20} Further, because the trial court correctly dismissed appellants’ complaint as 

moot, appellants’ first and third assignments of error, which challenge the trial court’s 

alternative justifications for dismissing the complaint, are likewise moot and are not welltaken.
10.

IV. Conclusion

{¶ 21} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Wood County Court of 

Common Pleas is affirmed. Appellants are ordered to pay the costs of this appeal 

pursuant to App.R. 24.

Judgment affirmed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Christine E. Mayle, J. ____________________________

JUDGE

Charles E. Sulek, J. 

CONCUR. ____________________________

JUDGE

Thomas J. Osowik, J. ____________________________

CONCURS AND WRITES JUDGE

SEPARATELY.

OSOWIK, J.

{¶ 22} I concur with the majority in the judgment to affirm the decision of the 

Wood County Court of Common Pleas. However, in my opinion, without standing, the 

appellants are not able to even access the on-ramp to the highway of justiciable 

controversy before being escorted off the mootness exit. 
11.

{¶ 23} Standing versus mootness. It is a ghostly colloquy that has bounced around 

the craniums of American legal scholars for generations. And so it continues. Horse 

before the cart. Chicken before the egg. More appropriately, how does a chicken cross 

the road to the cage-free pastures of litigation without a leg to stand on?

{¶ 24} In general, standing determines “whether a litigant is entitled to have a 

court determine the merits of the issues presented.” Ohio Contrs. Assn. v. Bicking, 71

Ohio St.3d 318, 320, 643 N.E.2d 1088 (1994). “Whether a party has established standing 

to bring an action before the court is a question of law.” Moore v. Middletown, 133 Ohio 

St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, 975 N.E .2d 977, ¶ 20, citing Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs.

v. State, 112 Ohio St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, 858 N.E.2d 330, ¶ 23. 

{¶ 25} In order to establish standing, the appellants must show that he or she 

suffered (1) an injury that is (2) fairly traceable to the defendant’s allegedly unlawful 

conduct, and (3) likely to be redressed by the requested relief. Id. at ¶ 22, citing Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). 

Papps v. Karras, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1246, 2015-Ohio-1055, ¶ 10.

{¶ 26} On the face of the pleadings alone, none of the appellants herein have 

admittedly suffered an injury, let alone any detriment fairly traceable to any conduct of 

BGSU.

{¶ 27} The asserted injury must be both concrete and particularized and actual or 

imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical. Id. A plaintiff must demonstrate standing 
12.

separately for each form of relief sought. Parvati Corp. v. City of Oak Forest, Ill., 630 

F.3d 512, 516 (7th Cir.2010), citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs.

(TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 185, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000).

{¶ 28} The underlying issue to this appeal is whether four students and employees 

of Bowling Green State University (“BGSU”), a state university with the main campus 

located in Wood County, Ohio, have standing to seek a declaratory judgment opposing 

BGSU’s temporary COVID-19 pandemic-related vaccine, testing, and mask-wearing 

policies for in-person activities. The trial court determined the plaintiffs did not have 

standing to seek declaratory relief, from which judgment the plaintiffs now appeal.

{¶ 29} On March 28, 2022, plaintiffs-appellants Andrea Hoerig, Carolyn Dailey, 

Gabrielle Downard, and Amy Vorst (hereafter, “appellants”), filed an amended 

complaint1against defendants-appellees BGSU and its 12 individually-named board of 

trustees (hereafter “appellees”) for two causes of action: (1) declaratory relief for 

exceeding authority under R.C. 3341.02, 3345.021 and 3709.212, for violating the right 

to refuse medical treatment under the Ohio Constitution Article I, Section 1, for violating 

R.C. 2905.12(A)(5) by coercing medical treatments, and for violating R.C. 3792.04(B) by 

requiring non-FDA-approved vaccines; and (2) injunctive relief from appellees’ 

enforcement of policy No. 3341-1-11 and “specific health requirements” promulgated 

under that policy.

1 Appellants’ original complaint was subject to appellees’ Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to 

dismiss, which the trial court granted without prejudice on February 28, 2022.
13.

{¶ 30} Appellants allege they are students and/or employees of BGSU who oppose 

appellees’ COVID-19 vaccine, testing, and mask-wearing policies, which they label “the 

Mandate.” They allege “the Mandate” was issued on September 2, 2021, under BGSU 

policy No. 3341-1-11, and is set forth in exhibit Nos. A through K attached to their 

amended complaint. It seems that we may reasonably infer that as of the filing, Hoerig 

and Dailey were still employed by BGSU, and Dailey, Downard, and Vorst were still 

enrolled students due to the lack of any contrary allegation in the amended complaint.

{¶ 31} BGSU policy No. 3341-11-11 is exhibit No. L of the amended complaint. 

The five-paragraph document is dated July 30, 2020, and is entitled, “3341-11-11 

Community Health Requirements.” The BGSU policy administrator for policy No. 3341-

1-11 is the chief health officer. The scope of the policy, which does not mention 

COVID-19, “applies to all faculty, staff, students, and visitors of the university while 

present at any university location or function.” In addition, “Each person within the 

BGSU community must comply with all specific health requirements promulgated under 

this policy. Failure to comply with this policy and established requirements may result in 

disciplinary action under the Code of Student Conduct or the applicable employee 

discipline process. Visitors failing to comply with the policy may be prohibited from 

remaining on or returning to campus.”

{¶ 32} Appellants make relevant admissions regarding their lack of standing to 

seek declaratory relief. As of the filing of the amended complaint, each appellant 
14.

successfully avoided “the Mandate” by either receiving exemptions from “the Mandate,” 

or in Hoerig’s case simply not complying with the vaccine policy. In any event, 

appellants are unvaccinated and either remained employed by BGSU or remained

enrolled students, and they fail to allege appellees actually forced them to take a COVID19 vaccine, to wear face masks, or to submit to testing.

COVID-19 Vaccine Policy

{¶ 33} Appellants admit that Hoerig, a BGSU faculty member, is not vaccinated, 

has not received an exemption, and has “natural immunity” because she has “recovered” 

from COVID-19. The amended complaint’s exhibit No. C is a series of screen-shots 

dated September 25, 2021, and entitled, “Request for Exemption from COVID-19 

Vaccine.” The exhibit shows Hoerig as the requestor with her name and email, but no 

other requested information completed, such as identifying one of three reasons for the 

exemption: a medical condition, a sincerely held religious belief, or a sincerely held 

reason of personal conscience. Hoerig did not submit the exemption request. Despite 

being unvaccinated and failing to seek an exemption, Hoerig does not allege appellees 

forced her to take the COVID-19 vaccine, and she remains employed by appellees. 

{¶ 34} Appellants admit that Dailey, a student and resident advisor employee, 

received a vaccine exemption, and, like Hoerig, has “recovered” from COVID-19 and has 

“natural immunity.” Like Hoerig, Dailey does not allege appellees forced her to take the 

COVID-19 vaccine, and she remains both an employee and student.
15.

{¶ 35} Appellants admit that Downard and Vorst are students who “have received 

exemptions.” Downard and Vorst do not allege appellees forced them to take the 

COVID-19 vaccine, and they remain enrolled students. 

Face-Masking Policy

{¶ 36} Appellants allege they are subject to unlawful face-masking conditions 

which violate their constitutional right to refuse “medical treatment.”2 However, there is 

no allegation any appellant was actually forced by appellees to wear a face mask.

{¶ 37} Appellants admit that Hoerig applied for and received from appellee an 

“approved medical exemption” from face-mask wearing on September 23, 2020. Hoerig 

also applied for and received on October 22, 2021, “an accommodation requiring her to 

not be physically present on campus until the mask mandate was removed despite the fact 

that she was not diagnosed with Covid-19 and regardless of her natural immunity from 

same.” Meanwhile, on August 24, “Hoerig received a verbal reprimand from her 

supervisor for not attending the [August 23] meeting and for violating Policy 3341-1-11.” 

2

If we were to assume standing to reach the merits of appellants’ claim that maskwearing is “medical treatment,” appellants’ allegation is contradicted by exhibit Nos. F 

and K, which are identical documents from the Centers for Disease Control and 

Prevention entitled, “Types of Masks and Respirators” dated September 23, 2021, and 

January 28, 2022, respectively, where the phrase “medical treatment” is absent to 

describe mask wearing. “Medical treatment” is also absent from exhibit No. J from 

February 25, 2022, the CDC entitled, “Use and Care of Masks.” Appellants also allege 

three websites show mask-wearing is a form of “medical treatment.” Of the two websites 

the court accessed without receiving an error message, the documents are from the Food 

and Drug Administration addressed to manufacturers of face masks and health care 

personnel and purchasing departments, and nowhere is mask-wearing identified as a 

“medical treatment.”
16.

Then on August 26 and November 15, appellants allege Hoerig received written 

reprimands for violating policy No. 3341-1-11 “and related events.” Despite the 

foregoing, Hoerig remains employed.

{¶ 38} Appellants allege that Dailey’s “resident advisor supervisor told her on a 

number of occasions that if she did not wear a mask, disciplinary action would be taken 

despite the fact that Dailey was not diagnosed with Covid-19 and regardless of her 

natural immunity from same.” Despite the foregoing, Dailey remains employed.

{¶ 39} It can be inferred from appellants’ broad admission that Downard and 

Vorst received “exemptions” such that the exemptions include the face-masking policy. 

Downard and Vorst, along with Dailey, remain enrolled students.

COVID-19 Testing Policy

{¶ 40} Appellants generally refer to the COVID-19 testing policy as part of the 

unconstitutional “exemption conditions.” Again, there is no allegation that any appellant 

was actually forced by appellees to be tested for COVID-19 and quarantined after a 

positive test result. 

{¶ 41} Exhibit No. G, a February 8, 2022 document entitled, “COVID-19 

University Protocols,” indicates appellants were not forced to test and quarantine, and the 

vaccinated and unvaccinated were treated the same. The exhibit states COVID-19 

guidelines and protocols on BGSU campuses for face coverings, physical distancing, 

vaccines, positive test results, and isolation and quarantine periods. Appellee did not 
17.

sanction anyone, including the unvaccinated, for failing to quarantine for five days after 

receiving a positive COVID-19 test result because it allowed the alternative of wearing a 

well-fitting face covering when around others for ten days after exposure. In addition, 

the exhibit recommends for infected individuals, “Regardless of vaccination status, you 

should: stay home for 5 days; if you have no symptoms ore your symptoms are resolving 

after 5 days, you can leave your house; continue to wear a face covering around others 

for 5 additional days; and of you have a fever, continue to stay home until you are fever 

free for 24 hours without the use of fever reducing medicines.” Finally, we know from 

the amended complaint that BGSU’s face-making policy offers waivers, and all 

appellants obtained them.

{¶ 42} The First District Court of Appeals recently evaluated an identical claim of 

standing to seek declaratory relief. In an amended complaint by students of the 

University of Cincinnati, four students alleged the university lacked authority to order 

COVID-19 vaccination, masking, or testing policies as preventive health measures 

because such policies exceeded the general authority to administer the university. Lipp v.

Univ. of Cincinnati, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-220312, 2023-Ohio-1224, ¶ 23.

{¶ 43} In turn, the Lipp court reviewed the decision by the Twelfth District Court 

of Appeals presented with identical claims by three employees of Miami University. Id.

at ¶ 25-31, citing Siliko v. Miami Univ., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2021-12-162, 2022-

Ohio-4133, appeal not allowed, 169 Ohio St.3d 1459, 2023-Ohio-758, 204 N.E.3d 568. 
18.

The Lipp court determined the students lacked standing because their amended complaint 

did not contain facts establishing the four students suffered either an injury-in-fact or the 

significant possibility of future harm, such as being forced on-campus, forced to take a 

COVID-19 vaccine, or forced to submit to testing. Id. at ¶ 29. The Lipp court joined 

with the Siliko court to further conclude, “Like Miami, the University is not a board of 

health or general health district or department and thus does not fall within the purview of 

R.C. 3909.212. By definition, the students cannot suffer injury under a statute aimed at 

controlling the conduct of an agency other than the defendant in the case.” Id. at ¶ 30, 

citing Siliko at ¶ 42-44.

{¶ 44} Appellants fail to allege facts establishing they suffered either an injury-infact or the significant possibility of future harm because appellees violated R.C. 3341.02, 

3345.021, and R.C. 3709.212. 

{¶ 45} I would agree with the reasoning by the First and Twelfth District Courts of 

Appeals and find that appellants lack standing under their amended complaint to seek 

declaratory relief for appellees allegedly violating R.C. 3341.02, 3345.021, and R.C. 

3709.212.

Violating the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment Under the Ohio Constitution 

Article I, Section 1

{¶ 46} Appellants also contend that they have standing to assert their rights to 

bodily integrity and autonomy under the Ohio Constitution by refusing medical 

treatment, citing Steele v. Hamilton Cty. Community Mental Health Bd., 90 Ohio St.3d
19.

176, 180, 736 N.E.2d 10 (2000). Appellants allege in their amended complaint “The 

Mandate’s requirement to wear masks is also a form of medical treatment.” 

{¶ 47} Appellants admit that all four have sought and received face-masking 

exemptions. Even if we accept as true, despite contradictions in the amended complaint, 

their argument that the face-masking policy constitutes “medical treatment” that they 

have the constitutional right to refuse, the undisputed facts of their exemptions 

demonstrate that appellee did not deny them their rights to refuse “medical treatment.”

{¶ 48} Once again, the First District Court of Appeals evaluated identical claims 

by students of the University of Cincinnati. Lipp at ¶ 32. In turn, the Lipp court reviewed 

the Siliko court’s analysis of identical claims by employees of Miami University. Id. at ¶ 

33-37. Both the First and Twelfth District Courts of Appeals determined the “granting of 

the exemptions resulted in the lack of a justiciable controversy between the parties.” Id.

at ¶ 33, citing Siliko at ¶ 31-32. Specifically, the Lipp court found no injury exists where 

the students fail to allege the university forced them to receive the COVID-19 vaccine or 

forced them to wear masks against their wills or denied them exemptions. Id. at ¶ 34-37. 

“Because the students pleaded no facts from which we can discern an injury as to the 

vaccination and masking requirements, the trial court did not err in finding that the 

students lacked standing under both the common law and the Declaratory Judgment Act 

to assert a claim for a violation of their right to refuse medical treatment.” Id. at ¶ 37.
20.

{¶ 49} The Siliko court specifically reviewed those appellants’ reliance on Steele, 

which did not prevail. Siliko at ¶ 22-23. Identical to our case, those appellants had either 

applied for and received vaccine exemptions or refused to apply for an exemption and, 

therefore, were not denied exemptions. Id. at ¶ 26-32. Also similar to our case, the Siliko

court determined those appellants lacked standing to seeking declaratory relief from the 

restrictions imposed by the challenged policies where they failed to submit to the 

reasonable procedural requirements of them that offered multiple avenues for exemption 

or other relief. Id. at ¶ 32.

{¶ 50} I would also agree with the reasoning by the First and Twelfth District 

Courts of Appeals and find that appellants lack standing under their amended complaint 

to seek declaratory relief for appellees allegedly denying appellants’ rights to refuse 

“medical treatment.”

Violating R.C. 2905.12(A)(5) by Coercing Medical Treatments

{¶ 51} Appellants next argue they have standing to seek civil damages under R.C. 

2307.60(A)(1) for appellees’ violation of R.C. 2905.12(A)(5). Appellants allege in their 

amended complaint that appellees violated R.C. 2905.12(A)(5), because the “Mandate 

involves taking or withholding official action to coerce plaintiffs to accept medical 

treatment, including taking Covid-19 vaccines and using masks for a medical purpose, 

which plaintiffs have the legal freedom to refuse under Article 1, Section 1, of the Ohio 

Constitution.” Appellants allege appellees coerced them through threatened suspension, 
21.

expulsion, discipline, and/or termination for noncompliance with “the Mandate.” Ohio 

Constitution, Article I, Section 1 states, “All men are, by nature, free and independent, 

and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life 

and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and seeking and obtaining 

happiness and safety.”

{¶ 52} Appellants invoke R.C. 2307.60(A)(1), which states, “Anyone injured in 

person or property by a criminal act has, and may recover full damages in, a civil action 

unless specifically excepted by law * * *.” In turn, R.C. 2905.12(A)(5) states, “No 

person, with purpose to coerce another into taking or refraining from action concerning 

which the other person has a legal freedom of choice, shall do any of the following: * * * 

(5) Take, withhold, or threaten to take or withhold official action, or cause or threaten to 

cause official action to be taken or withheld.”

{¶ 53} R.C. 2307.60(A)(1) authorizes a civil action for damages by any person 

injured by a criminal act, unless otherwise excepted by law. Jacobson, 149 Ohio St.3d 

398, 2016-Ohio-8434, 75 N.E.3d 203, at ¶ 10. However, Jacobson gave no guidance 

“regarding how the statute operates or what a plaintiff must do to prove a claim under 

R.C. 2307.60(A)(1)[.]” Id. at ¶ 11. Since then, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified that a 

plaintiff is not required to show “proof of an underlying criminal conviction” to support 

the plaintiff’s claim for civil liability under R.C. 2307.60. Buddenberg v. Weisdack, 161 

Ohio St.3d 160, 2020-Ohio-3832, 161 N.E.3d 603, ¶ 6 and 11. Nevertheless, regardless 
22.

of the absence of an underlying conviction, the elements for the alleged criminal offense 

of coercion must be established by appellants. See Id. ¶ 15-21; Med. Mut. of Ohio v.

FrontPath Health Coalition, 2023-Ohio-243, 207 N.E.3d 16, ¶ 23 (6th Dist.).

{¶ 54} A necessary element of the R.C. 2905.12(A)(5) offense appellants must 

allege is that appellees acted with purpose to coerce. “A person acts purposely when it is 

the person’s specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is 

a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends 

to accomplish thereby, it is the offender’s specific intention to engage in conduct of that 

nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A). 

{¶ 55} The Lipp and Siliko courts were not faced with identical claims as ours 

because those appellants only invoked R.C. 2905.12(A)(5) without also invoking R.C. 

2307.60(A)(1). The First District Court of Appeals determined those appellants lacked 

standing for failure to allege injuries from the alleged coercion and for failure to allege 

they were actually forced by appellees to take the COVID-19 vaccine, wear masks, and 

submit to testing. Lipp, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-220312, 2023-Ohio-1224, at ¶ 38-44. 

The Twelfth District Court of Appeals determined those appellants lacked standing 

because R.C. 2905.12 did not create a private right of action. Siliko, 12th Dist. Butler 

No. CA2021-12-162, 2022-Ohio-4133, at ¶ 35-39.

{¶ 56} In our case, after all uncontroverted factual allegations of the amended 

complaint are presumed true and all reasonable inferences are made in appellants’ favor, 
23.

appellants’ idealistic opposition to “the Mandate” does not withstand Civ.R. 12(B)(6) 

review. 

{¶ 57} Appellants fail to allege they were injured and that appellees acted with 

purpose to coerce causing injury to appellants resulting in damages. Each appellant 

successfully avoided “the Mandate” prior to appellees rescinding it. Appellants admit 

they either received exemptions from “the Mandate,” or in Hoerig’s case simply did not 

comply with the vaccine policy. Appellants fail to allege appellees actually forced them 

to take a COVID-19 vaccinate, to wear face masks, or to submit to testing. Despite 

labeling “the Mandate” as coercion and Hoerig alleging a “dilemma” of complying or 

face serious sanctions, appellants are unvaccinated and either remain employed by BGSU 

or remain enrolled students. 

{¶ 58} Appellants fail to allege facts establishing they were damaged pursuant to 

R.C. 2307.60(A)(1) and suffered either an injury-in-fact or the significant possibility of 

future harm because appellees violated R.C. 2905.12(A)(5). Appellants lack standing 

under their amended complaint to seek declaratory relief for allegedly violating R.C. 

2905.12(A)(5).

Violating R.C. 3792.04(B) by Requiring Non-FDA-Approved Vaccines

{¶ 59} Finally, appellants argue they have standing under R.C. 3792.04(B) 

because, “as unvaccinated individuals, [they] are being required to engage in activities or 
24.

precautions (testing and quarantine/isolation) that differ from those who have received 

non-FDA approved vaccines.”

{¶ 60} R.C. 3792.04(B) has two parts and states:

Notwithstanding any conflicting provision of the Revised Code, a 

public school or state institution of higher education shall not do either of 

the following: (1) Require an individual to receive a vaccine for which the 

United States food and drug administration has not granted full approval; 

(2) Discriminate against an individual who has not received a vaccine 

described in division (B)(1) of this section, including by requiring the 

individual to engage in or refrain from engaging in activities or precautions 

that differ from the activities or precautions of an individual who has 

received such a vaccine.

{¶ 61} Looking to the amended complaint, appellants allege that R.C. 

3792.04(B)(1) is violated by “the Mandate” because, while Comirnaty and Spikevax are 

the only fully FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines, they are unavailable. They allege that 

the Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, and Pfizer vaccines, while available, are not fully 

FDA-approved and conclude that “those who have been vaccinated to date have used 

non-FDA-approved vaccines[.]”3

3

If we were to assume standing to reach the merits of appellants’ claim that “the

Mandate” illegally offers only three non-FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines, appellants’ 

allegation is partially contradicted by the amended complaint’s exhibit No. A, dated 

September 2, 2021, regarding BGSU COVID-19 vaccination and exemption plans, 
25.

{¶ 62} Appellants then allege that R.C. 3792.04(B)(2) is violated by “the 

Mandate” because appellants, who are unvaccinated, are discriminated against in two 

ways: (1) to participate in regular Covid-19 testing while those vaccinated with non-FDA 

approved vaccines are not required to do so; and (2) if they test positive for COVID-19, 

they must quarantine for five days “but only isolate or wear masks” if vaccinated with a 

non-FDA approved vaccine.4

{¶ 63} Once again, the First District Court of Appeals evaluated identical claims 

by students of the University of Cincinnati before concluding those appellants lacked 

standing for alleged R.C. 3792.04(B) violations because of the lack of injury. Lipp 1st 

Dist. Hamilton No. C-220312, 2023-Ohio-1224, at ¶ 46-53. 

{¶ 64} The Twelfth District Court of Appeals evaluated nearly identical claims by 

employees of Miami University. Siliko, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2021-12-162, 2022-

Ohio-4133, ¶ 45-53. While the Siliko court found those appellants lacked standing for 

alleged R.C. 3792.04(B)(1) violations because of the lack of injury, the court found those 

appellants had standing for alleged R.C. 3792.04(B)(2) violations because of the 

allegations that in order to obtain an exemption, the employees had to sign a liability 

stating within, “With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA] full approval 

of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for ages 16 and over * * *.” The 

contradiction is repeated in exhibit No. B from November 19.

4

If we were to assume standing to reach the merits of appellants’ R.C. 3792.04(B)(2) 

claim, they are contradicted by exhibit Nos. A, B, and G.
26.

release and because of the university’s implementation of a bonus program available only 

to vaccinated employees. Id.

{¶ 65} Similar to the First District, but distinct from the Twelfth District, there are 

no allegations in the amended complaint before us regarding appellees’ vaccine policy 

that participation in a bonus program rewarded the vaccinated while excluding the 

unvaccinated, or that those seeking a vaccine exemption must sign a liability waiver, 

while preserving liability claims for the vaccinated, and appellants are not discriminated 

against by appellees pursuant to R.C. 3792.04(B)(2). Lipp at ¶ 50. 

{¶ 66} Upon a de novo review of the amended complaint, appellants fail to allege 

facts establishing they suffered either an injury-in-fact or the significant possibility of 

future harm for violating R.C. 3792.04(B). 

{¶ 67} Again, I agree with the reasoning by the First and Twelfth District Courts 

of Appeals and find that appellants lack standing under their amended complaint to seek 

declaratory relief from appellees for allegedly violating R.C. 3792.04(B)(1), and I agree 

with the reasoning by the First District Court of Appeals and find that appellants lack 

standing under their amended complaint to seek declaratory relief for appellees allegedly 

violating R.C. 3792.04(B)(2).

{¶ 68} In summary, I would find the appellants’ first assignment of error to be 

without merit and affirm the judgment of the Wood County Court of Common Pleas.
27.

Remaining Assignments of Error

{¶ 69} When a party with standing at the inception of the litigation loses it due to 

intervening events, the inquiry is really one of mootness. Parvati Corp., 630 F.3d at 516, 

citing Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 189, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.E.2d 610. Mootness is 

“the doctrine of standing set in a time frame: The requisite personal interest that must 

exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing) must continue throughout its 

existence (mootness).” Id.

{¶ 70} It is my opinion that since none of the appellants herein had standing at the

inception of this litigation, we need not reach the remaining assignments of error. I

would therefore find the remaining assignments themselves moot requiring no further

examination.